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seongil-dn

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seongil-dn_mteb-eli5-with-reddit_perc

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[ { "id": "corpus-454", "score": 0.842117965221405, "text": "DVD-R and DVD+R are two DVD formats. This means that the way the data is stored on the discs themselves is slightly different. From a user's perspective they both function the same and have almost the same capacity (-R has 7MB more). DVD-R came first and is the \"old\" format. DVD+R is newer and has some advantages. For example its format is more resilient to errors (can handle more scratches). DVD-R can be read by any DVD player, new or old. However DVD+R can only be read by more recent DVD players. CDs come in only one format." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-120165", "score": 0.795738935470581, "text": "DVD-R was created by the DVD Forum, the official group behind the DVD standard, in 1997. The hyphen is just a hyphen, not a minus sign, similarly to CD-R. In 2002, a group of companies led by Sony decided they could do a better job, and so made DVD+R. The main difference is that DVD+R is better at avoiding and correcting errors, both during reading and burning. Nowadays most DVD players/burners can handle both, so it doesn't really matter. But if you have to give a disc to someone with an old DVD player, -R will have a better chance of working.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-315549", "score": 0.7424588799476624, "text": "/u/crnaruka's answer discusses diff between CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray.If you're really asking the difference between a 100MB **DVD** and a 5000MB **DVD**: There really isn't. They're both 5000 page books. The table of contents or index on the first only covers the first 100 pages. The table of contents on the second covers all 5000. There are a particular kind of disk, DVD-RW (or other varieties -RW) which allow rewriting the index which results in varying the amount of disk that's used. Most disks can only be written once which locks it at the initial, smallest number. This table of contents is really [the filesystem](_URL_2_).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-145735", "score": 0.7399918437004089, "text": "They both work in essentially the same way, it is just that the writing surface for a DVD is finer than a CD, allowing it to hold more data. To put it in perspective, a DVD write would be like writing on a sheet of paper with a fine point pen while a CD write would be like writing on a sheet of paper with a thick marker.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-866797", "score": 0.7338257431983948, "text": "Hi!\n\nFirst off, I'm sorry if this is a dumb question but I'm a little lost with this and I would appreciate your help. \n\nSo the things is I produced/edited this homemade \"docufilm\" for my family and friends during quarantine as a fun surprise at 30fps on Hitfilm Express. I rendered it at 1080p and it ended up being 2h 32mins long and weighing roughly 15GB.\n\nMy external optical drive is DVD-R and as I was looking to buy DVD-R discs I noticed that there are no 240 mins DVD-R discs, only DVD+R. I did find one pack of 5 discs from TDK on Amazon that were double layer 8.5 GB and 4 hours but I don't know... the product seems a little fake with the picture being all blurry and the vendor only having one review and such. \n\nI have only managed to find one vendor selling such a product and I wonder a) if it really is a thing, b) if there's any way I could burn my movie into a regular 4.7GB DVD-R disc, and c) if there's really any point in having an external optical drive that only burns in -R/-RW anyway and I should actually buy a new drive that does both formats or exclusively +R.\n\nI did not buy the drive myself and I'm not aware if there's much difference between the -R and +R formats apart from the fact that I might not be able to burn my movie.\n\nAgain please excuse if this is a stupid question. Everything I've edited so far was under an hour and have always sent it over to people through WeTransfer.\n\nThanks in advance for your help. :)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-147971", "score": 0.7231914401054382, "text": "> What is the difference between a CD/DVD and a platter found in a hard drive? A CD or DVD uses a foil with pits in it to store data and is read by bouncing a laser off its surface. In contrast a hard drive platter is coated in a material which can have its magnetic domain changed by read and write heads on the end of a mechanical arm. The CD/DVDs are optical and generally single use, while the hard drives are magnetic and a single area of the disk can be used many times.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-158916", "score": 0.7177576422691345, "text": "CD-Rs have a reflective layer which stops being reflective when you heat it with a laser, allowing the writer to record 0s and 1s as reflective or non-reflective areas on the disc. CD-RWs are much the same for writing, but use a different material for that layer. If you turn down the laser and heat the material up less than you did for writing, it goes back to its original state ready to be written again.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-84826", "score": 0.7143411636352539, "text": "A CD works by having groves cut out in a reflective surface. When a laser is pointed towards the CD it gives a different reflection where there is groves and where there is a higher surface. CD-R have a crystal layer that turns opaque when heated. So if you have a powerful enough laser you can make it appear like there is groves when it is just crystals in different configurations. CD-RW on the other hand have other crystals that turn back to its original reflective configuration if you heat it even more. So you can turn it back to the way it were before you wrote data to it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-111116", "score": 0.7060961723327637, "text": "The biggest difference, at least with games and CDs today, is that music comes on a different type of disc than games do. The discs that the Wii and Xbox 360 use can hold almost 7 times as much as a music cd! The PS3 uses discs that can hold more than *70* times as much! Another difference is how the music is stored on the disc. Most people think about the size of a MP3 file in regards to music. However, when stored on a CD the music is of much higher quality and requires much more space.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-311792", "score": 0.7055400013923645, "text": "The blank track width is completely different. The reason why the DVD can store more information in the same physical size medium is because the tracks are thinner. This is because the DVD player uses a red laser while the CD player uses an infrared laser. The blank DVD isn't actually blank, it's actually has predetermined tracks and a bit of data that tells the drive what type of blank disk it is (single layer, dual layer, etc.) CD players cannot understand this, of course, since they aren't programmed to find it and because they don't have a red laser to read the data anyways.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-70963", "score": 0.7051190733909607, "text": "It's not called \"burning\" for no reason. Both CD-R (recordable - one use) and CD-RW(ReWritable) are written on using a laser, which changes the data on the CD with heat. CD-R is made with cheaper material that reacts to temperature and loses reflectivity - You read the CD with a weak laser that heats up the CD just a little, and you write on the CD with a strong laser that heats up the CD enough to change its data. CD-RW on the other hand has a material that reacts to 2 different temperatures: At around 700°C it loses reflectivity, liquifies and becomes amorphous (and less reflective) - But when heated up once again at 200°C it returns to its original cristallite form (which is more reflective, but not as reflective as a CD-R).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2191202", "score": 0.7010223269462585, "text": "I bought a bunch of blank DVD+R DL discs. I was wondering if the PS4 would be able to play them? Some of them have movies on them.\n\nI was also curious if the PS4 can play burned BD-R discs as well?\n\nThanks :)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-747677", "score": 0.7001766562461853, "text": "What’s the difference between these? I can’t find info anywhere really", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-704354", "score": 0.6908496022224426, "text": "So yeah, with that, DiscJuggler won't let me burn it at all, since there's no space available. Did I get a shitty image or what?\n\n**EDIT**: MISTAKE IN TITLE. MEANT TO TYPE \".cdi files is 820 MB large, CD-R only has 700MB of space\". Derp.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2045162", "score": 0.6885066032409668, "text": "Like is there a difference in what else they come with? From the look on the boxes they both come with the same amount of other things such as controllers, cables, etc and they both have 1TB of storage.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-310723", "score": 0.6883013844490051, "text": "The big differences are the [sizes of the pits, and the wavelength of the laser](_URL_0_) used to read them. Smaller pits means that you can put more data on a disc, but that requires a shorter wavelength of light to read them. Of course, the tracking/positioning mechanisms must also be more precise to allow this to work. There are also differences in the data structures used to encode the information.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2466072", "score": 0.6867340803146362, "text": "Hey people,\n\nRecently got a 60 pack of Verbatim DVD-R's for the use of burning games for my FreeMcBoot but been running into some problems.\n\nA lot of people suggest to do half of the write speed of the DVD, so I burned most of my games at 8x and overall, I found it to not be so useful. Had a lot of cut-scene lag.\n\nI then tried 4x because a few mates suggested to do so and overall, I saw improvements but still encountered the same problems (on a smaller scale).\n\nIs there anyway to just burn games without having to endure cut-scene lag and so on?\n\nIs it worth buring games at 1x speed or something?\n\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2048927", "score": 0.6849290728569031, "text": "So I'm trying to make a 'one size fits all' quality profile that will download the best new release and then downgrade it when like when a more 'archive worthy' file is released (say from a DVD).\n\nWhat are the differences between DVD, SDTV, HDTV, WEBDL, Blu-Ray, RAW-HD?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1954705", "score": 0.6843051314353943, "text": "I'm making this post because I dont understand CDs.\n\nI have plenty of old DVD-Rs that my dad bought a decade back. I wanted to copy some video files into the CD and then give it to him. The video files are a few films varying in 1GB to 2 GB in file sizes.\n\nThe CD says 4.7GB/2 hour. What does this mean?\n\nAlso how do I transfer files into the CD? Just open the CD on my laptop and drag the files into the CD?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1061003", "score": 0.6822706460952759, "text": "Most CD players use a slit to accept the disk but most DVD and blue ray players use the slide out tray. Is there a difference on how these are used to why they accept the disk differently?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-20081", "score": 0.6822149753570557, "text": "Can you give an example? Most TV show DVDs are on multiple discs.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-455", "score": 0.7519431114196777, "text": "Peristalsis works like this: _URL_0_ Stick a drinking straw in a cup full of water, place your thumb over the end of the straw, and lift it out of the water so that the straw is full of water but no longer in cup. Pinch the straw flat with the thumb and forefinger of your other hand up near where your thumb is covering the end and pull down, still squeezing and covering the end with your other thumb. That's basically how peristalsis works. The muscles pinch the \"tube\" in a small area (be it your esophagus, intestines, etc) and force its contents along with a wave motion. It pinches, pushes a little ways, and releases. The next muscle pinches it again, pushes it a little ways, and releases. This process repeats until the contents get where they're going." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-18769", "score": 0.7137677073478699, "text": "You know how when the toothpaste tube is almost empty, you can get more out by putting your fingers at the bottom and squeezing it up towards the top? You entire digestive system is doing something similar pretty much all the time, so that it can move food through your body. It's called peristalsis. At certain times, like when you are relaxed and hungry, this peristalsis becomes stronger, and can move bubbles of trapped air or gas around through your intestines. These bubbles gurgle as they move, just like when you blow bubbles in the tub, and you hear that as your stomach growling.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-307834", "score": 0.7104836106300354, "text": "Osmosis is not correct. [Capillary Action](_URL_0_) drives the water up the napkin. The wiki page does a good job at explaining it and it's not very long", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-87355", "score": 0.7098513841629028, "text": "Your intestines are full of less stuff. Basically, when you've got a lot of food in you, there's a thick mush in your intestinal tract that is getting churned and squished by a movement called peristalsis, and this mush muffles noise. When you don't have a lot of food in you, there's less mush. Instead, there's air and liquid. When your intestines produce the same movement, they're sloshing around air and liquid, and what you hear is the gurgling result.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-142717", "score": 0.7067573666572571, "text": "Your body utilizes (relatively) a lot of energy and blood flow resources towards moving the bowels. The peristaltic movements, though mostly involuntary are significant draws of passive energy requirements of the body. TL;DR Once you are done pooping, your energy and resources can go to other places!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-246899", "score": 0.7047922611236572, "text": "To move fecal matter you use persistaltic muscle contractions in your intestines, for gas these movements are either minimized or not present-releasing gas compared to a solid is much easier. The body has many sphincters, which is something that just constricts an opening. For a sphincter to pass gas it doesn't need to open as wide for a solid or liquid. You can imagine that when you burp the gas already wants to move to a space with more equal pressure so your body doesn't need to force it much, just give it a place to go. The majority of these muscles aren't under your conscious control (some are, most aren't).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-152122", "score": 0.7045528888702393, "text": "The esophagus isn't a giant, dilated tube that stuff just falls down directly into the stomach due to gravity. It's actually pretty narrow and elastic, so peristalsis helps us push down large volumes of solids, especially closer to the stomach where swallowing isn't helping much. That said, we don't need peristalsis in the esophagus as direly as our four-legged friends. Dogs or other quadrupeds who suffer from esophageal damage/scarring don't fare nearly as well as humans do. They can actually die without peristalsis pushing solids into their stomach.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-94894", "score": 0.7035140991210938, "text": "If the material has small tube-like structures in it (like ril small), it can draw liquid through them against gravity. This concept is called [capillary action](_URL_0_) Paper (and other wood products) fibers can work this way.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-258604", "score": 0.7018832564353943, "text": "A couple of things come to mind: 1. Lower esophageal sphincter - a muscle bundle that prevents movement of stomach content back into esophagus/ mouth 2. Peristaltic movement of our digestive tract keep things moving typically in one direction.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-318099", "score": 0.7005948424339294, "text": "Peristalsis! You stomach is full of mushy liquidy stuff called chyme ( pronounced \"K-ime\" like \"chime\" with a k) (previously called 'food' but now is a mixture of chemicals and the substance formerly known as food) along with some gas. The muscles around your stomach knead that chime to aid in digestion by contracting rhythmically. That muscle contraction is peristalsis. The same muscular activity happens in your esophagus when you swallow and your intestines in order to push the material through your digestive tract. The sound is the gas pockets escaping and what not within your stomach.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-167665", "score": 0.7003738880157471, "text": "Contraction of bowel into the anal canal is peristaltic meaning it comes in waves. The first anal sphincter is involuntary so when you need to go it relaxes letting poo to the canal. Then you tense your voluntary one. When the peristaltic wave passes you mo longer feel the urge even though the canal itself is full.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-312945", "score": 0.6972913146018982, "text": "> The physiological origin of this rumbling involves muscular activity in the stomach and small intestines. In general, the gastrointestinal tract is a hollow tube that runs from mouth to anus and its walls are primarily composed of layers of smooth muscle. When the walls are activated and squeeze the tract's contents to mix and propel food, gas and fluids through the stomach and small intestines, it generates a rumbling noise. This squeezing of the muscular walls is termed peristalsis and involves a ring of contraction moving aborally (away from the oral cavity) towards the anus a few inches at a time. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-311247", "score": 0.6952476501464844, "text": "Basically you are hearing the muscular waves or [peristalisis](_URL_1_). More detailed explanation here at [Discovery Health](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-313972", "score": 0.6948341727256775, "text": "It's called capillary action. _URL_0_ Capillary action, or capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper, in some non-porous materials such as liquified carbon fiber, or in a cell. It occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container act to lift the liquid.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-123168", "score": 0.6940360069274902, "text": "There's the gastrocolic reflex, which stimulates bowel movement after food enters the digestive tract. Swallowing initiates smooth muscle contractions that push its contents on down and eventually out. Warm fluids are particularly good at stimulating this reflex, and it has a double-whammy effect if the fluids contain caffeine. Also, your digestive system doesn't stop working while you're asleep, so your poop pump is primed for action after a night's rest.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-180504", "score": 0.6938947439193726, "text": "Are you familiar with toy putty marketed for making fart noises when you press it into the container? Your gastrointestinal tract is full muscles that move on their own to get digesting food from one end to the other (peristalsis) sometimes there is more air present than food or liquid, sometimes the opposite is true. Any combination of solid, liquid, and gas present in your gut can cause a variety of sounds when being squeezed and pushed around by your intestines.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-168214", "score": 0.6936681270599365, "text": "Your body is always working, including your digestive system. There is an action called peristalsis that churns and moves the food down you GI tract. When your stomach is empty, gasses and acids are still moving along, but because it is empty, it is a more pronounced sound. Like, when you hit on an empty tin can vs a full tin can.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-55418", "score": 0.6921873688697815, "text": "Your ureters, the pipes connecting your kidneys to your bladder, aren't just straight tubes that drain via gravity. They contain smooth muscles and functioning similarly to your esophagus in that they pulsate to push fluid downwards. In addition, your kidneys are always excreting more fluid, creating a sort of 'pushing' force that keeps the urine flowing from kidney to bladders.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-255087", "score": 0.692139208316803, "text": "There are forces at work here other than fluid to fluid drag (viscosity). As you're swinging the paddle through the water, each water molecule in its path needs to somehow get on the other side of the paddle. Since the water has mass, and thus inertia, moving around the paddle requires some force. Specifically, getting out of the way of the way of the paddle requires positive pressure (to push the water out of the way), and filling the void behind the moving paddle requires negative pressure. None of these processes require viscosity to operate. It's similar to the heating of the air in front of a space capsule entering the atmosphere, where the heating is not due to friction in the air as much as the air's inability to get out of the way fast enough.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-136392", "score": 0.6906987428665161, "text": "when you're hungry, you're closer to empty. When you're closer to empty, there's more space for liquid and gas to slosh around. Your intestines do series of contractions, called peristalsis. Sloshing liquid and gas make more noise than squeezing a full tube of goop.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-29906", "score": 0.6906073093414307, "text": "Because there are large amounts of fluid in your stomach sloshing around", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-456", "score": 0.7110403776168823, "text": "So you know when your throw a ball it follows a curved path down back to the ground? Well the ISS is moving so fast and is so high up that it's curved path equals the curvature of the earth, so it approaches the earth just as fast the earth curves away from it, so the distance between the earth and the station remain, fairly, constant." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1443724", "score": 0.6753125190734863, "text": "Most of the structures you can see on the outside of the station aren't aligned with what would be 'down', according to the station's spin. They're also fairly thick, so you'd have pretty wildly varying 'gravity' in different parts of the station.\n\nWouldn't a ring or tube shape be better?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-292271", "score": 0.6752540469169617, "text": "If they can survive on the Earth's surface, they can survive the gravity in orbit.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-308244", "score": 0.6750308275222778, "text": "The balloon won't drift anywhere from the ISS's reference frame due to a gravitational buoyancy effect. However, if the balloon is placed anywhere other than the ISS's center of mass, the balloon will drift due to being in a different orbit than the ISS. The acceleration relative to the ISS center of mass is on the order of 10^(-5) m/s^2 or so (literally a micro-g). At the ISS center of mass, one expects the balloon to experience a rotational acceleration due to the same effect. The buoyancy relative to the ISS center of mass frame created by this is small as well. Additionally, there's some acceleration the balloon will experience due to airflow on the ISS, but I do not know its strength (though it's undoubtedly much stronger than the above effect).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-289745", "score": 0.674898624420166, "text": "ISS has a [plasma contactor](_URL_0_) to dissipate any charge built up on its structure: _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-205541", "score": 0.6748721599578857, "text": "Just a clarification: going to space per se isn't what makes you weightless. Gravity affects objects on the ISS (about 400 km above Earth's surface) almost as much as it would on Earth. The key difference is being in orbit, which is equivalent to free fall. Your feet don't exert a pressure on the floor (and vice-versa) when both you and the floor are in a free fall. Things are different when you go deeper into space, far away from any planet or star, where the actual strength of gravity drops off inversely proportional to distance squared.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-52916", "score": 0.6748508214950562, "text": "It has reaction wheels that are spinning at high speeds. This creates a very large angular momentum that is very difficult to change. In deep space (i.e. not earth orbit) you don't have to deal (as much) with forces such as atmospheric drag or the magnetic field, so reaction wheels are sufficient. Edit: think of a top. When a top is spinning quickly, its very easy to balance it precisely on the tip. When its not spinning, its near impossible. Same concept, but imagine the top of the top is a photometer taking pictures of the stars. Source: I do mission ops for kepler", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-84760", "score": 0.6747654676437378, "text": "There's a lot of real estate out there, the odds of the ISS or a satellite actually getting smacked by an incoming object are extremely low. Astronomically low really, which I guess is expected for astronomy.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-262497", "score": 0.6746744513511658, "text": "> If they exited the ISS in full spacesuits and pushed off in an earthward direction, they would gradually accelerate towards Earth They would most certainly remain in orbit. At the height and speed the ISS travels at, a few meters per second in any direction would not be enough to deorbit -- you'd end up in a more eccentric orbit.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-248997", "score": 0.6746388077735901, "text": "Buoyancy is the volume of liquid being displaced weighs more than the object displacing it. If there is no gravity there is no weight leading to no buoyancy. In a sphere of water in zero gravity you would just drown :) unless you swim. This does not take into account the ISS is not real zero gravity but close enough", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-104804", "score": 0.6746386885643005, "text": "The rotating section must be very large to not just cause the astronauts to become disoriented and loose their cookies. If a person is 6 feet tall, the cylinder would have to be over 12 feet in diameter, just so their head isn't at zero G . This is why most movies show a large ring. Also, it would require a great deal of energy to spin it, and keep it spinning. \"Micro-gravity\" does not mean zero friction. [According to wikipedia](_URL_0_), it would require a *radius* of 735 feet for 1g. The ISS is 357 by 167 feet.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1790112", "score": 0.6744964122772217, "text": "I was listening to StarTalk Radio with Neil Degrasse Tyson and the discussion turned to the ISS, the Hubble telescope, and how the two cannot exist structurally on earth. It got me thinking about construction methods in Zero G. \n\nIs it more difficult or easier?\n\nAre there specialty tools to use?\n\nWhere could I read up more about this (textbooks, popular science books, websites, etc.)?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-317291", "score": 0.6744873523712158, "text": "Once you're at escape velocity, you can coast. Gravity will continue to slow you down, but you'll never fall back to the planet.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-130218", "score": 0.6743888258934021, "text": "A couple of reasons: * First- Space is big, like really big. Even though there is tons of junk up there the chances that any 2 objects will collide is really small * Second- Most satellites and therefore space junk don't orbit where the ISS orbits. The ISS is in a low earth orbit whereas most satellites like communication satellites are in a geostationary orbit", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-290315", "score": 0.6742569804191589, "text": "If the ISS itself isn't hit by the meteor nor by any debris resulting from the impact, then it would survive at first. However, the ISS relies heavily on Earth for supplies. They can recycle 90% of water and some oxygen, but sooner or later they will run out of it. And they can't produce their own food. So at some point they would have to get into the Soyuz spacecraft, abandon the station and attempt to land. The second part of your question is a bit speculative because the dinosaur-ending meteorite did not kill them on impact. It blocked sunlight and dinosaurs died from cold and hunger as plants didn't grow as much. It's hard to predict how much crop yields would diminish as a result of a similar event and how many humans would die.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-253198", "score": 0.673823893070221, "text": "The ISS is moving at 27,600 km/h, or ~7.66 km/s. It orbits the Earth just over 15 times a day. It's moving REALLY fast. So it really is passing over that area that fast. A thousand km goes by in roughly 2 minutes.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-281253", "score": 0.6736835837364197, "text": "Yes, but only once you were going fast enough, which would be exactly as fast as the speed required to orbit at that elevation. Centrifugal force is what keeps things in orbits (although that's a very weird way of seeing it). In other words, the tube is superfluous.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-57030", "score": 0.6735876798629761, "text": "Small particles (and liquids, of course) may conduct electricity, and because they don't fall to the floor, they may find their way into electronics more easily and cause them to short circuit or otherwise malfunction. The crew on ISS does use some regular commercial electronic equipment, such as laptops. Even if a piece of equipment isn't critical to survival, it's not like they can just go to a store and buy something new if it breaks. Fires are very dangerous on space stations, and you also have limited oxygen.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-119709", "score": 0.6729534268379211, "text": "On the ISS, oxygen is primarly generated through electrolysis of water (with the other component, hydrogen, being vented into space). Both a US system (the OGS, or Oxygen generating System) and a Russian system Elektron, are on board the station. In case those systems break down, they'll have to rely on the Vika Solid fuel oxygen generator, which burns solid lithium perchlorate to release oxygen. Both Russian systems were also used on Mir (Vika even caught on fire once). Edit : /u/dubs425 pointed out that the ISS uses a sabattier reaction to create water and methane from the hydrogen and Co2, thus recovering some of the water. Still venting the methane though. I have no idea what system the shuttle uses, or if it even has a oxygen generating system. After all, most capsules simply take along sufficient air in the first place, considering their relatively short stay.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-278703", "score": 0.6729415059089661, "text": "So long as the astronaut is close to the center of mass of the ISS and have not given themself significant velocity with respect to the station, they will only drift apart slowly, if at all. In practice, they don't worry about drifting apart because almost every EVA mission has the astronaut physically tethered to the station or spacecraft. [Exactly four untethered EVAs have been performed, ever](_URL_2_) - three using the [Manned Maneuvering Unit](_URL_0_) (which has since been retired) and one as a test of the [Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER)](_URL_1_), a smaller, simpler version of the MMU intended for emergency use only in case the tether breaks.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-342115", "score": 0.6728767156600952, "text": "So I'm not what you'd call \"highly educated,\" but my friend's a budding astrophysicist and I've got a fair enough grasp on how gravity works with regards to potential energy and distorting space and whatever the hell. I'm trying to find my footing here, but then I came across the idea of the gravity assist, spiraling around a planet and *gaining* speed on the exit.\n\nSo here's my understanding/rationale right now: they enter the gravitational pull, spiral around the planet in freefall, releasing potential energy, then burn fuel on a straight shot back out. Maybe I'm already wrong here; the wikipedia article's making my brain creak a bit. But if that happens, then my understanding is this orbit keeps the probe moving at the same speed relative to the planet on entry and exit, but gaining total speed because of the motion of the planet orbiting the sun. So, assuming all of that's anything close to right, does it absorb some of the energy of that planet's orbit, slowing it down? If not, how does it gain velocity without violating conservation of energy? And on top of that, why won't it expend that energy by pulling away from the gravitational pull of that sun?\n\nI won't say explain to me like I'm five, because then I usually want more detail, but maybe explain to me like I'm 13-15. Just avoid like... Complicated terms that I'll just need another question to understand. Physics is fucking complicated.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-457", "score": 0.7482805252075195, "text": "Looks price and class. That's it. When you pay for an escort you're paying for \"the girlfriend experience\" you talk to them eat with them you know go on a \"real\" date but at the end you know your getting lucky. With a whore your getting some drug addicted pimp abused woman who only wants to get you off as fast as she can so she can fuck some other guy in 10 seconds with out cleaning up. That's the difference." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-150644", "score": 0.7071589827537537, "text": "one is a performance. the other is a service. the porno producer pays the actors to do the act. the client particiating in the act pays the hooker.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-145334", "score": 0.7064990997314453, "text": "They technically don't sell sex. They just sell their time. It's a pretty blurry line, but they claim to be on the legal side of it to avoid trouble. This doesn't mean that they don't engage in sex at all - while some escort services are basically fronts for prostitutes, others actually are classy affairs that only sell the girl's time, no sex allowed.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-914273", "score": 0.7038386464118958, "text": "I personally have never been with a prostitute but I don’t really see why it’s viewed so negatively by most people. \n\nSex is a fun, healthy activity which we are hardwired to yearn for and prostitutes provide the service of sex. I don’t really see how they are any different then any other kind of service provider or why people who use them should be viewed any differently then people who pay for say, a night out at a nice restaurant or a day at Disney world. It’s just paying for a fun, pleasurable experience.\n\nAlso, for me personally, unless I’m in a relationship, sex is a bit of a hassle to come by in the real world. You very often have to act somewhat fake or at the very least energetic and ‘the best version of you’ in order to impress a girl and take her home with you/get her number. This is tiring and makes you feel like a dancing monkey. Also there’s often drama, awkwardness or someone ends up getting their feelings hurt, even in many casual sexual encounters. That can also be very tiring and a bit of a hassle.\n\nWith a prostitute however, it’s understood, there’s no questions asked, no strings at all, no persuading, no games. It’s just purely the act of sex and it’s almost always a mutually beneficial thing where the person gets his/her rocks off and the prostitute makes money. If it’s completely socially acceptable for a guy/girl to say before going out to a club ‘I’m gonna try and get laid tonight’ the why is it bad for someone to think to themselves ‘I’m horny, I should call up a prostitute tonight’.\n\nAlso, I’d much rather someone have sex with prostitutes then that they have a ton of pent up frustration and either become bitter towards the opposite sex, or even worse, sexually assault the opposite sex (not saying this happens often).\n\nSo yah I guess this is my point of view on prostitutions, why is it so negatively viewed by most people? Hopefully we can get some civil conversation going in the comments and not just people calling me gross or perverted (and like I said I’ve never been with a hooker and probably never will)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-643253", "score": 0.7036522626876831, "text": "According to Oxford English Dictionary, a prostitute is a person who has sex for payment. Simple, right? But this idea is not that simple. History states, prostitution is the oldest profession of the world and yet very few actually talk about this profession. So who are these men, women, transgender etc. who are essential part of our society and yet they seem to enjoy no place in the mainstream world? Here :- ", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-107069", "score": 0.7015049457550049, "text": "It's not prostitution if it's for porn. It's protected as a legitimate payment for a service other then just having sex. Porn acting is still considered acting so it's protected.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-161289", "score": 0.6997962594032288, "text": "It's not the act of being paid to have sex that is the issue, it's the question of who is doing the paying. A prostitute has a business-customer relationship with the person they are having sex with. In a porn film, both partners have the film producer as the customer. If the former were true, you could argue that participating in a sex study that comes with a stipend would also be prostitution.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-16357", "score": 0.6967750191688538, "text": "Porn stars are actors and actresses. Prostitutes are service providers. When you're making movies, you can act like things you aren't. You can pretend to be a doctor, or a lawyer, or a sex participant, in a film. It is illegal to do those things for real, in the real world. Unless authorized, you can't be a doctor or a lawyer. And in the real world, you can't have sex for money.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-4161", "score": 0.6962674856185913, "text": "I'm not the expert or anything but my guess is that porn actors and actresses go through severe and mandatory regulations, policies and laws in order to be hired. They need to do weekly tests as proof that they are healthy and have no diseases. On the other hand, prostitutes don't have any regulations at all and they probably won't care if they give you a disease or not.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-203234", "score": 0.6929610967636108, "text": "Along with what /u/American_Graffiti has said about terminology, I would like to point out that \"comfort worker\" is not synonymous with prostitute or sex worker. Rather comfort women are specifically women enslaved by the Japanese army during WWII to service Japanese soldiers. To a certain degree comfort woman has come to mean any prostitute working for soldiers/an army, but for the most part is has a very specific historical context and meaning.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-52658", "score": 0.6911742091178894, "text": "> With prostitution, the intention is to pay for sexual gratification (for themselves or for someone else). The prostitute is paid to have sex. With pornography, the intention is to produce an adult film and to profit from it. The \"actors\" are paid to be filmed having sex. If there were no cameras, there would be no adult film and it would be pointless for the producer/distributor to pay the \"actors\" to have sex. That's how pornography is protected by the First Amendment; film is considered an artistic expression. pretty well explained on google answers", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-85561", "score": 0.6894189119338989, "text": "Call girls and escorts are usually just paid to accompany the client. Sometimes it leads to sex if they like each other. It's legal because the client isn't actually paying for sex, and sex isn't guaranteed.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1458258", "score": 0.6882284879684448, "text": "Just went to a brothel to see a prostitute - I thought, I'm 26, I'm confused - I just want to have sex (lose virginity) and see if I'm gay or not.\n\nSo, I was shown to a room, and each girl individually presented themselves (there were 5 girls in total - maximum allowed by state law in a brothel). I went with the girl based on my gut feel.\n\nWould describe it all in detail, but In a nutshell, I just felt a bit of her body (didn't touch pussy or ass, I just kept my arms on her while she talked about herself - and I just listened and talked back when I could. I didn't feel like kissing or anything, I just felt like lying there with her, not having sex.\n\nAs I listened to her, she is a really, really nice person. I actually paid for 45 minutes, but we kept talking for 10 minutes after the 45 minute mark. I will be going back to see her again (not have sex tho). \n\nPersonally, my opinions on brothels and prostitutes have changed. To any of you who really feel like they are desperate for a girlfriend and can't see themselves getting one in the near future, just go find a GOOD brothel and go to a prostitute. You don't HAVE to have sex.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-119486", "score": 0.686711311340332, "text": "You aren't paying a porn star to have sex: you're paying to watch. A fine distinction, yes, but it makes all the difference in the law.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-116674", "score": 0.6820822954177856, "text": "Because prostitution is charging people to have sex with you. Porn is charging someone to film you while you have sex. No money changes hands between the actors. It is not illegal for two actors to engage in consensual sex. Neither is it illegal for a third person to film someone having sex (with their consent) and it's not illegal to pay someone for permission to film them.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2431746", "score": 0.6810433864593506, "text": "I'd just like to hear some of your opinions and reasons why you have decided to use the services of an escort. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-149586", "score": 0.6808290481567383, "text": "One is being paid for sex, the other is being paid to act in a film that contains scenes of sex. There is a subtle, yet significant legal difference between the two acts.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-94066", "score": 0.6803780794143677, "text": "Prostitution is sex for money and is illegal. In porn they are not paid for sex. They are paid to act. They are actors. And the person paying ( the production ) is a 3rd party who is not involved in any of the acts. Basically if you tried to bring a camcorder with you while picking up a hooker and claiming that it's \"porn\" That would never fly. You would be arrested and then you would get to argue that to a judge. If you produce and film a porn movie properly you will never come close to the wrong side of the law in terms of prostitution allegations.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1870853", "score": 0.679794430732727, "text": "Escort service is professional. Prostitution in some states is professional. Grinding up the man's leg in a bar is professional. So yes Amanda you did have a professional relationship.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1873325", "score": 0.6789396405220032, "text": "What is the difference between a child and a prostitute?\n\nWhat?\n\nYou absolutely disgust me", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-86785", "score": 0.6788416504859924, "text": "I learned this from watching the Ron Jeremy documentary, *Porn Star: The Legend of Ron Jeremy.* In it, he says the distinction was made legally between prostitution and pornography by a court ruling that decided making a porn film is art and thusly protected under the First Amendment. So basically - if you wanna buy pussy, get a film permit and a digicam first.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-459", "score": 0.7804732918739319, "text": "They get it from the food that they eat. Whales, and dolphins, can't starve to death, they die of dehydration first. They do get a little bit from sea water but their kidneys can't remove much salt so if they accidentally drink too much sea water when they eat that could kill them." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-261640", "score": 0.7401916980743408, "text": "There are numerous freshwater species of Dolphin. Ignoring the moral implications they could be in a swimming pool if you fed it. Salt water cetaceans could definently survive short term. They have long been documented as surviving in fresh water for several weeks before moving back to salt water. This is more due to necessity however' their ideal environment is salt water, that is where their food supply is. Salt water is also important in whale (and presumably dolphin) hygiene and health; It helps clean and kill minor infections quickly. Whales and Dolphins do not actually drink salt water, they get fresh water from their food (like koalas) so dehydration would not be a problem like it would be for a salt water fish. Note: the whale that swam up the Thames several years ago died of dehydration because it had no food supply. Tl;dr: could you? Technically yes you could. Although no whale or dolphin has been kept in freshwater long term (that i could find) to show any long term repercussions.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-109088", "score": 0.7360566258430481, "text": "They generally don't drink seawater. They metabolize water from the food that they eat. Seals and sea lions occasionally drink seawater and their urine is many times saltier than that of most mammals, their bodies are able to filter out the salt. The actual salt content of their blood is not particularly different from humans or other land mammals.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-291965", "score": 0.7359415888786316, "text": "The short answer is: A. They get water from their food, and avoid salty food B. They may have modification to their kidneys to allow them to excrete more salt C. There a lot we don't know, marine animals are hard to study [Source and more details](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-241719", "score": 0.735379159450531, "text": "A few factors here! The first to note is that dolphins don't sweat and are constantly surrounded by water, so they don't lose water at the same rate a land mammal would. Also, like any other land mammal they cannot drink salt water. This means that they need to obtain all the water they need from the food they eat, and through metabolic processes (breaking down carbohydrates and fats actually produces water). There are other factors which help them get enough fresh water in a salt water environment, bot those are the basics. Here's an [article](_URL_0_) which goes into a little more depth to what I said!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-283817", "score": 0.7344873547554016, "text": "I’m thinking this is about why they need seawater to live in instead of freshwater, correct me if I’m wrong. They don’t have to live in salt water specifically (the seals my of Lake Baikal and the river dolphins do not). The ocean is much more productive in terms of food availability, particularly around the poles, so many more aquatic mammals can be supported by the ocean than by freshwater sources. To point, the very largest marine mammals like baleen whales and walruses all feed polar waters, even if they breed elsewhere. The ocean is where the food’s at. Credentials: I’m a mammalogy professor", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-265369", "score": 0.7342672348022461, "text": "Blue whales have something called baleen in their mouth. It's like a bunch of huge bristly hairs that act as a filter. They take the food and the seawater into their mouth, close their mouth, then push out all the seawater through the baleen. The water goes out, while the food is still trapped in their mouth.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-117627", "score": 0.7335394620895386, "text": "Not all mammals are unable to drink salt water. Cats can survive on salt water due to their crazy efficient kidneys.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-260118", "score": 0.7284098267555237, "text": "[Waterfowl](_URL_1_) do not drink seawater. If you're asking about seabirds, then they have special adaptations. Marine birds get their fresh water from their extremely efficient filtration of salt water. They have kidneys, which are very similar to mammalian kidneys, in structure and efficiency. They also have a salt gland in their heads for excreting the salt which their kidneys concentrate. They use a highly efficient eletrochemical gradient to concentrate salt, and produce fresh water. Albatross, a prime example of the [tubenoses](_URL_0_), has those large nostrils to expel salt. Marine birds also will excrete salt in their guano. Since their nitrogenous wastes are uric acid, which are not aqueous, they don't need to be excreted in water. (Ever wonder why you don't see birds peeing? The paste-like guano is a combination of their solid wastes, including salt, and nitrogenous wastes.) * [Regulation of salt gland, gut and kidney interactions](_URL_2_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-290345", "score": 0.7277303338050842, "text": "According to the text in this [here!](_URL_1_) book chapter, seals and manatee are known to drink fresh water at times.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-278360", "score": 0.7243162989616394, "text": "According to [this article](_URL_0_), they seem to get most of their water through their food. Water is a byproduct of breaking down organic molecules. From what I can find, saltwater fish drink the water and actively filter out the salt.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-278429", "score": 0.7201964855194092, "text": "It should be noted that the reason that humans and other mammals can't drink salt water has to do with the amount of salt per liter our kidneys can absorb. Salt water is about [3.5%](_URL_1_) sodium, whereas we can only concentrate our urine to about [3%](_URL_2_). In other words, for every drink we take of sea water, we are taking in more sodium than we can expel in the same amount of urine. Some mammals, however, can drink salt water, because their kidney's [loop of Henle](_URL_0_) ~~(the part of the kidney that actually does the absorbing)~~ is long enough. EDIT: I should correct myself, the loop of Henle doesn't absorb ions so much as it sets up a concentration gradient so that later in the nephron, ion diffusion across the nephron wall is facilitated.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-184687", "score": 0.7195742726325989, "text": "If their skin isn’t kept wet, it causes severe damage to their body. That’s why in rescue videos you see people using hoses, towels, everything they can to keep them soaked with water. Another issue with whales/dolphins is their body weight on land. They’re meant to be in water — so having all that weight on land puts enormous pressure on their organs.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1776386", "score": 0.7181912064552307, "text": "I mean animals like whales. If they come up and breathe I guess there's a good change they swallow water. Do they just cough it out?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-284192", "score": 0.7160727381706238, "text": "Generally oceanic mammals get their fresh water needs from their food. If they don't eat they also dehydrate.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-167655", "score": 0.7154733538627625, "text": "It's the same reason you can't drink salt water: osmosis. Low solute water will flow into high solute water (the solute being salt). Salt water fish have different body chemistry than fresh water fish. So salt water fish lose their body's water to the sea, and will drink sea water to replace it. Fresh water fish, on the other hand, have excess body water and are always excreting (urinating) the excess. Basically, salt water fish = water flows out of their body. Fresh water fish = water flows in. If you put a fish in the wrong type of water their body isn't equipped to balance their body's water content.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-15683", "score": 0.7098896503448486, "text": "Fish need water, yes. Animals that live in the ocean have adaptations to deal with the excess of salt because getting water isn't an issue, it's getting rid of salt. Many fish can adapt to salt or fresh, but it takes time, and any sudden change is going to kill the animal.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-321279", "score": 0.7096364498138428, "text": "Whales are placental mammals so they nurse their young by definition. Their nipples are located under special slits in their abdomen that are normally inverted--this keeps the hydrodynamic. When they calf wants milk he or she will prod his or her mother's belly with their snout and the mother whale can open the slit and reverse her nipples to the point out. Whale calves cannot suckle like most other mammals since their mouths don't work that way and they cannot create suction, so they have specially shaped tongues that they curl around the nipple and then the mother kind of just sprays the milk in their mouth through the tongue. Their milk is ~15x fattier than whole cow's milk so it comes out like yogurt. Hopefully you don't have a vivid imagination.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-125313", "score": 0.7055718302726746, "text": "While yes they do dry out. Whales are less likely to survive long due to there sheer mass. Whales rely on the buoyancy of the ocean to support the weight of their enormous body's. With out the buoyancy of the water supporting them they essentially start to crush them selves eventually suffocating under the pressure of their own weight.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-171022", "score": 0.7045056223869324, "text": "Whales are mammals, they need to breath air. They are not fish, so they can't extract oxygen from water and stay down forever. Instead they breach to breathe and just hold their breath a long time.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-117594", "score": 0.7025581002235413, "text": "There are two main reasons: First, whales are massive but buoyant. In the ocean, water pushes on all sides and helps to support their bodyweight. On land without the buoyancy from the water, the whales struggle to lift the weight of their own bodies to take a breath. It's like when you lift a heavy weight underwater easily but then can't lift the same weight out of the water. Second, whales are surrounded by thick blubber to insulate them from the cold water. On land, there's no water to pull away their body heat and they are more exposed to the sun. They become very susceptible to overheating unless cooled down by water.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-460", "score": 0.6666766405105591, "text": "Brains are complex things. While dreaming you are thought to be basically consolidating the memories you want to keep and not keep, and you create scenes in your mind involving things that were important to you recently (consciously or unconsciously). So while your brain is doing all of that, your ears, eyes, nose, and mouth are still wired in. Incoming stimuli from any one of those sensory organs can be implemented into the seemingly chaotic mess of neural activity that we call dreaming." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-42769", "score": 0.633314847946167, "text": "It's constant noise VS intermittent noise. Falling asleep with constant noise is easy, because the brain can essentially block it out, since it is consistent. Waking up to birds, or not being able to fall asleep with snoring, is because the noises are variable, they change and occur on and off. This keeps your brain guessing, focusing. You can be woken up by any sudden change in auditory input. You could just as easily be woken up by someone turning a loud TV off (that you fell asleep to) as the birds starting their chorus at 6 AM.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-83872", "score": 0.6331212520599365, "text": "What you're experiencing is something a lot of people try to do but can't. It's called a lucid dream. Once you realize you're in a dream, you usually have control over whatever happens. There are different levels of a lucid dream depending on how deep asleep you are. No one is quite sure as to how we reach this type of dreaming, but a lot of people think they need to be completely relaxed and have some sort of meditation just before they fall asleep. Many people experience them without even trying. Nothing will happen to you so don't be scared if it happens. However, in my experience, it may be more difficult to wake up from the dream, especially if it turns into a nightmare. Enjoy the dream but be prepared for anything.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-643506", "score": 0.6331033706665039, "text": "I’ve had a dream in which I was standing in a river. Looking up enjoying the sunshine only to look down and see that the river was made of rocks! (the size of marbles to the size of your head) \n \nIs it possible to animate that kind of crazy thing on a real landscape?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-290016", "score": 0.6330934762954712, "text": "It's mostly down to shape of your pinnae (the outer ears). Sounds are attenuated at different frequencies depending on the path they take to your inner ear - whether they've passed through or bounced off your pinna, for example. Your brain learned, years ago, how to interpret those intensity changes. You brain can still be fooled though - by simulating how sounds interact with pinnae (or, for example, making recordings using a fake rubber head), you can play sounds back via headphones which recreate the feeling of distance and direction. This is one of my favourites: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-38874", "score": 0.6330904364585876, "text": "It is a myth that everything you see in a dream is something that you have to have seen in real life. That is absolutely false. You have an imagination and it is capable of making things up. It also works when you dream.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2539678", "score": 0.633080780506134, "text": "I just think it would be great to wander with my headphones off but still hearing the city sounds around me as they are incorporated into a generated ambience.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2573531", "score": 0.6330522298812866, "text": "Do these work? I am finally making sure I do reality checks frequently. I started about two days ago but still have some trouble with dream recall. So I think I will be able to do it well with or without the phone notifications but what do you think is better?\n\nI could just be pairing questioning reality with my phone vibrating. And I never use my phone in my dream. So would that be detrimental to my progress? Or could I try to use my phone in my dream by having an alarm set to vibrate and put it on wood while I sleep? In which case, it might make me be able to go lucid faster.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-280922", "score": 0.632996678352356, "text": "Actually this happens, down in the ocean. There's a band of ocean about 500 meters below the surface, extending another 500 or so meters. In this channel, sound of low enough frequency will be bent up and down as it propagates, trapped in this band of ocean. Energy dissipates very slowly, so in some cases, sound can even circumnavigate the globe before attenuating into nothingness. Very cool stuff.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-20616", "score": 0.6329214572906494, "text": "The brain craves sensory input to process, so when it''s completely quiet your brain starts straining to find information to process - either through your imagination or through the smallest little sounds it can pick up. White noise allows the brain to focus on something without actually generating much stimulation, thereby allowing you to get to sleep.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-61572", "score": 0.6329214572906494, "text": "The brain craves sensory input to process, so when it''s completely quiet your brain starts straining to find information to process - either through your imagination or through the smallest little sounds it can pick up. White noise allows the brain to focus on something without actually generating much stimulation, thereby allowing you to get to sleep.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-858421", "score": 0.6329030990600586, "text": "To distract you from unhelpful thoughts, you can listen to white noise. But if you want to focus on what is being said, what can you watch? \n\nWhat is the visual equivalent to white noise?\n\nIt is not just noise that you get on a tv with no signal. That irritates me, it does not make me alert or calm.\n\nIf I close my eyes and listen, I fall asleep.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-163286", "score": 0.6328852772712708, "text": "The thing about an hallucination is that, to the person having it, it's not distinguishable from reality. So an auditory hallucination is not a thought, it's not a voice \"in your head\", it's an *actual sound*. Same way a visual one would be actually seeing something. And yes, you can have hallucinations with *every* sense.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-801545", "score": 0.6327977180480957, "text": "Last night i had 2 different dreams.\n\nMy first one was me looking at my soundcloud that i upload my music to and i suddenly had thousands of plays (50k between 150k) and hundreds of comments. It was like my songs had gotten big overnight from my usual 30 plays.\n\nI woke up from this dream in the middle of the night and went back to sleep.\n\nMy second dream was completely different. I was riding in a car with people at night down a dirt road. Suddenly an elephant with tusks (not a mammoth) crossed the road. As we drove away from it, i was contemplating as to whether or not to call animal control.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-8785", "score": 0.6326363682746887, "text": "Sound waves are vibrations in air like ripples on water Wind is the bulk movement of air like currents in water. If you were trying to signal to someone across a river you could drop a stone in the water by the bank you stand on, and hope they see or feel the ripples that reach the other side. If there is a strong current in the river it would carry the ripples downstream. Yes, wind can also blow away sound. ---- Sometimes a current of water hits an obstruction, collides with another current or is just turbulent because fluids do that kind of thing. When this happens ripples can be created that get mixed up with your ripples. Yes, wind makes noise (sound waves) that mixes with other sounds and obscures them.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-36792", "score": 0.6325294971466064, "text": "They'd experience their dreams the same way they experience real life, through their other senses.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-271636", "score": 0.6325134038925171, "text": "You aren't hearing sound coming directly to you from the source, you are hearing reflections off walls, etc. nearby. An object's ability to reflect a wave depends on how irregular the surface is compared to the wavelength of light. For a human voice, the wavelength of the sound wave produced is approx. 30 cm whereas for visible light its more like 500 nm, so surfaces of millimeter-scale roughness like walls and tiles will reflect sound waves but scatter light waves. If you were standing inside a hallway made of mirrors (a much less irregular surface), you would be able to see around corners too. There's no contradiction.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-284812", "score": 0.6325020790100098, "text": "_URL_0_ results show that snow does impede sound propagation. The more snow, the greater the downward shift in frequency, therefore the harder the sound would be for the receiver to \"hear.\"", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-169166", "score": 0.6324607729911804, "text": "dreams occur during R.E.M sleep which is just as we have fallen asleep or when we are begining to wake. as we have limited space in our short term memory sometimes the dreams are stored in long term memory. during the day the dreams stored in long term memory might be brought forward by any kind of stimulation (sight, sound, smell) and thats when we remember tham again. or i might be totally wrong.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-93142", "score": 0.6324566006660461, "text": "Your brain has access to your mind :) So...when you're dreaming your brain can draw upon all of your memories and experiences, including those you dreamed.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-107476", "score": 0.6324023008346558, "text": "Your brain works by connecting stuff together. (very basically) The lyrics in your case are connected with the music. That's because whenever you hear the lyrics, you also hear the music. It's just deeply connected together and these two memories support each other. If you actually read the lyrics and wanted to learn them, you could. But you would have to just read them, so they won't be connected with other sounds.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-461", "score": 0.81378173828125, "text": "The small propeller moves a small stream of water, just as wide as the propeller, at a speed that's much faster than the boat moves. This stream of water has more mass than you'd think, because water is quite heavy, and it has a momentum (m • v). All this momentum goes into the boat, because momentum is conserved (the old physics rule \"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction\") so since the boat has a larger mass it gets a smaller increase in velocity. It's surprisingly effective because well designed boats experience very little water friction, that's how you can paddle a canoe that floats your weight, plus the canoe, plus your stuff." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-21926", "score": 0.7670010328292847, "text": "[They work like this!](_URL_0_) The engine rotates around a fixed shaft, and the propeller is simply bolted to the front of the engine.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-52139", "score": 0.7641702890396118, "text": "In a car the speeds of the engine and the wheels are directly connected by the gearbox. The engine needs to be within a relatively narrow band of speeds to run efficiently and generate the best power, so you use a gearbox to allow the wheels to turn at a wide range of speeds while the engine stays within its preferred range. In a boat the propeller can move at a single speed and be providing forward thrust whatever speed the boat is moving at, because it can \"slip\" through the water. You don't need to turn the propeller really slowly to get the boat moving and then speed it up as the boat speeds up, so you don't need a gearbox allowing the engine to turn the propeller at a wide range of speeds.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-343456", "score": 0.7411507368087769, "text": "I was watching a tugboat pull logbooms into the water and it was having trouble pulling the weight. If I pull something with truck and just floor the gas, my tires just spin. Does the same thing happen with propellers?\n\nI guess the better question would be, is the speed of the propeller directly proportional to the thrust?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-128328", "score": 0.7312619686126709, "text": "The large propeller creates lift, but also creates rotation for the helicopter body (that is tried to be reduced as much as possible, but can't do 100%). That rotation needs to be counteracted, and that's what the small propeller does (by basically creating \"sideways lift\"). By adjusting the rotation speed of that propeller, the pilot can also rotate the helicopter in place.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-172867", "score": 0.7204960584640503, "text": "Here's a good basic [youtube](_URL_0_) on the Wankel rotary, including running a see-through engine. simply put, the rotary engine spins, so it's already in a spinning motion rather than an up and down motion from a typical piston engine that then needs to be converted (via the crankshaft) into the spinning motion that can then (through gears and shafts) turn your wheels or propeller. The benefits are that it is small in overall size as well as displacement. It runs smoothly because it is not being forced up and down, it just spins in place. They can create a lot of power in relation to both physical size and displacement. The biggest disadvantage, particularly with more modern engines, is that they're just not nearly as efficient as a piston engine.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-294325", "score": 0.7131927609443665, "text": "For the same reason you don't have to use a clutch to get a boat going. The propeller can \"slip\" against the water and essentially acts as a CV transmission, delivering the torque of the engine directly as a force against the water. There is no need for gears because there is no reason for the propeller speed to exactly match the ground speed, or whatever is used in boats.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-44168", "score": 0.7120739221572876, "text": "Some boats, very high performance ones, do have transmissions. But for most normal boats, this adds a lot of complexity and, most of all, cost. The other factor is that water behaves very differently than air. Water resists being pushed out of the way, and the harder you push, the harder it pushes back. The fancy term is compressibility. It's because of this that a fall from a great height into water tends to be like hitting concrete. So, back to the boat. As you spin the propeller faster and faster, it gets harder and harder to turn. Also, the drag of the water against the hull increases, requiring more effort. So, a boat in water is like a car that is going up a very steep hill. It needs to gear down to maintain speed or accelerate. With a boat, it works out that most of the time you only need one or two gears.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-75413", "score": 0.7112687230110168, "text": "It's the same concept as a ceiling fan. The blades of a propeller are at an angle (or more often curved into one) so as the air or fluid moves along the surface it is pushed backwards thus creating forward thrust.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-280134", "score": 0.7099865078926086, "text": "For the simple case of generating static thrust by accelerating a flow of water with cross-sectional area A to velocity v the thrust (momentum per unit time) is proportional to A\\*v^2 while the power is proportional to A\\*v^(3). That means the thrust you get per unit power is proportional to A/v so if you want lots of thrust at low speeds it's best to move a lot of water slowly. Obviously there are practical limits on how big you can make A, and if you make v too small your tugboat will have a uselessly low top speed, but that relationship explains the general trend of tugboats having very large propellers. As far as the engines I don't know why there would be any fundamental difference. An engine is pretty much an engine, and as long as it produces sufficient power you can use a gearbox or electric generator/motor to get that power at whatever combination of rotational speed and torque you need.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-316327", "score": 0.7089723348617554, "text": "While a larger diameter propeller is generally more efficient than a smaller one, the boat propeller size will be typically a function of the boat's draft. The bottom of the propeller should be above the boat bottom, to avoid damaging the propeller against the sea bottom. The top of the propeller should (there are exceptions) be deep enough to avoid sucking air in.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-67190", "score": 0.7078362703323364, "text": "The fan push backwards on the boat with a greater force than the air pushes forwards on the sail (Because the air stream from the fan slows down a little before it hits the sail). So really, it ought to move in reverse and it'd move faster without the sail there at all. Equal and opposite reactions. If a fan pushes air in one direction, the fan itself is pushed in the opposite direction. Now normally you never notice because household fans don't have enough power to overcome friction and move themselves. A big industrial fan can though, and they're a menace when they get loose.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-71653", "score": 0.7057403326034546, "text": "One reason on ships, and small boats with fixed engines, is that the water from the propellor flows directly onto the rudder. That means that the steering effect is greater as the concentrated water stream from the prop is deflected by the rudder blade to turn the boat. Aeroplanes are to a large part steered by banking the wings to change the direction of the \"lift\".", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2725", "score": 0.7035485506057739, "text": "Engines have a relatively narrow range of RPM where they perform efficiently. Planes and boats propel themselves in a viscous atmosphere/fluid. As a result, plane and boat engines can operate in a fairly narrow range of RPM and still be effective. Within that narrow RPM range, the propeller/fan generates sufficient thrust into the viscous atmosphere/fluid to propel the aircraft/boat forward. On the other hand, car engines are \"rigidly\" connected to the ground via ground- > tires- > wheels- > driveshaft- > transmission- > clutch- > engine. This means that without a transmission, a car's engine would have to operate on a much wider range of RPM's - including RPM's where the engine performs poorly or not at all. A transmission allows the car engine to remain in its efficient RPM range while the car can travel from a crawl to over 100mph.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2796", "score": 0.7026169896125793, "text": "Tug Boats are basically motors with a ship built around them. One big floating motor designed to move ships.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-988342", "score": 0.6996930837631226, "text": "Pics of said motor: \n\nIt comes from an electric winch for a boat. Its job is to simply provide brute force to reel in a line. I want to use the winch's mechanical mechanism to control an auto-pilot. To do that, I need to be able to know the motor's \"position\" (number of turns left or right from some calibrated \"neutral\" point). \n\nFirst off - I'm pretty sure this is likely a metric sized motor as the manufacturer of the winch is European and all the screws I've removed have required metric sized tools. From my research I am lead to understand that electric motors have standard \"frame\" sizes?\n\nThe motor mates to a gearbox with 4 screws (pictured in the top view). Is this placement standardized as well? I do understand it is IP65 rated which is a measure of resistance to water/contaminants and I still need that given its intended use on a boat.\n\nFinally, the replacement motor is going to be used to steer the boat - not brute force it to the dock so I do not need nearly as powerful of a motor to do the job. \n\nAny tips on how to find such a part or possibly refit this with a sensor/turn counter kind of thing (I should be able to just reverse the voltage to run it backward - yes?) would be appreciated.\n\nThanks for any help.\n\nEDIT: I'm learning more about these things - More pictures of the gearbox and base. And the part number on the Lenze gearbox is P4-188856", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-321419", "score": 0.6981422305107117, "text": "The propeller is using Newton’s third law to force the water back this propelling the ship forward. If the propeller was in the front then the the water would hit the hull as it’s being accelerated and this would be counterproductive. I’m sure you could build something that works it’s just not the most efficient design", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1133518", "score": 0.6936004757881165, "text": "Would a 54lbs trolling motor work for a 22ft sailboat to get in and out of harbour etc. I honeslt have no concept or context of electric boat motors and would like some guidence.\n\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-185720", "score": 0.6923254132270813, "text": "The answer is inertia. The boat pushes water in front of it as it moves. The water doesn't get out of the way fast enough so bunches up.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2876", "score": 0.691472053527832, "text": "Essentially friction and surface area. I'm no expert but look how much of a boat/ship is actually making contact with the water, now look at how much surface area your tires on your car take up, a hell of a lot less. I'm not a smart man but there's my two cents. I'm sure someone will explain it better.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-67031", "score": 0.6908805966377258, "text": "An impeller is designed to push a fluid outward from the center of rotation (perpendicular to the axis of rotation). A propeller is designed to push a fluid behind the blades to produce thrust (parallel to the axis of rotation).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-462", "score": 0.7485172152519226, "text": "I work at a research university, and system administration of our supercomputers falls under my team's responsibilities. What ours supercomputer do is simulation. They simulate things like chemicals interactions, nuclear reactions, electronic systems, and many other things. In many areas of research, it is a lot cheaper to develop models that can be simulated in supercomputers to test ideas, instead of experimenting with real world systems. Our research groups use their models on our supercomputers to research solar energy, advanced films, water treatment, artificial intelligence, medical imaging, and a lot more. All of this requires a lot of processing power because 1, these are complex models involving the interactions between multiple dimensions of variables; 2, because being able to perform calculations faster means either getting results sooner, or being able to simulate systems in more detail, with better results." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-184680", "score": 0.7103292942047119, "text": "There is something called \"machine code\", which is the code actually executed by processors. The processors are physically built to understand such code, they \"know\" how to execute it because of the way their transistors are connected.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-103906", "score": 0.7089510560035706, "text": "They treat the atmosphere as individual packets of air both laterally and at different heights. Computers track the movement and interaction between them to build up predictions of the future movement, change in temperature, precipitation etc. The difficulty of doing this means some of the most advanced and powerful supercomputers are needed.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1230744", "score": 0.7087216973304749, "text": "I am trying to decide what I should use a supercomputer for. For example scientist are using a supercomputer to find solutions to protein folding. I am aiming for finding a solution to the energy crisis but am not sure where to start. So any other suggestions are welcome.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-150217", "score": 0.7086719870567322, "text": "What cores (CPU) do can basically be considered calculations. All your games are basically calculations being done by the CPU. Each core is essentially a CPU. The more cores you have the more calculations that can be performed at the same time and also the faster results can be produced on any given calculation. This means you can run more games (higher number of calculations) and games can run faster(results being produced faster). This is what performance is.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-287436", "score": 0.7082279920578003, "text": "More than likely, if made practical, quantum processing will be for solving niche problems and may not be the most efficient way to work with general computation. I imagine that the transister CPU will live alongside the quantum processor, the latter being used at universities and governments while your CPU + GPU combo plays all the latest games. For example, I knew someone who tried to run a MUD game (think text based WoW) on an underutilized older Cray supercomputer at a university in the mid to late 90s. This computer's architecture was designed to run big computation jobs consisting of floating point units, but the game was written so that it does integer math (damage is random(50) then minus your hitpoints (another integer)). The game ran incredibly slow even though it was running on a supercomputer. Slower than a 486 PC running linux, but if you were to feed it floating point based problems like weather simulation it would blow the doors off anything under 1 million dollars.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-686284", "score": 0.7072287201881409, "text": "On the wiki page for supercomputers, there is only one computer seen, yet the recipe calls for two. \n\nLiterally unplayable.\n\nDisclaimer: this post is not serious. I know why it takes multiple computers. Was just a bit of a joke (still annoys me though).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-239804", "score": 0.707088828086853, "text": "What do the phrases \"resemble computation\" and \"looks computational in nature\" mean to you in this context? If you're asking whether maths accurately model reality, the answer is of course yes. If you're asking whether something something blah blah living in a computer, the answer is a derisive, scolding no. But I suspect there must be much, much more to your question than either of those.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-97418", "score": 0.7067661881446838, "text": "Computing is basically mathematics. Being 5 you must know how difficult some math problems are to solve, so we keep inventing things that make it easier. But, your calculator can only do so much, it has a small brain and cant calculate some big number. Bigger brain calculators (your laptop/pc) can do bigger math problems. Likewise, super-computers were designed to solve *really* complex math problems really *quickly*. That's the purpose of super-computers. Do difficult math, really fast.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-38604", "score": 0.7065061330795288, "text": "Well, that'll depend on how \"supercomputer\" they are. Are they so super that these hypothetical computers can solve the game? Then yes, it could be over in seconds. With conventional computers and the best chess engines right now, we are far from solving the game and it would take as much time as the engine believes necessary to think. The vast majority of games will be draws. What aren't draws will be White wins. There will be very few, if any, black wins.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-52620", "score": 0.7061303853988647, "text": "A CPU is essentially a calculator. It does arithmetic like adding, subtracting and multiplying numbers, and can then make \"decisions\" based on the results of those operations. It reads sequences of instructions and executes them. Instructions are arithmetic operations like I mentioned above, or they are \"branch\" instructions. Branch instructions cause it to jump to a different position in the sequence of instructions is specified conditions are true. This usually means if a particular number is less than, greater than, equal to or not equal to another number. There are also other instructions such as reading or writing to memory (which in this context usually means RAM), and various control instructions. Pretty much everything a computer does is just lots and lots of these relatively simple instructions put together in complex ways.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-140862", "score": 0.705409586429596, "text": "It calculates by transfer speed and the size of data left to copy. The transfer speed can vary a lot during the process, which is why the time left jumps around a lot. Sure, they may be able to apply prediction algorithms (like your example), but it's kind of a low priority and would take some research to do.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1403875", "score": 0.7049527168273926, "text": "Very very confused about this concept, especially when reading the news regarding the leaked Nvidia Pascal compute performance. \n\nThanks in advance :)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-171406", "score": 0.7046322822570801, "text": "Video games are just a bunch of equations being run by computers. That doesn't change whether the game is on your console or in the cloud. If you're playing a console game, some of that processing is being done on your console and shared in real time over the internet. Those equations mix with other people's equations and the result is your game. If it's all in the cloud, it's essentially the same thing, but most of the computation is being done somewhere else. You're just seeing the outputs.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-139525", "score": 0.7033572793006897, "text": "In Aviation we use them primarily for turbulence forecasts/maps. We don't require our own super computer, but we buy that service from The Norwegian Meteorological Institute who rents CPU cycles from the super computer \"Vilje\" at NTNU in Trondheim, Norway, and whenever they experience downtime we get e-mails that they're running late because they have to rent CPU time from some supercomputer in Sweden.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1532908", "score": 0.7033051252365112, "text": "The Wikipedia article says it had 8 16-bit processors. Does this mean a computation had ~log(8*2^(16))=5 digits of accuracy? If so, holy shit.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2688564", "score": 0.7029771208763123, "text": "Are we still on track, given that consumer CPU and GPU speeds have barely increased in the last 6 years? Back in the 90s and 00s we would expect a doubling in performance every 1.5 years or so, I remember those times, being excited about new games with their fancy graphics, well that may have just been my childhood happiness at play.\n\nI'm just worried that the predictions rely on that doubling up trend continuing, yet with every consumer cpu or gpu generation, we are only getting something like 25% extra performance, rather than a double-up. \n\nIs this doubling up trend continuing in supercomputers or data centers? If not, can we expect some revolutionary technology to come along like building chips out of different materials, quantum computers, or something else to create a big leap in performance? \n\nSSDs have also stagnated for a long time. Memory prices have gone up.. \n\nCan someone relieve my anxieties here?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-154195", "score": 0.7028665542602539, "text": "I think this has been asked a couple of times here. A normal computer calculates functions. It has an input and produces an output. Each time you calculate the function it takes a certain amount of time. In a sense, a quantum computer allows for multiple inputs and, with only one calculation, gives you all the corresponding outputs. Edit: we actually don't know they're better, we just strongly believe they are.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-118077", "score": 0.7028458714485168, "text": "\"Computing power\" generally means the number of operations a computer is able to perform per second. Of course, this depends on what kind of operations we're talking about, so a commonly used measure is called FLOPS - Floating Point Operations Per Second, i.e. the number of calculations (such as multiplication of division) the computer can do on floating-point numbers.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-76175", "score": 0.7025843262672424, "text": "It’s not code really. It’s waaaay more powerful processing being widely available. Both CPUs and GPUs. All of those details take a ton of processing power to do, processing power that 10 years ago wasn’t so readily available.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-286727", "score": 0.7025828957557678, "text": "There's a thing called the Bremermann's Limit. Basically it's the maximum amount of processing power for a specified space. Taken from the wiki article: \"For example, a computer with the mass of the entire Earth operating at the Bremermann's limit could perform approximately 1075 mathematical computations per second.\"", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-463", "score": 0.7472848296165466, "text": "Because at one point during the war (1943) the Italian King had Mussolini arrested and at this point Italy was not part of the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan) anymore. Germany, from an ally became an invading force of Italy. Also, the anti-Jewish laws were repealed by the new Badoglio government while the war was still going on. Basically, by the end of the war, Italy was not viewed as one of the 'bad guys' anymore. So while for Germany there were the [Nuremberg trials](_URL_0_), where all the atrocities committed by Germany came into surface, no such trial took place against Italy. So it's a combination of two things: a. Italy probably didn't commit atrocities comparable to Germany; b. any war crimes Italy did commit did not undergo the same level of inquiry of those commited by Germany." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-227561", "score": 0.7098402380943298, "text": "I have a similar question about any occupation of Italy after the war. Was there any and how did it play out? Most sources don't talk at all about Italy after the war.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-233664", "score": 0.7085879445075989, "text": "Italy had surrendered long before Germany. By the time of Germany's surrender (in fact, really since early 1944) the Japanese government's goal was to inflict enough damage on US forces that they would be able to avoid an unconditional surrender. So they were fighting to achieve a partial loss, rather than a total one.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-232867", "score": 0.7080933451652527, "text": "Not to stifle further responses and discussion, but I dredged up a couple of threads that may be of some use. [How helpful was Italy to Germany in WW2?](_URL_0_) [Why was Italy so weak compared to other countries during WWII?](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-221140", "score": 0.7058553695678711, "text": "I'm not sure you have a clear understanding of what happened based on your question. The \"grudge\" between France and England is as long as the history of those nations, if not older. Things with Italy happened the opposite way. They were part of the Axis, surrendered, and then unofficially fought with the Allies.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-224050", "score": 0.7009537816047668, "text": "The way that this question has been asked makes it a bit weird to answer but I can try as it makes it seem as if the same WW1 German and the same WW1 Italian governments were leading their respective countries. During WW1, Germany was lead by Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd. However as we all know he was ultimately replaced by the Weimar Republic which was then replaced/taken over by the Nazi Party. In Italy, Mussolini took over the country and both countries were run by Fascist Dictatorships. These two new governments allied with each other with their own goals and objectives in the war. For all intensive purposes the two countries were using each other as means to an end and the Nazis ultimately would have attempted to conquer Italy eventually. TL;DR: German and Italian governments shifted from Monarchies to Fascist Dictatorships which had their own plans.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-206961", "score": 0.7005666494369507, "text": "There was little to no military cooperation between Berlin and Tokyo, but some cooperation between Berlin and Rome, as well as the other German allies. However, Hitler did declare war on the US in 1941 following Pearl Harbor, and not the reverse. The Hungarian, Romanian, Finnish and Italian armies participated quite a bit on the Eastern Front. In addition, Italy's participation in North Africa is well documented, as was the German defense of Italy against the US and British forces in later in the war. The effects of a Japanese declaration of war on the USSR rather than the US in 1941 wander deeply into /r/historicalwhatif territory, but are interesting to ponder. Japan was already deeply embroiled in China and Burma at that time, so any consideration of war with the Soviets would have needed to include settling these conflicts first.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1341734", "score": 0.6975215077400208, "text": "Let's say that, when Hitler and Mussolini had their first meeting in 1934, Mussolini is immediately dismissive of Hitler and his racial policies.\n\nMatters are worsened by the assassination of Dollfuss and Italy's pledge to support Austria against Germany.\n\nItaly doesn't assist Franco's forces. A long-lasting stalemate between the Popular Front and the fascists eventually results in Spain being split in two separate countries.\n\nThe Pact of Steel is obviously never signed.\n\nMussolini demands that the Italian military keep ahead of Germany's.\n\nIn a move that shocks the international community, Fascist Italy sides with the western democracies on June 10th, 1940.\n\nWhat happens next?\n\nDoes Fascist Italy receive support from the Allies? Is Germany defeated, and if so, when? What does Mussolini's Italy look like post-war?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-223280", "score": 0.6964185833930969, "text": "Follow-up question: And vice versa, did the Allies gain any intelligence that way in Germany, Italy, Japan or any of the other fascist states?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-227574", "score": 0.6963497400283813, "text": "Interesting question. In the Tripartite Pact of 1940 Germany and Italy agreed to give Japan a totally free hand in Asia and the Pacific: \"ARTICLE 2. Germany and Italy recognize and respect the leadership of Japan in the establishment of a new order in Greater East Asia.\" It seems the Nazis were too busy conquering, colonising and exterminating hundreds of millions of people in Europe be terribly interested in Qingdao and a few scattered islands in the Pacific, which had never been terribly important in the first place. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-199799", "score": 0.6948397159576416, "text": "/u/BritainOpPlsNerf wrote a good post on [Italy \"hindering\" Germany](_URL_0_) that didn't get much attention, ironically since it's a WW2 post.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-228572", "score": 0.6947376132011414, "text": "Well, here is the thing. Italy was an awful ally, really they under preformed on every front. Germany had always wanted Italy as an ally since they were another fascist dictatorship (hitler admired Mussolini) and on paper they were a strong military country with a modern army and navy that could threaten Britain in the Mediterranean. However, the Germans couldn't have known just how incompetent the Italians would be. They stumble from one loss to another and in they ended up hurting the German war effort. I'm on mobile right now, but in a bit ill be back and post an older post I made, where I evaluated each campaign that Italians participated in.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-211786", "score": 0.6940587759017944, "text": "Tangential question: do we in fact often tell stories of heroic actions of resistance within Germany and Italy? I've only seen one or two films about German resistance, and none about Italian resistance. What are some good examples?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2584697", "score": 0.6933092474937439, "text": "Italy is problematic as an ally. Most of their army gets destroyed fighting the always-lost war for Africa. Once that happens, the UK invades Italy and pushes into south Germany, forcing me to divert troops from the already-fragile Eastern front. This usually happens in 1942.\n\nAs I see it, there are three options:\n\n Don't ally Italy at all.\n\n Ally Italy, attempt to win Africa by assuming military control. Very hard to do considering Italy's army sucks.\n\n Ally Italy, fully abandon Africa after assuming military control. Use troops and navy to defend coasts, and use spare troops on the Eastern front.\n\nAny tips?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-234345", "score": 0.6925877928733826, "text": "After the Italian Armistice in the summer of 1943, there was the beginning of a period referred to in recent Historiography as the Italian Civil War. The Germans, in the form of Rommel's Army Group B, invaded and occupied much of Italy, and Italian forces across Fortress Europe were interned. Some, like the Acqui Division on Cephalonia, were murdered by their erstwhile comrades; in their case, the German 1st Mountain Division. From 1943 onwards, there were essentially two Italian Governments, two Italian Armies. In the south, backed by the Allies, was the Co-Belligerent Government & Army, and behind enemy lines was the Italian Resistance. On the 'Other Side of the Hill' was the Italian Social Republic, a rump fascist state nominally under the rule of 'Il Duce', Benito Mussolini, with the Italian Army largely playing the role of rear-area support to Albert Kesselring's Army Group C.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-227081", "score": 0.6925288438796997, "text": "Italy was more of a hindrance than anything else. Where they were expected to help, they didn't - the biggest example being the invasion of France, which they joined too late to contribute to in any real way. Otherwise, all Mussolini did was to open up fronts he couldn't win. His failed invasion of Greece forced Germany to intervene in the Balkans, which delayed the invasion of the Soviet Union enough to make sure hitler couldn't take Moscow before winter set in. What was Italy good for? They helped tie down some of the Royal Navy fighting in the Mediterranean. Italy allowed Germany to fight in North Africa, which could have allowed them to close the Suez Canal and gain access to middle eastern oil. Italy failed miserably in that front. The Italian East African Empire took some Commonwealth troops away from other fronts, and Italy supplied a good chunk of the force that occupied Vichy France later on in the way.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-143066", "score": 0.6924172639846802, "text": "I mean, the Italian Fascist party was never anywhere close to as repressive and, well, insane, as the nazis. Additionally, the occupation of Italy was way less thorough than the process Germany endured after the war, when considerable effort went into rooting out and discrediting basically anyone with ties to the nazis. Additionally, Italy was, well, never really that much of a threat in WWII and wasn't the primary aggressor or instigator of the conflict.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-739175", "score": 0.6924024820327759, "text": "I was having a discussion with a friend of mine about this recently, and I was wondering, essentially, 'where the buck stopped' on Italian operational ability in the second world war. There is a lot of bad material about this on the Internet, but my general understanding of it is that they had poor equipment and worse leadership. They had some doctrinal issues as well - between believing the Italian peninsula was an acceptable alternative for constructing aircraft carriers, and building tankette models almost exclusively until 1939, but I've always believed, for whatever reason, that most of the issues rested with equipment and a poor officer corps that was slow to accept change. \n\n\nBasically, I want to know how poor the various aspects of their military were - leadership, organization, tactics, equipment, production and the like. I have a light background in war history but really not sure about many of these, particularly on-the-ground brigade level tactics and production efficiency, relative to either Germany or maybe early war France (comparable in ineffectiveness).\n\n\nDoes anyone have good secondary sources (preferably not in Italian) on this? Or any additional information to add?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-234495", "score": 0.6921129822731018, "text": "There's a roundup of some previous answers regarding WW2 in [this thread](_URL_0_). I could swear I saw an even better response more recently, but haven't been able to find it. The short version, for WW2, is that the country lacked the industrial base to properly equip modern armed forces, and also suffered poor leadership, in part due to a poorly educated population. I haven't seen a discussion of Italy in WW1 on here - *did* they perform so badly compared to other belligerents? - but the country's low industrial base would undoubtedly have had an effect there as well.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-224378", "score": 0.6917173862457275, "text": "What about fascist Italy? How where they treated after the war", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-224413", "score": 0.6911031603813171, "text": "Although Italian cities were spared some of the worst of the allied bombing offensive, [war damage was enormous.](_URL_0_) Rome was declared an open city, which helped. One of the reasons that the damage is less evident then in Germany is that many places were rebuild in the original style.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-466", "score": 0.7509266138076782, "text": "I once had someone cure my hiccups by asking me \"Hey, what color is eggplant? Do you see anything eggplant colored in this room?\" I looked around intently and couldn't find anything, and I told him no. He then asked me if they were gone, and sure enough, totally cured. I think something about the act of suddenly focusing on something else entirely had something to do with it. Maybe someone asking you for money you owe them has a similary effect?" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1106397", "score": 0.71305251121521, "text": "How crazy it sounds? Like if someone does something to me like asks me for money when I need it for something, I'll give it to them but after I do I start thinking they asked me for it on purpose so I can be derived from (item I wanted to by). For example, if I wanted to buy new shoes I'll think, \"they only asked me for it because they want me wearing the same dusty dirty shoes all year. Why does everyone want to see me fail\"\n\nObviously, I know its not true but it makes sense in my head atm. Later on, I'll be in my right head and be super chill about it, maybe even give them more money lol.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-106556", "score": 0.7124276161193848, "text": "The people who he owes money to eat it. Usually works out OK because the cost of them having to eat it is covered under the interest that they charge on the loan. The more likely you're likely to default / go bankrupt on it, the more interest you get charged. Bad things happen when a bunch of people can't pay back a loan and the company loaning it is screwed. You might of heard of it. It happened in 2008.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-715567", "score": 0.7121803164482117, "text": "I've been on wage garnishment for over a year, they took my last year refund also. And thanks to the pandemic I've lost $800/month in pay. Grateful to still have a job, but we will see if Im not living with my in laws next year. (in case people rip me in the comments, I ask for extra to be withheld so I can get a bigger refund. Never again though).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-383474", "score": 0.7117641568183899, "text": "i know i owe to a lender and i'm in consent communication with her. i'm on track to paying her back in june.\n\nI got a bill that i can't afford atm and it was unexpected and need just a little bit more of help.\n\ni prob won't get it. but when u got no other option it best to ask then not too.\n\n\" Cat-Sedai]( hidden·[19 minutes ago\n\nI’m fine with someone funding this loan if they so choose. Borrower has stayed in contact with me, often messaging me when I did not reach out first (good sign in my book). I have extended repayment without additional interest due to COVID.\"", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2675244", "score": 0.7116367816925049, "text": "Unfortunately they were unable to pay and I dont think they will be able to any time soon. Just making the command to clear it off. If they're ever able to atleast pay the interest we will make note of it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1648087", "score": 0.7115582227706909, "text": "My sister asked me to lend 100 bucks from me now she has the money but she doesn't have the time to a exchange to switch it to dollars. She asked me if I can lend her the money and she will return the money to me on a later date. Now we only see one each other like once in two weeks and she has a tendency to not return things (on time at least). On numerous occasions she didn't return me my keys, headphones, office supplies and more. Every time me or my other sister try to get our stuff back it's always a big fight and in the end she returns the thing. Now when she asked if I can lend her the money I told her I don't want to. So she got mad and asked why I was acting to her like she's some stranger but I told her you never return things to me. She got mad at me and I am trying to figure out if I am the asshole", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-630379", "score": 0.7112341523170471, "text": "The loan got charged back from his Paypal, but I lost money through CashApp. \n\nTogether with this one, I learned a lesson on sweet talking scammers. They have all the answers. \n\nI want to give a shout-out to my repaying borrowers, who I appreciate extra much now for their honesty and communication!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1219702", "score": 0.7112221121788025, "text": "So sbf slipped some cash a few days ago as he does time to time. It was extra unexpected due to COVID. I assumed he was really strapped and I made the mistake of being weird about it. In the moment I didn’t want to offend him and ask if he could afford to do so. That immediate thought muffled how I’d have wanted to react, with lots of appreciation\n\nWe spoke over the phone today to address an issue we’ve been having and then he sheepishly asks to bring something else up. \n\nTurns out he was feeling hurt from the money thing and how he felt I was dismissive about it which bothered him because he’s been on a smaller cash flow since COVID. He felt that i was expecting it etc etc. We are in a vanilla relationship (though he provides some sugar) and that’s not how I want to make my partner feel about his generosity. I immediately apologized. I even followed up over text apologizing as well. I feel terrible and want to fix it.\n\nIf you followed a recent post I’m $5k away from finishing all my debt. The plan was to bake a celebratory cake once I hit 0 to celebrate with a thank you card for him helping me along the way. I’m think that’ll reaffirm i truly am grateful? \n\nIs this a good way to go about this? Is this enough?\n\nEdit: thanks guys!!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1164535", "score": 0.711175799369812, "text": "I've just had 90% of my debt wiped out for me. Paid, done, cleared, finito.\n\nI am beyond grateful and tearful and happy, after living in an extremely shitty financial situation for about 4 years now as a single parent with 2 children to support and my own mental health problems - I sat and sobbed on the kitchen floor when I got the news that thousands of money owed by me had been taken care of.\n\nIt was a bad situation, bailiffs, court dates, scary letters, sleepless nights and choosing to feed my kids over myself and hiding the letters without opening them because I simply couldn't cope anymore \n\nMy request for advice is this - what I'm earth do I do Now? I'm actually in the clear for the first time in my life and as stupid as it sounds- I don't know what to do and where to go from here to make SURE I do not ever get in this situation again, I want to create this 'safety net' people talk about, I want to learn how to become better with my money, and so many more things related to bring financially healthy.\n\nSo sorry for the ramble I am overwhelmed, and quite scared!\n\nThankyou", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1364510", "score": 0.7109546661376953, "text": "I have been exhausting myself, trying to \"collect\" what other people owe me. I don't approach them in real life about it, and I don't ask them for things, but I constantly feel like other people owe me things.\n\n(I've read that column about it, and I know other people don't owe me things. But I can't shake the *feelings* I have around it.)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1139136", "score": 0.7106970548629761, "text": "Had roommates that quit paying in March, never contacted the landlord, received the $600+ a week for months, and said they were saving that money for “emergencies”. \n\nJust sounds like someone taking advantage of a pandemic to line their pockets at the expense of others, and that makes them assholes. \n\nThat is all", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-810382", "score": 0.7101771831512451, "text": "I've known my friend Anna for about 10 years. She's never been my closest friend, but we've kept in touch throughout all these years. Our lives lead down different paths with hers being geared towards family, she has 2 kids and a husband, Ben,I while I focused on education and jobs landing me a comfortable living. \n\nShe came to me a couple weeks ago asking for money and I would help her, but I know for a fact that she's horrible with money. \n\nLast year they received a 20k settlement that they blew through in a matter of months with no saving. They also had 9k return on taxes last year and this year. So literally they blew through almost 40k they could have saved ontop of the 40k her husband earns. Together, that is more than what I earned last year! \n\nNow it's not even summer yet and they are back to struggling to make ends meet. They asked me for about $1500.00.\n\nI'm not sure if I'm comfortable giving them the money because I'm not sure when I'll get it back, but I also want to help them because they have had a few medical emergencies where they couldn't work for a few weeks. \n\nThe only way I could ever feel comfortable giving them money would be to know how much they get monthly, how much the expenses are and based on that work out a contract on how much per month I will be getting back till the loan is paid off. I understand that asking for money means they don't have any, and if that is the case, they have no wiggle room, I would want to work out on luxuries they can give up at least until my loan is repaid.\n\nI understand that these are my friends, not strangers, and I'm a person not a bank, and this can seem rather formal for friends to have contracts such as these and it may be insulting, but I really don't know how else to do it. \n\nI haven't bounced the idea by them yet, that's why I'm here, Reddit, what do I do? Do I say no? Do I tell them that I would loan them the money once I know how I will be getting it back? \n\nTldr: friends who blew through 40k play money want 1500.00 from me, I want to know how much they make a month, how much are expenses and work out a contract/payment plan for how much I'll be paid back based on the difference between the two.\n\nEdit: so Reddit has spoken, majority wholeheartedly agree to not give them the money unless I'm gifting it to them. I guess I won't give it to them.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1451180", "score": 0.7100934386253357, "text": "I don't think so, but the person in question claims to not know what they're doing is manipulative. \n\nGood natured in everything else but lying a lot and somehow if you have a problem about their behaviour then you are blaming them and ruining their day?\nAnd if you don't say anything, then they ask you to tell them, so they can resolve the issue?\n\nWhat they do is, they lie and if you're smart enough to figure it out, they claim it's not true and be angry that you don't trust them. Then you believe them because they are so convincing and later they can't hold on to their lie and you figure out in an undeniable way that they were actually lying. When you confront this time, they claim it's your fault that they had to lie in the first place and have ruined their day. While doing similar things to everyone around them, only you're the closest person to them, so you figure out readily than others. \n\nBut outwardly, they're amazing. They wait for you, bring you hot waters, pay for you even when you insist not to and return the money if you pay them back, defend you and tell you you're the best thing in the world to them. Maybe they're amazing. What's not to love?\n\nAnd everyone around you either tells you they're not good and to get out ASAP or they're too good and you're so lucky.\n\nWhat to do when your can't live with the lies?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-384434", "score": 0.7100088000297546, "text": "The case should be dismissed but if they do not dismiss it and I have to enter a plea I was gonna say \"Your welcome\" when he retorts and says \"what\" or what ever he is going to say, I would reply \"because you obviously need this money more than I do.\"\nIs there any legal trouble from this response I could get into?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1016538", "score": 0.7099196314811707, "text": "So the other day, I had bought my friend lunch because he forgot to bring cash, now, the meal cost 7.50 and my friend made a vow to me that he would pay back the FULL price on Monday, now where I am (Asia), it is currently Sunday, I had swum with him for a bit and reminded him to bring me the cash that he owes tomorrow. However, he had claimed to me that I wasn't the one who paid for the meal which he had asked for, I denied this and showed him proof on my credit card and also asked another friend of mine (who had eaten with us during the meal) whether I had paid for him or not and he said that I had. The twist is that even with the proof that I've shown him, he still refuses to pay me the full price and tries negotiating with me, he said that he would only pay half the price, that he would pay it tomorrow and that he was being \"being very generous\" to offer me a deal like that, I ended telling him that his deal was bullshit but he still said that this was his deal and that I had to accept it or else I would get nothing. We continued negotiating and arguing about this for about twenty more minutes where I ended it by telling him to go to hell (which he replied by telling me that I'm an asshole whose selfish) but ultimately, he had won the argument. Even after I had accepted the deal, I highly doubt that he would actually pay me the 3.75 dollars which he owes me. \n\nIn the end, I am still mad and disappointed but I take this as a learning experience and I definitely have learnt some new ways to prevent this and how to deal with this happening but I didn't write this to talk about my morals, I had written this for asking the question whether I am the asshole in this situation or not and well, it would help me if I got some relies from people, thanks.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1016112", "score": 0.7089686989784241, "text": "Oh boy.\n\nI initially lent him $34 but he kept asking for more money. I was dumb and sent it to him via Friends and Family and now I am kicking myself in the leg for doing so. He kept making excuses and blaming PayPal and me for not receiving the money (that he never sent and would not send me proof that he would). I guess it's an expensive lesson for me ¯\\\\__(ツ)__/¯", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-866918", "score": 0.7089404463768005, "text": "In situations where you've been a bit of a nuisance to someone else when asking for help or similar, I've found thanking people for their effort, rather than apologising for inconveniencing them has a far more positive effect on their view of the situation.\n\nThey'll feel good that they helped out, and less likely to feel like they've been screwed over by you.\n\n\nObviously, hitting someone in the face and then thanking them might not go down so well though...", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2238755", "score": 0.7089125514030457, "text": "I accidentally put a thumb sized hole in her wall. I offered to pay for it. She told me not to bother as it was so insignificant and she'd repair it herself. I insisted on paying for it but she still said no but she'd let me know if there was an issue. \n1 year goes by and then she states she couldn't fix it but she's getting something else repaired and if I'd mind paying the extra for the broken wall. I think it's weird to get back to me that much later but state it's not a problem and I'll pay for it. Then I don't hear anything. \nA further year goes by and she's saying she's finally going to get it repaired and she'll let me know the cost so I can pay her back. \nI state it's unreasonable to ask me for money after this long. She states there's no time limit to the repair.\n\nI'm not interested in what my legal rights are, and the money to repair it isn't an issue either, but should I pay this back, or morally am I entitled not to? I find it disrepectful I'm being messed around like that, thinking I have a debt, then I don't, then I do etc.\n\nI can't quite put my finger on why it seems morally justifiable not to pay for the repair (interested to hear peoples thoughts on that), but that's the way it seems to me.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1119005", "score": 0.7086070775985718, "text": "My girlfriend got cancer last year and received months of treatment. I lent her money during her treatment to help her out financially. She's been out of treatment for sometime now and finally back to work. She was talking about all the debts she had to pay back and the amounts to me. I wasn't on the list when she was mentioning all the money she owes. I asked her if she was planning on paying me back and she got weird and left the room. \n\n​\n\nWhen I pushed the matter further she got upset and said of course she was going to pay me back. To me it seemed like she was avoiding the subject and was never planning on actually reimbursing me. We kept arguing about the matter and she said she couldn't talk about it anymore then had a panic/anxiety attack and tried to keep me shut out of the bathroom. She says it was implied she would pay me back and I was extremely aggressive about it. I've been burned by family members before and really just wanted to know what her intentions were. AITA?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-663914", "score": 0.708469033241272, "text": "I've got a relative who needs help. She's disabled (but mentally competent) and lives off of Social Security and a small trust. She's never managed her money and has been burning through the trust. She also has racked up $30,000 in credit card debt to a variety of places. The trust wont write a check specifically for the debt, but they do give her some an extra $1400 each month. She needs to live on a budget so she can pay off the debt with the trust money and then live frugally to extend the trust out for as long as she can.\n\nShe has asked for help in fixing her problem, and has talked extensively about being responsible. I really think she's going to get on board, but she needs some rationalizing (along with more help) because now she's starting with the excuses that I'm sure we all went through. She really does want help and keeps asking for it, but she needs to get over this hump!\n\nHow would you respond to these excuses?\n\n1. I just don't spend any money now.\n2. I look at my balance every day online.\n3. I can do this on paper.\n4. I already pay my credit cards down. \n\nOf course, I already have my own come-backs for these comments, but I'd love to hear everyone else's.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-467", "score": 0.7202946543693542, "text": "Well, most people use the word \"clone\" to mean something other than it actually is. I blame the popular sci-fi use of cloning to refer to creating an exact duplicate of a person, along with their memories and personality and such. In real life, cloning means to take the DNA of an animal, and create a new baby animal with the same DNA. So it's more like creating a new identical twin baby of the original creature, and not at all like creating an exact copy of that creature." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-293670", "score": 0.6842716932296753, "text": "That's not quite how you'd do it if you wanted a proper clone. If you use two sperm to fertilize you will jumble the genes up with crossing over. You'd just want to take a regular somatic cell, pull out the Y chromosome, and double the X, then use that as your starting cell. I'm not sure this is currently feasible, but if you did it that would work (assuming you don't get hung up on any of the regular difficulties of cloning). EDIT: Also, I've read this Heinlein story.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-122295", "score": 0.6839519143104553, "text": "Ethics is a complex subject with few, if any, definite answers. That said, I don't believe most ethical standards WOULD agree that cloning near-extinction animals is unethical. From what do you base the statement that cloning near-extinction animals is unethical?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-268338", "score": 0.6835786700248718, "text": "There are a few ways you can do it. Some animals have been genetically manipulated to spontaneously form cancers, some mouse lines are especially prone to cancer for one reason or another, and yes, you can even grow tumors in a dish and transplant them into a host mouse like an infection. There are even mouse lines that you can take tumors directly out of people and transplant them into the mice.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-171404", "score": 0.6834222078323364, "text": "In theory, yes. Remember we created an entire clone sheep from adult cells many years ago. The process should work with humans but has never been attempted. Cloning the entire individual and then waiting around for years to get your target cells is probably the \"easiest\" method if you don't mind the Bond villain vibes, or you could attempt to clone and culture the target tissues directly. Targeted tissue cloning is still a developing science so results may vary.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-110641", "score": 0.682015597820282, "text": "Let's say we're cloning you. We take some of your skin cells and put them in our lab. Then we take the a woman's egg cell and take out the nucleus (the part that holds the DNA) and put it with your cells. Then we zap it with electricity and a skin cell fuses with the egg cell. This cell is then put back in the mother of your clone and her body recognizes it as a fertilized egg, also known as a zygote. This zygote then goes through the 9-month pregnancy and is born as your genetically-identical clone.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-117805", "score": 0.6811994314193726, "text": "Imagine that you took one sterile person in a family and you repeatedly cloned them. You could do the same with a different person in their family. It's kind of like that with bananas. That's how you get different varieties.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-306574", "score": 0.6810427308082581, "text": "If we cloned a mammoth in the literally sense of the word it would be 100% mammoth. The necessity here would be a viable mammoth cell containing the entirety of its genomic DNA. Still in this situation, the mammoth would be likely to pick up its elephant mother's mitochondrial DNA, resulting in it either creating a mammoth with purely elephant mitochondria or a mammoth with [two sets](_URL_0_) of mitochondria (elephant and mammoth), if the mammoth mitochondrial DNA was present within the original cell Following the logic of the link you provided, the authors would be creating an Asian elephant with certain genes being replaced by mammoth genes. You would consider this a hybrid. However, this wouldn't be the successful cloning of a mammoth, merely it would be the successful cloning of mammoth genes into an elephant.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-644040", "score": 0.6807749271392822, "text": "Basically the title. Reading the material components I saw that you need \"1 cubic inch of flesh of the creature that is to be cloned\", does that mean that you have to cut a finger off everytime you want to cast this spell? And if yes, would the clone miss that finger too or would it be a \"perfect\" copy of the original body?\n\nMy doubt comes from the fact that if the new body does miss the part sacrificed then you'd eventually run out of flesh to use.\n\np.s. I realized while writing that the spell Regenerate would solve this problem, for the sake of science let's assume that we do not have access to it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-321852", "score": 0.6799426078796387, "text": "Aside from a few rare instances where a baby mammal happens to get adopted by a mother of a different species, humans are the only ones to do this. To drink the milk of another species, you need to engage in the very complex behavior of capturing mammal species, holding them in captivity and feeding them until they produce offspring, and then milking them. This sort of thing wasn't even seen in _humans_ until after the advent of agriculture. Alternatively, it would be possible for a species to somehow sneak its offspring into the care of another species of mammal, the way cuckoos and cowbirds sneak their eggs into the nests of other birds. But no mammal species actually does this.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-297688", "score": 0.6792488694190979, "text": "* For every successful clone, there are dozens of failures. The psychological impact of a miscarriage is profound, so it is considered unethical to impregnate women with this sort of expectation. * There is speculation that cloned animal have reduced lifespans, due to their DNA having shortened adult telomeres. * Many consider it irresponsible to perform this kind of research until the ethics of human cloning has been fully explored.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-144692", "score": 0.6791055202484131, "text": "In order to do that, we would need an abundant collection. One way might be a body farm, but that raises ethical concerns - not to mention the cost and scientific hurdles. Cloning isn't cheap, or even guaranteed to be viable. Another way is to create stem cells, or something similar synthetically. There are people working on this, and making some success (cultivating pluripotent stem cells in petri dishes). I suppose one way we *could* do this is donating/selling eggs/sperm and doing it that way, but again, the scientific possibilities of it are stifled due to current laws and the morality of it. So long as people consider a life a life, I don't see this happening presently. **TL;DR:** Government interference has limited scientific progress and the available supply. On a side note, they don't cure *everything*, but they're pretty darn cool.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-299090", "score": 0.6790648102760315, "text": "There are a couple good books for the lay person that cover this: [The Violinist's Thumb] (_URL_0_) and [Bring Back the King] (_URL_1_) There are a number of challenges, but the two most important are finding an appropriate donor egg cell to \"clean out\" and insert your cloned DNA into, and finding an appropriate maternal surrogate (in the case of mammals). The problem is that there are so many intricacies to early embryonic development and implantation/maturation that we haven't quite figured out yet. Our best results are with well studied species likes sheep, xenopus, etc.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-272607", "score": 0.6780024766921997, "text": "It's not really the main subject. [List of animals that have been cloned.](_URL_0_) I would say it gets the most press because Woolly Mammoth are extinct and it would be amazing to see a live Woolly Mammoth. Cool science gets more exposure than boring experiments like carp cloning. Edit: Oh gosh, I thought this was askreddit. I am not a biologist. I'm sorry!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-258926", "score": 0.6776943206787109, "text": "Not a clone, but you could duplicate each of the chromosomes to create a diploid cell, and that would work to create a single-parent organism. It would have to be a female, of course, since you'd need either XX or XY, and XX is the only one of those that can be done by duplication.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-185066", "score": 0.6768969297409058, "text": "It's complicated, and we don't really have a definitive answer yet. But the best answer right now has to do with how DNA repairs itself. All animal cells are constantly being copied and replaced with new ones, but when you make a copy of a copy of a copy, the DNA starts to break down. How many times an animal's cells can copy themselves without making defective ones (or, if defective cells are made, the body's ability to fix/destroy them) will tell you how fast the animal ages. That's what aging is, really. The body's healing process being imperfect.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-644719", "score": 0.6764283776283264, "text": "I apologize, I just watched this movie late last night and was curious how that was supposed to work. Is it some kind of cloning procedure? Was it explained at some point?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-39745", "score": 0.6762476563453674, "text": "There's multiple techniques but I'll explain the newest one everyone talks about, CRISPR/cas9. Based off a certain sequence in the dna the enzyme recognizes a genectic location, and cuts it out. Another enzyme sees the cut and puts the gene you want in. Now when that particular strand of dna is translated to rna and then to protein the gene you put in will also be expressed. A changed protein means a change in phenotype. This has to happen in all the cells of an organism to be permanent, the easiest way to ensure that is doing it on embryos as they are made of fewer cells than a full grown person/animal. The recognition isn't perfect meaning that \"off-target\" effects may occur, but that's being worked on.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-292498", "score": 0.6755480170249939, "text": "I have no idea if it is possible with humans, but there are some videos of a Russian scientist keeping a dog head alive and conscious floating around out there. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-96624", "score": 0.6749507784843445, "text": "Some are grown from seed, which is a hybrid of carefully selected parents that produce a seedless mutant. The other option is vegetative cloning, there are lots of ways to clone a plant either making small sprout or grafting a branch to new roots to make a new tree.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-247460", "score": 0.6748248338699341, "text": "As I recall, the cloning in that episode consisted of creating fully mature clones in some kind of machine. This is a purely sci-fi mechanism of cloning since the only cloning we are capable o today involves inserting DNA into a single celled zygote (or other early developmental stage) that must then grow and develop just as if it were a newly conceived individual. The mechanism for cloning that actually exists doesn't have anything similar to replicative fading (though mutations would occur just like in any organism). However, the fictional mechanism used in Star Trek must work in some totally different way since it produces a developmentally mature individual, so it could plausibly have something like that depending on how it works.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-468", "score": 0.8213293552398682, "text": "Shampoo is a type of soap designed for your hair. It gets grease out of your hair. You should only shampoo your head. Don't put shampoo on the ends of your hair if you're a girl, it's too harsh and will damage your hair. Conditioner puts the life back in hair after being shampooed. It moisturizes it. Body soap is a soap designed for your skin. It gets dirt off your skin. You can't just wash dirt and grease off with water because water and oil don't mix. Soap is an \"emulsifier\" it means that it makes it so water can wash away oil. 2-in-1 is conditioner and shampoo mixed together. So you only have to use one product to wash your hair. There's a lot of rumors that it's bad for your hair. From what I've learned, if you have very fine hair then it's better to not use a 2 in 1. But most hair works just fine for a 2 in 1. 3 in 1 is shampoo, conditioner and body soap all mixed in one. Guys usually use this. You can literally put it on any part of your body." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-163558", "score": 0.7748858332633972, "text": "1. Easier to differentiate 2. Conditioner is thicker than shampoo and harder to get out.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-83715", "score": 0.7722283601760864, "text": "They don't work well. Shampoos and Body Wash are both variants of soap. They are both designed to strip dirt and oils from the hair and body, though body washes will also normally have an exfoliant in them to help remove dead skin as well. These mixed products tend to have fewer oil removing agents and no exfoliating agents so they do the job of shampoo and body wash more poorly than they would otherwise do. Conditioner is designed to add back some of the oils removed from the hair by the shampoo, reduce static as the hair dries, and the like. It does not work at all in the combined products because the shampoo agents just remove anything the conditioner was applying.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-141538", "score": 0.7712322473526001, "text": "Shampoo usually contains chems to soften hair fibres. So using a soap would not give same results. Body, hand and face soap are more or less the same, main difference being their smell and container.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-132410", "score": 0.7677214741706848, "text": "There was a [Skeptoid podcast](_URL_0_) that answered this question somewhat. > In short, the active ingredients in shampoos are detergents for washing stuff off; and the active ingredients in conditioners are polymers that add a coating back on. Someone else will have to give an expert opinion on how body wash differs. I think it just has to do with the additives which make it foam or whatnot: you want shampoo to foam up a lot, but body wash to more spread out. As for order: always shampoo, then conditioner. Wash, then wax.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-21853", "score": 0.7672864198684692, "text": "Soap is soap. Shampoo can wash your body, or your car, just as well as it washes your hair. Heck, even dish soap will get your hair clean, and lemony fresh! What makes them different is the stuff they add to make the generic \"soap\" better at a given job. Shampoos may have scents that are pleasing for hair, or additives to make hair shiny. Body wash may have moisturizers to make skin soft, or scrubbing beads to exfoliate (which you should avoid-they're plastic based and cause problems when washed into our waste water!). Every soap, and every brand, will have something added to make it different or specialized for a certain task.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-44938", "score": 0.7621519565582275, "text": "nothing. I've compared the labels before, only difference was different scents and maybe an agent or two to make those scents work with that blend. something that always mildly amuses me is how men like 3-in-1 shampoos where women want all 3 in at least 3 seperate bottles.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-84041", "score": 0.7568605542182922, "text": "Very little difference. Amost the same list of ingredients if you read the label. Shower gel tends to be a bit thicker and shampoo tends to be a bit foamier but that's really just differnet balances of the same ingredients. On top of that, they might add a few extra ingredients like exfoliant for shower gel or some sort of scalp treatment for shampoo. But the basic goop is the same so it's easy to make one that works as both if all you want is something to get you clean that maybe smells a bit nice.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-30906", "score": 0.7558668255805969, "text": "The basic difference is that shampoo has a small amount of conditioner in it, so that hair will not be too difficult to comb (it replaces, to some extent, the natural oils that the shampoo is removing from the hair). If you use plain soap (liquid or solid) to clean your hair, and your hair is long, you're gonna have a bad time when it's time to comb it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-307482", "score": 0.7542323470115662, "text": "Between all products of a similar type (IE shampoos) there are very few differences. They all have the same basic materials, being surfactants (detergent), water, preservatives, colouring and perfumes. The difference between the normal, oily, and dry formulations usually lies in the **amount** of surfactant added. Changing the amount of surfactant in the formulation changes the amount of hair oil that will be removed from your hair, and in turn affects your hair dryness/oiliness. The beauty of the knock-off products is that they are almost **exactly** the same as the name brand products. The engineering required for shampoo creation is extremely minimal and simple. The main differences is that the larger companies probably have spent more time in researching specific formulations, but at the end of the day, they don't differ a whole lot from the previous mixtures. If you find a cheap brand that works well for you, keep with it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-436328", "score": 0.7526770830154419, "text": "As you know, beauty products like soap and shampoo are targeted differently for men and women. I'm a guy who mainly uses neutral or feminine body products and rarely use men soap. Does the different gender products have different effects on the body?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-191702", "score": 0.7519873380661011, "text": "Body wash, shower gel, liquid soap, etc. are all the same things. Any variations are purely cosmetic - they're intended to look, smell, or feel different, but they're functionally pretty much the same idea. The differences lie between any of them vs. bars of traditional soap. Bars of soap are made from fat of some kind or another and lye, which creates surfactants (things that reduce the \"grip\" between different materials, letting the surface materials be washed away more easily). Body washes and shower gels are made from detergents - they're pretty much just diluted surfactants - but different ones than the ones that you get from mixing fat + lye. That difference causes body wash to have a lower pH than soap - closer to your skin's pH, in fact, which ends up with the body wash feeling more \"moisturizing\" versus the soap feeling like it's \"drying your skin out\".", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-108208", "score": 0.7505285143852234, "text": "Shampoo and soaps/body wash are known as emulsifiers. These bond oil and water together and remove dirt and all the nasties. Shampoo is a somewhat stronger emulsifier than soaps as it has to deal with thicker oils but they are the same thing. Soaps are weaker as removing too much oil can be bad for the skin and cause a number of problems if stronger. There is no issue using shampoo as body wash or body wash as shampoo other than it might not give you the same nice feeling due to a different formulation or skin irritation.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-25600", "score": 0.7502578496932983, "text": "For most 'drugstore' brands of toiletries like shampoo, soap, and deoderant, the only significant differences between the mens and womens versions of products are: Scent: since most men don't want to smell like tahitian vanilla and most women don't want to smell like whatever-it-is axe smells like Price: you can see this most with razors. mens products are generally priced lower than womens for the same volume Color: most noticeable in the packaging, but occasionally the product itself is colored Once you get into the high-end 'salon' products, there can be true formulary differences.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-93243", "score": 0.7496876120567322, "text": "Shampoo is much more mild .. Shampoo doesn't have enough 'oomph' to clean your body properly. Body wash, on the other hand, is too harsh you use in your hair on a regular basis. The whole reason Shampoo was invented was because regular soap left peoples' hair dry and damaged.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-184453", "score": 0.7492165565490723, "text": "In the end they all are effectively just soap. A brick of soap is the pure stuff and by wiping your wet hands over it you remove just enough to wash your hands. Shower gel and shampoo are diluted with water, which just makes them easier to apply. You can massage them in your hair, which would be much more difficult with a brick of soap. Also further chemicals are added to adjust the viscosity (how liquid it is), color, smell etc. some shampoos might also contain actual active ingredients like selenium for anti dandruff shampoo. But most of it is just marketing, don't fall for it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-173718", "score": 0.7489697337150574, "text": "It is about their purpose. The foam in soaps and shampoos is part of what makes it able to clean the dirt and oils from the hair and scalp. Conditioner is there to add back in some of what is lost since not all those oils are required to be stripped away as part of that cleaning, so they are made differently, conditioner is not a soap.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-98625", "score": 0.7481560707092285, "text": "Behold: [3-in-1 Body Wash, Shampoo and Shaving Cream](_URL_0_). If they could figure out how to make it toothpaste, I'd only need one bottle in my bathroom.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-434630", "score": 0.7434505224227905, "text": "Imagine you have a two-in-one shampoo that you really like using. It makes your hair smell awesome, it nourishes your scalp, and it helps prevent split ends. But slowly over time, it no longer makes your hair smell awesome, it starts drying out your scalp, and then you have nothing but split ends after using it. But then to top it all off, you start having an allergic reaction to this 2-in-1 shampoo/conditioner. \n\nAt what point do you go to Walmart and start going with a different brand and separate shampoo and conditioner? Do you just keep up the brand loyalty until you start going bald because \"muh principles about brand loyalty?\"\n\nJust in case you didn't get it.\n\n2-in-1 shampoo=marriage\n\nSeparate shampoo and conditioner=sex dolls/avoiding women\n\nBrand loyal people who go bald= the morons that get married anyway because \"reasons.\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-325050", "score": 0.7427316308021545, "text": "Shampoo is used mainly for its detergent/cleaning effect of removing oils and dirt from the surface of your hair. Conditioner is adding a coating of shiny oils/waxes/polymers to your hair to make it look and feel smoother. Neither is better nor worse as they are for different purposes. A good mini-recap is about halfway down [here](_URL_0_). Hope that helps!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-14765", "score": 0.7418963313102722, "text": "Shampoo is designed as a method to remove unwanted items from your hair. They grab on to all the stuff that nobody wants and takes them with it when you wash it out. Conditioner is designed more for the sake of conditioning and soaking into your hair. It needs a longer time to reach whatever the goal is whether it is moisturizing, protection etc.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-469", "score": 0.6449733972549438, "text": "Basically, it comes down to sensing versus perceiving. Generally everyone senses the same things the same way, from vision to taste, excluding those with sensory deprivations (colorblindness, deafness, etc.). Perceiving is a different story. It's all in your head. We attach meaning to different sensations. Like when you see your SO and get happy if you're in a great relationship. Basically you attach meaning to different sounds you hear. People tend to like major keys that are consonant, but of course not all because different people attach different meanings based on their experiences! Hope this helps, this is the first ELI5 explanation that I've done! Feel free to ask further questions!" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-59341", "score": 0.6127240657806396, "text": "The overall conclusion is that the song has to be quite simple in order to be recalled spontaneously, but also have something a bit unique that makes the brain want to rehearse it over and over.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1172343", "score": 0.6127216219902039, "text": "I'm female, early 20s. I was seeing a guy and after a few days of chatting on the phone, he asked what kind of music I liked. I took a moment to think and said: \"Pretty much anything honestly, but I'd say my favourite is rock.\" \n\nHe responded with: \"Oh reeally?\" in a non-believing and *sort of* (but not super obvious) condescending tone. It also felt like he was testing me.\n\nI said \"Yeah...?\" \n\nThen he asked \"Okay so what kind of bands do you like?\" \n\nI think I said Led Zeppelin, AC/DC, Queen, things like that. Then I mentioned Avenged Sevenfold and at that point he said \"OHH okay yeah! At first I was 'Yeah okay *sure* you do...' but A7X is awesome! Nice :)\"\n\n \nI didn't really know what to say after that. I felt inferior and like I had to prove what I liked simply because I'm female. I got over it really quick, I don't care what someone thinks I should or shouldn't like, but it felt so strange in the moment.\n\nI'd love anyone's opinion on this. Do you find this sort of sexist?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-104349", "score": 0.6127015352249146, "text": "Much of taste is about state of mind. Have you ever had a moment where you pick up a drink thinking it's water, but it turns out to be soda? You may otherwise like the soda, but it tastes disgusting in that instance. When you are hungry, your mind is trying to encourage you to eat. As your hunger diminishes, the encouragement can as well.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2596739", "score": 0.6126897931098938, "text": "I'm familiar with a a good amount of theory, but don't really know how to apply it. One thing that was confusing me was the usage of strict chord progressions. \n \nSo say we just have the common I-V-vi-IV. Sometimes it really is I-V-vi-IV, but other times it jumps between the chords. So in the actual song when I analyze it I get something like I-V-I-V-IV-vi-IV and then something different after going back to I again. If I ask for the chord progression of the song, I'll hear, \"Oh it's I-V-vi-IV\", but it is not strictly that. \n \nSometimes other chords are added too. So maybe we have i-III-VI-VII. Now adding a V/v chord is fine as a substitute for the VII, but sometimes a iv is thrown in. \n \nWhy is this? What does it mean? How is it that the \"chord progression\" of a song/piece may be said to be one thing, but actually be another? Thanks.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2788981", "score": 0.6126776337623596, "text": "I have a playlist of about 2,000 songs that I enjoy listening to. However, when on shuffle, it seems like only 100-200 songs ever get played. I have scrolled through my playlist to see songs that haven’t come up on shuffle in months, even though I listen to this playlist very regularly. Is it like this for everyone? Can I do something to change it? I’m sure there’s already a post about this, but either way, any help is appreciated.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2540839", "score": 0.6126731634140015, "text": "I was listening to Wet last night while puttering around. I like Wet, because they're really chill and ambient and nice to listen to while relaxing. All of a sudden some remix comes on that's all weird and bassy and not at all what I was looking for.\n\nSo many bands have these shitty remixes on their page that are so different from their usual sound and not at all what I'm looking for. Would be so nice if I could prevent them from playing when I'm listening to an artist.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2751728", "score": 0.6126697063446045, "text": "usually, when i find an artist with some really good music, ill binge them until i get sick of them, at which point they become another band on my 'good bands' list. im right in the middle of an animal collective phase - im trying out some of their solo stuff now (really loving down there by avey tare).\n\nbut that's enough about me. what artists are you guys listening to now? how'd you get into them?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2749700", "score": 0.6126656532287598, "text": "I noticed this today when listening to their top 5 songs. They literally use the same beat for all their songs, but add a different sound, or speed up/slow down the beat in different songs\n\nEXAMPLE ONE: \n\nYou've probably heard this one, \"Stolen Dance\". It's their most popular song. It's also the most basic form of the beat they use in all their songs, so you can compare it to their others.\n\nEXAMPLE TWO: Here's another popular song they wrote, \"Flashed Junked Mind\": \n\nI personally love this song. But notice how the beat sounds oddly familiar to \"Stolen Dance\" with the only major alteration being the stutter they've added.\n\nEXAMPLE THREE: \"Down By The River\": \n\nMaybe you've heard it in FIFA, maybe you've heard it on the radio. This song once again utilizes the same beat,with the major alteration being a bit of a speed boost as well as quicker flow. \n\nEXAMPLE FOUR: \"Fairytale\": \n\nThe major alteration here is the slowing down of the beat, as well as an extra guitar strum that's worked its way into the beat. \n\nEXAMPLE FIVE: \"Stunner\": \n\nHere, the beat starts to stray from the usual rhythm, but it is still obviously familiar to the beat used in their other popular songs.\n\nDon't get me wrong, \"Sadneccessary\" is a PHENOMENAL album which I STRONGLY reccomend, and Milky Chance is a wonderful band (vocals are great), but when listened to closely, they interpret the same beat to create many different songs, which is very impressive. There are many other songs in the album that don't have any similarity to this common beat, however, as Spotify ranks them, their top five songs all use the same beat.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1323696", "score": 0.6126478314399719, "text": "Right here! \n\nI figured while we have plenty of tastes in common this is a much more diverse community than many other music sites/forums so here is a group for comparing and expanding tastes, woo hoo! Join it and lets see what everyone really listens to!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-858203", "score": 0.6126475930213928, "text": "Like you memorize a note from a certain song, like the piano key from the black parade and in your head you can determine the note based on that memorized reference note?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2750938", "score": 0.6126425266265869, "text": "Pink Matter is, personally, my favorite song in general. I just love how smooth the instrumentals are, and of course André's voice is beautiful. What was your first reaction when you heard it? How do you feel now whenever it comes on?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1325180", "score": 0.6126351356506348, "text": "for some reason many people focus on the top 10 chart or something and determine the song that they should listen to and ignore many other songs resulting in the top 10 chart being the advertisement paper instead of them truly being top 10 if I can call it that way. like because if the song are not there some of us will not bother with them at all so even any bad song that gets placed there magically become truly top 10 even though they are bad. \n\nso I am thinking what songs do you guys think that aren't in that category should be recommended and not missed? 浪人琵琶, 沙漠駱駝, 有何不可, 9420, 123我愛你, 繁星四月, 櫻花粉的浪漫, 不枉, 不要睡懶覺 are some which I've discovered lately and I feel that they are rather nice if you are into something not so ballad. maybe some might have heard before but I am just saying it because I don't think these songs ever gets placed alongside songs by top artist or something.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1889350", "score": 0.6126329898834229, "text": "Hey everyone!\n\nThis question had been tugging at me for a while. When I am on youtube, I am always quick to hit the like button when I come across a video I really like.\n\nWell today after watching a new video from a youtuber who I usually particularly enjoy, I hit dislike for the first time ever. \n\nNow you may think that isn't a big deal, but this youtuber doesn't have a ton of subscribers,so that dislike sticks out a bit more. I have been on the receiving end of multiple dislikes so I know it doesn't feel very good. \n\nI just really thought the video was lazy, poorly put together, and overall boring. \n\nWhat do you guys think about the dislike button? Should it even be there? and if so when should it be used?\n\nThanks for the chat. :)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-894675", "score": 0.612604558467865, "text": "i should start off by saying i mostly listen to metal music, but i have a few Juice WRLD songs in my playlist. my younger brother is extremely into Juice WRLD and constantly asks me to play his songs in my playlist when we are in the car. one day, i decided to shuffle my playlist, and then i queued up the 4 songs of his in a row, and played it off as it being a crazy coincidence. to give context, my playlist has about 400 songs so it is extremely unlikely for that to really happen. after they all came after another, i acted really surprised and he swore that his spirit was in the car and made the songs appear as they did, and it was then i could see how much it meant to him. i don’t think i can tell him that i did it on purpose, because he still talks about it and i can see how much it meant for him to have that experience", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2058330", "score": 0.6125829815864563, "text": "First of all, I should preface that audio engineering is hobby / side-hustle for me. I'm no full-professional pop producer. \n\n​\n\nYou know when you first hear a song you like, and it's really really great. It seems like a perfect masterpiece. But if you listen to the song A LOT, on different playback systems, with that same criticism you apply to yourself, you start to hear the imperfections in that \"masterpiece\" music. Common \"offenses\" in the music I like are louder sibilances or guitar/etc solos than I myself would allow, or the kick is quieter than I would have. I've even heard drum sets rattling away because the raw tracks were live recorded together. \n\n​\n\nI love all of it. It takes these bands I love and humanizes them and, as an audio engineer, that's exactly how I want them. But I enjoy it more now because it feels more peer-y. \n\n​\n\nMaybe this is more true for certain genres and less for others. Thoughts?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-88645", "score": 0.6125156283378601, "text": "That is called *spoonerism*, for knowledge. Memory access errors occur in the auditory cortex; and these sounds are likely \"placed\" close by each other in there due to their relative similarity. When you are trying to recall the word \"eye\" to use in your head, the neurons firing mix it up with the \"Sau-\" sound being buffered for use and then boom! Misfire! Honestly, though, that's pretty much all we know there is to it, a neural firing error. Nothing more specific than that has been known.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1053616", "score": 0.6125110387802124, "text": "Sometimes I come across a song that evokes a certain emotional response in me, makes me super motivated and productive. By epic I don't mean those battle soundtracks from movies, more like songs from movies like The Great Gatsby, Wolf of Wallstreet, and more recent one is Beyonce's Crazy In Love from the Fifty Shades of Grey trailer. They make you feel powerful, not strength wise but like you're able to do anything, accomplish anything, be anyone. Does anybody know what I mean? I've had the hardest time searching for songs like these.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-150588", "score": 0.6124993562698364, "text": "I think it is dependent on preferences. Loud music does give people headaches. One of the reasons for any headache is emotional stress/cognitive stress, whatever may be the cause.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2751538", "score": 0.6124639511108398, "text": "Or any other songs in general, I guess. Open to listening to new things, thx.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2751258", "score": 0.6124563813209534, "text": "And then you don’t even like the song anymore since you overplayed it and now it isn’t interesting or new.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-470", "score": 0.7075515985488892, "text": "Op are you talking about Laser Temperature Guns/thermometers?? (That tell the temp after pointing the device and laser at an object) If you are: the laser doesn't have anything to do with the temp, it just aligns the sensor that is located right next to the laser on the front of the device." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-309233", "score": 0.6712098717689514, "text": "The most common type of white LEDs are based off of single-color blue LED chips. The chip is coated with a layer of phosphorescent material that absorbs some of the energetic blue light, and converts it to lower-energy red and green light. You can see how this works by looking at [a typical LED spectrum](_URL_1_). There is a narrow peak around 450nm, which is the original blue light, and a much broader peak between 500 and 700nm - the green and red part of the spectrum. Household LED bulbs are often rated \"warm white\" or \"cool white.\" The difference is the thickness of the phosphorescent layer. A thick layer absorbs more of the blue light and emits more red and green, which gives the LED a \"warmer\" hue. Incidentally, the [Nobel Prize in physics](_URL_0_) was recently awarded for the invention of blue LEDs - precisely because they came into use in cheap, commercial white LEDs.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-93245", "score": 0.6711054444313049, "text": "Conventional incandescent lights make light by passing current through a tiny tungsten wire (filament), causing it to heat up to an extremely high temperature, which produces light (but mostly heat). So when you flash it, the filament is constantly heating and cooling by thousands of degrees, which causes it to expand and contract. Eventually this causes it to break. The part of an LED that creates light is a solid piece of semiconductor material. And it's much more efficient at generating light. They do generate some heat, but they have a big heat sink attached to the bottom, so the LED itself doesn't get that hot.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-272349", "score": 0.6707757115364075, "text": "This is how infrared light was discovered. William Herschel ran sunlight through a prism, and noted that it could heat a thermometer even when the thermometer was held just beyond the red end of the spectrum [Link](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-139838", "score": 0.6701180338859558, "text": "Any object with a temperature higher than 0 Kelvin lose energy by radiation. It emit photon of specific wavelength depending on that temperature. The higher the temperature the higher the energy of that photon, meaning an higher wavelength. If an object is hot enough, like metal in a foundry or the heating element of your oven, it will start to glow red. But if not that hot, it will continue to glow, but in the infrared. Most everyday object will radiate infrared, so what you need is a infrared sensors that will measure the wavelength emitted by an object in the infrared spectrum and you can estimate the temperature.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-905021", "score": 0.6694051623344421, "text": "Basically I used a various of digital thermometers, like Hicks, Equinox, Dr Mo or something like that.\nI had a moderately good experience because I never thought it showed more than it's supposed to be. Anyway I still wanted to ask this, there's many negative reviews on many popular devices, one of the devices are scummy that asks for 5* for warranty which should be banned from Amazon but it's actually the most popular - Dr Trust.\n\nAnyway let me know.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-298356", "score": 0.6693664789199829, "text": "Mercury expands when heated. This can be uniformly predicted. The thermometers are calibrated in volume so that 1'C heat increase results in a certain volume change, and therefore a change in height which you can mark off and read.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-85004", "score": 0.6693324446678162, "text": "I'm confused by this post. LED lights don't typically get insanely hot, and are much cooler than incandescent, halogen or CFL lights.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-232", "score": 0.669327437877655, "text": "At a basic level you can think of temperature as the average molecular energy of a system. Temperature can be measured in different ways, but they all come down to measuring changes in heat energy (molecular motion and jiggling). In everyday thermometers, what is measured is how a liquid (originally mercury) expands with temperature, travelling up the bulb. The expansion is due to the atoms in the liquid moving faster and pushing on each other harder. In devices called thermocouples, the temperature affects how well a piece of metal conducts electricity, which can be measured precisely. There are also infrared thermometers, which measure the heat energy in the form of light that objects give off. It's important to note that temperature isn't the same thing as energy, but the explanation requires delving into the wonders of thermodynamics, which is a bit too complicated for me to ELI5.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-262287", "score": 0.6692975163459778, "text": "The laser isn't used to measure the temperature, it's just used to point. The actual temperature is taken by measuring the infared light given off by the object.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-18539", "score": 0.6676714420318604, "text": "Stoves heat a pan which in turn heats the pans contents. Even if you know the temperature of the heating element you don't necessarily know the temperature of the item you're cooking. Ambient temperature and the component of your pan will affect heat transfer. It also doesn't matter much for most foods. \"Hot\" and \"really hot\" are sufficient most of the time. When these are not sufficient you employ a thermometer that goes into the foodstuff itself and measures temperature directly. Ovens, by contrast, heat the air surrounding your food. Measuring the air directly is easy, although again this doesn't mean your food is at the oven air's temperature. Again, thermometers are deployed directly into the food when internal temperature is at issue.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-249486", "score": 0.6675586104393005, "text": "Normal LEDs don't have quite the same structure/materials as the MIT experiment, and can't really take advantage of the thermoelectric effect - converting heat to electricity. Also, if you look at the paper, you'll see that they're running this LED at very small amounts of power - picowatts - so even if you had a bunch of them, the light emission and degree of cooling wouldn't really be noticeable. Hopefully, though, this will spark more interest in creating devices which can operate in this regime, and we'll see some improvement in the future.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-284280", "score": 0.6670283675193787, "text": "You wouldn’t need a faraday cage. You just need to see how much infrared (IR) light they emit. Infrared is a non visible wavelength of light, and light is sometimes referred to as EM (electromagnetic) radiation. There are sensors that can detect IR, which are used in IR imaging (sometimes referred to as heat vision). Every object emits IR light in proportion to its thermal energy (black body radiation). Some IR imagers only show contrast between objects, but others can detect the amount of IR emitted and use it to show temperature. There are also laser sighted optic thermometers that basically work the same way.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-38139", "score": 0.666960597038269, "text": "Yep, they work on identical mechanisms. The difference is just in the semiconducting materials that are used. Most semiconducting materials release energy in the form of heat. LEDs use materials that release energy in the form of light, and in particular the useful ones release energy in the form of light in the visible light spectrum.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-246797", "score": 0.6669574975967407, "text": "To answer the second question first, the actual filament of a bulb *is* that hot. But if you put a thermometer on the *glass*, of course it will read lower. A thermometer has to reach thermal equilibrium with the thing being measured. This can't happen in something as dilute as the WHIM because *edit:* there weren't be enough interactions to heat up your thermometer, and so radiation losses will keep the thermometer cold.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-986513", "score": 0.666745662689209, "text": "Hey everyone, \n\ntitle says it all. I have absolutely NO idea how to set up temperature probes for an accurate reading. \n\nIf someone could provide a slight guide or explanation on how to do so that would be amazing. \n\nThanks all and have a good one", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-176345", "score": 0.6662561893463135, "text": "I have not seen the gif you’re referencing, and you didn’t provide a link. But my guess is that they are battery powered. It takes very little power to light an LED, so we could be talking very small batteries.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-48047", "score": 0.6658680438995361, "text": "All things emit light all the time. It's just one of the ways materials give off energy to their environment. Thermal imaging works by seeing the light things give off that humans can't detect with their eyes. Anything, if heated up enough, will begin to emit light in the visible part of the spectrum.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-170129", "score": 0.6653995513916016, "text": "Thermo resistors that change their resistance based on the temperature. If you know the current and the voltage you can find the resistance.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-317230", "score": 0.6653781533241272, "text": "You need a laser that produces the right color of light. Like LED's, there are only certain colors of those available, but even more limited in the case of laser pointers. Red is made from a semiconductor laser diode, which is cheap to manufacture. It's still a laser, so only certain lines are available and get amplified. This can be tuned a bit, but not much. The green pointers don't use green laser diodes - they use an IR Nd:YAG crystal with a frequency summer to get green light. This means they need LOTS of power for the amount of light that comes out, but it can't burn up or run the batteries down to fast, and this is hard to engineer. The use of a crystal instead of a laser diode is more expensive, too. Blue pointers are the same as the green, but worse all around since it takes even more power to get the lines out of the Nd:YAG crystal that are needed. Violet gets to be cheap since it's semiconductor, like the red pointers.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-315372", "score": 0.6651859283447266, "text": "[This video](_URL_0_) shows the process in a simplified visual format, with english narration. It may be of help to answer your question. It's not from a science laboratory, but rather an electrical engineering firm that manufactures LEDs. I'm fairly sure they know what they're talking about.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-471", "score": 0.7080951929092407, "text": "You need a second camera that is filming from a slightly different perspective, just like humans can see in three dimensions because they have two eyes set slightly apart. (In computer animation you can arbitrarily create a second perspective on a scene, so it's easier but it still requires extra rendering to produce the film.) You play back footage from both perspectives at the same time, but the viewer wears polarized lenses which filter the image so that the left eye sees one thing and the right eye another. You may recall older 3D using colored lenses for the same purpose. You can also process a standard film to give it computer-generated 3D effects. This is a lot cheaper than filming a real 3D movie, but the result tends to be ugly." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-93810", "score": 0.6717209815979004, "text": "It uses a technology called Digital Light Processing or DLP. The way it works, basically is that those projectors send out, in sequence, the red parts, green parts, and blue parts of the image in quick succession, and your brain blends them together to create a colour image. If you swish your vision across a DLP projected image, you'll get that RGB effect because your eye has moved between the different colours being projected. [This](_URL_0_) is a video of a DLP projector image slowed down massively.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-41486", "score": 0.6710769534111023, "text": "The movie is running at about 30 frames per second. Your mind takes those 30 frames and puts them together into a clearer, sharper picture. The photograph is just one frame. Try to pause the movie - not as sharp. If this were ELI6, I would go into more detail about interpolation... But, you're five.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-109811", "score": 0.6707239151000977, "text": "They use chemicals which react to light - namely silver halides. When light hits a silver halide crystal, it performs a chemical change in that crystal. When developed in a chemical solution those silver halides which were hit by light are converted to visible metallic silver. Areas of the film with lots of halides which were hit are denser (darker) and areas without many halides which were hit are less dense (lighter). Now you have the highlights and shadows in a negative image. Once you reverse it using the exact same process - voila! Picture. That's really simplified, but I hope it helps.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-15495", "score": 0.6705832481384277, "text": "My TV has a 2D- > 3D conversion mode. It works *fairly* well. Since this isn't being done by artists in a studio, but automagically by software, how does it do that?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2725804", "score": 0.669219434261322, "text": "I can only describe it so here it goes. The screen displays a shot, then a segment of the screen slides in from the right (eg. the top third) displaying another shot (original shot still playing in the background). then the middle third of the screen slides in from the left, then the lower third of the screen with the final shot.. or something along those lines. \n\nI know I've seen this in films, but I can't call one to mind to use a template/example. Any help appreciated on the name of what this technique is or examples of it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-15453", "score": 0.6692107915878296, "text": "It's due to the polarizing filters in the screen interacting with the polarizing filters that make up the 3d glasses' lenses. Polarization is a property of light involving the way the wave oscillates. Being able to block light of certain polarization is useful in many situations, as it lets you control what \"parts\" of light get transmitted through the polarizing filter. In 3D glasses, it can be used to block certain light from reaching your eye, causing each eye to receive a different image, creating the 3D effect. In LCD screens, it is used to block certain amounts of light to produce different brightnesses.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-267369", "score": 0.6688905954360962, "text": "Also worth noting that some 3D Film projections aren't vertically/horizontally polarised, but rather circularly polarised in different directions (otherwise the effect wouldn't work if you turned your head).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-45808", "score": 0.6682447195053101, "text": "Old school film editing used to involve physical manipulation of the film. Splicing, compositing, overlays; all of these are terms brought over from the days of analogue editing. Using the Hateful 8 as a more modern example; they will shoot the whole film with a 70mm camera; get the film digitised into the computer for editing and compositing; then, possibly; print it BACK to 70mm film for the Master print... I will probably have buggered something up in the process, so feel free to correct me, fellow redditors :)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-136562", "score": 0.6680466532707214, "text": "Holograms like in the movies use light to create moving images like recordings Actual holograms use lasers on a clay model to take pictures like a camera. They use special film to make it look like it's popping out at you [Here is the How It's Made on real world holograms.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1037158", "score": 0.6679980158805847, "text": "I haven't read or seen anyone mention this so thats why I am wondering. I know 3D doesn't go well on camera, but still has anyone played with the 3D feature on/is it even utilized?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-187590", "score": 0.6679090857505798, "text": "Long story short. 3D Animated movies are on a totally different scale of detail. 3D games are optimized for performance, 3D animated movies/shows are optimized for detail. & #x200B; Texture resolutions are much higher (And I don't think they compress them), animations have many more joints to deal with, physics are totally different, lighting is much higher quality... Pretty much everything is better in 3D animated movies/shows.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1034023", "score": 0.6678247451782227, "text": "\n\nIn this video, at around 30 seconds, this effect is clearly visible, but it happens all over the movies.\n\nHow do they shrink towards the left or right or forward instead of just towards their center?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-26975", "score": 0.6678086519241333, "text": "The go-to was called [rotoscoping](_URL_0_). Essentially, artists would draw what they wanted on top of every frame. Take for example starwars. The actors would hold heavy sticks, then post filming they'd add glow and a colored lightsaber on 24 frames for every second of film. It's just as inefficient and time-intensive as you'd think. Second, in today's world you can turn film into digital and do all the fancy motion-tracking and adding of digital layers on a computer.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1299269", "score": 0.6677146553993225, "text": "Although I really haven't enjoyed many of the 3D films that I've seen I think it may be cool to use it to highlight virtual worlds, like the \"Oasis\" in the upcoming Ready Player One release.\n\nPlus 3D scenes tend to look better when they are CGI as opposed to practical/real scenes. \n\nWhat do think? Has something like this been done already?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-690158", "score": 0.6664639115333557, "text": "In Don Hertzfeldt's World of Tomorrow, there are a few shots I'm curious how they were done. You can see the two screengrabs here]( (You can see [a brief moment of the first one moving in the trailer. In the second image, I'm most curious about the middle left one. In the short, it's over video. It looks like the colors from the video are extruded. Not sure if it's done with After Effects or maybe 3d software.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-52522", "score": 0.6656642556190491, "text": "I think the effect you are reffering to is the technicolor effect. Bassically it uses acid Dyes that resulted in vivid colors like the ones you see in old movies \"Technicolor became known and celebrated for its saturated levels of color, and was used most commonly for filming musicals such as The Wizard of Oz and Singin' in the Rain, costume pictures such as The Adventures of Robin Hood and Joan of Arc, and animated films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Fantasia. \" _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2742349", "score": 0.6655234694480896, "text": "I have used a little bit of blender and AE, but what program is best and what do the film producers use to add cars, spaceships, etc in videos?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-156179", "score": 0.665161669254303, "text": "They use a [film recorder](_URL_0_). They use electron beams, lasers, flying spot CRTs, or small LCDs to expose film which is then mixed with the camera negatives in an optical printer. Alternately, the original negatives can be digitized and the effects can be added electronically.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-45083", "score": 0.6642864346504211, "text": "The Nintendo 3DS's top screen utilizes a filter called a \"parallax barrier.\" One of the images necessary for seeing 3D is projected to the right, and the other image is projected to the left. The left image and the right image occupy alternating vertical columns of pixels, and are filtered through the parallax barrier. The barrier acts as a vent to project the images and ensure they hit your eyesight at the necessary angles to produce the desired 3D effect.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-191399", "score": 0.6642262935638428, "text": "Scenes are carefully choreographed in advance, including the camera angle. That's the behind the scenes you see of the cinematographer walking around holding a lens to their eye. Sometimes, particularly with mirrors, they shoot with a non-plano camera that has a distortion opposite the the effect of shooting at an angle. In the worst case, they just edit them out in post, like CGI only backwards. That's how they remove wires and support structures.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-472", "score": 0.6671233177185059, "text": "When you wake up in the morning, you get something called sleep inertia. It's the groggyness you feel up to two hours (usually half an hour) after you have woken up. It's a \"false\" kind of sleepy, which makes you want to stay in bed. This combined with how comfortable your warm, soft bed is, makes it so darn hard to get up. _URL_1_ _URL_0_ edit: a word." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-101286", "score": 0.6337601542472839, "text": "It is because you don't stay in REM sleep for all that long. The average sleep cycle is about 90-120 minutes and you need about 4 of those a night to get enough REM sleep.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-730215", "score": 0.6337416768074036, "text": "I work night shifts and go to school in the afternoon so I don't always have a full 8-hour window to sleep, but I usually have two 4-hour windows a day. Was wondering if anyone structures their sleep similarly and how it works out for them", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-6356", "score": 0.6337401866912842, "text": "Sleep is a cycle. If you wake up in the wrong part of the cycle, you will probably be VERY groggy and slow to wake up. If you're sleeping outside of your normal pattern, your body doesn't know how to plan the cycles. So you actually wake up more tired than you would have if you had woken up earlier. Generally speaking, try to plan for ~90 minute intervals for sleep per cycle. So 7.5 hours of sleep would be more likely to have you waking up at the \"right\" time. 9 would be good as well. 8.25 is probably gonna leave you groggy, as would 10.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-144410", "score": 0.6337184906005859, "text": "I used to scare my mom all the time when I was little because I would sleep with my eyes wide open and she would walk in and think I was dead. She would shut them but later on in the night they would re-open. I still do it sometimes as an adult- I'm 28 now. I think the reason I do it is because as I'm falling asleep, my eyes and face relax to the point where keeping my eyes shut actually feels like it takes more energy than keeping them open. I think because they are open the majority of the day it feels more natural to have them open as I'm sleeping. Not a scientific explanation but just what I've experienced. :)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-85482", "score": 0.6337125301361084, "text": "The simple answer is sleep inertia. When you go to sleep your body released Adenosine and Melatonin to assist in helping you fall and stay asleep. Without an alarm your bodys internal clock will wake you up when its fully rested using cotrisol and dopemine. This process takes place an hour before you wake up. When you don't get enough sleep its usually because you messed up the normal cycle and your body wasn't able to release the needed hormones to wake you up. This is amplified based on where you wake up, if you're in deep sleep the sleep inertia will be worse.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-75992", "score": 0.6337079405784607, "text": "A lot happens during sleep. Physically, your body uses that time to \"recharge\"-- your muscles re-form the fibers that broke (which is what lifting weights does-- it tears your muscle fibers so that they grow back stronger), your body stops performing active tasks, and everything rests. Mentally, analogous things occur. Your brain does not do anything consciously (with possible exceptions during REM and lucid dreaming), but it uses that lack of sensory input to process memories and information given throughout the day. Many other things happen during sleep, and scientists don't know all of the reasons why it's so important, but that's a sample.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-42567", "score": 0.6336475610733032, "text": "I imagine it's similar to how listening to a consistent \"white noise\" (or brown/pink noise etc) can help people filter out other sounds. If there is even just a thin sheet covering you... Basically, it means there is a consistent flow of sensory information being sent to your brain, and that's part of what helps us relax when we're in bed and about to fall asleep. Compare it to if you're just lying in bed, naked, or with minimal clothing, and under no covers... Even if you're at a fine temperature, and you're not at all cold, you'll be more likely to get distracted by sensations like a breeze of air brushing against your foot, or you may be more likely to feel itchy at random spots. Does that make sense?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-729984", "score": 0.6336263418197632, "text": "To me, it feels like I haven’t slept in days. When I go to sleep, I lay in bed with my eyes closed, but my brain doesn’t shut off and I can’t stop thinking. I feel extremely aware of my surroundings, like I can hear the traffic or wind outside my window, and I don’t think I’m asleep. However, for me it feels like maybe 15 minutes have past, but I check my clock and it’s been over an hour of laying there with my eyes closed. It feels like as the hours go by and my alarm goes off, I’ve gotten zero sleep. But there’s no way I’d be able to function properly with days and weeks of this in a row, although the lack of sleep does make me feel extremely tired and dizzy.\n\nInsomnia runs in my family, but I started doing research on sleep misperception and I’m wondering if this is what is happening. Any opinions? And is there a fix for this?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-92397", "score": 0.6336108446121216, "text": "Babies and children are still growing, mentally and physically. Sleeping more allows their bodies easily support their rapid growth. It's like your phone or computer installing a new version of an operating system. It must shut down other features (\"sleep,\" if you will) for a while while it's going through this period of \"rapid growth.\" Once you're an adult you no longer need all the extra sleep since you are developed mentally and physically, and our own biological clocks are set up for us to only need about 7-8 hours a night (average).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-292241", "score": 0.6336043477058411, "text": "One of the main drivers in waking up is cortisol, a hormone that normally peaks sometime in the morning, usually about 8am. It hits a trough at around midnight-3am, at which point it begins to rise. This next part is speculation, but I've always thought that a person's \"second wind\" while pulling an all nighter happens as a result of cortisol levels turning the corner from falling to rising. You wake up when either cortisol levels hit a high enough level to pull you out of sleep (I'm not certain of the physiology here, someone else may know more), or you have an external factors that is stimulatory enough to wake you up, eg a loud noise like an alarm clock, or a bright light like sunlight. Interestingly, the only sense that *won't* wake you up is smell-theres no olfactory response while asleep, as shown in a study at [Brown University](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-730200", "score": 0.6335949301719666, "text": "I recently started a more permanent schedule and I’ve been having HORRIBLE anxiety every night before work, terrible nightmares, ridiculous dreams, tossing and turning which all culminates in me waking up hours before my alarm and being absolutely unable to return to sleep. This morning however, I only woke up a couple minutes before my alarm as opposed to many hours!! I think I might be rounding the bend and on the verge of getting some actual decent sleep for the first time in quite a while and I am so happy to be so close to a decent, respectable sleep schedule.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-111628", "score": 0.6335753202438354, "text": "Goes back to when you where in the womb, that it is how you slept. Your brain was trained to sleep that way.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-124120", "score": 0.6335620880126953, "text": "I've read that it all depends on the sleep stage you wake up in. If you wake up in deep sleep, you'll be more groggy and irritable waking up.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-119637", "score": 0.6335564851760864, "text": "Basically, your sleepiness level isn't caused simply by the amount of sleep you had, nor the time spent without sleeping. Your brain follows the circadian cycle. Basically, it wants to sleep every 1h30, if it's dark, if you usually fall alseep at this hour, and if you accumulated enough sleep hormones during the day. More light will make it harder to sleep (computer screen, night shifts). Changing your sleep schedule every day will fuck you up, and reduce your sleep quality. Sleepiness wave will hit you at regular intervals. Sleeping until 2pm will make it harder to fall asleep at 11pm. Having short night over the week will gradually increase sleep hormones in your brain, until you can't work anymore.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-110518", "score": 0.6335062384605408, "text": "I think it's because you are still conscious to remind yourself to keep your eyes shut. They're not relaxed and you would find a hard time to fall asleep. When your asleep. Nearly every muscle (apart from the heart) is relaxed, along with your eyelids.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-29690", "score": 0.6335060596466064, "text": "You cycle through different stages of sleep, ranging from lightly asleep to hardcore asleep to dreaming: N1, N2, N3, REM. N1 is light sleep, the transition between awake and asleep. During the night, you move up and down these stages. Sleep isn't an on/off switch--it's a super complicated system. A lot of different things can run this system off the rails, so to speak, and leave you more likely to wake up during the night: alcohol, some medications, stress, sleep apnea, poor sleep habits, shift work, and a lot of other stuff. You can also be woken up during the night and simply not remember what it was that woke you up. For example, people with sleep apnea tend to believe that they woke up for no reason, but in reality they woke up because they stopped breathing, which you might recognize as a bit of a problem.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-11646", "score": 0.6334960460662842, "text": "Generally because you are sleeping with your mouth open which dries out the mucous membrane. If you don't believe me, try keeping your mouth wide open and breath in and out for an hour and tell me how your throat feels.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-56349", "score": 0.6334906816482544, "text": "Can I add a relevant addendum to your question? It takes me forever to fall asleep and I'm a light sleeper, but my friend can literally fall asleep in seconds and is a heavy sleeper. How?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-126221", "score": 0.6334797739982605, "text": "Because you're not getting to sleep early enough, and/or you're being roused from a deep stage of your [sleep cycle.](_URL_0_) If your alarm goes off when you're deep in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), you'll tend to be groggy and have a certain sleepy inertia.. The deeper you're sleeping, the worse it is!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-282597", "score": 0.6334795355796814, "text": "First, in the interest of full disclosure, nobody knows for certainty Second, we don't just get tired when we don't sleep - especially for long periods of sleep deprivation, there is paranoia, personality changes, a disintegration in biological rhythms and many other seriously bad things. Also it is not because the neurons are quiet - they are quite active - they are just active in a different pattern (wave forms) This may be necessary for both consolidation of memories and re-setting systems, re-establishing patterns of circuit activity and underlying structural changes. You can't just \"rest\" because you aren't exactly replicating the wave forms you have when you sleep.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-473", "score": 0.7385118007659912, "text": "The asteroid that may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs had a diameter of about ~~170~~ 10-15 km. The moon has a diameter of about 3,500 kilometers. I'm not a scientist so I won't pretend to tell you exactly what will happen, but I think that it goes without saying this would be a catastrophe unlike anything seen before." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-317595", "score": 0.7007333040237427, "text": "Very unlikely. This used to be a more popular theory, but what may be surprising- the asteroid belt only has 4% the mass of the Earth's Moon. All of this mass would make a dwarf planet, at best- and the amount of energy required to destroy this planet would be very high.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-53068", "score": 0.6989220976829529, "text": "The mass of every asteroid in the solar system combined is smaller than the moon, and a tiny fraction of Jupiter's great size. It does grow when an asteroid hits it, but not enough to notice.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-318711", "score": 0.6985915303230286, "text": "It depends on the direction the meteor is going and how fast. If you slowed down the moon it would crash into Earth as well. And at the right angle and at the right velocity a meteor could orbit the Earth (that's extremely unlikely to happen. As you can see the Earth only has 1 moon).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-114635", "score": 0.6984269022941589, "text": "No, no, and no. Escape velocity for the moon is 2.4km/s. This is many times faster than a rifle bullet. Any rock or rock-like object capable of making it through the Earth's atmosphere and still be able to cause significant damage would have to be massive. The meteor that exploded over Russia in in 2013 was about 20 meters across and weighed about 13,000 tons and it still exploded 97,000 feet above the ground. Small iron meteors could make it to the surface, but again, to do enough damage to make it worth the trouble, it would have to be massive or moving incredibly fast. The iron object that created the impact crater in Northern Arizona was around 50 meters across and impacted the Earth at around 20 Kilometers per second.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-315655", "score": 0.6982705593109131, "text": "I assume your question is essentially how do things hit the near side of moon if the Earth is in the way. The Earth is far enough away from the moon that there is definitely room for an object to slip past. In fact the gravity of the Earth can bend the trajectory of objects into the moon.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1340457", "score": 0.6967858076095581, "text": "Just for fun. What would happen if we discovered or found out that a metor heading towards the Earth or somekind of event will destroy Earth and humanity after 1 week. What would the reaction of the world?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-323830", "score": 0.6965610980987549, "text": "Meteorites can strike the moon from many different angles. Imagine that you're on the near side of the moon. The Earth occupies about 2 degrees of arc in the sky, which leaves an enormous area from which meteorites could approach and strike the moon.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-293159", "score": 0.6962280869483948, "text": "This really depends on the nature of your question. What are the chances that it will happen? Very very very unlikely. But considering that such an asteroid impact could spell extinction for humans, we should probably take it very seriously. Lastly, not sure what we could realistically do with our current technology. Maybe try to intercept with a few nukes and at same time build some underground survival shelters.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-314833", "score": 0.6957452297210693, "text": "You're looking for the [Roche Limit] (_URL_0_). It depends on the sizes and masses of the planet and satellite. For the Earth, the closest that the Moon could be before it would get broken by tidal forces is about 18000 km above the surface of the Earth. This is about 5 times the diameter of the Moon, so the Moon would appear to be something like 11 degrees in diameter, over 20 times its current apparent size. Of course, if the Moon were actually that close, tidal forces would cause it do inspiral and crash into the Earth eventually. I'm not sure what the timescale for that would be, though.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-310872", "score": 0.6953887939453125, "text": "It depends on the entry angle, what the asteroid is made of (e.g. porous rock vs compacted rock, etc), and how fast it's impact speed is. I recommend playing around with [Impact: Earth!](_URL_1_). For reference, the [Chelyabinsk meteor](_URL_0_) was probably ~20 meters in diameter, ~12500 metric tons. In that case, the meteor mostly broke up in the atmosphere, creating a shock wave (I highly recommend looking up videos of the event on YouTube), with some smaller pieces making it to the ground. One of the things you'll notice if you watch a few videos is that the break up doesn't happen all at once, and it doesn't make a single simple shock wave.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-250728", "score": 0.6944897174835205, "text": "First off, the LAST thing you would want to do with a larger asteroid is blow it up. There is a very great chance that you will shatter it to pieces, and they may be big enough to hit Earth's surface, making a much larger area of devastation.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-320323", "score": 0.6944789886474609, "text": "We can predict impacts a very long time in advance, the [Sentry](_URL_2_) program keeps track of all the objects that have some potential for collision in the next couple centuries. Obviously this is not a complete list, very small objects wouldn't be visible and there could be larger objects lurking in either the very outer reaches of the solar system or in interstellar space, but based on what we currently know there's hardly any chance that we get hit by a large asteroid in the next hundred or so years.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-290254", "score": 0.6937119364738464, "text": "There's no hard and fast answer to this question, unfortunately. There are programs that actively look for and track objects that cross the Earth's orbit, however anything below about 150m in diameter is very hard to detect. If the object is small, has a low albedo (doesn't reflect much light), and/or approaches from the day side of the Earth we could get no warning at all. If we want to change the orbit of something we do detect on an impact trajectory with the Earth or Moon we would want decades of warning. The longer we have to act, the less change in the objects orbit we have to make to turn an impact into a miss. With decades of warning, just changing its speed by a few centimeters a second could be enough to result in a miss.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-314782", "score": 0.6934801936149597, "text": "The Earth's mass is 6e24 kg. the mass of all asteroids combined is around 2.3e22 kg, or about .4% of Earth's mass. Current global steel production, for an example, is 1.5e12 kg, or less than a ten billionth of the mass of all asteroids. From that aspect alone it's highly unlikely the mass of asteroid or moon mining would have ever be enough to have a significant impact on Earth's mass, and even if it did, it wouldn't affect Earth's orbit, just the Moon's.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-303546", "score": 0.6927858591079712, "text": "We already have a lot of satellites in orbit, this would be a bit more massive than any of those. Asteroids are [maybe 2.5 grams per cubic centimeter](_URL_1_), so a 250 meter diameter spherical asteroid would mass about 2e10 kg, or 20 billion kg, 20 million metric tons. The surface gravity of such a rock would be about 1/10,000 that of the surface gravity of Earth, so it wouldn't have much ability to perturb the orbits of other satellites. They would have a higher probability of running into it than they do of running into each other, however, so its orbit would have to be carefully thought out. You would have to expend a lot of energy to change its orbit, so you'd definitely want to get it right the first time. edit: Also, [a couple of Chinese scientists wrote a paper](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-318050", "score": 0.691958487033844, "text": "Yes, it would explode. People often say that if you took a spoonful of neutron star to earth, it would weigh 100 million tons or something to that effect. But the gravity of the neutron star itself is what's keeping the matter so densely packed, so it would explode if you somehow managed to remove it from the gravity of the neutron star. A neutron star with mass on the magnitude of the moon would generate roughly the same gravity as the moon itself, far below what is required to keep the matter in a stable state.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-288127", "score": 0.6908361315727234, "text": "Nothing, really. Unless it happened to impact some other body in the solar system, or perhaps a particle of interplanetary gas/dust, it would just keep traveling through space. If it does hit something, like the atmosphere of a planet, then you can have a phenomenon known as an [air shower](_URL_0_), in which the cosmic ray's energy will cause the creation of many particle pairs. Essentially, it initially interacts with some particle in the atmosphere, and in that interaction its huge kinetic energy creates new particles which also have considerable kinetic energy, a process which repeats many times and produces a \"shower\" of energetic particles.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1108901", "score": 0.6905328631401062, "text": "Now the title is a bit misleading since I’m not purposing what would happen if the events of second impact as detailed in the show Neon Genesis Evangelion but rather what if the in universe cover story about second impact occurred. So basically on September 13 in the year 2000 a massive asteroid strikes antártica causing the ice on the continent to melt and global sea levels to rise, submerging many cities and land masses. What would the geopolitical ramifications be? Which nations would collapse and which would weather the storm and how would the world look today?\n\n", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-834044", "score": 0.6902469396591187, "text": "Would it depend on where in its orbit around the earth it was? Is it not going fast enough and might just fall into the sun? What would happen to the artificial satellites we've launched? (In this scenario they survive the earth's sudden disappearance)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-281584", "score": 0.6892327070236206, "text": "The Earth has thousands of \"moons\" currently orbiting it, they're just tiny and put up by us. But it's entirely possible for a smallish asteroid to wander close enough, slow enough and at the right angle for it to get caught in Earth orbit.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-474", "score": 0.7632312774658203, "text": "Jesus christ, are you trying to make us feel old, OP? That's how ALL land line phone numbers used to work. If there was less than 10000 lines, they all belonged to the same exchange. You'd get 555-0000, next person got 555-0001, next person got 555-0002. You kids and your cell phones and skype and hoola hoops and pacman video games and Zima..." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-110357", "score": 0.7227680683135986, "text": "In the UK, in the early days of telephony, you couldn't dial direct, so you called the operator and asked for the town and local number. Eventually this was replaced with STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling), where you would dial a prefix for the town, followed by the local number. In the UK, the prefix numbers corresponded as closely as possibly to the town name using the letters on the dial/keypad. e.g. 0533 for Leicester 5 & 3 correspond to the first two letters of **Le**icester. People who were used to the old way would still refer to the town names, even though they didn't have to ask the operator. Basically, it phased out because younger people never experienced asking for a town name, as they could dial directly, and they didn't dial the town name in full, so it made no sense.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-63399", "score": 0.7207125425338745, "text": "The federal government would assign different ranges of numbers to different municipalities, which would distribute those number to their citizens on a local basis. That's why older people (myself included) from the same place who were born around the same time will often have SSNs that are similar.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-112473", "score": 0.7185903191566467, "text": "There are still people & businesses with land-lines that will avoid making long-distance phone calls. Having moved to 503 from 505, people regularly get my area code wrong & I miss phone calls. The last apartment building I was in had a call-box to let people into the building. It was only capable of calling phone numbers with 7 digits, not the 10 that it would take to call my number. [Mostly, it just boils down to this](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-71150", "score": 0.7122215628623962, "text": "It has to do with rotary phones. In 194 7 when ATT and Bell were assigning area codes they had a plan * State has one area code - x0x - such as 203 for Connecticut or 305 for Florida * State has more than one code - x1x Now you're asking me how the \"x\" 's in those nombers were chosen, right? Because you should be. \"x\" was a * low number for high population densities (such as 213 for some of California) and * high number for lower population densities (such as 916 for other bits of California) The rationale for this “low number/high population” scheme was based on the fact that phones had rotary dials in those days. Lower numbers resulted in shorter “dial pulls” so it was reasoned that the regions with the most people in them should require the least “work” to call. [source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-79923", "score": 0.7087123394012451, "text": "Population sorta originally. A group called NANPA(North American Numbering Plan Area Code) decides it and in more recent years it has a lot more to do with emergency service coverage than population though they are obviously linked to each other. At some point you run out of 7 digit numbers and have to start a new area code. They try to keep them altogether but given how frequently people move and how often people on mobile refuse to give up old numbers it has all kinda fallen apart.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-183879", "score": 0.7086412310600281, "text": "Way back when phones were first being fielded, telephone exchanges were named, as opposed to assigned a 3-digit number. The names were usually (I'm not certain if it was a rule or if it was just the common practice) the city the exchange was located in. Then, the number was which phone you wanted to connect to. Back before automatic dialing, you *had* to speak to an operator as opposed to simply dialing the number, so you'd tell the operator which exchange you needed to connect to, and the number you needed to call. For example, if you had to talk to someone in Richmond, VA, you'd pick up the phone, the operator would answer, and you'd tell the operator \"Richmond 4182\", they'd plug in to the Richmond exchange, the Richmond operator would answer, and they'd pass on the \"4182\" extension. The Richmond operator would then make a connection to the extension you want to talk to, and the phone would ring at the distant end.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-106626", "score": 0.700999915599823, "text": "When they initially set up North American area codes in the 1940's, there were a couple of considerations: * states with just one area code got one with a zero as the middle digit * states with multiple area codes got ones with a one as the middle digit * because of rotary dialing, areas with lots of numbers (NY, LA) got area codes that were shorter to dial As an old guy, I can attest to the last one -- if you had a phone number with a lot of 7's, 8's, 9's, or 0's, it took a *long* time to dial your number. Here's more: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-110649", "score": 0.7001011967658997, "text": "Phone carriers are assigned numbers in blocks. For example Verizon with have 612-512-0001 through 612-512-9999 to assign to accounts and AT & T will have a different set of numbers. In major metro areas there are often multiple area codes simply because one got used up. It's not really downtown v. the burbs but that's how it pans out for practical reasons. All the established numbers are on the old area code and downtown. All the new numbers area from newer areas.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-136674", "score": 0.6945154070854187, "text": "There are apps and programs that let you display the number you’re calling from as whatever you want it to be. They’re popular among telemarketers because you’re more likely to answer a number that has the same area code and first 3 digits as your number, than some random 888 number.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-32654", "score": 0.6933395862579346, "text": "Because 1 (and 0) are universally used to indicate international dialing which means that no local phone number could possibly start with A B or C if those letters were on the 1 key. EDIT: 1 is for long distance dialing of any kind, not just international", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-348218", "score": 0.693317711353302, "text": "The same number has been calling my land line every single day, sometimes 2-3 times a day, for a few months now. If I answer it is just silence, and if I call it back it just rings and rings and rings. Does anyone know what is up with this?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1390009", "score": 0.6932980418205261, "text": "We have been friends for 20 years, and this has always been the landline of the house she grew up in. The last four digits are 4218. My dad died 4/2/18.\n\nBefore he passed, I would always see 439 in a lot of settings. \n\nSince he died I’ve been seeing just 39 everywhere. Way more than anything else I’ve ever experienced. It’s almost alarming. It’s even come down to the number 39 being verbally spoken to me by people who have no idea this is something I’ve noticed. \n\nI would greatly appreciate any resources or opinions you kind folks would be willing to provide on either topic.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-61697", "score": 0.6895138025283813, "text": "The telephone network routes calls via a series of exchanges. In those days, you as a telephone subscriber would be assigned a 4-digit telephone number with either a 2- or 3-letter exchange. The exchanges had full names of course, but only the first 2 or 3 letters were needed to route the call. So, say your phone number was 7654 and your phone line was hooked up to the KLondike exchange. People outside of your exchange would ask the operator to connect them to KLondike 7654 to reach you. Later, when self-dialling was implemented, keypads with letters above the numbers were implemented so that people could dial based on exchange name and number. So, for KLondike 7654, I would dial KL-7654. Eventually, all numbers were standardized to 7 digits, with many of the prefixes being based on the old exchange names. [More info here.] (_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-346996", "score": 0.6889926791191101, "text": "I moved here last year and have lived all over the US. I have an out of state area code that's not from anywhere near New England. \n\nAnytime I call a business and they offer to call me back or I leave a message, I almost never get a call back here. I'm not calling about dumb stuff either. I've never had this issue anywhere I've lived. The same goes for email. Even if I use the email form on their website. My email is my name. It's not like rockstar420dildosircumsalot. This has been going on since I moved. \n\nI'm at 5 heating and air companies, 4 calls with the city, 3 home inspectors, 4 electricians, and god knows how many ag supply companies. A couple rigging companies too. I'm waiting on a couple tire quotes now that I know won't come, so yeah. I've literally gotten 2 calls back in VT since I moved. The construction things are all around Burlington, but the ag companies were all over the state. \n\nIf I go into a store and they offer to contact me later with a quote it's the same deal. I know my phone works fine. I get call backs like normal in other states where I do a lot of work. \n\nI'm generally calling about spending 1-10k, so it's not like I'm calling about stupid stuff or being a moron about it. I'm about to just start hiring folks from out of state and paying them to come up and putting them up in a hotel. At least I'd get stuff done. \n\nAm I missing something here? Is this just the way it is here? Or am I just having horrible luck?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-798", "score": 0.6885297298431396, "text": "They wanted a short, easy to remember number, but also one that was not as likely to be accidentally dialed. It also needed to be fast to dial during the era of rotary phones when the system was first designed. So a 3 digit number starting with 9 and then using the fastest to dial numbers of 1 was chosen.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-347997", "score": 0.6871463656425476, "text": "I have the same cell number for about 11 years when my parents got me my first phone. I wasn't able to choose my number because it was up to my parents at the time.\n\nOk for for the past 11 years the previous owner has been giving out MY number as her \"current\" number. It's now to the point I'm getting random phone calls from all sorts of telemarketers and automated robots.\n\nI would rather not change my number because it'll be hard on my parents now to learn a new number.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-554", "score": 0.6843208074569702, "text": "Problem Is there are multiple cell phone companies, so if each had their own book it would be incomplete and inconvenient to have to look through 5 books to find a person. Land lines used to be one company in an area generally. It was a weird deal because they were a company, but a utility and basically a monopoly. Even after it was deregulated it still stayed much the same. And even if someone does somehow arrange to get one combined cell list, it's still going to be very incomplete because people could choose to be unlisted and a large percentage would. I know I would.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-114629", "score": 0.6842631697654724, "text": "Until the 1960's, out in rural areas people shared phone lines in a system called 'party lines', sometimes as many as 8 neighbors on one line. When a call came in, there was a different ring pattern for each house, like long-long-short, or long-short-long. Gossips or busy bodies would quietly pick up the phone to listen in on neighbor's conversations.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-14175", "score": 0.6833969354629517, "text": "Caller ID information is sent as an additional signal along with the ring. The phone number to name translation is done by the phone company at a local exchange, it's not sent all the way from the caller. The database they use usually only contains local-ish data and general geographic mappings of area codes. This is why you often get the state name of a long-distance caller rather than their name. Cellphones don't use the same kind of signaling as landlines and are not capable of receiving standard Caller ID. And since they're constantly jumping between areas the actual results would be very inconsistent. Many carriers now offer a paid service that does CID lookup and sends it when you get a call. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-178717", "score": 0.6831446886062622, "text": "Well, there's a couple reasons for this. One is that not all phone numbers are valid. For example, any number of the form XXX-555-01XX is reserved for directory assistance and information numbers. Certain businesses or universities might also buy as a block entire sets of numbers, so that all the numbers that with the same XXX-XXX numbers call the business. So if I only have 30 phones in my business, but I buy all 304-218 numbers, I've blocked out a thousand numbers by myself. Also, some people have multiple phones. So even though it only has 4 million people, it probably has ten or fifteen million phones.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-475", "score": 0.6908703446388245, "text": "Nuking an asteroid would be like taping an M80 to a boulder. Some postgraduate students from Leicester University did the math on the asteroid used in Armageddon (awful movie) it would take 800,000,000,000,000 terajoules of energy to blow up that chunk of rock. The largest nuke mankind ever set off only put out 418,000 terajoules of force. To nuke a large asteroid to the point of blowing it up you'd need 1.9 BILLION of the worlds biggest nukes. _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-295627", "score": 0.6562732458114624, "text": "It would be smarter to sent a capsule with some fuel like they do now instead of developing a ship with lots of fuel and a large rocket that can dock...which doesn't exist. I don't know when it would deorbit, but you can extrapolate a rate of descent from [this graph](_URL_0_). After a quick look at [MIR's deorbit](_URL_1_), it would probably be considered 'doomed' at about 150km.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-242380", "score": 0.6561976075172424, "text": "The meteor that is thought to have killed the dinosaurs hit Mexico with an energy equivalent of 100 teratons of TNT. That's about 2 million Tsar Bombas. The [impact crater from that meteor](_URL_0_) is only about 110 miles wide, which is obviously much smaller than the Middle East. Conclusion: a bomb big enough to create the pictured crater would likely vaporize all life on Earth.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-127464", "score": 0.6561861038208008, "text": "It's the \"ball of ice\" part that causes most of the problems. As they approach the sun, they start to boil off in places, causing jets that change their trajectory. And it isn't uniform, since they are usually \"dirty\" balls of ice. When they are very far away, these small, small changes can amount to big differences in the chances of hitting our relatively tiny planet. Additionally, there's just the matter of precision of measurement. Even if we can tell pretty much where they are and pretty much how fast they are moving, small errors can result in large differences in outcome when things are very far away. As they objects get closer, we are usually able to give much more deterministic answers.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-315370", "score": 0.65617436170578, "text": "The Earth is so small compared to the distance to the Moon that you basically need to get rid of *all* of the kinetic energy of the Moon in order for it to plummet towards the Earth. However, the Moon's gravitational binding energy is only about 3-4 times its kinetic energy. This means you can't have a big enough impact to cause that much of a shift in the Moon's orbit without severely damaging the moon. You can't just knock it out of orbit in a single blow - you'll be smashing it.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-120528", "score": 0.6560777425765991, "text": "I really don't think you appreciate the chemistry training required to come up with a new chemical explosive. Yes, sometimes it is by accident....let's mix this with that and....boom. But modern explosives put into bombs require a lot of theoretical knowledge to make something with just the right characteristics. Modern explosives aren't guesswork. Nuclear weapons required a deep understanding of what would be required for a mass of the right type of uranium (or plutonium) to reach critical mass and cause a neutron cascade that results in a nuclear explosion. On top of that, what is needed to figure out how to use this energy to then cause a nuclear fusion release of energy is even more complex. The rocket science you describe in your text box is child's play in comparison. Once figured out, however, any regular old PhD nuclear physicist could do it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1895949", "score": 0.6558745503425598, "text": "A 670kg 'bomb' going at light speed (Actually 299792457 m/s) it would deliver 29,299,418,631,355,572,000 joules of energy, or approximately 7 megatons of TNT, or the total global nuclear arsenal. This wouldn't instantly kill everyone, or thing on a planet, but would create massive tsunamis and earthquakes on the entire planet as well as throwing debris into the atmosphere killing crops and creating famine worldwide. \n\nseems like a pretty good weapon if you want to kill everyone on a planet. \n\nthe only exception that I can think of would be Red Lightning. \n\nI might have done my math wrong", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-313344", "score": 0.6557451486587524, "text": "I think you underestimate how massive the Earth is. We already are accumulating over 14000 tons of space dust every year on Earth, and have been doing so at least that fast for as long as the Earth has existed. The impact is, practically, nothing. I doubt humans will ever mine enough to make an impact, but that's in the realm of science fiction, not science. Regardless, it wouldn't be easy.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-311256", "score": 0.6557106971740723, "text": "The trajectory could be close enough to hit a skyscraper and not hit actuall earth. The gravitational pull of earth would of course chamge its initial course by a lot. For example you could throw a baseball from sea level and it could be in orbit with earth if it was fast enough. Of course that's assuming it won't hit something and no loss of velocity due to air drag.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1920582", "score": 0.655615508556366, "text": "Earth definitely has nukes, but the means of transporting them to space to detonate the star destroyer would obviously be very, very difficult. A star destroyer has its many cannons and turrets at its disposal, as well as all soldiers and officers on board.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-75837", "score": 0.6555261015892029, "text": "It wouldn't be falling if it's headed for deep space. If you slowed the earth's orbital velocity relative to the sun, it would indeed start falling but into the sun. The oceans would vaporize and all life would die. Slow too much and the earth would eventually fall into and be vaporized by the sun. If you sped up the earth's orbital velocity relative to the sun, it would go further out. The earth would freeze over and all life would die long before you reached a velocity to break free from the sun's gravity.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-67938", "score": 0.6555089354515076, "text": "That would be the equivalent of incinerating it, which is often done despite being devastating to the atmosphere. If we incinerated all of our rubbish, we'd be in trouble. Besides, what if some explosive shit got dropped in, causing the volcano to erupt? Not good. Blasting it into space, on the other hand...", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1171225", "score": 0.6554878950119019, "text": "Why not launch entire asteroid mining facilities at once with nuclear blast powered spaceships? Is such a thing possible? What other reasons might mankind use the ORION idea?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-247124", "score": 0.6554509997367859, "text": "When something is orbiting the earth it is traveling at a high speed and to start re-entry you will need to decelerate a whole lot.(We're talking km/s here) \"Dropping\" or even throwing as hard as you can , directly opposing your trajectory, an object will certainly not cause it to fall back, it will just lower it's orbit a bit!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-310348", "score": 0.6552369594573975, "text": "There is international cooperation using various observing telescopes to maintain a database of all objects in near-Earth space, including space junk and rocks. If a collision is possible they let the ISS control crew know and depending on the likelihood and severity, the crew retreat to a shielded area, or the ISS makes an avoidance manoeuvre. Ars Technica had a [nice, lengthy article about it](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-114635", "score": 0.6551643013954163, "text": "No, no, and no. Escape velocity for the moon is 2.4km/s. This is many times faster than a rifle bullet. Any rock or rock-like object capable of making it through the Earth's atmosphere and still be able to cause significant damage would have to be massive. The meteor that exploded over Russia in in 2013 was about 20 meters across and weighed about 13,000 tons and it still exploded 97,000 feet above the ground. Small iron meteors could make it to the surface, but again, to do enough damage to make it worth the trouble, it would have to be massive or moving incredibly fast. The iron object that created the impact crater in Northern Arizona was around 50 meters across and impacted the Earth at around 20 Kilometers per second.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-312622", "score": 0.6550413370132446, "text": "The gas and ice they eliminate in their trip around the Sun is rather insignificant in comparison to their size. Of course, they do slowly get consumed, but it's slow enough for their death to be caused by something else (smashing into a larger body or getting too close to the Sun). Also if a comet *does* end up throwing away all the gas it can emit, it's still going to remain with its nucleus, consisting of solid rock (which would make it harder to see). In fact, it's quite hard to tell if any given asteroid wasn't once actually a comet.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-311147", "score": 0.654931366443634, "text": "You need to clarify a few things... 1) Are we talking about launching an object into space, or into *orbit*? Space isn't terribly high up, so it isn't particularly difficult to get something there. The trick is making that thing go fast enough that it *stays* in space. 2) We have to define what the boundary of \"space\" is. [There's no distinct line between Earth's atmosphere and space.](_URL_0_) So the way you define space is important here. Though... it's more or less defined as 100km, so we can go with that if we're not being picky.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-296560", "score": 0.654875636100769, "text": "\"Fortunately, the asteroid belt is so huge that, despite its large population of small bodies, the chance of running into one is almost vanishingly small - far less than one in a billion. That means if you want to come close enough to an asteroid to make detailed studies of it, you have to aim for one.\" [Source](_URL_2_) Chances are slim. Space is large, and asteroids are relatively small in comparison.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-273123", "score": 0.6548397541046143, "text": "Many ICBMs have been repurposed to launch payloads to space and many rocket designs are based on ICBMs. The difference is simply the expected reliability. If you lose a satellite worth $1B that is bad, better wait a day with the launch. If you lose a few nuclear weapons when both countries launch hundreds against each other: Whatever, and waiting a day is not an option anyway.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-270795", "score": 0.6547159552574158, "text": "It would probably be more devastating if it stayed intact. If it breaks up, then the smaller pieces would have a larger surface area to mass ratio, and therefore would be slowed more rapidly by air resistance.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-476", "score": 0.5627235770225525, "text": "Because it's their name, not their nationality. If I live in New York, and my name is Bob France, you wouldn't call me French." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-46205", "score": 0.5345789790153503, "text": "Because some names make more sense in some places. In your example, \"philosopher's stone\" is widely understood in the UK, but outside, it doesn't have the same meaning. So, changing the title to \"sorcerer's stone\" gives a better sense of what the book is about for audiences who don't know what a \"philosopher's stone\" is.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-265291", "score": 0.5345585346221924, "text": "[Orcas have distinct dialects](_URL_2_) I read one article that said there were four distinct populations who couldn't speak to each other, but this one seems to suggest that the calls are \"pronounced\" identically within a family group, so there may be gradations rather than distinct population groups. It says there are an average of twelve distinct calls, probably along the lines of \"let's go this way\" and \"there is food here\".", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-145446", "score": 0.5345378518104553, "text": "Correct me if im wrong, but the Americas were named after amerigo vespucci, who was an italian explorer much like Columbus in the late 1400's. He was the first one to inform the old world that the newly found land in the west was NOT in fact part of Asia. The Americas were named after amerigo. Later when the northern American contenent was explored, They transfered the name to it also. As for Asia, Europe, Africa, Antarctica and Australia, I have no idea. Fun fact: Columbus made his men take a vow that they would never say that the land they found wasn't Asia. I'm assuming for funding reasons. His men broke the vow 2 years later.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-15374", "score": 0.5345252156257629, "text": "Wild cats have been recorded mimicking calls of their prey and there is some though that the chirping is tied to this. Another is that the chattering noise they sometimes make is associated with frustration. A few minutes on google will get you this and more, but [here is one simple source to get you started.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-215412", "score": 0.5345213413238525, "text": "Well, see, they did. The one that springs to mind first is Edward I, known as Edward Longshanks due to his long legs. There was also Prince Edward, who was known as \"The Black Prince\", Henry \"The Young King\", Richard I \"The Lionheart\", and a couple others. If you count Oliver Cromwell, you get \"Old Ironsides\".", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2684697", "score": 0.5345178842544556, "text": "Varisia is easy enough: Varisians. Golarian as a whole is a little awkward, are the denizens of Golarion ... Golarions? Golarines? Golarionese? Golarionish?\n\nMagnimarians? Magnimartians? The Magni? \n\nHow about other locales? \n\n* We had a debate over Chelaxian vs. Cheliax vs. Chelish. As I recall, Cheliax is canon, but not sure which I actually prefer. Thoughts?\n\n* Sandpointers? Sandians? 'Pointers?\n\n* Turtlebackians? Turtleback Ferriers? Turtkish?\n\n* Riddleporters? Riddleport***n***ers? Riddleportians? Portese? Riddlers?\n\nIf there are canonical answers, that would be interesting to know, but I'm mostly just having fun trying to analyze which name patterns lend themselves well to a named people, and which are awkward as hell.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-355291", "score": 0.5345159769058228, "text": "I know for a fact I selected chicken on the \"buy animals\" menu. Why did I get ducklings when I specifically selected chicken?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-179153", "score": 0.5345062613487244, "text": "I'm not an expert but I think it may be due to the fact that they are small animals. If they had a fluid motion of movement it might be a bit more obvious to predators. Short sharp movements might help them hide from predators as it allows them yo stay still but look around if need be.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-220187", "score": 0.5345006585121155, "text": "First of all, You might be interested in any of these two threads about last names: _URL_1_ _URL_2_ _URL_0_ Second of all, before there were last names there wasn't actually a *need* for last names since geographic mobility was fairly limited - if you were born on a villiage, you were most likely going to die in that villiage or some place close by. So if you were called Jack, people would call you Jack. However, if there was another Jack, or say you moved to a different village, you could be Jack the carpenter, because your trade was carpentry, or you could be Jack of the North, because your old village was north of your new one, or maybe you were Jack the young, because there was another, older Jack hanging around, or you could even be Jack son of Robert, because that's your father. And then after a while these things just became last names - Jack Carpenter, Jack North, Jack young or Jack Robertson, because that's how these things happen - names evolve and stick to certain households.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-34230", "score": 0.5344899296760559, "text": "They fly home. They are homing pigeons. They keep track of the distance and direction to where they feel is \"home\" and return there if they are set loose. They have been bred specifically to enhance this natural trait. You can't just give one a message and \"tell\" it who to go to. Each one only goes one way and only back to their nest. But they are *very* good at it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-253613", "score": 0.5344698429107666, "text": "Much like other animals, really. They bathe in water, they seek shade, and they reduce their activity. Some of them pant. They fly high (generally a bit cooler up in the air, plus the rushing wind helps) and soar around back towards the ground or nest area. A small bit of moisture (not so much to inhibit flight) + a few hundred feet off the hot ground + rushing winds over spread feathers = decent heat exchange. It doesn't take much energy to glide/catch winds and soar. Most notably, a good many of them simply leave the area for a while, aka migrate, to a different climate. Their standard body temps are over 100+°F (depends on species, but they generally run hotter than we do), so finding some shade and reducing activity is often enough aside from periods of active hunting/foraging.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2357946", "score": 0.5344650745391846, "text": "BYU and motab are both named after prophets. Whatever logic was used to change the choir’s name should also be used to change the university’s name as well. The “Y” is a nickname just like Mormon and used on clothes to represent a person belonging to the Lords university....And fans should not be called cougars as well, also a nickname that does not reflect Jesus Christ. \n\n\nI have seen arguments for a name change because of Brigham’s character, but that is not in line with the current prophets rationale.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-205813", "score": 0.5344593524932861, "text": "I have never heard of Europeans being described as \"Round Eyes.\" The most common term for a European in China is guilou (lit. white ghost, pejorative), in India, feringhee (from the Persian farangi, as in the Franks, also somewhat pejorative), and in Japan, gaijin (lit. foreigner, although also somewhat pejorative, although not as bad as nanban, southern barbarian).", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-45009", "score": 0.5344303846359253, "text": "They do not do this. It is a story concocted by parents so that kids won't touch baby animals. Source: I worked with a number of famous birders covering bird nesting habits and trying to repopulate the mountain bluebird. We handled the chicks on a regular basis to tag them for tracking. As one of the biologists said to me: \"see how much these nests stink? I don't think that these birds can even smell anything, much less than our scent!\" When we were discussing this very issue. **TL:DR** it's a tale told so kids don't pickup and disturb baby animals.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-257815", "score": 0.5344036817550659, "text": "That's a good question. They walk in such a funny way because they are trying to mimic the motion of a leaf swaying in the breeze. The idea is that if they look like a leaf predators won't be able to see them, but they do it even when there's no wind which makes it a little humourous.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-32114", "score": 0.5343932509422302, "text": "New Year's Eve is referred to as such because it's the eve of New Year's Day, just as Christmas Day follows Christmas Eve. The possessive goes with the Day, but because it's the eve of the day...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-160572", "score": 0.5343549847602844, "text": "There are a few reasons. It takes a *lot* of energy to make a sound that loud, and black boxes just don't have enough. Whales don't make long-distance calls in any old part of the ocean. There's a layer in the ocean where there are different temperatures of water, and the sound reflects off of the border of that (called the thermoclyne), which lets the sound travel a lot further. Instead of losing energy to the atmosphere, it loses a lot less energy bouncing off the thermoclyne and the ocean floor -- much like how you can hear a soft sound clearly through a long tube, even though you cannot hear that same sound without the tube. (fun fact, submarines can hide from surface sonar by diving below the thermoclyne). So whales? Use a lot of energy and position themselves optimally to be heard at a distance. Black Boxes? Cannot position themselves at all, and don't have a whole lot of energy they can use to scream \"here I am\"", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-70402", "score": 0.5343399047851562, "text": "Because they too would be an invasive species. Doing what you recommend would eventually lead to a complete replacement of an ecosystem with the animals and plant from a different one.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-241800", "score": 0.5343326330184937, "text": "Yep a sun dog, they usually come in pairs, at equal distance on each side and with a halo. [I saw one a couple weeks ago in Canada.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-187797", "score": 0.5343321561813354, "text": "The answers so far are all mostly correct, but are missing the main underlying reason why this is required. Unlike other animals, most birds cannot move their eyeballs in their skull. Instead their eyes are pointing in a fixed direction. Since they cannot move their eyeballs to stabilize their vision they must stabilize their entire head. Birds also have longer necks than other animals. Longer necks allow for them to compensate for much more of their body's movement since their neck has such a massive range of motion. Most animals (including humans and giraffes) have 7 vertebrae in their necks. Birds have 14. People always talk about how amazing it is that owls can turn their head around backwards, but pretty much all birds can do this. And it is way less impressive once you look at [an owl without any feathers. ](_URL_0_) Their necks are just as long as any others birds, the feathers just trick us into thinking they don't have long necks...", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-478", "score": 0.7139138579368591, "text": "[Here's a good article that goes over the positive outcome for Toronto](_URL_0_) tl;dr: While Ford's campaign was based on \"stopping the gravy train\", he never found one. Gravy leaked out of small cracks in municipal government. Ford saved $100,000 here and there by combining depts, etc. Didn't see it mentioned in the article, but ~$12mil saved by privatizing garbage collection. Started MUCH needed repairs on the elevated Gardiner Expressway (only highway that serves the direct downtown area). Nothing came out of it thanks to council and provincial government, but Ford was adamant about adding and expanding subway lines." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1508235", "score": 0.6691745519638062, "text": "In light of the Councillors currently hiding behind policy to allow Ford Fest to go ahead in a public park it's become time to remember that October 27th is not just a Mayoral Election. \n\nWe also decide which councillors will be elected to their wards. While it's been easy to place the blame squarely on the Mayor alone we can't forget that Toronto's council structure only counts the Mayor's vote as one among the rest. \n\nEarly in Ford's term, before councillors began distancing themselves from him as election time approached, Council regularly voted with him on policies and decisions.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1509922", "score": 0.667930006980896, "text": "Just trying to play devil's advocate a bit here. I understand many people are outraged at Rob Ford's behavior, but from what I can tell, he has been doing a pretty decent job as mayor, especially on the budgeting/economic side of things.\n\nThis whole \"scandal\" reeks to me of the same pseudo-celebrity political games that always get played and that do an extreme disservice to our cities. Instead of attacking Rob Ford (or any other public figure) for doing a bad job in their service to the city, we pull out something that is entirely irrelevant (sex affairs, drug abuse, personal problems) and parade them in front of their face as a reason they should leave office. It's bad enough we need to pretend that our public representatives need to be perfectly moral upstanding human beings (when we all know that's impossible), but then to kick people out of office who are otherwise doing a good job because they have a personal problem just leads us down a path that isn't good for anybody.\n\nTo me, it's no different then if Rob Ford had a porn addiction, and he would constantly stream pirated porn material illegally in the privacy of his own home. Or if a politician had a lead foot, and got a bunch of speeding tickets for going 5 over the speed limit. Everybody breaks the law sometimes, and everybody makes mistakes once in a while. Why can't we understand that public figures are people too?\n\nTo me, the systematic abuse of public funds that constantly comes out of Ottawa is a much bigger problem, and it's extremely rare to have a public figure who is willing to pull back on spending and route out those inefficiencies.\n\nIf we could find some policies that Rob Ford was pursuing which were illegal or compromised his record as mayor, fine, that's valid. But to find out he might have a \"substance abuse problem\" (and really, how many of you really support the drug prohibition policies? smoking crack once does not constitute a substance abuse problem any more then drinking alcohol - both can be addictive and dangerous habits) we should be saying he should get help if he has one, but otherwise, it's disconnected from his performance as mayor.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-711935", "score": 0.6664687395095825, "text": "I copied this from Mayor Bob's Campaign Website 3 years ago (luckily as the website was dismantled shortly after victory), has he lived up to his promise?\n\nPassionate about Hamilton\nAs Mayor of the City of Hamilton, Bob will...\n\n * Provide real and effective leadership to our City Council.\n * Create employment opportunities for a prosperous Hamilton.\n * Demonstrate fiscal responsibility by ensuring that the City spends\n within its means and makes smart and strategic financial decisions.\n * Ensure Healthy Neighbourhoods so that Hamilton really is the \"Best\n Place to Raise a Child.\"\n * Confront the divisions created by forced amalgamation through a\n full review of municipal structure.\n\nAs Mayor, Bob will use his experience, energy and passion to create a bright future for the City. He has a clear vision of what needs to be done to ensure that Hamilton once more becomes a safe, prosperous community.\n\nLeadership\n\nAs Mayor, Bob will...\n- Provide strong leadership characterized by consultation, consensus-building and decision-making that will benefit the greatest number of residents\n- Improve the way City Hall meets the needs of Hamilton residents through greater accountability and a strong service ethic\n- Insist on strict adherence by Council to the Rules of Procedure so that Committee and Council meetings will operate in an efficient, business-like manner\n- Confront the fact that forced amalgamation has created deep divisions in our community and has not worked effectively to improve the lives of our citizens\n\n\"I'm going to lead by example with an open door policy and demand the same of Council. I'll implement the live-streaming of all committee meetings so that the public can see city hall in action.\"\n\nEconomic Development\n\nAs Mayor, Bob will...\n- Promote the development of the North Industrial Corridor, or \"K Zone\" as a \"Made in Hamilton\" solution for economic growth\n- Work with all levels of government to bring Light Rail Transit to Hamilton\n- Support and encourage private/public partnerships to responsibly develop both of our waterfronts - The West Harbour and the Lakefront\n- Ensure positive co-operation with other levels of government to accelerate economic growth\n- Support small business as a key partner in Hamilton's economic development\n\n\"I'll fight to keep the jobs we already have and make it easier to do business in Hamilton. We need to implement smarter policies that build on both new and existing infrastructure.\"\n\nHealthy Neighbourhoods\n\nAs Mayor, Bob will...\n- Act on the Code Red Study to enrich neighbourhoods throughout our community\n- Recognize the special needs of Seniors as a priority in the Healthy Neighbourhoods initiative\n- Advocate the needs of residents who face accessibility challenges\n- Work as a good partner with the Province to implement a balanced land development plan. We need to protect agricultural lands as well as meet the demand for sustainable, residential development, including the need for new urban housing.\n- Take action to restore pride in our downtown\n\n\"I am committed to making sure that long-neglected neighbourhoods all over the city get their fair share of public investment.\"\n\nHas he succeeded on any of these points? Has he neglected any of these points? Your opinion?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2181851", "score": 0.6655199527740479, "text": "So I was at an event on Saturday night and Mayor Tory is present and making the typical \"what a great day to be in Toronto\" type of politician's banter, whatever.\n\nThen he comes out with: \"where's Michael Ford? He's here somewhere, and I don't know if you know this but we're having a by-election in Ward 2 and Michael Ford is running and I'm sure he's going to be a great candidate...\" \n\nHe stopped just short of saying 'you should vote for him\".\n\nSo what's the deal here? The Ford family and Ford nation slung about as much mud at Tory as at anyone else, you'd think there was no love to be list at this point.\n \n\nIs he building bridges? Mending fences? Seizing the moral high ground? Does he genuinely feel Michael Ford would make a positive contribution to City council? I would love to hear /r/toronto's thoughts on thus one.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1509362", "score": 0.6628634333610535, "text": "Doug Ford came very close to winning. Perhaps Rob could have just got the extra votes to put him over due to name recognition and extra charisma", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-20686", "score": 0.6507017612457275, "text": "Canada (maybe just Ontario not sure about other provinces) has no way to remove mayors from office unless he gets himself a criminal record. What they can do is limit what actual authority he has which they have already done. Toronto city council has voted to both remove Mayor Rob Ford's authority during emergency situations and, under a separate motion, has stripped his power to hire and fire the deputy mayor and appoint members of his executive committee.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1871701", "score": 0.6498084664344788, "text": "Pretty ridiculous, tbh.\n\nSo Toronto with all its crazy homeless people gets like 5 decent Hospitals. While brampton has 1 shitty one. Ik its shitty because even a paramedic and ambulance catering me told me so, and offered to drive me to Credit valley", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2472710", "score": 0.6474880576133728, "text": "Why the fuck do you guys downvote anything remotely pro-Ford into oblivion? I know most of you don't support him, but people like me, who knew jack about the candidates, are interested as to why some people voted for him. I get it. You don't like him. And after browsing through the election results, all I see is criticism of the third of Torontonians who voted Ford. The criticism is crap too. All I see is \"he's a maniac\" and \"how could you support someone like this\" but I never see anything as to WHY he is a maniac. He says \"folks\" a lot, and his brother had no filter and smokes crack, but what is it about his platform do you guys not like? That's my question. Why didn't you like Ford's platform? And why did you support Tory's/Chow's over Ford's?\n\n\nSince I know that this too will be downvoted into oblivion, I want to make it clear that I did not vote for Ford. All I want are some good answers to my question and then I'll quit my bitching.\n\nI know it's typical of redditors to downvote things they don't agree with, but I just want to remind you guys that some of you are misusing the downvote arrow. I've seen posts/comments downvoted into oblivion not because they didn't contribute anything, but because people dislike their pro-Ford stance.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1509287", "score": 0.6474719643592834, "text": "Is it at City of Toronto HR's discretion as to whether they are satisfied with the treatment Rob Ford received on his leave before they let him return to his duties?\nAssuming that the mayor & councilors are subject to any rules as regular city employees that a return to work after a medical leave must be accompanied by a Dr.'s brief on treatment. And that a return to work is at the discretion of HR. In truth, I have no idea if Ford took a medical leave or how his leave was defined. As well, I'm not sure if City of Toronto asks returning employees for such a medical brief.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1537245", "score": 0.638626217842102, "text": "I'll first start off by saying that I was raised in Scarborough and still live there today. And no I don't support the \"subways! subways! subways!\" mantra or the Fords.\n\nScarborough seems to get marginalized both by other people living within the City of Toronto and in neighbouring GTA municipalities. According to a lot of people downtown, Scarborough is a suburban wasteland filled with bumpkins that voted in the Fords (partly true to be fair). According to a lot of people in Markham, Richmond Hill, and other outer suburbs, Scarborough is another term for daily shootings and gang violence.\n\nIt frustrates me that whenever I mention I live in Scarborough, I always get asked questions along the lines of \"Isn't Scarborough super sketchy?\" or \"Oh so does that mean you're part of a gang?\", and oftentimes these are people that live in areas that are comparable to or even seedier than Scarborough.\n\nIs the crime rate in Scarborough really higher than most parts of the GTA? What factors cause people to view Scarborough in such a negative manner? I agree that it isn't some crime-free paradise, but I really don't believe other people's impressions that it's a place where crime is out of control and rampant.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-130629", "score": 0.6336519718170166, "text": "Firstly, its really hard to kick an elected official out of office, and there actually is not currently a method on the books fro which the mayor of an Ontario city can be forcibly removed, short of committing a crime, we we can't actually prove he did. As to the original election, no one knew most of this stuff then. He's actually pretty charismatic, he comes from a well off political family, he had a platform that really resonated with voters, and he actually, at the end of the day, was a pretty good mayor. Elections are this fall, and he still has a pretty strong fan base who are of the opinion that what he does on his own time is his business.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-526398", "score": 0.6255370378494263, "text": "In respect to his position. Has he made the city better? Worse? The same? Any policies that raised/lowered living standards or were popular/unpopular with the citizens? Is he good at his job?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-73602", "score": 0.6244370937347412, "text": "Because Putin is the leader of a large and rather powerful nation, which includes veto-powers in the UN Security Council. Rob Ford is a mayor in Canada's largest city, who has already been stripped of most of his powers by the City Council. So while Putin's actions can come off as James Bond villain-esque, Rob Ford just comes off as your bigoted uncle going on a drunken rant at a Thanksgiving dinner.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-891336", "score": 0.6243759393692017, "text": "Want to come at this from a couple angles. Lets also assume that 100% of Torontonians and Council is in agreement.\n\n-\n\nWith the impending subway upload it's got me thinking. Could the City just say \"no\"? Same for Council reduction or Presto implementation? \nWhat's the impact or ramifications of saying no and not doing it? I understand the City is a \"creature of the Province\" but what would actually happen?\n\n-\n\nMore philosophically what if the City said no to these things? Yes there are laws but all of these are just human constructs and myths. A city isn't a real thing, a province isn't a real thing and neither are the laws that say the City can't raise taxes or have to upload a subway. They're all just myths and stories we believe and follow.\n\n-\n\nIf a critical mass of people just stop believing the law that the city is a \"creature of the province\" couldn't that myth change?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-711123", "score": 0.6219560503959656, "text": "I'm making this thread to start a discussion about Ford and the current events. Hopefully we can have a civilized discussion about what we can do as citizens for our province. I hope that we can come up with something constructive to take action with.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-657387", "score": 0.6200486421585083, "text": "Logistically speaking it would be a very difficult and lengthy process. I don't know the exact figures but I feel like the GTA provides the most amount in tax revenue to the Ontario government. \n\nImagine all of the transit options if the GTA were to separate and form their own province or regional government.\n\n[EDIT]\n\nI see it is definitely not a new idea: ", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-712399", "score": 0.6195952296257019, "text": "Dear Councillor,\n\nI am writing you today because I feel it is critical that we continue with the plans outlined in Transit City. Last year Toronto was ranked last among the 18 largest urban centres in North America in regards to commute times, with an average commute time of 80 minutes. Long commutes cause added stress, which is a major health concern. They take time away from people and their leisure, family and friends. But this figure has implications that go beyond work/life balance. The Toronto Board of Trade suggests that gridlock is costing our city $6 billion annually. Six Billion Dollars is not a figure to take lightly. This is tied in to the livelihood of all Torontonians. Mayor Ford claims to be trying to save us money, but his decision to scrap Transit City seems to show quite the opposite. Here are a few reasons why Transit City needs to happen:\n\nThe original Eglinton LRT plan is between $1 - $1.5 billion cheaper. On top of that, cancelling Transit city will cost $65 million in losses. \n\nThe province has agreed to fund Transit city. I need to emphasize that this is a critical point, and I can't understand why city council would want to risk losing this funding.\n\nThis plan has already had it's environmental assessment completed, something we've already paid into with time and money. A new assessment would add both to the new project.\n\nMr. Ford assumed the private sector could pay for his Sheppard extension, but Gordon Chong claims that we can likely only receive 10% - 30% of the cost from the private sector. The rest would likely have to come from the city, as the province's financial commitment was based on the plans outlined in Transit City.\n\nTransit City offers three new lines and service out to the suburbs. The new plan offers two new subway lines with no east/west suburban coverage. Not only does that new plan cover less, but it costs 50% more. Of course, the province will not be picking up this tab, which means a big hit to Toronto's coffers.\n\nConstruction for an underground LRT on Eglinton will cause entire sections of Eglinton to be shut down. The above ground LRT construction can go ahead without shutting down section of the road itself.\n\nI'm sure there is more to this list that I can't think of, or perhaps am not even aware of. I hope that you're able to see that sticking with the original Transit City plan is a non-partisan issue. Social liberals and fiscal conservatives would both agree that something needs to be done, and that Transit City is a well laid out plan. With funding already allocated from a different branch of government, it would be costly to everyone for us to cancel this project now. Too many people in this city are under served when it comes to public transit. Transit City is the next step in fixing this. \n\nThank you,\n\nkearneycation", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1556516", "score": 0.6165445446968079, "text": "See and [\n\nIf there was any doubt that this is influencing how the world views Toronto, stop doubting.\n\nFor instance, a lot of Europeans know that we have the CN Tower and that our Mayor smokes crack, and not much else.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-711383", "score": 0.614749014377594, "text": "There seems to be some uncertainty on whether or not Doug Ford's government will move forward with funding the Hurontario LRT. It's a $1.5 billion project that would not be possible without funding from the provincial government. I would imagine at this point, they are probably already millions in the hole from the amount of planning that has gone into it, and they have already began a great deal of underground utility relocating which is costly I'm sure. \n\nThat being said, I know there's a lot of residents opposed to this project, so I am curious what peoples thoughts are about this?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1610355", "score": 0.6147255301475525, "text": "I follow national politics close enough, but admittedly i dont pay enough attention to Ontario governments and their actions, probably because i live in northern Ontario. And we dont get a whole lot of support. Or mahbe im wrong, like i said i dont pay enough attention. But lately im seeing more and more on my facebook about how bad a job shes been doing. Her 2016 budget seems like a step in the right direction though.\n\nEdit: Thanks everyone i've really learned a lot, or at least found a lot of stuff i need to look further into. Some sound debate in the comments has been enlightening.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-479", "score": 0.7961899638175964, "text": "A cellar is usually colder then the outside as it is kept dark and surrounded by cold dirt. Humidity is based on not only the amount of water in the air but also the temperature of the air. So when air gets down into the basement and gets cooled down its humidity increases. All life needs water to thrive. Basements with a lot of humidity will have a lot more humidity so it is easier for mold to get the water it needs." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-122002", "score": 0.7261756658554077, "text": "**The stagnant air** Rooms which are used often are generally cleaned more often, so mould and mildew cannot grow. Rooms you often go in have air circulating round them often, due to open windows and doors (wind), and people moving in and out of them. Mould and mildew can both grow in unused rooms and produce waste gases. As the air is not circulating very well, these gases largely remain in the room, causing that musty smell. **The quietness** Lofts are generally well insulated, insulation often absorbs a lot of sound you make, as well as preventing outside sound entering the room. This explains the quietness. **The darkness** The insulation is often a dark colour, so it reflects little light. Lofts tend to have more support beams and junk in them, all of which cast shadows.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1059758", "score": 0.7251387238502502, "text": "We recently moved into a basement apartment. My SO did the searching while I was away on travel and I did not realize this would be important at the time but my SO has no sense of smell. \n\nWhen I moved in, I immediately realized it smelled very musty and felt very damp. We are trying different things, like blasting the AC, running a dehumidifier we bought, to even having desiccants in each room. It is mostly fine when we air out the apartment, but when we close the windows the musty smell returns.\n\nThere seems to be two main moisture issues:\n\n* Dampness in the bathroom is caused by the toilet being too close to the wall to the point the water tank is not completely covered. The moisture is definitely causing some serious mold growth on the walls in the bathroom. \n\n* The dampness and musty smell in the rest of the apartment seems to be strongest near the uncovered sump pump in the utility closet which has large air vents that connects it to the rest of the apartment.\n\nWhat can expect my landlord to do? I don't want to be unreasonable tenets but living in a musty moldy apartment can't be good for our health.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-49237", "score": 0.7206106185913086, "text": "Probably a number of reasons. *They're underground*. Underground is for permanent storage, death, graves, and the Underworld. Satan/bolrogs comes from the ground. Hell is down, not up. Generally, us as humans have historically always associated things underground as being malicious. *They're dark*. Basements are mostly completely dependent on artificial lighting. Humans don't like dark. Humans loose one of their senses in the dark and humans don't like not being aware of their surroundings. *It's a place in your home where you don't live*. Another feature of basements is that a lot of them are purely used for storage. Thus it probably isn't meant to be cosy or inviting. *Cold. Bugs. Damp*. These are all associated with basements and most humans don't like those things.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2313341", "score": 0.7167968153953552, "text": "I'm in the North-East US and had some mold in our basement which is now taken care of. But after reading all about mold in general, I don't understand how buildings in places like Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and other extremely humid places around the globe aren't consumed with mold everywhere.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-708565", "score": 0.7159122824668884, "text": "Not sure where to post this... but I figure it is a common real estate problem. \n\nWe are under contract on a HUD home, and went in with the assumption there was going to be some mold. We had looked around before and did not see anything so I figured there was a little but I just did not know how to look. Turns out I was half right; it was everywhere and I did not know how to look. Basically every wood surface in the basement has this green/yellow mold. Some surfaces are more built up, and others are sporadic. \n\nWe got this house for a great deal, and we are not going to back out because of this... but I had a few questions about remediation. I was looking at scrubbing all the wood surfaces, them coming in with a fogger to coat all of the surfaces. For remediation; I have access to the machine they use to filter/ create negative pressure, and I plan on covering all of the openings in plastic (Door, HVAC vents, etc.).\n\nMy big question is HVAC, is there any product I can used to make sure the duct work is free and clear before turning the HVAC on? Is there a way I can use a temporary UV light to kill anything in the duct work?\n\nEdit: Here is a picture of the mold I am talking about - (\nThe mold expert quoted $7k-$8k for complete remediation, but he said they had to do the same thing for basic mold and the \"black mold\". We spoke for about 30 minutes and he was confident in a DIY option being able to remediate the problems. While the mold is everywhere, it is very light and easy to remove. He said a simple dehumidifier will prevent any problems in the future.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-862151", "score": 0.7065623998641968, "text": "I just received the report from a certified mold inspector and he highlighted a finding of a high 600's raw count of Aspergillus and Penicillium. I'm wondering what other people's experiences were.\n\n**Some background:**\n\nThree days ago I had a tenant complain of mold in a two storey townhouse (it's the 2nd unit in a row of four). The place was tested yesterday and the results were just sent to me.\n\nIt's a finished basement that's about 500 sq ft, with wood laminate flooring, and three rooms (laundry room, a large area that's like a living room, and a smaller room that they currently have a futon set up in). The basement is 3/4 below ground level and there's a window in the small room.\n\nMy initial observations after visiting is the basement is musty-smelling. I didn't see any obvious signs of moisture building on the ceiling, walls, and floor. However, there was some hockey gear on the floor, as well as multiple jerseys pinned to the wall. I'm not sure if they were clean or not. The laundry room had a pile of damp towels/clothes on the floor, probably 1.5 metres in diameter and 0.5 metres high. There was also general clutter, mostly in the laundry room.\n\nI've lived in that house for about 2 years, my parents for one year, then have been renting it out for 3 years since. The current tenants have lived there for the past two years. There hasn't been any problems up until now. The basement definitely smells mustier than I've remembered since the current set of tenants moved in.\n\nThe mold inspector's recommendations were to:\n\n1. Clear out all clothing, jerseys, gear in the basement, wash, dry, and put them away.\n2. Mop and sanitize all floors, examine walls for stains, etc., and clean with household cleaners.\n3. Increase ventilation in the basement.\n4. Run a dehumidifier in the basement.\n\nHe also had some observations about the bathtub upstairs (2nd storey):\n\n1. Replace the caulking in the tub.\n2. Have the tenant use the bath exhaust fan 15-20 min before, during, and after showers and baths.\n\n**Questions:**\n\n1. The bathtub was replaced 2 years ago, before the tenant moved in. It is one of those acrylic tub/showers. There is a medium amount of mould buildup on the caulking. I'm not surprised because I don't think the tenants do much housekeeping (the whole house doesn't look like its cleaned very often and there's a lot of clutter everywhere). Would it be my responsibility to replace the bathtub caulking? I can't seem to get a definitive answer on the internet.\n2. For the mold in the basement, does anyone have some advice on how to proceed? I'm going to present them with two choices:\n\n* I hire a company to pinpoint the source. If it is because of the building, I'll pay to remediate and clean. However, if it's their belongings/upkeep, I will send them the bill.\n* They arrange to clean as directed. Then I'll do another test and investigate further if there's still a presence.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1565488", "score": 0.7054948806762695, "text": "About last July I started having issue with mold in the basement where I live (the basement also doubles as my bedroom where all of my valuables are). I was really upset and had to throw a lot of stuff away, but I eventually cleaned most of it off and used a house fan (similar to this one to help cold air circulate and keep the mold from coming back.\n\nThat worked for the summer and throughout the winter, but with the wet and humid spring season coming around, I am starting to wonder if that'll be enough. Should I invest in a dehumidifier? What else should I do?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-708255", "score": 0.7039097547531128, "text": "First, it's hydrostatic pressure causing the issue once every one or two years. A couple small puddles in the middle of the room, 1/8\" deep, 2' diameter. Also, I know all about checking gutters, sloping away, sub pump, drain tile, etc.\n\nSecond, I want to have carpet squares or some kind of water tolerant and warmer floor. Oh, and I'm in Minnesota.\n\nThe way I'm coping with the impracticality of having a nice floor in a basement is by thinking if I run a dehumidifier, and make sure to use a subfloor that provides a moisture barrier while also allowing air to flow underneath to dry out the concrete, that all will be ok regarding mold/water damage.\n\nIs that ridiculous?\n\nI've looked at things like DriCore, ThermalDry, Delta-FL, Barricade, Tyroc, but really don't know which would be best. It makes sense to me to stay away from an OSB product with just a friction seal (DriCore, etc). Beyond that it's purely guesswork as to what the downsides of each are.\n\nI'd love to hear any ideas or anyone who's pulled off a similar scenario to this. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-243533", "score": 0.7007529735565186, "text": "Hey AskScience! Let's leave this one to the experts please. I know that many of us have had to deal with mold in the home, etc. but we'd really like to keep this in the realm of science! Thank You!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-709387", "score": 0.7002873420715332, "text": "First time homeowner, so please bear with me!\n\nVideo\n\nIs there something wrong with the water spewing out of the connection between the black pipe and white thing? I'm not sure if it's supposed to do that or not, but it's causing a green mildew to form on the outside and there is a bit of mold growing in the basement along the brick right around where this is happening.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-283337", "score": 0.6984797120094299, "text": "Well, i dunno what kind of basement you have, but generally there is some nasty stuff lookin for a moist spit to grow. Your dehumidifier is an ideal place for that. I wouldnt drink the water in my dehumidifier.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1706131", "score": 0.6983597874641418, "text": "I've got about seven plants in containers, some of which have early signs of mildew. I can keep my basement at 40% humidity and I bring the plants in every night, But tomorrow we're having thunderstorms. If it's humid enough would you leave the plants in the basement or still put them outside in the greenhouse? The greenhouse has some ventilation and a fan but the humidity will still be in the mid 80s.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-707675", "score": 0.6968101263046265, "text": "Hi everyone, any help you can provide would be greatly appreciated. I might be providing too much information but I thought that would be better than not enough. Link to relevant album\n\nWe live in Columbus, Ohio and bought our first home in November, it was built in the 1950's. Because of the long ass winter we are just now starting to get familiar with the exterior of the house. I first noticed a damaged, terra cotta drain pipe at the curb (3rd image, SE corner of property) a couple of weeks ago. As I read into drainage and explored more of our property, I noticed the other pipe at the curb (pic 2, NE corner of property, the pipes are about 30' apart) and walked a straight line to the house from it. As I walked I came across a hole in the ground right by a tree (circled in pic 2, close up in pic 1). In the hole I saw that the pipe was fully split. There are three trees basically in a straight line between the pipe at the curb and the house, the split in the pipe is less than 18\" from the trunk of the tree. Someone clearly made some bad decisions with tree placement on this front yard.\n\nEarlier this week I started to notice a musty smell in the basement. We've been running a dehumidifier non stop since moving in and this was the first time smelling moisture. I found some mold on SE corner basement wall, on the bottom 2-3' of a built in cabinet. I've been treating the mold based on advice found here,I took the doors off the shelves and will be removing the effected wood this weekend. The mold was on a wall that is adjacent to a crawl space. I have not seen any signs of moisture in the crawl space. There is a downspout that goes into the ground just on the outside of this wall which I imagine is the primary source of the moisture that led to this mold. All four of my downspouts go into the ground.\n\nOther than the the mold on the wall, we have not had any noticeable moisture in the basement, even after a few days in April with nearly 2\" of rainfall each which is well above the norm. There is a floor drain, no sump pump. When I've checked, the water in the floor drain seems to be about 12\" from the floor. \n\nHaving said all that, here are my questions - \n\n* Do the drain pipes go all the way from the curb to the house? If not, how do they interact with the house and the water coming from it? \n* All my downspouts go into the ground so would they all drain into these pipes? \n* Does any other water drain into these pipes? \n* Who do I call to fix this problem with the drains? Is this a landscaper? Plumber?\n* There is what looks like the bulb of a turkey baster in the floor drain, floating on the top of the water. What is it and what is its function? \n\nThank you for taking the time to read and respond.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-553410", "score": 0.6950602531433105, "text": "If mold grows in dark moist areas, wouldn’t mold grow inside of the water pipes in houses?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-55425", "score": 0.694448709487915, "text": "That pink mold or mildewy like stuff is an airborne bacteria called \"serratia marcescens\". It thrives in damp, poorly ventilated rooms and feeds on any number of the substances found in common toiletries like soaps, shampoos, etc. It's harmless in all but the most extreme of quantities. Cleaning it off of surfaces is a good thing, sure, but because it's airborne it's the bits in the air that you'll want to deal with to eliminate it entirely. Tea tree oil, lavendar, and especially good old fashioned vinegar are the best things to get rid of it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-292999", "score": 0.6921318769454956, "text": "It comes down to moisture. If you run a package of raspberries under the sink then shake it dry, its still going to much wetter then it was when you bought it and it still has a decent amount of spores/bacteria on it. Mold and bacteria require moisture to grow.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-290091", "score": 0.6918404698371887, "text": "It's usually mold. Typically, mildew. That's a few different kinds of mold, but made up mostly of Cladosporidium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and a host of other groups.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1571569", "score": 0.6896052956581116, "text": "\n\nNormal smells, but my basement isn't a sauna.\n\nSome background: I have no practical/easy way to vent my basement area so I built a steam condenser as described on HomebrewTalk", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-709274", "score": 0.6895318627357483, "text": "I started house shopping and a ton of houses have signs of water in the basement (or under the house). I get that we have a lot of rain, but are leaks and drainage problems really that common or am I just unlucky?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-258966", "score": 0.6883373856544495, "text": "The short answer is the same place as everything else. Molds get their energy from sugars and other various nutrients in the environment. If it seems like they are living of a completely bare substance like concrete (where you might expect there to be no nutrients) there's probably a better source nearby, like decaying wood. Because of their rapid growth and efficient transport mechanisms they can quickly cover a bare surface in search of more nutrients. Covering a large surface area also allows the mold to produce more spores, so it's not always just about getting more energy.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-480", "score": 0.7883824110031128, "text": "Just to clarify a little more... \"Flu\" does not just mean illness. It is specifically illness caused by *Influenza* viruses. In fact 'flu' is short for 'influenza'. The term \"bacterial flu\" is misleading because it means a bacterial infection occurring because your immune system has been weakened by the flu virus. So you can't have bacterial flu without having \"actual\" influenza caused by the influenza virus. So your answer is in your question. You can only have what is confusingly described as \"bacterial flu\" if you have viral flu. If you're using the word \"flu\" to describe any illness with similar symptoms then yes, you can definitely have as many infections as you would care to pick up. It will eventually kill you. Immune disorders (like AIDS) are such a problem because you end up with every disease and infection out there and it becomes impossible to stop the sufferer getting sick and dying from any and all kinds of infections." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-192293", "score": 0.7430967092514038, "text": "The flu and strep are very broad categories. Many diseases are called \"the flu\" and new ones form every day, so your body can fend off any you've already had but there are so many out there that you still end up catching a different strain later.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-108331", "score": 0.7427109479904175, "text": "It's not the flu virus itself causing symptoms so much as it's your immune system's response to the virus. A fever for example is your body working to make conditions inhospitable for a viral or bacterial infection.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-310582", "score": 0.7359340786933899, "text": "Yes, this is called a “superinfection.” The effects will vary quite a bit depending on the details. Many of the responses of the immune system to an infection are general – if you get infected with two rhinoviruses (one of the virus types that causes “colds”) of the same type or two rhinoviruses of different types, the cells around the area of infection will respond in essentially the same way – principally by activating inflammation and something called the “antiviral state.” The response of your adaptive immune system (T-cells and B-cells) will be a bit different, since there would be two sets of activating signals with a co-infection, but it’s hard to max out an immune response, and to some extent the different viruses will be competing with each other. It’s possible that it will take you longer to recover, but I’m not aware of any solid data on this. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-240063", "score": 0.7339270114898682, "text": "Easily, in fact, typically when experience a cold you're infected with several of the common viruses at once, and the combination of them causes the specific symptoms you happen to have. Coronavirus, rhynovirus, syncitial virus, and others are all the common ones. It wouldn't necessarily feel different, because the chance you've ever been infected with only one is considerably lower than the chance you've had multiple strains at once.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1495592", "score": 0.7321685552597046, "text": "Not trying to stir the pot but I have had a stomach ache paired with some other mild flu symptoms (headache, sore throat, chills, sinus pressure). I have stayed home from work and I am in contact with my health providers. They say there’s nothing to worry about. \n\nHowever, I do not think I have had a stomach virus as an adult and it seems like a weird coincidence. At least three other people from my office started to get these symptoms on the same day. Interested to hear if others are feeling sick but do not have the “advertised “ symptoms.\n\nEdit: day four and I am much better! Just a stomach virus combined with some horrible timing.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-153326", "score": 0.727006196975708, "text": "It is not the the bacteria or virus causing the fever, it is the body reacting tot it. And yeah, your body is really fast when it comes tot fighting potential disease.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-720678", "score": 0.7269534468650818, "text": "I've heard that you can't have the same cold twice, ie everytime you catch a cold it is a different strain.\n\nIf someone was simultaneously infected with every known strain, would they essentially have a cold and from then on be largely immune to colds? Or would the cold have a cumulative impact that would be far worse than a single cold?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-246866", "score": 0.7265465259552002, "text": "If you define \"different colds\" as having more than one cold-causing virus at the same time, yes of course. But I think of \"the cold\" as a syndrome, not a virus, and it would probably be more parsimonious to call it one cold caused by concurrent infection by two different viruses. If the symptoms were drastically different (for example, if one virus reliably causes laryngeal infections and another reliably infected the sinuses), then calling it \"two colds\" would make sense.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-34877", "score": 0.7245134711265564, "text": "Yes and yes. Technically, a single cell of bacteria or a single virus can infect you. But, they are far more likely to make you sick if your initial exposure is bigger.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-244858", "score": 0.7238921523094177, "text": "Dozens, if not more. A \"cold\" is really just a generic name for many different types of viral infections. In fact, there are over 200 types of viruses that cause a cold. We don't really monitor what specific viruses are circulating though, because it's just not worth the money to test people for something that's not deadly, and only gets you mildly sick for a couple days. The flu, on the other hand, is very closely monitored. There's usually 3 or 4 major flu viruses circulating every winter. [The CDC monitors this and you can see what they find here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-87114", "score": 0.7226840257644653, "text": "Am not a doctor and have no physiological or medical background but at a guess I'd say the body is directing as much energy and resources to the core site of viral or bacterial infection. This can leave the rest of the body a little...logey.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1999230", "score": 0.7224246859550476, "text": "My test was positive and my husband and I were very sick for over 3 weeks. I just found out today, at my doctors appointment, that we also tested positive for the flu. Has anybody heard of that before? Do you think we really had both at the same time, or could it have been a false positive on one of them? The major headaches we had on top of our pulse ox going down to the low 90’s makes me pretty certain that we for sure had COVID. Has anyone else in the area had the flu recently?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2543863", "score": 0.7180229425430298, "text": "Help me out here Reddit. I've been working out for about 3 years now (at least, that's how long I've been a member of my gym). But just within this past year, I've noticed that after a hard workout, I start to experience flu-like symptoms the next day. I ache all over, there's shivering, and sometimes diarrhea. These symptoms last the entire next day and sometimes into the day after.\n\nBefore, I have never considered connecting the two (working out, flu-like symptoms). I had always assumed I just had the flu. I looked it up online, found this question in a surprising amount of forums and each time it's been dismissed as \"Oh, you have the flu. Did you go to bed with your hair wet? Did you wipe down the machine before you used it? Maybe you caught it from someone at the gym?\" **But I don't think it's that simple.** \n\nThe first time it happened to me was last summer, I swam for the first time that summer for about an hour, and as hard as I could. The next day I thought the chlorine made me sick. Then it happened a month later after I went running outside and pushed myself to go farther than I usually go. After that it happened a few more times, especially when I started a new exercise, but it was winter and I assumed that I was getting sick all the time. And then it happened yesterday after I did intervals on the treadmill (I pushed myself hard), and it's finally clicked in my brain to connect these two things together. \n\nI am a 30 year old female, pretty healthy overall, active enough, and haven't had any major health issues in the past. I am going to call my doctor on Monday, but I fear that he's just going to say \"Oh, you just have the flu.\"\n\n**TL;DR:** I get flu-like symptoms for two days after working out really hard, health forums think it's just the flu, I don't.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-154302", "score": 0.7166946530342102, "text": "The common cold isn't just one virus, it's hundreds of different viruses that produce similar symptoms. They're different enough that your body doesn't recognize them as being the same thing, so having seen one variation doesn't protect you from the others.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-322813", "score": 0.7115787267684937, "text": "Your immune system recognises something as foreign (and potentially harmful) mostly by the proteins on the surface of the pathogen - we call these markers 'antigen'. The white blood cells that are especially good at recognising these antigen are T cells, and B cells. Each cell can recognise a single antigen - in theory. In reality, the T and B cell receptors have a bit of flexibility, and can recognise several different protein shapes that look *almost* the same, but not quite. This is called *cross-reactivity*, and is the reason why you can be vaccinated against one flu strain and still respond to another. This reaction probably won't be as strong, but it does give you somewhat of a response - enough to kick your flu a little faster.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-240439", "score": 0.7110773921012878, "text": "It is important to note that [hundreds of viruses](_URL_0_) are responsible for what we call the common cold. Even if you gained immunity to one virus, there are still a lot more than can cause the same symptoms. Mutations in a virus can affect your immunity. Cross reactivity of antibodies may mean no symptoms, reduced symptoms, or full symptoms. This is why getting the flu shot is good every year. Even if the three strains predicted are wrong, the cross reactivity gives you hope of having a more minor illness.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-272300", "score": 0.7096182107925415, "text": "No. Your immune system is highly specific. Every lymphocyte white blood cell you have is specific for ONE thing. When a white blood cell is activated, and sees what it is specific for, it clones itself to make thousands of copies. Then the clone army attacks that one thing. If you have an auto-immune disease, like type-I diabetes, you will have thousands of white blood cells specific for the Beta islets of the pancreas. They will only attack the pancreas. They will not be able to attack the flu or colds. Your body will still have a normal response against the flu, though. Just not an increased response. Does that help answer the question?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-115200", "score": 0.70937579870224, "text": "Most of the seasonal illnesses you get are viral, not bacterial -- colds and the flu are both viruses, which is why you should never pressure your doctor for antibiotics when you're plain-old sick. They don't work. The \"flu season\" takes place in colder weather because there's some evidence that the dryness allows the viruses to survive longer outside a host. So even for viruses it's not the heat, it's the humidity.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-308575", "score": 0.7092017531394958, "text": "Nope. Your adaptive immune system has now been primed and is ready to fight off whatever virus or bacteria you were infected with. If you get it again, your immune system will likely fight it off before you get any symptoms or feel bad. Now, if someone else is using your toothbrush you may want to, as they may have a different organism that you* could theoretically get - but chances are if you're sharing a toothbrush, you're probably sharing more and you have likely been exposed to that person's bacterial/viral companions. *edit", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-265875", "score": 0.7086104154586792, "text": "Yes, they're called [superinfections](_URL_3_) and [coinfections](_URL_0_), and can be very dangerous depending on the organism. Your body increases an immune response to the original pathogen. If a secondary pathogen also invades, it will have to mount a specific immune response against that pathogen as well. The flu is a virus, and superinections are what are responsible for deadly strains such as H5N1 due to [reassortment](_URL_1_). [Here](_URL_2_) is a good place to start if you'd like to know more. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity take 10-14 days to fully respond to an infection. It's quite an elegantly evolved form of protection and immunity. In layman's termsm, pathogens that make us sick evolve at a much faster rate than we can handle.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-481", "score": 0.8442056775093079, "text": "Partly Cloudy means blue skies with some clouds Partly Sunny means a cloudy sky with some occasional sun" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-237199", "score": 0.7222006320953369, "text": "Do we receive more or less UV exposure on cloudy/overcast days than sunny days?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1775138", "score": 0.70987468957901, "text": "* FRI Partly cloudy starting in the evening. 54° 83°\n * SAT Partly cloudy starting in the evening. 60° 87°\n * SUN Light rain in the morning and evening. 65° 86°", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-98110", "score": 0.708026111125946, "text": "Weather doesn't just depend on the cloud cover in a given location. Air movement is important because the air has a temperature, meaning if the wind brings warm air over to you then the weather will be warmer regardless of how sunny it is.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2430737", "score": 0.706152081489563, "text": "Once upon a time a few minutes ago, I was writing a short script to get the weather with pywapi. While using this (totally helpful) Python Dict Viewer and sorting my dicts for text output purposes, I came upon this:\n\n 'temp': '21',\n 'date': 'Sat, 14 Dec 2013 2:56 pm CST',\n 'text': 'Partly Butty',\n 'code': '30',\n\nNow, this struck me as very strange - I had the same forecast with the NOAA module, but I dismissed it as a new weather formation I hadn't heard of. After seeing it from Yahoo as well, though, and assuming they *both* couldn't be wrong, I decided to google it.\n\nUpon googling 'Partly Butty', I found this thread. \n\nIt was at this fine moment in my life that I realized I still had my Cloud to Butt plus extension enabled.\n\nLesson of the story: Don't trust what you see on the internet.\n\n**tl;dr** Clouds are butts, butts are clouds", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-833095", "score": 0.6932365894317627, "text": "Bright sunny day: eyes adjust and are fine (obviously looking not at the sun)\n\nCloudy day: eyes fine\n\nModerately cloudy day but a bit bright: my eyes somehow don't adjust, and I have to keep squinting or else it is painful.\n\nIs this a known phenomenon or some weird quirk of my body?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-34298", "score": 0.6869786977767944, "text": "Thickness. When clouds hold a load of moisture, they appear darker. When they are whiter, they don't have as much moisture, so they aren't dark. If you see a green one, or greenish one, that means it is holding a lot of hail aloft. The sunshine acts as a prism and the light is bending towards the green.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-257950", "score": 0.6860502362251282, "text": "This map is not showing a measure of the number of hours between sunrise and sunset. This map is showing the number of hours that the weather is sunny. Nighttime isn't sunny, but when it's cloudy, it's also not sunny. You can read more [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-152495", "score": 0.6854801177978516, "text": "... If you mean \"summer\" vs \"winter\", it's the tilt of the Earth's axis influencing how much atmosphere the sun's rays have to penetrate. If you mean \"last week\" vs \"this week\"... or \"yesterday\" vs \"today\" even... air pressure systems play a part. In a \"high pressure system\", were a local area is under a higher-than-average atmospheric pressure, it tends to be a hot and clear day. When a local area is under a \"low pressure system\" with a lower-than-average atmospheric pressure, it tends to be cooler and cloudier and rainy.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-268735", "score": 0.6821283102035522, "text": "So first of all, you need to understand what it means when a meteorologist says there is a 30% chance of rain. (Hint: It isn't quite as simple as you having a 30% chance of rain and a 70% chance of no rain). _URL_0_ When we understand that, how accurate is the forecast? pretty dam accurate. A quick google search finds quite a bit of data, but here is a decent article that takes data from Nate Silver's book: _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-835398", "score": 0.6812834143638611, "text": "For my area, the forecast is often 4/5 to 5/5 seeing but the transparency is 1/5 to 2/5. Since I have to travel to use my telescope I haven't really had the opportunity to quantify the differences in conditions myself.\n\nMy question is: if I were to photograph a planet in 5/5 Seeing and 5/5 Transparency, how would that compare with 5/5 Seeing and 1/5 Transparency conditions?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-112674", "score": 0.6809205412864685, "text": "Clouds capable of precipitable moisture tend to have a lot higher tops than your traditional fair weather cumulus cloud. Sunlight then has to pass through a greater thickness of cloud, so less of it reaches the other side.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-189698", "score": 0.6795858144760132, "text": "Its a historical comparison. The weather man says \"50% chance of rain\" he means \"half the time the conditions (temp, humidity, etc) are like this, it rains\".", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-250801", "score": 0.6775147914886475, "text": "Neither. To do forecasts like this, they run their simulation many times, getting slightly different weather each time, so \"50% chance of rain at 2pm\" means that \"In 50% of our models, it was raining at this location at 2pm\". So if the model is accurate, that means that in the real world, there's a 50% chance of rain at 2, and again at 3. But that doesn't mean there's a 75% chance of rain sometime across the two hours, because the two probabilities aren't *independent*. Worst-case scenario, suppose either a big storm forms and dumps rain across both hours, or it doesn't form and neither hour gets rain. Then the overall chance of any rain is 50%. On the other hand, suppose random rainshowers are popping up that are unconnected with each other: then the chance of any rain between 1-3 *would* be 75%. In reality, it's somewhere in between, and the weather report doesn't give you enough statistical data to say which.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-133612", "score": 0.6732641458511353, "text": "I don't have a source, but I've come to understand they base it on past experience. \"30% chance of rain\" is shortened from \"We looked at all the days in the past that had weather like today (wind speed/temperature/cloud cover/sun/humidity), and on 30% of those days, it rained, so there's a 30% chance that today it's going to rain, too.\"", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1776914", "score": 0.6728765964508057, "text": "* FRI Partly cloudy overnight. 56° 86°\n * SAT Light rain starting in the afternoon. 61° 86°\n * SUN Partly cloudy in the morning. 50° 71°", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-71950", "score": 0.6727893352508545, "text": "Weather is an incredibly complicated system. It's not random, it can be predicted to a degree, but the problem is that there are so many things that can throw the forecast off. Technically speaking, weather is chaotic - what that means is that a small difference at the start of the period you're forecasting for can make big differences in the whole thing. An unexpectedly cloudy night could mean that the following day is warmer, which means that the winds are different, which in turn means that the rainclouds that were expected went someone other than where they were expected, for example. When a very small thing can make such a huge change to the outcome, it's far from easy to get an accurate forecast. The Met Office (UK government weather bureau) has recently invested in a new supercomputer - this isn't making forecasts more accurate, but it means that they can generate them quicker - effectively meaning that they can change their mind faster than they could before!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-930814", "score": 0.6722937226295471, "text": "I think cloudy or rainy days are relaxing and help me find my inner peace. I wouldn't want every day to be that way, because the change-up is good. But if I could pick the perfect ratio of clouds or rain to sunshine every week, it would be 4 days of clouds or rain and 3 days of sunshine.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1012105", "score": 0.670278012752533, "text": "My mood literally depends on the weather like fr i cant be happy unless its sunny out and rn its cloudy af and its making me sad :(", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-111666", "score": 0.6679301261901855, "text": "When sunlight hits water or ice in a cloud, it refracts, bending in direction. With small clouds, some sunlight bounces around inside and eventually makes it out towards the ground. Rain clouds are larger, so less sunlight makes it through the cloud without being redirected away. Less sunlight passing through makes for darker clouds.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-49506", "score": 0.6678237318992615, "text": "It isn't completely true. How bright a rainbow is is a factor of how bright the light creating it is. But how bright a rainbow looks is about how bright the rainbow is compared to how bright everything around it is. So after the storm, if there almost no clouds the rainbow might not look very bright because of all the light. But if it is still very cloudy the rainbow will look brighter. So it might be \"The brighter the rainbow, the more time till the storm clears\"", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-482", "score": 0.8302013874053955, "text": "Going outside firstly removes the trigger and stimulus that's causing the stress - and so they can get out of an emotionally charged situation. Fresh air may also be a change in temperature, so they have a different physical response too, and that may help them breathe deeper, giving the stress hormones a chance to disperse" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-4674", "score": 0.7723228335380554, "text": "There isn't always, but when there is it is because when the warm, dry, stable air rolls in it 'calms down' the rest of the air. Source:[how stuff works](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-162103", "score": 0.7454653978347778, "text": "When people get anxiety attacks they tend to \"over-breathe\" which lowers the carbon dioxide in the blood. Breathing into the \"breathing bag\" builds up the CO2 to help you calm down.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-190717", "score": 0.7408362030982971, "text": "Because when you are stressed, your body changes your body rithm for your own sake to make you more alert or prepared for the reason whatever stresses you it doesn't know. This change is obviously bad for you it makes you feel even worse but as I stated your body is just trying to keep you safe in short term. Some of the changes are about your breathing and body heat. That is why taking some fresh air may help to recover also the change in environment makes your body think that you are avoiding the danger which can also help.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-108913", "score": 0.7408035397529602, "text": "I think by fresh air they mean more like “just get outside.” Being outside has psychological benefits. It’s a saying, not about the air itself.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-9275", "score": 0.7355220317840576, "text": "It's the oxygen in the air that makes you feel better, not just the air. Fresh air has more oxygen than an unventilated room. The oxygen gets into your blood and makes everything run smoother, because we run on oxygen.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-191634", "score": 0.7348229289054871, "text": "It's a good distraction, you have to think about taking those breaths for a few seconds enough to derail the train of thought that you were stuck on. Some people can also hyperventilate when they panic so some slow deep breaths can help bring them back down to earth.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-110861", "score": 0.7226937413215637, "text": "The bag traps some of the carbon dioxide that you're exhaling. Carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream tend to lower when you feel stressed out or anxious. Breathing in some of that recycled co2 will raise the level in your blood, making you feel better and more balanced.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-22382", "score": 0.7210994958877563, "text": "When you take a deep breath, it stimulates your central nervous system in your chest and releases calming hormones. This is also a reason why people feel relaxed when they smoke, they are doing deep breathing exercises.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-120649", "score": 0.7208020687103271, "text": "It could be that mountains,water,or basically any scenery of nature is \"calming\" to people.Humans are effected (or affected?) by pictures/colors and makes them feel a certain emotion.Another thing could that people just simply like how water and mountains look.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-64340", "score": 0.7159579396247864, "text": "Breathing in through the nose filters the air, concentrating on doing a simple task correctly helps take your mind off of stress.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-37072", "score": 0.7153064608573914, "text": "Some research suggests that breathing in slowly and out fast/hard lowers blood pressure and promotes relaxation. This is a way to make that happen.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-93170", "score": 0.7137681841850281, "text": "Quite simply, we learn to feel calm via some combination of conditioning methods: * Classical conditioning (e.g. you've associated oceans/lakes with another 'stimulus' that naturally produces calm, like going on a vacation or spending time with a SO) * Operant conditioning (e.g. positively or negatively reinforcing the feeling of calmness) * Vicarious conditioning (e.g. you've seen role models or media that reinforce the association of oceans/lakes and calmness). Also, these kinds of (highly prevalent) questions are simply not ELI5. Oceans/lakes obviously don't possess an objectively quantifiable thing that always produces calmness in a person. In fact, that very feeling of calmness is going to to *depend* on a given person (i.e. subjective), and there are of course plenty of people who will have aversive/non-calm reactions to oceans/lakes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-48175", "score": 0.7134686708450317, "text": "It is a good way of psychologically getting someone to clam down. You would actually lower youre heart rate faster by breating in and out through you're mouth slowly, (you wouldn't see an athlete attempting to breath in nasally near the end of a race it would have no benefit) but by telling someone to breath in through nose and out through mouth, you're easily getting them to concentrate on their breathing which can help calm them down, and thus feel better if they were previously in a paniced state!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-188679", "score": 0.7128790616989136, "text": "Because it’s your bodies way of clearing your air pipe, you kinda need that thing clear so you can breathe", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-173826", "score": 0.7128421664237976, "text": "Chest breathing lets you stay mad and ready to fight. Good for when you need to fight, not as needed when you live in a civilized area.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-14502", "score": 0.7111786603927612, "text": "It's a fight or flight thing. Gets as much air in to the lungs/oxygen in the blood as possible in to react to danger.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-185262", "score": 0.7087675929069519, "text": "Putting arms out over your head supposedly comforts your mind when stressed and opens up your lungs making it easier to breathe. It’s just instinctive - you’ll notice it when marathon runners finish a race or more interestingly something interrogators look for to catch someone who might have lied.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-174461", "score": 0.7071723341941833, "text": "Besides providing you with oxygen and carrying away carbon dioxide, breathing serves other purposes. It's a way for your body to cool itself, so cold air is more effective and hence more pleasant. It's also a way to remove water from your airways. Cold air tends to be less humid, so it is easier to expire water.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1945884", "score": 0.7064435482025146, "text": "It's so common to hear of people going for a drive and listening to music to cool down or relax. What about that is so calming?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-16630", "score": 0.705596387386322, "text": "A simple answer is that deep breathing increases the amount of oxygen in your body and slows your heart rate, helping you feel more relaxed. Another reason is that it activates the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for controlling our rest and relaxation. The other half of the ANS is called the sympathetic nervous system and deals with the fight-or-flight response, and is associated with fast, short breaths. Also by focussing on taking deep breaths, you take your mind off of whatever is making you stressed.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-483", "score": 0.6504854559898376, "text": "If they were proved, in a court of law, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have knowingly and falsely accused someone, they do get sent to prison." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2385138", "score": 0.6179347634315491, "text": "So for context I work in the court system. Something I’ve noticed is the large amount of offenders who don’t outright deny what they’ve been charged with, but do almost always deny the sexual intent innately behind their sexual contact. I’ve seen everything from someone describing molestation as “an accident” to rape as the result of being drunk, angry, or needing care. \n\nThat’s something I’ve received from my own abuser—he adamantly denies it was “sexual for him.” In a way I sort of believe him (I know it was sexual because it was sexual contact with a child. Regardless of intent). I mean, it’s gaslighting. To him, though, and to many offenders, sexual abuse is either so common in their lives or so ordinary to them that perpetrating it is seen as a genuine form of love and care. From their perspective—I think this is also tied up in the denial for them. I really don’t think many of them think what they did was extremely damaging, or just don’t care. Part of me thinks better education on bodily autonomy and sexual abuse in our school system would be helpful to combat that but I also know we won’t get anywhere is abusers are excused and upheld while victims are thrown under the bus and not protected. I also think the denial of sexual intent is to deflect from the guilt they feel: they know they had sexual intent, and if they admit it they’ll feel really terrible, because it will mean they sought out children for sexual exploitation. I think changes can be made to offender treatment models, too, to help with that. Group therapy seems to deliver the best results, because when they’re in a group of peers they realize they’re not alone (with their denial or their perverse desires). \n\nI was trying to explain this to another victim of my abuse and I think that person gets very caught up in his explanation of intent, while still being able to recognize they were abused. My abuse has tried to explain his actions a lot recently, by labeling them an apology, but until he says “I did that AND I did that to sexually exploit you,” the apology is worthless to me; it’s not an apology at all. But that seems beyond him—he’s not a strong enough person to do that. \n\nAbusers really have the strongest victim complex I can think of. What do other people think? Is the denial of sexual intent something others have noticed?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-670924", "score": 0.6178737878799438, "text": "First off i'm a straight guy. I can't read any comments anywhere on the internet (that include women) without some dude commenting on how terrible women are. I agree with a few red pill philosophys such as don't depend on women, grow confidence etc. But the constant misogyny is just terrible. I just don't know why so many fellow men despise women. They blame all of their problems on feminist. And then if u are a guy who wants to treat women with respect than u are viewed as weak by them. So many of their views and theories are outdated. I just wanna thank this community for having some sense.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-81904", "score": 0.6178516745567322, "text": "It used to be very uncommon for women to serve on juries. At one time, women had to take a jury class to be allowed to serve on a jury (men did not). And even after that legislation was struck down in the mid 1940s, women were allowed to opt-out of jury duty in some states if they were selected, until that was struck down in the 1970s. This was all part-and-parcel of the historical ideas of women being inherently \"lesser\" than men. They seldom had formal educations after high school, and often didn't work, being instead expected to be housewives and raise children.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-487038", "score": 0.6177809238433838, "text": "A Chinese student in the USA is suing a Chinese billionaire.\n\nEnglish-language articles indicate: \n\n* Prosecutors declined the case due to \"profound evidentiary problems\". \n* The accuser (not \"victim\") claimed herself impaired and coerced to drink, but video contradicts this. \n* She is claiming he raped her twice. That's not very credible. \n* Prosecutors rejected the case, but she still gets to sue. That's arguably double jeopardy even though US law has wrongly defined otherwise. And of course the standard of proof in the civil case is lower. \n* His name was published without issue of consent, but her name was published only upon consent to publication. \n\n \n", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-176753", "score": 0.6177138090133667, "text": "Those giant sentences are really to make sure the time sticks, especially with the bigger murder cases. Like a serial killer kills 100 people, the cops take him to court and get him convicted of killing 100 people in one court case. When he appeals it, and finds evidence that the police mishandled crucial evidence for one person he was convicted of murdering, then they need to throw the charge out and remove the sentence. If he was charged with the crime of killing 100 people, then it would be found to be false, and he'd get let out. Instead they charge him 100 times of killing one person, and maybe each conviction gets him 100 years in prison (basically life), that gets him a 10,000 year sentence. But when the one murder is thrown out it just decreases it to a 9,900 year sentence so he stays in prison.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-489031", "score": 0.6176921129226685, "text": "Why is it always just guys? Or are the captured women simply raped and sold for money and that's it?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-129821", "score": 0.6176822781562805, "text": "They will remain in jail, absent some executive clemency. Everyone is subject to the laws in place at the time; just because something becomes legal later doesn't mean you're innocent of committing a crime when it was criminal.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-123240", "score": 0.6176645159721375, "text": "Courts are not allowed to do that. You are, in the eyes of the law, innocent until proven guilty. If you are referring to bail, that's something very different. You can be held before trial---at least in most places---either because the court finds that you are likely to skip out on the trial, or because they have reason to believe that you are a danger to yourself or others. This has little or nothing to do with guilt or innocence, but is a separate issue.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-486699", "score": 0.6176563501358032, "text": "I'm from Bloomington, Illinois, and the murder of Pam Zimmerman has pretty much been the biggest unresolved crime around here I can think of in my lifetime (in a relatively safe community with few homicides). It has been huge local news story, but recently got some national attention when Dateline NBC featured it last week.\n\nLinks: \nLocal news story on the case\n\nLocal news story on the verdict\n\nLocal story on motive\n\nMore local coverage of the trial\n\n**Summary**\n\nPam was found shot to death in her office, shot 4 times. She was a CPA and financial planner, mother of three, and generally regarded as a nice and caring person and active member of the community. Her ex husband, Kirk Zimmerman, was arrested for the crime, and was recently found not guilty. The defense argued that the police and prosecutors had tunnel vision, only focusing their investigation on Kirk, and that the so called financial motives for the crime made no sense as Kirk had a full pension, nearly 100,000 per year salary and 401k, and 30,000 in savings, and killing his wife over a few thousand dollars in back child support didnt add up. \n\nI agree that the prosecution didnt prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Kirk committed the murder, but that doesnt mean it isnt true. Also, if he didnt do it, who did?\n\n**Kirk's possible motive**\n\nThe two had a rough divorce and had fights over money that battled out in court. A judge had ruled that Kirk had to pay Pam child support that he had been refusing to pay. The ~~state~~ prosecution had an accountant testify that Zimmerman was in bad financial shape and that he couldn't afford the child support which would be financial motive, but the defense tore that argument apart pointing out some flaws in the FBI accountant's assessment and calling the report \"garbage.\"\n\nPam was getting remarried, engaged only days before her murder, and allegedly told a friend  “When Kirk finds out about my engagement he will probably put a bullet in my head.” She also reportedly told multiple friends \"if something happens to me, Kirk did it.\" The testimony of these friends were ruled as \"hearsay\" and not allowed in the trial.\n\n**Evidence**\n\nA compelling piece of evidence is that gunshot residue was found on Kirk's shifter knob in his car. The defense.argues that it is extremely bizarre for the residue to only have been found in this one location and nowhere else in the car, and this likely indicates crime scene contamination rather than a conclusive result.\n\nAnother piece of evidence was video surveillance that showed a vehicle resembling Kirk's parking in the office parking lot at some point that evening.and driving on streets in the area. I watched the Dateline episode which shows the footage, and I feel what I saw was inconclusive beyond just \"kind of\" resembling his car.\n\nAn eye witness also said she saw Kirk at the scene, even pointing him out in court. During an intense cross examination, the witness broke into tears at one point and refused to answer more questions, but she did stick to her guns that she saw Kirk there. She didnt seem.very credible to me, but that is strictly a subjective opinion.\n\n**Conclusion**\n\nIf I had to choose, I'd say I dont believe Kirk did it, but I really cant be sure. Supposedly, one of Pam's last clients of the day could have been in her office around the time of the murder and could have been an interesting person of interest. At this point, I'm not sure if the case will.ever be solved.\n\nI welcome you all to read up on the case and watch the Dateline episode and draw your own conclusions. It is a tragic story and I truly feel for her family and friends.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-462708", "score": 0.6175915002822876, "text": "How does one cohabitate with rape culture, when fighting it is not an option?\n\nRecently I saw, on the news on TV, at the office lunch room, the finals of an international competition, and the athletes were in their locker room, singing about how they were about to rape the opposing team in a variety of graphic ways and locations. Images of the match then showed victorious players rubbing their successes (a goal here, a dribble there) into the opposing side's faces with a casual cruelty and vindictiveness. This was all received with avuncular, indulgent appreciation by my coworkers. \"What a human thing to do, to shit on the loser like that!\"\n\nThis, internally, made me lose my shit. It brought back a flood of childhood memories, of myself, after PE, shrinking in a corner of the locker room, while the other boys around me laughed, harassed each other, played various forms of gay chicken, and casually threatened to rape each other, make each other their bitch, over the dumbest nonsense. Not only is victory synonymous for them with ostentatious, conspicuous humiliation, with bending another to your will and making them do what they don't want for your own enjoyment, the go-to metaphor for that, casually thrown-around like candy, is that of sexual assault. And when you bring that up to the grownups, they don't just condone it, they approve of it, it's just \"boys being boys\", you should just stop being such a ninny/wimp/cissy, grow a sense of humor, and give as good as you take. \"What's wrong with *you?\"* they would ask.\n\nI smiled politely and left the lunch room.\n\nIf someone, at that instant, had stopped me, asked me what was wrong, why I was leaving, whether I didn't like football, I don't think I'd have been able to dodge the question the way I usually do. It would all have come out. \"*Human?* Lots of things are human. We need something more specific. How about cruel? Callous? Lacking empathy? Inconsiderate? Immature? Thoughtless? Gratuitous? How is any of this okay?\"\n\nIt is imperative, for my future in the workplace, and in other social settings where pleasantly getting along day after day is mandatory, to learn to handle these issues without repressing the need to draw my colleagues' attention to these issues and engage them in debates where discovering disagreements comes with a high risk.\n\nSo how should I think about this? How can I make peace with this? How can I learn to enjoy this and fit the mold without feeling gross all over and without simmering in repressed anger for hours or days on end? How can I squint at this in such a way that I perceive it as good, or even okay?\n\nOr am I asking the wrong question here?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1742106", "score": 0.6175144910812378, "text": "**TL/DR**:\n\nI was involved with guy for 6 months. Found out he was a two-timing cheater with a long-term girlfriend in another city. I confronted him and then told the girlfriend. He told the girlfriend and posted on Facebook that I was a stalker who had called him hundreds of times, showed up at his house unannounced and contacted his family. He also claimed he was meeting with the school deal with is “alleged stalker.” He kept his word and made a false allegation against me. The school started a Title IX investigation. \n\nThe school immediately believed his story even before they spoke to me. The investigator wouldn’t let me tell my side of the story, and actually told me she wasn’t interested in hearing my story. She then proceeded to write only his side of his story and use certain words to make it seem like I had conceded to it. “Crystal admits she contacted his girlfriend.” She was not there to be a neutral, impartial investigator, but was only calling to corroborate his story. She also refused to follow up on my list of witnesses. Remember the investigator is also the judge and jury in these Title IX proceedings. \n\nI hired a lawyer to help me. I ended up being able to tell my side of the story in the investigatory report. Bobby ended up chickening out and dropped the case. \n\nIt was a terrible experience, but seeing how the school immediately believed my accuser and tried to limit my ability to defend myself, made me see how Title IX was truly designed to railroad the accuse, 99% of men being the accused. \n\n**EDIT:**\n\nThank you to everyone who gave encouraging responses to my story. But after much thought, I have decided to remove the long version of the post post. Particularly, because of the level of negativity I have received in the last 22 hours. \n\nFirst, I was trolled by a Pro-Title IX female who falsely claimed my story was copy and pasted from another reddit story. Ms. Pro-Title IX later stated the point of her claiming my story was copied was to show me what it is like to not have somebody not believe me, like women are not believed when they make allegations against men. My story is 100% original, you can copy/paste in google, you won’t find anything. Also, there aren't many accused women in Title IX proceedings. \n\nSecond, my motives were questioned and I was accused of “wanting to post a story about myself for attention” rather than truly advocating men’s issues .\n\nI was accused of being an undercover feminist \"making up a feminist fantasy story”. (Yes LOL)\n\nI received hateful responses from individuals who called me a “crazy cunt” and told me I deserved to be falsely accused for outing my two-timing ex to his girlfriend. \n\nI received comments from other men on this sub, reprimanding me for advocating due process issues. Apparently, they hate the idea of fair trials and due process for men. \n\nI never thought trying to advocate an issue would lead to so much drama and negativity. \nFor some reason or another, I am either bullied or punished for sympathizing with men’s issues. \nIt sucks when you truly want to advocate an issue for the thousands of men who go through Title IX cases yearly. \n\nSo I have decided to follow the advice of others and place the full text on another subreddit. \nI am still campaigning to make reforms in Title IX. I hope to continue to share my story through meaningful outlets and hope it will serve as a catalyst for change in the system. \n\nThank you to those who shared positive words and I hope you can join the movement for due process too. \n\nFeel free to DM me for questions, and convos regarding my story. \n\nKrazyforlove", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1508834", "score": 0.6175016164779663, "text": "Read the links in this TriCityNews article Updated: Vagramov lawyer says he's seeking 'alternative measures' in sex assault case\n\n>\"In exercising his discretion to refer an accused person for alternative measures, the special prosecutor is guided by the principles set out in Section 717 of the Criminal Code, and the BCPS policy on Alternative Measures for Adult offenders]( As this is a case of sexual assault, the principles of our policy on [Sexual Offences against Adults are also considered.\"\n\nAlso Section 717 of the Criminal Code part on *Sentencing* states:\n\n>**717** **(1)** Alternative measures may be used to deal with a person alleged to have committed an offence only if it is not inconsistent with the protection of society and the following conditions are met: \n**(e)** **the person accepts responsibility for the act** or omission that forms the basis of the offence that the person is alleged to have committed; \n**(f)** there is, in the opinion of the Attorney General or the Attorney General’s agent, **sufficient evidence to proceed with the prosecution of the offence**\n\nThe Crown Counsel Policy Manual reads\"\n\n>*Other sexual assault offences may be referred for alternative measures, and specific alternative measures recommended in an Alternative Measures report may be used,* ***only in exceptional circumstances*** *and with the approval of a Regional Crown Counsel, Director, or their respective deputy.* \n*In all cases, the above approvals should be given only if the following conditions are met:* \n*• the victim has been consulted and the victim’s views considered* \n*• the victim has been made aware of available victim assistance programs* \n***• the accused has no apparent history of violence or sexual offences*** \n***• an alternative measure is not contrary to the public interest***\n\n# Vagramov can not claim to be exonerated if he admits responsibility, a condition necessary to apply for alternative sentencing measures.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-20759", "score": 0.6174710392951965, "text": "Sometimes famous prisoners can make money writing books or selling the rights to their story. Court rulings like this are a pretty standard way to ensure a prisoner doesn't indirectly profit from their crimes.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1599714", "score": 0.6174609661102295, "text": "Not too long ago I thought that it only counted as sexual assault if there was violence and it was physically forced, I learned that it was not like this.\n\nI would always get panic attacks at work or breakdowns, so I would go to the side a bit and cry. This did not happen too often. I had a supervisor who would threaten to write me up if I did not do \"favours\" for him. At the time I did not know this was sexual assault until I brought it up to someone I was close with and they explain it to me. The supervisor who was doing it to me explain to me that because I was \"consenting\" to it and not fighting back, that it was not sexual assault. I posted about it on TwoX to get a bit more help understanding it too.\n\nI understand now, and it took me a while to process, but what he was doing was against my sexual integrity so it makes it sexual assault. \n\nI was at a friend's house, her brother offered to drive me home and I agreed. It was late, he started kissing me and eventually led me into the back seat to have non-reciprocating sex with. I did not say no or stop him, I froze up completely and didn't say anything, just sat there like a doll while he had sex with me. I think I was afraid he was going to hurt me if I resisted.\n\nI had a boyfriend who would yell at me until I cried and broke down, then he would have sex with me while I was in that state. I put up with it because I did not want him to leave. He took pride in making me orgasm during this sex, must have meant I enjoyed it right?\n\nI never said the word no or stop, but I did not want it. So when they use these shaming tactics or whatever you want to call it to have sex with women, there is a reason why so many of them claim it is \"rape\" and \"regret\" it after.\n\nAnd for that \"rape fantasy\" that these men keep going on about, I did research about. Women do not fantasize about being pressured into having sex or these disgusting things. Sometimes I read Hentai Manga(yes I know I am a weirdo) and there was a few where the theme was the man having kind of forceful sex with the women, but it was the man wanted her so bad he could not resist, and of course she responded positively. Sometimes I fantasy about people I find attractive just taking me like that, and well I do not think many women fantasy about having a guy break them down for sex. It is just not the same.\n\nAnyway, sorry for my stupid rant and wall of text. Have a good night.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1744127", "score": 0.6174384951591492, "text": "While I was in university, I was raped by my (then) boyfriend multiple times. I tried to tell people about it, including my friends, the people involved in student welfare, even the police, but because some of the times were consensual at first, no one believed me and nothing was done. I was even told that I should move university, from a place that I’d lived in and called my home for 2 years at that point, because he lived in a building next to mine and they couldn’t even stop him from coming to events that I organised by myself. I basically had no protection.\n\nMeanwhile, nothing changed for him. All our mutual friends took his side. He got to do everything he usually would while I could hardly leave my room in fear of seeing him again. He got published in our university newspaper as “[Student] of the year”. His name was plastered on posters for the play he was directing everywhere I went. Even now that I’ve blocked him on every social media I can I still see his name and all his “amazing, kind, wonderful” accomplishments and I can’t avoid them.\n\nIt’s got to the point that I’m scared to give any idea as to where I live and what I do. I’ve even considered asking my family to move from the house we’ve lived in for 25 years so he won’t know where I am. I can’t go to graduation because he’ll know I’ll be there. I have to check multiple times a night that I’ve locked my door, because even though I live 500 miles away from him and terrified that he’ll find me and hurt me. He threatened to kill me if I ever spoke about it, and I have, and now I can’t even leave the house on my own without worrying about what would happen if I saw him.\n\nHe ruined my life and got everything he wanted, and I’m the one who has to deal with it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-461721", "score": 0.6174081563949585, "text": "My girlfriend of 2 years was the victim of an attempted rape one year ago (her being 14, him being 17). In June, I managed to help her find the courage to tell the police. She gave her testimony and he was arrested. The guy admitted to everything he did. \nThe DA told my girlfriend that he would be charged with sexual assault given the overwhelming amount of evidence but he ended up getting a deal for forcible touching, and got sentenced to 3 years probation and counseling. \nWhat he did will not figure on his record, he will not be on a sex offender's list, and he doesn't have to tell his school or his future boss. \nHe just got accepted into a mid-high level college and is going to end up getting away with it. \nIt's hard to overstate how much this event has afflicted my girlfriend, she has been dealing with serious depression and suicidal thoughts for more than a year because of what happened.\nBoth me and my girlfriend believe that the punishment he got isn't nearly proportional to how much damage he did to her. The DA's office has been really unhelpful in this case, not giving her the chance to testify in a trial, and not telling her about the advancement of the case. \nWe considered sending his college a letter, telling them about what happened and the risk he is to female students (we've heard of other instances of him being forceful and mildly abusive but nothing he could be charged for) but the DA's office told my girlfriend that she could be sued for defamation (I need to know if that's true or not)\nIf someone can help me, I'd like to know if there's anything we can do to make sure he gets a taste of Justice and doesn't ever hurt anyone again. \nShe's the love of my life and the pain this has caused her is impossible to overstate. All I want is for her to be happy and feel safe again. If you have any ideas please comment and if you have any questions please let me know. \nThank you for any help you can provide.\n\nEDIT: Thanks for all the support. For anyone who wasn't sure, she's the one who wants to get revenge, I've had to talk her down multiple times. I suggested from the start that she get counseling, but what she found in her relatively remote area wasn't too her liking", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1400320", "score": 0.6173844337463379, "text": "This is true for both this reddit, and r/twoxchromosomes. Yes, victims of rape are often women I understand that. But every woman is not a rape victim. When I go to r/funny, the first suggestion is r/humor because if you like funny stuff then you'll probably like humorous stuff as well. Humor=funny-- does woman=victim?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1409180", "score": 0.6173820495605469, "text": "\n\nCrazy how many homeless men's stories are just basically starting with the same phrase.. Cheating gf, cheating wife, divorce raped..", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-671192", "score": 0.6173801422119141, "text": "\n\nI don't know, what does the red pill think? To me this seems like grade A hamstering, they can't accept that men are more predisposed to leadership and that women and men will tend to vote for male leaders, also men tend to volunteer to lead more. So they blame it on our 'culture' and 'society' with no hard quantative evidence to back up their dubious claims which they use to push through legislation to force their blue pill version of the world into reality, it isn't society its biology, but then again I doubt any of these guardian journalists did science degrees they probably did something like sociology or anthropology and hence always look for a societal/cultural causation. Classic hamstering.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1123654", "score": 0.6173602938652039, "text": "In recent years there have been a number of cases where prominent academics and philosophers have been accused of some pretty awful misogynistic stuff.\n\n- John Searle was accused of sexually assaulting one of his research assistants\n- Peter Ludlow was accused of sexually harassing two of his students\n- Thomas Pogge was accused of sexual harassment by multiple students. \n\nI'm sure this list goes on. \n\nWhen Pogge was first accused I remember hearing that some academics were planning to stop using his work as references or required readings for their students. From what i understand this wasn't really considered a big deal because a lot of people in the field didn't have a high opinion of his work.\n\nHowever, John Searle does do really interesting and very accessible work. Not only is it the sort of work that students would benefit enormously from engaging with but it's also useful for academics to respond to and talk about. \n\nHowever, it seams as if there might be a sense in which giving John Searle admiration and continuing to cite his work is wrong in a similar way to giving acclaim and awards to the work of someone like Chris Brown who beat the shit out of (and basically tried to kill) Rihanna is wrong.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-484", "score": 0.8146645426750183, "text": "It's a commonly used phrase to mean \"this company is so big and does so much business that if it were to fail and go under, it would have massive negative effects on the economy as a whole.\" For example: We have a lot of banks in the US, but we have some *really really big* ones, too. When those banks started to fail, they were big enough that they caused massive, very bad effects to the economy of the *entire country* and frankly even extending out to foreign countries as well. Since those companies are *too big to fail,* the government needed to step in and help them to not fail in order to prevent another Great Depression." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-5468", "score": 0.7714955806732178, "text": "Some companies (e.g. banks, car manufacturers etc.) may be considered 'too big to fail' because so many hundreds of thousands of people (e.g. employees) fully depend on these companies operating that it would arguably do more harm than good to the greater society to let the company fail as opposed to provide bail-outs to get them back on track. In other words, letting some of these companies fail may be seen as more disastrous and disruptive to the economy than the expense of providing financial assistance to prevent the company from failing.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-17953", "score": 0.7563090324401855, "text": "During the financial crisis of the late 2000's, there was a debate whether to issue gov't bailouts to troubled financial institutes who engaged in dodgy business practices and now were in trouble. One of the arguments for was they were \"too big to fail\", meaning no matter the reason why they got into trouble, the economic disruption caused by their failure would hurt the economy too much. Many people saw this as not only rewarding bad behavior, but encouraging future bad behavior by sending the message that no matter how much you screw up, the gov't will save you. Sanders and other progressive have said that if a business is too big to fail, then it is too big, period, and represents an ongoing risk to the economy. They advocate splitting up such businesses to eliminate this risk.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-53949", "score": 0.7274706959724426, "text": "The argument goes that some corporations are \"too big to fail.\" That is, they employ so many people and their economic impact is so great, that if they were to completely collapse, the damage this would inflict on the general economy would cost more than the money spent to bail them out. To prevent this from simply being a reward for bad business practices, and prevent it from happening again, usually the bailout money comes with a bunch of demands on how the company must restructure in order to return to profitability.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-133869", "score": 0.7093821167945862, "text": "In business, there's no such thing as too big to fail. There are many examples confirming this throughout history. I'm willing to bet people said Microsoft (trying to stick to tech companies here) is untouchable over a decade ago and while it's far from failing now, it sure lost its edge. So in short, Google is most definitely NOT untouchable.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-957477", "score": 0.70699542760849, "text": "**The next \"too big to fail\" industry on the making**\n\n**dpfagent](/u/dpfagent)**: [^^original ^^reddit ^^link\n\n-----------------------------------\n\nDiscourse level: 89%\n\nShills: 0%", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-186869", "score": 0.7049126625061035, "text": "Can not exceed size of present value of world economy. Some companies have legal limits on their size such as banks deemed by Congress as having grown too big to fail meaning that a possible failure would damage economy and Congress legislates limits on size based inpart on financial health.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2803693", "score": 0.6813029646873474, "text": "Hello r/Politics, I'm currently doing a research project on the Dodd Frank Act and thought this would be the place to entertain higher level discussions about the implication of this legislation nearly five years later. \nFrom what I've read, and ignoring much of the jargon that frankly, I don't understand, I've focused mostly on its approach to \"Too big to fail\" and how it has increased the difficulty with which individuals who are looking for loans can actually get one.\n\nAs of now my response has been to side that the bill has been net positive. The \"too big to fail\" mentality is what led to government bailouts for banks and the ease with which loans were made in the early 2000's has been linked to the financial crisis. \n\nThese ideas however are very premature which is why I want to hear different opinions on this sub as well as the intricacies in the legislation that help or hurt Americans.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2383738", "score": 0.6674965023994446, "text": "The term is Egocentric Bias.\n\nBasically you blame yourself more than others would blame you. It's taking too much responsibility on yourself especially for failure.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2198097", "score": 0.6663362383842468, "text": "“Failure is not getting knocked down; it’s not getting up.” \n\nI see what you did there.\n\n#section/-1/article/p2p-80294587/?related=true", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-82272", "score": 0.6661100387573242, "text": "This requires a great deal of speculation. The economy would have taken a hit, but maybe not as bad as originally thought. There are many economists who argue that the banks that are \"too big to fail\" should have failed along time ago because of bad decisions. So its tough to say. Maybe we end up with a much more level and diverse financial system, maybe the world goes up in flames.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1062691", "score": 0.6585312485694885, "text": "As you guys know, Sears at one point was the sure fire stock that could never fail but ended up failing bad. What were the most obvious signs for their demise and how can a retail investor like me spot it quickly before it’s too late?\n\nWhat would an example be with Apple as they are considered one of those “too big to fail” companies. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-158413", "score": 0.6543996930122375, "text": "It means that it has been determined that the business is no longer viable as a going concern because it is carrying too much debt and is in no reasonable position to pay it all. So now, the business' only function is to pay of as much of its debt as it can. The business is put under the control of an \"administrator\" whose job it is to liquidate the business' assets (ie. sell everything the business owns) and use the funds to pay off as much of its debts as possible, then close down the business. It's basically what happens when a business goes bankrupt and the owners decide (either willingly or by force) to close it down.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-176669", "score": 0.6535525918006897, "text": "It's when companies start to rely too much on being able to get lots of cheap loans. Once that happens, any changes that relate to credit can mess them up quickly. It's almost identical to a housing bubble when someone can *just about* afford their (probably too-large) mortgage, right until the interest rate goes up slightly and then *everything goes wrong*, house gets reposessed etc.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2385238", "score": 0.6517219543457031, "text": "Try, try again.\n\nFSR bears often point to Henrik’s first bankruptcy as a reason why this company is bound to fail. However, they struggle to understand that failure leads to innovation, determination, and what Henrik calls “Lessons Learned.” \n\nIf Howard Schultz gave up after being turned down by banks 242 times, there would be no Starbucks. If J.K. Rowling stopped after being turned down by multiple publishers, there would be no Harry Potter. If Henry Ford quit making cars after his first two unsuccessful attempts, there would be no Ford Motor Company. \n\nJust something to think about...", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-241539", "score": 0.6481640934944153, "text": "Basically, nothing but excess capacity. The members and the nodes have to be designed with adequate capacity otherwise they will indeed fail. Members generally have a cross section much larger than necessary under normal conditions to carry the forces. Nodes are where members are connected, often with gusset plates.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-58907", "score": 0.6464198231697083, "text": "He was oversold. The bigger the promises made, the higher the dissatisfaction when failing to deliver.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-116518", "score": 0.6446100473403931, "text": "The biggest reason it failed was they took part in a leveraged buyout. Basically, they took out loans in order to buy all public shares back from stock holders and becomes a private company again. The company paid the interest on the loans, while the executives who made the decisions made out like bandits and left.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-77587", "score": 0.6441956162452698, "text": "The housing bubble was at the centre of the problem, but the culprit was really a highly deregulated financial market, which effectively meant that banks could sell the mortgage derivatives, and bear none of the default risk. Economically, there were fewer incentives for banks to behave responsibly post-deregulation. Seen in thus light, housing bubble was the context for the failure, but not the cause.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-102810", "score": 0.6431371569633484, "text": "A lot of stock trading takes place on the \"bigger fool\" theory. It may be true that only a fool would buy a certain stock at a certain price, but if a fool buys it and then sells it to a bigger fool at a higher price, he will still make money. So a lot of people take stupid risks on the assumption that they will always be able to find a bigger fool. Stock prices crash when it appears that they are running out of fools.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1415729", "score": 0.6422069668769836, "text": "The way I see it, there are 2 possible definitions, and I'm not sure which one is used more often.\n\n1) On **each** year during n-year period the returns of your portfolio have exceeded that of S&P 500.\n\n2) After n years **total** returns of your portfolio have exceeded those of S&P 500.\n\nTo illustrate what I mean: \n\nLet's say S&P 500 returned 5% on year 1, 7% on year 2 and 9% on year 3. Meanwhile your portfolio returned 4% on year 1, 8% on year 2 and 10% on year 3. Even though on one year you have failed to outperform, in total, by the end of those 3 years, your portfolio returned more than S&P 500 during that period. So by definiton №1 you have failed, but by definition №2 you have outperformed the market.\n\nThere is a big difference between the two. And obviously №2 is much easier to do than №1. So which one is the most common definition?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-485", "score": 0.6326195001602173, "text": "Practice listening to yourself and *actually* hearing your own voice. Singing in a small, acoustically live room (like a bathroom) can help. I recommend purchasing some pvc pipe and making a small phone shape so that you can sing into one end and have it projected directly into your ear. I can almost certainly assure you it is not a biological problem." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-131430", "score": 0.6009364724159241, "text": "One of the reasons is that some people simply have better control over their voice. A lot of people can impersonate someone and recognize what they're ding that sounds wrong, but lack the ability to fix it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-47740", "score": 0.6009310483932495, "text": "At least in Chinese the tone of the word is ignored. You just follow the melody. The context will take care of identifying the correct meaning of the word. Also, most of the time the text is displayed in subtitles (on TV, DVD etc.).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-516568", "score": 0.600777804851532, "text": "Ok, so I've had testosterone for approximately a year and a half at this point, and I know vocal changes don't revert.\n\nAnyway, I've flitted around with a few service industry jobs, and I currently work at a theme park. I'm kind of annoyed that my service voice is obviously female, but I'm aware that my standard speaking voice is lower pitched.\n\nI'm torn between the urge to sound really nice in front-end work contexts, and not sounding so annoying to myself. I was wondering if anyone else has this dillemma as well, or if this is a distinct service industry thing.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-70488", "score": 0.6007659435272217, "text": "Ever tried meowing at a cat? You think you're being pretty convincing, but your cat isn't fooled. Same thing with using accents, native speaker's ears are very finely tuned, and can recognize the slightest discrepancy. Learning how to pronounce all the sounds properly is one thing, getting every other detail like the tempo and the intonation just right is another.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1603817", "score": 0.6007585525512695, "text": "Would people be interested in being able to identify the exact chords or melodies to songs?\n\n(Curious because I have perfect pitch and I help my friend do this a lot when he's trying to make beats based on famous melodies)\n\nIs this something people do a lot/have trouble with? Is knowing the exact notes ever helpful?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-122804", "score": 0.6007432341575623, "text": "Because singing already requires you to form words very differently than you would when you spoke them. For example the \"long\" vowels characterized by British accents are used almost universally in music (except some country), so it's more like everyone sings the British way rather than their accents are disappearing.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-307382", "score": 0.6007386445999146, "text": "As scientific a response as an opera student can give: It depends on your technique. There are healthy ways to sing, and ways that will give you nodules and damage your vocal apparatus. Have a few lessons with a well-reviewed teacher to work out what state your technique is in; some people do it 'right' naturally, and there's a spectrum from that to self-destruction. That said, my (classical/operatic) teacher says that singing regularly is best if you're singing at all, in the same way any muscles are best used at least a little all the time if you're going to use them a lot at any point (so sing a little on non-gig days, for example). But you can overdo it even with good technique; it's all about balance and awareness. If it hurts, or feels particularly strained, stop and work out why. Also, singing is awesome: _URL_0_. So it'll make you happy, and reduce stress, and that's good for your mind and your body. I can't recommend lessons enough for ensuring you're doing it healthily.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2744482", "score": 0.6007235050201416, "text": "I've been saving up for a mic for quite a while now, I want to improve as a singer, and I though a good way to do that is to actually record myself in good quality for once, and overcome the resentment I get from listening to my own voice and how it actually sounds like. The problem is, I don't know which one would be a good choice, and the more comparison and testing videos I watch the more I don't know what to buy, so I thought maybe someone here could help me with that. It'd be nice if I could get good quality with a pop filter and a stand for up to 110$", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1054470", "score": 0.60069340467453, "text": "I'm not talking about smoky vocal's like Lorde. I'm thinking David Bowie and Kate Bush, whose voices are imperfect and at times unpleasant (no hate, they're some of my favorite artists). I think imperfect vocals can add a lot of character to songs.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2643759", "score": 0.6006702184677124, "text": "I've noticed that at 19 I don't sound like other 19 year old girls. I don't sound as mature, I sound a bit like child. I also look younger than I am so I guess my voice suits my appearance haha. \n\nI don't sound croaky, I used to a bit when I would be really sick. But I just sound nasally. Like my nose is a bit blocked or I have phlegm in my throat. \n\nSince being on kaftrio my nose and my throat are clear, even with chronic rhinitis I can breathe clearly through my nose now. Yet I sound a bit snotty when I talk. I sound like a snotty 12 year old who talks like an adult. \n\nAnyone else have a similar thing with their voice?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-515002", "score": 0.6006668210029602, "text": "Hello all! Please excuse the quality of the recording; all I have at the moment is the built-in computer mic. \nI've been trying to teach myself proper singing form for about 5 months now. I love music, and have been playing the piano and guitar for years. I have experience performing with instruments in front of a crowd, but never singing. I would really love to be at a level where I can incorporate my voice into my performances!\nAll feedback is very well appreciated! Thank you for all of your help, /r/singing!\n\nedit: \nForgot the link - I suppose that's pretty important haha", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-101046", "score": 0.6006433367729187, "text": "I actually read a really cool article about this a couple of days ago! [One of the reasons is that the rhythm and melody of a song can constrain a singer's natural speech so that their accent appears to disappear.](_URL_0_) Accents come from variations in cadence and intonation in speech. These variations are often masked by the song.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-266243", "score": 0.6006127595901489, "text": "Read up on constructive/destructive interference in waves. Basically when sounds are the same frequency and phase the peaks lines up and the troughs line up and then add making the amplitude (volume) bigger.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-396012", "score": 0.6006024479866028, "text": "17 almost 18 year old male. \n\nI warm up with my guitar because I don't know the notes on the piano. I know what fret is what note but I don't know what octave. I can sing from the F# on the second fret of the 6th string to the G on the third fret of the 1st string in my chest voice. Would that be F#2 thru G4? What numbers go to what frets I guess. Curious of my voice type to I think, I figure baritone but lately I've been considering tenor or baritenor because I can sing up to the Bb on the 6th fret of the 1st string with out any considerable strain if I'm singing songs, although I think it's mixed. Also, being able to sing Oh! Darling by the beatles has been a major goal of mine and I've always been able to do the cleanly sung parts pretty easily and now I'm starting to be able to do the yelled parts with varying levels of success too.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-295440", "score": 0.6006003022193909, "text": "I think the answer to your question has three parts: Genetics, Anatomy, and Development of speech sounds (phonetics) **PART I. GENETICS** Genetically, your voice would be determined by the genes which govern the development of your upper respiratory tract, specifically the larynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and oral cavity - most of these are governed by the [pharyngeal arches and pouches](_URL_0_). **PART II. ANATOMY** Anatomically, the voicebox/adams apple/ [vocal folds](_URL_4_) determine things like sound, pitch, etc **PART II. ANATOMY** The field of [Articulatory Phonetics](_URL_2_) explains how different physiologic structures work together to create speech sounds. ____ An example of all three of these parts together to determine the sound of a voice is male vs female where Male vocal cords are genetically determined to be longer than a females thus causing them to resonate at different rates causing a difference in pitch SEE ALSO 1. [Phonetics for beginners](_URL_3_) 1. [Voice](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-117185", "score": 0.6005842089653015, "text": "Learning music theory. In general, playing a third below the melody works. Just make sure you are staying inside the key the melody is in.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-515081", "score": 0.6005797982215881, "text": "Hello, A general question for all my singers out there. I am performing in a show starting next week that is a bear, ( The Last Five Years ) If you don't know it, its ALL singing. And it's only a two person show, which means my half breaks down into about 40 minutes of intense singing five times a week. And on top of that, I'm in crazy rehearsals right now up until opening night where I have to sing through the show 1.5 to 2 times a night. So, how do you stay in good vocal health?\n\nI warm up before I sing, I've cut out alcohol, and I'm drinking tons of water. I use Satori spray, and I'm getting plenty of rest. What else can I do to help my voice? Because I've got a week until opening and my cords are tired! Hit me with it! HOw do people on broadway do this 8 times a week for long runs? I don't understand!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-394605", "score": 0.6005616188049316, "text": "I'm 19 and I've been on HRT for two months. Before HRT, I could sing really low (Baritone) Now, I can't get that low anymore and I have difficulty reaching higher notes as well. The highest I can get at times is a Tenor-alto. I've also been training my voice to sound more feminine. (Which I think still needs lots of work.) So, are my testosterone blockers limiting my voice range or is it just voice training?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-148441", "score": 0.6005480289459229, "text": "Sound is a waveform and anything that is a waveform can be described by numbers. Think of a simple sine wave. If you walk along the x axis you can measure the wave in terms of numbers - x and y. The number of steps you take across the x axis is your resolution and the height of the y axis is your amplitude. There are programs called codecs - code and decode - they take the sound coming in over the microphone and convert it into numbers (coding). The numbers are stored in a file. The file format is specific to the codec (.wav, .mp3, .avi etc) . The same codec takes the file and does the reverse. It converts the numbers back into sound vis the speakers.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-116408", "score": 0.6005399227142334, "text": "This is only from my personal experience, but I have thought about this question a lot. I am a musician and I ALWAYS have a song in my head. I find that when I listen to the song that is stuck in my head, in my head I was *'thinking' it in the correct key.* I do not have perfect pitch, which leads me to believe that it is an auditory memory, as you asked. I have no idea if this is true, but I know I do *not* have perfect pitch, just many years of musical training. I believe I just have a very good AUDITORY memory. Another example of this is that when I did theatre, I would memorize my lines only by having them read to me and then repeating them back. I never looked at a script. Have I just exercised my \"pitch\" memory this way?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-486", "score": 0.7960959672927856, "text": "Chobani made a grape yogurt, but I don't think it sold very well. Grape and yogurt doesn't really mix in a way that is large scale marketable to consumers. Yogurt can be kind of sour, mixing that with grape is not a flavor many people can get behind." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-15844", "score": 0.7108731865882874, "text": "How is it possible that grape was not the first flavor listed?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-644453", "score": 0.6793232560157776, "text": "This can probably be said about a lot of things but I think it’s really disturbing how grapes and grape jelly are nothing alike in taste at all. Grape jelly is definitely a berry flavor with something done to make it different.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-130412", "score": 0.6735480427742004, "text": "You're probably used to eating red or green grapes of the species vitis vinifera, the common grape. However, grape flavor is designed to mimic the Concord grape (species vitis labrusca), which is what's usually used to make grape jelly, grape juice, etc. If you'd ever eaten a Concord grape you'd taste the similarity, but they are not very commonly eaten the way red/green grapes are.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2008780", "score": 0.6604922413825989, "text": "Hey all. Question as above.\n\nObviously, it doesn't have to be the same as milk based yogurt, i'll be happy with similar.\n\nLet me know your thoughts, thanks!\n\nI want the yogurt to be sour and tangy with minimal sweetness.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-642713", "score": 0.6549810171127319, "text": "I'm trying to eat healthier and so I've been having a lot of salads lately. Yesterday, I was eating my salad and my boyfriend looked in the bowl, laughed, and told me that most people don't put grapes in their salads.\n\nI was thunderstruck. In my family, we put grapes in our salads all the time! I honestly have no clue if this exists outside of my family. Now that I think about it, I haven't seen grapes as an ingredient in salads at any restaurant I've been to. Am I crazy? If I'm not crazy, am I just reaaaally out of the loop? Are there any other salad grape fanatics out there?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2625", "score": 0.6531104445457458, "text": "You don't actually need yogurt to make yogurt. The acidophilus bacteria needed to make it occur in the stomach linings of most young mammals. Cheese and yogurt could be made by accident if you carry milk in a bag made from a lamb, calf, or kid stomach and bump it around in the hot sun. Please don't try though!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-115105", "score": 0.651710569858551, "text": "Not sure how you made the jump from yogurt to wine and pickles. Wine and pickles are likely too acidic for bacteria to grow. I imagine fresher cheese has more live cultures/probiotics aka \"good\" bacteria than you think.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-231729", "score": 0.6508287191390991, "text": "Grapes have yeasts which grow on them naturally if they're left to ripen on the vine, so if you make juice from grapes it already has yeast and is already going to ferment if you just leave it be. Other fruits require yeast to be added artificially which is more of a hassle.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-97898", "score": 0.6498709917068481, "text": "Similarly, there are banana lollies/candies/sweets that are based to taste like a cultivar of bananas that aren't available in Australia anymore. Perhaps, in the past, concord grapes used to be much more popular and/or readily available in the US?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2763998", "score": 0.6493328809738159, "text": "I recently made some yogurt using probiotics and hemp seeds. Just ground up the hemp seeds, combined with water and some probiotic capsules, set it out for half a day, and it turned into something great and tangy and feels like it's good for my digestion.\n\nI've seen that you can make yogurt from almonds, soy beans/milk, cashews, coconut. Is there a certain property about these foods or a nutritional profile that makes them good for yogurt? If so, what is that exactly? I'm curious what else I have in my kitchen, or something neat I could buy, that I can make yogurt out of this way.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2762999", "score": 0.6488555669784546, "text": "If you've ever seen a bowl of Jolly Ranchers get passed around, you know the pecking order. Blue Raspberry first, then Watermelon, then Cherry, then (reluctantly) Green Apple, and finally Grape. For some reason, everyone hates Grape Jolly Ranchers. Well let me tell you something:\n\nGrape is the ideal flavor.\n\nGrape Jolly ranchers have the most perfect balance of any flavor. Watermelon is too sweet. Cherry tastes like Play-Doh, Green Apple is too bitter, and Blue Raspberry tastes too artificial. Is Grape too sweet? No. Too bitter? No. It sure as hell doesn't taste like Play-doh, and while it is artificial (yeah, real grapes don't taste like that), it doesn't taste anywhere near as artificial as the other flavors. \n\nSo next time you see a Grape Jolly Rancher, do what I would do, and take it. There's plenty for the taking, anyway.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2762269", "score": 0.6478051543235779, "text": "I like Kefir more than yogurts - it's cheaper, has a more distinct flavor (which I like!) and you can actually feel the slight sour 'burn' from fermentation. The problem here is that although it's quite viscous - it's still liquid, so you wouldn't eat it with a spoon, but rather drink. I would love to have it as a dessert if it had a yogurt-like consistency, but I have no idea if that is even achievable. My only idea is to stir in some ground flaxseed/oat or wheat bran, but that is not ideal either. Any ideas?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-603167", "score": 0.6456632018089294, "text": "Hello! I’m going to bake a cheesecake soon (because I’m so bored of lockdown lol) and it seems that I don’t have any sour cream, the local store didn’t have any but at home I have a lot of banana flavoured yogurt though, i searched online but I didn’t find any result telling me I can use flavoured yogurt instead of sour cream, so now here I am on Reddit!\n\nAnswers would be much appreciated, thnx!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-51829", "score": 0.6455875635147095, "text": "The type of grapes they use have just the right amount of sugars and tannins and such. And it's definitely not all grapes. But it's not exclusive. There are plenty of fruit wines made from other fruits. Usually they use grapes too, for the reason mention above, but sometimes there are no grapes. They probably have to add sugar though.. And I don't know if this part of the reason too, but grapes grow well in areas where other fruits don't. Dry conditions actually make for sweeter wine.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1968964", "score": 0.641558825969696, "text": "I'm loving my Vanilla Custard V1. Since yoghurt flavours are rising in popularity, I'd like to have a 100ml yoghurt flavouring. I want to combine this with around 20 different fruit flavours i already own.\n\nWhat brand to get?\n\nI know of:\n\n* Flavourwest Yoghurt.\n* Capella Yoghurt\n* Capella Greek Yoghurt\n\n\nany more? differences? what to look out for? \n\n\nEDIT:typo", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2009855", "score": 0.6411411166191101, "text": "I was really liking greek yogurt for a while - it was more filling and had more protein than regular and lower-fat varieties, but then I looked at the sugar content? Do I have to give this up completely, or is there an alternative that I'm totally overlooking?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-91514", "score": 0.6396727561950684, "text": "I'm willing to guess that you've never eaten a *concord* grape, specifically? Because that is the taste that most artificial grape flavor is based on.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1792423", "score": 0.6396375298500061, "text": "I bought a jar of grape leaves to make dolmas the other night. The dolmas were great, but now I have about twenty grape leaves I don't know what to do with. Every recipe I find involves stuffing them and I want to try something different than that. Any ideas? Also, I am vegetarian.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-58359", "score": 0.6389879584312439, "text": "I'm pulling this out of my butt, but I'm thinking ease of manufacture? Instead of having to make different flavours, all the ribs get filled with the same plain yogurt then a dollop of berries on top.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2009813", "score": 0.6366180777549744, "text": "I'm not eating dairy anymore for medical reasons and the one thing I really miss is yogurt. Before, I was eating mostly Siggi's, which is really thick and creamy and doesn't have much sugar. Is there anything comparable? I'm also not supposed to eat soy. I did try the Silk Oat Yeah yogurt, but it is really runny and the taste wasn't great. Everything else I saw at Harris Teeter contained soy or a lot more sugar.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-487", "score": 0.8072869181632996, "text": "Heat resistent in what way? If you refer to \"Why doesn't it melt\", simply because it's melting point is incredibly high, much higher than your grill can produce (​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F). If you are instead refering to \"Why doesn't it get super hot to the touch\" then you're building on a wrong premise: it isn't heat resistant at all and does get hot. It gets just as hot as the food underneath it. However tinfoil is so thin and so large that any heat that it does have dissapitates into the surrounding air almost instantly. Things that have little mass cannot hold as well to their energy as more massive things, and things with large surface area cool down faster than things that have lower area." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-155532", "score": 0.7623276114463806, "text": "Aluminium foil has a smooth shiny surface. Because of this it reflects back the heat raditations emitted by the food back to them which keeps the food warm for longer time. It is a good conductor but a very poor radiator and absorber. It is also cheap to produce in suitable sheet form. Source: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-134884", "score": 0.7582012414932251, "text": "It does get hot from being in the oven, and aluminum (not actually tin) is very efficient at transferring heat. The thing is, it's so thin that there's just not that much total heat there to be transferred to anything else. It cools pretty quickly on contact with air when you remove it from the oven, and even faster if you touch it with your skin.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-30550", "score": 0.7501944303512573, "text": "Because they're heavy. Heavy, thick metal will hold heat much longer than thin, light aluminium or copper.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-285777", "score": 0.7488415837287903, "text": "Aluminum foil is incredibly thin material, so it really can't hold a lot of heat. This is because it has *a lot* of surface area compared to its mass, which means it has many many places through which it can lose heat, but its low mass means it cannot store much heat. (Aluminum also has a somewhat low heat capacity - about 1/4th that of water - which means that for a given number of grams, water can store more than 4 times as much thermal energy as aluminum can.) To reiterate: it holds very little heat, and the heat it does hold it's able to lose very quickly. So quickly, in fact, that even though it's touching your nice, hot, freshly baked potato only 2 inches from where you touch the foil to pick it up, all the heat that it picks up from the potato is summarily lost in the short distance between the potato and your tender little fingers.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-89872", "score": 0.7475876212120056, "text": "It does get hot. However, since aluminum is a good heat conductor, and foil is very thin, it gets cool quickly when you take it out of the oven.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-318601", "score": 0.7421130537986755, "text": "Yes and no, foil does a decent job because it keeps hot air inside (air is an excellent insulator) and it is reflective so it reflects all radiant heat (like a solar oven). Thus there is a good amount of heat retention with only a little bit of heat loss through conduction.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-29758", "score": 0.7385342717170715, "text": "Foil gets very hot. It just also has the following properties: * There's not much mass to it because it's so thin, so it can only hold a small about of heat. * Being a metal, it conducts heat very well. * It has *massive* surface area compared to volume. Those three combined means that it stores very little energy, and can conduct it away almost instantly via its large surface area and high ability to conduct heat. The surface area thing is the biggest contributer. Try crumpling a bunch of foil into a very tight ball and leaving that in the oven. Later, if you *very carefully* touch it, you will see that it's very hot.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-181551", "score": 0.732306957244873, "text": "You're totally right that it conducts heat well. The proper way to use foil as an insulator though, is to not tightly wrap something you want to keep warm, but wrap a sort of \"air bubble\" around it. Hot air insulates pretty well. If you see foil wrapped tightly around a food item (like a burrito), it's to keep it together neatly. It's not doing much for its warmth.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-73814", "score": 0.7318191528320312, "text": "The foil has a high *temperature* but relatively little *heat*. You are burned when a hot object transfers enough heat to you that your skin temperature rises too much. Even right out of the oven, a bit of aluminum foil doesn't carry enough heat to do this.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-543193", "score": 0.7313467264175415, "text": "I've seen so many windows completely covered by sheets of aluminum/tin foil, and I don't entirely understand why. I've heard of one possible scenario that has something to do with cooking meth, but I don't even understand how that works. And I've seen loads of windows in a highly-populated and policed city with this foil, so surely that can't be the only reason.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-182282", "score": 0.7277893424034119, "text": "Tin foil = Made of Tin Aluminium foil = Made of aluminium People still call A.foil T.foil, simply because that's what they were used to, actual tin foil has fallen out of use since WWII.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-8862", "score": 0.7271158695220947, "text": "Aluminum has a low [specific heat](_URL_0_) - the change in energy required for it to increase or decrease in temperature is relatively low. That is to say, not much energy is stored in a piece of hot aluminum (compared to, say, an equal mass of hot water). Since aluminum foil is so thin, you're talking about a very small amount of material which is lousy at storing energy. The specific heat of human tissue is much higher than that of aluminum (though lower than that of pure water), say roughly 3 times (depending on the kind of tissue). So in order for you to feel a 1 degree increase in temperature over some mass of tissue, an equal mass of aluminum foil would need to have stored 3x that amount of energy. Of course, the mass of your hands is probably much greater than the mass of the tinfoil, so the actual amount of energy needed is even greater. TL;DR: foil sucks at storing energy.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-188104", "score": 0.725659966468811, "text": "The aluminium foil helps the pan to not get burnt food stuck on it. It doesn't really make a difference to the way the food cooks. Aluminium isn't as good a conductor of heat as copper, but it's better than steel. Unless there's a lot of air pockets, it won't make much of a difference. Lasagna has lots of things that are a nightmare to clean - pasta, tomato and cheese can go really crusty in the corners.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-61132", "score": 0.7245339751243591, "text": "Because the foil is extremely thin, it doesn't hold a lot of heat. Also, because metals conduct heat very well they get rid of heat quickly too. The foil is really hot, but when you open the oven and cool kitchen air hits the foil, it cools the foil very fast. The baking tray is so much thicker that it has a lot more heat to get rid of, so doesn't cool fast enough for you to touch.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-92801", "score": 0.7239838242530823, "text": "It does. It just doesn't stay hot when you remove it. The foil is very thin and Al has a relatively low heat capacity, so the heat contained in the foil is fairly low. (Temperature and heat are not the same thing.) And Al foil is pretty good at radiating what heat it does have, so it cools rapidly.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-66259", "score": 0.7221377491950989, "text": "If aluminum foil is in a 450 degree oven then it is 450 degrees. But you can touch it as soon as you take it out right? Why doesn't it burn you like touching a regular pan out of the same oven? Aluminum foil in a 450 degree oven is 450 degrees, but because it is so thin it can change its temperature really quickly; it doesn't hold very much heat in it. If you take it out of the oven it will be down close to room temperature within a second or two. If you touch it while in the oven your fingers quickly pull the heat out of it making its temperature match the temperature of your fingers. There isn't enough total heat to burn you.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-305802", "score": 0.7197699546813965, "text": "It probably was very hot, but it probably didn't have very much heat in it, which is why it doesn't feel hot. Aluminum has a very low specific heat, that means that it doesn't take very much energy (heat) in order for it to raise to a high temperature. Aluminum foil is very thin, so it is of very low mass. Thus, even though it was heated to a high temperature, upon touching it, very little heat was transferred from the foil to your hand, thus it was not able to raise the temperature of your hand very much (due to your hand being much more massive and having a much higher specific heat, thus taking more energy in order to raise its temperature).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-171051", "score": 0.7182769775390625, "text": "Aluminum foil is very thin and able to dissipate its heat far faster than a relatively thick pan.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-161949", "score": 0.7158839106559753, "text": "It does get hot. It just cools off *very fast*. When you pull something foil-covered out of the oven, the foil can't hold the heat because it's so thin and has large surface area. Ball up the foil, and it will hold the heat and burn you.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-314369", "score": 0.7141005396842957, "text": "It will be hot when it first comes out, but it cools off quickly because of its high surface area to volume ratio. Because it's so thin, there's a small amount of metal exposed to cold air or both sides so it cools off very quickly. If you made a tight ball of aluminium foil it would stay hot for longer.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-488", "score": 0.6999986171722412, "text": "Alcohol is a chemical that affects almost every organ in the human body, but in particular it interferes with the brains' cells abilities to communicate with each other. If you drink alcohol faster than your liver and kidneys can process it, it begins to build up in the bloodstream and hence gets carried to your brain, where it basically blocks some of the normal brain behaviour from occurring. [This paper explains alcohol's physical effects](_URL_0_) in a reasonably simple to understand format." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-108594", "score": 0.6648966073989868, "text": "Quite the opposite. 1st cig of the day you mightttt get a buzz. After that they don't do anything but soothe the addiction. Booze on the other hand will add on to your drunkenness. Only thing smoking a bunch of cigs in succession will do is make your throat feel like a rusty tomato in the morning.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1059019", "score": 0.6648827791213989, "text": "I get a solid 8+ hours of sleep after a good schmammerin. I show up to work sober but I can still taste alcohol in my mouth and on my breath.\n\nIve had close co workers tell me I smell like alcohol even though I havent touched the stuff since the night before.\n\nChairz", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2704594", "score": 0.6648200154304504, "text": "Sometimes I go out with a group of friends I haven't seen in a while and the primary focus is catching up with them, socializing, and getting fucked up. I also find it hard to be on my game drunk as I just want to make friends for some reason. However there are still drunken encounters, how much weight do you guys put in them?\n\nHere's an example, one of my friends brought a girl out with her that I hadn't met, I do the kino dance while I'm still relatively sober, we make out and get very physical a few times before and on the way to the bar, then I just get really drunk and start to just focus with socializing with everyone in the bar. She tries to re engage me a few times, but I'm pre occupied and she ends up going home with another guy unfortunately. According to my friends it would of been a done deal if I had kept it up and reciprocated a bit. My question is should I just write this off as drunken escapades or try to make something out of it? It doesn't bother me that she went home with someone else.\n\nAlso just in general how much materialism do you guys put in drunk encounters? Should I wait until I see her again to gauge it all?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-116687", "score": 0.6648146510124207, "text": "It depends on how much and how pure it is. Small amounts of vodka (40% ethanol at 0.25mL/kg/hr) would just keep you drunk. Large amounts could kill you just like any other alcohol overdose can. Drinks like sherry, absinthe, wine or beer all contain things other than ethanol. The sugars wouldn't bee too much of a problem in small amounts, but I have no idea about what tannins, hoops, or carbonation would do -- I just haven't seen any research on it. For what it's worth IV ethanol is used to treat alcohol withdrawal, or [ethylene glycol poisoning](_URL_0_), and some veterinarians will just use vodka if necessary.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-76147", "score": 0.6646589636802673, "text": "Have you noticed, same happens with coffee. Like alcohol, caffeine (most widely consumed psychoactive drug, btw) is the one that \"binds water\" in your organism - removes it from you body - makes you take a piss. This is usually not good for you so you need to rehydrate yourself by drinking **water** (not just random sugary liquids but WATER!... OK, if you add little bit of apple juice to a glass of water + few grains of salt, it will rehydrate you even faster. Mildly cool, not ice cold!) Loss of water aka dehydration also gives you a hangover and makes you tired and weak/sleepy. If you feel worn out by afternoon, have a large (pint) glass of water, not coffee, and you will feel super!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2703959", "score": 0.6646556854248047, "text": "Does that mainly mean the cognitive effects of alcohol or gastrointestinal symptoms as well? I have crippling social anxiety and have been asked to catch up with some friends at a bar tomorrow night and we'll probably have a drink or two.\n\nProblem is, myself and alcohol dont bode very well. I drink alcohol VERY infrequently (couple of times a year) and I either end up drinking way too much and start to feel sick to the stomach and throw up, or I have such crippling anxiety before i even begin drinking that I cannot even drink half a drink where my stomach feels sick with each gulp and cannot seem to drink any further without wanting to throw up (but not actually doing so). I dont know why my body reacts this way to alcohol, and sometimes I wonder whether I am in the minority with alcohol affecting me this way, regardless.\n\nThis is where benzos help me. I much prefer to pop a 2mg xanax bar (prescription) and enjoy the night without my mind going a mile a minute. However my friends dont know i am on any sort of medication and i'd like to keep it that way, so i'll probably have a drink or two and sip for the night just to blend in, but i want to avoid throwing up from the alcohol because i'm not a good judge on how far i've gone with it. I can have up to 8 drinks (on nights where my stomach wont try throwing up after two mouth fulls and will allow me to keep going) before I get really unwell stomach and at that point i know i've over done it and its going to come back out whether i like it or not. \n\nSo I'd like to know if the xanax will bring on the 'throw up' effect in my stomach much quicker, or whether it just affects the cognition?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-3481", "score": 0.6646327376365662, "text": "Humans have a hormone that prevents them from urinating. Alcohol lowers this hormone so you urinate a lot more than you should which results in you losing more water than you gained from drinking the alcohol.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-149699", "score": 0.664524257183075, "text": "Mind-alterting substances by their nature affect everyone differently. There's no way to pinpoint an exact reason why one psychoactive substance makes you this way while another makes you that way. All we can say is that alcohol affects your specific brain chemistry is a way that lowers inhibitions and promotes socialization, while cannabis does the opposite.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1856378", "score": 0.6645236015319824, "text": "Normally quiet introvert is dancing on tables. Normally shy awkward kid is flirting with people. Normally calm and collected rationalist is breaking shit when it won’t work. You get it. They’re all out of character.\n\nAn old crush of mine was the type of person to be sarcastic/snarky and teasing sober, but *very* affectionate and lovey-dovey drunk.\n\nJust got me wondering — is there a word, term, or phrase for when someone makes a complete 180 when they drink?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-45322", "score": 0.66450035572052, "text": "Alcohol is a depressant. Depressants block messages from reaching your brain making your coordination and reaction times, etc get worse (lowering neurotransmission levels). Your brain needs sleep in order to function normally - also lowering neurotransmission levels. Mixing depressant drugs (opiates, alcohol, BZD) are more likely to lead to an overdose as lots of substances are reducing the central nervous system's function all at once. ELI5: Being tired and drunk to your brain is like having bad reception on the radio. Your brain can't send the signals too good, and you can't receive them.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-172277", "score": 0.6644279956817627, "text": "Congeners are small amounts of chemicals in alcohol produced during fermentation. These chemicals are said to be partly responsible for a hangover. Congeners can be filtered out through distilling, but cheaper alcohol is usually only distilled a couple of times. For example, Tito’s is distilled 6 times.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-33793", "score": 0.664395809173584, "text": "You can consent while drunk, you can however be too drunk to consent. (like you fainted, or can't stand and speak coherently) The kind of \"too drunk to consent\" drunk, can't drag themselves to their car to drive. The \"drunk three beers, regretted it, and went to the police\" that reddit likes to wank about, is mostly a result of the \"he said, she said\" nature of rape accusations. [edit] Too , to, too", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-62646", "score": 0.6642279624938965, "text": "Because being deprived of sleep has the same effects on the brain as alcohol does. You give fewer fucks so you're a little more outgoing. It happens to me all the damn time.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-98045", "score": 0.664145827293396, "text": "Obviously this isn't a perfect description, but brought together from several hypotheses and personal experience. First of all, a lot of things get lost when you drink. Fluids, sodium, other chemicals that tend to help everything function well. Eating unhealthy food loaded with salt usually helps with the sodium depletion. (Another thing that actually is supposed to help are B vitamins. I've tried it and it seems to work to help the headaches) More importantly- carbs and sugar. Especially greasy stuff. Our bodies make more acid the more we drink. This is sometimes why we throw up, but also why carbs are great, because it \"soaks\" all the acid up. Sugar is also depleted during drinking, so sugar and carbs make you feel more normal. There's a lot more I could talk about but I'm trying to keep this shortish.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-67847", "score": 0.6641421914100647, "text": "Here is the correct answer: When you throw up, your body releases endorphins and adrenaline, which are two substances that your body releases when it is under sudden and/or physical stress. The endorphins are like your body's natural pain killer, and adrenaline boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose (energy) in your brain and muscles. Unfortunately, these things wear off eventually but they, together with the fact that by throwing up you have decreased the amount of poison (alcohol) in your body combine to make you feel better.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-97100", "score": 0.6640758514404297, "text": "As a former severe alcoholic, I can verify that this is a loaded question. Hangovers can and often do occur after pulling an all-nighter. The reason you get them more frequently after sleeping is that during your time awake, you generally will drink at least *some* non-alcoholic beverages, and eat *some* food. These both reduce the symptoms of hangovers.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2036675", "score": 0.6640496253967285, "text": "Hey opiates. I'm fucked up so I'll keep it short. When I'm wasted like right now.\n I can drink a lot. It takes over 10 shots to feel good. Close to 17 and I feel like I do on dope. This takes me drinking this much within 1 hours n half hours. Before I go to bed I smoke a cig and I feel amazing. Does this happen to anyone else? Sorry if it's a wrong sub post. \nI have a lot of complications with my girl and the military and idk where to go with my life I need help understanding it all.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-300481", "score": 0.6640481352806091, "text": "The exact reason: Ethanol is an allosteric modulator of the GABAA ligand gated ionotropic protein complex, which affects the flow of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. In laymans terms, the alcohol tells your nervous system to not fire off as many signals, which your brain interprets as numbness.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-185996", "score": 0.6639936566352844, "text": "Alcohol is a CNS depressant, but your heart isn't part of your central nervous system. It causes a fast heart rate because of another effect of alcohol: it dehydrates you. As water leaves the body it makes your blood \"thicker\" and causes a drop in blood pressure since blood is mostly water anyway. This drop means your blood isn't doing as good of a job getting to places it needs to go. So, the heart responds by beating faster. The idea from the heart is if there isn't enough blood, then pump what you have faster to keep up with metabolic demands.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-61133", "score": 0.6639874577522278, "text": "Alcohol use changes your brain chemistry, taking a large dose at once will change it enough to cause you to lose control of your body (e.g. breathing, seizures and inability to protect your airway if you vomit). If you use alcohol frequently for a long period it also changes your brain chemistry and your brain becomes dependent on it to function. A sudden withdrawal of alcohol will cause your brain to become chemically inbalanced causing seizures, other inbalances in biological function or confusion (delirium tremens).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-489", "score": 0.6656150221824646, "text": "This was covered in part by This American Life recently. _URL_0_ \"So, here's the thing about the codes that people don't realize. It's not like he has a piece of paper in his pocket. It's like, here are the nuclear codes. It doesn't work that way. How it works is, there's a military officer that walks around with what's called a Football. That officer, he's got more experience than I do. And at the end of the day, if the president goes off the handle and says, nuke these guys because I don't like them, we're taught, in the military, as officers, that we have a moral obligation to refuse orders that are not moral. So if my commander tells me to do that, and it is not moral, I have an obligation to tell him to [BLEEP] off.\"" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1212139", "score": 0.6321085095405579, "text": "How does a nuclear meltdown work and what are the effects?\n\nAs much as I understand, it basically happens when the cooling system malfunction, but my question is how does everyone get radiation poising and all that?\n\nDoes it explode or something?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-70294", "score": 0.6319056153297424, "text": "A teaspoon of atoms can't blow up a city. *Several pounds* of fissile material, wrapped inside many hundreds of pounds of high explosives and a lot of sophisticated electronics, can blow up *part* of a city, if it's used just right. But that's completely different from rocket propulsion. Rocket propulsion works because of the differential pressure on the wall of the combustion chamber. Hot gas expands in the combustion chamber, exerting pressure equally on all the walls … *except* for the opening called the *throat* which leads to the nozzle. Since there's nothing there, the gas exerts no pressure there, and instead shoots through into the nozzle where it *expands.* The process of expansion of the gas converts its thermal energy into momentum, which propels the rocket skyward. That's different in every way from a bomb.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-303707", "score": 0.6317588090896606, "text": "You generally want to use fissile nuclides for reactors or bombs. There are a few of them that are of practical use: uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239, and plutonium-241. Most elements, like carbon or iron, don't have any fissile isotopes.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-13272", "score": 0.6316796541213989, "text": "May I ask what your source for that number is? Having worked previously in the nuclear triad community that number seems a bit high. I can tell you it has a lot to do with deterrence, both in first strike and second strike capabilities. Basically you need enough of the threat that if takes out some of your threat you have enough to still be a threat. Then there is also the issue of if you have to use it against someone you still have enough to be a threat to others. Understand I am not advocating nuclear anything (although I think nuclear power isnt so bad). It would be really nice if the entire world could agree not to pursue, build, use, or even think about nuclear weapons, but I also live in the reality that is some people just want to see the world burn, at least as long as they come out on top. As I said I think that number sounds high to me, but the short answer, deterrence.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-357624", "score": 0.6313701868057251, "text": "With the post by u/DeadlyLemming showing the launch codes for every silo, you only need to do the Enclave quest to get access to the command center and a nuclear key card and you're set. Sure, you can't waltz into a silo if you're low level as you'll get blasted by the enemies down there, but it still seems way too easy.\n\nThe code pieces are basically useless as soon as someone posts the launch codes, which makes the decryption process also useless.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-256781", "score": 0.6311830282211304, "text": "It's a matter of what's protecting you. The close-in support staff are usually in some sort of reinforced concrete bunker that's half buried in the ground with the wall facing the blast area angled to reduce the shock wave. For people not protected, you need to stand pretty far away (usually on the order of a mile or two). This is because the rocket can veer off in any direction if there's a failure. If it just blows up shrapnel can be sent thousand of feet from the blast site. The rocket itself can launch and then go errant. It can fly in any direction and, if the kill switch fails, go for hundreds or thousands of miles in any direction. But for your real answer, you can be on top of the rocket and be okay, so zero feet.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1896459", "score": 0.631022036075592, "text": "Does nuke reduce recruitable population of the nuked country?\nDoes being nuked contribute to capitulation?\nCan units be destroyed by nukes alone?\n\nI sent 1200 missiles to strat bomb UK from French coast. I know they are being fired because the number of missile is dropping. How do I know if the bombing is working?\nDo I need to send fighters to protect the missiles in flight?\nIs it possible to intercept level 3 missile?\n\nMissiles are automatically generated using no manpower, right?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-143469", "score": 0.6310005784034729, "text": "As /u/restricteddata explained so well, fireballs which don't touch the ground create much less fallout. In scenarios where ground bursts would be used, like digging out blast hardened ICMB silos in a first strike, the picture is quite different. This map from the 1970s shows a possible fallout plume caused by prevailing winds if the ICBM fields of the midwest were targeted. _URL_3_ Edit: I'm in the Fargo, ND region so I'd be toast if this played out. Also it came to my attention that the map was not from the 1970s, but rather from 1988, and was published in a FEMA handbook on hazards called FEMA/196, in 1990. The link is here. Find strategic nuclear bulls-eyes in your state!* *unless you are Oregon apparently. _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1895853", "score": 0.6309743523597717, "text": "I direct you to the second half of paragraph 2 on page 10 of this report: \n\n>The difficulties of supporting the fissile material during penetration make impractical the concept of pumping past explosives around the fissile material in EPW environments.\n\nI came across this while researching the W61 I discussed in my other recent post.\n\nI've never heard of this and a quick search has turned up very little on the topic elsewhere. It's certainly a fascinating idea and may fill in one of the large blanks I've had in nuclear safety schemes: how do you achieve separation between IEH and detonators? If you don't have separation, then the point of having IEH is voided as fire will just set off the detonators, setting off the IHE. So you need some sort of separation.\n\nMy previous assumption was that they used mechanical separation, such as electrically actuated devices that remove a blocking plate and then place a block of explosives between the dets and IHE slightly before detonation, but if you have dozens of detonators that's a lot of mechanical linkages you need to set up. and I can't imagine they are compact when the required separation is added in.\n\nAnother option was the use of something like det cord (though more reliable and probably inflexible). Have two sets of detcord leading from each detonation point (say from opposite hemispheres of the primary) to make it one point safe, and then only have two mechanical linkages separating the IHE and the dets.\n\nThis though seems more elegant.\n\nThere is one immediate issue to me: homogeneity. Any voids and you'll have massive issues so you need a way to prevent voids forming (operate under a vacuum?). But I assume it was solvable.\n\nI'm not sure if this is a \"new\" idea (as in when the report was written in 1993), or one already implemented in other systems. But they don't talk about any other schemes except for mechanical insertion - a scheme I thought was long out of date - and direct optical initiation which they talk about as a concept, so I suspect this may be a \"standard\" scheme in modern nuclear weapons.\n\nTo go back to what I said about detonator interrupts, on page 11 in 3 they discuss detonator interruption systems (SALAD is particularly fascinating) on that basis insertable nuclear components and explosives paste are not appropriate in a nuclear EPW, which makes me think explosive paste and insertable nuclear components are both common schemes in modern nuclear weapons.\n\nAnyway, maybe someone can try a FOI request for the documents referenced in the report? I'm not sure I can as I'm not from the US, but I will look into it.\n\n**Edit:** Apparently I can make FOI requests, and I can do so online. Lets see how redacted the documents classified secret will be.\n\n**Edit 2:** Wrote up the request for SAND91-2243 and got an \"access denied\" return. Hmm.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-315591", "score": 0.630928099155426, "text": "There's quite a lot of variables, the biggest being how much advance warning and the asteroid trajectory. More warning means you can nudge it farther from the earth, making any deviation larger. There's also a difference between something set to skim the atmosphere and something set to impact 45 deg. Speed factors a bit into the advance warning thing. One method is use nukes to push the asteroid out of the way. The US can muster roughly 1060 Minuteman III ICBMs, for a total yield of ~300 Mt. Throw in the rest of the world, and we can set order of magnitude at roughly ~600 Mt. Nukes aren't as effective in vacuum as they are in atmosphere (airblast is a major component of their destructive power). You need some kind of direct contact, and run the risk of splitting the asteroid instead of diverting it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-9102", "score": 0.6308920979499817, "text": "All the theory is well known, you can search it online right now. Nations are usually limited by the availability of weapons grade fissile material for the bomb itself and the elaborate detonators required, which are much harder to obtain or construct. To make the bomb useful they also need a delivery system, which requires advanced ballistic missile technology that again is hard to build. So the basic science is public knowledge, but managing to build your own nuclear detonation device with your own weapons grade uranium mounted on your own ICBM is a more difficult and costly.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2229819", "score": 0.6305763721466064, "text": "So each door at the back of each bunker has a keypad at the end of each one. The bunkers we don't have access to, at least to my knowledge are Bunkers 2, 7, 8, and 10. I assume these bunkers will be opened up by at least Wednesday or Thursday at the latest, with Bunker 10 being the last to open up. This is due tot he fact that Bunker 10 is the one with the Nuke in it.\n\n\n\n\nSo far, from my quick observation, each of the bunkers use the numbers 4, 7, 8, 9 as their first character. They also alternate 2, 7 and 9, as their second characters, while the rest seem to be randomized.\nI can also guess that 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 can be used as the first character; while 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 make the most sense to use as the second characters. This would leave the rest of the other SIX characters up to any random order.\n\n\n\n\nSo here is my idea, which is both a LOT of work and a stretch in any sense of the idea in general.\nWould anyone mind wasting their time in using this hypothesis and randomly guessing the numbers to either the remaining bunkers OR specifically Bunker 10?\nIf there's anything further in this basic idea they would like to ADD that would HELP with the idea, that would be helpful. Even a tool such as a generator or a spreadsheet that could make this somewhat simpler could be helpful too. Even if you've thought about this idea already and can already knock a few codes off the list, let us know!\nAs for those who have no interest in the bunkers, codes and anything that goes with them, please kindly move along unless you have something to contribute. Thank you.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-620909", "score": 0.6303514838218689, "text": "So, just like the GPS and Chart, it would be an item with uncommon rarity, and would start to produce cracking sounds as you get into an irradiated zone (aka Deadzone) just as the real Geiger Counter. You would have to be way more careful if you don't have it, as your toxicity will go down quickly. Another element that makes the game more difficult, for no reason.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-23516", "score": 0.6303430795669556, "text": "When looking at computer data, commands that are to be executed are stored in the same way as data that the commands can refer to. Because that's the case, it is possible to set-up certain blocks of data to resemble code commands. By absuing certain glitches that the programmers didn't account for, it is then possible to set the program command position to the start of such a set-up block of data and have it be executed as code instead. Since the player has control over setting up that block of data, he can write arbitrary code and have it be executed.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-102478", "score": 0.6303389072418213, "text": "ALL THESE ANSWERS ARE WRONG. Bombs are either \"fail safe\" or \"fail dead\". Fail safe: a current is needed to trigger explosive. Setting off a bomb will require an electrical current, if the power source fails, nothing detonates. Fail dead: the current is actively stopping the bomb from exploding. If you cut the wrong wire the current will stop and the bomb will detonate. That's as ELI5 as I can make it", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-310218", "score": 0.6302744150161743, "text": "One of the arguments against that I've often seen glossed over is Thorium reactors can be made to easily breed Uranium 233 which can be used for nuclear weapons. This seems like a simplistic or not fully explained, but perhaps U233 is more easily separated from spent fuel than either P239 or U235", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-281578", "score": 0.630119264125824, "text": "> What's so impressive about the fusion-aspect in these weapons? Well these weapons aren't designed to be impressive feats of engineering, they're designed to reach high yields. The fusion stage in these kinds of weapons can be used to greatly increase the yield. > What exactly does the neutron-generator do/achieve? See here for the expert's description. I don't get what that really adds to the equation; just some extra neutrons? But how can that be relevant or add anything to the equation, given that there will be a massive number of neutrons released from the fissioning Uranium (which is the whole point, because is what causes the whole exponential chain-reaction)? Something has to *start* the chain reaction. Once prompt supercriticality is reached, the neutron population will blow up exponentially on its own. The Wiki article on the [Teller-Ulam design](_URL_0_) is a pretty good reference for these kinds of questions.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-284372", "score": 0.6299458742141724, "text": "Putting the difficulty of 'hitting a bullet with a bullet' aside, just about any height before it explodes would probably stop the detonation. From what I understand, warheads are very sensitive things and everything in the system has to go off in exactly the right order for the nuclear explosion to actually happen. The spread of the nuclear material would be bad of course, but probably not cause widespread devastation. It'd just be unfortunate case of contamination. I mean you wouldn't want to eat lunch outside anywhere they just blew a nuclear missile up over, obviously.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-320161", "score": 0.6298609972000122, "text": "It would release the same amount of *energy* (that's what tonnage equivalent means) but the devil is in the details. Conventional explosives release mostly mechanical energy and some heat; a nuke releases a bigger share of heat and a lot of ionizing radiation.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-195142", "score": 0.6297349333763123, "text": "Can you give a better description of what a cobalt bomb should do ? I mean from what I have read it is a pretty useless weapon if you plan to invade a country since its creating enormous amounts of long lasting radioactive fallout. So wherever this thing gets dropped it won't be possible to go for 6 years. Probably longer. So if you drop it on a city you cAnt resettle the city in a certain amount of time - but otherwise there is no bonus. And if you start to throw nuclear weapons on cities - chance is that this won't matter anyways. And for it to work as an area deterrent - for that it's just too small - so you need to use more of them - and then you can simply throw normal ones and have a lot less problems with the fallout getting blown in your direction. We are pretty good at killing each other - but we also want to stay alive. And this weapon makes the second part a lot less sure.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-490", "score": 0.6134770512580872, "text": "It also messes with your sleep cycle. I'm afraid I can't remember exactly how it goes about doing this, but I saw a documentary where the person who the sleep-scientists gave several large glasses of red wine ended up staying in REM and light sleep relatively longer, and only attaining deep sleep for a short time before coming back into lighter sleep at an early stage than normal" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2036750", "score": 0.5827586054801941, "text": "I'm here for a reason, my family, my health, my finances. I don't feel I have a problem, I just want to drink less.... Not stop.\nI like feeling drunk, I like the warm sensation and the sleep and the escape it provides from my every day stress and monotomy.\n\nCan someone please help explain, Why I need to STOP, Why SHOULD i stop?! \nBefore you answer. OK.... I can't cut down yet, I been drinking 15years. 10 almost every day, I have a steady good job, some friends and an awesome family. Please offer some guidance.\n\nEven if people in a similar position list why they stopped, or wanted to stop then it might help me. I'm at a point... A midway?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2702785", "score": 0.5827584862709045, "text": "Every day I take 5-7g of Red Bali Kratom at 7am before I head to work. When I get home, between 4pm and 6pm I'll take another 5-7g. Then at night between 11pm and 2am I'll do about 5 shots of whatever vodka or whiskey I have at the time. I've been doing this going on a month now, but I'm starting to question what effects I'm going to start experiencing due to this. \n\nI know kratom hasn't been studied extensively, and I'm guessing if either fuck me up it's gonna be the alcohol. Just need some input from other people.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-730127", "score": 0.5827072262763977, "text": "This usually happens to me on early mornings, especially during the weekend. I just wake up, then go back to sleep because “why not” then I don’t even care if I know I’m dreaming I just let the dream play out. Actually that’s the main problem with me lucid dreaming. Any help?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-727678", "score": 0.5827064514160156, "text": "In the last year or so I've started having real difficulty sleeping a full night. I have no problem getting to sleep, but I often wake early, after 5.5 or 6 hours and then can't get back to sleep. When I wake up I feel tired, but sometimes hot and not comfortable.\n\nI tried cutting out caffeine entirely and that worked great for a week or so, but then the same pattern started again. \n\nIf I got to bed earlier it is better, and I can sometimes get 6.5 or even 7 hours.\n\nRecently I read about biphasic sleep, where people sleep two segments in 24 hours. For me the most practical would be to sleep around 10pm until 2pm, wake up, then sleep from 4am to 8am. The reasoning is, if I struggle to sleep 7/8 hours straight, maybe with practice I'm able to sleep 4 hours twice.\n\nDoes anyone have experience with this? I'd love to hear anything you can tell me about your own experience.\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-15900", "score": 0.5826314687728882, "text": "This is how I know my hangover is going away. I always attributed it to just feeling better. \"I feel like a million bucks, now let's do a million fucks.\" \"go make breakfast for the kids\"", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2037545", "score": 0.5825921297073364, "text": "Here's my story. My drinking slowly but surely got excessive. I never considered it out of control, because it was mine. No one knew (even though my wife quietly did) so it was never a \"big deal\". I was never out of control, never hungover, never learned my lesson. My days of 1 or 2 beers after work have been long gone and a minimum of a 6 pack would be required. If it were available I'd hit something harder before the first beer or so just to get the kick right away. My wife and I are both casual weeknight drinkers (1 or 2 beers here and there) but for the most part I'd be at least 2 or 3 beers ahead at all times without her knowing. I've hid and disposed of liquor bottles to readily have a shot and a beer available. Again, none of this seemed like a big deal because it never affected anyone but me. I was never drinking to get shitfaced I just wanted to maintain a certain level of drunk and remained functional. The worst that would happen was I would \"fall asleep\" on the couch at night after the kids went to bed while watching TV. Even as I am typing this the actual severity of my addiction is settling in. \n\n\nLast night before heading up to bed after having a few beers at a family dinner I quietly, or so I thought, cracked open two beers to chug before heading up to bed. I found on nights I don't drink I have a hard time falling asleep so quick night caps became a norm. My wife heard. She asked if I opened a beer, and I flat out lied to her. When walking upstairs she checked my breath. I was caught. We laid in bed for a bit, and she of course was mad. She mentioned before she thought I had an issue, as house bottles of liquor or wine would slowly disappear. She mentioned it again last night and i admitted it was me. I told her I know I need to stop, but those were words she has heard before.\n\n\nSo here I sit today, ashamed of myself, embarrassed, and worst of all feeling especially awful because of how much lying I had been doing all along. My wife is a hard person to earn the trust of and I feel like this is a devastating blow. \n\n\nI'm ready to stop drinking, and need to for the sake of my health and my relationships and responsibilities. This part my problem I know I can handle. I am a strong willed person when I want to be, but I have chose not to be for a long time. I like being buzzed, or drunk. I chose to make the decision to do so. I have gone periods of not drinking without issue, and chose to do it again, for better or worse.\n\n\nWhat I don't know is how to approach the damage I have done to my marriage. My wife knows I've been drinking but not to what extent. I haven't spoken to her since last night as I am at work, and I am dreading walking through the door when I get home tonight. I simply don't know what to expect. I know she is angry with me, and I am fully committed to being sober after this experience. That said, no matter what words I use they will be just words. Proof and trust comes with time, which won't change anything today.\n\n\nI honestly don't know how to approach this day. I am actually happy I got caught because this lifestyle of mine needed to stop and her calling me on my shit proves the biggest lie of all. The lie I had been telling myself. \"It's not a big deal, it doesn't affect anyone but you.\"\n\n\nI want to be completely honest, but I fear that it will cause unrepairable damage. Outside of everything stated above I am a good loving father, loving husband, and successful person with a good job. I support my family financially and have a great relationship with my wife. All which led me to keep telling myself \"no big deal\".", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-727846", "score": 0.5825496315956116, "text": "I have had trouble falling asleep for as long as I can remember, but once I am asleep I am dead to the world. I usually wake up at a reasonable hour. It's ok most of the time. However lately I have tried taking melatonin before bed. It's been easier to fall asleep, but then I wake up several times a night and sleep lighter, so every tiny sound jolts me awake. I've been sick the last couple of days so instead of melatonin I've been taking Nyquil. The Nyquil has been even worse. I toss and turn all night, wake up what feels like every few minutes, and in the morning I am still exhausted. What the hell could be wrong with me that a sleep aid would make me lose sleep?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-151600", "score": 0.5825181007385254, "text": "During a deep sleep our memory does not store any of the information taken in. This means in the morning when you wake up you have no recollection of majority of the night. This gives us the illusion that time has jumped forward for us as we have no memory of what happened in between", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-34595", "score": 0.5825098752975464, "text": "Alcohol affects the body in multiple ways. One of them that is very important is that your body has an anti-diuretic hormone that allows water absorption. Alcohol decreases this and so you end up basically pissing out most of the water your body would have absorbed. Sure the water went into your body, but it didn't make it to where it needed to go.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1906237", "score": 0.5824887156486511, "text": "I don’t get it. I had a good day at school. I was relaxed and confident and funny and had no problems talking to people. Then for some reason I had the urge to use. I could’ve just stayed the course and gone to a meeting, or even gone out tonight and tried to get laid or something. Why do I do this? Am I trying to fuck up my life? At this point, I think this has to be the case.\n\nI’m also wondering if other people here do this? I wasn’t aware of it for a long time so maybe people here do and just don’t realize it yet.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1856388", "score": 0.582477867603302, "text": "I'm much more fluent when I'm drunk or at least a bit drunk. I guess because of the fact you feel more outgoing, relaxed and more willing to talk so therefore you're naturally talking more. Has any of you experimented with drinking before a presentation or something else important?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-59009", "score": 0.5824543833732605, "text": "Not a doctor. I seem to recall it has to do with your body preventing you from moving as you sleep to help you rest and relax - you don't want to thrash around and punch yourself in the face as you dream, so your body basically paralyzes you while you sleep. This can take awhile to wear off, which is why you're weaker in the morning (after deep sleep). This may also be the cause of sleep paralysis - you wake but your body is still in paralyzed mode, so you can't move. I've been looking for references for this and can't find any; hopefully someone else can disprove / back this up.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-151837", "score": 0.5824533104896545, "text": "Alcohol is a diuretic (which basically means \"something that makes you pee\"). It does this by affecting a hormone called [vasopressin](_URL_0_) (simple wikipedia link). Regular function is something like this: concentrated blood (too little water) -- > pituary gland makes more vasopressin -- > kidney -- > reabsorbs water, makes blood more dilute and you make less urine. Alcohol lessens the production of vasopressin which leads to your body getting rid of more water by urinating. And when you keep drinking more alcohol the body thinks it's ok to keep the urine production up.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1254191", "score": 0.5824307203292847, "text": "I don't go out as often because of kids and such but over the last year I tend to just drink in the house after end of day. I usually have 2-3 bottles of beer in 4-5 days of the week. Sometimes less. Is this a sign of developing alcoholism? or do most people do this?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-263276", "score": 0.582400918006897, "text": "When it stars to get dark your brain sends out a signal to produce a hormone called melatonin. This drug helps us sleep and regulates the sleep cycles. Melatonin makes you drowsy and puts your body into a \"tired\" state. Then when you fall asleep the drug controls how deep you sleep, how long you sleep, etc. Fun fact: All the way back to caveman days, when the sun went down people went \"home\" and went to sleep. Their body's adapted to this and released the hormone about the time the sun went down. That trait is still with us, which is also why it is hard for people to pull all nighters on a random day.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-62396", "score": 0.5823867917060852, "text": "Alcohol reduces your inhibition, some people get horny when their inhibitions go down, others get giggly, and some get violent.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-89394", "score": 0.5823481678962708, "text": "I don't know the answer, but I'd like to point out that this doesn't seem to be universal. I can go to bed when I need to pee and sleep through the night without waking up. My boyfriend on the other hand pees when he goes to sleep and then wakes up to pee again 1-2 times every night.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-147832", "score": 0.582338273525238, "text": "Alcohol inhibits motor reflexes, and also shrouds your perception. You become more disconnected with the world, which in turn, makes you think less about the world. You act like your true self, like you would in an empty room or with your best friend without caring about consequences. That's why different people exhibit different moods. It also depends on how 'suppressive' your behaviour is. Some people are really as chilled and laidback as they show themselves to be, and such people are often not much affected by a decent amount of alcohol. Others might get violent only after 2 beers, like my crazy ex...", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-328638", "score": 0.5823363661766052, "text": "Wife is out for the night with her Bull. They were meeting with another couple we are all friends with for dinner then going out dancing. I was instructed to sleep in guest room if I go to bed before they make it home. I was also informed they would wake me when they were ready to be cleaned up. \n\nWhy do I get so turned on at this? And why am I so excited for them to wake me?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-8407", "score": 0.5823337435722351, "text": "Dont let me talk out of my ass too much but basically your body releases endorphins when you do something you enjoy. Endorphins provide a sense of euphoria which stops you from feeling tired. Another reason may be that your body is releasing andrenaline when you play video games which also gives you more energy. Do not mistake this 3-4 hours of sleep as being a healthy habit. There is alot of pseudoscience in certain sleep studies that will tell you whatever you want to hear. I am not an expert by any means but try to stick to a sleep schedule for optimum effects. If you do not have time in your day to get 8 hours then at least get fewer hours on a consistant basis.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-491", "score": 0.7265313267707825, "text": "Impulse clicking. People are more likely to ignore warnings to see a naked chick than to read an insurance quote. The are also more likely to be embarrassed about what they were doing and not report it. Scammers know this, are are much more likely to use porn sites to deliver malware." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-50520", "score": 0.689979612827301, "text": "The reason for this is, \"normal\" advertisers do not want to be associated with porn. Which means these sites have to turn to other advertisers to generate revenue.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-38644", "score": 0.6896024942398071, "text": "Like most of the internet, advertisements. Then you have people who pay for porn. While this might sound crazy it does happen and the age old rule \"You get what you pay for\" might hold true. Who knows.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2503", "score": 0.689576268196106, "text": "For a lot of them, to make money. For example, many kinds of viruses load a screen as soon as you boot up that says something to the end of \"You did something bad...your computer is locked....pay fine at this place to restore your computer\" and users will \"pay the fine\" to get around it. Some virus authors are simply sociopaths who enjoy inconveniencing and hurting other people. And then the others are creating viruses irrevently (like NetGear's MrVGina.dll incident around 2007).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-9267", "score": 0.6890130043029785, "text": "*Fewer And the purpose of viruses has shifted from being some piece of code that just fucks your system up, to being motivated by money. Modern malware is mostly targeted at businesses, websites, banks, etc. The home user isn't really a lucrative target. There are still viruses out there, but most end user AV software is good enough now to keep most of it from ever affecting you. The major hackers want to exploit databases to steal information from a business to ransom it or sell it, steal millions of credit card numbers at once, or other attacks that can make them a lot of money. There isn't much money to be made in having your individual home PC break. There are still viruses out there, and they can affect your computer, but you AV will *probably* detect it, along with safer browsing habits.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-68502", "score": 0.6884081363677979, "text": "Torrenting itself does not cause you to get computer viruses. However, some things that you could download may cause your computer to become infected.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-89710", "score": 0.6879693269729614, "text": "Not really. Sites like pornhub that feature user uploaded content usually don't have the staff to watch every single one. Even YouTube has videos on it that are illegal occasionally for various reasons, copyright infringement, porn, or otherwise.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-105010", "score": 0.6875159740447998, "text": "Youtube has a **lot** of video content (100 hours of video are uploaded every minute) and a lot of viewers (Over 6 billion hours of video are watched each month). [(stats)](_URL_0_) Youtube handles all this data by prioritising popular videos. Notice how the ads always play perfectly and the super popular videos also play without any problems? That's because Youtube keeps those videos ready to play while the millions of less popular videos are kept at a lower priority. What this means for you is that these lower priority videos often aren't given enough bandwidth by Youtube to play properly or Youtube has trouble even finding the files. Porn video sites have far less content and far less users, so it's easier for them to handle the traffic and keep files on hand.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-83660", "score": 0.6873933672904968, "text": "Many people get viruses when they download and install something that they shouldn't have. On a PC, this is easy, as your computer doesn't stop you from installing new software from unknown sources. Smartphones default to stopping all software installation that doesn't come from the play/app store. Software on the store has been vetted to some degree, ensuring that most viruses can't be uploaded. It's by no means fool proof, but it is an added layer of security.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-176561", "score": 0.686837375164032, "text": "They stop updating it for one. I'm pretty sure they also install malware to make it run even slower. Either that or it's the shady porn sites I keep visiting", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-146826", "score": 0.686748206615448, "text": "Because the first hit is always free. Free porn is advertising for paid porn sites.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-138221", "score": 0.6865070462226868, "text": "It largely has to do with advertising. Free porn sites need a method of generating income to stay online. However, most advertisers are unwilling to host their ads on porn sites because it reflects poorly on both the advertisers, and the reputable companies they represent. As a result, pornography websites have to substantially lower their standards of advertisement. They don't have an explicit interest in trying to scam or scare you, but the super low quality advertisers who host that kind of content are the only groups that are willing to pay out to porn sites.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-47467", "score": 0.6861445307731628, "text": "Many of the websites offering \"illegally\" streaming porn are actually run by or contributed to by the production companies of the porn itself. They do this as a tactic to increase traffic and notoriety of their sites which increases advertisement revenue. Instead of making the bulk of their profit on subscriptions as they would lead you to believe their main source of profit comes from advertising.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-141809", "score": 0.6857361197471619, "text": "a lot of virus's these days are actually randsomware, where they encrypt some data and you need to pay or they delete it. but yeah, sometimes there's really no benefit to the creator. some ppl just like to do shit for shits and giggles.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-87883", "score": 0.6855979561805725, "text": "He was lying... Unless the virus was downloaded onto to actual network that you and your neighbor are using, and the virus was specifically designed to work this way, there's no way that your neighbor watching porn and clicking a malware link will affect you. If that were true, the entire Internet would have been crippled the first time someone made a virus. Virus's work locally only (unless like I said, it was designed and created and unleashed on AT & T's network to send out evil). Data is snoop-able yes. But unless your the NSA or a hacker that works at AT & T, you're fine.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-110002", "score": 0.6849220395088196, "text": "nowadays, that's exactly what they do: the software sneaks into a system, grabs as much information as it can without alerting whoever is in charge, then sends it to whoever created it. The more 'obvious' viruses now are typically ransomware. They infect your computer and get you to pay someone money to 'undo' it. The people who own the ransomware have a spotty track record of actually turning the virus off (because it's harder to code, so why bother?). The more obvious viruses you might be thinking of were from when coding them was more a hobby than a business. People wanted to show off, and the only way to show off is to let someone know that you made it into their computer.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-134536", "score": 0.6842985153198242, "text": "The camera is one of the most susceptible parts of your computer. Basically it's so if they get hacked no one will get video of them jerking it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-95927", "score": 0.6830751299858093, "text": "A lot of viruses are created ethically in order to test security systems, antivirus systems, malware detection systems, etc. Far more so than are created to actually be a threat to the average consumer. Beyond that, a lot of viruses/malware are created in order to mine data about people, which is then sold to larger marketing companies so that they can target ads to your individual preferences and increase sales. It's very rare for a virus creator to actually be the one targeting you specifically, and that'll only really happen to companies/corporations in order to get a quick buck out of selling them the antivirus counterpart. \"Give me $5,000 and I'll give you the program that will fix this virus that has completely shut down your network.\" Large companies/corporations will pay off that $5,000 without a thought because they realize that it's a drop in the bucket compared to how much money they're losing by being unable to use their computers.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-159844", "score": 0.6830568909645081, "text": "Because people are more worried about someone finding out what porn they watch than someone finding out that they ate Taco Bell 3 times in one day.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-16399", "score": 0.681298553943634, "text": "because when you watch porn. it's a 1:1 connection between you and the porn server. when you queue to play overwatch, they need to find 9 other people with similar skill rating as you. so that could take additional time.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-12368", "score": 0.6812688708305359, "text": "Three possibilities: 1) Someone out there actually uses the porn sharing function, so websites continue to use it. 2) Its a default option in the web video program that porn sites use, and removing it would cause some issues with the playback. 3) Web developers have a weird sense of humor, and have programmed it in the hopes that people click it on accident.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-492", "score": 0.8391326069831848, "text": "Pain is how our body signals to our brain that we're in a situation that's potentially causing us harm, so we're motivated to try to get out of that situation. Loud enough noises can physical damage your ear, and as a result, we've evolved so that somewhere before the threshold of damage to our delicate ear parts, a loud enough sound will cross a pain threshold. That pain is your ear telling your brain that being around these loud noises is bad for you, and you should try to get yourself away from them before your hearing is damaged." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-27944", "score": 0.7939218282699585, "text": "Due to the way the human ear is built, certain frequencies of sound are amplified or made louder (the reasons for this can get a little technical, but if you're interested you can read about it [here](_URL_0_)). Sounds with a frequency of 2000-4000Hz (such as nails on a chalk board) resonate in a certain way in our ear canal, which causes them to be amplified enough to make us feel pain. **Like you're 5:** Nails scraping a chalkboard make an unpleasant sound to begin with, and this specific range of sound resonates with your ear in a way that makes it even louder. To put that last bit even more simply, the sound bounces off the curves of your ear in a certain way, which makes the already-awful sound even louder. EDIT: typo", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2342446", "score": 0.7809827327728271, "text": "For those with sensory sensitivities around sounds, can you describe how it feels when you hear a triggering noise/s? For me, I can experience two different sensations- one is more of general uneasiness, muscle tension, and overall irritation. The other experience is physical pain in my ears, almost like cracking/static sound. To my knowledge, I don’t have any eardrum issues and my hearing is great. Does anyone experience this?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-172728", "score": 0.7775211930274963, "text": "There is the \"gate-theory\" of pain. The idea is that if you flood the nerve with non-painful stimulus less of the pain signal travels to the brain. It's kind of like plugging your ears and saying \"Na-na-na-na-na\" really loud when someone is saying something you don't want to hear. It's also the reason we rub things that hurt.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-115782", "score": 0.7769415378570557, "text": "[CDC website] (_URL_0_) describes it pretty well. TL;DR: Sound is a series of pressure waves. Your ears are super sensitive to hearing that sound. The ear nerves and fibers that hear things move when sound waves hit them. The harder the sound wave hits them, the louder something sounds. If there is a really loud noise the ear nerves and fibers move too much, resulting in damage. This can result in ringing in the ears or an inability to hear certain frequencies. In summary, loud sounds literally damage the sensitive nerves that detect movement of the ear drum. Similar to bright lights blinding the vision nerves of your eyeballs.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-86067", "score": 0.7769167423248291, "text": "IIRC, the theory is that certain sounds like nails on chalkboard or the fork on plate thing, is that the shape of our ear canals amplify the frequency of sounds in this range, making them physically painful to listen to. The other theory, and the one I like, is that these sounds are very similar to certain primate warming cries, and when we hear them it taps into a primal part of the brain that provokes a fear response in the body.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2642522", "score": 0.7747128009796143, "text": "I've had this question for a REALLY long time.\nThat wierd screeching feeling we get, do deaf people feel the same?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-22527", "score": 0.7716369032859802, "text": "This doesn't happen to many people, and as far as I know there's no actual research on this. What's probably happing is your teeth don't actually hurt, but when your brain receives loud high-pitched noises that signal gets mixed with other parts of your brain so it thinks it feels pain from your teeth when it doesn't. Brains are weird like that, as they can often get signals crossed and make you feel things that aren't there. For example some people who have limbs amputated [still feel sensations like pain from the limb even though it's not there](_URL_0_), the brain is just making the pain up.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-192411", "score": 0.7714168429374695, "text": "Sudden loud noises can be an indication of something dangerous, high frequency noises can also damage your ears, so people tend to try to protect themselves from that. People also have wildly different tolerences for pain, so a high frequency noise to one may be an ear-bleeding noise to another.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-295227", "score": 0.7713108062744141, "text": "I would also like to know why when you are listening to loud music in a quiet room (with earbuds) your ears start to hurt but if you are in a loud area and you listen to the music at the same volume they feel fine.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-270289", "score": 0.7692198753356934, "text": "Follow up, why is it that even thinking about these sounds will cause the same reaction, whereas thinking about painful things will not make me feel pain?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-131653", "score": 0.7681690454483032, "text": "I have heard a theory that it sounds like a scream and is an echo of our past as mammals, but I think thats unlikely given the actual pain screams of animals isnt 'felt' to the same degree as the squeak/vibration of your examples. In short, it's the way your inner ears vibrate and the synesthesia you get when that part of your brain is triggered making you feel awful. Its caused by overloading the senses with the various vibrations. Its a complex tone with even vibration you cant 'hear' in it. Sometimes people feel sick or actual pain. It triggers some more than others due to brain and hearing differences.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-5424", "score": 0.7662676572799683, "text": "We can. Look at [cochlear implants](_URL_0_) which takes the sense of sound, captures it, bypasses the inner ear, and re-transmits that signal electronically to the nerve going to the brain. In regards to pain though - that's subjective, partly chemical, and not just a pure nerve/electrical thing. There could also be damage which blocks some of the signals or chemical responses to/in the brain. Different people experiencing the same injury will interpret it differently. That's why you have to ask - how much pain it is.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-46614", "score": 0.7661635279655457, "text": "High pitched noises like that of nails down a blackboard or (for me) people picking hair out of a hairbrush send out very high frequency sounds that overload the hearing areas of the brain and begins to 'spill' into other sensory areas. This means you can 'feel' the noise as it were.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-314490", "score": 0.763978123664856, "text": "There are muscles in your ear which respond to loud noises by tightening your eardrum which reduces the amount of sound which gets transmitted through to the inner ear. You can feel this action, particularly when there's a loud, pulsing sound triggering it repeatedly.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-181715", "score": 0.7611707448959351, "text": "You don't hear your own voice through your ear drums/through the sound waves directly hitting those membranes, you hear it as a combination of echoes off of walls and the sound traveling through your jaw/skull to the membranes. It's the sharp spike in pressure caused by a high-volume and high-pitched sound hitting your ear that causes the pain, and this is lessened when you're not getting it immediately from the source, and instead get it bounced off of a couple walls. Also, if you're screaming, you are probably either already getting a hit of adrenaline (from being scared/angry), or you are just about to get a hit of adrenaline because of the pain in your throat from a loud/violent enough scream.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2644034", "score": 0.7602929472923279, "text": "Does pain make anyone else extra sensitive to sound? A neighbor behind my house talks on her phone out on her patio at all hours of the day and sometimes well into late evening after 10pm. Its the worst for me on those beautiful sun-dappled summer afternoons when it feels so amazing to have the window open to allow a warm breeze in (small pleasures like that are pretty much all many of us have). I find I cannot take a nap or concentrate on reading or even focus on a TV show because her voice is at such a high volume (she often appears to be yelling at the other person). It makes me feel irritated and on edge, and after some time can even worsen physical pain. I don't understand why it doesn't seem to bother anyone else on the block (maybe it does but they're not saying anything) so am wondering if chronic pain has simply rendered me more vulnerable to loudness.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-15618", "score": 0.7592784762382507, "text": "Nobody really knows an exact answer, but there are a few theories. One states that we cry out or groan in pain as an alert to others. Another suggests that yelling creates noise, which takes the emphasis of the pain away in our brains. Another theory is that it is meant to intimidate or scare whatever harmed you. These mechanisms were probably the product of evolution and played much more of a role for our ancestors than they do now.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1233757", "score": 0.7590144872665405, "text": "I screwed up my hearing after i got a pistol and took it to the range for test firing. The right earplug didn't fit my right ear well but i couldn't tell i even had hearing damage until after i walked out of the range and couldnt hear from my right side. I knew guns were loud, and expected loud. I did not expect to lose a good portion of hearing from my right ear, or be followed by the ringing everywhere.\n\nIt's not so bad sometimes but usually it's bad. What i mean by this, is that i cannot function as a normal person would be able to and enjoy regular normal people activities, such as going out to eat, or flushing the toilet. Almost all sounds are too loud for me now. Even having a conversation with another person, if they talk too loud it physically hurts. \n\nThis is only for my right ear. My left ear has decided to start ringing too, but it's at a much higher pitch and doesnt pain me. Might just be allergies. \n\nWhat can you do when silence hurts and loud noises hurt just as much or more depending on how loud they are? I'll give some examples; my dog barked too close to my right ear the other day and i couldnt hear anything out of it for a few seconds. The ovens and phones at work are all too loud and make the \n\n\nWhy finish my post when nobody will read it. Why say i'm in pain if nobody can see it , or do anything about it. \n\nI'll never be able to do anything with my life if all it takes to disorient me is screaming loud enough or banging objects together or popping the air-in-a-bag that comes from delivery packaging. \n\nI've never been more depressed. Before, i didnt go out because i was a drag and a burden to everyone else. Now i just cant go out because it will hurt too much.\n\nAnd if you think tinnitus only affects your hearing tgi,k again. Has your eardrum ever made a popping sound? Kinda like the sound of taking the palm of your hand, pressing it against your ear and pushing to make the air go out, then pulling your hand away. Now, imagine that sound, louder, repeating, forceful. Loud sounds and places can make the popping happen but it's mostly random. It starts slowly, but speeds up and when it speeds up it will pop violently enough that i can't see/focus on anything.\n\nI want to die", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-15818", "score": 0.7578256726264954, "text": "Relevant/expansion to the question: Why do we make noises when we feel pleasure in general? And pain?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-139166", "score": 0.7576945424079895, "text": "Sound waves pummel your ears at higher and more intense speeds when they are louder. This causes a little bone in your ear to click and bang as it listens to the sound waves and allows your brain to do an analysis of them. The reason this hurts during a headache is a headache is caused by your brain \"over heating\" so its like opening six new programme when your computer is already lagging heavily. The pain is a way for your brain to warn you \"hey I can't take anymore slow down\" This is from what I know of headaches atleast", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-493", "score": 0.8395577669143677, "text": "This is actually very straightforward. The ROMs are basically the software that's usually on the cartridge (or whatever medium). They don't get recoded to run on a PC (or android, or whatever). People use emulators that pretend to be a Gameboy or DS or whatever, and the ROM thinks it's running natively. And you can search to find answers to how emulators work." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-821499", "score": 0.7912567853927612, "text": "So I have some emulators, I have a GBA one called John GBA lite, and it plays GBA games. The problem is I’m trying to download a Pokémon emerald randomizer, which won’t work. It 90% sure it’s because when ever I download the Randomizer, as I’ve tried a few different rims, it always comes through as a single file, not a folder with various files. I’m not sure if I’m stupid or if I just need to find a good rom. So if you can help with either please let me know. I’m new to this kind of stuff and am trying to learn", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1850746", "score": 0.7877879738807678, "text": "I've had a dream for a while of an open world mainline Pokemon game, but its been crushed. Instead, I want to make one. Is this even possible in GBA roms? I know that if it's possible, it will be difficult, but i want to try anyway. \nEdit: I'm familiar with most of the tools for GBA hacks (Advance Map, Advance Text, etc.) but haven't made anything i'm happy with yet", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-746581", "score": 0.7871328592300415, "text": "I was just curious if I had 2 different gba games with practically identical chips, could I desolder the rom from them and just swap them? There's no real point for this, just curious. I guess if I had a game that the game pcb was damaged but the chips were good I could swap them onto a good pcb.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2170567", "score": 0.7849729061126709, "text": "I recently managed to install the menu, and I haven't been able to make any Pokémon game work, let alone those hackroms. Is there any special ROM or program that I need?\n\nOn another note, I've been able to run Mario Kart DS solely. Games such as Mario and Luigi PiT and Mario Party don't seem to be recognized for some reason.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-399159", "score": 0.7794324159622192, "text": "I found a PSP I had from a few years back (old fat 1000 version) and I discovered I could put emulators on it to play Gameboy games. I was able to get GBA to work on it after a week of hassle of finding out I neededother folders and files that weren't attached to the primary download folder, but now I'm having the same issue with the Masterboy emulator.\n\nI thought at first I could just play GBC games through the GBA emulator but apparently that was a pipe dream and ever source I look at says \"drag and drop and you'll be all good.\" However when I try to run the file on the PSP it tells me the file cannot be opened because it is corrupted.\n\nSo, does anyone out there know just how I can go about using this emulator, additional downloads I need, etc. since I apparently know nothing about this? If so you will be rewarded with my admiration and gratitude. But please help me out", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-926898", "score": 0.7792364954948425, "text": "Let's say I wanted to use an Emerald rom (I own the game already) to make a game, cause I do (Wanted to since jr high, I graduate high school this year) and I see like 30 different roms. Is there a best base rom to start with for each gameboy advanced pokemon game? \n\n\nTo my next point, the biggest/most annoying thing about this is the rewriting of the story with either the HEX editor every youtuber suggests or just not being able to change the story. Is there a simpler solution? I feel like there should be a map/character editor with movement editing with a UI that could look like this, (and I know there are flaws in this design) my way of learning things is a more hands on kind of learning, and although there is one very hands on tutorial, I still don't understand. Is there a better applicable way for me to do characters for my story or am I stuck with finding someone who does know? I really need an answer because I want to be able to start this project, and then finish it with aplomb and eagerness to see what people think of an idea I've kept since 7th grade.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-838814", "score": 0.7765968441963196, "text": "Does anyone know why cheats for gba games on retroarch dont work.... been trying to get them to work on my vita but they dont", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1311", "score": 0.7745570540428162, "text": "There's hardware you plug the cartridge into and then into your computer that can read the contents of the cartridge and send it to a ROM file. [Here's an example.](_URL_0_) Emulation development is a very broad topic and I don't think I could do it justice here, but video game emulator developers will typically obtain or reverse engineer the instruction set for the hardware that a particular video game console uses. Once one developer has done this, the information is out there and others don't need to repeat this work. They then use that info to write software which will read the instructions and process them in the correct way. This isn't a perfect process and there can be a difference in the way an emulator performs compared to an actual console. Here's some resources: _URL_1_ _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-973149", "score": 0.770249605178833, "text": "How do you load a ROM into the program to start editing it? It won’t take GBC files", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-970501", "score": 0.7687020301818848, "text": "So, I have a spare GBA laying around, and I saw all these videos about people modding their Gameboys with a Raspberry Pi Zero. \nHas anyone of you already modded their GBA? \nI would need someone who could explain me every single step and what hardware I would need. Thank you!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1227568", "score": 0.767530083656311, "text": "I've been into GBA ROM Hacks and emulators for a long time now, but now my interest is being peaked towards playing DS games and the few ROM Hacks that are out there (Really I just first-thing want to do a HGSS Randomizer, yes).\n\nUnfortunatley, my computer is a MAC currently so that leaves me with very few options.\n\nI know very little about DS emulators, but I Googled around. At they made No$GBA compatable with Mac (Using Wine? Or did they make it so you didn't have to use Wine? I didn't fully understand, I'm so stupid when it comes to MACs) and said that it worked better than DeSmuME. But that was a few years ago, and DeSmuME is pretty recently upgraded for everything late last year.\n\nSo which one is better at this point? (And as a side question, if I wanted to do a ROM Hack or a Randomizer I'm guessing I'd have to patch the ROM on a PC then bring it over? Or does it not permanently patch like GBA ROMs do?)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1149800", "score": 0.7648977041244507, "text": "I know it uses more memory but maybe theres a way to compile the rom and not use any color to strip it so it can work on a gameboy, surely it was a restriction put in by nintendo, maybe the game barely worked and will now with a fix like that. \n \nIf not can I use the dissasembly to compile gold?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1529486", "score": 0.7638528347015381, "text": "Hey my friends and are doing this thing where we try and do a blind playthrough of a game once a week on just one day.\n\n We can only play games on the gba and gbc because one of my friend's computer literally cannot handle the DS emulator. \n\nMy question is, are there any good rom hacks of gens I, II, or III that we could play through in a day? Keep in mind we would have speedup functions and other emulator functions. Thank you all for your help and your time.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-926041", "score": 0.7631589770317078, "text": "I should start off by saying that I don't intend to actually attempt this, unless, of course, it turns out to be rather simple, but I really expect it to be very complicated, if at all possible. But my question is rather straightforward. I ask because I recently picked up a Japanese Super Game Boy from a local flea market, and I was rather disappointed when I realized that It couldn't play Pokemon Crystal, which was pretty much the reason I bought it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1227076", "score": 0.7607300281524658, "text": "Hi guys!\n\nI was thinking buying a ds (probably lite since it can play gba games) but i'm really interested in gameboy games.\n\nI heard you can play gb(c) games on a flashcart with gameyob emulator.\n\nSo my question is: how do gb(c) and gba games look on ds screen? I already have old 3ds but I'm not a fan of how pixel perfect mode is so tiny...\n\nThanks :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-605931", "score": 0.7600811123847961, "text": "So, I am quite new to rom hacking and all, in fact I am mostly doing this as some sort of joke? I guess?\n\nCase and point I started with the rom hack Crytstal Clear where i injected a custom sprite of Yuu Ishigami from the anime Kaguya sama love is war, the point is one of my friends enjoyed it and thought if I could change the sprites of a gba pokemon game and do the same, at first i wasn't going to try it out at all but as I checked how hard it could be, I decided to try it out, the main problem I have now is that I wanted to change the music of the game to a soundtrack of the anime (being the Opening of the first season), I know how to do it and it did work, the thing is I only found midi with full piano and no split tracks for each instrument, so I'm lost here as to what to do, I'm not asking for someone to help me do it, just maybe suggest what to do, since i don't have anything to offer, i think asking for people to help is just too much, especially considering i'm making this for fun and is mostly jokes and laughs.\n\nAnyway sorry for making you waste time.\n\nMay y'all have a great day/evening/night!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2579020", "score": 0.7595122456550598, "text": "I've been on Vimm's Lair, the pinned google doc list and tried a few other rom websites, but for some reason all the pokemon games I've downloaded are either really buggy (HGSS) or upon selecting the game I get treated to blank white screens (Black and Black2). Is it just my DS (it's the original)? Because I also downloaded Fire Emblem from Vimms Lair at the same time and out of all the downloaded games it was to the only one I could actually play. Any suggestions or input on how to fix this would be really helpful!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2447262", "score": 0.7578688859939575, "text": "I can't get the ones i have to work. Any good emulators and rom sites?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1528623", "score": 0.7568817138671875, "text": "I've tried using rom hacks but they won't load. Also I'm using VBA which is for GBA games. I've been able to load up both Golden Suns and an old translation patch of FE6", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2742461", "score": 0.7550733685493469, "text": "Hey, today i found my old gameboy color while doing the house cleaning ^ ^\nIt have pokemon yellow cartridge in, and i am curious if i can reprogram it somehow for other games?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-494", "score": 0.7198640704154968, "text": "One, By eating things like blood, skin, organs, bones, etc. Obviously that animal they ate *contains all vitamins and minerals required for that prey animal to live* so consuming all, or most, of a prey animal will include a wider variety of vitamins and nutrients. Humans can do this too, for example fish liver oil, whale blubber etc,. Whale blubber contains high amounts of vitamin C. Two, Different animals have different dietary needs. We primates require Vitamin C in our diets but we can manufacture other vitamins , many other mammals, including cats and dogs, *can actually synthesize their own vitamin C* so it isn't a dietary requirement. Cats require vitamin A from animal sources, they cannot process carotenoids(from plants) into vitamin A. Dogs, and us, can eat a carrot and make vitamin A. Different animals have different needs and different capabilities to manufacture vitamins or to dietary input into essential compounds." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-31057", "score": 0.6829215288162231, "text": "protein comes in vegetation form too. think cows. they only eat grass. they grow protein pretty well too.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-278626", "score": 0.6825587749481201, "text": "Crocodilians live on meat in the wild but occasionally snack on fruit as well, the probably qualify _URL_0_ One issue with this discussion, though is that nearly everything you can get from animals can be produced from plants....it's just that you'd need human intervention and heavy amounts of food processing and possibly some chemistry to get a diet suitable for certain carnivores. But as for animals that have to eat meat to survive in the wild but also eat the occasional (or more than occasional) plant, it definitely happens.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-47759", "score": 0.6818273067474365, "text": "It's not about the groups, it's about what our body can and cannot do. In herbivores the bacteria in stomach/intestine can digest fibers and synthetize proteins and precursors to fats and sugars, but humans can't and so need some fundamental proteins from other sources (be them vegetable or animals). Herbivores can digest meat products too (meat meal is added in nutrition and improves the qualities of the feed), but they are not adapted for hunting ( yet some can still put up quite a fight!). Pure carnivores can also eat food of plant origin (kibble is also made from grains) but lack the ability to digest pure fibers (like cats eating grass to vomit) and is adapted to hunt.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-7267", "score": 0.6810279488563538, "text": "Carnivores vs omnivores/herbivores. Cows not only chew more than we do, they regurgitate and chew their food *again*. Vegetable matter requires mastication to increase surface area and release nutrients. Protein and fat, cartilage, tendon, etc. don't have cell walls so they basically dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach. Bacteria in the intestines help digest as well, for all eaters.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-45139", "score": 0.6809878945350647, "text": "They don't eat \"no\" proteins, but their diet consists of food with only a small amount of protein in it (grasses, etc do still have a small amount of protein) So they eat a LOT of it. And have digestive systems (and muscles) that have evolved to extract the maximum benefit out of what they do eat.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-98719", "score": 0.6809114217758179, "text": "They generally eat herbivores which carry all the nutrients they need. So the rabbit gets lots of nutrients from plants, and that is passed on when the wolf eats it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-183276", "score": 0.6807558536529541, "text": "Certain parts of meat are VERY fatty. Carnivores do not just pick out the lean meat. So although they are not eating carbs, fat is higher calorie count. 1g carb is 4 calories and 1g fat is 9 calories.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-259227", "score": 0.6805686950683594, "text": "There's decent evidence that humans can go on an all-meat or an almost all meat diet for an extended period of time without developing CVD at an elevated rate. Arctic and east african peoples both do or did live on almost all meat diets for extended periods, without CVD as a major health issue. Instead of CVD - which is a bit contentious - let's consider scurvy for a moment. Humans are somewhat unusual animals because they need to take in vitamin C, but most carnivores can synthesize their own. The explanation you're going to get (without going into a bunch of technical details) boils down to 'metabolism is just a little different'.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-259259", "score": 0.6801814436912537, "text": "Generally in the wild, more meat on an animal means it can outrun or outfight you more easily. Combined with the fact that a large portion of a carnivore's nutrition comes from organ meat (liver, kidneys, heart, etc) and not skeletal muscle, the trade off isn't that good. I'm sure if thee was a morbidly obese mouse out there a cat would be happy to hunt and eat it, but the fact is that there aren't a lot of fat wild animals. You get to be fat from having a lot of food and not many predators to run from.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-63237", "score": 0.6797335147857666, "text": "Meat is a lot easier to digest than vegetables. Carnivores have way shorter intestines than herbivores, for exactly that reason.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-130143", "score": 0.6794561743736267, "text": "Yes, the need glucose like any other animal. Some of the carbohydrates they eat is stored in the meat they eat. The rest is synthesised from fats and proteines in a process called gluconeogenesis.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2363066", "score": 0.6784532070159912, "text": "Wikipedia suggests this without citations to back up the claim so I was wondering if anyone knew of any research that would agree? I'm having trouble finding any myself.\n\nI figure that while carnivory is energetically expensive and it'd be more cost effective to not capture prey when soils provide adequate nutrients, capturing and digesting prey is an automated response and likely couldn't just shut off as wikipedia suggests.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-37274", "score": 0.6771868467330933, "text": "By not being human. Felines have internal mechanisms that produce vitamin C. We have no such mechanism, and so we must eat oranges.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-186638", "score": 0.6770824193954468, "text": "Eating leaves is not the same across all leaf eaters. For example, Koala Bears and Cows are both herbivores, but Koala Bears can eat eucalyptus leaves which cows cannot digest. Getting the same amount of nutrition from grass is done differently from species to species. Rabbits for example, will eat grass and then eat their own droppings to complete the process of getting all the nutrition from the grass, cows have 4 stomachs to process the grass they eat. So to answer your question, we don't have the stomach to extract the nutrition from \"all leaves\" just some of them, we can get around this by cooking a lot of the leaves we cannot consume raw.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-123535", "score": 0.6766647696495056, "text": "at the end of the day, its an intake of nutrients and vegan diets prioritise other nutrients but at the same time, disregard other nutrients that meat provides. At the end of the day, there is no conclusive data on which diet is better, only that a balanced diet with a healthy in take of \"all\" required nutrients is required and both vegan and non vegan can achieve this.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-282417", "score": 0.6756365895271301, "text": "Species cannot simply \"switch\" because they have adapted over thousands of years. Cows e.g. have specialised stomachs and teetch to digest plants. Lions in turn have their own specialised equipment. Stomachs of carnivores are typically large so that they can digest skin and bones etc. For herbivores, they often have large bowels so that bacteria can digest plant structures and then the animal can use them, too. A lion eating grass would simply starve because it cannot get the nutrients out of it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-108318", "score": 0.6754603981971741, "text": "It's more accurate to think of humans as being able to subsist off a large variety of diets, as compared to cows which can really only subsist off one or two forms. This is partly the reason why humans as a species, like rats, were able to spread across the globe and survive in all kinds of habitats. We don't necessarily *need* the complex nutrient balance -- we can live long enough to reproduce and multiply off a narrow diet of whatever we can gather/kill in the near area, but in today's society where most people want to live a maximally healthy lifestyle for 80+ years, the complex nutrient rich diet is advocated.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-298877", "score": 0.6747417449951172, "text": "The article contains the line \"carnivores have short intestines so they can quickly get rid of all that rotting flesh they eat\". What a load of bollocks. Meat is digested by enzymes and the resulting fats and amino acids are absorbed by the body. Food is digested, it doesn't rot inside our guts!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-192396", "score": 0.6746537685394287, "text": "You need special teeth, bodyplan, and digestive adaptations for what you eat. If an animal finds itself in a situation where it is only eating one food (for example, polar bears not having access to plants, or grazing animals having such abundant grass that they don't eat anything else), natural selection will push it towards the adaptations that make it better at eating that. *T. rex* had omnivorous ancestors, but once you're a *T. rex* you don't really need those adaptations for eating plants. And part of it is the different body plans required for plants and meat somewhat cancelling each other out. Large herbivores tend to be potbellied, because plants are difficult to digest and require large digestive tracts. Predators tend to need to be swift and sleek. So a predator or an herbivore can specialize more than an omnivore. As for why you would be one or the other, herbivores have a steady supply of food that can't run away or fight back, while carnivores get easier-to-digest, high-protein meals.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-301832", "score": 0.6743924021720886, "text": "The answers so far are not correct. Most carnivores to not have a greatly more acidic stomach than humans, and indeed, carnivore duodenum tends to be closer to neutral. See: _URL_0_ For a peer reviewed review of Dog vs Human. Also, saying that \"oh but the bactaria is a modern invention\" doesn't answer the question because usually carnivore can eat the same meat without getting noticeably sick. The most general answer is because of intestinal transit times. Food spends over twice as long in your small intestines as it does in your average carnivore. Carnivores have short intestines. Herbivores in have long ones. Omnivores, in the middle. Bactaria grow exponentially, thus, spending twice as long in the intestines could mean a huge (10, 100, 1000x) increase in the bactarial load.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-498", "score": 0.7346660494804382, "text": "Digital money isn't just a number in a spreadsheet, it's an accounting of where the money came from. If there's no log showing that money was debited from one account and credited to another, it's not really there. Banks are regulated, audited, and taxed. Sure, a banker with enough seniority could probably create some fake money, and get away with it for a short time. But they wouldn't get away with it forever, because the numbers just wouldn't add up and before long somebody would figure it out and they'd go to prison." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-142726", "score": 0.6978151798248291, "text": "It doesn't get shifted. Only 8 percent of the [world's currency]( _URL_0_) exists as physical cash. It's almost all digital.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-104872", "score": 0.6964808702468872, "text": "Every time printing technology advances, money printers develop a new security that is difficult if not impossible to reproduce. It's as simple as that. Old money is really easy to copy by today's standards because it was pretty much just ink on paper. Then they started using specialized in that can only be bought by certain purchasers and specialized paper that again is only purchasable by certain groups and then they started inverting things into the paper that required specialized machines to produced, that are not available to the average person. They take everything that's commercially available today and ask themselves \"what do I need to do to make this impossible on those machines\" and they do that. The government has the money to invest in these security measures that make it not profitable for a potential counterfeiters to duplicate perfectly or illegal to (in the case of inks and paper that are illegal to sell to anyone but a government mint).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-9838", "score": 0.6962103843688965, "text": "Insane amounts of backups. The record keeping is highly regulated and by law the banks/financial institutions must follow the rules of having the information secured, AND backed up in a number of ways. Worst case scenario, they would have to stop all transactions and fix their databases. Source: I build these systems.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-178372", "score": 0.696060299873352, "text": "Just to clarify, in modern world only a fraction of currency in use has physical coins or bills to back it up. Most of it is just digital. So basically instead of asking about some hypothetical, you're asking how modern world operates.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1541", "score": 0.6951979994773865, "text": "Electronic bookkeeping was not the first time balances were written down rather than represented with physical objects. Did you think that when I deposited $50 in a bank in 1950, that exact $50 bill was kept in the vault until I asked for it back? No, they took the bill, added it to their stash, and added 50 to the number next to my name. Did you think that, to give my son money for college in 1970, I would have to literally drive across the country with $1000 in a suitcase and hand it to the Bursar? You do know that checks predate electronics, right? All the Fed had to do back in the day was take the materials that were to be used to print the money, and pay for them with a debit on their account, and a credit on their supplier's account. Same with the laborers. Tim Berners-Lee did a lot of great things, but he didn't invent writing down numbers.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-175366", "score": 0.6935960054397583, "text": "Modern machines use similar technology to vending machines and read the bills. Older machines usually use envelopes and are physically verified by a bank employee before the deposit \"clears\" your account.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-55258", "score": 0.6929739713668823, "text": "What would prevent another country from printing more currency if it all stays the same?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2226944", "score": 0.6923238635063171, "text": "Obviously it gets reflected in your account that you have that money now but what does a bank do with the physical notes? They don't put it in a vault until you spend the amount represented in your account digitally. So is it considered new money and a duplicate amount is in your bank account?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-33678", "score": 0.691997766494751, "text": "It doesn't exist physically. Most money nowadays is completely digital. I believe it is only 10 - 20% of our money that is actually available in physical form, the rest is all numbers in a computer system.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-758", "score": 0.6916241645812988, "text": "It is not just 1 number, it's the sum of a transaction history that is cross-referenced to the various accounts that put money in or took it out of your account. If you just made one number bigger, the whole thing wouldn't balance and that would be picked up by the auditors/accountants.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-77774", "score": 0.6908187866210938, "text": "Every transaction is tracked at both ends. Your paycheck is recorded both by the bank you have your account at and the company's bank. Every single bank account is subject to this type of regulation; the transactions **must** add up at the end of the day. Any deviation is a red flag for the bank to be audited by the government. Adding a bunch of zeros to an account would set off this trigger. The investigation would reveal the fraud, and the bank would be fined or otherwise punished for it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-30652", "score": 0.6902213096618652, "text": "You've heard of people acquiring data. That's a very, very far-cry from being able to modify anything. **EDIT**: To add to this, there are hard-backups of everything. You can bomb the servers the debt is on, and we'll just rebuild them and restore everything from the off-site tapes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-92191", "score": 0.6898732781410217, "text": "Most banks use the SWIFT system.This system record all transaction conducted in the _URL_0_ when They 'hackers' transfer the money to who knows where they are able to edit/delete the Swift transactions(ledger) so there is no record or wrong record of the transfers.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-155552", "score": 0.6890653371810913, "text": "I don't know the answer to the question as to why the switch hasn't happened, but I would like to point out that producing a new currency format does not automatically invalidate existing currency. The govt and the banks will have to keep accepting the old currency for a long time to come, so the counterfeiters can keep producing the old currency for a while.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-142069", "score": 0.6887500882148743, "text": "Any financial institution worth their salt is going to have multiple backups, some offline, of their account records. Screwing with the accounts database would definitely cause some chaos, but it would be recovered from relatively quickly.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-98911", "score": 0.6881974339485168, "text": "I believe that there are a few reasons: Banks are very conservative; they make changes in *anything* slowly. Although errors/exceptions are rare, they want to have a human available for when they do occur, rather than risk losing large sums of money due to automation errors, or hacking, or fraud. It's a lot easier to keep a tight grip on money than it is to get it back once someone else has it. To some extent, having transactions proceed slowly is in the bank's favor. The longer they keep ahold of other people's money, the more they can use that source of capital to make more money. For each transaction, this is a very, very small amount. But when multiplied over very large numbers of transactions, it can become significant.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-44299", "score": 0.688041090965271, "text": "Zimbabwe did that and in 2008 \"cut off\" 10 digits thus making a $100 billion dollar bill ($100,000,000,000) into a new $1 bill. _URL_0_ Within a year they were printing $100 trillion dollar bills again. _URL_1_ When a country must resort to printing money just to cover bills they incredibly devalue the currency currently in existence. So the problem is not the number of digits on the bill but the correct manner in which to handle currency by the government.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-50356", "score": 0.6875671148300171, "text": "The banks print money via the mints. And that paper and metals only gain their value when by are in circulation. The banks can't be physically rob--as nothing there. But, if someone/people were to attack by computers--that would cause momentary shock in the global markets. As we'd be confused about the perceived lack of confidence. The fed does a lost if research an plans wconimic policy. Google: \"St. Louis fed research\" Fred and primary dealers and the fed for more insights.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-112425", "score": 0.6869770884513855, "text": "You can duplicate crypto currencies quite easily- it's just copying a file on a hard drive. What you can't do is spend it twice, because in order to spend a crypto currency you have to announce to every other user of the currency that \"I am sending this coin to this other wallet\" and they're going to be like \"no, our records show that you no longer have that coin\" because the blockchain keeps a list of all of the past transactions. It's theoretically possible to trick the network into accepting some different record as true, but coming up with another record that it would think is valid would require every computer on Earth to work on this problem for several thousand years.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-98008", "score": 0.6864377856254578, "text": "The banks know they'll have a class A shitstorm on their hands if even half a percent of the transactions go awry, so they'll pay a lot for very well tested hardware of high quality manufacture. Even a very expensive ATM is cheaper than the teller they'd otherwise need. Office printers? Cutting some corners is much more acceptable there.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-499", "score": 0.7751264572143555, "text": "Without getting too technical, the short version is: When you are sad, your body released hormones(ACTH and Leu-enkephalin) through tears that can help you feel better(reduce stress and painkillers)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-100846", "score": 0.7363684177398682, "text": "Short version: Negative emotions cause the body to produce stress hormones, and the fastest way to get rid of them is dissolved in tears. Crying literally helps you return to normal. Edit: [longer version](_URL_0_), [really long version](_URL_1_) Edit 2: Since this seems to remain the top answer, I'll reiterate a point many others have mentioned – it's not quite correct to say this is the *reason* tear ducts are affected by emotion. It's just a consequence of the evolution of the human body.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-104264", "score": 0.7356421947479248, "text": "My answer is two fold. 1. communication. it's a very clear way to say \"hey I'm upset - something is wrong - please fix it!\" 2. Emotional tears contain concentrated manganese(temperament chemical) concentrated prolactin(milk production chemical). The theory is that getting rid of these chemicals makes you feel better by balancing the chemicals in your body.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-190163", "score": 0.7354313731193542, "text": "The emotional centers of the brains have a connection to the superior salivatory nucleus, which is the area of the brainstem responsible for tear production. This nucleus outflows as cranial nerve 7 and triggers the lacrimal gland in your eyes to produce tears.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-188919", "score": 0.735309362411499, "text": "There are actually different types of tears! Basically, your body always tries to stay balanced (homeostasis). When we have too much of an emotion to an extreme, we begin to cry. Those tears are different from each other in their chemical makeup. All the signals within our bodies are electrical or chemical (hormones). When you're too excited/happy and begin to cry, that's the body's way of flushing the excess chemcials out of the body. This way it doesn't build up more and more and helps return the body to its \"natural balance.\"", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-15588", "score": 0.7352900505065918, "text": "I have also read (I can't remember the source) that the limbic system, which is made up of many parts and is responsible for emotional processing, cannot tell the difference between being happy and sad, or in this case angry. It only recognizes the magnitude of emotion being felt and responds accordingly. With tears.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1011780", "score": 0.7352075576782227, "text": "From what I have heard from random net is that when you are depressed, those tears or feeling inside come out... no idea about the washroom thing though.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-89301", "score": 0.7344117164611816, "text": "A newborn cries A LOT. All the uncomfortable experiences/pain they will feel will be the worst pain they have ever felt. They don't have anything to relate it to. As the child grows up, things that previously made them cry don't make them cry because they've experienced it before and are increasing their threshold of pain. For example, a 4 year old with a cut on their hand will cry because they might not have ever experienced it before, and the pain might be the most pain they've ever felt on their hand. A 15 year old with the same cut can feel the exact same pain but won't cry because by that point, they've probably felt worse pains. Pain can tend to be pretty subjective. This is just one factor. Crying is a symbol of weakness, and adults don't like showing weakness (especially males). This is a cultural factor. Also, adults have a much higher ability to rationalize.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-298995", "score": 0.7344105243682861, "text": "Emotional tears versus reflexive tears have special health benefits. Dr. William Frey at the Ramsey Medical Center in Minneapolis found that reflex tears are 98% water, whereas emotional tears also serve the purposeof excereting stress hormones (the ones that build up when one is distressed/sad/angry). Crying also stimulates the production of endorphins. An APA article can be found [here] (_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-19487", "score": 0.7342367172241211, "text": "We don't really know why emotions make us feel certain ways, but we do know what causes the specific feelings. Your brain considers physical sensations and sensations caused by your mind to be the same thing. We don't know why it works this way, but it does. Since sadness is mental pain, the brain treats it similar (but not identical) to physical pain, and releases lots of fun hormones to help you responds to it. I suppose you could say the root cause really is that the way we feel things was at some point extremely important to the survival of species that would eventually give rise to humanity.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-11587", "score": 0.7326942086219788, "text": "To start this off, let me tell you about the hypothalamus...i.e a tiny little part of your brain that controls pretty important stuff like body temperature and hunger. Next, the amygdala, little groups of nuclei that are important when processing memory, and emotional reactions. Whether you're happy or sad, the hypothalamus receives a strong neural signal from the amygdala. The hypothalamus can't determine how you're feeling and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system (used to calm us down) which results in tear production. Hope this helps, tried to simply as much as I could.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-175570", "score": 0.7323192954063416, "text": "It's not the crying itself but the emotional stress that caused the crying that is taxing. The body is affected by and responds to stress, be it emotional or physical, in a similar way so you are feeling the physical effect of the emotional stress that made you cry.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-178325", "score": 0.7310724258422852, "text": "There are three different forms of tears, basal, reflex and psychic tears. These tears are all produced by the lacrimal (lachrymal) gland, but psychic tears also coincide with other bodily responses, due to their production being driven from the hypothalamus in the limbic part of the brain. These tears convey to others that the person is distressed and can provoke a reaction in that person especially in parents - _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1285", "score": 0.7310389280319214, "text": "When you cry eye ocular muscles constrict and the salt in tears may cause fluid retention in the eye area. This is called ~~Pussy~~ Puffy eyes.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-85646", "score": 0.7308332920074463, "text": "The same section of our brain processes both kinds, so it's probably just getting wires crossed and thinking they're the same. Alternately, it's because emotional pain actually creates a physical reaction from all the stress, and it's the equivalent of your eyes hurting after you cry. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-60869", "score": 0.7297234535217285, "text": "I wrote my thesis on crying in psychotherapy - there are several theories as to why we cry. The one I think makes the most sense is that we learn to cry before we're able to communicate via sophisticated language. Tears serve as a communication method with the caregiver to convey strong emotional needs, and ensures survival by eliciting a response for food, emotional support, etc. As we grow older, and develop the ability to communicate using language, we still cry occasionally when we're emotionally overwhelmed.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-184087", "score": 0.7295934557914734, "text": "2 Reasons. The first is that your body has to actually work to cry, especially to seriously weep. When you are weeping hard you are expending a good bit of energy, and you need to get oxygen to meet your metabolic demands. But the other problem is that the act of weeping disrupt your ability to breathe, much like how talkin loud and Fast for a long time can. So since your need for oxygen went up for a while and your ability to get the oxygen went down for a while, you built up a debt that your body has to repay. And in order to do that it breathes heavily for a while after you stop weeping. The reason the hard breathing you do after weeping can see more labored than the hard breathing you would do after exercising very hard is because while you are weeping you produced a lot of extra tears and mucous, much of which fell into your trachea and has to be coughed back out.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-191085", "score": 0.729529619216919, "text": "When you're sad, your body releases stress hormones which set off neurotransmitters that trigger physical reactions. So you cry, which causes congestion in your sinuses, muscles in your head/neck tighten up and you wind up with a tension headache. It's just a mixture of that tension and possibly sinus pressure. Your body is in a stressed state, so it responds.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-169374", "score": 0.729328453540802, "text": "The answer is probably more obvious than you realize. Often, after a good cry, you've lost a significant amount of fluids from your body; not just through tears, but the runny nose and slobbering/drooling that go along with weeping. The headache you feel afterwards is typically the result of dehydration.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-161835", "score": 0.7288160920143127, "text": "I think I read once that scientists believe that crying evolved as a signal to communicate pain (maybe from being wounded) without making loud noises. That way our ancient ancestors could look at each other and know something was wrong without loud noises attracting predators. Now it still communicates physical pain, but also emotional pain because of the increases cognitive ability of the brain.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-125342", "score": 0.7285122275352478, "text": "Crying is an evolutionary thing. It is a social cue that demonstrates trust, submission, empathy, etc. It provokes strong emotions in others who see you cry, which is useful for developing social bonds.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-500", "score": 0.6991923451423645, "text": "Colors are a response your brain makes to picking up certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation striking receptor cells in your brain. When this happens, those cells send signals to your brain, and your brain creates the image. Certain combinations of stimulation on those cells cause your brain to generate different colors, to help further discriminate, because this is a beneficial evolutionary adaptation (harder for things to blend together). Color itself is not a property of light or anything. Rather, a product of your brain interpreting it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-79337", "score": 0.6642217636108398, "text": "They use bright green and blue (or any color really) because it stands out from the actors, props, and clothing you want to keep in the shot. Essentially, VFX guys have to cut out everything that's green or blue and replace it with a visual effect, so to make the process easier they choose colors that stand out and that won't be found in an element on film they want to keep.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-82737", "score": 0.6641338467597961, "text": "Well here's the problem. I want you to find me a color. Easy right? Now find me a color you've never seen before. Not a shade of blue, not a shade of red. A new color. NOW things get impossible, how do you even do that? How do you look for something you've never seen before, that you have no frame of reference on? That you don't understand? You can't. So instead you look for colors you know. Because even though there might be colors you don't know out there, it's much more reasonable to search for what you know.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-236450", "score": 0.6640862226486206, "text": "It helps to think of red and blue giving purple, not violet. It can be a bit of a semantics game. I work with LEDs for plant growth studies. Violet (monochromatic 400nm to about 430nm) often gives a different photomorphogenesis response than purple (about 440nm-480nm combined with about 630-690nm). _URL_0_ _URL_1_ edit:clarity", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-265471", "score": 0.6640767455101013, "text": "The colors are due to interference in the light waves set up in the thin layer of oil on top of the water drops. Different thicknesses of oil give different colors and different sizes of water drops support different thicknesses of oil. The size of the water drop also determines the curvature at the interface, which changes the apparent thickness of the oil and therefore the color.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-148489", "score": 0.6640764474868774, "text": "Because its removing the blue light The white on your screen is made from blue+red+green, and then the filter reduces the blue content so you're left with extra red and green which make the color yellow", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-126644", "score": 0.6639928817749023, "text": "When an object is exposed to light, light rays bounce off of it and reflect a portion of the light within the visible spectrum. Many wavelengths of the light are instead absorbed. Therefore a red shirt absorbs every color within the visible light spectrum (Simplified as ROYGBIV, but scientifically speaking this is 400-700 nanometers) *except* for red, which is reflected and what our eyes absorb and \"see\". When that object gets wet, it changes the way the light is absorbed, namely, the water is able to absorb *more* light. When someone absorbs more light it appears as a darker object since less light is reflected back toward us. Darker colors are usually seen as being more saturated, potentially making the color appear \"more intense\".", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-321814", "score": 0.6639638543128967, "text": "Black has a lot of underlying pigments that when lifted will show. Starting from black bleach will lift it to red, then red orange, then orange red, then orange, then orange yellow, then yellow, then pale yellow, then finally white. I'm no scientist, hairstylist actually, so this is the fundamentals of hair coloring.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-38937", "score": 0.6639580726623535, "text": "The Sun emits a special kind of light called \"ultraviolet.\" This type, unlike the kind in lamps and other stuff, can break down the pigments (colors) in things.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-135678", "score": 0.6638797521591187, "text": "Different chemicals produce different color sparks or flames. For example barium produces blue I believe. Then it all is just a matter of how you arrange these in formation inside of a shell.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-93349", "score": 0.6638599634170532, "text": "We discovered that the eye can only detect three colours, red, green, and blue, and all the colours we see are some combination of those. So you can represent any colour with three numbers - a red value, a blue value, and a green value. Since we're now representing colours with a set of numbers, and computers are great at dealing with sets of numbers, computers can now be programmed to deal with colours. The question is very vague so the answer is very general. Let me know if you have something more specific you want to know.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-25484", "score": 0.6637959480285645, "text": "This is typical of old-school animation that was done on cells. The background would be drawn once on one cell and anything that moves will be animated on a different cell. Since they aren't drawn on the same piece of cellulose the colors won't exactly match.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-25302", "score": 0.6636946201324463, "text": "Either they spend a long time getting the colouring right, or they use a computer program to do it for them. Probably the second one. Also some of the pictures have tones of colour added to them to make them fit.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-780545", "score": 0.6636276245117188, "text": "So I have this problem where when I use more than one shade of eyeshadow, at some point I look in the mirror and it really looks like they've just melded together to make one shade. But when I felt like I actually successfully got it so that both shades could be seen individually, blended right where they're supposed to be, someone here told me I needed to blend more. Where, had I blended anymore they would've just combined to make one shade.\n\nWhat am I doing wrong?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-53117", "score": 0.6635938882827759, "text": "Basically, it's possible to filter out one solid color from an image, whether it's red/blue/green/white/etc. Doing so allows an alpha layer (i.e. \"nothing\") where other video and stuff (e.g. an alien planet's surface) to shine through. The reason those specific blue/green colors are used is because they are not found in the human skintone, and thus there is little issue with putting human actors against that color of a background (which wouldn't be the case if you used something like red).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-35921", "score": 0.6635384559631348, "text": "Those shapes/colors/etc are called [\"phosphenes\"](_URL_0_). There are many different ways to trigger it, but the most common is when the cells in your eye are manually stimulated (such as by rubbing your eyes or closing your lids really tight)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-252312", "score": 0.6634975075721741, "text": "Displays use additive color schemes while pigments use subtractive color. The cone cells in the eye are sensitive to colored light and the three cones peak in sensitivity around R, G and B wavelengths. Thus it makes sense for a display to use RGB to produce the range of colors. [CIE colorspace](_URL_0_) is used to see what colors your display makes. As you can see R, G, and B each occupy a corner of the color space. If you have light emitting elements of those colors, the colors you can reproduce are the colors bound the triangle defined by your R, G, and B colors. Newer model displays are sometimes RGBY. As you can see in the CIE colorspace, yellow colors are towards the right middle and are difficult to accurately reproduce without missing a lot of the green-blues on the other side. By adding a yellow diode, new displays can produce any color within the quadrilateral defined by the four light emitting elements.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-6664", "score": 0.6634098291397095, "text": "Here's a pretty simple phenomenon to explain. Sunlight, is composed of many different wavelengths of light sandwiched together. Some of this light isn't even visible to human eyes, however those colors which we can see are part of the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet and all of the colors in between. When light enters a new material at an angle it bends. Think of it like a lawnmower going from the sidewalk to the grass. As the first wheel touches the grass that side of the lawnmower is slowed down causing it to turn. When light enters water it can still move through it, but at a slower speed, so it bends, and this bending is known as refraction. Here's where all of this works together, because red light travels through water at a different speed than violet light, they get bent in different amounts. This creates a rainbow. Edit: [This](_URL_0_) image should also show why you can only see a rainbow when the sun is behind you.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-72924", "score": 0.6633373498916626, "text": "They are fluorescent, which means that they emit light using energy absorbed from other light. \"Regular\" colors only reflect light.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-42240", "score": 0.6633321046829224, "text": "The chromatic elements of an image are surprisingly regular. If you remove the luminance (brightness) signal from an image and only look at patches of different hue and saturation (with all the same luminance) most scenes appear tiled rather than variegated. Hence you can take a regular old luminance-only image and make it appear realistically colored just by applying tiles of tint to different elements of the scene. That approach isn't perfect. After all, hue *does* shade slightly across individual objects as scattered light off individual objects affects the apparent hue of nearby objects. But it works much better than simply leaving the image in greyscale alone. In a word, Yes, you just guess what color shirt someone had.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-179776", "score": 0.6633023023605347, "text": "I think it's to do with our perception of shape overriding our perception of color. Your brain locks in on the long black lines and ignores the color tinting of the lines as a distraction to be filtered out. As for creation, again just a guess, but it's some trick with layers and transparency. They put the cat picture in one layer dial up the transparency on it, then put the black bars over top, and the cat head only tints the black bars but not the white space, or something. Maybe a photoshop expert could explain it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-501", "score": 0.5840703845024109, "text": "It's an inside joke/running gag. Sound mixing is a very tedious job, so they like to have fun. Like how Pixar movies almost have \"A113\" in their movies." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1764973", "score": 0.554831326007843, "text": "I’m honestly sick of this “moviegoing experience hypersensitivity”. People think they are entitled to curse and yell to anyone in the theatre when they see even the dimmest of light. Whole threads turn into fights and people calling anyone of opposite opinion “Bitch” or “Idiot” etc. People need to calm down, it’s just a fucking movie.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-241021", "score": 0.5548299551010132, "text": "***Shh*** seems to be derived from the Middle English word ***huisst***, meaning silence However there is definitely a correlation of the letter 's' being used for interrupted speech. Wikipedia has a list of [Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias](_URL_0_) where you can see the similarities. So it seems like using the *sss* sound is universal for humans due to its soothing nature - typically silence is synonymous with peace. Cultures seem to adapt one variation with the use of this sibilant.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-11633", "score": 0.5547870993614197, "text": "I believe Ford did that during the intermission of the first network showing of Schindler's List. The first showing was somewhat controversial... obviously painful and adult subject material, very somber and you don't want to slam to a commercial of dogs chasing Beggin'Strips. So the first showing was completely commercial-free except for an intermission that simply showed Ford's logo and played music, if I recall correctly. There was also a car dealership commercial where the owner filmed himself playing the piano for 30 seconds, with a short note that there's enough noise on TV that he thought we'd like a break from it. I think it just had a logo down in the bottom corner and that was it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2069460", "score": 0.5547802448272705, "text": "I think the only movie where this really didn't happen was avatar where they just had bows and arrows and stuff. But why is it in like 90% of the films out there like ~~Armageddon~~ *EDIT* Independance day or mars attacks the aliens have such superior technology?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2201284", "score": 0.554746150970459, "text": "Maybe I'm just getting old and I'm not trying to start a flame war, but seeing dramatized movies made about recent historical events seems a bit insensitive. I know it's a quick cash grab but does anyone else get that vibe when they see movies like that?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-194577", "score": 0.5547322630882263, "text": "That's a hard question to answer. Should we even consider movies like \"300\" or \"A Knight's Tale\" or \"Inglorious Basterds\", when they are basically Monty Python movies as far as the history goes? I think a better question might be \"what do period films get wrong even when they are trying to get it right?\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1390059", "score": 0.5547147989273071, "text": "At the risk of being of downvoted to high hell (as that tends to happen to anyone who expresses any opinion that is unpopular here) I'd like to propose a kind suggestion. Anytime a character dies their screams should elicit a sense of terror and dread among the audience.\n\nNow hear me out, I don't know about anyone else but I first played RE2 when I was only 6 years old and just the sound of zombies shambling around was enough to give me nightmares alone. And the idea of dying in that game terrified me to the core, so much so that I was afraid to leave my room if the hall was dark.\n\nNow, playing the game 13 years later and I tend not to give nearly as many fucks about it as would any mature adult. Since after everything that has come out in terms of horror has made me and undoubtedly several other folks numb to horror. And theres pretty much nothing Capcom could do to frighten me nearly as bad as they did when I was a child try as they might. Maybe I'm just a tough crowd, I dunno.\n\nBut there is one thing Capcom could do that might stick with me with REmake 2 to make me care a bit more about dying. When Resident Evil 2 came out originally, it was a different time. And Resident Evil was a lil cheesier back then. With characters sounding overacted and comical in death rather than sounding like they were in a tremendous amount of pain.\n\nNow technology is a bit better, and Capcom seems to be going for a more realistic aproach. It's a perfect opportunity for the actors to really sell their deaths and make them sound REALLY convincing.\n\nWhen someone dies I want them to sound like they're in so much pain they're crying in between screaming their lungs out. Then when the *YOU DIED* screen comes up, the screams should fade with the sounds of you being disemboweled lingering for at least 5 seconds afterward.\n\nI'm still not going to piss my pants but those screams will be enough to make me care alot more about subjecting my player character to such a horrible fate.\n\nAs in, after I die and hear what it sounds like I'm going to think \"Damn Leon, I'm REALLY sorry about that bro. I'll try not to let that happen again.\" And become somewhat anxious about dying again rather than just having the feeling of \"meh, whatever..\" you know?\n\nBut thats just me.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-444281", "score": 0.5546265244483948, "text": "Not even a little. Honestly, if you have to use words like fuck, goddamn, and cock sucker over and over again in a movie to make it funny, it isn't funny. The movies sound like a bunch of immature men babbling over nonsense. Seth himself strikes me as a pompous asshole. I don't know so much about the others, so I can't say as much about them. This Is The End was especially a disaster. The storyline was bland and they had to constantly cuss and talk about cum to keep any sort of comical touch. \n\n\nHonestly, I really don't see the hype every time a new movie comes out.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1760891", "score": 0.5546240210533142, "text": "It amazes me how frequently I see terrible trailers for older movies that were great. Studios just didn't know how to cut an effective trailer. When did that change?\n\nBraveheart sticks out in my memory. There must be other good trailers before then, but I feel like even in 1995 most movies didn't quite have good trailers yet.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-177789", "score": 0.5546217560768127, "text": "It's called a hesitation noise, and many other languages have them. It's a natural part of casual speech.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-62049", "score": 0.5546200275421143, "text": "Because otherwise the hero wouldn't be able to sneak through. Movies are not reality. They're written in a way so it works out exactly the way the writer wants it to.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-126032", "score": 0.5546135306358337, "text": "It comes from when they used statues to represent gods in plays a long time ago. The machine part is because they were often lowered onto the stage with ropes and pulleys. They would often bring these onto the stage when the plot got stuck. The god would do something magic that solved a problem or moved the plot on. It's generally considered bad to use it in fiction these days, as it means the writer hasn't thought of a better way to move the plot along. It isn't really used much in everyday situations, but people might mention it when something very unlikely happens that solves a problem someone has.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-7178", "score": 0.5545499920845032, "text": "Sometimes it's hard to realise the true worth of a work after a single viewing, which is what the majority of journalists will see of a film before having to do a write up. They're working to a tight schedule, so often they'll watch it once and do a write-up on their initial response. Some films/albums/books need to be experienced a few times before being fully understood and appreciated. Also, some works are better when viewed in retrospect. The works of H.P. Lovecraft for instance, when they were released in the 20s, received next to no praise or appreciation simply because it was too different from the contemporary trends. These days, now that we can look at his work in a historical context without our judgement being clouded by current fads, he is regarded as a genius.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2201199", "score": 0.554520308971405, "text": "Stop making these boring plot movies \nI don't understand people who have fun to watch movies like this\nYou know every movie have the same plot now \nI really enjoyed the old movies but the new one are fucking boring and bullshit and totally overrated !", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-75544", "score": 0.5544799566268921, "text": "Without explaining it, I'd just like to point out that it's not a modern thing. Look at the stories we have from the ancient Greeks - gods, demigods & mythical heros aren't much different than superheros. [Beowulf](_URL_0_), an important relic of the earliest written English literature, is the story of a superhuman hero and still captures the attention of audiences enough to justify repeatedly making movies of it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-443093", "score": 0.554443359375, "text": "Just because your grandmother hasn't seen something doesn't mean that it's underrated. Every day in this subreddit people post threads that suggest well-known, critically praised films are \"underrated\".\n\n\n\nI think that this word should be taken away from us until we learn how to use it properly. Dredd, for instance, is not underrated (especially around here where people blow their load all over it every chance they get). Sexy Beast is not underrated. And fucking Moon is not underrated.\n\n/rant", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-391427", "score": 0.5544016361236572, "text": "So there’s this sound effect / drum fanfare / leitmotif sort of thing that appears often in Chinese and Japanese martial arts films. I feel like I’ve seen it a lot, but the one I’ve got pinpointed is in the 1972 Bruce Lee film Fist of Fury. \n\nThe scene where it appears is when the leader of the Japanese dojo first appears and makes his arrival. It seems like it is usually used as a kind of fanfare, used to announce the arrival of someone important, and it obviously has a connection with martial arts / the military / and probably also royalty, samurai culture and feudal nobility. \n\nI know what it is, but I have no idea what to call it and it’s been driving me crazy! \n\nI couldn’t find an isolated clip of the scene but it starts at 10:36.\n\nSorry I can’t get a better clip!\n\nAnd I hope this is appropriate for this sub!\n\n", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-205858", "score": 0.5543066263198853, "text": "I'm not sure if this is strictly a historical question, but: I don't think it's Nazis you're thinking of. (Well, not directly.) It's the *Imperial March* from Star Wars. :) _URL_1_ Listen around 34,35 seconds for the melody bit picked up in \"Your Woman.\" (But also listen to the whole thing, because it's John Williams and the *Imperial March*.)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-95117", "score": 0.554215133190155, "text": "I cant explain why minor chord violins are scary, etc; but I believe there is an evolutionary component. We havent had scary violins for long but we've had ears for millions of years. Just like we are strongly conditioned to recognize a human babies' cry, or turned on by orgasm sounds (the two sides of THAT coin!), we have a long long history of avoiding the sounds of danger. Loud usually means death. Slowly drawn out sounds might remind us of the creeping pursuit of a predator, etc. I cannot cite scientific evidence on this, sorry.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2357997", "score": 0.5542104840278625, "text": "Why on earth do people feel the need to talk during a movie at the theatre? How is this not considered rude? (Obviously it’s ok at stars and strollers and other related events, I’m talking a normal movie.)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-502", "score": 0.7596219778060913, "text": "The right way is to utilize more calories than you consume. All diets that succeed do this, all diets that fail, fail to do this. People may be more or less effective at eating less calories, or at burning more, but the equation is always the same. It is possible that combinations of foods make you feel better or worse and that these things enable you to stick with it more. It is certainly healthy to avoid HF corn syrup in general, but from a pure weight loss perspective it is not all that important. Cravings can certainly happen with sugar swings, but again...thats about your ability to sustain a pattern of reduced calorie intake and increased calorie burning. Eat the right number of calories. Then...eat a good balance of foods. Exercise. That's the recipe for both health and weight loss." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1602949", "score": 0.7215670347213745, "text": "I am a 22 F and I weigh about 210 lbs, it’s always easy to say oh I’m going to lose weight starting next week but I have difficulty following through, I was wondering what motivated you guys to go from saying your gonna start losing weight to actually diving in and doing something about it? Thank you everyone :)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1496326", "score": 0.7214813232421875, "text": "I lost my first 30 pounds no problem now I'm just 20 pounds from goal. I've stagnated and I think its my sugar addiction thats caused me to get stuck. I think if I can break it for a month or two i can lose the weight. The problem is I cant feel full after a meal unless I get some candy. It doesn't *have* to be a lot, but if I buy a bag of trolli's i won't take the 5 worms i need, ill polish off the bag. This is true of any snack i buy. I need to break this cycle so I can finally be done.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2690885", "score": 0.7214808464050293, "text": "When you are about to eat something bad and break your diet but resist what do you tell yourself? How do you motivate yourself to avoid snacking? Looking for some motivation and advice! Much appreciated.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2692459", "score": 0.7214191555976868, "text": "Hi there! :)\n\nI've lost about 8 kg/18 lbs out of 11 kg/24 lbs in 4 months, and I'm soo happy! I feel better about myself and I look better. But.. Now I think about lowering my goal weight bc I still have some fat to lose (current bmi is 23,5), and yesterday I didn't feel like eating dinner even though I was very hungry (I did end up eating a small portion). \n\n\nI know I need to take a break or something - to not get eating disordered again (12+ years of my life, I got help, I'm fine now).\n\n\nHow du you deal with taking a break? How do you do it? :) my first thought is to not count calories at all for a week or two, but it's hard when I have most of my usual food ind my head.. Advice very welcome!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1603489", "score": 0.7211950421333313, "text": "Hi! I’m 24 F, started at 238 pounds and down to 205 now over about 3 months.\n\nI’m on my most consistent weight loss ever after about a 5 year struggle, and part of this I owe to my mentor. \n\nBefore I always just focussed on losing weight, but I learnt that when you try to get AWAY from something like weight as soon as you get distance from it you still feel like you have ages to go because you tell yourself every day ‘my body isn’t good enough, I’m not thin enough yet, I need to lose more’ then as you lose more you yo yo back because your drive decreases the further you get thinner, as you are further away from being overweight and start feeling comfortable. You look back at where you were criticising yourself before and think wow I was actually looking pretty good!\n\nMy mentor asked me, ‘what do you want to get TOWARDS?’ \n\nI recently started rowing and I’d love to be able to row a 2k in under 7 minutes. This goes hand in hand with weight loss: I need to build muscle and tone, improve my posture, eat good fuel for food and all this is helping me drop weight without really focussing on it as my main goal\n\nWhat are you hoping to get towards today/this week/ this month/ this year?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-425111", "score": 0.7209913730621338, "text": "I think I am becoming successful because my junk food cravings are not as severe as they used to be. If I want to eat, I will come out and make myself something healthy (or semi-healthy). The junk food is currently in the basement and I hope to give a majority of it away. I feel like this is a major step to losing weight and becoming healthy!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2692376", "score": 0.7208796739578247, "text": "Hey. So I am new here and I've been having difficulty losing 30lbs. I just feel unfit and lackadaisical.\n\nSo some background:\nAs a las hailing from Scotland being 5ft 5\" I've always weighed 130lbs until about 2 years ago when I gained 30lbs which means I have been sitting at 162lbs for the last 2 years. \nAfter numerous attempts to loseit again I've been hit with no success! I've tried loads of methods... Calorie tracking, calorie deficits, exercise, combining exercise and calories deficits. But each time my mind is telling me I am hungry after 2 hours from eating a giant regretul meal!!\n\nWhen I was 130lbs I'd eat 4 biscuits with coffee in the morning and a normal dinner at night along with a 2 hour cycle just around town. THAT WOULD BE IT! \nNowadays I'll wake up, have an actually meal with coffee and then snack most of the day and have a dinner i'll regret and feel overfed. Which is without a doubt correct... I have over eaten!\n\nCan't seem to get the motivation to stick to something and not feel hungry rather than feeling hungry every hour.\n\nI am going to buying new tires for my bike and get cycling again, but I really need help with learning to dial back the hunger feeling. \n\nSorta hoping I can be a regular here and track my journey to lose 30/35lbs.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1615119", "score": 0.7205963730812073, "text": "I need to lose weight for health reasons and I'm struggling to integrate exercise in my routine. I know I love feeling healthy and exercising because I used to follow an exercise plan I found online, but now I'm actually trying to lose weight and that plan was really light so I'm adding onto it, but I'm having trouble with consistency and keeping motivated... do you have any suggestions? what are your experiences with weight loss?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1433002", "score": 0.7205883860588074, "text": "Hi everyone,\n\nI'm trying to shed that winter fatcoat and was hoping for some advice. How I can I get over this gnawing feeling that if I eat something unhealthy, the day's ruined and I can't possibly lose weight, despite the fact all my food is within 1,200? Granted, sometimes I workout for a little wiggle room...but...shhhh. \n\nFor example, if I workout and manage my calories right, I can pretty much eat half a pint of Halo Top ice cream with strawberries, along with two glasses of Brut that I've logged/scanned into MFP. I've allotted my calories and burned some working out. \n\nBut for some reason, I always think that, because I'm enjoying what I'm eating (Halo top/Brut/Flatbread/etc.), I'm actually not going to lose weight and I'm using a false net of calorie counting to eat whatever I want. For example, what if MFP actually scanned incorrectly or what if I underestimated how big that piece of chicken was. I do this even if I've weighed/scanned my food too. \n\nMy mind has a hard time grasping the concept that, if I stay within my calorie limit and eat whatever I want in moderation, I can lose weight. Any advice on how to get over this weird hurdle?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-145567", "score": 0.7205210328102112, "text": "I believe it has to do with the brain psychology. When you drink those diet sodas, you trick your brain into expecting your blood sugar to rise but when it doesn't actually happen it freaks out and signals the body to **eat more** food. So I believe it's more of a controlling your cravings/hunger that helps you lose weight.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2691166", "score": 0.7204457521438599, "text": "I've never considered myself to have a bad relationship with food, so it's surprising and humbling to be able to clearly see what a \"normal\" relationship with food is in (American) society. For \\~5 years now, I've had on-and-off sprints of trying to \"tone up\" based on whatever my flawed understanding of achieving that was (I'm 5'6, 125-130 lbs). In terms of food, I've followed this exact pattern probably 4-5 times now: I'd plan for 1300-1500 calories, which is well below my TDEE but I thought was a perfectly healthy amount given the types of diets I've seen others on. I would eat a piece of dessert (or other low nutrient food) every day, which I attributed to my \"sweet tooth\". I wasn't bingeing, so I never saw it as a problem. Then, I would iterate and attempt to budget in calories for dessert, but I would feel weak and give up quite quickly since aesthetic-based motivation wasn't enough and I was \"close enough\" to my desired body.\n\nThis time has been different. Due to newfound financially stability after college, I've been able to divert more attention to things like being healthy and gaining stamina, as well as now having the resources to experiment with various types of foods to find what I like. I've been lightly working out for 6 months, and recently decided to recomp and focus on diet. For the first time ever, I *planned* on eating close to maintenance, or 1800-2000 calories a day. The first evening (when I would normally cave into my \"sweet tooth\"), I had a frozen mango shake instead of ice cream. I was still a bit under my planned calories, so I had a bit more dinner. The next few days, I had no cravings.\n\nAt first I thought it was psychological, but today I made some connections: the daily dessert I used to have was 400-600 calories, which would have equaled close to my TDEE with the rest of my food. I've never eaten this much FILLING nutritious food in my life. I always thought eating 1800-2000 calories as a woman trying to lose fat was too much, so anytime I was mindful about food, I would try to eat less than what my body needed. Of course, my body would try to compensate. In hindsight, this seems so obvious. How many times have I read that cravings are caused by a lack of certain nutrients? Yet I had accepted my cravings were a natural part of me and inevitable. Ideas like having a \"sweet tooth\" are so ingrained in society, and it's so normalized for women to eat very little when they're trying to \"look better\".\n\nOf course, I'll still have dessert or snacks, but 1-2 times a week rather than every single day. It isn't providing the same level of satisfaction that it previously has.\n\nTL;DR I saw my cravings as inevitable and as an inherent part of me, rather than something in response to not eating enough calories of filling, nutritious foods. Recomping forced me to eat larger amounts of nutritious foods than I've ever had, and I haven't had strong cravings since.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1603300", "score": 0.7202311754226685, "text": "Hello, I've cut out a lot of vices recently - drugs (not hard), smoking, bad relationship, even moved cities. I turned to food as my treat, gained a bit of weight, and now I'm on track to lose it. \n\nI have just lost my first 10lbs (yay!) and I wanted to set up a reward system moving forward. As I have recently cut out all of the things I enjoy (other than light alcohol), I am looking for actual things/activities. \n\n2lb increments - something small\n\n5lb increments- something nice\n\n10lbs - something that really makes this feel worth it\n\nFinal Goal (37lbs)- \n\nOf course, the weight loss is it's reward, but this gives me something to search for and have fun with while I am not eating, working or exercising. \n\nI am looking for suggestions that are not food, alcohol, or drug related :P", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1603169", "score": 0.7201920747756958, "text": "Hi everyone, I've turned to reddit because I'm the most comfortable here. \n \nSo I'm a 21 year old female at 6'0 weighing in at 270lb. I've been clinically obese my entire life, although I never really looked like it. However, I know I can't be like this my entire life. My physical health is quickly deteriorating (meaning i feel like i'm 90, not 21). \n \nI had one weight loss Journey when I was 14, where I lost 60 pounds starving myself, weighing 160 at 5'11. It was scary, and unhealthy. I was beginning to see my ribcage. The sudden attention from boys, which I have never experienced, startled me so much that I became antisocial and gained all the weight back, weighing 280 pounds at the most when I was 18. Ever since then, I've fluctuated between 240-260 pounds, and usually weighing even up to 10 POUNDS MORE right before I get my period (now.) \n\nI need guidance from the start. I honestly mostly want to know what kind of diet I should be eating that will assist me from losing this fat (it's all localized on my stomach area). I also just want to know what kind of exercise would benefit me the most. \n \nMy lifestyle now is not extremely active and inconsistent. I know it's important to be consistent- I'm going to try journaling to keep myself going. I clean a lot- I clean 10 hours a week (my job involves it). I didn't give that credit at first but after doing it for a few weeks it has been giving me a difference- I now have the motivation to want to exercise more. My diet is shit. I need to start from scratch. Also Soda. Is a big problem. I need an alternative- Water doesn't cut it. I know that sounds stubborn. I would give up all the food in the world for soda. Does anyone know a better alternative i can use to wean me off of soda and transition me into water is a less... harsh way then just cutting it off completely? \n\n \nI apologize for the jumbled mess, but I am always way too embarrassed to ask the trusted people in my life. When other people get involved in my journey I get so self concious that they know what I'm doing, that it makes me go back into my old habits because I feel like they're judging me for trying to lose weight. Once I can show myself I can do it, I would feel a lot more confident to bring it up to the people that I really want the help from the most (My therapist and doctor/nutritionist when I can). \n\nP.S.- Could this be hormonal? I have trust issues with doctors because i always ask if i might have a hormone problem and they dismiss it. I have experienced bad cheek acne, eczema, irregular periods my entire life, extreme weight fluctuation (usually changes with my mental health i.e. when depression eases up, weight drops) etc. I can go on with the weird things going on with me but I just link it to being overweight.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2378216", "score": 0.7200405597686768, "text": "Consider being a realistic attainable 10% more active/healthy and DO NOT GIVE yourself an excuse to quit when you screw up one day. Have as much fun as possible, go skiing, shopping, woodchopping, rock climbing, skeeball, etc, whatever is most fun for you and use the gym to balance your muscles. If you are eating differently, try substituting (vs making yourself weak) low sugar/less processed alternatives that still satisfy your cravings (e.g., coconut shrimp vs coconut donuts, dark chocolate vs sugary chocolate). Don't think misery/pain/soreness is accomplishment-instead go for results, gains, measurements, etc. If you are sore, stretch, eat bananas/chard/potatoes/potassium supplements. If you feel exertion and you continue to increase weight you can press, run/cardio longer, reduce waist fat, etc -don't get married to \"I didn't FEEL horribly sore\".\n\nAll who are joining a gym with some impossible resolution that will make themselves miserable so they'll have an excuse to quit--here is a true story. Instead of a crazy NY resolution like I am going to lose 40 lbs in 10 days and go vegan without supplements-surely to faint, one year I had an issue with not putting my food away. So I simply said I would reduce the amount of food out by 10%/mth. The second day I fumbled, but I was still down 10%, so I had no excuse to quit. When I found success at the end of the month, I went to 20%/mth reduction and by the third month I had replaced my bad habit and was no longer letting food spoil.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-550550", "score": 0.7199649214744568, "text": "i dont find the option to for specifically \n\n* Lose weight \n* Correct weight \n* Fatten \n\nwith diet\n\ntheres only fix fat/skinny slaves which i find too unspecific\n\n​\n\nalso i seem to do something wrong... the weight value above special diets: is it the target value of the diet, or is it the weight value at which the rule should apply the diet?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2692113", "score": 0.7199411988258362, "text": "I am doing much better with my relationship with food overall, but I'm noticing a distressing pattern... not only do budgets elicit similar responses in me as a diet (i.e., rebellion/repentance/\"justthisonce\"-itis, etc.), but I can't seem to fully separate my hangups around food and money. I secretly eat, and I did the same with money around my ex, ordering stuff online and having it shipped to work. I would spend every single stray penny of my budget, just like I would eat up to my calorie limit even if I was full. And once I got going on a binge, be it on french fries or Amazon, I would just keep going.\n\nLike I said, I'm doing a lot better with food... mainly because I stopped restricting. Instead of gaining, I'm actually very, very slowly losing weight because I'm not constantly overeating to make up for periods of abstinence - but I don't think I can afford this approach with money!\n\nI actually have to be exceedingly careful with money for awhile, and save as much as possible. Knowing this, I find myself wanting to overeat, eat out, and just buy stuff, *constantly*. I need to break this cycle, but I'm not sure how. Help?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2692455", "score": 0.7199130058288574, "text": "Hi everyone! I stopped restricting myself in terms of diet, just a few days ago and found to my pleasant surprise, that I no longer binge eat. I’ve been focusing on eating more “well-rounded” meals, portioning any snacks I want to satisfaction. The only problem is, I sometimes get cravings for food that isn’t as healthy but I really want to eat. In the past I have tried hard to improve my physique by going on these diets, like the sugar-free one which I haven’t been able to stick to, as I find that if I restrict myself from the food I’m craving, it would sooner or later result in a binge so now I let myself have whatever it is I want. But recently I read an article about how most food cravings are just a cause of stress and emotions, meaning that it is just emotional eating plain and simple. So my question is, how do I improve the whole “emotional eating” situation without driving myself insane all over again from restriction? Thanks guys!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1432733", "score": 0.7197957634925842, "text": "tldr; lost all the weight I gained this past year, but I'd like to lose 10-20 more pounds just to feel more healthy. But it's much harder to motivate myself when I don't feel fat. Should I stay strict with myself about CICO or ease up?\n\nHey guys, could use a bit of advice. For background, I'm 19F 5'6 (possible 5'7, I'm not sure) and weigh 140 lbs. I have been dealing with some tough shit for the past 8 months or so, and at some point I totally stopped caring about my health and gained 20 lbs (weighed 160). But I started making healthy changes in December and really got strict about CICO in February, and now I've lost all of that weight. I've been eating 1200-1500 calories a day, usually shooting for the lower end of that range. I really enjoy exercising so I am also walking at least 5 miles every day, and most days I also bike for 30 minutes at a pretty vigorous pace/resistance. I also just started some strength training. \n\nEven though I'm back to my normal weight, I LOVE how healthy I've been feeling lately and I want to see if I can lose another 10 or 20 pounds, just to see how much healthier and stronger I am capable of feeling. The thing is, it's much harder to stay motivated now that I'm not so unhappy with my body. I would like to be stronger and faster (and, let's be real, hotter)... but in general I'm happy with my body right now. And so it's hard not to be a little less strict with myself about CICO. Is that a red flag?\n\nTonight I'm feeling a teensy bit sad and alone, and I really really want to eat a pint of halo top. I biked at a vigorous pace for 30 minutes today and walked over 6 miles. Eating 330 calories of ice cream would keep me below maintenance. But I'm not at all hungry and I've had plenty to eat today (1450 cals) of foods that I love. And I'm worried that if I get in the habit of eating comfort food that puts me far above 1200 calories, it will be a slippery slope. But that said, damn it I just really want some ice cream right now. And I don't have access to a scale too often, but I can weigh myself enough that I will be able to tell if I plateau or even start gaining weight again.\n\nSo... does anyone have any advice? Is it okay to ease up on myself, or will that come back to bite me?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1603038", "score": 0.7196606397628784, "text": "This hard for me to write but it's time for a change. I'm the heaviest I have ever been (205 lbs). I have been slowly gaining weight over the years but, the past 2 years I have gained more than ever. I believe a lot of it has come from severe depression. Being this heavy makes my depression even worse. I'd like to see myself at the 130 lbs range. Where I was a few years ago. Sweets are not my issue. I rarely drink soda as well as candy or pastries. Starches are my downfall. I love potatoes and pasta way too much. Starches and portions are what have helped me to get to where I am. Also, I eat the most at night. During the day I can eat once and be fine. But, night time is when I feel hungry and eat. I know this is where I will struggle the most. I need to break this habit. Any suggestions on how to be more hungrier during the day and not at night. (Maybe a particular diet will change it?) I don't want to be heavy and depressed like this anymore. So I have decided to change it. Where do I start? I have been reading the FAQ and other links from this subbreddit. It's a bit overwhelming. \n\nWhat Diets should I try? Keto sounds good but, it is a drastic change. Is keto easy to stay on track. (By this I mean do you feel good on it and doesn't make you wanna quit?) Has anyone tried this and found it to be too drastic? If, so what did you try instead? Dieting on a tight budget: How do you not let your bank account lose weight with you? What can you eat and what can't you eat? Exercise on a budget: What alternatives to the gym? I know there's walking and running. But what other ideas do you have that would keep it interesting. How do you stay motivated? I've tried exercise in the past but, I would stop being motivated when my \"buddy\" was also unmotivated. \n\n\nI know these are alot of questions, I want to know all that I can to help myself stay on the right path. Thank you in advanced for your help.\n\n\nEdit: My grammar sucks. (sorry)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2691359", "score": 0.7195995450019836, "text": "I have been binge eating for years. This past month and a half or so, however, I have been purging. Lately, my cravings have been out of control. I really would appreciate some tips on saying NO to cravings and becoming in control. So many tips just don't work for me. Chewing gum, drinking water or tea, eat a snack and maybe you won't crave...Nope, nothing works. How can I stop this horrible cycle!? It is becoming more frequent and I am desperate to stop craving.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-503", "score": 0.7107092142105103, "text": "Newton said gravity is a mysterious force that affects everything with mass. He didn't know what causes this force but he did create some useful equations. Then Einstein came up with General Relativity. He says that mass bends space-time and that's why things are attracted to each other. For Example, if you put 2 heavy balls on a trampoline, they warp the trampoline and move towards each other. This is just an analogy, but it helps give you the idea. This warping of space-time has some other side affects, which allows General Relativity to predict and explain thing that Newton's law doesn't (like small changes in the orbit of planets, light bending around stars, and clocks in GPS satellites running slower)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-248496", "score": 0.6751686930656433, "text": "Your questions' premise is not right: > but in the scenario the force(weight) doesn't change The gravitational force (manifested as weight) doesn't change, but the contact force (caused by the solidity of the tile and rock via electromagnetism) which only lasts a fraction of a second while the tile is stopping the rock is enormous. Energy and force are deeply related ideas so asking which one is more important here is a bit like asking which is more important for a working car: The wheels or the engine?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-318170", "score": 0.675167441368103, "text": "When someone says \"The Universe is flat\", they are referring to the Universe as a whole. The curvature of space as created by massive objects (i.e., gravitational curvature) is very, very small on cosmological scales, and this curvature is essentially just little bumps and ripples on the overall shape. An everyday example would be a basketball - despite the fact that the basketball is covered with lots of little bumps, few people would argue with the statement \"The basketball is round\". Similarly, the Universe can still have a certain geometry despite the deviations caused by the presence of matter and energy.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-291766", "score": 0.6751524209976196, "text": "Light is generally thought to be massless. If a photon does have mass, [it must be less than 10^-54 kg](_URL_0_) (an electron is 10^-31 , for comparison) in order to be consistent with with experimental observations.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-253190", "score": 0.6751391887664795, "text": "The universe doesn't have a top or bottom. If you look far enough away, it's pretty much the same in every direction. If you were to pick a universal direction, you could pick the direction of the [cold spot](_URL_0_) in the cosmic microwave background.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-658752", "score": 0.6751247644424438, "text": "I tell ya, watching Neil DeGrasse Tyson on Cosmos raises a lot more questions than it answers. And that's a good thing. \nWhy isn't the entire universe observable? Why can't we know if the universe ever ends at any place? I mean the universe is mostly nothingness (space with no contents), so why shouldn't that go on forever? And why would it ever end at any place? \n\nYes, I already searched. My question is different.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-284371", "score": 0.6751173734664917, "text": "Yes. And it probably is Zero says Hawking (The Theory of Everything) because positive and negative energy cancel each other out: \"Two pieces of matter that are close to each other have less [positive] energy than the same two pieces a long way apart, because you have to expend energy to separate them against the gravitational force that is pulling them together,\" he wrote. Since it takes positive energy to separate the two pieces of matter, gravity must be using negative energy to pull them together. Thus, \"the gravitational field has negative energy. In the case of a universe that is approximately uniform in space, one can show that this negative gravitational energy exactly cancels the positive energy represented by the matter. So the total energy of the universe is zero.\" edit for correct Name, thanks 4luoro4", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-315215", "score": 0.6751046776771545, "text": "People have searched for them but so far without success. We don't know if they don't exist or if they are just very rare. Magnetic monopoles would make Maxwell's equations more symmetric and they would also explain why electric charges are all multiples of the same number. Some theories predict their existence but they could be very rare.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-284598", "score": 0.675084114074707, "text": "Those concepts aren't really related, but you can read about extra dimensions [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-285162", "score": 0.6750789880752563, "text": "Yes, [Galaxy filaments](_URL_1_), aka \"Great Walls\". The most known example is the [Great attractor](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-316810", "score": 0.6750728487968445, "text": "The universe is [homogenous and isotropic, as best as we can tell](_URL_0_). We can't have an orientation with it, because it doesn't have an orientation. On the other hand, the [plane of our solar system makes about a 60^o angle with the galactic plane](_URL_1_), if you wanted an idea of how we are oriented with respect to the *galaxy*.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-285803", "score": 0.675052285194397, "text": "I'm afraid it is you, rather than Dr. Cox who has grasped the wrong end of the stick. While it is sometimes convenient to talk about fields; in Quantum Mechanics all fields are actually mediated by force carriers. Having said that, what has been found is a particle with an energy/mass that corresponds to a range of energies that were predicted for the Higgs Boson. The actual properties of this particle are yet to be fully understood/explored.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-256230", "score": 0.6750221848487854, "text": "Measuring G is hard*. It's extremely weak, it can only be measured if you have first found the mass and distribution of _everything_ you're working with, and even then, you're in danger of thinking you're measuring gravity when you're actually measuring magnetic interactions. Or static electricity. Or floor tilt. Regardless, you can do an experiment where _your_ value of G look like it's accurate to, say, a few parts per million, but for some reason it doesn't match the value of other peoples' measurement of G. Since we don't know who is right, we have a very large uncertainty in our value. Source: spent my twenties measuring G. \\* My dissertation title: [Systematic Error Sources in a Measurement of G using a Cryogenic Torsion Pendulum](_URL_2_).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-277842", "score": 0.6750204563140869, "text": "The tidal forces would rip you apart before you reached it. It's not the strength of the gravity that gets you, it's the gradient, ie the rate at which gravity increases as you get closer, in the end, your fingertip would be pulled so much harder than, say... your legs, so that gradient would tear your body apart.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-173067", "score": 0.6750104427337646, "text": "It isn't a physical thing, it is just the stored ability to 'do things', or 'do work'. You are right to be confused, as it seems like such a simple thing it should be easy to explain. Another thing is that there is a set amount, some number, in the universe, which never changes. Energy is only transferred between different objects in different scenarios, and we have described it as different types.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-282473", "score": 0.6749716997146606, "text": "The technical term for what you are describing is a 'magnetic monopole'. In order for a magnetic monopole to exist there needs to be something that has a net magnetic charge. This is analogous to a proton or electron which have a net charge and as such are electric monopoles. Magnetism as we know it is not generated by particles with magnetic charge but rather by the motion of particles with electric charge. As of right now, there is absolutely no experimental evidence that magnetic monopoles exist. There are some condensed matter systems that have parts of them that behave *as if they were* magnetic monopoles but they do not actually contain any.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-319387", "score": 0.6749609112739563, "text": "You possibly think that the big bang was an explosion and thus required energy - it wasn't. In fact if you add up the energy budget for the universe (positive energy from matter and motion and negative energy from gravitational potential) it adds up to zero^* . [Here is a good lecture on the subject](_URL_0_) - please watch and ask if you have anymore questions! ^* With a couple of caveats that I don't want to get into right now", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-240833", "score": 0.6749374270439148, "text": "The entire Earth-book system increases slightly in mass (by 10^-17 grams). There isn't a tangible \"stuff\" to this mass, it's stored in the gravitational field.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-250085", "score": 0.6749342679977417, "text": "good answers here. if I may add, this question is a great illustration for Gauss's Law. The gravitational flux through a closed surface only depends on the mass enclosed by that surface. For the earth, the gravity only depends on the amount of earth still between you and the center as you are falling. At the center, no earth inside the tiny closed surface (i.e. you) thus no gravity due to earth.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-274809", "score": 0.6749152541160583, "text": "You are correct. Effective [gravity](_URL_1_) is weaker at the equator than at the poles. This also affects the actual [figure of the earth](_URL_0_), which introduces an actual difference the equator/pole gravity, on top of the centrifugal term.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-266081", "score": 0.674879252910614, "text": "Yes, this is an unsolved problem owing to our not having a complete theory of quantum gravity. It's possible fundamental particles are indeed [extremal black holes](_URL_0_), in which case hawking radiation would be unified with ordinary decay processes.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-504", "score": 0.7405459880828857, "text": "It's kind of misleading to think of the gene as being exclusively for cancer-causing purposes. Typically the \"cancer genes\" people talk about are variations on a gene that codes for sometime useful. Like when people say they have the BRCA1 gene (the gene most commonly associated with genetic breast cancers), they don't actually mean they have a genetic sequence in a place where everyone else has nothing. Everyone has a BRCA1 gene, it's just that normally it codes for tumor-suppressing proteins. In people with certain mutations in that region, however, the proteins that it codes for are not produced correctly and thus do not properly suppress the uncontrolled growth of cells." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-301195", "score": 0.7032963037490845, "text": "This proposition would hold true if angiogenesis was the only factor involved in cancer. Cancer however has in most cases many promoters and many safety systems that failed. In reality the trend goes in the other direction. Many studies have found that patients with diabetes are at higher cancer risk. We dont know if this is some biochemical link inherent to diabetes itself or if it is because of lifestyle factors associated with both diabetes and cancer risk.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-136394", "score": 0.7029522061347961, "text": "when you take toxins into your body, you increase the *chances* of developing a disease related to those toxins. we say things like, \"smoking causes lung cancer,\" and that's not exactly wrong, but it's not a 1-to-1 relation, either. just as some people who never smoke or work in dangerous environments will develop lung cancer, some smokers never will. part of this is just chance, and part of it is that everybody is different. there may be other environmental or lifestyle factors, too, like exercise level, mental stress level, diet, etc. that help mitigate some of the damage. but the numbers don't lie: most addicts will suffer predictable physical damage related to their substance of choice.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-312781", "score": 0.7029420137405396, "text": "Yes, they \"create cancer in the mice\". There are different breeds of research mice which you can buy. It would be possible to buy a breed which has a very high prevalence of a certain cancer. Mice may even be bred with certain genes \"knocked out\" to prevent their expression. This might mean a gene which normally prevents cancer is removed, so the mice are much more likely to get a certain cancer.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-303883", "score": 0.7024815678596497, "text": "It's fairly well established that some viruses are not only risk factors for but can directly cause cancer. For example, HPV types 16 and 18 contain a E6 oncoprotein that binds to the tumor suppressor protein p53 and increases its rate of degradation. They also contain a E7 protein that affects another transcription factor related to the retinoblastoma gene. Both of these changes result in uncontrolled cell replication, leading to cancer. This is why HPV testing has become an increasingly important part of routine cervical cancer screening. Other well studied viruses that cause cancer include Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt's lymphoma), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (adult T-cell lymphoma), and HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma). Hep B and C are also associated with hepatocellular carcinoma though I'm not sure how much of that is related to the underlying inflammation/cirrhosis as opposed to direct oncogene activity.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-323159", "score": 0.7022315263748169, "text": "Cancer is caused by defects in certain genes that produce tumor suppressing proteins. So when these proteins are not present, cells grow indefinitely, eventually you get cancer. Curing cancer will not have do anything to stop evolution.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-296880", "score": 0.7018941044807434, "text": "The thing about the emergent popularity of cancer is that it's not about our diets and lifestyles. Sure, they don't help, but the reason we're finding so many cancers is for two main reasons: 1. We're living long enough to develop them (accumulated wear and tear to our DNA) 2. We're actively looking for them. A lot of people will develop small tumorous growths that become benign without ever imposing harm. It's not a recent issue. Though the pro-inflammatory effects of our diets don't help either.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-313389", "score": 0.701702892780304, "text": "You could ask the same question about most of the leading causes of death. Why does heart disease still exist? Why does Alzheimer's? For your reasoning to work, the cause of death would need to kill a person prior to their reproductive years or otherwise cause them to have fewer offspring. A genetic predisposition to dying of breast cancer at 55 doesn't stop you from passing on that predisposition to as many kids as you want. Also, you have to assume that these diseases have a strong genetic component. While there are certainly hereditary conditions which predispose people to cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimer's, these are the minority. Genetics still play a role determining risk in many cases, but it is not as simple as one or two dominant or recessive alleles. There is a complex interplay of the genetic predisposition and environmental factors to consider.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-278986", "score": 0.7016244530677795, "text": "Yes they do - as a cancer grows it acquired hundreds to thousands of genetic mutations. Some of these mutations are common among all cancers such as the Ras or Raf genes. A lot of these mutations happen just by chance. By genotyping the tumors you can tell if it has the same chance mutations as the original tumor or if it has different ones. This used to be achieved by karyotyping, but can now be achieved through faster methods such as sequencing.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-686764", "score": 0.7013604640960693, "text": "since cancer starts as one malfunctioning cell, doesn't having more cells increase your risk?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-175468", "score": 0.7012445330619812, "text": "What causes cells to go haywire is genetic damage. Some damage can be repaired, some has no effect, some causes the cell to be inefficient, or to die. A very small percent of genetically damaged cells will turn cancerous though. When cells divide they copy their genetic instructions over to the new cell. That means they copy the damaged bits along with the good bits. So as you age, and accumulate more and more genetically damaged cells the risk of one of them becoming cancer increases.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-296634", "score": 0.700934886932373, "text": "Any cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells, but there are a number of different mutations that can result in that growth. So cancer in one part of the body might have a mutation in the RAS gene, while another part of the body could have a mutation in the p53 gene. (Though typically its the buildup of multiple mutations that results in cancerous cells). Also cancers that develop late in life are more likely a buildup of many mutations, but there are types of cancers that can develop early in life that result from very few mutations.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-145817", "score": 0.7009112238883972, "text": "Simple answer is because medical science has eliminated many of the previous causes of death leading to a major boost of life expectancy. Now the thing about cancer is that it's not a matter of if but of when. Anyone lives long enough will eventually get it so now you're seeing people surviving long enough to be afflicted.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-140566", "score": 0.7008116245269775, "text": "Essentially cancer. Studies show that as you age the risk of getting cancer increases significantly which is why you see all sorts of ads telling you to get checked regularly after 50. We have gotten okay at fighting cancer but really when someone gets put on treatment for cancer really they still are just hoping your body responds in a good way. Additionally as we get older our bodies are much worse at battling it and dealing the the aggressive treatments we use.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-183078", "score": 0.7008104920387268, "text": "There are 2 main types of carcinogen. Mutagens which actively mutate DNA. These are things like smoke and radiations. These change the way cells act and can cause precancerous growth. And Promoters. Which are far broader. These are any thing that promotes excessive proliferation. These are like alchohol and ulcers and diseases. These basically kill lots of cells chronically and the body has to replace them thus increasing risk of mutation. But cancer isnt just a single mutation and the risk of both mutagens and promoters at the same time stack multiplicitavely. Its scary shit. But super interesting.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-29279", "score": 0.7006550431251526, "text": "Because people live long enough to get cancer. The more and more your cells divide, the greater your chances of getting cancer, so as people don't die in their 50s of heart attacks, they get cancer in their 70s. Also, several types of cancer are way down.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-311318", "score": 0.7005031108856201, "text": "As we age we usually become only more susceptible to cancers. One process of this that I know of has to do with DNA replication. Each of our chromosomes contain protective end caps called telomeres. The more times our cells replicate, as we get older, the shorter the telomeres become. Once gone, the chromosomes of the cell will likely degrade. this makes the cell more likely to either die or become cancerous. So I wouldn't say that aging protects us from cancer so much as it makes it more likely to get cancer.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-254047", "score": 0.6993107795715332, "text": "These genes aren't binary. It's not a matter of having this gene will make you an alcoholic, not having this gene means you can't ever become alcoholic. Rather, it means that these genes give you a certain predisposition to those conditions. You are *more likely* to develop them if you have that genetic marker. In terms of implications, it means that the patient can become aware of the potential for that problem before they get it, and therefore be aware of early warning signs or have better detection for it. For example, if you have a genetic marker associated with colon cancer, your doctor may recommend that you get a colonoscopy more often. Genomic is quickly becoming a more important part of medicine.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2599098", "score": 0.6992686986923218, "text": "I was wondering what is most likely to give a person cancer; whether it's a certain food, medicine, drug etc.\nI know there are different types of cancer, my question does not to pertain to any type/s in particular.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-54282", "score": 0.6992165446281433, "text": "Cancer is basically a series of mutations that screw up the part of a cell that says \"don't go crazy, OK?\" This leads to uncontrolled growth. Normally, the cell has a lot of built-in mechanisms to stop this, so there's a lot of things that have to go wrong in order for cancer to actually get hold. The carcinogens in smoke cause mutations at a certain rate. Over time, as more mutations accumulate, the chance that the mechanisms for suppressing uncontrolled growth will fail becomes greater. However, it's a statistical thing. Some people can smoke forever and not get cancer. They just happened to get lucky; their mutations are in genes that aren't important to cancer. edit: if you're interested in cancer, get [this book](_URL_0_). It's seriously \"buy a copy for all of your friends\" good.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-143919", "score": 0.6989690661430359, "text": "No. Usually they breed lines of mice or rats or whatever to have a specific trait, such as getting cancer. Alternatively they will genetically modify them manually so they the desired trait is expressed or perhaps replace a mouse gene with a comparable human gene.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-505", "score": 0.7550115585327148, "text": "Mostly psychological. When a person has good sense of humor, it generally means they are happy, socially confident and likely to have a healthy perspective on life. But this has exceptions because humor has a dark side. There are people who use self-defeating humor; also humor is used to criticize and manipulate others through teasing, sarcasm and ridicule. So being funny isn't necessarily an indicator of good social skills and well-being. It all depends on the kind of humor the person uses." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-85246", "score": 0.7145679593086243, "text": "Humor seems to come from our fears and insecurities, whether it is of death, embarrassment, pain, etc. It is pretty complex actually. If you are interested in reading more, I found this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-80873", "score": 0.7131338119506836, "text": "Intelligence. Understanding something and being able to break down the complexity into something less serious can make the mundane genuinely humorous. When we understand a reference or something or find it to be a parody of something we've known, it usually causes a laugh. It's like watching someone slip on a skateboard. The desired result wasn't acheived. The opposite was. We can find humor in it due to the irregularity in the action. However, this is of ones own accord. Your personality states what is funny to you. Racists jokes are hilarious to me, while to a Black Panther... not so much.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1832173", "score": 0.7083941102027893, "text": "What makes something funny? \n\nHow many types of humor exists? \n\nWhy is it about jokes that never get old?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-252139", "score": 0.7065316438674927, "text": "Some diseases, such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, depression, (there are studies both ways) and Parkinson's Disease may reduce the sense of humour. _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-17621", "score": 0.7050656676292419, "text": "It's a bonding mechanism. A lot of laughter can be attributed to bonding with others: - when people are in a group and laugh, they tend to look at the person they feel closest to or would like to feel close to - in dating, humor is big factor for how well 2 people connect. You tend to feel close to those who laugh with you for the same reasons.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1230525", "score": 0.7042956352233887, "text": "Humor seems to be something which could be divided into vague categories, much like personality; however, I haven't found any actual science atempting to do so. This feels like an oversight on a major part of human socialization. Does anyone know if categories of humor have been made yet?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-167689", "score": 0.7019336223602295, "text": "Humans are social creatures. Humor greases social interaction and gets you in the club/clan/whatever. Subjective humor is just adapting humor to a community whose culture may \"get it\" whereas others may not. Example: Fart humor isn't subjective. It's always funny. /r/watchpeopledie may be funny to a group who would likely get along with each other fairly well, but not very funny to others.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1832118", "score": 0.7005386352539062, "text": "Humor typically has one of these two root components:\n•Reflects/imitates reality\n•Relies on surprise, contradiction, or ambiguity\n\nAnd is usually delivered through:\n•Farce/absurdity\n•Hyperbole\n•Metaphor/simile\n•Puns\n•Satire\n•Screwing with viewpoints (\"framing,\" in sociology terms)\n•Timing/pacing/pausing for effect\n\nHowever, humor can also be caused if one is:\n•Behaving unusually\n•Doing a thing in the wrong place\n•Being the wrong size\n\nBut there's one final condition: \nAll of these must follow the benign violation rule. In other words: to actually be comedic, the thing you're doing has to seem wrong or unsettling, but at the same time it has to be clearly light-hearted and/or within the boundaries of \"acceptable\" and \"safe.\"\n\nAn example of something online that clearly fits the rules for being funny is Cyanide and Happiness. The world in which it takes place is an imitation of our own, except all the men are bald and everyone is made of tubes and balls. The comedy typically comes from exaggeration of how dark our world can be, but sometimes it also manifests as unexpected puns and breaking the boundaries established for online stickman webcomics. And at the end of the day, it's usually enough to unsettle but still be clearly lighthearted.\n\nSomething online that also fits the rules for being funny but is less clear would be Meme Man comics. These are also comics set in a distorted imitation of our own world (usually), but the humor method is less clear. Often times, hyperbole and absurdity are both used and mixed together, such as where the panel will turn red and meme man's eyes will glow with rage when he finds vegetal in his steank with NO VEGETAL or when orang turns the vegetal counter 90 degrees so that it says infinity instead of 8 and this actually causes infinite vegetal to appear. At first, one might not catch that this is meant to be comedic hyperbole and absurdity a la Tim and Eric, and assume that it doesn't have anything that truly constitutes humor. But it's there, as long as you put it into words. With corny clipart font because you are an ironic meemay floating around in the shitpost void between meme heaven and meme hell.\n\nSomething online that doesn't count as humor would have to be \"dark humor.\" Ostensibly, the humor would come from playing with viewpoints and/or puns, and the root component would be surprise or \"X in wrong place for X\" but it doesn't hit the sweet spot where it's enough to unsettle but not enough to lose seeming lightheartedness and safety. It just keeps going. More often than not, this leads to it just feeling mean instead of funny. In extreme cases, this can actually lead to it causing serious trouble. No, you are not funny for shouting \"ALLAHU MUBARAK\" in a crowded subway.\n\ntl;dr dark humor is an oxymoron and I can prove it with social science", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-162693", "score": 0.6987888813018799, "text": "Humor is a response triggered in the brain when logic and familiarity are replaced by something that doesn't work together. The brain expects one outcome and punchline but gets another, and that's why you laugh. There's several other reasons, such as superiority (laughing at someone's expense) and relief (When you laugh out of nerves, perhaps out of shock of dodging something dangerous or coming out of a tense situation), but the root of it is the brain's response to outside stimuli. To end this answer, I give you a joke. A woman steps onto a bus holding her child. The bus driver takes offense, saying to the woman \"That's the ugliest baby I've ever seen, go sit in the back so I don't have to see it.\" The woman, irritated, steps to the back of the bus and sits down. She says to her neighbor in the seat \"That man just insulted my child!\" The man looks over to her, gasps, and responds. \"That's an outrage, go yell at him, I'll hold your monkey.\"", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2057663", "score": 0.697699785232544, "text": "How important is a sense of humor in practices? That is, to level and aspect of seriousness do you take the work?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1834145", "score": 0.6961148977279663, "text": "I know everyone has a unique sense of humor that works for them. But not everyone is considered to be funny, and I have trouble finding a way to be funny at will.\n\nWhat do you do when you want to be funny? What types of jokes do you tell, how do you tease people and what do you look for in a conversation/situation to turn into a joke? Additionally what can you tell me about your delivery that helps make you funny?\n\nI would really appreciate some insight.\n\nEDIT: I understand how humor just has to come to you in the spur of the moment, however I have trouble getting into that mindset. When I am uncomfortable I retreat into my mind, think too much and become quiet and bland. Can anybody relate?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-78209", "score": 0.6916427612304688, "text": "Laughter and humor are thought of as an aborted defense mechanism: a situation where tension or surprises are found to be benign instead of a threat. As you get older, you have greater experience, and it becomes harder to surprise you or to introduce false-tension into situations - you already know all of the knock-knock jokes, and one-liners are too predictable for you now. You need to be more invested in the joke now in order to appreciate it, like when someone tells a long tale about kissing their sister, and you realize at the end that it's actually a Star Wars story - the humor comes from the surprise of the revelation, which requires your willing suspension of both disbelief AND prediction. TL;DR - you know the jokes already.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1765508", "score": 0.6899263858795166, "text": "We all laugh at it, but what is it that makes the good ones so good?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-114856", "score": 0.6869305968284607, "text": "Laughing releases endorphins, so it's natural to gravitate towards anything that does so. Outside of that, humor often displays mental dexterity, there's a reason why successful comedians tend to have above-average IQs. [There are many papers showing a positive correlation between humor and 'mating success', such as this](_URL_0_). That's only for men though, nothing I've read has shown a positive correlation for women.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-31606", "score": 0.68671715259552, "text": "The best theory that I've seen is that humor is an absurdity detector. When confronted with a situation that doesn't make sense we have a bit of circuitry in our brain that detects it and that is what we call humor. One could think of a situation where detecting an absurd situation might be an evolutionary advantage. Alternatively, it can help to create a bond between family groups which also has an evolutionary advantage.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-166952", "score": 0.6865519881248474, "text": "Copypasting my answer from a similar thread: For the type of laughter when, for example, playing, it's a signal to the person with whom you're playing that everything is lighthearted and that they aren't hurting you. Even rats do that. For the type after a joke, the leading theory is that before you hear the punchline, your brain is trying to come up with the answer and sending signals to all kinds of parts of your brain to find out what's coming. When the unexpected (it has to be unexpected, that's what makes a joke a joke and why they stop being funny the more times they're told) punchline hits, all that energy in your brain has to go somewhere, which results in light convulsions in the form of laughter. There's also [this](_URL_0_) fantastic episode of Radiolab about laughter, in which the man who discovered it in rats speaks.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-77023", "score": 0.6841637492179871, "text": "[My favorite theory is benign violation.](_URL_0_) This theory proposes that humor happens when: 1) something is violated, 2) but it is harmlessly so, and 3) both the violation and harmlessness are perceived at the same time. Things like a doorknob named Henry are be funny because naming a doorknob violates the social norm of not naming doorknobs, but really, a named doorknob has no inherent effect on your life. EDIT: I guess I missed the evolutionary aspect of the question. I don't really know what point laughter has.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-18968", "score": 0.6840534806251526, "text": "Well, humor and comedy is complex, but in my experience it's based heavily in Schadenfreude. It's humorous because you know it's embarrassing for the person. Everyone knows how terrible it is to be embarrassed, or made to look silly in front of other people. So, when you see someone trip over a curb and faceplant into the concrete, you know that the person feels like a total idiot and is going to feel incredible shame, and we laugh because we can understand that shame, but without the fear because it's not happening to us. It's happening to him. And we are thankful for that.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-575382", "score": 0.6829585433006287, "text": "Lets say I meet someone who is insanely funny. I study their humour for a while, and admire their ability. But this is often accompanied with a frustration that I cannot get to that level. Is that normal or common? I sort of want to lose this trait, but at the same time I feel that it pushes me to improve myself a lot.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-64535", "score": 0.681365430355072, "text": "Humour is based on surprise: Laughing and such is a reaction *to* surprise. It's why it's nowhere near as funny if you already know the punchline. When you're super tired, your reaction time goes down, and you sort of \"think more shallowly\", basically that you're not processing things as quickly or as well, so you tend to be surprised more easily (or even to be surprised by things that otherwise wouldn't surprise you at all).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-506", "score": 0.7255815267562866, "text": "Flash drives work by having individual cells that are left with an electrical charge by depositing extra electrons (and thus negative charge) that is maintained even after power is removed. It's almost like a tiny series of microscopic batteries that is either set positive/negative or negative/positive. From an answer about general storage: _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1956942", "score": 0.6892548203468323, "text": "Hey so I'm using Google voice to type I needed some advice that I can only get for some Linux people. Due to unfortunate circumstances I've had to buy a new laptop. It comes with 512 GB solid state drive on it. I need about one terabyte to do what I usually do because I dual boot between Windows 10 and open Susie Linux. Usually my home directory is encrypted using LUKS. So without realizing it had a bay for a 2.5-in hard drive I bought a 1 TB solid solid state on Newegg and shipped it to myself.\n\nThe laptop has not come in yet nor has the drive.\n\nWhen I reached out to Dell they said that I can absolutely add a 2.5-in hard drive in addition to my solid state. I still have my Seagate 1 TB hybrid drive that I was using in my old laptop that has all my files and stuff on it.\n\nThe difficulty is there's not really a clear cut answer to my conundrum. Should I keep the stock 512 GB solid state drive and swap in the one terabyte hybrid drive, or should I go ahead and upgrade the stock 512 GB solid state with the one terabyte solid state And also plug in the hybrid drive?\n\nThe only thing I want out of my brand new Dell laptop which has not arrived yet in the mail is that it lasts for 5 years or so. The hybrid drive is 3 years old but I have not been rough with it so it should last quite a while in theory.\n\nI am very capable with Linux having used slackware current for years and years. Not trying to start a distribution war but I only moved over to open Susie Linux to save myself the time I was spending on testing out software and building stuff. I am a graduate student training to be a therapist so my time with Linux is a little bit limited anymore but I still use it quite a bit.\n\nSo what would you do? Please feel free to reply if you have other ideas. Moderators please delete if I accidentally broke any rules.\n\nView Poll", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-315603", "score": 0.6889142394065857, "text": "A hardrive has a physical disc inside called a \"platter\" these platters are coated with a special magnetic alloy. This alloy can be seen as flakes that resemble scales on a snake. These \"scales\" are magnetized as north or south by a reading/writing head that moves across the platter while it spins. These north or south oriented scales represent a 1 or 0 in binary language, and are read by the moving head when the computer tells it to access information. Hope that helps! *edit - The physical space is never \"taken up\" just programmed as a 1 or 0. The amount of information that the hard-drive can store is determined by how many 1s or 0s can be written on the platter, or how many platters the hard drive can hold.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-95328", "score": 0.6882429122924805, "text": "Storage capacity doesn't correspond to physical size, at least when you are making a commercial product that is designed to function on the vast majority of computers. Flash drive storage increases when the manufacturer packs more transistors into a given area. Hard drive storage increases when the manufacturer crams more sectors into a given area of the hard drive platter.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-157328", "score": 0.6879987716674805, "text": "The 1s and 0s that represent information in a computer are stored on tiny little switches called transistors. These switches produce a ton of heat when they move, so you can only put them so close together before they burn each other out. Science keeps finding new ways to put more switches closer to each other in the same space without causing failure. Usually by making them smaller. A modern memory card has billions of these little switches.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-156105", "score": 0.687726616859436, "text": "When data is written, it is written wherever it can go instead of where it should go logically or in sequence. After a while, this makes the disk fragment, and it takes the computer longer to find the randomly written data. When you defragment, it arranges the data where it should have probably gone in the first place, with related data or in frequently accessed locations. You should defragment fairly often. This is not true for solid state drives, those should not be formatted as it will potentially shorten their life span.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1957066", "score": 0.6876657009124756, "text": "Hard drive question. Something on my (currently) windows disk causes the drive to not spin up. So getting a new one. For SATA drives I don't need to worry about brand for Ubuntu do? I ask because while I have had fanastic luck so far with Ubuntu on Western Digital drives, just in case thought I would ask. Not just for compatibility but speed and reliability to.\n\nMy thinking is that since I want to replace the current drive before it fails anyway. That might be a fine time to Ubuntu.\n\nWhat's the current thinking for speed and reliability as well as cost?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-130539", "score": 0.6875742077827454, "text": "It can be, that's what virtual memory is. The problem is, hard drives (even SSD) are a lot slower than RAM. RAM also has its own dedicated data bus, whereas the hard drive will share its data bus with at a minimum other SATA devices.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-184793", "score": 0.6875739097595215, "text": "The storage areas in hard drives are called the platters. The way in which data is written to these is magnetically. There's no ink or any extra material actually ADDED to the disk, it's just that the little areas on the disk are positively or negatively charged.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-69878", "score": 0.6872619986534119, "text": "We're going to have a lot of other problems before we run out of computer storage. Silicon is one of the most commonly occurring elements on Earth, and it doesn't take all that much to create a flash drive or solid state drive. Plus we can make storage out of other things too, like plastic (CD/DVD/Blu-Ray) and aluminum (hard drives). The more likely problem is that we'll have too much data and no fast way to search through all of it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-76873", "score": 0.6868386268615723, "text": "From what I read yesterday, there's a special alloy that reacts to a strong pulse of laser light. When it's hit with a certain wavelength, it gives up its crystalline structure and turns into an amorphous blob. A smaller pulse of light detects the state of the alloy and reads its state back out. Hit the alloy with another strong laser and it returns to its crystalline structure. By varying the wavelength and intensity of the laser, the team was apparently able to store up to 8 bits of data in a single location. More info here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1954581", "score": 0.6867924928665161, "text": "Hey guys, Just bought an SSD from having a HDD for a few years now. I've been looking around for a few tutorials on youtube and through google and such, not finding much helpful information. Could anyone possibly point out a video or explain how I can do this? Thanks", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-54494", "score": 0.6867809295654297, "text": "Through magnetism. Imagine that there are billions of small magnets inside your hard drive. When your computer writes something, it arranges those magnets in a particular way. You need electricity to do that. But once you are done, the magnets will stay in their place regardless of whether you have power or not.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-192356", "score": 0.6863709092140198, "text": "Yes, data is written to your drive when using the internet. That said SSDs life expectancy is longer than you might think so using one normally should last for the life of the PC with little trouble (5 years or so). Also, some SSDs, like Samsung, have a utility which partitions off some percentage of the drive (you can choose, default is 10%). This extra partition is used when parts of the SSD cannot keep data anymore. This effectively extends the life of the drive.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1955182", "score": 0.6862538456916809, "text": "So im thinking of getting myself an ssd but i don't know how to set it as my main storage. I am right now using a hdd 1tb harddrive and i would like to keep it but have windows and all my important stuff on the new ssd. I would like to know how i could make this happen ;D", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1445439", "score": 0.686224102973938, "text": "I have a Samsung SSD now but I was looking to upgrade to more space. I saw that there is a Kingston 240 GB SSD on sale for just over $100. What is Kingston's reputation when it comes to solid states? Should I get that one or shell out a little more for the samsung?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1682582", "score": 0.6861861944198608, "text": "**Some backstory:**\n\nMy friend found an SSD he thought he could try installing onto my hard drive but didn't work out well. He was sorting around some of my hard drives when he was here and assumed the computer would work perfectly fine after he left but it didn't.\n \n**Question:**\nHow could I fix this?\n\nI just want to get the computer up and\nworking so I could play the few games I have off of my steam\nlibrary. It's been stressful playing on the laptop.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-106801", "score": 0.6860606074333191, "text": "There may be more platters - that is the rotating disc bit - you can stack several on top of each other to provide more area. Or they may store the information more densely on a single platter. The latter means much finer control over the positioning of the read/write head, and a much smaller active area in the head - both of which are more expensive to do. Here's an explanation of the [price evolution of Hard Disks](_URL_0_). So - they're getting much cheaper per byte, but the technology is moving forward all the time. We might also be near the end of the spinning rust era.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-151073", "score": 0.6858784556388855, "text": "Computers read everything in binary, meaning there need to be two states. In your processor, that's \"high voltage\" and \"low voltage\", but it could be anything with two states. In the case of CDs and DVDs, the two states are \"reflects a laser\" and \"doesn't reflect a laser\". CD and DVD ROMs use holes pressed in to the disc to stop the glass from reflecting. The rewriteable versions are a bit more complex- they have a chemical that will change phases when you hit it with a more powerful laser- it can switch in and out of being a crystalline structure, which changes how it reflects the less powerful laser used when reading it.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-39489", "score": 0.6856339573860168, "text": "Take it like this: when you write data to a flash drive, you change the positions of a bunch of switches in your house, so the lights are on in a specific pattern. Suddenly, the power goes out and then it comes back on shortly. That's basically the operation of a flash drive.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1955602", "score": 0.6855202317237854, "text": "I know a hard drive is slower than a ssd, but they do the provide more storage at a more affordable price point.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-507", "score": 0.8091853857040405, "text": "The lock on floppies didn't deny access to the data. It locked out writing over it. It's more a a precaution to keep your data safe from yourself." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-157599", "score": 0.7349659204483032, "text": "In some cases, this is exactly what you can do (for instance on most windows PCs). Just by plugging the storage into another device you can read all of it. In the case of phones and some other devices, the data on the internal storage is scrambled using something called encryption. Basically what encryption does is mix up the contents of all the files based on a certain number or string of letters called a key. When you type in your password (or use your thumbprint on phones), the system opens up the files for use by providing the key. This makes it so that when you're not signed into the device, the data on it is unreadable to outsiders, even if they take the storage out of your device.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-150160", "score": 0.7284241318702698, "text": "The writer has a little spring-loaded tab that fits against the notch on the card, so if the switch covers the notch, the tab gets pushed back and indicates it to the writer. It's the same mechanism used in 3.5'' floppy discs, as well as videocassettes and audiocassettes, which had instead of a switch a tab that has to be broken off.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-172925", "score": 0.7255282998085022, "text": "Imagine a hard drive as a giant field on switches. I can alter the state of any given switch, however, i have to walk between switches to read or alter the position of any given switch. Solid state drives are a bit harder to explain. There are no moving parts, and blocks of flash memory can be written to, and that data persists even without power.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-66920", "score": 0.7192684412002563, "text": "The rectangular plastic thing you see from outside is just the \"shell\". Inside, there are a series of solid state memory chips, that hold the data. Higher capacity sd cards just have more and/or higher density memory chips inside. They do not artificially block off \"excess memory\", because the memory chips are the expensive part, it wouldn't make sense to put unused ones in there.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-136727", "score": 0.717572033405304, "text": "Because nobody designed the file management interface to do that. Seriously; it should be dead simple to do. When you attempt to delete a file, the OS checks to see if the locked bit is set. However, the OS also keeps track of what files each open application has file handles for; it just doesn't take the time to walk through that list of open filehandles for each running application to identify the culprit. On OS X, you can do this yourself from the terminal using the command \"lsof\" (LiSt Open Files). Windows and Linux have similar features.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-143701", "score": 0.7139906883239746, "text": "The older generations of disk drives painted the surface of a disk or set of disks with a material that could accept a magnetic signal and keep it so it could be read later. You spun the disk and a read-write head interacted with its surface. Solid state drives don't store in magnetic form and they don't have a spinning component - they're a non-moving object that pretty much use the same sort of memory-saving computer chips that are in a USB drive or an SD card. In this case, electric signals change the state of each little bit of memory on them and it doesn't forget those changed states when you turn it off (unlike Random Access Memory in a computer which is wiped as soon as no power is going to it). And the computer interacts with them pretty much the same way it interacts with its own memory, except their storage capacity is usually a lot higher and it uses different internal channels inside the computer to read them since they're not installed on the motherboard directly.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-131716", "score": 0.7124464511871338, "text": "An actual hard drive has a spinning disk inside - information is stored as a magnetic charge. One direction of polarization means 0, the other means 1. So on this disk that is spinning inside your hard drive, you have millions upon millions of differently magnetized spots, and a head (think a record player) that hovers over those spots to read/write them. That's why you either have to make the disks physically bigger or use more of them, or have to find a way to make those spots smaller and put them closer together. As far as SSDs go (and SD cards, USB drives - every flash memory, really) - they have millions of tiny circuits and [NAND gates](_URL_0_) in them, which actually does store the values in form of electricity - no charge/low charge = 0, high charge = 1. So no physical switches that are being flipped, but switches none the less.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-254660", "score": 0.7123324275016785, "text": "Disks? What disks? They were programmed with switches or jumper wires.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1835194", "score": 0.7076835036277771, "text": "Maybe I'm not on the right subreddit. \n\nMy colleague a Linux sysadmin told me bitlocker is a piece of shit because when the computer is on, anyone can access to the data on the disk. I'm not security expert. \n\nAt my job, all of Windows computers have the whole disk crypted disk with bitlocker. The recovery key is saved in the AD DS. If someone has not domain account there is no way to open windows. So how someone could access datas on disk without account? How it can be possible? Bitlocker is a joke?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-8959", "score": 0.7052119374275208, "text": "Pretty much the same reason more and more started coming without a floppy drive 15 years ago. Between huge flash drives and fast online storage, it's a dying medium.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-30227", "score": 0.7031293511390686, "text": "Controlling physical access is the single most important aspect of computer security. Give me the most hardened Linux server on Earth, and so long as I've got physical access I'll own in under 5 minutes. I can just boot it to single-user mode, change the root password, and then reboot into normal mode. Likewise I can run a Hiren's boot CD on your Windows server and reset any password I want. Edit: Also worth noting that the physical lock & key are more common on lower end/consumer grade cases. I work on actual Enterprise hardware all day from major vendors, and there's not a lock or key to be seen. I suspect this is based around \"if you can afford a $10,000+ server you can afford proper physical security measures\" versus \"if you bought this cheap case, you're probably running it in a janitors closet\".", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1834523", "score": 0.7029757499694824, "text": "How to secure a pen drive so that no on can open it except me?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-170629", "score": 0.7013521790504456, "text": "Hard disk drives have a little silver magnetic disk inside them that can be written to or read from with an electromagnet. This is the same principle behind floppy drives but much more accurate, resulting in higher data densities, or more stuff per area of disk. The problem with this nowadays is that spinning the disk to read all the bits of data takes time and magnetic storage isn't too reliable. Hard drives can and generally are reliable; there's one in my laptop that I'm using to type this. Solid state drives, meanwhile, have data stored on flash chips. This means you can store data much more reliably and much more densely. There's also no disk to spin so it's faster. Bonus fact: \"disk\" if it's magnetic, \"disc\" if it's optical. A DVD is read with a laser so it's a disc, a floppy disk is read with an electromagnet so it's a disk.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-299492", "score": 0.6983211040496826, "text": "I'm not sure if you're talking about an OS function or in general; for sensitive data, wipe is done with a second drive. Every switch is thrown to zero in sequence. Then every switch thrown to one in sequence. Then every switch is randomly assigned one or zero. that's securely deleting a drive.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-104118", "score": 0.6980891823768616, "text": "The disks used on gaming consoles have special components of the data tracks near the inside of the disk. These components can be neither read nor replicated by standard drives. Only the drives used in the consoles themselves can access and utilize these proprietary features.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-50016", "score": 0.6976341605186462, "text": "My guess is there is a disk directly below the disk that has holes for safe teeth to get pushed down through. The triggering tooth pushes the disk down and triggers the jaw to close. The disk gets spun every time you open the jaws and is randomized by that spinning.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-45316", "score": 0.6972898840904236, "text": "The way it worked in original computers was that you had racks of vacuum tubes wired up together which would make up the computers memory. Each one of these vacuum tubes is a single bit; that is, a single on/off, yes/no, 1/0. The computer could read and write the on/off state and represent it as 1's and 0's. Now with disk ~~and solid state~~ hard drives the concept is the same but instead of checking the on/off state of a vacuum tube, it checks the magnetization of the disk. edit: TIL solid state drives are a whole different beast.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-28784", "score": 0.6939629912376404, "text": "A and B used to be used for floppy disks. After they were no longer a thing, C stuck around because people were used to it. A very basic explanation, I'm sure others will correct me and you could also ask Google for much more information.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-127513", "score": 0.6936134099960327, "text": "Specifically with keys, it's \"analog\" and not \"digital,\" so this is less of an issue. The key works because it's lining up a series of pins to a position where they are not blocking the key from turning. The variation in locks comes in the lengths of these pins with respect to the lock, and this is not as easily duplicated as, say, a combination of numbers. Here's a cool gif that explains this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-77146", "score": 0.6934967637062073, "text": "The way a hard disk drive works is that it has tiny little sections on it. Those sections you can imagine as being little magnets that either face left or face right. A head can change which way the little sections or facing, or read which direction they are currently facing, and it uses this to create the ones and zeros that store information. When a large magnet is passed over the drive from an external source it causes all the little sections to face the same direction, which destroys the data. This is an oversimplification of how magnetics in a hard drive work, but it gets the right point across!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-508", "score": 0.6511871814727783, "text": "All known life has a few things in common, organisms (things that are alive) have these in common: they're composed of a cell or cells, undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. There are a few things that seem to do a few but not all of these processes, like viruses, which is why they're classified as nonlife or as some kind of intermediate gray area between life and nonlife. We don't necessarily \"know\" nonlife mutated into life sometime in the past, but we view it as the most likely scenario because we do know that the Earth once had no life, and now, today, it does have life, and also because we know the processes it would have to undergo are theoretically possible." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-193037", "score": 0.618129312992096, "text": "Could you define 'materiality' please? I'm intrigued by your question, but quite confused!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-287880", "score": 0.6180963516235352, "text": "Viruses don't do a good number of things on the [Official List of Things Life Does](_URL_0_). Notably, they don't really do metabolism, and must infect another cell in order to reproduce. However, note that this list is somewhat arbitrary. It's worth while to distinguish between stuff that does any particular thing on that list, and stuff that doesn't, because all of those things represent pretty monumental tasks that distinguish \"life-like things\" (don't read too far into my use of the word life here; it's hard to find words that aren't already pre-loaded by the above definitions of life) from non life-like things (of which most of the universe is composed). However, the decree that something *must* do all of them in order to be considered \"alive\" is not an inherent feature of the universe. It's just a convenient way of categorizing things.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-18444", "score": 0.6179502606391907, "text": "I'm not aware of it being a controversy. They don't have cells or metabolisms. These are commonly considered part of the definition of \"being alive,\" if one agrees with that definition then viruses aren't alive. But there's no inherent 'life' quality we can just objectively detect or not detect, so the precise definition of life isn't always agreed upon.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1991646", "score": 0.6179206967353821, "text": "Maybe I'm crazy But i've been thinking a lot about this lately. Most of life is just mundane maintenance. Unless you own nothing and travel around your entire life you are bound to things you own. In my experience, neglecting these things even a little bit, adds up over time and bites me in the ass. So I have to focus on them but it feels like that's all that life is really. Takes up all our time in my opinion. Most people, really.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1409435", "score": 0.6177978515625, "text": "We are born for no other reason than our parents attempting to fulfill an innate desire. We are burden by life plus the human conciousness and if we do find life to be pointless or miserable we are told to accept it anyways despite of that because you are already here by force so there’s nothing you can do but make the “best of it”. \n\nBut making the “best of it” doesn’t mean not finding life to be not worth the trouble because it’s always a constant struggle anyways that not everyone can overcome which means suffering. Seeing how some will simply never be good enough to “overcome” life for whatever reason and manage to survive an pitiful existence for that we say tough luck. \n\nSigh what a tragedy existence is it just breaks my heart every day knowing how uneccesary this all seems, it’s all futility. Man can you imagine if we couldn’t die? That’s the only thing as far as we know that can save us from an wretched existence it’s death. \n\nImagine we just grew up till old age and forced to bear sickness for all of eternity that’s unthinkable. I don’t get how people just don’t see it this way. I don’t see how I could be possibly wrong? We shouldn’t exist or atleast have to exist.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-43810", "score": 0.617701530456543, "text": "Yes and no. \"Life\" in the way of plants and animals have essentially been ruled out for the reasons you say. What scientists are really looking for in the way of \"life\" is evidence microbial life (past or present).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2023247", "score": 0.6176719069480896, "text": "I think a person can live a life even if he does not have a meaning to live, if he has the option to unlimited (may be a lot of money and time) pleasure seeking (with variation to avoid boredom). Is there any arguement in existentialism that can counter this?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-924047", "score": 0.6176666021347046, "text": "Today i was thinking what make a life \"complete\" because today i met some friends with the girl i like (she doesn't know) and i made myself this question. I can't be happy with work, i can't be happy with studies, i can't be happy making/meeting friends (i go there just for the girl) so what make other's life \"complete\"?For example think i can be happy with this girl, but not everyone have a girlfriend so i don't know what make them more competitive than me. I'm here searching conversation and the answer to this life-existential question\nSorry if there's any english errorº", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1983091", "score": 0.6175711154937744, "text": "I understand that we all need to get disciplined. We have responsibilities that we need to hold up. We can make great things etc. etc. What the hell is the point though. So, I'm suppose to get disciplined and get things done. Get my school work in order so that I can get my degree. Then get a job. After that I start a family. Then I go on living so that my son and daughters can have a good childhood and then go on living. \n\nThen you have people like Alan Watts who say that you're suppose to sing and dance in between all this discipline. Okay, that's really nice. I guess I should enjoy the journey and have some fun because that brings happiness. Getting drunk and partying in college. Going to bars and dating after college. Having a family to get children because that brings happiness. So it seems that happiness is the key to life. Well the what the heck is the point of going through all that for happiness. Why don't I just become a drug addict so that I'm \"happy\" all the time and I don't even have to go to school.\n\nIn terms of biology, the point of biology is to reproduce. To make sure our genes survive. So the point of life is to have as many children as you can.\n\nI'm sorry if that sounds depressing. I just don't see the point of anything anymore.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-37302", "score": 0.6173896789550781, "text": "All life is evolving currently. But evolution is something seen over hundreds of thousands and millions of years. The question you are asking is simply too short a time frame.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-646121", "score": 0.61735600233078, "text": "How did something that was not alive all of a sudden become something we define as living? What are the leading theories? Any further details (when do we believe it happened, discrepancies, etc.)?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-249895", "score": 0.6173323392868042, "text": "We do not know what the necessary conditions are for life to form. We know of one place where life formed (Earth), but we do not know which features of the environment here are *necessary* for life.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2099004", "score": 0.6170555353164673, "text": "Why?\nWhy do we live, Why are we here, Why do we work, and get up in the morning, and go to school and do things that ultimately don't matter.\nTo pour your heart into somthing like life, to be forgotten in a hundred years, if that.\nI find myself asking this quite frequently, why? What's the point, and it isn't until recently that I have found the answer to this question that is life.\nIt's not to be remembered afterwards for things you've done or who you were, it's not to work and earn the most money, or learn and become extremely smart, because none of that matters if you're not enjoying yourself, for me the answer to and the reason for life is to enjoy it, to try and have all these wonderful and amazing experiences, of love, fun, happiness and excitement. But also failure, heartbreak and dissapiontment, because these small periods where your not having any fun or feel no love, is what reminds you that the life your living is real and what stops you from normalizing and becoming numb to all these great emotions, and what ultimately make the good bits of live so much better...\nFor me life is trying to collect all these great and amazing memories and experiences so hopefully when you die they flash before your eyes and you get to briefly relive them all and to me that's what makes life worth it...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2100390", "score": 0.6169175505638123, "text": "We live two lifes. First one is a baby life. Think of it, you live as a baby; then you forget all the experiences and memories. After that you start a different life as a kid. You don't remember either the baby life or the point that you start living as a kid. You just start by talking and walking abilities. You live the second life without knowledge of your first life. So the first life starts with birth, ends with being a child and the second life starts with being a child, ends with death.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-644999", "score": 0.616853654384613, "text": "For a long time I've held in my mind the concept that Entropy is matched by the equally powerful force of *organization*, the force of life. If there is the potential for life, time makes it inevitable. The potential for life, for self-replicating, evolving organisms, combined with time and resources, makes it inevitable that digital life will evolve. All it takes is that one initial cell, or program, that makes the leap from being dependent on humans to reproduce and evolve to the one that does it on its own. The unexploited energy, resources are there, it's only a matter of time.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1387958", "score": 0.6165351867675781, "text": "I was just thinking about this and i really want to know what other people think. I know i would rather be killed instantly with out knowing when its going to happen...What about you guys?\n\nAlright i think i need to clarify. The point of this was not to encourage death for anyone. I only made this because one night after watching Monty Python and The Meaning Of Life and having a few laughs, I was laying in bed and seriously sked myself what the meaning of life really was. What happens after its all over? Everything that my life ever was is gone, but i wont even know its gone because my mind body etc will no longer exist. Thinking of that scared the shit out of me and yet I could not stop thinking about it. Part of me wants to believe in reincarnation/another life/heaven etc, but i honestly i think that I'm just giving myself false hope. (No offense intended to any religions what so ever) I cant get off this off my mind. I want to make the most out of my life, but when its my time and it has to come to an end, what will happen? Sorry if I'm boring anyone, but i would just really like to know other people have the same thoughts...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-253115", "score": 0.6164175271987915, "text": "There is *circulatory* death, when your heart stops working. This is a well-defined death. There's also *brain* death, when your brain stops functioning. It is defined by the moment your brain cannot longer think, and (try to) control movement. Automatic movement in response to stimuli like a heartbeat and other vital functions could still happen. There's not one definition, even within one scientific area.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1010544", "score": 0.6163220405578613, "text": "Life is so precious. To go into this, hundreds of thousands of chemicals had to be just 100% exactly right, and we're able to experience beautiful things. Truly beautiful things. Like love. To be able to love is an emotion which is unbelievable. To be able to connect. To have chemistry. It's incredible.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2785178", "score": 0.6162961721420288, "text": "Hi guys, ı writed and created most of the classes in the list, so its verry normal if you dowsnt heard any of this lifeform kinda before, what do you think? Basically in my world \"life\" is explained by a chain reactions of energy whic make non living things make living and moving, for that humans are basically giant atomic masses use elements for move and think but nothing more, here my list\nOrganic: organisms that burn carbon to provide energy / die from aging and burning Magnetite: organisms that use the magnetic field and gravitational force to provide energy / immortal as long as their magnetic chains remain intact Tectothermic: organisms that use magma and heat to provide energy / die through cooling Radiothermic: organisms that use radiation to provide energy / die if inactivated Radial: creatures made of light consisting of pure energy / exist only in another dimension and disappear in our universe in the true sense of the word. Silicon: life using the chemical bonds of silicon and crystals/ extinct\nHydrothermic: organisms that use the flammable effect of hydrogen and oxygen to produce energy, literally living water. / dies as a result of poisoning and impurity\nMetathermic:life use acid and metane for produce energy / die because a change in elemental and PH scale.\nTübilantic: organisms that use the force of motion and static to generate energy / die from stagnation and shrinkage", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2098947", "score": 0.6162190437316895, "text": "is it like, \"existence, be there!\"?\n\nthere's no context. is it a reference to something?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-509", "score": 0.7226539254188538, "text": "Actually, your suggestion of a possible password might be safer. I vaguely remember some xkcd on this..." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-114615", "score": 0.6862547993659973, "text": "The thing that is typed after a username or email address is typically a password,. Regardless of whether that text looks like a password.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1836043", "score": 0.6862369179725647, "text": "Without using a GPO, is there a way to do this without having to have someone manually type in the new password after running the script?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-741243", "score": 0.6860748529434204, "text": "So I have a password that is a total of 11 numbers and letters. There are 7 letters (one is a capital) and 4 numbers. It looks like a random series of numbers and letters, similar to rgfkj54qeF293. Knowing how impossibly hard my password would be to crack, I challenged my friend to guess my password and log into Facebook for $10. \n\nWhat happened next amazes me even still. \n\nSo he sits in front my computer, knowing that my password is a complete mash of letters and numbers (but not knowing the exact combo). He mashes the keys and hits enter. It works, he logs into my Facebook. \n\nNow I understand that the odds of this happening are so high that it must be an outrageously high number. But what are the exact odds? I'm very curious to know!\n\ntl:dr I owe my mate $10. \n\nEDIT: This is a second post due to me being an absolute dumb ass. I typed out my actual password so I could count the letters and numbers for reference, meaning to delete it before I posted. Forgot to delete it, then panic-deleted the post. Please forgive me. Also, if anyone saw the original post, please don't ruin my life.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-182067", "score": 0.685981273651123, "text": "In theory an attacker who doesn't know you didn't use the numbers and special characters would need to consider that they might have been used, slowing their attempts on your password. But consider that an attacker might simply only decide to go for the easy targets and just try normal characters, leaving out numbers and special characters. That wouldn't ever get into accounts of the people who included them but it would happen to break yours since you didn't. By expanding the possible characters to include the extra numbers and special symbols it presents a task too great for an attacker to solve, and to ensure it actually *is* too hard to solve they force you to include them in your password. Otherwise the attackers just solve the problems they can and the simple passwords get broken.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-51676", "score": 0.6857583522796631, "text": "There is no general rule that programmers follow that disallows spaces in usernames or passwords. However, a good reason not to allow them is to prevent confusion. If I email you that your username / password is xyzzy / frobozz you will have a hard time telling by what I sent you that you are supposed to prefix xyzzy with one space and append two spaces to your password, especially if I forget to put quotes around them or your display is using a variable-width character font or you're viewing it with an HTML parser, which tends to convert multiple consecutive spaces into a single space.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-84475", "score": 0.685558021068573, "text": "They use something called a hash function. It is a one way function which maps a specific input to a specific output. So if you type in your password they hash it and then check it against the saved hash. If someone were to crack their password database, they would only be able to read the hashes, which are not really revertible. There are some further security features built in, as hashes alone are not 100% safe.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-742814", "score": 0.6854878067970276, "text": "Always freaked out whenever it said my password was wrong, but I just had caps lock on. \n\n", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1835125", "score": 0.6853073239326477, "text": "Is this happening to other people too? My password is secure but the game is telling me that it is “Really easy to guess” with a legitimate server prompt. I’m sort of worried and would like to know if anyone has an explanation or has had this happen to them as well...", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1835638", "score": 0.6850464344024658, "text": "Hello, I was wondering if there is a password manager system I could get that would change my passwords on a schedule so that my passwords would switch at certain times, If there is please let me know.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-64615", "score": 0.684920608997345, "text": "They'd both have the same random chance of occurring. If you add numbers and capitalization then it becomes harder to randomly get that password.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-190198", "score": 0.6848886013031006, "text": "Often times they dont. If a smaller company has a breach and usernames / passwords get leaked they use bots to try them across many providers as most people use the same password everywhere. Google / bing / duckduckgo search your password from time to time to see if your password is posted on a list somewhere", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1837247", "score": 0.6848357915878296, "text": "Just kidding:-) I am just curious to know how do you arrive at a password? I have so many different ones, for my email, for work, different applications at work, at bank, credit cards, Reddit etc. I always run out of ideas and combination that I will remember. Also do you store the passwords on a file somewhere and is it a good idea? Any suggestions to keep track of these things...", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-184935", "score": 0.684758722782135, "text": "Passwords are usually stored not as themselves but as a random looking number that is created from the password called a hash. Hashes are only really reversable by trying every combination until they find the correct one. Each character you add onto the password increases the number of passwords needed to try in order to find all passwords of that length exponentially. A computer could figure out a 4 letter password in seconds or less, but by the time you are at 10 it's nearly impossible. As for why exactly 6? Probably some stupid system limitation.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-394059", "score": 0.6846311688423157, "text": "Whenever I fully reboot my device, anything that requires a password says the password is incorrect whether it be wifi or account passwords, nothing works! Does anybody have a solution?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1835184", "score": 0.6846271753311157, "text": "I set it up last week and whatever I remember isn't working. How do I remove or reset the password?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1835735", "score": 0.6843811869621277, "text": "I wouldn't do this in production, but for now I'm just learning and don't want to have to type a password in just to mess around with things. If there's no way to get around it I guess I can deal.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1836103", "score": 0.6839187741279602, "text": "I had attempts on my Netflix account and my Steam account recently. Steam was stopped thanks to 2FA but I had to act quickly for Netflix (it sucks they don't have 2fa). \n\nI changed my master password real quick when LastPass hit and they said nothing happened so I'm hoping it's just issues with weak passwords. But still I'm going to mass change everything.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-866039", "score": 0.6838314533233643, "text": "Wouldn't the fact that special characters are an option improve the password? Someone trying to crack it does not know whether or not the user took advantage of this fact, so isn't it necessary for them to assume they did? Ultimately, doesn't the length alone determine password quality?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1837376", "score": 0.6837404370307922, "text": "what i did when i heard they have a list of passwords for other sites which they try out in GW2: \n1. reset my password so you get a random generated password (never used before) \n2. save that password in your phone/write it down/@mail it to yourself/memorize it \n3. keep using that password, nobody else knows it and/or will ever know it \n4. unless you have a virus or mal/spyware or anything like that you are basicly hack-proof \n \nHope this helps, see you ingame.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-245123", "score": 0.6837118268013, "text": "In my limited experience dealing with unwanted connections to my SSH box (before employing public/private key encryption), brute force password attacks tend to either be very limited (*e.g.* the top 10,000 default passwords for various systems) or quite exhaustive (*e.g.* a complete multi-word dictionary attack with all languages, special characters, l33t speak words, and calendar dates included). The former is far more common. Since you seem to be concerned about password strength, you're probably pretty secure. Do take care though. Since you're using a predefined algorithm to choose your passwords, don't allow that to be guessable. For example, if you have passwords on all the different gawker media sites, and those passwords are \"M4tthew\", \"M4rk\", \"Luk3\", \"J0hn\"... a hacker who gets access to those passwords could probably extrapolate from there to your password for other sites.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-510", "score": 0.7333394289016724, "text": "Once the liquid that they are making the liquor out of has been fermented, and has alcohol in it, then the alcohol needs to be concentrated. Alcohol has a slightly lower boiling point than water, so they heat the liquid (which is called a mash by the way) to just below the boiling point of water. The alcohol boils off while the majority of the water remains liquid, separating the two. The alcohol vapor is then cooled and condensed back into a more concentrated and higher proof liquid. Then they generally age it in a barrel." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-44760", "score": 0.6964935660362244, "text": "What do you mean by \"types of alcohols?\" Do you mean Vodka, Gin, Run, etc or do you mean ethanol, methanol, butanol, etc?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2762442", "score": 0.6964249014854431, "text": "If distilled wine becomes brandy and distilled beer becomes whisky (gross oversimplifications, I know) what is the equivalent for mead?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-120157", "score": 0.6961008906364441, "text": "Not significantly, at least on a biological level. There might be as minor difference between a shot of vodka and shotgunning a beer but it's miniscule. The only thing that really matters is how much you drink and how fast you do it. What really matters is how you think it effects you and your mental state going into it. If you drink red wine when you're sad, you'll feel maudlin. If you think tequila is for parties, you'll make out with strangers. If you think whiskey is for fighting, you'll drink it when you already want to start a fight with your ex's new boyfriend.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-92796", "score": 0.695891261100769, "text": "the best way is to get yourself accustomed to it. Take whiskey for instance, you cant drink it straight without making that face? Water it down, add cola or ice or whatever. Don't listen to what snobs say, whiskey is at its best however you fucking want it to be. Once you've found a whiskey (for instance) that you think tastes really good watered down or whatever, try it stronger, still mixed, but stronger. Keep doing this until the dilution is minimal. Then you can enjoy the Whiskey. Obviously it has to be said, why do you want to enjoy something you don't actually enjoy?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-134104", "score": 0.6957953572273254, "text": "the filtering process during production isn't as thorough or effective. there's a bunch of extra crap in there on top of the regular chemical that is eventually produced from the alcohol breaking down. so, think of it like pond scum for your organs! :)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-513076", "score": 0.6953924298286438, "text": "Hey there I just distilled my first ever batch of alcohol from a few bottles of cheap wine. Mostly as practice for the future. But I've been tasting a caramel or a corn flavor in the past few cups. What does this mean? Did I burn it and now I'm getting a scortched flavor? Any insight would help.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-30339", "score": 0.6948950886726379, "text": "* whiskey - distilled alcoholic beverage made from a mash of fermented grains (wheat, barley, corn, [rye](_URL_0_), etc). Can be aged in barrels, but no required * scotch - **must be made in Scotland**. distilled two or more times and matured for 3+ years in oak barrels. When people say \"12 year old scotch\", they don't mean they've had the bottle for 12 years. They mean that scotch was aged in an oak barrel for 12 years. * bourbon - American whiskey. The mash has to be at least 51% corn. * rye - American whiskey. The mash has to be at least 51% rye.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-279600", "score": 0.6942735314369202, "text": "Sure. For example, look at the [phase diagram](_URL_0_) of a water/ethanol mixture. Notice that the freezing point of the system drops drastically with increasing ethanol concentration, such that when the fraction of ethanol is above 90%, the freezing point will be less than -100C! This explains, for instance, why Vodka doesn't freeze in household freezers. Edit: As for then removing the ethanol, that would get a bit tricky since water and ethanol will have an [azeotrope](_URL_1_) with a composition of 95% ethanol, meaning that when removing the liquid, this will be the first component removed. As you keep removing this azeotrope, the concentration of water will keep increasing, so at one point it will freeze (assuming you're keeping the system at a constant temperature), although ethanol will be trapped in the solid.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-6345", "score": 0.6940571665763855, "text": "Distilled spirits are heavily taxed & always have been. In the oldest days of the country, whiskey was seen as an efficient way for remote farmers to concentrate their grain & move it to market. It can easily take 5-10 pounds of grain to make a single bottle of whiskey. The other thing is that, unlike homebrewing, home distillation is not a terribly safe thing. From exploding stills to toxic booze, there's plenty of things that can go wrong with it. For safety reasons, the government prohibits it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-71450", "score": 0.69358229637146, "text": "There are 3 drinks that make a man. Three parts of the world make 'em and they start with the Brits, may they slow roast in hell. First they invade Scotland, force their terrible beers; to wash their sorrows the gave their namesake to make every one of them know they can win the battlefield but will spend their nights under a table. Then the Irish in their long lived struggles came with a gentler drink that contained a blend of smooth acceptance that turned to a slow burning rage that makes a saint a sinner. Finally we have the bourbons, they have their hard-fought independence in the states but they fought unfairly and naturally used unheard of ingredients in their liquor to make every imbibing man on earth question what goes through a yank's head before their throat shrivels.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-156787", "score": 0.6933394074440002, "text": "Vodka is not an aged drink. Wine gains flavor from allowing the organic molecules react over time. They form different, more subtle flavors as they age. Whiskey is much more alcoholic, and aging alone doesn't do much. However, they're aged in wood barrels (depends on type of whiskey to determine age and barrel types), and they pull lots of flavor from the wood. They also get their color from the wood; whiskey is naturally clear before aging. Note: Some wines are also barrel-aged, which adds complexity. For other types of alcohols: Gin is not aged. Tequila can be not aged (silver) or various levels of aged (gold, añejo, etc). Rum can be not aged (silver), spiced with various spices, barrel-aged, etc.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-110313", "score": 0.6931630969047546, "text": "Two different reasons depending on what alcohol you are talking. Whisky, rum, tequila and the like are aged in barrels, usually made out of oak. As they chill out in those barrels they take in some flavors from the barrels, giving them a more complex and refined taste. In wine, there are a bunch of chemicals that take a really long time to react, meaning that the wine will change over time. This is also true to a lesser extent with the other alcohols. Also, certain years (vintages) are said to have had better grapes and therefore better wines than other years, so people might save wine from those vintages to consume over a longer period of time.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-142195", "score": 0.6931307315826416, "text": "The aging is done in barrels (it's stops gaining age once it's bottled) so the alcohol is picking up more flavors from the wood over more time. The wood also mellows some of the not good flavor chemicals that were concentrated with the alcohol.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-288944", "score": 0.6930790543556213, "text": "If it is indeed stainless steel, the ability to form a passive layer has been shown to be strongly influenced by the presence of hydroxylic organic solvents (ie it's not as 'stainless' when you put ethanol in it) [1]. Since stainless steel contains both iron and chromium, and chromium is particularly adept at ripping your insides apart [2], leeching of such metals into your drink is probably not a great idea. Liquors which are acidic due to the presence of citrus would accelerate these processes. [1] P.L. de Anna, Corrosion Science 25 (1985) 43 [2] S.J. Stohs et al, Journal of Environmental Toxicology, Pathology and Oncology 20 (2001) 77", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-300368", "score": 0.6930131316184998, "text": "Hydrogen bonds. Same thing that makes water a liquid at room temperature makes alcohols liquid.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-59493", "score": 0.6929079294204712, "text": "Ethers, being a volatile compoun and mostly responsible for a chunk of fragrances, have different \"boiling\" temperatures depending on their molecular size. Whisky at room temperature has a much more full aroma bouquet than whisky from the fridge (god forbid). This is because at room temperature, longer chain ethers can begin to evaporate and reach or olfactory receptors. Cold beverages also reduce the rate or chemoreceptor firing, thus numbing your taste.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-160098", "score": 0.6928731799125671, "text": "In the brewing processes, the beer is cooled so that some of the water freezes, increasing the ABV and removing some of the soluble impurities (impurities that affect taste). Alcohol has a lower freezing point that water, so by controlling the rate and temperature, water ice crystals form which can be physically separated from the rest of the mixture - like straining out the final bits of ice in a nearly-melted slushy.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2296389", "score": 0.6927754282951355, "text": "Hi there! \n\nI have been homebrewing for 3 months now. Before this i worked at a cafe which allowed me to do my own v60 pour over. N i guess i am in this nerd phase of pondering abt the science of the number of pours, agitation due to faster or slower pours (would try stirring with a SPOON some day) and what makes a complex cup. \n\nSo far I believe in the theory of heat retention. Generally with fewer pours, the volume of each pour would be greater. This causes the slurry to reach higher temperatures for longer periods which leads to more extraction. Vice versa. I have always been a fan of slow and steady pours, in a concentric circles with little agitation. But recently, I had a filter at a cafe, they had prolonged blooming. (1min. 13grams dose. 30g bloom) and 4 pours including the bloom. The dose per pour was small and the pour rate was slow but there was alot of agitation as the kettle went up and down. (Much like when clearing white before starting on latte art) idk the volumes of the 3 other pours but the cup was complex. Very tea like with high flavour clarity. First sip and all the flavours hit you! Couldnt even taste the bitterness when i tried finding it. Actly tot i was not drinking coffee HAHA. Oh and I forgot to mention, grind size was on the coarser side, 1:16 brew ratio, 84degrees, light-med roast. \n\nSo this made me try it at home, which i did!\n\nI did a slightly coarser grind size, 84 degrees, and 4 pours. \n15g dose\n45g bloom 1 minute\n150g 1:00-1:20\n200g 1:20- 1:30 (centra slow pour, little agitation)\n2:40g 1:30-1:40 \n\nMy pours were all slow and circular except for the 2nd last pour. With what I tried which was not exactly the same as what I saw at the cafe, I got better flavour clarity, flavour intensity was slightly less but it was not too light, and less bitterness from my usual 93 degrees. 3 pours. 15g dose. 50g bloom (40s) 180g (0:40-1:00) 240g (1:00-1:10) all circular pours. My hypothesis is lower temperatures and coarser grind with smaller pour volumes and more agitation from the kettle moving up and down caused a slow but agitated extraction of sugars which led to little to no extraction of bitterness and more extraction of sweetness overall. \n\n1. Could anyone share why they increased the number of pours they do on V60. (3~4 pours including bloom for v60). \n\n2. And how do you add complexity!! My guess it complexity comes from unevenness of extraction (not to the extreme ofc, due to channelling etc) thus the central pour. \n\n3. Also, does anyone know the effects of pouring faster besides more agitation? In terms of flavour.\n\n4. Lastly, pouring with more agitation by changing pour height (up and down) while keeping pour rate relatively slow. (That cafe was using artisan brewista) \n\nThank you and stay caffeinated!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-95227", "score": 0.6927209496498108, "text": "Simple answer? Us law ([click here for the actual law](_URL_0_)) requires \"spirits\" to be bottled at not less than 80 proof. Basically, they have to be 80 proof minimum in order to be subject to the laws pertaining to distilled spirits. Of course, getting a higher proof is more costly, so companies commonly settle on this minimum. 45 is another level that's common, as that's a \"liqeur\". You see some stuff from 20-40 proof (Hypnotiq, Shimmer, Malibu, etc) because those drinks are regulated under different laws yet again.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-834300", "score": 0.6926629543304443, "text": "I want to do an experiment, and to know that, I need to know about substances that react with ethanol totally or majorly to form a new substance. So I need to make a list in order to choose the right reagent for the experiment\n\nThe experiment is about separating compounds present in ethanol, and are attached to it in its ordinary state. They are salts and oils. What are they, I dont know, however they are related to the substance from which the ethanol was distlled. So I thought one of the optimal solutions would be to neutralize the ethanol.\n\nTo clarify, if you distill alcohol from wine or grapes or grains, you will notice a different smell in each of these alcohols which indicates that the alcohol isnt by itself and that there are different substances mixed with it almost inseparably. I want to separate those substances and they may be salts or oils as I indicated\n\nAnd btw. I can use only common chemicals, the ones that are found in hardware stores, markets, pharmacies etc. I dont plan on buying online or visiting a chemical shop", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-511", "score": 0.7318363189697266, "text": "Although it doesn't look it, the ballast is pretty solid. It distributes the load from the passing trains, keeps down unwanted vegetation (there aren't many plants than can grow on rocks) and enables water to drain away. This last one is very important. Where I live, there was some flooding back in May, and parts of the railway line were submerged. The water, having just washed down from the hillsides, was very muddy, and so the ballast is caked in mud. And so right now the line is closed for a couple of weeks while they clean the ballast. This is because the mud is preventing the water from draining away properly. In the winter, the wet mud would likely freeze, and water expands when it freezes: and so it might actually lift the tracks slightly. If we have a winter where the ballast freezes, unfreezes and freezes again a few times, that could loosen the tracks and make them dangerous." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-84143", "score": 0.6945046782493591, "text": "Because when the tracks are disturbed for maintenance, there's a lot of things to be done before the track goes back into service. [Here](_URL_0_) is a video of what's involved, and that's if they're using one of those machines. Now think about doing all that without one, when there is a train coming through in a little while. You really want to have everything you're going to need standing by.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-18636", "score": 0.6926562786102295, "text": "I would imagine that it is a combination of the train's weight and the grade of the track. I am sure that when the railroads were built, the engineers in charge of the construction were aware of the metal-on-metal issue and simply made certain to never build tracks at a steep enough angle for slippage to become a problem.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-245443", "score": 0.6919569969177246, "text": "These types of system are called (creatively enough) [overhead line system](_URL_1_). You're correct that the circuit is completed through the track. The tracks are electrically connected to the Earth and are as harmless as any other piece of normal train track. Extensive protection is used to ensure the tracks never \"float\" (become electrically disconnected from the Earth) which would be dangerous if left unchecked. > I thought touching the rails was dangerous only on train without power lines. If the train uses a [third-rail system](_URL_0_) then touching the outer rails is electrically \"safe\" for the same reasons as above. It is however highly discouraged because anyone close enough to touch one of the train rails is also close enough to touch the incredibly dangerous third rail.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-4630", "score": 0.691918134689331, "text": "Basically because the wheels aren't perfectly cylindrical, they are cone shaped, the outer side is a smaller diameter than the inner side. This means that the weight of the train and the difference in rotation speeds between matched wheels forces continuous position adjustments that keep the train centered between the rails. Also, when a train is coming to a corner the speed is carefully controlled to prevent excessive lateral g-forces that would cause the train to tip and the rails are very carefully banked in curves, just like you see on highway ramps.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-307255", "score": 0.6916628479957581, "text": "Huge chunks of rock are not bouncy. Their collisions are inelastic, meaning they don't conserve kinetic energy. The kinetic energy from their motion gets used up in breaking them apart and heating them up. That's where a lot of earth's internal heat comes from, actually.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-19915", "score": 0.6913347840309143, "text": "In the US, train rail is welded. This makes it more stable, albeit at some increased heat trouble, and very hard to steal. A typical welded piece could be a mile long and when you cut it the sensors for continuous train control (where it is deployed) would detect a loss of signal. It's a lot of work to steal, a federal crime, and the scavenge price of steel is low. Plus, if you do it once, every scrap yard in the area will be contacted by the police and when you show up with your second batch it's going to be an angry confrontation with a burly scrapper who'd rather call the cops than pay you.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-285290", "score": 0.690152645111084, "text": "I'm assuming you are talking about the friction between the wheels on a car/train and the road/rail. This is called [static friction] (_URL_3_) and maximising this allows for better acceleration and grip so that the wheels do not slip when you apply torque to them, because when a wheel starts to slip, you start to lose power. The higher the better in this case. This is why formula 1 cars (and other racing cars for that matter) like slick wide tyres to maximise the amount of static friction between the tyre and the road.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-158256", "score": 0.6899513602256775, "text": "The earth is not consistently made up of the same thing. Some areas are made of soft rocks that aren't very stable Other areas are made of hard rocks that are incredibly hard to drill through. It's cheaper, easier and safer to curve your tunnel around these obstacles than it is to just drill a straight line.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-173442", "score": 0.6878769993782043, "text": "They do. In fact trains have sand spreaders on them that throw sand on the track for traction.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-97596", "score": 0.6876814365386963, "text": "Rock, to you, seems very hard. It's very flexible in the big picture. So, a little bit can slip, while the rest can stay still.. and the sound coming from that slip or break travels in two ways - one is back and forth and one is up and down. It is a very loud sound. It can also echo off of different kinds of rocks (like mountains). Many times the little slip gets stuck again, builds up pressure and slips again. Sometimes the sound of the slip and make other spots with pressure also slip. These are aftershocks.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-278368", "score": 0.6867750883102417, "text": "Tread doesn't increase grip, it decreases it (in your shoe and tyre examples at least). It is needed on road cars and shoes etc to disperse water in wet conditions, allowing the rubber to grip the surface rather than float on a thin layer of water. Trains also need to slide across the surface of the rails slightly. Each wheel is slightly conical, not cylindrical. This allows each wheel to have a different radius to make cornering possible (_URL_0_). The mass of the train is rather inimportant so far as grip goes - if you fit train wheels to a normal car it will work fine as a train (see topgear) - infact the lower rolling resistance is (probably) a good thing for efficiency.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-35500", "score": 0.6864734888076782, "text": "Nothing more that what's stopping someone from dropping barrels of oil on a freeway. Only it takes quite a bit of dedicated effort to damage a train track. There are also measures in place that detect when a track portion has been removed or the rail line is severely damaged.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-151141", "score": 0.685809314250946, "text": "Trains are very energy-efficient, for several reasons: Steel wheels on steel rails have a low rolling coefficient, approximately 1/10th of a car's tire on a concrete road. Also, since train cars are coupled close together, the wind resistance per car is low. Additionally, train engines are actually electric. The diesel engine just drives a big generator that powers the electric motors at the drive wheels. Electric motors make the most torque when they're stopped, so they are very efficient at getting a train rolling. Once a train is in motion, it doesn't take much energy to keep it moving. To sum up: 1. Low rolling resistance 2. Low wind resistance 3. High efficiency electric motors Here's my data source for rolling resistance: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-23149", "score": 0.685168445110321, "text": "Trains have wheels on the engine that have to move the whole train. Even though engines are very heavy, that's the traction limiting factor. Sure, you can leak sand onto the rail, but that increases wear. A tram, on the other hand, isn't a long string of vehicles with only one set of drive wheels. Many of them are 2-4 cars long and all the wheels drive. The \"cargo\" likes to have open air \"personal space\" around it, so the load isn't as dense as a train cargo like coal. All these factors contribute to better acceleration and hill climbing.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-105646", "score": 0.6848160028457642, "text": "How well two surfaces stick to each other is called their \"coefficient of friction\", the higher the coefficient, the more they grip. Steel on steel actually has a pretty high coefficient (0.8), even compared to say, rubber on asphalt (0.9), which we normally think of as the ideal case for grip [(Source)](_URL_0_). Steel on steel isn't as slippery as you might think. That combined with the enormous weight of the train pushing down on the wheels means that the train can grip the tracks just fine.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2604619", "score": 0.6810790300369263, "text": "I understand the basic principle of how the conical wheels help a train stay on the tracks, but nevertheless I've always found it remarkable how even standard gauge trains manage to ride on such narrow tracks without falling over on wobbly sections. But narrow-gauge tracks are even narrower, and often appear crooked and uneven, and the trains are basically as wide as a regular train. How do the trains remain balanced on such narrow and wobbly tracks?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-170647", "score": 0.6806994080543518, "text": "They're basically built-in potholes. The passing vehicles jump the rail gap and slam their tires against the pavement on the other side millions of times a year. Usually the rail itself is still fine when the crossing gets repaved, but the pavement is obliterated from cars grinding away at it five thousand times a day.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-185308", "score": 0.68063884973526, "text": "The high current passing through the conductors causes them to vibrate. In large buildings they use metal plates as conductors rather than wires and they are taped together with plastic in between to absorb/dampen the vibrations.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-175111", "score": 0.6801971197128296, "text": "There are sensors next to the tracks and on the trains that communicate with each other to make that stuff happen. I actually work at a facility that makes those systems but I'm just a guard and dont know enough to get more detailed than that. I'll ask next time I work and if this is still here I will give a better answer.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-20016", "score": 0.6800115704536438, "text": "Most of the time there's grooves to give way to more traction. Think of concrete in playgrounds, most of the time it has grooves in them to keep the kids from slipping if it gets wet. It adds extra traction", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-512", "score": 0.6769227981567383, "text": "Oils are not generally water soluble. Oils would be left on the skin after washing with just water, which would contribute to body odor and mangy hair. You would be cleaner than you went in, but soap is important." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-245431", "score": 0.6430095434188843, "text": "The answer is mostly no. Your inner layers of skin are fairly water-proof while the outer layer of skin do absorb water. This is why your fingers will 'prune'. The water does not enter your bloodstream through this absorption however it is still expelled various ways so parts of your body do stay hydrated. But not all of your body. But fear not, unless you were already severely dehydrated, you won't die from dehydration if you constantly laid in a tub of water. You would die of water poisoning because of the amount of water you would take in and the amount of sodium you would lose would cause a severe water to sodium imbalance.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-186077", "score": 0.6429980993270874, "text": "Urine being sterile is actually a myth. It's not true, regardless of whether it is hot or cold. ANYTHING that comes from your body will contain bacteria and such, including urine. & #x200B; [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-61315", "score": 0.6429207921028137, "text": "Fresh out of the shower, butthole's pretty clean actually. I recommend not doing it to someone who's all sweaty or hasn't showered in a while.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-106005", "score": 0.6426751017570496, "text": "It doesn't (assuming we are talking about non-antibiotic soap here). Soap and water create a foamy lather that washes away layers of dirt and dead skin that bacteria grow on. You are removing them, not killing them. Some studies have suggested you get the same effect from water and rubbing your hands with out soap. That said, millions of bacteria still remain after washing hands, and almost all of it is harmless or your immune system already is primed against it. Though this is no reason to stop washing your hands.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-87617", "score": 0.642655611038208, "text": "Yeah, most people misunderstand how the whole washing hands thing works. Soap doesn't kill bacteria(unless it's antibacterial soap, but they're pretty unpopular for home use) and of course neither does water. Water can hovewer wash off the bacteria, or simply dirt that the bacteria live on. The problem is that dirt sticks to oils - such as sweat - and oils are hydrophobic, which means they don't dissolve in water, which makes pure water rather ineffective against them. This is where soap comes in - it serves as a bridge between water and oils, making the water as effective on oils as it is on normal dirt. So the bottom line is, soap is just an addition to the water you wash your hands(or any other body part) with, not the other way around. It's not a magical substance that annihilates dirt on touch.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-143054", "score": 0.6426143646240234, "text": "When it comes to using products on the hair and skin, the biggest concern would be the pH level. The hair and skin are both pH 4.5-5.5 so if the body wash is at that, it should be okay. If not, you should probably stop even using that product on your skin - google the product to find out. Also, the hair structure and skin structure are very different, therefore needing different types of products. Many soaps act to clean of a layer of dirt and grime but used on the hair will open and ruff up the hair cuticle (imagine shingling down your hair shaft to protect it). Shampoo, like body wash opens the cuticle to insure a good clean, but most are more delicate than body washes. In conclusion, it would be okay to use body wash as a shampoo for the differences aren't too extreme. As a precaution, you should certainly use conditioner after (also after using shampoo!) to close up and hydrate the cuticles to protect the hair from damage. Source: I attended Cosmetology classes.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-30752", "score": 0.6425975561141968, "text": "It's a natural body substance, so it wouldn't damage you by itself. However, it might not be sterile, so it could be carrying a lot of nasty germs in it, and they might give you a life threatening blood infection. So best not to try this. You might end up in the hospital or dead.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1253054", "score": 0.6423717737197876, "text": "I plan to cleanse a large bowl of water during the full moon this Friday & I was curious to see what you guys use your water for after it’s been cleansed! I usually drink a glass and use the rest for rituals :)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-277769", "score": 0.6422062516212463, "text": "If you're talking about killing bacteria, then no, there isn't much benefit to using hot water. However, warmer water and steam from a shower can help open the pores on your skin and make it easier to remove dirt and excess oils.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-290778", "score": 0.64217609167099, "text": "[This study](_URL_1_) and [this study](_URL_0_) both indicate that, while water alone is not *as* effective as soap and water, it is still helpful.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1787686", "score": 0.6421083211898804, "text": "Say your just in the shower cleaning yourself and you get 'aroused' by it so you just 'clean' it for a couple minutes", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1252689", "score": 0.6420783400535583, "text": "I want o our it in the wash but that is probably a bad idea right?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1253944", "score": 0.6420462131500244, "text": "Yes you read it correctly. Does shit bacteria cause acne? I'm JUST starting to clear my face up but this Thanksgiving I invited over my elderly grandmother, and well, she had diarrhea for two nights straight and today she just shat all over my bathroom. As an EXTREME germaphobe I nearly passed out, God knows how much shit particles she transferred over to the faucet knobs (which I use dozen times a day obviously to wash my face) to \"wash her hands\" and also the fucking doorknobs. I'm literally not tryna break out here but I know a lot of times my germaphobia is irrational but I **need** to know if even if I THOROUGHLY clean the bathroom (she also used my shower to clean off), will there still be some kind of bacteria? Fuck this is weird man but I don't want shit particles haunting my peaceful sacred acne-cleansing room.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-59106", "score": 0.6419300436973572, "text": "The chemicals you treat water with are to kill organisms (bacteria, parasites, etc), not cleanse it of other chemicals. Drinking water with dead organisms in it might make you a little sick to the stomach but it won't kill you because the organisms won't multiply inside you. I suppose it's possible you could use one chemical to have a reaction with other chemicals in the water, resulting in a new chemical that isn't harmful, but I've never heard of such a thing in reality.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-144707", "score": 0.6418839693069458, "text": "You can, that has been disproven. You should probably still drink SOME water (because the other beverages my have some properties that reduce your body's ability to absorb the water) but the current condition is that ANY water you intake, is good water.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2100702", "score": 0.6417418718338013, "text": "I know for sure that in the mid-east and certain parts of Asia and South America, most men and women in particular clean using water after doing number 1 or number 2 for religious or cultural reasons. How about the rest of the world? I got curious about this after my dry cleaner told me that he could differentiate mid-easterners simply by looking at their dirty underwear where there would almost never be yellow spots vs others. Also, what is your view of urine? Do you consider it to be repulsive and impure or you're simply indifferent towards it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-305074", "score": 0.6416865587234497, "text": "On a personal level, there will not be many strong effects. Skin and hair will develop a layer of oil and wax, which in most cases is actually [protective](_URL_0_) against infection and aids thermoregulation. We strip this layer daily using harsh chemical treatments in the form of SDS, an organic chemical used in labwork to linearize proteins. This, and the use of alcohols which pull moisture from skin, commonly causes dry skin and dandruff, contrary to what others here say. For this reason, my dermatologist reccomends using body wash and shampoo rarely, and simply showering with water and conditioner on hair. From an epidemiological perspective, showering is very important. Humans live in such close contact now that disease can spread very rapidly among populations. Showering slows and prevents the spread of skin bourne pathogens very effectively. Modern hygeine is one of the major reasons humans have seen an expansion in average life span in the last few hundred years.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-152143", "score": 0.6416565775871277, "text": "Depends on how it does that. If it covers up the skin and prevents sweat from reaching the open air, you've basically created a barrier between your skin and the external environment, which would cause the sweat to pool underneath and turn into a swamp for bacteria. You'd get horrible stench when it's removed, and you'd develop lots and lots of zits as dirt is forced back into your pores. If you chemically inactivate the glands, it would depend on how this is done. I'd worry about some unintended interaction of chemicals/hormones that could cascade into other effects. Without any kind of basis to go on, it's impossible to predict what would happen. I can say, however, that your sweat glands exist for a reason, and I'd worry that you'd turn off too many, overheat and die.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2550479", "score": 0.641616702079773, "text": "So I've just started growing my hair long again and need some advice about washing it. I know that washing it too often is bad for it so I try to shampoo every 3 days or so. My issue is that on days when I workout my head gets pretty sweaty so I was wondering if it's fine to rinse it with water only twice on those days, i.e. once in the morning and once at night after working out?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-418938", "score": 0.6415404677391052, "text": "I manage to hop into the shower every once in a while, every two days in school times at least, to keep up an outer appearance. But once I'm on my own, I don't care at all. I'm lucky if I have brushed my teeth once a month in the past years. I haven't changed my blanket nor pillow linens in a year, and I have had the exact same towel since december. My makeup that I rarely use is three years old and counting, probably carrying more bacteria than a public toilet. I only drink sugars, I only eat chips or whatever I have at hand, if I want to eat anything, that is. I have completely lost the motivation to take care of myself. I do care how others see me, but I just don't give a fuck about myself and it's only getting worse the further it gets. I want to improve my hygiene, but I just can't seem to get myself to do anything about it. I hate myself for it, I feel disgusting.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-514", "score": 0.8254863619804382, "text": "If you do not make enough money to get subsidized, you may make little enough money to qualify for Medicaid. Unfortunately, due to Florida's decision not to expand the Medicaid program, there is a gap between the maximum income to qualify for Medicaid and the minimum income to qualify for subsidies. If you fall within this gap, you probably will not be able to get affordable insurance. (You'll be exempt from the individual mandate, though, so you mostly just aren't affected.)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2546699", "score": 0.7831273078918457, "text": "Any tips? I get rejected from subsidies because I could have enrolled in health insurance during my internship. The issue is that during the internship I had health insurance through Medicaid. Once I turned 21 I was no longer eligible for Medicaid and so I was disenrolled, this happened after the enrollment period at my internship. Now whenever I try to fill out the Healthcare.gov application it looks like I turned down the employer insurance for no reason and it denies me any subsidies (even though my income is like $15k at most). Another issue I'm running into is that I will be going back to the same company next Summer for 12 weeks. So technically yes, I will be eligible for health insurance through them for 2020 BUT only for the 12 weeks that I am there in the Summer. The entire rest of the year I have nowhere else to get health insurance except for my school (which is around $250 a month, expensive but actually pretty decent coverage). Anyone have any ideas? I'd prefer to get a cheap crappy plan that is subsidized from the market because I don't have any health issues that warrants a gold plan (which the school's is) but judging how the marketplace application is going rn I'm 99% sure that I will get rejected again.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2485575", "score": 0.7828282117843628, "text": "My employer does not offer health insurance (they just offer a partial reimbursement), so I have to get insurance through the Healthcare Marketplace. I was paying $345 per month (after my tax credit) when I lived in rural central Florida. I called to say I moved to another area (Jacksonville, FL) my new premium (with my tax credit) is now $622 per month - nearly double!! And this is only for coverage for me only!\nI'm so shocked I can't think straight this is basically what I save from my paycheck. What can I do??", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2809647", "score": 0.7820243239402771, "text": "Currently I have Blue Cross Blue Shield through ACA if that's what the insurance on HealthCare.gov falls under. I was making $14,000 a year when I applied for it last year, and my monthly payment was $16.00 with a $750.00 deductible. I'm a student who just moved back home so I can hurry and finish school, so I had to leave my previous job and am now driving for Uber on the weekends. I will be making about $5,760 a year. When I went to apply for insurance again for next year, the lowest priced plan is $280 a month with a $7,350 deductible. That's an increase of $264 a month from my previous plan and a $6,600 increase in my deductible. All the while I'm making $8,240 less a year. After filling out my application, I also received an eligibility notice email from HealthCare.gov stating.... \n \n> Based on the information provided, you would be eligible for free or low cost health care through Georgia Medicaid. However, the state of Georgia has chosen not to offer you this health coverage at this time. You won't owe a fee for not having health coverage. This is because of your income, and because the state of Georgia declined to expand Georgia Medicaid to cover individuals in your situation. \n \nI just don't know what to do. Did I fill out the paperwork wrong? Am I basically screwed in terms of health insurance for next year?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2487986", "score": 0.7776715755462646, "text": "I'm trying to help my sister get health care for 2020 since she has been uninsured for the last year. When she applied, healthcare.gov]( told her that she made too little for her to get Medicaid and to get premium tax credits, so she has to pay the full price for health care. She trying to finish up getting her degree so she's only been working part time, so her net income is something along the lines of $6,000/year. [Benefits.gov]( is saying that she would qualify, but [Healthcare.gov is blocking her out. I could really use some help with pointing her in the right direction.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2486015", "score": 0.775279700756073, "text": "Just turned 26 a month ago so I lost health insurance coverage through my dads employer. Cobra seems way too expensive for me and honestly my dad doesn’t want me on the plan anyways. I’ve done research on Medicare/Obamacare/marketplace. But I don’t qualify for many of the affordable plans. \n\nMy dad has been claiming me as a dependent all my life except now. I am a part time student and was self employed but not anymore due to COVID-19. My mom helps me out with some of my living costs and I receive unemployment compensation as well as SNAP. I recently applied through my benefits.Florida for medical assistance but not eligible for Medicaid. \n\nI did explore Healthcare.gov to see the plans/prices for 2021 open enrollment and it estimated that I could save up to $376 on my monthly premiums with my 2021 estimated annual income (I put $15,000 just based on “gifts” , unemployment compensation, and self employment commission). Then when I went to fill out my application, it asks me how much income I made this month (which is not much) to estimate my 2021 income which did not meet the income requirements for the $376 premium tax credit. \n\nI’m very lost on what I should do at this point since I see a psychiatrist every month, require prescription medication (that’s not cheap without insurance), wear contacts/glasses, and make a minimum of 5 doctor visits/year for lab tests, blood work, x-rays, etc.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2548380", "score": 0.7724068760871887, "text": "I got laid off 7 months ago and collected unemployment for a while. The insurance from my old job lapsed. I just started a new, awesome job at a startup - however, we don't have health insurance.\n\nI have been looking into buying my own but its turning into a complete mess. Apparently LOSING a job is a \"qualifying event\", but GETTING a job is not. So I'm fucked until open enrollment starts in November?\n\nI tired using the Health Connector website today but it is a piece of shit and I got an error after inputting my first name and birthday.\n\nI'm having some kind of an allergic reaction to something and really need to get in to see a dermatologist. Not to mention I just want to be a normal adult and have insurance.\n\nI am otherwise a completely normal, healthy adult and it baffles me that this is so complicated. Can anyone give me some advice on where to go from here? I seem to be out of options. \n\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2486214", "score": 0.7701622247695923, "text": "Hi! I am a single full time student and work part-time. I went through the marketplace to get a quote and do not qualify for a premium tax credit because I don't make enough money (I made about $12,000). The cheapest plan is $265.13 a month for a bronze EPO with $8,150 deductible. I cannot afford that. \nI do not qualify for medicaid in my state (TX) because I am not pregnant/don't have children. \n\n\nWhat options do I have for health insurance? Will I get fined? \nThank you!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-78905", "score": 0.7692422270774841, "text": "[you probably want to start here](https://www._URL_0_/getting-lower-costs-on-coverage/), then [go here](_URL_1_) If you were told your premium was close to 50% of your income, you definitely qualify for subsidies. If you make less than 400% of the povery line, your maximum contribution to health insurance will be 9.5% of your income, and if you make less 133% of the poverty line, your maximum contribution is 2% of your income to health insurance. Be aware that it's very hard to get good information on what's going on with healthcare, as there are a huge number of sources that want to obfuscate the facts, and even more than are trying to deal accurately and fail. Stick to major news sources, ignore everything Fox says, and read up at _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2488212", "score": 0.7675978541374207, "text": "I am a graduate student that attempts to live off a meager $13,500- a year stipend. I supplement my income with student loans, but I work to keep the loans as minimal as possible. My assistantship was recently changed, thus I lost my subsidized student health insurance. \n\nThe subsidized student health insurance was $390- a year and if I was to keep the same plan without the subsidy this year it would be $1900- a year. The plan is ACA compliant, 100% covered preventive care, primary care with $10 copay at student health center, prescription coverage 50%, $250- annual deductible, and emergency speciality care covered at 80% through preferred providers. \n\nI am scrambling to get something setup and the ACA website indicated that open enrollment is closed. It stated I may qualify for reduced rate policies given my income status, but I have to wait until the next enrollment period. I looked into medicaid, but my income is above the state's limit. \n\nSome personal information. I'm a 30 yr old male, single, no children, no pre-existing conditions, no regular prescriptions, and I live in the state of Utah. \n\nI'd be thankful for any input about best places to look and anything to assist in the process. I think all I need until the exchanges re-open is something to cover catastrophic events, so something with a high deductible. Thank you in advance.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2486497", "score": 0.7675318717956543, "text": "I work on commission but taxes are taken out. I'm not in great health (auto immune/prednisone 3 year) off all meds now. I don't qualify for Marketplace insurance because I don't make enough money. I live in FL. Any advice my friends? TIA", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2486996", "score": 0.7661638259887695, "text": "I recently lost my job, I had health insurance so I can do that Cobra program thing but thats a little over $300 a month! There is no way I can even afford that. What do you guys suggest? Do I have any other cheaper alternatives?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2810411", "score": 0.7641985416412354, "text": "​\n\nI needed health insurance for 2021 and called a person to help me get it. I'm in florida, which doesn't have expanded medicaid. She said as long as i \"predict in good faith\" ill make 13k in 2021, i'm eligible for the credit. However, currently i don't have a job. She said that's still fine, and still allowed(lgal) as long as i make 13k in total for 2021.\n\nIs that correct, or if i currently had no income was i technically not eligible for open enrollment and the tax credit?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2486277", "score": 0.7632078528404236, "text": "This is my first real post so if this is in the wrong place I apologize and will fix it.\n\nHi guys and gals,\nI am trying to get Health insurance but I am just over the subsidy line and don't qualify for any assistance. The cheapest plan is 12.5% of my 2015 AGI. I cannot afford to eat or have money for gas if I have to pay this amount, it's ridiculous. I know I won't have to pay a penalty on my taxes (you are exempt after 8% of income I believe) and I am currently thinking to buy catastrophic insurance outside of the market place. \nIf anyone has any advice or suggestions please let me know, I've been stressing pretty hard about it the last few days.\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2487209", "score": 0.761759340763092, "text": "Am a 22 year old female living in Iowa. I'm single and have a full time job and 2 part time jobs, none of which offer health insurance plans. For the past 4 years I've been insured via the ACA, but after my yearly review it's been determined my income is too high and I've lost insurance coverage. I've tried googling my options but can only find articles about how other people are in the same boat as I am...that's great, but how do I solve my problem? I take daily medications for mental health I can't afford to buy without insurance. Neither of my parents are insured either, so I can't join either of their plans.\n\nDo I have any options? Any resources, advice, or links would be very helpful, thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1164687", "score": 0.759512186050415, "text": "I'm unemployed and have been for a while. I completely blew off getting health insurance after being out of work. Now apparently the enrollment period is closed and I'm unable to get insurance because of special circumstances. Being stupid doesn't count I guess.\n\nHow do I get health care? I can go to a walk in clinic if something is really wrong, but I just want to get a checkup and see if I'm OK. Having a panic attack right now because of stress and high blood pressure. \n\nAnyway, I have some savings and can pay for an insurance plan, I just can't seem to get one. \n\nWhat options do I have other than to wait until I'm dying or get a job?\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1163847", "score": 0.7586175203323364, "text": "I owe 400 a month for insurance and 340 for my vehicle, plus gas (30$ every 3-4 days) I don't make enough to cover I (even though I'm working 30+ hours a week making 6.45/hr plus MASSIVE tips. I need to make money on the side, I legit will not be able to cover anything this month and I'm scared to loose everything I've worked for. What can I do to make money. :(", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2488449", "score": 0.7583295702934265, "text": "Got laid off last Friday. Obviously with this pandemic, I need to find a way to get some health insurance because it averages $20,000 in medical bills. My parents plan is like $500/month, and so is COBRA. What is my best/most affordable option for health coverage?\n\nI live in FL", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1224181", "score": 0.7583267092704773, "text": "My job only allows me to have their insurance if i apply in the beginning of each year, but I already had good insurance through my parents and it's a part time job i work at 3 days a week. I cannot join their insurance until next year (i will not be with that job anymore, I will be transferred to a university) so I will literally have no insurance. What do I do? I can't just hope I don't get sick/hurt myself.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2485938", "score": 0.7570780515670776, "text": "Alright. So I am a **24** yr. old male. I have been in the US (Texas) for almost a year and a half. I work as a pizza delivery driver. I would say I make about 14000-16000 a year. I think I have an idea on how to shop for a plan, but I am not sure how applying for a subsidy works, especially that I haven't yet filed any taxes (not even for 2014). \n\n1) How would I go about this? Apply for a subsidy first? Or shop for a plan then get the subsidy?\n\n2) I have a diabetic brother who just arrived to the country (about a month ago) and who's currently living with me. He's 23. He doesn't work yet. He doesn't have his photo I.D or license, too, as he needs to reside in the state for a whole month before being eligible to apply for either. I need to get him insurance before the deadline, even if he doesn't qualify for a subsidy. I'll probably need familial help to pay for his insurance, but he needs it.\n\n1) Does he qualify for any subsidy?\n\n2) How do I go about getting him insurance?\n\n3) He lives with me and his name is on the apartment lease, does he count as a dependent or not?\n\nAny help is greatly appreciated!\n\nedit: info", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-664107", "score": 0.7537664175033569, "text": "I used to live in NY and had insurance there. In may, I moved to the SF bay area and dropped my NY insurance. Apparently, I waited too long to pick up CA health insurance though... the 60 day special enrollment period was over. I had no knowledge of the time limit. I'll be eating the fine this year. I guess this is my fault... but living without insurance as a result seems like a terrible consequence. Ever since, I've been paying oop for doctor visits. More recently, I have needed some completely unaffordable tests done. I am deciding between going into debt or waiting until open enrollment and insurance that kicks in next year.\n\n\nIt's not that bad to wait in my situation, but what if this had happened in March or April. Would I have to wait 8 months before I could be covered again? Honestly, this may be more of a rant at this point, but why is there only a couple months to sign up for health insurance for the rest of the year? We treat insurance like it is a benefit and a luxury to pay for but we punish those who miss the time limits with fines and no options for coverage. I end up with the impression that my health is only important if I can make deadlines. This incentive system seems really broken to me.\n\n\nPerhaps I'm not understanding how it works though... I can pay for health insurance. I just want to be covered. I am self employed so I won't be able to get insurance through work. I don't qualify for Medi-Cal, Medicaid or any low-income programs because I make enough to pay. And I'm quite sure short term medical plans won't cover my needs. What options am I left with?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-515", "score": 0.8220276832580566, "text": "Actually, there is! [See this!](_URL_0_ snow) That said, the reason you don't usually hear thunder during snowstorms is because snow actually suppresses the sound! It basically absorbs it, since it's just fluff in the air, drastically reducing the distance it can be heard! While a regular thunderstorm can be heard for miles and miles, a thundersnow is limited to just 2-3 miles of sound. As for why it's so rare to see a storm like that? You need moisture in the air to produce a thunderstorm. In the summer this is easy, as warm air holds water better. Unfortunately, or fortunately, cold air holds less moisture, and as a result you need special conditions for thundersnow. A warm, wet front trailing or leasing a cold front can produce it. Places like the gulf of Mexico will see it more often, due to readily available warm moist air!" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-11485", "score": 0.7804814577102661, "text": "They are exactly the same phenomenon. In the middle of a big storm there is reduced visibility, so you can't generally see lightning unless you're close enough to also hear the thunder. In some situations, though, like when there is a distant storm but clear air between you and it, you can see lightning much farther away than you can hear the thunder. People call that heat lightning, really for no good reason.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-86733", "score": 0.7798363566398621, "text": "Sometimes it does. _URL_0_ It's not common because thunderstorms typically depend on hot rising air, something you don't often find in a snowstorm.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-321600", "score": 0.7748056650161743, "text": "There is always thunder because lightning is the process of a stream of electrons racing though the atmosphere, creating a pressure wave of the air that they displace in their path across the sky. Without that electron flow, there would be no visible flash, and that flash always creates a pressure wave. What I suspect you have noticed is that you don't always hear that pressure wave, possibly because the initial pressure wave wasn't very strong, possibly because of other noises and strong winds, and possibly because it was very far away. But the thunder is always there.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-294283", "score": 0.7733563184738159, "text": "Lightning requires energy. Lots of static electricity and heat to generate the charge differential that leads to lightning. Temperature difference between ground and air can do it, too. Snow storms happen when it is cold. Meaning not as much energy source for lightning. When it does happen, it is called thunder snow.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-306265", "score": 0.7724035382270813, "text": "Actually, thunder and lightning during a snow storm is entirely possible, just ask [Jim Cantore of the Weather Channel](_URL_0_). This is a fairly rare phenomenon though since it requires convection in an otherwise dry and cold environment, unlike a warm and moisture abundant spring thunderstorm. Two ingredients are needed to produce thundersnow, CAPE (convective available potential energy) and strong lifting in the atmosphere. The lifting will get the air rising, and depending on how close the temperature is to the dewpoint temperature, CAPE can also build up and then the cloud will have convective properties like your typical thunderstorm. Once strong rising motion and convective properties are occurring, ice crystals can begin to grow and collide with each building up the electric charge that results in lightning and thunder.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-290871", "score": 0.7713233828544617, "text": "Yes! Check out [thundersnow](_URL_0_) . These can happen in the Midwest region, and around areas that have a lot of lake effect snow. This can also occur along occluded fronts, which means a cold front has smashed into a warm front. You'll see them depicted as purple fronts on a typical surface weather map. Lightning can form in just about any thunderstorm. A blizzard isn't much different, although the echo tops (highest point of clouds) is usually lower so there is less severe weather.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-315175", "score": 0.7710146903991699, "text": "Winter thunderstorms do happen, but they are rare because the air is more stable. Strong updrafts cannot form because the surface temperatures during the winter are colder. Got that from [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-291914", "score": 0.7670120596885681, "text": "Normally you don't have lightning in hurricanes, at least it is not so common. For lightning you need strong updrafts in clouds separating ice-particles and liquid drops creating the electrical field. In hurricanes the updrafts are centered in the eye where there is little or no precipitation and therefore no ice-particles or liquid drops. Otherwise the winds are mostly horizontal. However, I think they observed lightning in hurricane Katrina so there are clearly exceptions. This might be due to strong localized convection, but this is pure speculation. As a side, lightning in the atmosphere always generate soundwaves(thunder). Hopefully answering the and/or part.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-186769", "score": 0.7651453614234924, "text": "the thunder sound depends on how far away the lightning struck. the lightning where you heard no thunder means it was too far away. the reason that \"huge flashes of lightning\" are further away is because of your field of vision. it's the same reason why cars further away from you seem like they're moving slower. because you see more the further away it is.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-309653", "score": 0.7638429403305054, "text": "There can be. It's very rare, but a thunder snowstorm--[or thundersnow](_URL_0_)--is a thunderstorm with the primary precipitation being snow.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-155012", "score": 0.7623459100723267, "text": "It can occur during snowstorms, but it's extremely rare because, as /u/kouhoutek explained, thunderstorms generally need wet, warm air rising to happen. But when it does occur, it's called [thundersnow](_URL_0_), which sounds like the coolest super-villain name ever.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-165530", "score": 0.7604824900627136, "text": "Lightning requires damp air. Cold air is normally dry air. Hence lightning is possible in cold weather, but less likely.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-176939", "score": 0.7589733004570007, "text": "Winter weather is more stable, summer weather can change from hot to cold very fast, which often causes thunder/lightning.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-86508", "score": 0.7542111873626709, "text": "It can happen from time to time, but it's rare. Lightning takes a lot of energy to generate and usually gets this energy from heat. That's why so many storms start in the evening, the storm is using the heat of the day. In winter the cold doesn't have the energy, so it's much harder for lighting to form. If you get a huge storm it's possible that it will have the energy for lightning. The storm that hit the east coast not that long ago had some lightning in it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-28146", "score": 0.7537940144538879, "text": "You need to have a mass of cool air and a mass of warm air collide in order to get a thunderstorm, typically in winter. you don't have those, you've just got cold air, and precipitation.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-318238", "score": 0.7535408139228821, "text": "Thunderstorms occur when powerful updrafts carry lots of moisture up into the air. As evening sets, you've had the entire day for the sun to pump energy into the atmosphere, hence the increase in thunderstorm activity. In winter, there is less heating from the sun and so thermal updrafts are weak, and there is less moisture in the air.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-96422", "score": 0.7466452717781067, "text": "For thunderstorms to form, you really need warm and moist air. Wrong type of weather conditions when there's snow.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-192528", "score": 0.7465820908546448, "text": "What I don't understand is sometimes lightning is super bright and seems very near, and the thunder clap never comes, or is quiet. The brightness (and inferred closeness) of a bolt of lightning doesn't always seem to correspond to the volume of the thunder.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-160439", "score": 0.7463271021842957, "text": "It doesn't. That may be a coincidence you are noticing. It can thunder without rain (heat storms, etc). It can rain without thunder.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-65423", "score": 0.7460359930992126, "text": "Heat lightning does generate thunder, but the thunder dissipates before it reaches you. If you were closer you'd hear it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-516", "score": 0.8121664524078369, "text": "Primarily scale. On a smaller explosive, the cloud will be, well, smaller. You'll be able to see all the little imperfections around its edges, and those imperfections will take up a larger proportionate area of the total structure. In a nuclear cloud, it's just so big that you don't notice the same-sized imperfection in the mushroom shape as much." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-167863", "score": 0.7694259285926819, "text": "Any sufficiently large explosion creates a mushroom cloud. It's just that, generally, nuclear explosions are the biggest ones around. It's caused by the extreme heat of the explosion at ground zero, which causes the air there to rise rapidly, forming a column of heated air. This'll happen even without an explosion, it's just that mushrooms that large require really large differences in density, which don't happen often in the air. [Here](_URL_0_) is a simulation of one appearing as two fluids mix.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-299168", "score": 0.7671970725059509, "text": "Simply put it isn't unique to nuclear. Any sufficiently large explosion will cause one. I'm not positive what exactly the threshold is, but anything with a big enough fireball, where that fireball touches the ground, will form a mushroom cloud rather than a sphere.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-320717", "score": 0.7587589621543884, "text": "Whenever a less dense substance moves through a more dense substance, it creates instabilities and vortices like those created in a mushroom cloud. This is known as [Rayleigh-Taylor instability](_URL_0_). In the case of a nuclear weapon, the fireball is very hot and much less dense than the air around it — this is why it rises. However, as it rises it cools and encounters friction with the air. This causes the \"ball\" to flatten and turn into a torus surrounded by mushroom cap. The stem is caused by the hot fireball sucking up dirt from the ground into it; if the bomb is detonated at a high-enough altitude, [a stem does not form](_URL_1_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-143963", "score": 0.7578144669532776, "text": "There isn't really two clouds; it's the same cloud that has two \"tiers\", AKA \"double mushroom.\" This can potentially happen with any nuclear explosion under the right conditions. There doesn't seem to be any good studies behind the science of this, but it looks like the heat rising from the crater made by the bomb creates the second cloud. Here's a couple things I found that might explain it a little more: _URL_0_ _URL_1_ Edit: Added info from source.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-301276", "score": 0.7569928765296936, "text": "I doubt I'm qualified to answer exactly how a nuclear explosion works, but as for the second part, generally, nuclear explosions are circular at first, and the mushroom cloud is formed from the intense heat rising from the blast. You can see this with any large fireball, nuclear or not.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-310721", "score": 0.756729006767273, "text": "Any really large explosion that generates a large amount of hot gas will generate a mushroom cloud. As the heated gas rises up, the outer edges are slowed down by drag and are pushed aside by the hot gas coming up behind them, creating a mushroom-like appearance. It's an example of [Rayleigh-Taylor instability](_URL_0_). If you detonated a nuclear weapon in zero-g, you wouldn't get that effect. Or if the atmosphere were already the temperature of the nuclear fireball, since that would remove the buoyancy that causes that gas to rise. Regular explosions will definitely do the same thing. Source: when I was 14 and set a pile of wet leaves on fire with 3 gallons of gasoline.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-254561", "score": 0.7549522519111633, "text": "*~~Edit: [d4m1ty's response](_URL_0_) explains the actual mechanism that causes the mushroom shape.~~* A large enough conventional explosion also results in a mushroom cloud. You've got a mass of super-heated air that rises, carrying ash and dust skyward, resulting in a mushroom shape if the plume is large/hot enough.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-180051", "score": 0.7546533942222595, "text": "The formation of a mushroom cloud is about the amount of energy released into the atmosphere. You can create a mushroom cloud from non-nuclear detonations as well, for example volcano. The same mushroom clouds are also generated on hot days where you have solar energy constantly heating the ground, however these mushrooms can take hours to form instead of seconds and do not carry the visual debris.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-309438", "score": 0.7491843700408936, "text": "No. The mushroom cloud is simply a result of an explosion with large enough yield. A large enough conventional explosion will create one, a small enough nuclear weapon will not. The 11 ton yield of the MOAB is sufficient. It might be hard to build a nuclear weapon with a low enough yield with today's technology, but it could in theory be done by using an isotope with a much lower critical mass than the common U-235 or Pu-238.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-99020", "score": 0.7480130791664124, "text": "Any large enough bomb/explosion makes a mushroom cloud. Hot air rises, making a stem which is visible due to the debris. When it reaches air with an equal density, it stops rising and spreads out, making the cap.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-316176", "score": 0.745371401309967, "text": "Mushroom clouds are produced by dust and debris picked up by the returning shockwave of the blast, it probably wouldn't form a mushroom so much as a rising cloud on an angled surface like a mountain top.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-167053", "score": 0.7441082000732422, "text": "You're seeing water condensing as shock waves progress through it. At certain distances from the blast the temperature and pressure is just right to form a \"cloud\" - it's essentially a circular airplane contrail. There is a lot of dynamic stuff happening around a nuclear detonation which is why different areas of the atmosphere may cloud up at different times and shapes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1887", "score": 0.743062436580658, "text": "It happens with any large enough explosion, not necessarily nuclear. The explosion pushes a lot of air out of the way, leaving a large, low-pressure zone filled with smoke. As air rushes back in from the sides, and hot air rises off the heated ground, the smoke cloud collapses into the \"cap\" of the mushroom. The air circulates something like this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-315140", "score": 0.7427886724472046, "text": "Hot air rises, so when a nuclear bomb is detonated near the ground the 'top' of the mushroom cloud forms and begins to rise. The detonation causes the earth under the blast to get very hot, and heat the air. This air rising, [along with cold air being dragged into the hot steam of upward moving air](_URL_0_), causes the crown of the mushroom to grow in altitude and volume. [Here is a schematic drawing of the airflow inside a mushroom cloud](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-318074", "score": 0.7390471696853638, "text": "There are differences, but the pressure effects are going to be roughly the same. First off, a million ton pile of TNT will take a (relatively) long time to explode. The most efficient configuration would be a sphere, and that would have a 167 ft radius. That's around 550,000 cubic meters of TNT. The shockwave, after igniting one end of it, would take about 16 milliseconds to reach the other side. If you could ignite the center, you can cut that down to 8 milliseconds. Compare this to a fission bomb, where you're looking at around a microsecond for the entire chain reaction to have finished. That's 8000 times longer. Next, TNT will not create the radioactive effects you see in a nuclear weapon. The radioactive byproducts aren't a function of the energy liberated but the actual way that energy is released. You *will* still get a mushroom cloud. That's just a function of a massive explosion and the vortices that creates. Edit: Corrected an error. Thanks /u/ImJKP!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-95329", "score": 0.7335086464881897, "text": "You don't need a nuclear weapon to create a mushroom cloud, but it helps. First, you need a sudden release of a great deal of heat. This heat gets the air around the explosion to expand and become less dense. The air rises fast — creating a vacuum around it, that sucks more air toward the source of heat, and warms it until it also expands and rises. This phenomenon is the bane of firefighters, as it keeps pulling oxygen into a blaze that might otherwise put itself out. In most fires and small explosions, it just leads to a rising column of smoke and hot air.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-295945", "score": 0.7272242307662964, "text": "Most nuclear bombs are detonated while in the air, this makes them do more damage because less energy is absorbed in the process of making a crater. _URL_1_ > For the Hiroshima bomb an air burst 1800 to 2000 feet (550 to 610m) above the ground was chosen \"to achieve maximum blast effects, and to minimize residual radiation on the ground as it was hoped U.S. troops would soon occupy the city\". If they are high enough there is no mushroom cloud. _URL_2_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-3391", "score": 0.7252247929573059, "text": "[Wikipedia says](_URL_0_): > Mushroom clouds result from the sudden formation of a large volume of lower-density gases at any altitude, causing a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The buoyant mass of gas rises rapidly, resulting in turbulent vortices curling downward around its edges, forming a temporary vortex ring that draws up a central column, possibly with smoke, debris, or/and condensed water vapor to form the \"mushroom stem\". So in ELI5-terms: the hot gas resulting from the explosion creates an updraft which pulls debris/dust from the ground up and forms a vortext at the top. Check this diagram, because [images are better than words](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-299783", "score": 0.7248584628105164, "text": "Given that it's been done, [you can go and look at the pictures](_URL_0_)! The bombs themselves still explode - they don't require Oxygen or an atmosphere, after all. The explosion is spherical, rather than having a mushroom cloud, there being no preferred direction, nor any dust to kick up. The other effects mainly relate to the interaction of the high energy particles with the upper atmosphere/ionosphere, which generally seems to result in auroral displays, as well as seeming to give off larger electromagnetic pulses and more radio interference.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-191262", "score": 0.7245640158653259, "text": "Because they are, in a way. & #x200B; With most fireworks, when the payload explodes, it spreads in a spherical fashion, like most explosions tend to. The part of that sphere which is oriented towards you, and therefor coming toward you, will appear brightest to you. Also, our minds tend to interpret things that appear to grow bigger quickly as coming towards us (this has obvious survival benefits), so that will further enhance the effect.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-517", "score": 0.6842010617256165, "text": "I suggest that you read a few button tutorials for embedded systems like arduino or raspberry pi. The processor can read the state of the buttons at any time. So they do this in a loop. When they notice the button is pressed they start a timer and wait for the button to be released. By measuring the time it takes for you to release the button they can do different functions. To save on battery they might not do it in a loop but rather have an interrupt logic in place that will signal the CPU whenever the state of a button changes and make it run the button checking logic. There may also be additional logic on the circuit board that detects if the power button have been held down for some time without the CPU reacting and do certain functions like toggling the power. This can be useful if the CPU have crashed or if the device is out of power." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-42484", "score": 0.6498772501945496, "text": "It used to be that easy, and on some phones it still is. However, now some phones require some sort of signal on the USB bus to indicate how much current the charger can supply and won't activate the charging circuit until those signals are seen. Or you can get even more into it like Apple devices and they won't charge (or they'll at least bitch loudly) unless they see the Made For iPhone/iPad authentication chip in the charging circuit. The signal on the USB lines can be as simple as shorting the two data lines and just having +5VDC and GND or it can be as complex as having a chip in the charger that can negotiate on the USB data bus and say \"Hey, I need power, can you give it to me?\"", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2747999", "score": 0.6494274139404297, "text": "My tv is bought 3 years ago and is a sony bravia kdl-40bx420 the power button is not working, it turned on for a sec and sopped working after that. No light is on.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-804271", "score": 0.6494016051292419, "text": "So context is i dropped it in the snow about 20 minutes ago i tried using it and it says low power and instantly goes back to main screen all the buttons work fine already tested that but could it be because i dropped it in the snow? should i blow dry it?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1681940", "score": 0.6492416858673096, "text": "I usually power off my pc (Windows 10) by pressing the power button on the case. Would it be better to use the start menu to do this? I thought that maybe using the power button causes everything to stop more abruptly which might not be the best. (I hope I can keep using the button, because it feels satisfying.)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1907161", "score": 0.6487848162651062, "text": "My friends phone is completly frozen and All google will tell me is to hold the volume down and the power at the same time.\nBut when I do this it calls 911 :( plz help", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2748378", "score": 0.648574709892273, "text": "I was just about to unlock it and then it suddenly turned off and I can't turn it on again. Whenever I plug it in to any power source it starts up and goes to the \"Google\" screen and then shuts down and it repeats itself until I unplug it. Any help would be great!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-87056", "score": 0.648318886756897, "text": "The typical way (e.g. dropped your phone in water) is that the water allows a short somewhere in the circuitry: it allows charge to travel somewhere it's not supposed to be. Depending on where that happens, it can ruin all sorts of stuff. This is why if your phone was totally off, there's a sporting chance that if you let it completely dry before trying to power it on, it'll be ok.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2747298", "score": 0.6481522917747498, "text": "I have a Droid 2 (rooted) and pressing the power key does not always turn the screen back on after it automatically turns off. I have had this happen in a variety of situations, including listening to music (still played), receiving a phone call (phone was buzzing, but I could not answer it), and when just trying to pick it up and use it. Sliding the keyboard out does not wake it up either, though doing a soft re-set (alt+shift+del) still works. Sometimes after pressing the button a dozen or so times it comes back on and other times I need to reset. This is not an every time problem, maybe once a day. I increase the likelihood if I quickly cycle between turning the screen on, off, and then try to turn on again. \n\nI recently sent my phone off to fix a cracked screen, and I assumed they screwed it up, but my wife (Droid 2 also but not rooted) was complaining yesterday about having the same problem and saying it has been going on for a couple of weeks. She thinks it has something to do with a recent update, but I don't know, because I was without my phone for almost a month (I returned it to stock when I set it off) so I just had a bunch of download and updates when I got my phone back. In other words, too many things changed at once for me.\n\nTried to google a possible solution, but either no one has this problem or I am just not using the right search terms.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2244579", "score": 0.6471942067146301, "text": "I guess in one of the new updates they added a functionality where if you tap the power button 5 times it will automatically call Emergency Servicess\n\nSitting on the couch with my family, wanted to try using Google Lens to identify an actor in a movie. Normally tapping the power button twice opens up the camera but it wasn't working with a case so I smashed it a hundred times in succession. \n\n\nCALLING EMERGENCY SERVICES 3.2.1\n\nIn my panic I couldn't press the big X, stupid me, but hung up as soon as I had the option. That was a mistake.\n\n5 minutes later I get a call from a private number, which turned out to be emergency services and in my panic I explained what was going on and this dumb phone feature. After Name and Address they believed me and let me go.\n\n\nDisable it in settings if you don't want to make the same mistake. Thanks OnePlus for the functionality, maybe have it off by default or at least let us know. Thanks.\n\n\nEdit: I understand how important the Emergency Services settings are. Please go and fill out your Emergency info and contacts as it will be incredibly useful in a dire situation. I just wish I was informed of this new button shortcut before I made this mistake.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2580140", "score": 0.6467912793159485, "text": "Hey im trying to go into safe mode so i can rebuild database but my power button is broken anyone i can rebuild data base without safe mode or go into safemode?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2300100", "score": 0.6457213163375854, "text": "Hey all, \n\nNewb here just trying to be able to use my phone to control my Uno. \n\nWhich part would you buy or at least recommend? \n\nThanks a bunch!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-78960", "score": 0.6457045674324036, "text": "the phone will stop drawing power once it is full, that is a basic function of any charging circuit, to shut it off when its full.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1038903", "score": 0.64537113904953, "text": "So i just noticed that when you have open camera and you Double click Power button it turn front camera and reverse. I knew that i could wake up phone to open camera only.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-804835", "score": 0.645228922367096, "text": "Hey guys!\n\nI just received this awesome device 2 or 3 days ago and I've been enjoying it a lot. The issue is, today the power/lock button under the volume ones stopped working suddenly. It didn't fall or anything. It actually worked seconds before stopping. Is that a known issue and is there an easy solution?\n\nHow can I fix this? Do I really have to send it back for it to work again?\n\nThank you!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-75931", "score": 0.6447772979736328, "text": "The \"reset\" end *is* the \"on\" end. The unusual label refers to the fact that you have to press it *again* to return the device to the \"on\" position if it gets tripped by excess power.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2065446", "score": 0.6444680690765381, "text": "I want a response like \"your phone is at home and charging, current battery level is X%\" Any ideas?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2212613", "score": 0.6443898677825928, "text": "It is unacceptable for one of the most important pieces of technology in our lives to arbitrarily stop working for hours on end.\n\nFor anyone who's sick of dealing with their Nexus 5's power button issues and wants to move on to a more reliable phone, this is how I went about doing it. I hope experience is helpful to others:\n\nWHAT PUT ME OVER THE EDGE\n\nPower button started acting up again this afternoon right before a lunch date and didn't feel like fixing itself with the usual methods (smacking against a hard surface or wiggling the button while depressed). After waiting 30 minutes at the restaurant because I couldn't get text messages, I decided that this issue is unacceptable and will be moving on from my Nexus 5. (It did eventually unstick itself about two hours later.)\n\nFINDING A REPLACEMENT\n\nAfter looking at the alternatives that have been suggested in this subreddit, it looks like the Moto X is the comparable replacement. However, I decided to go with the 3rd gen Moto G since I think the Nexus 5 was more powerful than I needed. In addition, the 2nd gen Moto X is getting a bit old and has a replacement coming around pretty soon. The 3rd gen Moto G just came around in July, so it should be getting support for some time still. Plus it's a heck of a lot more affordable ($222 including tax for the 16 GB version).\n\nOther options I looked at were the Xperia Z3 and OnePlus One. I stuck with Moto in large part because I wanted to stay with the latest Android operating systems. I'm used to Lollipop now and would like to keep it. \n\nWHY I'M NOT REPAIRING\n\nFor anyone wondering about repairs: I'm not confident in my ability to disassemble and reassemble the phone on my own. There are no repair shops nearby, and warranty is out. Last I called, LG takes $70 for diagnostics and requires about a month to get the phone back to me. Unacceptable. The way it is now, my Nexus will be a fine backup phone for the future.\n\nIf you have a shop nearby, though, I've read online of people getting their replaced for ~$40. Seems like a good deal.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-909626", "score": 0.6443777680397034, "text": "I am currently on my 2nd MyTouch 4g which I think in general is a great phone. The only problem is, the power buttons stop being springy and I have to press it very hard to get it to turn on/off. This happened right away on my first one, I returned it and now have had my 2nd one for a couple of months, but it just started to have the same problem. Has anyone else had this problem? Is there a way to fix it?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2245376", "score": 0.6443212628364563, "text": "Hey there, just got my new pixel 4a. Is it normal for the power button to slightly wobble? It's stiff when I press it but I can also wobble it with my finger. Should I worry?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-803564", "score": 0.6441335678100586, "text": "My phone was working all last night, and my alarm even went off 2 hours ago and I was able to press snooze and fall back asleep. Just woke up, and now it's completely unresponsive. The LED is blinking green, but past that no buttons work. I've tried holding the power button, I've tried holding the power button and the volume down key, but nothing's working. \n\n​\n\nSorry if this doesn't really fit in this subreddit, but I'm at a loss. If I need to post any more information or something like that please let me know and I'll fix it", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-518", "score": 0.7083324790000916, "text": "There are tiny muscles in the eye socket to control your eyes movement. Due to evolution and natural select of ability to control where we look and how much control we have over fast-twitch muscle fibers, we are able to have our eyes turn to the same focal point and our brain merge the images together to produce our visual stimuli." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-311815", "score": 0.6728847026824951, "text": "In order to see that \"infinite\" image, you can't look directly into the mirror, or else you'd only see yourself. You have to look slightly at an angle, so the reflected images is also slightly angled. Repeat this a bunch of times and you generate the curve.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-118741", "score": 0.6728249788284302, "text": "The computer models the scene, where you have a bunch of objects arranged in a 3D world. It then models, the light- where it hits and illuminates things, how much it bounces off those objects and so on. Actually calculating the light exactly takes way too long for a modern computer to figure out in real time, so we usually just use approximations. Then the computer puts a camera somewhere and models how the screen should look. Think of the screen like a screen door, with about 2 million holes in it. The computer draws a line from the camera (which represents where your eyes are) through each hole in the screen, and keeps going until it hits something, then records the color of what that particular line hit. If it hits something translucent, it keeps going but modifies the color of that pixel.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-42932", "score": 0.6727601289749146, "text": "See pinhole camera. Squinting or constricting your pupils gives you better focus at the expense of a dimmer image.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-107545", "score": 0.6727105379104614, "text": "Two things are happening to correct for this. First, your eyes have lots of tiny, strong muscles that help them dart around. After decades of talking and running, your eyes are really good at compensating for the anticipated movement and keeping steady. Both your eye muscles and your leg muscles are being controlled by your brain, and so it can coordinate the movement of the two using knowledge of what is expected to happen to your body when you take the next step. Second, what you see is not what your eyes are seeing. Your eyes send raw data to he brain, and the brain makes a picture using the data. You see that picture. Since processing data is boring, and brains are lazy, it usually just assumes parts of the image are what is expected to be there unless something stands out. This effect compensates for any minor miscalculation of the eye muscles resulting in a temporary bounce.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1560965", "score": 0.6726178526878357, "text": "So I haven't been able to watch a 3D movie with a VR device yet, and I'm trying to wrap my head around what the experience is like (Went to Best Buy, they wouldn't let me demo, which I think is crazy, but oh well...) I have some ideas for possible improvements based on how I think it works, but these could be totally unnecessary if it's basically a pretty realistic experience already.\n\n\nSo, a camera with two lenses recorded the footage, spaced approximately the width of human eyes apart. These two separate videos are sent to each eye, creating a sense of depth. Alternatively, a camera with a bunch of pairs of lenses could be used for 360 3D. \n\n\nIf you had a bunch of pairs of lenses, I'm not really clear on how you transition from, say, seeing the footage from the front pair of lenses, to seeing the footage from the side pair of lenses without the switch-over being kind of jarring. Would love to hear about how that works.\n\n\nIf you keep your head perfectly straight forward, and move (while looking forward) to the left or right, that won't be reflected in the film, right? Because it was filmed from one point in the plane, not from a few inches to the left or right of that point, right?\n\n\nI was wondering if a flat grid of lenses could get around this, and add a limited amount of two degrees of freedom (left-right, up-down).\n\n\nLike each of the x's is a lens, and that's on a flat plane. I'm still not sure how you would make a smooth transition between the footage from the lenses as you moved, but maybe software could be used to \"fill in the footage gaps\" between them, which would involve slightly changing the size/orientation of everything in the scene.\n\nx x x x\n\nx x x x\n\nx x x x\n\n\nThe idea being that as you moved left/right, up/down - the parallax would make the scene seem much realer.\n\n\nHow does the focus work? Is everything in focus in 3D footage? Does that feel weird? Or if everything isn't in focus, can you try to look at something that isn't in focus? That must be uncomfortable.\n\n\nI was wondering if it could work to rapidly change the focus while filming, basically capturing, say, 3 different videos of the same scene, but one with a near focus, one middle, and one far, and then use eye-tracking while you watch it to rapidly adjust what focus-footage you see based on the depth of that part of the footage that you're looking at.\n\n\nAre there other issues with real footage that make it less than life-like? Thanks for any insight on this! And I know, I should just buy a goddamn Oculus Go, but I'm a little broke at the moment.\n\n\nAnd please let me know if there's another sub I should be posting this on. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-145217", "score": 0.6725964546203613, "text": "There are more than one way to do this. One way is contrast-based focusing where it changes the focus and does some beyond me complex math to determine when contrast between pixels on edges are highest. This works since a blurry, unfocused image will have sharp edges fade from color to color. Another much (typically) faster way is to have it measure the distance using infrared light and adjust the optics accordingly. How it knows what to focus on is calculated using complex algorithms like facial recognition for portraits. This is not a perfect process which is why cameras will fail sometimes in either bad lighting or/and weird lighting (like all one color light) and focus the wrong subject.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-62275", "score": 0.6725945472717285, "text": "the pixels in the screen are part of a grid. so are the pixels in the camera's sensor. it's very hard to get the two grids to align perfectly while taking a picure", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-53818", "score": 0.6725940108299255, "text": "[One eye.](_URL_0_) [Both eyes combined.](_URL_1_) I got it from [this](_URL_2_) discussion.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-59709", "score": 0.6725586652755737, "text": "This is an effect called \"depth of field\". When you have a large lens aperture (the hole in the middle where the light goes through) you have larger angles and the angular error produces a larger uncertainty cone for the unfocused image. By having a smaller aperture, with a tiny hole of via squinting, the uncertainty cone becomes smaller and the image more focused. [This nice Wikipedia image](_URL_0_ ) shows how this effect works.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1272793", "score": 0.6725022196769714, "text": "when using \"CROSS-EYED METHOD\"]( in [spot the differences games ,you see the differences as glowing or floating portions of the image.\ngive it a try ,the linked image contains 15 differences ,see how long it takes you to spot it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-299162", "score": 0.6724296808242798, "text": "Because of [persistence of vision](_URL_0_), an image on your retina will remain for about 1/25 sec. As the point of light moves, leaving an image on your retina, its image remains for a short time.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-174581", "score": 0.6723820567131042, "text": "Basically, you have your own macro lens. You can get much closer to an object, and thus project a larger image onto your retina, while still keeping focus. I have moderate myopia (+5.5 correction required) and it is a noticeable effect. I hesitate to call it a superpower, but it's a neat trick. I can only focus to about 5 inches though, perhaps affected by my age ; 1 inch is much more impressive.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-296618", "score": 0.6723514795303345, "text": "When something moves quickly in your field of vision, your visual cortex has a tough time distinguishing edges of the object that you're viewing. This is due to the speed that it is moving across your [retina](_URL_0_). When something moves across your retina, your photoreceptors are activated as it moves and as that speed increases, it's hard for your brain to distinguish the line between where your receptors are activated and where they aren't (which is one of the ways we see borders/details of objects). That's a simplified explanation. It is NOT because your brain has some \"maximum\" FPS that it can process. That is not true at all. Don't believe any maximum FPS that anyone says our brain/eye can process, it varies greatly.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-4395", "score": 0.6723251342773438, "text": "The cells in your eye that are capable of clear vision are concentrated in a circle about one *millimeter* across. Most of your eye just can't see things sharply.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-107873", "score": 0.6723037362098694, "text": "To keep this answer very ELI5, the centre of your vision is filled with things called cones. These detect colour, and are densely packed to pick up detail, but they are not very light sensitive. The rest of your vision is made up of things called rods, these don't detect colour, but they are sensitive to light. To be a little more in depth, your vision is made up of things called receptive fields. Each rod or cone is grouped together into these fields. At the centre of your vision these fields are small, so you can detect detail. At the edge of your vision they are larger. These larger fields get hit with more light (simple by virtue of being larger) and respond stronger to low light conditions.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-246235", "score": 0.67229825258255, "text": "Vision is incredibly complicated -- there are a lot of different regions within the brain that are involved in vision as well as visual processing. But the most simple explanation is: light hits the back of your eyes and is immediately transduced into an electrical signal by the optic nerve, which then carries that information through a few different locations like the lateral geniculate nucleus on the way to the occipital cortex. A schematic is [here](_URL_0_). A nifty thing about vision is that different regions of your vision are carried by distinctly different groupings of neuron axons. This means that damage to a particular section of your brain might not knock out your whole vision, but rather cause a visual field cut (e.g. bitemporal hemianopsia if the optic chiasm is affected; a 'pie in the sky' pattern if a ventral optic radiation is affected). Feel free to ask me more questions about it! Not sure if what I said covered what you wanted to know.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-265616", "score": 0.6722732782363892, "text": "Your brain fixes everything for you. It takes the image you receive, flips it (the image is upside down when it hits your retina) essentially photoshops out your blind spot, replaces moments when you move your eyes so everything is blurry with the next thing you see that is clear, analyzes left and right images to generate a 3D interpretation, makes your nose less noticeable... The list goes on and on. Your brain is an incredible machine that process the less-than-perfect information from your eyes and produces a meaningful result with speed and accuracy higher than any computer.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-176269", "score": 0.6722122430801392, "text": "Animals with zero central overlap like some fish and lizards have to bob their heads side to side as they move to maintain some forward vision. They have very poor depth perception, it's more like two monitors side by side than a single composite image like a human's visual field. Their brain doesn't mesh the images together, there's no benefit. Your brain does because the two nearly identical images can be compared to produce excellent depth of field. This gives you and all the predators with forward facing eyes a great gauge of distance and speed, but poor field of view. If you're the hunter you want the depth. If you're the hunted, you want the FOV.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-324895", "score": 0.6720854640007019, "text": "When you vision is blurry (due to the lens not focusing correctly due to various reasons) and you squint your eyes, your eyelids come closer together and reduce the aperture of the light coming in through the pupils. This effectively makes the eye almost become a pinhole camera which can focus images without the aid of a lens. You can find out more about why a pinhole camera works the way it does [here](_URL_0_). (effectively it cuts out a bunch of extraneous rays and keeps only the ones that will focus on the image plane...the closer you get to a perfect pinhole camera, the dimmer the image gets though).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-882872", "score": 0.672078549861908, "text": "I'm nearsighted in my left eye, and farsighted in my right eye. My brain switches between objects depending on the distance I'm viewing an object from. So if an objects is close, I use my left eye, and if it is far, I use my right eye. Does this apply to gaming too? Or am I constantly using my left eye, no matter the distance of the object on my screen.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-519", "score": 0.6756381988525391, "text": "\"asking for a friend.\" Borrowing [this answer](_URL_0_), we learn: \"You have seven vertebrae in your neck (cervical vertabrae). Breathing is controlled by nerves that come out above the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae. Severing or severely injuring the spinal cord at this level will paralyze the diaphragm and keep you from breathing. It will also paralyze all other muscles below this level. Either the carotid or vertebral arteries supplying blood to the brain may also be damaged by the shear forces of the neck being snapped, referred to as dissection. This would cause ischemia to the areas of the brain supplied by those arteries. The most immediate cause of mortality in this situation would be respiratory arrest leading to cardiac arrest and death.\" So, not exactly. But you have to remember that, in movies, bad guys fall down dead instantly from long-range gunshots, but good guys can take repeated blows to the head and body with blunt, heavy instruments with no apparent ill-effects." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-194970", "score": 0.6416698694229126, "text": "It started in the 60s in western movies, actually. At that time it was a product of camera framing - you could get a better view of the actors face and the gun in certain shots by holding the gun sideways. It didn’t really explode culturally though until the sidegrip was featured in the opening of the film Menace II Society. That was what made holding your gun sideways the touchstone it is today. The directors of that film saw a man use the sidegrip during a holdup in Detroit some years before. They used it in the film for all the reasons we still see it in culture today - it displays power, recklessness, and the dangerous, rough quality of somebody untrained in forearms using them with abandon. In short, it is visual display of the attitudes we typically see in “cool” characters.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1237033", "score": 0.6413977146148682, "text": "One thing that consistently bugs the literal hell out of me in gore/slasher films is they will slice a persons windpipe open and completely miss the jugular but the person will bleed like Carrie at the dance (or shower). Its called ear to ear for a reason you monkey directors.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-235191", "score": 0.6413682699203491, "text": "[In the 1954 edition of US Army FM 21-150 on hand to hand combat](_URL_0_), page 46 and 47 demonstrate the helmet neck break. A soldier grabbed the front of the opponent's helmet, braced against the back of the opponent's neck and then used that leverage to break the neck. Uniform standards at the time didn't enforce the chin strap being secured, and many soldiers believed that having the helmet anchored to the head left them vulnerable to this kind of attack, as well as others that could use their head as a leverage point.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1918622", "score": 0.640925943851471, "text": "I've only heard of asteral projection from Doctor Strange and don't know anything about it, but could you just launch out of your body at will or something like they do in Doctor Strange?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-138525", "score": 0.6408608555793762, "text": "Any kind of fast, jerking/wrenching motion has the potential to cause pain and/or damage. Slow neck rotations are far safer.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2200693", "score": 0.6408032178878784, "text": "I've seen this a 100's of times in the movies but was wondering if anybody had ever witnessed any thing like it in real life?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-268643", "score": 0.6405818462371826, "text": "Knock outs are less about absolute force from the punch and more about the forces acting on different parts of the brain. Specifically, a strike that causes the head to twist either down up or side to side can place sufficient stress on the brain stem leading to loss of consciousness. Not surprisingly, variables associated with loosing consciousness are related to neck length, and neck muscle strength which can absorb some of the twisting forces.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-24925", "score": 0.6402458548545837, "text": "The defender is usually in a position in which they can deliver that blow with the crown (forehead) of the helmet. The neck is strongest against being bent backwards and the defender is prepared for impact in that region. On the flip side, the offensive player’s neck is going to snap one way or the other. There’s really no way to prepare for and lessen this impact. This is how concussions and spinal injuries occur.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1927109", "score": 0.6402366161346436, "text": "Say two guys were in a rough and tumble fight and one dude was a huge, muscular guy raging.\n\nCould he pull off the other dude's jaw completely off?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1442425", "score": 0.6399102807044983, "text": "I know some cosplay ones have been made that aren't truly functional, but it's pretty obvious that a non-functional version (of anything) can be made. I'm talking something that can actually propel people around. No, I'm not dumb enough (or smart enough) to build one, I'm just curious if it is *possible*.\n\nI'm leaning toward no, but I'm not exactly a mechanical engineer so I was wondering what more knowledgeable people think. I think certainly most components of it are possible. This is purely about if a real life implementation is viable, not how they make them in the anime.\n\nHere's the parts I think just wouldn't work:\n\n* The grappling hooks/anchors/whatever they're called. I get that they must have some mechanism to \"latch into\" something after they pierce it (like maybe when the tether to them is pulled tight?) and another to release (cause how else could they ever get them out?)... And they're obviously very sharp, since they can stab right through a titan's finger... But I still think this is the weak link of the whole system. How could they pierce into even a tree and latch on strongly enough to hold a human swinging from them at such speeds? And piercing/holding onto brick buildings is even more insane. Shooting those anchors out at the required speeds seems impossible too. But maybe I'm wrong...\n\n* Compressed gas tanks being able to do that much work. Obviously the compressed gas powers the whole system, shooting the grappling hooks, reeling people in, and providing thrust. Presumably holding the line taught can be done simply by squeezing a handle or something, so let's assume they don't need gas for that. Even then, can 2 of those tanks really hold enough gas to last anywhere near as long as shown, doing everything they do? It seems like they'd blow their load after about 5 seconds.\n\n* Human reflexes. Human bodies can handle swinging at those speeds, there are circus acts that do similar things. However, trapeze artists don't have to deal with a fuckton of randomly placed walls waiting to pancake them, much less actually planning ahead where to anchor themselves to swing in such a way to not shatter their skeleton. Even simple movement with the 3DMG would require some crazy abilities to survive once, much less reliably.\n\nIs there anything I'm missing? Are either of the first two of these actually possible? Particularly the anchoring?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-160420", "score": 0.6393577456474304, "text": "The exact mechanism isn't fully understood, and there's different kinds of knockouts, but knockouts are strongly associated with rotation of the head, probably putting pressure on the brainstem. A hook to the jaw twists the head sharply which jostles the brain around and puts strain on the brainstem and spinal cord. It's also gonna fuck with your balance having your head yanked around like that, which is why sometimes they don't lose consciousness as much as they just forget which direction is up and flop over. The short of it though is twisting the spinal cord and brainstem. That's why you usually hear about \"mean left hooks\" and stuff, because it's a lateral strike that jerks the head.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-181909", "score": 0.6393093466758728, "text": "Breaking your neck is the fracturing of a bone. That in itself will not paralyze or kill you. If the event that causes the bone to break also severs the spinal cord, you can be paralyzed or killed. So it's actually an **indirect** effect of the broken neck, not the broken neck itself.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1340290", "score": 0.6392800211906433, "text": "In the movies, it's always a blade/bladed object used to decapitate the immortal. But what if a person using a high caliber rifle (.50 caliber) at, let's say 100 yards, and got a neck shot on one and severed the head like that. Would that be considered a decapitation and the immortal killed or does it have to be by a blade?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-96159", "score": 0.6391998529434204, "text": "The New Yorker did a pretty good article recently on spinal injuries [here.](_URL_0_) TL;DR: It depends where the injury occurs, generally the higher the injury, the more severe. That's why if you \"break your neck\" it's usually going to paralyze you, if not kill you outright. Additionally, we've yet to see anyone regain motor function after becoming a paraplegic because those nerves just won't regrow. This article explores a guy that just had a procedure that might change that.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-164051", "score": 0.6390339136123657, "text": "I don't know what kind of firearm and bullet were supposed to be used, but no, it's not realistic. A through and through wound would leave massive cavitation and other tissue damage as well as blowing a large exit hole - typically. It's a movies, they frequently are inaccurate .", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-317022", "score": 0.6387540698051453, "text": "Mass trauma. And if someone knocked out by s blow to the head is out for more than a minute or two, there is a good chance they will never wake up. This does *not* work like in the movies, there is no easy convenient way to make anyone pass out for a significant period of time in real life. Even general anesthesia requires a trained expert who has studied and practiced for years in order to get the right balance between \"no effect at all\" and \"instantly dead\".", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1918575", "score": 0.6387394666671753, "text": "i know they obviously could do it if they were to keep chewing, but im specifically curious as to whether they could shear through it in one bite like a guillotine. assuming were using an average siberian tiger and and an average adult male human, and the tiger bites on the middle of the forearm.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-220247", "score": 0.6387024521827698, "text": "Not a historian, but a musician here. Anyone who plays congas regularly for a number of years wind up with these kinds of hands; thick calluses like rock from heel to tip , and years of microfractures that thicken the bones as well. I studied with a guy who had hands like this, and just playing around felt like getting hit with a 2 x 4. I'm certain he could knock someone out with a slap, and provide ample concussion. Don't know about neck breaking: ask a martial artist?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-185515", "score": 0.6377736926078796, "text": "they're called nerves, have you ever sat on you leg till it goes numb and then you feel like what can only be described as \"TV static\". This happens because you nerves send electricals signals to and from the brain but when pressure is applied it disrutps this procces untill they can relax. & #x200B; but getting paralized from getting hit in a certain area it's not realistically portrayed in movies/popular culture, but sure you can hit someone in the right spot/nerve and cause serious nerve damage but that's not gonna go away in a couple of minutes.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1666453", "score": 0.6373383402824402, "text": "Me: All ten toes at the base knuckle (the one closest to the foot) plus the second knuckle on both big toes. Both ankles. Both knees. Both elbows. All ten fingers at the base knuckle, plus both thumbs at the second knuckle. I can pop my lower back by sort of clenching my muscles down there and making a strong forward hip thrust. My middle back sometimes pops on its own just from natural movement. So does my center chest bone. When I was little I could pop my jaw and wrists, but can't anymore. I can't pop my neck and really don't like seeing other people pop theirs by grabbing their own head and twisting violently. My favorite pops are the ankles and elbows.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-520", "score": 0.6738662719726562, "text": "It's so that the card won't be limited to being from a single person or a group. \"Wishing you a happy holiday\" can come from either your single brother or from both your grandparents. If it said \"I wish you a happy holiday,\" groups and couples wouldn't buy that one, and vice-versa. So the company that makes the cards would have to make multiple versions of the card. That incurs additional expense-- and, simply due to chance and demographics, one version would outsell the others, so they would have to try and calculate how much that discrepancy would be, in order to not produce not enough or too many of each one. Much easier to just make them more generic, so they make sense coming from either individuals or groups. The people giving the card can add personal messages that make any vagueness clear, anyway." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1113594", "score": 0.6401246190071106, "text": "Don't get me wrong, I appreciate having people in my life who care about me, but I could do without a ton a text messages and Facebook birthday wishes. Feels more like a chore to respond to everyone", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1891780", "score": 0.6399771571159363, "text": "Saying merry Christmas to someone in that time period is a gesture of goodwill, almost like saying have a nice day. Saying happy holidays is also a gesture of goodwill except it's supposed to be \"more inclusive\". It doesn't matter one bit.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-161810", "score": 0.6397215127944946, "text": "I feel that this is because different areas of your personality are engaged at these different times. Communicating in person is the more spontaneous and social extroverted you. Communicating 'electronically' is the more introverted side. Also the means of communication varies from verbal to tactile (speaking to typing). This accesses a different part of your brain as well. I'm sure others can respond with far more technical and detailed information. This is more of TL", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1018951", "score": 0.6397119760513306, "text": "Isn't it supposed to be a somber holiday? Seems kind of insensitive to use the word \"happy\" when talking about a day that is about the death of soldiers.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-995296", "score": 0.6393578052520752, "text": "I feel pathetic, but there is this person I have been texting recently because it was my birthday two days ago. I got the typical texts from people who pretend to care about me and wish me happy birthday then I don’t ever hear from them the rest of the year. One person I had been friends with in the past but became disconnected with messaged me happy birthday and asked me how my life was going over Instagram which made me feel really good. So now I attempt to try and text them casually and build a connection but I get the feeling that I come off too strong even though I only initiate conversation once a day (for only the past two days) and leave it at that. well this person puts me on read and I get the feeling I should probably just leave them alone because I don’t want to be weird. kinda hard to make connections with people even though I’m socially competent and I’m not on the autism spectrum or anything. Guess I feel weird for always checking my text conversations in desperation and excitement of a social interaction with someone. I get excited when I see the *typing...* sign and the little green bubble next to there profile pic on insta because it means they are on and may potentially talk to me. I know I am pathetic, but I wanted to know if there are any other people with the same experience as me?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1019345", "score": 0.6390140056610107, "text": "Honestly it drives me crazy. People expect to be lauded on so many days of the year it's just egocentric. We don't need International Men's Day, Women's Day, Children with Disabilities Day, Quadriplegics Day, etc. It just feels like a cheap way for people to be \"recognized\" and feel good about themselves for no reason.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1724206", "score": 0.6388546824455261, "text": "It’s that time of year again. The Morher’s Day ads are creeping out of the shadows, armed with guilt (“Your Mom misses you!!”) and the syrupy assumption that your mom is kindly waiting to feel loved again. \n\nDuck and cover, folks. Remember that you are not obligated to reach out to your abuser.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-851348", "score": 0.638767659664154, "text": "There is a \"wholesome\" purpose now: some people are wounded by their experiences, and need affirmation to move on. We all know that sub is Validation Central, but don't brigade or downvote or you will get in the way of 'healing.'\n\nAs this lovely post shows ( ) people need affirmation from strangers, not family or friends.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-799510", "score": 0.6382439732551575, "text": "For instance I'll be driving and think to myself \"I really love sunflowers\" and next time I go online I see ads for sunflower seeds or sunflower art. This used to happen only randomly but has been happening more frequently and it freaks me out. A couple times I had email conversations with friends and ads would pop up relating to the content of the emails which I can understand bc keystrokes and web content....or I'll be talking with friends and see ads directly related to something specific we mentioned (microphones?).....But I'm talking about very detailed things I only think in my mind.....like \"I need to remember to get winter boots for an upcoming trip\" but I live in Florida and would have zero reason for winter boot ads....and then later that day they pop up \"winter boots sale near you\".....I had a friend recently lose a loved one and in my mind was thinking of how hard it's been on them and then \"helping a loved one through grief\" ads pop up....any thoughts?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2289326", "score": 0.6379866600036621, "text": "It's the worst when it comes from someone of no particular value or significance in your life.. and they have that kind of chipper look on their face afterward, like they just did something really great for you, and understand if you don't show appreciation with words or facial expressions.. because they \"understand\" your situation.. GAAAHH!!!!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1892205", "score": 0.6377874612808228, "text": "I have a bunch of family that I do t really know and some friends who send me these stupid little chain messages. For example, I just got one that said \"you've been Mooney by Santa, pass it on!\" with a gif of Santa mooning me. The family sends me lots of \"Jesus loves you, pass it on\" stuff.\n\nIs there a polite script anyone can give me that won't be offensive that I can post on my Facebook that is addressed to everyone so I'm not singling amylase out? I like Facebook. I'm blessed to not have any drama and I just like seeing what friends are up to. I just don't like these pointless (to me) messages that don't serve any purpose other than to say \"look at me! I messaged you!\"", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1725300", "score": 0.6377465724945068, "text": "I've noticed that the more I experience/observe \"normal\" family holidays and interactions, the more they become a trigger point for me. Perhaps it's the developing contrast between \"normal\" and my childhood. Idk.\n\nThis Easter has been unexpectedly rough, and I feel like shit because of it. For context: NC with Nmum and Nbastard after emotional, sexual, financial abuse, etc. Currently renting a house with a friend my SO and I knew from college days. She's an absolute sweetheart, and one of the few I've told about my CSA, and who has a similar trauma.\n\nHer relationship situation is rather complicated, but suffice to say that her ex-partner's relatives have descended on the house for the holidays. And rather than \"his sister + her kids\", it is more accurately 4 adults + 6-8 children < 5 years old (it's hard to get an accurate headcount). I mean I'm not going to begrudge her son and ex-step-children(?) seeing their relatives but... that's a *lot* of people.\n\nI mostly felt just incredibly, mortifingly uncomfortable at the edge of their family celebration, but the whole thing is triggering bad memories... even if I logically know it's not going to devolve into screaming matches, sulking and people abruptly leaving mid-holiday. And even if it did, none of it would be my fault. That one of them snores in a way extremely similar to Nmum shouldn't leave me tense and unable to sleep til morning. Children playfighting or crying shouldn't set off a flight-or-freeze response. I shouldn't feel compelled to be mouse-quiet in my room so I don't inconvenience anyone with evidence of my existence.\n\nMy SO and I have ended up going out to eat each day just to get out of the house for an hour or so. I'm too anxious to make a meal with strangers around. His family doesn't really celebrate holidays, and mine is a dumpsterfire, so we've ended up at a fast food place mostly. Even though his family is close by, we don't want to inconvenience them or make them feel like we only visit under duress. It's depressing wondering how many others are doing the same.\n\nI feel shitty for being so irritated and wound up by these people who I don't know, and who are completely oblivious to my trauma. It's not their fault. But I'm still stressed and shitty and self-loathing over it. I don't know how people are meant to do this.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1657167", "score": 0.6376736164093018, "text": "Relax, you need to relax and enjoy the cultural holiday.\n\nI know Jews, Buddhist, Atheist, Agnostics who celebrate Christmas. They get it, it is a holiday a cultural celebration.\n\nLook at it this way. Many are not Catholic or Irish and celebrate St. Patricks day.\n\nSo relax and enjoy Santa's Birthday with the rest of the heathens :)\n\nMerry Xmas", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1452273", "score": 0.6374901533126831, "text": "To provide more context, the conversation was in a group chat, and went like this:\n\n[Friend 1]: [Friend 2] did you see my German?\n\n[Friend 1]: Hallo ich haiße [friend 1]. Und dir?\n\n[Me]: Can you say something else? \n\n[Me]: I'll try and guess what it means\n\nNow friend 1 does not respond cause they go offline, and I get this intense feeling that I have said something wrong or cringy or needy.\n\nWhy is this?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2218458", "score": 0.6374261379241943, "text": "I mean it’s like we’re fine to start celebrating some 3 months ahead of time and then December 26th rolls around and it’s like quitting something cold turkey, Christmas is instantly old news, etc. I don’t get it. Seems like there should at least be a tapering off...", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-44522", "score": 0.6373689770698547, "text": "My neuro-psychology prof, himself a research neurologist - believed it had to do with a delay of sharing information over the corpus callosum (the bridge between the 2 hemispheres of the brain), in this scenario one half of the brain knows something before the other side discovers/receives it- when the information reaches the second hemisphere - the brain says \"here is such and such\" but the hemisphere that was first to cognize it says \"thats old news\" giving rise to a sense of deja vu..this is grossly over simplified", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1893560", "score": 0.6371652483940125, "text": "I see them on FB all the time, but I do not know the exact history of Christmas or how best to point out that Jesus has nothing to do with Dec 25th or that Christmas wasn't originally a christian holiday. (Btw, I promise not to make an /r/atheism post every time I explain this to a christian on FB.)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1724487", "score": 0.6370896100997925, "text": "The Replacement and my dad are currently on vacation on the other side of the country. I have received this email:\n\n\"Mother's day is on Sunday. It would be nice of you to send something to [The Replacement] this year.\"\n\n###HOW ABOUT NO \n\nand stop creeping in my dad's email.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1893016", "score": 0.6369961500167847, "text": "Christmas means holidays, good shopping sales but also social expectations.\n\nFrom friends it's \"what are you doing for Christmas?\" I can answer by saying \"seeing family\" because I see my partner's parents. But I know I'm only seeing half the family and I just have to not mention details about exactly who I'm seeing.\n\nFrom my partner's parents it's \"what are you doing with your parents for Christmas? When was the last time you saw them?\" It's like an inquisition every time I go to theirs for dinner, which unfortunately is very frequent. I have to change the topic or say something vague. I dread visiting them because they always ask, and I can see the judgement on their faces when I say it's been a while. They talk like my parents are wonderful people (which I guess is a normal assumption). When I try to explain to my partner, he just doesn't get it. He thinks I'm lying or at least grossly exaggerating. To be fair, he is a really nice guy, but he doesn't have a chance of understanding because he's grown up in a wonderful family.\n\nMost recently, my mum told me my grandma called me a \"bloody bitch\" be because I hadn't visited her in a while. My mum told me I should never visit my grandma again. My mum doesn't like me visiting my grandma because she's secretly worried I'll tell my grandma about my mum's dirty laundry. So I'm not sure if my mum is lying, or if I have a terrible grandma as well - which would actually explain how my mum got to be such a terrible person - maybe my grandma was a narc too?? \n\nWhen I went to my partner's parents' place for xmas, his grandma, his grandma's sibling, aunts, cousins were all there telling jokes, sharing food, giving each other tips on problems. It made me tear up because I couldn't have imagined this is what a normal family is like and somehow it must be my fault I don't have this.\n\nAnyway, after that I went to a free psychologist who told me I shouldn't be ashamed of not being close to my parents, and that lots of people are hiding this secret. Next time someone asks whether I'm seeing my parents for xmas, the psych said I should just say, I'm not that close to my parents.\n\nHow did you deal with xmas 2017? Do you ever feel shame and blame yourself for having narc parents?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-997341", "score": 0.6366718411445618, "text": "This is something that always feels off. If you have a relatively solitary lifestyle where you avoid group photos it feels difficult. Selfies are a nogo as are mirror pics, and professional photography creepy.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-521", "score": 0.7147520184516907, "text": "They don't use JUST GPS. They also use cameras, sensors, and built in maps (and math). They are programmed to read signs, recognize pedestrians, keep an updated version of where they are on a map based on speed and direction, etc, etc..." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-309883", "score": 0.6788647174835205, "text": "Yes, well sort of. Renault has developed what they call a level 4 autonomous vehicle, which can drive autonomously on a highway with sensors riddled along it so its as much the road knows the car is there as the car knows whats on the road ahead. In terms of something like say a littlee sticky or warning marker you could place on items I guess retroreflective markers could work quite easily but the concern isnt developing this tech, its justifying the implementation. eg why should I have to wear a sensor to keep me safe from autonomous cars, or place sensors on the walls of my house to stop a car crashing into it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-57854", "score": 0.6784137487411499, "text": "It certainly will be harder for an autonomous car to do this than normal driving. Early autonomous cars will likely have a failsafe mode, where if they can't handle the road conditions, they will pull over and return control to the driver. Also remember that these cars will have a lot of advantages, like 360^o vision, radar, IR, and future enhancements might allow them to talk to the road and to each other. What might appear as a white out to us would be no different than a sunny day to them.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-266112", "score": 0.6781386137008667, "text": "They don't control it the way you control a remote controlled car. They tell it where to go and it figures out the optimal path to take and avoids obstacles on its own. Here's an article about it: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-102368", "score": 0.6778746843338013, "text": "All those technologies work by having the phone receive GPS, then transmitting that location on the mobile data network to the carrier. For that to work in this case, the phones would have to be on, transmitting, in range of a cell tower, and have compatible technology with that tower. So far, that has not happened.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-128776", "score": 0.6749076843261719, "text": "Self-driving cars use a laser radar system that is constantly scanning 360 degrees around the car, and identifying obstacles in range. It can see through fog, total darkness, smoke, etc. The system is able to recognize cones or any other obstruction and adjust the course. If it actually finds something it's incapable of figuring out it will slow to a stop and prompt the driver to take control of the vehicle.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-147628", "score": 0.6744281053543091, "text": "I suppose there would have to be sensors in the wheels to sense different road conditions. But even then, it is hard to imagine a computer driven car reacting to changing conditions during a blizzard or something like that. Personally I hope the whole self driving car for everyone doesn't become reality in my lifetime.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-269906", "score": 0.6744145750999451, "text": "I too have wondered about this recently and unfortunately I don't know the answer. I do know of an example though where Waze certainly did affect traffic flow on a national scale here in Israel: A couple of winters ago strong rains caused the Ayalon highway (major highway in Tel Aviv, largest city in the country) to flood in certain portions. Police blocked entrances to the road and radio/television told drivers to seek alternate routes. Waze (which is used by a large percentage of drivers here) traffic servers however saw very little traffic on a major artery causing all drivers to be routed back into the highway causing ridiculous traffic at roadblocks set by police. It got so bad that at one point national radio asked drivers to ignore the app. A week later the option to add \"route blocked\" was added.... So I guess this would be a specific example of how GPS apps can actually cause adverse effects on traffic flow due to the herd effect.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-683645", "score": 0.6736432313919067, "text": "This is the best tl;dr I could make, original\n*****\n> These maps, often referred to as HD maps, go far beyond basic turn-by-turn directions.\n\n> "If you have an autonomous car, then the map is not going to be an optional feature," says John Ristevski, former VP of Here, a mapping business once owned by Nokia that offers HD maps.\n\n> "If you thought creating regular maps for Google was hard, creating self-driving maps is much, much harder," says Brian McClendon, Uber's former VP of maps who previously worked on Google Maps.\n\n> Lars Rasmussen, co-creator of Google Maps, remembers Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin telling his team years ago that they'd "Have to spend billions of dollars" on maps "And it's worth it.\"\n\n> Google may have won the first online mapping battle, but the HD maps market is still in its early days.\n\n> As the race heats up, there is a lingering question in the industry about how useful these costly maps will be down the road. Some argue the cars will eventually get smart enough, with deep learning technology, not to need to rely on extensive maps.\n\n\n*****\n**Summary Source**]( | [FAQ]( \"180312 summaries so far.\") | [Feedback | *Top* *keywords*: **map**^#1 **car**^#2 **self-driving**^#3 **Google**^#4 **data**^#5\n\nPost found in /r/Futurology]( [/r/StocksAndBoobs]( [/r/Maps]( [/r/AutoNewspaper]( and [/r/CNNauto.\n\n*NOTICE*: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-101414", "score": 0.6731387972831726, "text": "In any given traffic jam, there's going to be a decent number of Google-powered phones present. The GPS information they transmit gives Google enough data points to pretty reliably observe where traffic has noticeably slowed.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2172931", "score": 0.6728775501251221, "text": "Why is that? Shouldn't the detection work without GPS enabled? Took me a while to figure that out...", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-294730", "score": 0.6719799041748047, "text": "Most self driving cars right now have an actual driver in them whom can take control at any time. So this is not much of an issue. Edit- How will it work in the future? Implementing computer recognition of lights and sirens is no more difficult than what they do already. It may be a little odd for ambulance protocol where everyone has to get over, but is really no more difficult than what we have now.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1803885", "score": 0.671569287776947, "text": "Looking for workarounds given the NATO summit! I'm particularly interested in anyone who lives west of Chicago: are there odd routes you know to take if an expressway is congested? \n\nI'm terrible at navigation, almost entirely dependent on GPS, but I think this could be useful to know for many in the extra-Chicago outlands.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-530924", "score": 0.6708501577377319, "text": "So the real struggle when creating a smart autonomous vehicle is to have a behavior that can take a sharp U-turn as good as it can take any other turn.\n\nLike my last vehicle. It is currently impossible to have the vehicle to know if it will have to brake a lot for the next turn or keep its speed.\n\nThat would be really nice if the next checkpoint's coordinate were available!\n\nA big plus would also be to have the smart sensor give us the orientation of the targets.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2770332", "score": 0.6707837581634521, "text": "I heard an interesting comment that “once pedestrians realize a self-driving car MUST stop if there is a human in front of them, pedestrians will just cross the street whenever they like, leading to perpetual gridlock”\n\nWhat is the theoretical solution to this theoretical problem?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-341637", "score": 0.6694801449775696, "text": "I live in a small city in Canada, and am wondering if Navigate on Autopilot would work. What are the requirements for Navigate on Autopilot to be available? Is it just highways? Thanks for your help.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-287145", "score": 0.6679839491844177, "text": "They could be to some extent, and GNSS systems are augmented by [terrestrial systems](_URL_0_), but it's important to remember that GPS is a military system designed to work *anywhere* on earth. A terrestrial solution would end up requiring transmitters on the open ocean, in the Arctic/Antarctic, and in locations where placement and protection would be problematic. Satellites avoid these issues entirely. Satellites also allow for a minimal number of transmitters, which makes the task for receivers less difficult, and generally satellites have the line-of-sight path as the dominant channel which improves performance.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2301177", "score": 0.667655348777771, "text": "I saw a comment on another post about how the courier industry has evolved from using walkie talkies and paper maps to GPS and AI. Seemed like the next step is autonomous cars, which I've heard a lot about but haven't actually seen much impact from. What do you think?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2604479", "score": 0.6674076318740845, "text": "Autonomous cars present an opportunity to greatly increase travel speeds, because they're able to react to things and coordinate much better than humans can. However, car speeds are still limited by fuel efficiency and mechanical reliability at high speeds. So in the future, what would be reasonable to expect on a road entirely composed of autonomous vehicles? Can we expect cars to zip across America at 150mph?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-19888", "score": 0.6671666502952576, "text": "If you have a quarter hour, I'd suggest you watch [this TED talk](_URL_0_) titled *How a driverless car sees the road.* Chris Urmson, the head of Google's driverless car program, talks about not just how the software deals with static events (stop signs, traffic signals), but also unexpected events (construction, emergency vehicles, kids running into the road, etc.)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-122560", "score": 0.6669877767562866, "text": "Probably any conventional GPS would be impossible to use because it would be locked out by hardware designed to prevent its use to guide missiles, as the ISS is moving very quickly. More likely any location data would come from wherever their base station with which they communicate connects to the internet.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-522", "score": 0.7926941514015198, "text": "Everybody has bad genes in them - I remember a scientist quipping that there are enough genetic defects in the human genome to kill a person several times over. However, all humans get two sets of genes, one from each parent. As a result, many of the 'defects' you might have in your genes are simply overridden by the working copy you got from your other parent. However, when you inbreed, you've got two people with very similar genetics, which means that its more likely that they'll both have identical copies of a defective gene (or gene set). That means the offspring is more likely to receive both copies of the defect from their parents, losing that protection that normally came from receiving two sets of chromosomes. Do not that inbreeding doesn't increase rates of mutations, just the likelihood of genetic defects that are already existing in the parents being expressed fully. Also, this question gets asked a lot. Use the search bar next time." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-290590", "score": 0.7520983219146729, "text": "There are many recessive genes in the population which create dangerous dysfunctions in an individual with 2 copies of the gene (1 from each parent), but cause no problems or provide advantages in individual with only 1 copy. *If* your family has some of these potentially dangerous recessive genes, inbreeding makes it much more likely that your offspring will end up with 2 copies.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-67083", "score": 0.7504797577857971, "text": "Bound to? No. More likely to? Yes. If you get people closely inbreeding generation after generation with little outside new blood coming in, then the likelihood of problems gets ever greater, and can even turn into a permanent genetic tendency, such as the tendency of Jews of eastern European descent to develop Tay-Sach's disease, or the hemophilia of European royal houses.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-169592", "score": 0.7498151659965515, "text": "Many genes have two forms, a dominant version and a recessive version. If you get a copy of each (one from Mom and one from Dad) then the body runs mostly the same way as if you had two copies of the dominant one. Only if you get two copies of the recessive one does your bode express the other trait. Inbreeding increases the alignment of recessive genes; Dad with recessive gene gives it to half his children; If the children breed with each other then the chance of offspring with double recessive is 25%. Without inbreeding each pairing has different recessive genes and the offspring are about the same as those with all dominant genes. Some recessive genes are mostly harmless, like the one for blue eyes. Other recessive genes are a problem, like the one for sickle cell anemia. Worst case collisions, or multiple collisions, tend to be classified as birth defects, though that's judgemental and subjective.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-93256", "score": 0.7487488389015198, "text": "I'm not sure about insects, but some info about inbreeding: The main danger from inbreeding is that harmful recessive genes are more likely to be show up (be expressed) than normal. However, if you do LOTS of inbreeding, the most dangerous recessive genes will not be passed on and the offspring will be mostly healthy, but will lack genetic diversity. Inbreeding is most dangerous for the first few generations.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-166985", "score": 0.7478193640708923, "text": "We're carriers of genes with mutations (defects, in this case); this mutations however, oftenly don't show any sign. Since relatives share a higher proportion of their genes than do unrelated people, it is more likely that related parents will both be carriers of the same recessive gene, and therefore their children are at a higher risk of a genetic disorder. Hope I clarified your doubt", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-312458", "score": 0.7455282211303711, "text": "Inbreeding itself is not such a bad thing. It's when inbreeding occurs in large populations where it becomes bad. You see, large populations have a lot of defective/bad alleles (forms of genes) that are mostly masked by good, dominant ones. When you start inbreeding, you end up having a higher chance of getting two copies of the defective allele - causing the defect to be expressed. Smaller populations don't tend to experience this issue because any defective alleles are quickly weeded out by natural selection. There's a good case study/example of inbreeding depression in cheetahs: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-296980", "score": 0.744175374507904, "text": "Inbreeding increases the chances of both parents having the same recessive gene. Examples are things like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell. Each parent likely has one good gene and one bad gene. They are carriers of the disease, but the disease doesn’t express itself. If the offspring inherits a bad gene from each parent, the offspring ends up with two bad genes and the disease expresses itself in that individual. _URL_0_ As for cheetahs, a quick google search shows that they aren’t immune at all. Many scientists are concerned with the extreme inbreeding within the cheetah population. Cheetahs have some serious fertility problems due to bad sperm.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-3496", "score": 0.7436407208442688, "text": "They don't, always. The degree to which it happens is typically overstated. However, inbreeding tends to result in homozygosity. Basically, more people sharing the same copies of genes. Since you get them from your parents, and your SO is closely related and also got them from their parents, your kid has a greater chance of getting one from either/both parents, and so on. If these genes happen to be ordinarily recessive, harmfully messed up genes, this ups the chance that you get two copies of the bad thing, in which case, even though it's recessive, now you're stuck with the associated condition. If grandpa has a bad gene, and passes it on to dad, at least you've got a chance to get a good gene from mom. If grandpa has a bad gene, and passed it on to both mom and dad, well, that's more risk.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-177235", "score": 0.7406609058380127, "text": "People have 2 copies of each chromosome, so if there is a defect in one they can access the other copy when there body is grow cells. When 2 people inbreed they have a chance to have the same defects on chromosomes, but it doesnt show up because they have 1 healthy copy. when reproducing there is a higher chance the offspring could end up receiving the defective copy from both parents.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-543671", "score": 0.7390697598457336, "text": "When two closely related family members of the same genes have a baby together...Will almost all of the babies have deformities or mental illness or something like that? Or is it more of a 'increased percentage' thing? I never really heard the science behind that reasoning, just kind of accepted that the babies would be 'messed up'", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-28782", "score": 0.7378075122833252, "text": "First generation incestuous children don't typically have defects, even between full siblings. It often takes multiple generations of incest, or just bad luck of the draw, to have children with birth defects. The reason this happens is, in an oversimplified explanation, that you get two copies of genes (one from each parent)... if you get a 'broken' one this generally doesn't effect you because you have a working one that takes over. If you have two defective ones, you present with a defect.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-175686", "score": 0.7353301644325256, "text": "People have genes that make up everything about them. Some of these genes are 'good' and some are 'bad'. When 2 relatives procreate, the chance of 2 'bad' genes combining into one really bad gene are a lot more likely, hence creating a higher chance of being born with a defective gene.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-191372", "score": 0.7341731190681458, "text": "Inbreeding is a problem because there is no substitute for faulty genes. Humans can carry the genes for a fault, with out experiencing problems them selfs. Your siblings have a high risk of the same faults. Now if 2 People have a Child, the healthy genes often wins. If there is no healthy gene to pick from, like the scenario with you siblings, Inbreeding becomes a problem.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-168109", "score": 0.731545627117157, "text": "A lot of mutant genes don't cause problems if you only have one copy (you get it from one parent), but can cause serious illness or deformity if you have two copies (from both parents). Each of these genes is incredibly rare (1 in 100,000), but most people have a few. Your siblings are far more likely to have the same mutant genes (1 in 2 for siblings, 1 in 8 for cousins), so the odds of a baby being born with two copies go from near-impossible to very likely.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-150891", "score": 0.7310100197792053, "text": "When you have two people with similar enough DNA (first cousins is usually considered the reasonable limit, but more distant relations aren't 100% fine), you magnify recessive defects and mutations which would usually be masked/lessened/eliminated (depending on what we're talking about) by having chromosomes from two genetically unrelated donors/parents. Edit: Just to comment on what /u/semjaza2501 said, that's true for individual pairings. The real issues come from multiple generations of inbreeding. An individual coupling carries some risk, yes, but the \"inbred\" image we see in the media only results from many generations of close inbreeding.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-155155", "score": 0.7303339838981628, "text": "Genetic diversity. It means the further away someone is genetically from you (in other words very very not-related, like from a different part of the world) the more your genes vary. The more your genes vary, the more ilnesses and defects you avoid, since there is a wider net of immunity set over them. If you inbreed, you have a very narrow net of immunity so it's easy to get a birth defect. It's not guaranteed in any way, just more likely.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-12874", "score": 0.730150580406189, "text": "Inbreeding does not always impact fertility. While it is bad for the genetics of a species careful husbandry of the breeding process can keep the genetics diverse enough to return to a functional population. Remember that genetically speaking all of the members of a species are related *a little bit*, including humans. Inbreeding creates increased risks, but it takes generations of dedicated inbreeding to really badly affect a species. With humans guiding the process and keeping family lineage records we can mitigate some of that and save the species.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-282196", "score": 0.7299426198005676, "text": "I know very little about incest *causing* mutations, but it will most definitely increase the odds of many mutant phenotypes. Most mutations are recessive; we have two copies of every gene, and with recessive traits, you only express the phenotype (\"get\" the mutation) if both of your copies are the \"bad\" copy (homozygous recessive). If you only have one \"bad\" copy, and one \"good\" copy, you may not suffer any disorder at all, but you do still carry the gene, and can pass it on to offspring (heterozygous). So, if a given mutated allele exists in a given family line, there are dramatically increased odds that a brother-sister pairing will result in a homozygous recessive than for other reproducing couples.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-178944", "score": 0.7280794382095337, "text": "It's not common but it can happen if it's severe enough. Inbreeding concentrates the genes present with each generation so you might get a population more resistant to a disease, or less (in which case they may be wiped out quickly if after a few generations, the gene that causes a susceptibility to x disease is present in most of the population). Just as one example - obviously this concentrating process is happening on loads of different genes so if one disease didn't kil them, maybe a hereditary condition would instead. Or maybe nothing would! In some cases, where the population isn't too small so the effects of inbreeding aren't as pronounced, and the population remains isolated from other populations of the same period over a long time ( > thousands of years) a new species may form from that population. The name of this process escapes me right now (+ on mobile so not gonna go looking) but it's pretty interesting stuff!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-75703", "score": 0.7277107238769531, "text": "It doesn't necessarily cause it, it just increases the likelihood of defective recessive traits being paired and expressed. I'm not a geneticist but the way I believe it works is that at any given time everyone carries some amount of defective genes that occurred via mutation but are recessive. You'd need 2 pairs of the recessive gene for it to be expressed and since the mutation was spontaneous and passed down to the offspring, the likelihood of 2 random people having the same exact mutation is fairly low, whereas 2 people with the same genes have a higher chance of both carrying it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-524", "score": 0.6477457284927368, "text": "The problem isn't that we're losing water, it's that we're just using clean freshwater faster than it's being replenished. You remember hearing in the cowboy stories about how great the Rio Grande was? [This is what it looks like today](_URL_0_) after it's been dammed up for irrigation & drinking water up north." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-706820", "score": 0.6153339743614197, "text": "We've had a lot of flooding in my area lately, and today I passed up multiple antiques/primitives (that I assume people had in their however-much flooded basements) put out for the trash because I know that there was sewage in the flood water in those towns. The people were notified to tear out their vegetable gardens, etc, because of it. I know you can bleach or otherwise sanitize the items, but that's more than I want to mess with. Anyway, just something to consider if there's been flooding.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-309122", "score": 0.61530601978302, "text": "From [Wikipedia](_URL_0_): > The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of pipes leading from waste pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer gases outside instead of inside the house. Vents also admit oxygen to the waste system to allow aerobic sewage digestion. Vents provide a way to equalize the pressure on both sides of trap, thereby allowing the trap to hold water, which is needed to maintain effectiveness of the trap. So what's happening is that wind blowing past the vent opening causes the pressure to fluctuate, resulting in changes in the water level in the water in the various traps around your home's plumbing system.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1134494", "score": 0.6153050661087036, "text": "I am building a base that is on sea and I don’t know how to clear the water out. I’m using lava for the floor but a tiny corner of it is sand when I tried to clear it out with that. Any suggestions help!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-33942", "score": 0.6152967810630798, "text": "The problem is not sea ice, like that at the North Pole - you're right that it displaces the same amount of water in either solid or liquid forms. The problem is all the ice that is on land. All of Greenland, all the Antarctic continental ice, all the glaciers around the world, etc., etc.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-962309", "score": 0.6152327060699463, "text": "I don't know if its just our apartment or not but sometimes when we turn on the water, black specs appear in our water, its not just a little bit, A TON appear, I don't know what it is either, does not release an odor. Does anyone know whats going on?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2402512", "score": 0.6151395440101624, "text": "I posted a few years ago about this same issue but that was prior to removing the concrete decking and digging around the outside of the pool to get to my pipes. As of now I have replaced all of the pipes and was able to get rid of the bulge by digging down several feet behind the wall. However it returns after heavy rains as the area behind the area fills with water. Once I pump all of the water out is \"mostly\" goes back into place. So here lies my problem, I am about to fill in the area I dug out with gravel, as the consensus was to use something that drains (AKA not sand). But as I said every time it rains heavy (which has been a lot this year) the void behind the wall fills with water and like \"magic\" the bulge returns. \n\nI need to re-back fill the area that I dug out but my thought is that when I do the weight of the gravel will fill in behind the wall and pretty much lock my issue in place, rain or not. \n\nAny ideas on this? I didn't dig out enough area to fiberglass some braces on. The gap is only about 4 inches or so. I keep looking at it trying to come up with something and the most \"brilliant\" thing I could come up was to slide a rigid board behind it to equally distribute the rock weight against the wall. \n\nThanks for any ideas!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-240828", "score": 0.615093469619751, "text": "The opposite directions in different hemispheres thing is a myth. It is controlled far more strongly by the geometry of the sink and plughole. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2296293", "score": 0.615088164806366, "text": "Hello!\nI drive a MC since recently and naturally pay more attention than before to the state of the roads I’m on.\nI noticed that all other conditions being equal, some roads seem to dry much quicker than others after the rain: I’ve noticed that on a road where sections were of different colors that some sections looked like the water had gone through or evaporated already, while others (darker) still had water at the surface.\n- is there a standard in the way a road compound handles water?\n- if so, are compounds that let water go through better, favored in regions exposed to more rain?\n- is there a structural compromise to better water handling. My first thought was that a road that is less dense can facilitate water going through. But the downside could be that the road deteriorated faster.\n- what other interesting aspects to this topic do you want to bring up?\n\nThanks in advance for your insights!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-708853", "score": 0.615085780620575, "text": "Our water was murky reddish brown at first when we moved in 4 days ago, then it cleared up. But, it still looked gray when you fill the bathtub. So, I decided to turn the water on in the tub, run to town for an hour, then come back and shut it off. \n\n\nWell, it ended up being on for about 4 hours because after getting to town, I forgot I left it on, so I forgot to make my town trip quick. I got home to a bathtub full of dark red silt/sand and barely running water. Turned out the sand just plugged up the tub faucet, but now the sand and murky color won't go away, and we let the water stay off for at least an hour before trying it again. I shut off the water to the water heater and turned the burner off as well. \n\n\nShould I call a well service company and ask them if they need to come look at it? I don't want to waste their time or my money if I can just let it sit overnight. \n\n\nWeather has been in the 40's high and lows in the 20's-30s, and I'm in the Michigan upper peninsula.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-4462", "score": 0.6150673031806946, "text": "The rate of flow (liters per minute or whatever) depends on the width of the flow and its speed: a high-speed narrow stream can carry the same volume as a slow wide one. Gravity causes the speed to increase as the water falls, so it must get narrower in order to maintain the same flow rate everywhere along the stream.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-61676", "score": 0.6150565147399902, "text": "Surface tension. Water molecules (H2O) are slightly boomerang shaped with the Oxygen in the center and the Hydrogens on either side. Because of this shape and the difference between how hard each atom is pulling on the shared electron cloud, water is \"polar\" - meaning it's slightly negatively charged on its oxygen and slightly positively charged at the hydrogens. ([Image for visualization](_URL_0_) ) This means that the partially positive hydrogens of one H2O will be attracted to the partially negative oxygen of another H2O, meaning water molecules want to clump together as much as possible. When water flows back toward the wiper, those molecules are trying to stay clumped.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-470581", "score": 0.6150423884391785, "text": "Hi, everyone, hoping I can get some advice here. My friend drove their 2006 Mercury Montego into about 12-18 inches of water on a flooded road which ended up stalling it and requiring a tow back to their place. It was deep enough that it almost but didn't quite get inside the car when the door was opened. \n\nDoes anyone know what the procedure is for getting water out of the system after something like this? It's sat for a day now and they carefully tried starting it once when I was there and the starter seems okay but it didn't really try to actually turn over. \n\nI've never dealt with this before so any advice is appreciated. I'm looking into it on my own too but figured I could probably get more relevant info asking my own questions. Especially if there is something make specific I need to address for whatever reason. I should either have or be able to borrow most any tools needed to open things up or replace parts. Thanks in advance for any help.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1690297", "score": 0.6149390339851379, "text": "Any suggestions for a project? I was thinking of possibly doing river cleanup, but I think it would monotonous and that sector doesn't interest me as much. \n\ne - its a group project and I have until the end of april so not a whole lot of time", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-249390", "score": 0.614876925945282, "text": "It's not that rivers cause low precipitation, it's that rivers flow to the lowest points, and lower points tend to have less precipitation. Higher elevation areas frequently get more precipitation because warm moist air gets driven upwards and cools, which decreases its ability to hold water vapor, and as a result it precipitates. So what you're seeing is just another aspect of the effect which causes rain shadows. Water falls on the mountains and then flows into the lower areas, which don't get as much rain because they are lower altitude and/or in a rain shadow.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-706720", "score": 0.6148505210876465, "text": "My yard runs up hill from the street to a block of units being built and the developer asked if he could run a big storm water pipe from end of my yard to the other. It being asked because how my yard sits on the hill and would provide the developer the easiest way for him to get the storm water off the units. Having a look at how he wants to do it I don't see any reason that it would negatively impact me, however he mentioned compensation and I have no idea what to ask for other than a port for me to use in the future. Do you guys have any thoughts on what would be fair or if you have any advise to add for the process.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-200887", "score": 0.6147971153259277, "text": "There's always room for discussion, but perhaps the section [Drinking water](_URL_7_) in our FAQ will answer your inquiry.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-134919", "score": 0.6147117614746094, "text": "Because the load will travel top to bottom, meaning you only need a small amount to clean everything. A top load machine circles around and with centrifugal force, some clothes won't make it down to the bottom. So you need more water to fill up the entire machine whereas a front load only needs half the amount.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-237850", "score": 0.614709198474884, "text": "I'm guessing it's a non-stick pan, or at least one with some sort of water-repellant coating. That coating is probably burned off at those spots or just missing due to the manufacturing method, causing the water to bead up in those spots but run off in other places.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-304057", "score": 0.6146945953369141, "text": "According to [this](_URL_0_) only about 10% of the water usage in California is residential, and less than 25% is not agricultural. Most of the water used is for watering crops and livestock, and that can't be reclaimed like you suggest. Also, due to increasing environmental restrictions, the State has restricted desperately needed expansion of the resevoir system while at the same time restricting access to some existing water sources due to wildlife needs. And the drought information AsAChemicalEngineer notes is the icing on this cake.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-708138", "score": 0.6146550178527832, "text": "Since Christmas Eve it has been rainy where I live, and has become difficult to stop the basement from flooding. The outside entrance is the culprit. Water has been flowing downhill into the entrance and doing damage over time.\n\nWhen we bought this house (me and my wife's first house), we overlooked one thing; the drains near the aforementioned entrance and the inner basement. I don't know why we overlooked it but we should have done more research. Our lease was coming up on our apartment and we had to find a house soon. We searched a lot and every house we liked we had to make an offer very quickly, as houses were bought right out from under us many times. Maybe we were rushed, and that is upsetting.\n\nFast forward 8 months, and we had no problems. Christmas Eve marked the day the floods started, and I found that the bottom of the siding has been deteriorating. We were upset as the plumber we needed to help told us it would cost approximately $600. We could not afford this. After seeking help from our family, all we could do was try to fix the drains and get sandbags and our tarp and try to dam up the outside. After we tried the drains, a neighbor of ours approached us and informed us that the previous owners had landscaped near there and devastatingly clogged the drain outside all throughout the pipe, and if we were unlucky it would cost several thousand dollars to dig up the pipes and clear them. We cannot see through, and have city water.\n\nToday after doing what we could after all last week, we got more sandbags and set them up. It rained again today and the basement flooded once more. We are at our wits end; we cannot sell the house as it is flooding still and we do not have an alternative living space. We cannot fix it as the costs to do this is out of our reach and so is the ability to fix it ourselves as we know it at this time. We don't know what to do as inches of water are stilled in our basement. If there is any advice or help available, please please let me know. Thank you.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-525", "score": 0.7650833129882812, "text": "{Quarks carry color, antiquarks anticolor. These colors can be red, green or blue, RGB, and ofcourse also antired, antiblue, antigreen. Mesons are made of 2 quarks, a quark and its anti-quark, so that the resulting meson will be colorless (color + anticolor = colorless) Baryons are made of 3 quarks. (3 different colors, like RGB or aRaGaB are together colorless again) The exotic hadrons are made out of more than 3 quarks and that could be done like so: 4 quarks R, aR, B, aB (red + antired + blue + antiblue = colorless) 5 quarks RGB R aR (red green blue, red antired = colorless) So yeah normally the 4quark hadrons aren't more stable than two mesons of 2 quarks. so we call it exotic }-ish" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-301702", "score": 0.7265363335609436, "text": "Hadrons in general are made up of three categories of particle collectively called partons. There are valence quarks, which are the permanently-existing ones that give the hadron properties such as flavour, charge and to some extent mass (although mass also depends on angular momentum states). There are gluons being constantly exchanged between the quarks. This is the interaction holding the hadron together. Now, gluons interact with other gluons too, so there are gluons being exchanged between other gluons etc. Our third category of parton is \"sea\" quarks. Gluons can spontaneously become quark-antiquark pairs, which annihilate back into being a gluon. The relative fraction of 4-momentum carried by each type of parton depends on the energy or distance scale being probed. Have a look for Deep Inelastic Scattering experiments, such as those conducted at HERA.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-300055", "score": 0.7235136032104492, "text": "Protons and neutrons aren't actually triangles of three quarks; a better picture is a ball of many quarks and antiquarks, in which there are three more quarks than antiquarks. There are other hadrons that have exotic quarks in them but they tend to be unstable and are only seen in particle accelerators. Quarks don't really have an effect on atomic structure, to my knowledge. Hyperfine splitting requires the proton to have a dipole moment, but quarks aren't necessary for that.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-307350", "score": 0.7230744957923889, "text": "Under normal conditions, quarks are [confined](_URL_0_) into hadrons. The most stable hadrons contain up and down quarks rather than the heavier quarks. The other quarks are much heavier than the up and down quarks. And hadrons containing heavy quarks generally have higher masses and much shorter lifetimes than the hadrons containing only the light quarks. So they're generally harder to produce, and when they're produced, they decay away very quickly. That's why we don't see them very much in nature.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-315846", "score": 0.7229503393173218, "text": "[Here](_URL_1_) and [here](_URL_0_) are lists of baryons and mesons, which are particles made out of 3 and 2 quarks, respectively. Only protons and neutrons are stable (and neutrons are only stable inside atoms), the rest decay. They are discovered in particle accelerators; they are produced when particles collide at high energy, and their existence can be inferred from their decay products.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-253194", "score": 0.7222514748573303, "text": "Protons (as well as all hadronic matter) are made up of quarks. There are six known quarks that come in pairs of two, so three *\"generations\"*. On top of this there are the antiquarks as well, you can take a look at all the fundamental particles we know about [here](_URL_0_), it's called the Standard Model. (exciting name right?) Because of a really clever argument involving the mass of the top quark, it is believed that there are three and only three such generations of quarks and as far as we know, quarks are as fundamental as the electron, that these particles have no internal structure. People are looking to see if this is really true and the picture might change drastically in the coming decades, but right now it looks like quarks are the bottom of the well.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-287606", "score": 0.7199509739875793, "text": "Quarks are subject to confinement, so there's no way to produce a beam of individual quarks, only bound hadrons. But anyway, we already *do* \"split apart\" protons. For example, the LHC, which collides two proton beams.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-273923", "score": 0.718155026435852, "text": "> Remembering my first graduate-level nuclear astrophysics class, a typical proton is not simply a three-quark (uud) state, because certain quantum mechanical operators wouldn't produce valid results. [These slides](_URL_0_) explain how to construct hadron wavefunctions in the quark model. You need to combine a spatial part, a spin part, a flavor part, and a color part. The proton flavor part consists of two ups and a down, no other combinations. But hadrons are strongly-interacting systems, so you'll often hear about \"valence\" quarks (these are the uud) and \"sea\" quarks, the latter being fluctuations due to QCD. For example if you do high energy scattering experiments on protons and look for signatures of gluons or strange quarks, [you'll find them](_URL_1_). But from the naive quark model, there shouldn't be any strange quarks or gluons in a proton, just up and down.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-308315", "score": 0.7179290652275085, "text": "You can extend the periodic table to talk about matter containing hadrons other than protons and neutrons. We don’t know much about them, but some people have added a third “strangeness axis” to the periodic table, and created atomic nuclei with some nucleons replaced by hyperons. I don’t know of anyone trying to do this with tetra or pentaquarks at the moment. The problem with this field of study is that heavy hadrons are relatively hard to produce, and all of them decay very quickly.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-37146", "score": 0.7173228859901428, "text": "One interesting aspect is that it's made of 4 normal quarks and 1 anti-quark. Normally matter and antimatter of any kind annihilate eachother but here they are shown in a stable configuration. It doesn't violate any known theories. If anything it validates some particle theories. Pentaquarks were theorized for a long time but nobody was able to come up with definitive proof until now. Theoretically what this means is a new state of matter. Theoretically as well it may behave differently and outside the standard model for particle physics, possibly interacting with a new undiscovered force. In theory as well the pentaquark is a new kind of particle like a proton or neutron, which make up atoms. It may be possible to make heavier \"pentaquark atoms\", maybe even molecules of them depending on what their properties are.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-262961", "score": 0.7157069444656372, "text": "There are many bound states of quarks allowed in the [Standard Model](_URL_1_). Protons and neutrons are just a couple of the bound states of quarks called [Hadrons](_URL_0_). They are [baryons](_URL_3_), particles made from 3 quarks, but there are also many [mesons](_URL_2_), particles made of 2 quarks (one quark and one antiquark). The reason we see primarily neutrons and protons is that the other possible particles are *unstable*. They are created by natural events (such as cosmic rays) and artificially (in particle accelerators) all the time, but they are short-lived and quickly decay into more stable particles. Even the neutron is unstable - it has a lifetime of about 10 minutes, and is only stable when bound inside a nucleus.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-157192", "score": 0.7133350968360901, "text": "There's basic particles of the universe that aren't made up of anything else. They're called quarks and they are: up, down, strange, and charm. They're four different types of quarks. Think of these as like Helium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. If you combine them together in different ways, they make different particles. One of these are called a \"baryon\" that are made up of Up, Strange, and ~~Down~~ *Edit: I believe it's not Down but Bottom* quarks. Think of this as like H2O (water). CERN discovered a new state of a baryon that is kind of weird. It's like if you found some water molecules that can be heated to 10,000 degrees and not evaporate. It's not that you discovered a new element, you just discovered a new form of a known compound (H2O).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-316205", "score": 0.7128541469573975, "text": "They can't exist on their own because of [color confinement](_URL_1_). The interaction potential between two quarks increases approximately linearly with the distance between them at large distances. If you try to pull them apart, you reach a point where they would rather produce new quarks and become separate hadrons than split into individual quarks.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-293216", "score": 0.7126343250274658, "text": "During the mid 1900s there was a frenzy of collider and cosmic ray measurements that lead to dozens of new particle discoveries. When you look at the properties of all of these along with protons and neutrons you notice that they seem to make very pretty patterns when you plot them on axis of “hypercharge” (baryon number + strangeness) and “isospin”(a thing that is almost symmetric in the strong force but not at all in the weak) . The plots you get look like hexagons and triangles and so on. If youve done a lot of math classes and look at this mess long enough you can convince yourself that all of these can be made of a combination of 3 types of quarks (up down and strange) as well as their antiparticles. This lead to predictions of particles that were “missing” on the triangle diagrams and so on. Time goes by, more experiments happen and we now have a very neat picture of what is called an SU(3) symmetry group, made up of three families of isospin doublets (up with down, charm with strange, top with bottom)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-313376", "score": 0.7117586731910706, "text": "Nothing, they're not made of anything. They're fundamental point particles, not composite. (Most likely, in the face of experimental evidence and theoretical consideration). That does not mean they're not an emergent phenomenon from some more complete theory - there are various ways in which this could be. However, they cannot - to the best of our knowledge - be bound state of multiple components just like protons are bound states of quark.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-165882", "score": 0.7105185389518738, "text": "Quarks are elementary particles. That means that they're not made up of anything smaller (that we know of yet). Quarks can come together in certain ways to form larger particles. Particles made of two quarks are called mesons and particles made of three quarks are called baryons. The general term for anything made of quarks is hadrons. Some of our favorite particles, the proton and neutron, are made of three quarks each. So they're baryons (and also hadrons). Leptons are particles that have half-integer spins. Spin is just a confusing quantum number that all particles have, don't worry too much about it. Electrons and neutrinos are leptons. Bosons are particles with integer spins. Photons are bosons.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-301900", "score": 0.7098613381385803, "text": "As far as we know, quarks are elementary particles. So they are not made of anything \"smaller\". In the standard model of particle physics, [these](_URL_0_) particles are elementary.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-269242", "score": 0.7086240649223328, "text": "Splitting a proton is very different from nuclear fission. The quarks interact via the strong force, which is different than any other fundamental force in that it ~~gets *stronger*~~ stays constant as the particles get farther away, rather than getting weaker. The result is that, as you pull the quarks apart, the energy in the vacuum between them gets larger and larger, until it's so large that new quarks pop into existence from the vacuum, creating bound states known as hadrons. This whole process is called hadronization, and it is the reason for quark confinement. Color confinement, and in fact all of Quantum Chromodynamics is on very firm ground experimentally. But it's on very shaky ground, from a theoretical standpoint. In fact, if you can prove that Quantum Chromodynamics exists, you'll win a million dollars from the Clay Institute.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-253891", "score": 0.7084392309188843, "text": "There are [hypernuclei](_URL_1_) which are basically nuclei containing baryons heavier than nucleons. As for \"bound states of mesons\", there are [tetraquarks](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-294846", "score": 0.7079581022262573, "text": "No, it’s more of a sea of nucleons/quasiparticles (nucleon pairs, alpha clusters, etc.). It’s not simply a homogeneous sea of quarks.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-272073", "score": 0.7075656056404114, "text": "New Boson detected at 125.3 +/- 0.6 GeV with 4.9 standard deviation.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-526", "score": 0.6449975371360779, "text": "We help people all over the world. Many countries have been helped by our peacekeeping efforts. And we are generally polite. We even won many battles during the world wars and even hid the Dutch princesses in our country while the nazis invaded them. They send us 100,000 tulips every year in appreciation. _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2626132", "score": 0.6127421259880066, "text": "I know NB isn't screening atm but NS still is. I'm trying to figure out what i would have to do, if anything, to go to there and back for Christmas (provided things don't get shut down again). I've not crossed the border since covid happened so im not even sure who to ask or where to go to get information", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2410198", "score": 0.6127231121063232, "text": "Hey there folks. I live in the woods in a tiny house with no electricity, in far upstate NY. We get 250+ inches of snow a year (635cm) and long, cold winters, like you folks do. I'm very concerned about climate change and the collapse of industrial society / American culture, and suspect Newfoundland may be one of the best places in North America to be in the event of a breakdown of technological systems, due to its remoteness, the nice-ness of Newfies, and the fact that the Canadian government isn't a far-right corporate state. \n\nWhat I wanted to know is, are there many people up there living off the grid, out in the sticks? One of the things that is handy to those of us living this life is neighbors who are doing the same. Can you buy large tracts of land? I check Kijiji from time to time but don't find too much more than home lots. Work isn't something I need much of, because I work online and keep my expenses low by gardening in semi-underground earth-bermed greenhouses and hunting as much as I can. Anyway, I am curious if this is at all common in NL.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1803541", "score": 0.6127113103866577, "text": "Have a week off mid February. Was wondering where I could roadtrip to. I was thinking Montreal + Quebec City + maybe Saint John but unsure if the winter is the best time to go", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-201391", "score": 0.6126036047935486, "text": "In Canada the perfered term is First nations for southern groups and Inuit for northern. The terms are generally more accepted as the First Nations/Inuit people came up with them themselves.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2808650", "score": 0.612593412399292, "text": "Hello does anyone know why shipping costs to canada are so high comparing to other countries where the shipping is always free? The problem seems to be with only canada, please help", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-947340", "score": 0.612591564655304, "text": "Sorry I don't know what to flair this post as\n\nHi there, so I'm a 20 guy from England currently in university with a year to go, and my dream for the past ten years or so has been to move to Canada to start a fresh life away from everything back home. I wouldn't say I have a bad life here in the UK, but Canada has always been a place for me where I see it as somewhere to actually live my life the way I want to live it. I'm basically posting this to get peoples opinions on whether they think it would be feasible for me to move permanently at such a young age. I do have an aunt who has lived in Canada for the last 50 years or so, and I've been thinking of asking for her advice on moving and what she did, but maybe things would have changed a lot in the last 50 years so her experiences may be a bit outdated. \n\n​\n\nAny advice is welcome. Thanks :)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2126763", "score": 0.6124976277351379, "text": "We are considering to moving with his family to Edmonton. \nWe will be glad to know what life is like in Edmonton? Is it possible to move there? My husband will be working there ... what about a job as a beautician for me? How schools?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-949350", "score": 0.6124405860900879, "text": "I'm not sure if this is the right place to post this, but if it isn't, sorry. Also as the title say, I'm of foreigner whom the mother tongue is not English, so if there is something wrong or strange in the text, I'm also sorry.\n\n​\n\nSo I moved to Toronto last September to study Marketing in a 2 years program at a private international school, one of those programs that attracts lots of foreigners. I have bachelors in Graphic Design and used to work in marketing agencies, but I saw this course and the chance to move here so I sold all my belongings, quit my job and came here. I had my hopes and expectations pretty high (even thought that maybe there would be a chance to get an upgrade in my career or live here permanently ... IDK.\n\n​\n\nBut fast forward 7 months and the realization that the costs for living here are very high especially rent, finding a job with only 20h/week available and no Canadian experience is very difficult and the chances to get something professional wise or to live here permanently are very low. The course I'm studying is also not living up to the expectations, quite weak to be honest. And also I didn't manage to make any friendship with Canadians ... my house hosts are greek ... and all my classmates are all also foreigns.\n\n​\n\nSo when this realization that maybe this whole dream is actually a huge waste of time and money and that I should enjoy the best out of it when I still have time here in Toronto ... This pandemic happens ... I'm feeling very frustrated, lonely, hopeless ... I honestly don't have an idea of what I'm going to do with my life after this course, I'll probably will have to go back to my country and figure out what to do with my future or something ... But still ... I hope at least this pandemic will end soon and at least things go back to normal at least a little ...\n\n​\n\nSo finally after all this talking .. the question, What can I do to know better about Canadians in Toronto? make friendships maybe enjoy a little bit of this experience here while I can (tips on how to get my shit together and plan my future are also welcome) ... I'm open to ideas and maybe if someone whats to connect or something. I'm a dude, by the way, 25 yo.\n\n​\n\nTL;DR: Foreigner living for a while in Toronto, my life is pretty much lame, don't know what to do, need help/tips.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-963124", "score": 0.6123986840248108, "text": "Like does someone who grew up in canada have warmer skin, because of them growing in the cold?\n\nOr is there body used to keeping the blood away from the skin and they're colder?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2270415", "score": 0.6123695969581604, "text": "I've heard France is not vegan friendly in the slightest but have no first hand experience. I know we've had trouble in certain parts of Canada but nowhere else really.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-946774", "score": 0.6123248338699341, "text": "Hi. \n\n​\n\nI would super grateful if someone can help me with this.\n\nI'm a non-US resident, and I'm thinking about going to Canada through the land border in Washington, probably by train or bus.\n\nHas anyone done this recently? Where is the study permit processed? At the border or at the arrival station?\n\nIf someone has done it with a rental car, what's the surcharge for dropping the car off in Canada?\n\nWere you asked for a COVID-19 test? How much was it and how long did the results take?\n\n​\n\nSorry about the many questions, but I haven't found anything online. I saw a post about someone who did it recently, but I lost it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1247001", "score": 0.6122845411300659, "text": "Surely some of the 12,600 members(!) of this sub are from Canada, right?\n\nI'm looking to build a forum for Canadians interested in the cooperative housing movement. You can be in a housing co-operative already, or just interested in what they are.\n\nCorrect me if I'm wrong, but there doesn't appear to be anything similar anywhere yet. It's pretty new, (read: bare) currently so please feel welcome to bring any questions or discussions about housing co-ops to r/HousingCoopsCanada.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2532445", "score": 0.6122598052024841, "text": "Hey guys , im from Indonesia and is currently at grade 11th . I’m currently studying to get into University of Calgary (I heard it’s a wonderful place) . Since I have no connections there in Canada I might as well make a connection with those who attend my dream university . I really really want to get in touch with you guys , so if you can help me , please contact my email : [email protected] , or you can just reply to my comment . either way help will be very much appriciated", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2530444", "score": 0.6122413873672485, "text": "I was immigrated to Canada when I was young, but then moved to Taiwan and lived here for 17 years, soon I'll be getting a master's degree in electrical engineering. The Economy isn't good here and I wasn't optimistic about the situation, I am planning on move back to Canada, but need some advice.\n\n1. Should I study there fist or try to find a job there with a foreign diploma? I wasn't sure about how Canadians see foreign degrees, but also I don't want to spend another two years or more getting another degree if I can find a job with my current one. I wonder how much does Canada experience matter?\n\n2. Is there much job for master or higher degrees? I've heard that most of the job in Canada only requires high school degree, the experience in working is more important than education.\n\n3. I've been studying digital circuit design, but Canada doesn't seem to have a large silicon industry. I heard that it is relatively easier to find a job as a programmer, I know basic programming in C/C++, and have learned some java and python online. What would be the major challenge if I want to get a job as a programmer? Perhapse I should take some training course or apply for a CS master?\n\nThis is my first post on reddit, and isn't really sure how this place works, I'd be gratful is any of my question gets answered. Thanks.\n\nEdit: Thanks a lot for all the replies, wasn't expecting to get so much useful information, I now have a better idea about my situation. I'll check out the jobs on automation system and controll system, with experience working on embedded system and electronics hopefully I'll get a chance. Else I'll probably take some course on computer science. Any suggestions on which subfield to choose in CS?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1169", "score": 0.6122103333473206, "text": "Western (especially US) military stuff is the best, and it's not even close, like an iPhone compared to Zack Morris giant cellphone. Military hardware made in the east is crap, really crap, it's geared more towards low cost 3rd world nations that don't care if stuff breaks or backfires or even hits it's target or can be fixed etc. Crap, awful. Want replacement parts? Lol And if you get into a conflict with one if those nations, well you're fucked right? Good luck getting any more. Buy from your friends. Also Canada has to get items that will work with NATO, it's militarily alliance, eastern stuff isn't compatible (and NATO nations would have a shit fit for a lot of reasons). It's simply not practically possible", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1947191", "score": 0.6121878027915955, "text": "I've been feeling very apathetic for a long time now. I feel the need to do something adventurous this summer, something that would make me feel alive! perhaps something challenging?\n\nI'm from Ontario, tho I'm willing to travel within Canada.\n\nI'm also wondering if there's groups, or clubs in Canada where people get together and do adventurous things? Because even if I find something fun to do, it would suck doing it alone.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2590551", "score": 0.61213219165802, "text": "Is it true that somewhere in Canada is a town with mainly government employees possible near Ottawa that many apartment tenancies commence and end on the same date each year? I am doing a project around housing in Australia, and it would be neat to hear if it is true, and what are the implications of this for anyone involved?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-721945", "score": 0.6120941042900085, "text": "Hi everyone!\n\nI'm moving to Calgary for an internship this summer and was wondering if you guys would be able to give me some details on living in Calgary. Toronto I've been living in for about 3 years now, I know the ins and outs, but moving to a city in a province I've never lived in is a little intimidating. What are some key facts about living in Calgary that most outsiders wouldn't know about?\n\n\nHere are some questions I had:\n\n1. How does public transit work in Calgary?\n2. What are some quick details about the different neighborhoods in the city? Which areas should I avoid when looking for an apartment?\n3. What is a great source to look for apartments? Here is Toronto \"viewit\" is huge, is there a certain website that is popular for rentals in Calgary?\n\n\nAgain those are just examples of things I would like to know. Please feel free to share any form of knowledge as I don't know much about your city!\n\nWould really appreciate all the help :)\n\n\nThank you :)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2125653", "score": 0.612006425857544, "text": "Good day everyone (or... good morning?). \n\nI am a Caucasian Canadian Citizen, male, born and raised in Canada and have lived here my entire life (nearly 30 years).\n\nI am an IT professional (Systems Administrator) with a college diploma and industry certificates. I currently have a permanent government job (in law enforcement) that pays exceptionally well (almost $100k/year). As far as jobs go here, have a gov't job in Canada is usually end-of-the-line (unless Manager, Director, VP, or CEO of private company), or considered most desirable because of its payscale, benefits, perks, and \"social\" status. \n\nI am not here to brag about what kind of job I have, I worked very hard and did my best in school, and did a few odd jobs here, lots of bumps and turns in the road there to get to where I am now. \n\nRecent unforeseen personal events in my life have me reconsidering being here, and really, to sum it all up, I just want to leave, and start a new life in Australia (you're probably laughing at me right now). I am willing to give up everything I have here to go there and start over.\n\nI have always been interested in Australia, love the people, the country is very interesting and your accents are beautiful. \n\nMy main interest is in or around Melbourne. Not sure why, seems more of my lifestyle down there. But I know nothing about the city or its surroundings personally. So maybe someone can shed some insight.\n\nI have read the FAQ on the side about working in AUS and buying a home. I currently rent my own apartment, 600 sqft for $1150/mo and I am in a very reputable city. Is that comparable in AUS? I mean, depending on location of course...\n\nI do not have a wife or kids, I would be leaving behind my parents, siblings, friends, etc. \n\nDo IT professionals have a shot in AUS? Or am I dreaming? I dont know anything about moving to another country, so I am unsure how visas work, etc. I do have 1 friend that lives in a city north of Melbourne, can she \"sponsor\" me? I am very ignorant when it comes to these things. \n\nJust looking for some help, or if you think it's a silly idea that I am even thinking about this...\n\nThank you,\n\nOh, and, Sorry.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-627450", "score": 0.6119737029075623, "text": "let me be clear, I am not a separatist. I just want to know why does the ROC hates us so damn much. Is it because we speak french? Or because we whine all the time to have special privileges? Or maybe because we don't have the same values as the other provinces?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-528", "score": 0.72075355052948, "text": "REM cycles. You oversleep, and your body's internal clock (regulates daily processes) gets screwed up so it rolls over to the next cycle and thinks you need to sleep. We need sleep to give our bodies time to repair without need for action, so they can do it freely and easily. Studies have shown that we can also solve problems we were thinking up the day before during sleep. It's basically a system repair daily to make sure we're good to go for tomorrow." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-22114", "score": 0.6845816373825073, "text": "One contributor is most probably a high and constant noise level, especially on a plane. In cars, especially full ones you're probably not that comfortably seated, also the movement and vibration of the car, due to inertia, probably leads to some tension/activity with your muscles, contributing to tiredness.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-133293", "score": 0.6845762133598328, "text": "Not exactly. At night, your body produces more of the sleep hormone, melatonin. This hormone makes you feel sleepy. In the morning, once sunlight hits your face, it triggers the body to produce less melatonin, so you feel less sleepy. If you sleep during the day, you won't feel as \"rested\" because of the lower melatonin levels. Unless you can find a way to sleep in a totally darkened room during the day. On a related note, it's why doctors don't advise you to use your phone in bed right before you sleep. The blue light from the phone triggers a decrease in melatonin production. Through that, you'll feel less rested the next day.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-139213", "score": 0.6845095753669739, "text": "When you wake up you're coming out of rest mode, where your parasympathetic nervous system has been in control and the sympathetic has been down-regulated, meaning that adrenaline levels are low (so you care more about your pain and ailments). As you transition to wake mode this reverses and you are suddenly not as aware of your sickness (maybe you get some food/energy in you too to help).Then again at night you transition to your sleep mode (and you're also exhausted from the day's metabolic output), so you're more aware of that pain and sickness.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-727899", "score": 0.684411883354187, "text": "Occasionally, and most commonly when I take a nap during the day on the couch, I feel half awake (and remember it all afterwards) but I cant get my eyes to open and can't move. What causes this?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-43064", "score": 0.6843706965446472, "text": "Feeling sleepy is just your brains way of telling you it wants to sleep. It is not necessarily a lack of energy, as it feels. You get all your actual energy for moving, thinking, and doing things by breathing(Providing oxygen to fuel your muscles/organs) and eating(absorbing calories, proteins, and other nutrients your body uses as \"energy\")", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-111728", "score": 0.684149980545044, "text": "Your brain says \"Well, we are doing absolutely nothing, so I might aswell sleep and recover my energies and get things done inside\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-730472", "score": 0.6841050982475281, "text": "If I'm active and have something to do throughout the day, I don't feel tired until I stop and chill before bed. If I'm doing absolutely nothing all day, I'm tired enough to fall asleep by 2pm", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-3505", "score": 0.6838524341583252, "text": "It's likely because of a process called circadian rhythm. The chemicals in your body, the temperature of your body, and the amount of light causes you to either feel sleepy or alert. It's probably an evolutionary response, so the first humans could have the energy to gather food and everything else they needed when there was daylight and go to sleep when it was dark (when they wouldn't be able to see to work). It's also notable that teenagers bodies work differently, which is why they tend to stay up late and have a hard time getting up early. Usually, the sun isn't up at 6:30 a.m., so that could be your problem, but it could also be that you're simply not used to getting up early. I know people who can't sleep past 7 a.m. because that's when they always get up and I assume their body has adjusted to that schedule.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-57346", "score": 0.6837067008018494, "text": "Basically, the human brain is very alert and active when it is bombarded by a lot of stimuli such as noise, smells, sights, etc. When you're doing something boring or repetitive, the brain isn't usually receiving a lot of input, and it isn't really being stimulated at all, and it tries to be efficient and conserve energy by sort of \"shutting down\" and making you sleepy. If your brain doesn't feel like it needs to be in a heightened state of alertness, it will probably make you sleepy. In addition, if you aren't doing something that uses a lot of brain power such as math problems or playing some kind of game, your brain will also go into the same kind of state and you might feel tired. There's a lot more scientific answer to this, but I think the basic explanation works pretty well.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-132707", "score": 0.6836709380149841, "text": "Because your mind is filled with dread all day, and right before bed it realizes there is nothing to worry about because the day is over, so it relaxes, and has full capacity to function. The stress of the day probably causes you to not get all that much done (compared to what you get done if you were relaxed), and leaves you no energy to exercise, which aids in feeling exhausted before bed, leading to sleep. So, Exercise hardcore in the morning, work hard during the day, but don't let the stress in. Identify stressors and find solutions.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-8039", "score": 0.6836535930633545, "text": "There is something in our body called a biological clock. If your body is used to doing some things at a certain time, be it waking up or maybe using the restroom. You will generally do these things at those times even when its pointless to do so otherwise. Since you work your body does this to help you not oversleep when its time for you to work. I hope this helps you.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-161363", "score": 0.6835829615592957, "text": "These silly answers are way off. Fact is, your body has several systems (sinus, circulatory, etc) that alternate sides while you sleep to keep you turning over every so often to avoid tissue damage from prolonged weight on any certain part of your body. Ever had a runny nose that kept switching nostrils? Same thing, same reason.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-132453", "score": 0.6835828423500061, "text": "Science doesn't know. The best answer anyone has come up with is \"because we get sleepy\".", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-95455", "score": 0.6835683584213257, "text": "If you're not asleep, then you're not getting the same quality rest as if you were sleeping. Your brain may appreciate the decrease in stimulation, and your muscles the rest, but if you're not asleep, then you're not... sleeping.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-25737", "score": 0.68349689245224, "text": "Being physically tired and sleepy are different things. Being sleepy is like your brain being tired, not your muscles.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-22511", "score": 0.6834738254547119, "text": "Basically, we have this internal clock called a Circadian Rhythm. Most organisms have this, and aside from sleep management, it also helps with hormone release and body temperatures. The science behind why it's able to make us wake up, or feel sleepy at certain times is beyond me, but TLDR hormones like melatonin build up after staying awake and gets cleared during the night.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-179530", "score": 0.6834346652030945, "text": "That is a result of a stress hormone called Cortisol, one of your fight-or-flight responses that your body decided to kick off as a response to recognizing you need to continue functioning past your normal operating limits. Cortisol sets forth a reaction that increases your blood sugar so you have more available energy, blocks insulin so the blood sugar levels remain increased, and increases your heart rate and blood pressure for faster oxygen delivery. All of this makes you feel more awake and alert when you would have otherwise felt tired a few minutes ago.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2643483", "score": 0.6833001375198364, "text": "I feel like my body is capable of running much harder than I'm capable of of breathing. Do you just pass out?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-121549", "score": 0.6831026673316956, "text": "Although there are other mechanisms at work, one of the ways the body dictates its sleep patterns is through external light cues. Simply put, your brain may be interpreting the darkness of the overcast days as night falling, thus telling your body that it's time for bed.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-288113", "score": 0.6830602884292603, "text": "For your first question, this just means you were in a lighter stage of sleep (stage 1 or 2), or you were aroused (woken up) by something like a respiratory event (such as sleep apnea). There are a number of ways you can be woken up, however your [circadian rhythm](_URL_0_) also plays heavily into your sleep schedule. It is true that sleep cycles last around an hour and a half, and in short, you stay asleep and the cycle repeats. I am not a physician, however I am a Registered Polysomnagrapher (sleep technician) that manages a sleep disorders clinic.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-529", "score": 0.754635214805603, "text": "Because the border is fucking HUGE. Seriously the border of the US and Mexico is almost 2,000 miles; for a comparison the entire border of France is ~1800 miles. Also it is just a fence and people can easily jump it like they do now where fences are in place. And it will cost a shit ton, not only to build but to maintain." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-179224", "score": 0.7133196592330933, "text": "A wall would be cheaper. Digging a trench like that would be expensive and time consuming. The amount of excavators required to remove that much dirt would be incredible. The wall could at least be manufactured all over the country and shipped to the border for installation allowing much greater coverage in terms of meters per day. Digging a trench of significant size to be meaningful would still require engineering support to maintain the integrity of the wall and potentially require every excavator in the US/Mexico and still take a long time to build.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-37032", "score": 0.7130902409553528, "text": "Most of that territory is inaccessible. If you want to hike over mountains and through swamp, well, I guess we will catch you when you reach the town on the other end. A lot of borders actually do have some kind of fence all along them. It could just be wire that sends an alarm if tripped, and then a border guard patrol will investigate. Or it could be something hard to climb. Very often, country borders today are the historical borders that naturally arose between communities - geographical features like lakes or mountains.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-129954", "score": 0.7097370624542236, "text": "Who is \"America?\" I think you'll find that comparatively few people actually support the wall. Besides, these days less than half of people illegally crossing the southern border are Mexican. Most of them are from other central american states like Honduras and El Salvador.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1020376", "score": 0.7092307209968567, "text": "When the wall gets ten feet higher?\nWith a nice big gate that opens when you are allowed in legally?\nAnd stays closed when you are trying to break the law by entering?\nIs that such a difficult concept?\nYou want in? Get in line, fill out the paperwork. Meanwhile, work on your own country to make it better for yourself and future citizens.\nWhat is so hateful about that?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2610052", "score": 0.7083103656768799, "text": "I agree that we need to do something about illegal immigration, but I don't see how a border wall will help. Anyone who is determined to get here will still be able to with a ladder and some wire clippers. Am I missing something or is this not a good solution to the problem and is a waste of money.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2676442", "score": 0.7024598121643066, "text": "Building a wall is not about Mexicans, or racial in anyway. It is about promoting the use of our established immigration process. This is to protect those entering our country, and to allow them to have the same benefits and regulations of naturalized citizens.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-61834", "score": 0.7019637227058411, "text": "Quite a few of those border cities predate the territory's annexation into the US and were founded back when it was all Spanish territory. You also need to remember that, prior to the modern era, (back in the \"Wild West\") border enforcement wasn't all that strict. Cities, especially in the desert, are generally built where there's a good source of water. if you use the river as the line for the border, it's natural for people to want to live on both sides of it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-181850", "score": 0.6980882883071899, "text": "For much of the US-Mexico border there already is a fence that prevents much wildlife getting through. In some sections something rabbit sized might get through, in others it would be like mouse sized.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-128324", "score": 0.6952423453330994, "text": "Feasible, yes. Useful, hardly. & nbsp; * A large percentage of illegal immigrants exist due to overstaying their Visas. * Tunnels. * Unless you build it high enough, it can be flown over while still being under the radar. * A lot of illegal immigrants simply fly in on commercial flights. Some get caught, some don't. * The Gulf of Mexico exists. * The Pacific Ocean exists. & nbsp; A wall is more of a physical manifestation of Trump's foreign policy than actually being useful for keeping out illegal immigrants. It will create some jobs both short and long term...jobs that will likely be undertaken by immigrants, like most construction/maintenance/border patrol work.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2608590", "score": 0.6945717930793762, "text": "Currently, the plan is to build the wall over or along the existing fence that we already have. As it is, the fence is not entirely connected and large swathes of it are open because it is on Private land that the citizens refused to give up.\n\nTrump could invoke Eminent Domain to seize the land for \"Public Use\" and give the landowner a \"Just Compensation\". The only available recourse for a landowner against an aggressive Eminent Domain policy is to sue the United States.\n\nConsidering the wall is such a divisive policy, I can see the landowner being flooded with monetary assistance and free legal representation by any like minded individuals. Considering that a suit would not just have effective monetary and legal support but also be under the spot light of the News Media, do you think the United States would be able to win that suit?\n\nAlso, I know there are a lot of variables but are there any ballpark estimates for what the total amount of \"Just Compensation\" would be to buy the border properties?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-124037", "score": 0.6935187578201294, "text": "Yes most countries take a risk-based approach. Where there are a lot of people they concentrate guards, fences, etc. Where's there are no people, the cost vs. benefit of guards just doesn't make sense.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2247352", "score": 0.69158536195755, "text": "I've been reading about how the US-Mexico border is literally riddled with tunnels]( These are not all little Mom & Pop tunnels, some have[ solar power]( railroad systems, lighting and electricity]( hydraulic lifts and water pumps]( etc. And some are[ run by cartels, meaning that there's a lot of money invested in keeping these tunnels going.\n\nBut I haven't heard politicians really address this tunnel issue in a meaningful way - how many there are, what's being done to shut them down, etc. Because a wall isn't going to be effective if people are just going under it. As this article says, \"while an above ground physical barrier may disrupt or delay surface movements, smugglers have long used another transportation method that a wall or fence is unlikely to interrupt.\"\n\nI feel like this is a critical component of the debate - does anyone know why this isn't being addressed in our political debate?\n\n*(To be clear, this question isn't arguing for or against building the wall, I'm just curious about the tunnel issue.)*", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-105100", "score": 0.6910650134086609, "text": "Lots of people are saying the same thing. No one \"supports\" or is \"in favor\" of illegal immigration. I'm a democrat, and don't support it. What some may favor is common sense immigration policies and procedures. Building a wall IMHO isn't common sense just because it sounds like a huge expense. Someone is only a racist, in the context of immigration, if they use stereotypes to strengthen their argument. Simply saying it negatively effects the economy and could threaten security doesn't make someone a racist.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-161524", "score": 0.6879820823669434, "text": "If someone doesn't wish to enter the USA, they wouldn't be at the border... right? I think at least one of us is missing an important detail here.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-370306", "score": 0.6829220056533813, "text": "I always read conservative comments in political blogs about how the US/Mexico border needs a 30 foot tall fence set up all along it. I'm just curious about how static land borders actually are. It seems like they're either quite porous or they're prone to change via territorial combat. \n\nWhat country has the oldest borders - meaning that the borders themselves have not moved or been politically reshaped via treaties?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-179801", "score": 0.6824284195899963, "text": "There's no real difference between dealing with multiple different countries on your border, and dealing with one long border, so could you explain what specifically you think the difference would be?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-29725", "score": 0.6820636987686157, "text": "Most borders were caused by mountain ranges, rivers, and centuries of conflict back and forth. The US/Canada border was formed by a treaty where we placed a bunch of monuments along the border and declared that to be the official boundary. When that wasn't good enough, the two governments cut a 20 foot wide clearing along the entire border to make sure you know where the boundary is.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-66828", "score": 0.6807281970977783, "text": "They often are drawn like this to encompass properties, towns or land marks that traditionally belong to the other country but the border cannot simply cut someones land in half. there are far worse examples in the USA and canada.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2738981", "score": 0.6783415079116821, "text": "My BIL works in law enforcement, and has worked in law enforcement, for 30 years. His area of responsibility is very near the southern border of Texas and Mexico. His single biggest source of crimes (mostly petty crimes, like break-ins at people's backyard sheds, clothes stolen from the clothes line, grocery store shoplifting, etc) are illegal immigrants.\n\nDespite being a full-blooded Mexican man, born and raised there until he was in his early 20's when he legally immigrated to the US, my BIL absolutely supports Trump's \"strong border\" policy and he wants us to BUILD THE WALL. His point is a sensible one: the Mexican criminals -- cartel members and coyotes -- charge Mexican people thousands of dollars to get them over the border. When they do cross into the US, the coyotes drop them off in the middle of nowhere in the middle of the night with NOTHING but the clothes on their backs. These people then resort to petty crimes like I mentioned above in order to simply survive.\n\nDespite entering our country criminally, these people are also victims in a certain way as well. He doesn't condone illegal immigration, but he sympathizes. At the same time he also feels as though he immigrated the proper way, and so should every other Mexican person who wants to come to the US. \n\nHe has always said that the way to significantly slow illegals from entering the country across the Texas/Mexico border is to target the criminal element in Mexico that is enticing these people, taking their money, and leaving them to survive or die or be sent back.\n\nAnyhow, last night he told me: \"Since Trump took office, these illegal immigrant crimes have dropped noticeably. Now we have to build the wall to cut them down to almost nothing. Stop the problem at the source. Thank God for Trump!\"", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-98432", "score": 0.6763352751731873, "text": "It can't, people to discuss these things in black and white are ideologues with axes to grind. No wall is unscalable, but you can make walls that make it less likely because of the difficulty. For example consider a simple chain link fence vs. a fence topped with razor wire.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-531", "score": 0.81096351146698, "text": "Varies by state In some states, the exit corresponds with what the mile marker is. So if the exit is at mile marker 25, it's exit 25. In case of multiple exits or new exits added at mile 25, then it's subdivided into exits 25a, 25b, 25c, etc. In other states, the exits go in numerical order for the duration of the highway. There's an ordering system which runs east-west or north-south from lowest to highest. So the first exit is exit 1, second exit is exit 2, and so on til the end. When new exits are added, that's where you see exit 2a, 2b, 2c, etc." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-8895", "score": 0.75224369764328, "text": "For the US interstate highway system: _URL_0_ > the numbering scheme for the primary routes, east-west highways are assigned even numbers and north-south highways are assigned odd numbers. Odd route numbers increase from west to east, and even-numbered routes increase from south to north Three digit numbers are used for secondary freeways, like loops going around cities, with their number being based on the primary road's number (eg - I-405 is a bypass around I-5). These numbers are only unique to the state, not the whole system (eg - there's an I-405 in both Portland and Seattle). Other highway systems will have similar numbering systems in place.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-122667", "score": 0.7500289082527161, "text": "Three digit numbers are for interstates that are part of their larger interstate. 270 is attached to I-70. If the first digit is even that means it leaves the interstate and then reconnects (often as a loop around a city), if it's odd it leaves it and ends (normally into a city) It looks like 270 connects to a different interstate, as opposed to the same one . They're called Auxiliary interstates highways: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-60355", "score": 0.7475802302360535, "text": "The numbering scheme for the Interstate Highway System was developed in 1957 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The association's present numbering policy dates back to August 10, 1973. Within the continental United States, primary Interstates—also called main line Interstates or two-digit Interstates—are assigned numbers less than 100. Even numbers represent East and West with odd numbers being North and South.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1134576", "score": 0.7432368993759155, "text": "On interstate highways, the exits are always higher up than the road. In most cases, the highway also travels under an overpass just after an exit. \n\nHow does this happen? When the roads were built, did they have to dig the highway several meters deeper than the natural ground level? If so, where did all that dirt go and how come the roads don't flood?\n\nAlternatively, is that too much work? Did the road engineers instead topographically find a route that was lowest in altitude compared to everything else? Would this affect the frequency of exits on a highway?\n\nSorry for the barrage of questions but it's a topic I've given a lot of thought to and can't quite figure out.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-21042", "score": 0.7159110903739929, "text": "Roads going North-South are odd numbered, with the low numbers in the West. Roads going East-West are even numbered, with the low numbers in the South. These primary roads have one or two digits. Roads that have 3 digits branch off of the main 2 digit road. (For example, where I live, I-695 branches off of I-95.)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1777435", "score": 0.7114996910095215, "text": "Do they loop around? Lead into other highways in a massive circuit? End? Funnel eventually into small side streets? \n\nSay for instance I get on I-75 and just drive, will I drive forever or eventually come to a stop?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-137203", "score": 0.7041950821876526, "text": "Primary routes have two digits. Odd numbered highways run north and south, with lower numbers in the west and higher numbers in the east. Even numbered routes go east-west, with the lower numbers in the south and higher numbers in the north. Three digit routes starting with an even number are loops within or around a city. Three digit routes with an odd number are spurs into a city. For such three digit routes, the last two digits indicate the primary route they are based on.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-150042", "score": 0.6911926865577698, "text": "Depends on population density and proximity to city limits. If you're out in the middle of nowhere, chances are they will put those signs near highway mergers or mile markers on the exit of a town. If you're in a city they will have more signs for navigation through off ramps and to guide you to the correct route. The markers are essentially there to let people know where the road goes when they are exiting/entering the freeway, it's a design feature when the roads are planned and routed. The choice of city is also dependent on population, larger cities being more regular destinations so are more regularly chosen for mileage notices.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-69276", "score": 0.689354419708252, "text": "For most cities, laid out on a grid-like pattern, each section of street between intersection is its own \"block\" of numbers. So let's say you're at the intersection of A and 1st, walking down 1st street. The numbers may start at 100 and end at 120 by the time you get to the intersection of B and 1st. Instead of just continuing from there, they'll jump up to 200 and go from there. The reason for this is so you can take an address, like 514 1st Street, and immediately know which two intersections it's between (E and F). This helps with navigation since the streets can be very long and often times are one-way.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-21340", "score": 0.688931941986084, "text": "**Odd number:** runs north-south **Even number:** runs east-west **Low odd number:** west coast **High odd number:** east coast **Low even number:** southern US **High even number:** northern US **1-2 digits:** main route, goes through major cities (usually) **3 digits:** off-shoot, goes around major cities (usually)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-84293", "score": 0.687236487865448, "text": "A mile marker is simply how far you are from the start of the highway, in miles. Mile markers are primarily a navigation tool; exits are identified by what mile marker they're closest to. As such, say you know you need to take Interstate 64 to exit 151. If you're currently at mile marker 100, then you know you're 51 miles away from your exit.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-13944", "score": 0.6831536293029785, "text": "\"In the numbering scheme for the primary routes, east-west highways are assigned even numbers and north-south highways are assigned odd numbers. Odd route numbers increase from west to east, and even-numbered routes increase from south to north\" _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-90798", "score": 0.6792998313903809, "text": "I've always thought its to help determine where you are and which turning is which. The gap is always between where you enter and the last exit, I just think its a way to look up and to see okay third and last exit, or second and straight ahead. Its to show that there are no more exits at a quick glance", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-928598", "score": 0.6789731383323669, "text": "I've found that interstate route numbers are fairly faithful to where they would be in real life and roughly start and end at the same locations as real life. I'm amazed that you get smaller towns listed on road signs that exist irl also! However I've never been to the U.S so I don't know if any americans feel the same way?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-191696", "score": 0.6713364124298096, "text": "The Interstate Highway System was created with the [Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956](_URL_1_). Before then, the \"US Highway\" system was an ad-hoc system of state/locally maintained highways that were funded partially through grants on a \"matching\" basis, where the Federal government would match state investment in whatever highway was being constructed. This system lasted from about 1925 until 1956, when the Interstate system was adopted. The interstate system was different in that it provided for a [Highway Trust Fund](_URL_0_) that would pay up to 90% of the costs of the interstate highway, with the remainder funded by the state. This trust was funded primarily through a federal fuel tax on gasoline and diesel fuel. Interstate Highways replaced some of the older US Highways, but quite a few routes still remain. The numbering system is largely maintained by the [American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials \\(AASHTO\\)](_URL_2_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-121343", "score": 0.6678587794303894, "text": "I asked a state trooper once, and his explanation was pretty simple. Occasionally on the interstate you'll see white lines painted across the freeway and then another line a short ways up the road. Although it's not very often, police might have helicopters or planes overhead and they time how long it takes you to get from one line to the other and then figure out your speed.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1029260", "score": 0.6672328114509583, "text": "From what I understand, The Lodge Freeway switched over US- to M- back in 1986, but kept the highway number as \"10\" since some people knew of it as \"route 10\". Then there's also old signs that depict The Lodge Freeway as this]( when others signs depict it [as this other one for the modern day.\n\nIf I recall which \"US-10\" signs remained, I will describe examples of what I recall.\n\nI saw a \"US-10\" sign near downtown Detroit as late as the early 2000s\n\nI saw a \"US-10\" sign above 8 Mile eastbound as late as the year 2004\n\nI saw some \"US-10\" signs near Livernois as late as maybe 2010.\n\nany others to point out that might be later, or before that?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-41176", "score": 0.665209949016571, "text": "The numbers go from 1 to 36. There's 360 degrees in a circle, so the numbers are in 10 degree increments depending on the angle. If you are landing and heading due north, you'll see a number 36 (360/10). Know what number is at the other end of that runway? Yep, 18, since it's facing south. Every runway has two numbers depending on which way you are facing, and the difference between those numbers is always 18. And the letters? Well, what if there are two parallel north-south runways? Which is which? One that you'd be approaching will be 36L, and the other would be 36R -- one on the left, the other on the right.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-72202", "score": 0.6642065048217773, "text": "Probably sequential, it's just that the public never sees the in-between numbers, and/or they've been canceled. Some of the older forms (W-...) might be from a different scheme. The suffixes are variations of a common basic form for the same/similar purpose.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-88598", "score": 0.6633468270301819, "text": "Australia here... we start at one and go up. Odd numbers on one side of the road, and even on the other. Simple.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-532", "score": 0.669346034526825, "text": "It's called an [afterimage](_URL_0_). Your eyes get all tired out looking at the same thing for so long, so your receptors need to take a break. It's kind of like how your body gets used to the feeling of clothing on it all the time." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-35144", "score": 0.6358540058135986, "text": "Laser beams are coherent (i.e. everything goes in one direction) until they hit something. If you point a laser beam at a surface and you see the little red dot, that's because the light is bouncing off the surface at a variety of different angles, allowing you to see it. You can only see laser beams in the air if they're hitting something like dust or smoke particles. If there's particles in the way of the beam, the same thing will happen - the light will bounce off the particles, allowing you to see it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-33401", "score": 0.6357836127281189, "text": "It is just dead cells, blood cells & skin cells, some dust, even some boogers from the nasal section (mucus). The action of blinking 'washes this away' during the day, down your tear ducts, but at night your don't move your eyes much at all (some ppl do) or blink so this secretion/excess builds up in the corner of your eyes.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-170732", "score": 0.6357826590538025, "text": "Because the rods and cones in your eyes that detect light and color and convert the signals into nerve impulses to the brain can also be triggered by the pressure that you place on your eyes when you rub them.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-278145", "score": 0.6357820630073547, "text": "They act as small lenses [magnifying](_URL_1_) the part of the LCD panel immediately below it. And LCDs panels are built up of [tiny red, green, and blue elements](_URL_0_) so you get to see an enlarged view of these pixels through the droplet.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-128710", "score": 0.6357474327087402, "text": "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: When we feel drowsy, why do our eyes lose focus first before any other senses? ](_URL_2_) (702 comments!) 1. [ELI5: Why/how do our eyes \"lose focus\" and get blurry? What's happening? ](_URL_1_) 1. [ELI5: What happens when your mind drifts, and your eyes can't focus? ](_URL_3_) 1. [ELI5: When you're really tired, why do your eyes unfocus and make you see double? ](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-243491", "score": 0.6357457637786865, "text": "If I'm not mistaken it's quite literally that the blur creates a gradient of incoming light. So, let's say you get a photon coming in from your finger. It hits your lens but you don't have it focused, so it lands in your eye a little away from where the rest of your finger is. Now there is a maximum error distance based on how blurry it is. So eventually your finger isn't blocking other parts of what you see. I guess essentially blurry things are just having their incoming photons spread over an area instead of a specific place creating the gradient you see.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2343040", "score": 0.6357353329658508, "text": "Ever since I remember, I have had visual snow. In fact, it was only recently that I found out this wasn't normal. It in no way inhibits my visions, I have and have always had perfect sight. When It gets dark, the \"static\" gets worse, and I have minor hallucinations, nothing major, just dark blobs moving around, but very faint. What could have caused this? And is it ok to smoke weed if I have this? I have been for around a year, and when I smoke during the day it helps, during the night it slightly worsens.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-124276", "score": 0.6357349157333374, "text": "Strain on your eyes throughout the day can cause you to not blink as much as you normally would (e.g you're concentrating on something for a long period of time). In order to keep your eyes well lubricated, you blink throughout the day, but when you don't blink as much, your eyes dry out a little. The next time you blink, you're irritating your eyes more than helping them. This irritation causes the pain, dryness, and bloodshot appearance normally seen when someone is tired. The irritation causes the blood vessels in the cornea to swell and it basically becomes an additive loop until you close your eyes for the night (i.e. your eyes become more red the longer you go without lubricating them or closing them for a period of time). tl;dr: lack of \"normal\" amounts of blinking throughout the day irritates the eyes making the blood vessels in them swell = blood shot by the end of the day", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-323560", "score": 0.6357100605964661, "text": "The LEDs will be Multiplexed. Its primarily used as a way of saving I/O pins on your control circuitry. The most basic method would connect 16 LEDs as a 4x4 grid, which only needs 4+4=8 pins to control it. But doing this means that only a subset of the LEDs can be on at any one time (one row/column in this example) so each group is briefly lit in turn. when this is done fast enough your brain just sees a constant illumination, but the edges of our sight are optimised for noticing fast movement so your more likely to see the flicker when you look away. tl:dr: they are flashing to save money, you normally cant see it, but your peripheral vision sometimes can.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-81006", "score": 0.6356977820396423, "text": "No, your eyes do not have a frame rate. They work on analog signals, essentially. The blurring you seeing is caused by the way the rods and cones respond to light. It's a continuous image that you perceive not snapshots N times per second.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-303959", "score": 0.6356844305992126, "text": "In the retina of our eyes, there are two types of light-sensitive cells: [rods](_URL_2_) and [cones](_URL_3_). The cone cells are responsible for color vision. The rod cells are more sensitive to low light levels and therefore are responsible for night vision. As you can see on [this chart](_URL_1_) or [this one](_URL_0_), there are barely any rod cells in the center of the retina (your center of view), instead they are concentrated at the outer edges where your peripheral vision is.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-155642", "score": 0.6356524229049683, "text": "Because the light at these times of day is actually a different color, and our brains are good at identifying patterns of color detected by our eyes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-117895", "score": 0.6356501579284668, "text": "Epileptic seizures happen when there is erratic electrical activity in the brain. For people with photosensitive epilepsy, abnormal electrical activity is triggered by patterns. So it's not necessarily just due to the intensity or brightness of the lights, but the pattern and the frequency of the flashing. For instance, a light that flashes 10 times per minute might cause a reaction in an epileptic, but one that flashes 30 times a minute might not. Sometimes even patterned stationary images can cause epileptic fits. Iirc only visual information triggers seizures in photosensitive epileptics, so other types of sensory info probably would not cause a reaction.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-268646", "score": 0.6356335878372192, "text": "We only see sharp in full color in a very tiny 2° to 10° field of vision, outside of that sweet spot, color vision gets worse and worse the farther away you get from it. We're practically red-green color blind (or even worse) at the periphery of our field of vision. Our visual system constantly constructs an illusion of seeing everything sharply and in full color, while in fact, we only see a small portion of our full field of vision sharply and colorful. Even if we had severe aberration at the outer edges of the FOV, we wouldn't notice it. But, actually we have noticeable chromatic aberration under special circumstances. Try to read deep red letters on a deep blue background (or the other way around). It's very hard because these colors are at the opposite ends of the visible spectrum, which leads to noticeable aberration. I know it's highly simplified, but it should be correct enough.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-256696", "score": 0.6356157660484314, "text": "Those are called 'diffraction spikes', and they're an imaging artifact caused by the construction of certain types of telescopes. Most 'serious' telescopes have designs which have a large curved mirror at the base of the telescope. This reflects the light back upwards, so there has to be another smaller mirror near the top of the telescope which reflects the light to the eyepiece/camera, either sideways or back downwards through a hole in the center of the primary mirror. This secondary mirror is suspended in the middle of the light path, and it has to be supported in some way. The most common is to have it supported by four thin metal struts from the sides of the telescope tube, and light diffracting around these struts causes the 'crosshair' pattern when viewing point sources like stars. In other words, it's an optical artifact caused by our lack of antigravity technology to suspend the secondary mirror without physical supports. \\^_\\^", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-66395", "score": 0.6355958580970764, "text": "The eye senses light using 2 types of cells, rods and cones. Rods are highly sensitive to light, but can't see color and deactivate when there's enough light for cones to work. Cones aren't as sensitive, but can see color and work in bright light. There's an area in the center of your eye called the fovea, where you have the highest concentration of cones for easily seeing details in well-lit areas. Through the rest of the eye, you have fewer cones, so you can't see the details of the letters that you need to read.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-5821", "score": 0.6355670094490051, "text": "Looking at a computer or phone requires concentration and attention. Your eyes need to focus on small print and details. This can fatigue the muscles in the eyes which makes them ache if you spend extended periods of time doing so. Also, you blink less often when focused which can cause dry eyes as well. And that's it. Poor vision is normally caused by deformation of the eye that is genetic in origin. As you age your vision almost universally gets worse over time as well. So tired, achey, dry eyes? That can be from the computer. Poor vision? Nope.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-28885", "score": 0.6355524063110352, "text": "Squinting helps focus the light and cuts out the \"extraneous\" visual stimuli. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-188226", "score": 0.635549783706665, "text": "It can also restrict the amount of area that the cornea is using to gather light, increasing the depth of field for near or farsighted people, allowing them to see slightly better at ranges the normally have trouble with. Basically, the smaller the opening, the less focusing your eyes' lenses have to do. Less light gets in but it is better focused. As an experiment, poke a hole in paper with a pin and look through it. Even if you are near or farsighted, the image will be more focused than normal. This is why old \"pinhole\" cameras did not need lenses.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-190997", "score": 0.6355467438697815, "text": "because most electronic screens have a refresh rate. the led's or lcd's or whatever are not continuously outputting the image. they are being refreshed 60 times a second in most cases. and your camera can pick up on that. if you change the shutter speed on your camera, you can make the effect more pronounced or make it go away. but most cheap/cell phone cameras shoot at a slower shutter speed where the effects are more apparent.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-533", "score": 0.5819593071937561, "text": "...and, as a follow-up, why is hockey nearly devoid of blacks?" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-141013", "score": 0.5528321862220764, "text": "It's a cultural thing. Just like different people from different regions have accents, different racial groups that tend to stick together also have similar ways of talking which are dissimilar from the majority racial group. Black people tend to congregate together, so they reinforce one another's speaking patterns, just like Southerners or Bostonians would. It has nothing to do with physical differences, as some people have suggested. That might changed timbre and pitch and such, but speaking patterns are learned. Source: I'm half black. My (black) father is a professor, and he sounds like any other professor might. He doesn't \"sound black\" and, since we're in the South, this is a comment he hears a lot. (\"Wow, you speak so well!\") Likewise, I don't sound black at all, since I was raised in a predominately white neighborhood. On the other hand, I was raised in the South, so I can sound pretty Southern at times. It's just a matter of upbringing and who you were around.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-95127", "score": 0.552823007106781, "text": "Different groups of people emigrated and settled in different parts of the country. Lots of Scotts/Irish in the northeast, lots of Slavs in the mid atlantic states, lots of Germans in the midwest, French and Spanish, mixed with carribean near New Orleans, Scandinavian in the Dakota areas etc etc", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1399890", "score": 0.5527679920196533, "text": "I always see the media trying to push black male white female couples. Or they try to push all of these black male hyper masculine rappers and actors. \n\nAlmost never do I see the media trying to make hispanics look cool. Now obviously there are some exceptions to this such as Jennifer Lopez. But overall, I am surprised that hispanics are not really given as much attention compared to blacks. \n\nEven though people will cry about \"Oscars so white\" and similar, I notice that the only group of people who ever gets rewarded from this is blacks. Almost never do you see movies with asian, hispanic, or middle eastern (non jewish) lead roles.\n\nWhy does the media prefer to promote blacks over other groups?\n\nAnother question I might add.... Why does anti-white media still prefer to give whites star positions in the entertainment industry over hispanics, asians, and middle easterners???", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-627519", "score": 0.5527260899543762, "text": "Humans have been around in Africa something like 1-200,000 years. I think I read that people only migrated to Europe about 8,000 years ago. How is it possible that those people who migrated to Europe managed to become far more advanced than Africans who had been living in the same region for so much longer? Wouldn't Africa have had a massive advantage?\n\nI'm of Nigerian descent and to be fair I don't know a lot about my history, so maybe Africa was dominant at one stage.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-949085", "score": 0.5527228713035583, "text": "I’m planning on studying abroad there and really want to know what to expect as an African American.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-33458", "score": 0.5526078939437866, "text": "They train to perform well for their sport. If you do something that is challenging repeatedly your body adapts. So their bodies are more efficient with oxygen, and they probably have a large lung capacity and good control over their heart rate. Some of these records are also set by breathing in pure oxygen.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-13790", "score": 0.5525786876678467, "text": "Because people will take pride in where they come from and how they were raised and think their way is superior.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-142243", "score": 0.5525587201118469, "text": "Because the British won. The winners are the ones that write history. To the victor goes the spoils. It's probably not the answer you wanna hear but it's true", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-222125", "score": 0.5525002479553223, "text": "I am not sure if 1964 should be your cut-off date for the loss of momentum. There was the Voting Rights Act of 1965--that was a pretty big deal. Arguably, bigger than the Civil rights Act in that people actually got to vote, and therefore elect others in areas where they could not before. There was also the Fair Housing Act of 1968, which also had a big impact--perhaps the biggest, in regards to how people lived their lives in large cities. The black power movement really didn't get a foothold until about 1966, if memory serves me right.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-134830", "score": 0.5524815320968628, "text": "Because white people like to believe that they're solving problems. That said, only a total mongo would get up in arms about it. If black people en masse started calling for people to stop using it, then cool. Whiny South Park Libertarians on reddit? Not so much.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-216549", "score": 0.5524784326553345, "text": "Think of the antebellum South as a hierarchy, with the planter elite at the top, and the black slave at the very bottom. Directly above the slaves were the poorest white people. Regardless of how they fit into the rest of white society, they still exerted power over the lowest group in the pyramid. The American slave system rested heavily on the nature of this balance of power. Even the poorest white farmer was better off than any slave in terms of their freedom. Many supported the system because it provided a power structure that prevented their low paying jobs, and status, being threatened by black equality. This is critically important if we are to understand the reaction to the collapse of the slave system after the Civil War.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1123525", "score": 0.5524184703826904, "text": "Most American sporting series or championships seem to be called a world series or world championships when they are literally just American teams competing with each other. Sure they have foreign imports but so do all other series and championships around the world yet they don't do this.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-131047", "score": 0.5523432493209839, "text": "1. Drugs draw attention. Congresspeople require attention (in order to get elected). Ergo, drugs are desireable to congresscritters. 2. The MLB is a legally protected monopoly (ie, there is a law that was passed by congress that makes MLB the only baseball league in the United States). The other major sports leagues are functional monopolies (because while they do have competitors, they control 80%+ of their markets). Because of this, they are subject to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. As a result, all sports leagues have legal exposure that goes beyond the average business.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1286", "score": 0.5523274540901184, "text": "The country was formed from 13 States (hence the name of the country), and the Constitution preserves a lot of autonomy on their part. For most purposes, the federal government is very loose. States establish and conduct the elections that send representatives to the federal House and Senate, and also that apportion electors to Presidential races. This was a huge problem in the century after the Civil War because the Southern states rigged their systems so that black people had no possibility of voting, and under the laws at the time, they were allowed to do so. That changed in a big way only with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that allowed the federal government to stop race-based state discrimination in election procedures. But the same forces are at it again, it seems, finding ways around those federal laws.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-42266", "score": 0.5522415637969971, "text": "In the NBA, although a team sport, one player can single handedly take over a game or turn a losing franchise into a winner. For that reason the stars get huge amounts of attention, as well as some of the biggest salaries in all sports.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-9359", "score": 0.5521541833877563, "text": "There's some difference between what athletes of today can accomplish with better sports science and nutrition and athletes in prior times. Also, there are a lot more people alive today than there were even two generations ago, so there's a greater chance that the fastest person ever is alive today than two generations ago. The big difference, though, comes from shoes and track surfaces. Surfaces and shoes that allow for the right amount of bounce, firmness, and friction all help improve times.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-21425", "score": 0.5520630478858948, "text": "It's a \"politically correct\" term. It can be, ironically, offensive to non-Americans of African descent with darker skin or Americans with darker skin that do not consider themselves African at all. Generally speaking, you are just fine saying \"Black\" in America and few will be offended by it. Similarly, few get offended by \"White\".", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-501967", "score": 0.5520253777503967, "text": "These are the best athletes with the best training, but you don't see people on the treadmill or going for a run or walking around just suddenly blowing out their legs. \n\nDoes it have to do with cleats getting caught? Or just making sideways athletic moves normal people don't?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-11324", "score": 0.5518980622291565, "text": "[Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond](_URL_0_) does a great job of explaining this. Some of it is poor nutrition. There's also hundreds of years of oppression, terrible soil for cultivation, exploitation by developed nations, religious and cultural customs that insist upon living in the same manner of their ancestors. Really, there's no \"if Africa had been Europe\" because it's Africa's makeup as a continent (the soil, rivers, trees, deserts, and deeply historical customs) is what makes it so different. Europe, China, and the Americas has/had a lot of advantages over Africa in terms of climate, accessibility, soil cultivation, and a culture that (for the most part) encourages progress and adaptation. Having access to diverse foods that are easy to cultivate makes a huge difference. African foods are so difficult to get -- the ancient processes can take all day -- that it leaves little time for thinking, tinkering, and education like the Europeans, Chinese, Middle-Easterns and Americans had.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-91815", "score": 0.5518573522567749, "text": "The other comment is mostly correct, racetracks are larger than other sports venues so their stadiums seat more people. Popularity usually takes TV into account. And since more people have access to TV compared to having access to the event venue, TV is usually more important for popularity than attendance is. Also, in NASCAR there's only one venue hosting the race at any time. In team sports there are up to 15 or 16 venues hosting games at the same time because there are 30\\-32 teams in the league.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-534", "score": 0.7755182385444641, "text": "Maybe it depends how it's prepared, I'm from europe and my entire family could make delicious vegetables, I always wondered why on earth in American tv shows/films/sitcoms kids hate vegetables 99% people I know love, exception is Brussels sprout, it's abomination and should be banned" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-835904", "score": 0.7344081401824951, "text": "My 6 year old is an extremely picky eater. We realized that we were enabling him by continuing to give him the foods he likes and not pushing the foods he doesn’t. (My thinking was, I wouldn’t want someone forcing me to eat food I don’t like. However I’ve since realized that we need to have him try things he “doesn’t like” more than once to determine what he truly dislikes. So we’re trying.) The problem is, he often literally pukes when we make him try something new. Most of the time it’s green veggies that do it, but he’s done it with everything from kidney beans to mashed potatoes. I feel awful when this happens. Wondering if anyone has advice for finding the line between getting them to try new stuff, and forcing them to eat something that absolutely disgusts them.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-308720", "score": 0.7308016419410706, "text": "Children don't have experience or extensive transferred knowledge to rely on, so evolution has left them with lots of built-in biases as 'rules of thumb' that improve their chances of survival to adulthood. Examples: * Usually, spoiled food is dangerous; most kids reject mouldy cheeses like Stilton * Brightly coloured berries tend to be poisonous; many kids dislike (raw) tomatoes (but like the _flavour_ of tomato in pizza, soups, and ketchup suggesting the circuit triggering the aversion is visual, maybe) * Most fungi are toxic; most kids avoid mushrooms * Generally children experiment less with their diets, preferring familiar foodstuffs ('fussy eaters') In adults, these hardwired antipathies (usually) subside, or are superceded by cultural knowledge that these things are desirable backed by repeated experience of pleasant outcomes when trying them.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-34584", "score": 0.7300775051116943, "text": "This isn't always the case, and much of it is modelling. My five year old eats a lot of fruit, sometimes too much. Something raw is served with every meal, such as salad, plus a variety of other plant foods. Sometimes we eat junk, like chips or biscuits, but it's occasional. Yesterday, the kids came home from a party, after eating lollies, cake and soft drink, having a great time, and they felt sick and only wanted cucumber for dinner. Kids can learn to listen to their bodies the same as adults, if given the right choices.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-177846", "score": 0.7233127355575562, "text": "Just like the importance of exposing kids to various foods with different textures and flavour from early on, it's got a lot to do with that you are used to. I recommend checking out a few episodes of freaky eaters. Especially the episode where they gradually try to make a woman who has eaten nothing but cheesy potatoes for 30 years not gag but enjoy the textures and tastes of other foods. Now I wish I could acquire a taste for tomatoes..", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2010275", "score": 0.7230350971221924, "text": "I've noticed that a lot of people don't seem to enjoy water,milk,vegetables,fruits and things like salad.\n\nIs it because they never had it as a child or have become too accustomed to highly processed foods with added chemicals and what not.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-838066", "score": 0.7224795818328857, "text": "My 3 year old is a meat and potatoes kid. If it's meat, he'll eat it. If it's made from potato, he'll eat it. Vegetables...no thank you. Raw, cooked, roasted, doesn't matter, he'll identify it, will even ask us to put some on his plate, but has no interest in actually eating it.\n\nHe's also not into fruit, so we want to get some form of vitamin/fibre-containing food into him somehow.\n\nEvery \"get your kid to eat vegetables\" website seems to end with \"and then dump cheese on it\". Since my kid is lactose intolerant and fake cheese is gross, this isn't actually a feasible solution.\n\nWe do not do battle with meals. We serve it, he chooses to eat it or not, but I'd love it if he actually consumed some of it.\n\nAny tried and true suggestions from your experience?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-305548", "score": 0.7187318205833435, "text": "Your sense of taste is a powerful survival tool. Sweet things and fatty things (generally) provoke pleasant reactions because they are full of sugar and fat, which is otherwise a fairly rare resource in nature! Unpleasant tastes can be both innate and learned. Bitter flavors tend to be automatically offputting for kids because bitter is a fairly common flavor for substances poisonous to us in plants. Meanwhile we have something called taste aversion. Have uou ever eaten something, then been very ill (either due to the food or not!) And found that food now garners a very negative reaction for you? This is an evolutionary adaptation to teach us what foods we definitely SHOULDN'T eat again. In that last case though this is less an effect on your sense of taste and more a brain thing. Certainly you can get over your association if you really try, but taste is just one aspect of how you perceive a foods flavor!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-19651", "score": 0.7175258994102478, "text": "Kids are wired to eat the stuff that used to be most important to surviving: high-calorie stuff, fatty stuff, etc. They're also more sensitive to bitterness than adults are (bitterness, evolutionary, tends to mean \"bad for you\"). So when you put a kid in front of a slice of pizza and a brussel sprout, the kid's naturally going to prefer the slice of pizza.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1476044", "score": 0.7170459032058716, "text": "My mum was very paticular about vegetables, she would eat peas (but only garden, not mushy or marrowfat), sweetcorn but not on the cob and the occasional carrot.\nDad, who didn't do the cooking (as per many men of his generation), liked most veg and often complained about lack of vegetable variety.\nThis went on for many years, with neither doing anything about it until mum got sick of it and cooked an entire cabbage and dumped it onto his plate - you had to search for his food under mounds of boiled cabbage.\nComplaints ended pretty soon after.\n\nTLDR: dad complained about lack of vegetable variety, mum dumped an entire boiled cabbage on his dinner\n\n\nEdit: Parents were both born in the 1940s, so had an old fashioned mindset, this story was from the late 80s/early 90s (and neither are still here to cook/not cook veggies)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-283696", "score": 0.7146948575973511, "text": "The reason some people do not like the taste of vegetables are compounds called glucosinolates. These compounds can interfere with thyroid function. Research indicates that certain bitter taste receptors evolved to avoid certain toxic compounds in plants.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-12926", "score": 0.713668942451477, "text": "One theory i heard is that children are far more sensitive to bitter flavors. Since young children can't handle natural toxins as well as adults, and since toxins have a bitter flavor, humans have evolved to avoid putting these things in their mouths at a young age. That means that a lot of things, like olives, will taste overly bitter.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-289035", "score": 0.7132250070571899, "text": "Even over your own lifetime you will experience different tastes to the same food. Particularly the older you are the less you are able to taste strong bitter flavors. Some stuff you hated when you were a kid but liked as an adult were a change of subjective opinion but it also is often just you literally not tasting a part of the flavor you didn't like.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-150493", "score": 0.7123752236366272, "text": "They can be. I dunno where you get the idea they can't be. But just like a lot of things, just because they can develop doesn't mean you will start to enjoy something. There are veggies that I try once or twice a month. I still hate them. Every fucking time.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-46118", "score": 0.7119306325912476, "text": "Culture plays a massive role in taste and appreciation of food. If you grew up eating salted fish, you are far more likely to enjoy it in adulthood. For a more western equivalent cheese is not terribly appreciated in Asian countries, and is definitely considered an acquired taste for older generations. There are some genetic and evolutionary factors as well, kids go through a phase of disliking bitter foods 1. because toddlers put everything in their mouths 2. most bitter things are poisonous. There is a theory that if you dislike the texture of some foods that you may have a minor allergy. Coriander (cilantro) is often used as proof - parts of the population taste a nice herb, others taste soap and it has a soapy texture in the mouth. Those who taste soap have a minor allergy to the plant.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-836043", "score": 0.7119104862213135, "text": "Children are too young to be exposed to information like how their food is made!!!! Stop gardening with them!!!! Even in school they teach children PLANT BIOLOGY!!! Sometimes they grow seeds right in the classroom!!! LEARNING HOW FOOD IS MADE IS TRAUMATIZING!!!!!!! THEY 👏 ARE 👏 TOO 👏 YOUNG 👏", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-241053", "score": 0.7074702382087708, "text": "Generally they're more likely. A lot of healthy foods taste extremely bitter to them, such as leafy greens, so the blander the better. Everything is just more intense and thus mildly unappealing foods to regular tasters become unpalatable to them. It usually ends up being a diet of pasta, bread and meat.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-48893", "score": 0.7073714137077332, "text": "Aspie here: i don't eat watermelon because they are dry, gritty and tasteless. I don't eat tomatoes because they are slimy, tasteless, and gross. I haven't met any others with Aspburgers to ask them if they experience the same issues. My parents made me try a wide verity of things, even training me to eat things i don't like because they are served to me. I am a firm believer that the worst thing A parent can do is treat their Tard like a tard, you can accommodate your child without surrendering to them. Most tards are far more capable then their caregivers give them credit for.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2692887", "score": 0.7061358690261841, "text": "I've been working in a preschool preparing lunch for children for a few months. We typically offer vegetarian alternatives to whatever the meal is for the day if it contains meat. However, I feel bad giving the children baked mozzarella sticks and penne pasta with marinara sauce as often as we do.\n\nFinding vegetarian recipes is easy now, but finding things kids will eat isn't always so easy. Any help with quick and easy things vegetarian children like to eat would be very much appreciated. All of our vegetarians eat cheese, but some do not eat eggs.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-31586", "score": 0.7052158713340759, "text": "Hey OP. This [NOVA](_URL_0_) Q & A may be informative. The short of it is this: \"From an evolutionary perspective, it is adaptive for kids to be more cautious as they learn what is safe to eat.\" The theory is this, very loosely paraphrased: When a child is breastfeeding, he is consuming antibodies and all sorts of other beneficial compounds. When he is being weaned, however, he is ingesting far fewer of these helpful compounds, and has to learn on his own what foods are safe and healthy to eat. In nature, plants in particular develop defensive mechanisms such as strong, of-putting flavors to warn of poison and prevent themselves from being eaten. So the preference for bland foods is theorized to be an evolutionary adaptation to \"play it safe\" as a child loses the beneficial protective mechanisms of breastfeeding and learns how to feed himself from the outside world.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-159206", "score": 0.7050113677978516, "text": "The evidence seems to indicate that because children need so many more calories to support their growth, we've evolved to be particularly attracted to sweeter things during physical development and, complementarily, since smaller humans with still developing brains are more sensitive to toxins—which turn out to be more often bitter tasting than are safer foods—we've evolved to feel an aversion to them until adulthood. Why not retain that aversion into adulthood? Evolutionarily, it's probably because a wider pallette means more food available.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-535", "score": 0.7501940727233887, "text": "Actually, you can replace the sensor bar with two candles. The sensor bar is simply a device that emits infrared radiation, the Wii remote has an infrared sensor inside hs detects where the IR is coming from. Using that, it then uses Bluetooth to send that info to the Wii where it is displayed on the screen. Candles emit enough IR as well." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2045810", "score": 0.711834192276001, "text": "For my final project I'm trying to control an iRobot Create with a Wii Remote. The part I'm having trouble with is getting the actual input from the remote. Does anyone know how I can go about getting started?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-27170", "score": 0.7105435729026794, "text": "When the trigger is pressed, the entire screen turns black for one frame (~1/25th to 1/30th of a second depending on TV type), except any valid target on screen. The \"gun\" detects whether or not the part of the screen it is pointed at is dark or light, and the game gives you a hit or miss based off of that.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2800928", "score": 0.7101263999938965, "text": "So I easily make the remote work with my tv and sound bar, but I am not sure how to control multiple devices from the remote. Like if I hit TV I want all the buttons to control the TV(Custom 1) and when I hit blue ray(Custom 2) I want it to control my blueray. What symbols are you using to accomplish?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-161904", "score": 0.7099949717521667, "text": "The remote draws very little current, an almost dead battery will power one, but with so little available power, a little bit of resistance from corrosion/gunk on the contacts can provide enough voltage drop to keep it from working. Swapping them around inadvertently scrapes things clean. You don't need to move them around, just rolling them in their positions will do it. Classic example would be how perfect a NES cartridge edge and connector have to be to get the thing to play reliably (very low power digital signal lines), whereas you can plug in an old lamp with a nasty oxidized plug and it will work fine.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2802208", "score": 0.7098349928855896, "text": "Basically ive been goggling but cant find a solid answer. I only have the wii remote but want to use classic controls. Is this a possibility?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-881565", "score": 0.7083991765975952, "text": "Hi all. I've been using dolphin fine and had mapped an Xbox one controller as a GameCube and a Wii remote to test. I decided to buy a dolphin bar so I could use my Wii remotes one of which is a black remote + edition. \n\nAnyway I followed the guide with the bar and sync'd the remote up fine. I put it in the controller mode (3 or 4 on the bar, can't remember which) and selected real Wii remote in the controller settings. I launched new smb Wii and it doesn't detect the Wiimote in the sense that it doesn't respond to any button to start the game etc. I quit out of the game and changed mode to mouse to test it was working and sure enough I can move my mouse cursor fine. No idea what's happening here. I did a Google and was advised to try install new drivers and update.\n\nAny one know where I might be going wrong?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-881133", "score": 0.7066250443458557, "text": "Hi, this is my first time posting on this subreddit. I was wondering if there was a way to play this game (wii remote+nunchuck) by using a keyboard and mouse like playing any old regular fps. I'm not that great when it comes to emulating wii remotes sadly", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-76801", "score": 0.704251229763031, "text": "The Wii remote transmits a minuscule amount of data compared to an audio file. The remote can re-transmit lost data very quickly without effecting the flow of the game. Audio, not so much.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2801069", "score": 0.6995097398757935, "text": "I have a lecture hall with multiple screens around the room projecting the same thing. I want a presenter to be able to indicate something on one screen with a pointer, and for the cursor to move on all screens. I know this won't work with a traditional laser pointer. I could have sworn we had a device in school where the pointer worked like a Wii-mote with little IR emitters near the primary screen, and the pointer just moved the mouse on the computer. But for the life of me, I cannot find a similar product online. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated, thanks!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-834168", "score": 0.6985492706298828, "text": "Now that we have the ability to accurately track objects in 3D Space, couldn't we use that to make a better pointing device than a mouse?\n\nI imagine a small device with buttons that you can point directly at the Monitor (Similar to a laser pointer) to move the mouse pointer exactly where you are pointing.\n\nI know the Wii tried something like that, but their tracking was too crappy for it to work well.\n\nThere were also people experimenting with Leap Motion, but I'm not sure if it can track well enough, and also there are no physical buttons.\n\n Imagine giving a presentation, with a virtual laser pointer. You could not only point at things, you could change the size of the laser's dot or animate it to improve visibility or direct focus. You could even draw on the screen to highlight things. You could also use it to interact with objects on the screen by pressing buttons or progress your slides.\n\nThat's just one scenario to show some of the possibilities.\n\nWhat do you think?\n\nHas anyone experimented with that using Constellation or Lighthouse tracking?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-44809", "score": 0.698272705078125, "text": "The Xbox remote uses RF (radio frequency) transmitters so it doesn't matter where it's pointed. The TV remote uses IR (infrared) so you need to point it at the TV. Why don't we use RF for the TV remotes? Because it uses a LOT more power. Think about how often the batteries last in your XBox remote -- For moderate to heavy gaming, just a few days. The batteries in your TV remote last for months. Most people would find replacing the batteries twice a week far more annoying than having to point the remote at the TV. EDIT: typo", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-381296", "score": 0.6979051232337952, "text": "I used to do a lot of FPS a long time ago on PC; I was never really able to get remotely the same level of precision using a gamepad. Either I got precision and lost the ability to turn in a reasonable amount of time, or I couldn't dial in a shot. It's limited my ability to enjoy console FPS. \n\nSo the WiiU is my first earnest foray into gaming controls. I tried Conduit II on the wii, and while the wiimote pointer control was novel, it was a bit too imprecise and lacked customization. I'm playing ZombieU and actually like the mechanics; dunno if I just like masochistic controls in the horror genre or if the inventory attention-division mechanic is genuinely innovative. \n\nI just got COD: Black Ops II and I've tried all the control schema. The gamepad is awesome for use without the TV, but I'm completely blown away by the wiimote/nunchuck combo. The gestures, layout, customization, look, ADS system, it all works perfectly and feels so much more intuitive and precise than any other console FPS setup. \n\nDoes anyone feel the same? Are there any other games that are like this (or rumored to be)?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-476290", "score": 0.6976744532585144, "text": ". \n\nThe cables got here today (a week earlier than they should have) and I was esthatic! \n\nUntil I realised that I owned no sensor bar. And with that, no way to acess my precious N64 games.\n\nWell, I remembered something from when I first bought the Wii. The wiimote was essentially an infared laser pointer that found 2 heat points within the sensor bar. It then based the position of the cursor off the location of those points and the heated areas around them.\n\nI did some thinking, and 2 candles later I had a makeshift sensor bar that works!\n\n\n\n\n\nThis whole thing lead me to think of a question for you guys/gals: What what the last DIY thing you engineered to solve a problem?\n\n\n(also, sorry if the formatting is horrible on this. I'm in mobile)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2064792", "score": 0.6951899528503418, "text": "Although there is no option to pick Apple TV when setting up the remote settings on the Wii U, Apple TV can learn most remotes. After some trial and error, I figured out that if you pick DirecTV as your set-top (just say that the Power worked), then Apple TV can learn the gamepad TV controls and you can now use it to control the Apple TV.\n\nApple TV remote settings are under Settings->General->Remote->Learn Remote.\n\nObviously this wouldn't be useful if you already have a set-top box, but for me it's great.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1864955", "score": 0.6943894028663635, "text": "I bought my first wii a week ago and found out that the wiimotes are too sensitive, I'm sitting at 6-7 feets (less than that won't be recognized) from the sensor bar and I can move through the whole screen in less than one second with just moving my wrist. \n\nAlso I have an additional generic wiimote that makes the problem even worse. \n\nIs there a way to fix this? It's a bit ridiculous having to play house of the dead without being able to move your arm to aim, I have to sit like a statue and slightly move/rotate only my hand to play. \n\nI think that creating my own smaller sensor bar (with less space between the leds) can solve that, right?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2172917", "score": 0.6943848729133606, "text": "I 'd Love to know if there is any way to configure cemu, so that it can recognise the gyroscopes and accelerometers in my Wii Remote Plus.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2046658", "score": 0.6940003037452698, "text": "So I have a Wii. I don’t have the model with the GameCube controller ports on the side. But if I go to the disk channel with no disk in, it shows a GameCube disk. So, can I play GameCube games on it? If so, do I just use the Wii remote?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2803357", "score": 0.6912983059883118, "text": "Hi, I bought a Dolphin Bar which I hoped to be able to use as a Sensor Bar. My PC is connected to my TV, on which I'd like to play. What I would like to do is use the Dolphin Bar as a USB-powered Sensor Bar, which I could then plug into the TV to play. I already have a Bluetooth dongle for my PC, so I don't really need the Dolphin Bar's Bluetooth capabilities.\n\nHowever, when I plugged it into my TV, it turned on (i.e. the mode LED lighted up, and I could switch through modes 1-4,) but the IR LEDs did not. I verified this using my phone's camera: the original Wii Sensor Bar works, but the Dolphin Bar does not.\n\nI read that the Dolphin Bar might turn off the LEDs when no Wiimote is connected. Is it possible to change this? I can't really plug the Dolphin Bar into my PC and use it instead of my Bluetooth dongle, because the cable is too short and I'd rather not have another cable hanging from the TV. I'd be thankful for any ideas.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1864836", "score": 0.6909189820289612, "text": "I've been playing the game for a while and I've seen gameplay online, yet I can't figure out how to launch the enemies into the air to do aerial combat. I'm using the wii remote and nunchuk combination, and my friend is using the gamepad and neither of us can figure it out (Using the Zelda control scheme). Could someone explain how to do this? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-17657", "score": 0.6889861226081848, "text": "Most remote controls are *infrared* remote controls. These use a kind of invisible light called infrared. They have an LED on the front (similar to indicator lights on electronics) that emits the invisible infrared light in pulses. Different patterns of pulses correspond to different functions. The device you're controlling has a sensor on the front that detects infrared light, attached to a controller which decodes the pulses, and if the pulse is in a pattern that corresponds to a particular function of the device, it performs that function.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-536", "score": 0.6710245013237, "text": "Mushrooms are, indeed, awesome, but they don't have all the nutrients you need. They're very, very low in fat, for one (and yes, you do need some) and carbohydrates (and yes you need those too). Mushrooms can definitely be good for you (especially if you eat a good variety if interesting ones and not \"plain\" white mushrooms), but you can't live just on them, I'm afraid." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-247630", "score": 0.6373620629310608, "text": "No. There'll be nutritional value in it, sure, but your digestion system won't be able to break down the good stuff to use it. The solution is to let an animal capable of processing the stuff eat the wood, then eat the animal. Edit: Shit, I've been in ELI5 too long. Sorry to the mods for the layman's explanation!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2650665", "score": 0.6371307373046875, "text": "Hi all, \nI’m 19 days into the candida diet and herbal treatment for candida + SIBO, and my oral thrush has come back with a vengeance... am I herxing? Or should I reach out to the doc to potentially augment something?\n\nSo tired of this 😫", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-337925", "score": 0.6370951533317566, "text": "Just curious what you all recommend as a friendly probiotic for people that have BOTH SIBO and Candida? Do you have to be careful with which ones you take? Thanks ahead\n\nFeel free to link any blogs/research I’d love to read through it. It’s hard to find sources discussing both conditions\n\nThoughts on Garden of Life 90Billion?\n\n", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1971964", "score": 0.6369960308074951, "text": "I am 28f, 5ft 2in, and weigh 127lbs.\n\nI have taken mushrooms before, and had about 5 trips in my life, none of which have ever been \"meeting god\" level, so, I guess you could still say Im a newbie. I started at about 2 grams, and the most ive ever done was 3.5 grams.\n\nMy PTSD is getting so severe, and affecting my ability to function my daily life. My family has a vapid history of Drug Induced Reactions, so, I have to be careful about what I take. It seems Antidepressants are out of the question for me. Plus, I'd rather heal my brain injury this way, not becoming chemically dependant on a drug.\n\nSo, with that said, what information do you think I should know? What dosage would you recommend? How often? For how long?\nMy method will be with mushrooms, as this is all I will have regular access to.\n\nThank you mycology enthusiasts!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-338860", "score": 0.6368939876556396, "text": "I do take daily fiber and probiotics (in pill form) but sometimes my body messes itself up. \n\nI also do have smooth move tea in the pantry, but would prefer that as a last resort.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2023458", "score": 0.6368817687034607, "text": "From my extremely limited knowledge about the human body, feces is what our body doesn't need. The rest of the food that we intake does it's thing, and the stuff that we don't need is just pooped out. So would it be possible to tone down your diet so much to the point that everything you ate was absorbed in your body, to the point where you were healthy and never had to poop?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1666036", "score": 0.6367599368095398, "text": "I have psoriasis and a few food allergies... basically i think i need a low sugar, high veggie low fruit, plant based diet without soy, grains, seeds, nuts, nightshades, grass, salads, and cucumber all of which I'm allergic to or hyper sensitive to.\n\nI keep a food diary and Ive singled out oats, rice, many types of beans, grains and nuts they all make my psoriasis worse unfortunately and it seems that high fruit consumption also aggravates my psoriasis.\n\nMight sound bazaar but the last time i tried going plant based with these restrictions i felt great at first but i eventually went anemic for the last 2 months and and my immune system was so shocked that i grew very allergic to my cat. Even with my b12 1200 mcg and 50mg iron supplements a day i couldn't get out of anemia and I eventually had to cave and started eating meat again, my anemia went away within days but my psoriasis flared back up and I even broke out with back acne.\n\nI just had blood work done and everything is good, looking to try again with a smarter approach.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2270294", "score": 0.6366691589355469, "text": "\n\n>Have you heard about the crazy Carnivore Diet yet? It's a diet where you eat only meat and animal-sourced foods. Even though it might sound weird (or even dangerous) now, I'd advise you to look into it a little bit. If you suffer from chronic health conditions (physical or mental) this diet might give you hope. Tens of Thousands of people (including @PowerfulJRE]( & my wife, [@Neisha Loves It are now using a Carnivore Diet to improve their skin, their gut, their joints and even their mental health. If you are not happy with the results you're getting from your current diet, why not try the Carnivore Diet for 1-3 months? It definitely won't hurt you, and might help you more than you ever imagined!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-338739", "score": 0.6366518139839172, "text": "I can't seem to find a definitive list anywhere. The markets are flooded with different brands and the regulation is often scetchy. It would be great to hear about some you tested. What probiotics did you find to work? I'd be particularly interested in the ones obtainable within EU.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1409069", "score": 0.6366041898727417, "text": "A clean diet.\n\nBelieve you me. Killing a sugar addiction increases benefits by over 90.00%. \n\nWhole food, omnivore diet. Salt to taste but no table sugar, little to no industrially processed food, no coffee, no tobacco and an active lifestyle.\n\nFollow these simple guidelines and you will feel heaven or valhalla manifested inside you. Do it and SR will truly live up to the hype.\n\nOn the other hand, combining SR with shitty 'food' will induce the flatline depression and the whole rententive experience will be tortuous instead of beautiful.\n\nI've thoroughly gone through the SR library and those now deceased wise men all went on and on and on and on about the importance of diet. Of course I didn't listen..\n'SR is tough enough and I am proud of atleast succeeding at that'\n\nThat is what I used to think and it is silly because a shitty lifestyle is what makes SR tough.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-340064", "score": 0.6366004347801208, "text": "This regimen was a combination of everything I could find that made logical sense. I don't like to trial and error treatments, I like to overkill because you might as well hedge your bets. Also, I was H. Pylori negative. If you are H. Pylori positive you should be on your doctor's recommended antibiotic regimen\n\n- Prilosec 40mg daily.\n- Calcium supplement daily, because it's alkaline, and Prilosec retards calcium absorption. \n- B12 sublingual supplement daily, because Prilosec also retards B12 absorption.\n- Two one liter bottles of 9.5+ ph alkaline water daily during work.\n- A bottle of alkaline water with any meal that I suspect has acid ( because everything has goddamn acid in it apparently. )\n- Two Tums with any meal that I suspect has acid.\n- Aloe Vera juice daily.\n- A digestive enzyme with every meal, so my stomach wouldn't have to make too much stomach acid.\n- Two probiotics. I just looked at the back of the labels and it seemed each one had a different combination of bacteria strains, so I got the two with the most that complimented each other. \n\n- No tomato\n- No citris\n- No alcohol\n- No smoking\n- No vinegar\n- No spicy foods\n- No onions\n- No coffee\n- No carbonated drinks\n- No mint, peppermint, spearmint, etc\n- Minimal fried, fatty, dairy, and red meat foods. They require more acid to digest. \n- No kombucha, yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut or any of those fermented probiotics. They're highly acidic.\n\n- PH testing strips for anything questionable beverages. \n\nHope this helps.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-309441", "score": 0.636551022529602, "text": "I grew fungi in a vacuum jar attached to the building's house vacuum on Czapek agar plates as a unique isolation strategy to find uncommon fungi. I was surprised to see that fungi grew and even more excited to see that they were novel. I had expected no growth, since one of the hallmarks of fungi is that they are aerobic organisms, by and large. I obtained seven fungal strains this way and three that were not present on any of the other plates using other growing conditions. Interestingly, I tried the same experiment in our new building and nothing would grow on the plates. I measured the vacuum in our old building vs. the new and the old building vacuum pulls about 16 inHg and the new one is 22-25 inHg. So the limit for fungal growth in my experiments is somewhere between that region.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-250041", "score": 0.6365165114402771, "text": "Some would say that we are doing it, if you look at some of the processed food on the shelves right now. But you obviously mean a single food, like dog food, that supplies all your nutritional requirements. Nobody makes it because not enough people would buy it. Relevant: [The Monkey Chow Diaries](_URL_0_), wherein a man lives on monkey chow for a week.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2269814", "score": 0.6365079283714294, "text": "I believe one thing most people are missing out on in the balanced carnivore diet is Grass Fed Organs.... Why grass fed, you may ask.\nSimply put they taste sweet and nice without any bitterness, added benefit is \"Grass Fed\" Organs are cheaper then the meats... If you know a meat farm near you that would be best.\n\nIts ironic grass is free for animals to eat and possibly heysticks aswell but you will have to pay more just because of titles... Anyway I'm about to rant so that's just informative post..\n\nI'd say stay from processed food.\nPork isn't going to make you feel good if you eat a lot especially.\n\nMy experience, Beef cuts work best for me. Energy is always great throughout the day. If I eat anything possessed ill feel sleepy very quickly and my energy will be blah till I \"replace it\".\n\nOn this for now a week and have had no bad effects except a little trouble staying asleep and peeing a lot more. Told this is commonly of symptoms.\nI solved this by only having water when I feel I want it, instead of chugging all the time. \n\nI'm the most awake and aware person in the mornings than all my co-workers\n\n Plus I work better and more than my co workers, yet we have a city government job so its expected ;)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2271609", "score": 0.6364837884902954, "text": "For a while it's been kinda difficult doing a vegetarian diet. It's been hard to afford at times because I'm unemployed (full time student, can't find a decent job right now.) It's hard trying to maintain a well balanced diet because I don't want to go overboard on carbs and a lot of plant based protein sources are beans, which also have carbs. And it's just hard for my family because they can't go out to eat with me because of my diet. So, I'm considering going semi-vegetarian until I get myself together. I don't know how to do semi-vegetarian. Like how often do you eat chicken and fish? Do you go most days not eating meat and just sticking to plant based?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-124380", "score": 0.6364762187004089, "text": "As someone who has suffered starvation I can confirm you can live relatively comfortably eating things most would deem inedible. Cedar bark, dandelion greens and tree jelly for a start.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-239925", "score": 0.6364474892616272, "text": "Yes! Some antibiotics will kill your gut bacteria and cause endless diarrea. It's probiotics that you want to replace your fauna. Greek yogurt is the only thing I'm aware of that has probiotics. I hate the stuff, but mixed it with fruit in heavy syrup till I could stand it. It restored my regularity. I feel I've overshared on this reply.....", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2409769", "score": 0.63641357421875, "text": "i am asking for, not giving, fyi!\n\nbasically, im very curious about how to go about cultivating cordyceps, as im only hearing good health benefits from them, atop the fact they look prety damn awesome when fruiting.\n\ncan anyone here who's had success with a home cordyceps grow possibly shed some light on what is involved that is different from most regular mushroom growing??\n\ni know they need a more complex nutritional source, that most commonly a liquid culture rather than agar is used, and that starting out growing in jars is the babystep into cultivating this variety of fungus, but that is about as far as my knowledge goes.\n\ni just would like to enjoy having jars of these orange alien looking beauties growing along with the other varieties ive grown fond of cultivating.\n\nThis mycology hobby is proving to be more and more entertaining the deeper i dive into this mushroom rabit hole. So glad i got into this hobby.\n\nmush love all!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1946097", "score": 0.6363521218299866, "text": "Before anyone asks, this is entirely hypothetical and I have no plans to do so. But would you get high? Or are there only non-active metabolites in urine? I know with some other drugs like amanita muscaria, the active compound passes through unfiltered and you can get high.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2269985", "score": 0.6363386511802673, "text": "I'm posting on a throwaway. I want to first include that I don't want to stop being vegan. I'm just not sure what to do, and I know you aren't doctors, but you might have some ideas.\n\nI've had chronic health issues and multiple diseases that I've been dealing with before I was vegan. They are continually getting worse. Because of this, my diet is very limited and increasingly so. I am not sure if my health could tolerate non-vegan foods, as I've been a vegan for about 15 years.\n\nWithout getting into all of the details of what is wrong, I'll just overview my issue: my diet is so limited that I am worrying that some new things that have been slowly cropping up in my health problems might be caused by this. \n\nThis is all I can eat, and it's been like this for about a year: \n\n* Fruits: bananas, strawberries, cantaloupe, papaya\n* Vegetables: cooked carrots, cucumber, colored peppers; sometimes a bit of romaine, sometimes a bit of kale; potatoes\n* Extra-firm tofu, brown rice protein powder (plain), Tofu Pups\n* Peanut butter, peanut powder\n* Some gluten-free flours (and resulting homemade baked goods, like bread and pancakes)\n* Unsweetened almond milk, water, sparkling water\n* White rice, polenta\n* A little bit of olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil\n* Green olives\n* Nutritional yeast\n* Maple syrup\n\nI think that is all. My daily food is a smoothie, homemade banana bread + fruit, and then a dinner of the veggies, rice, and tofu or Tofu Pups. As a result of not having much choice and being so sick all day, I end up eating huge dinners that probably cause more issues (but then I go to bed and try to sleep off the frustration, which doesn't work).\n\nI am not sure what to do. I'm not an idiot -- I used to be in the nutrition industry and know this isn't good. I can't take supplements. I don't take vitamin B12 or vitamin D because I get sick from the pills. I eat wayyyy too much dinner. I used to be really fit and, aesthetically, I liked it. Now I look sloppy (I know that doesn't matter, but I mean, at the end of the day I want some confidence, too). \n\nI can share more about my health issues if it helps, I just didn't want to make this too long.\n\nAny advice? I am really not sure what to do. I don't want to eat meat to feel fuller or get more nutrients. Or eggs or yogurt or whatever. I just don't even know what I could do any more. I am so frustrated.\n\nYes, I see doctors. Yes, I have a team. Yes, I've seen an RD. But I also know in the back of their heads , they probably all want me to try to include some eggs, et cetera... \n\nIs there a time to throw in the towel? :(", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-538", "score": 0.8835550546646118, "text": "Recently Added means that the content has only been added to Netflix's library recently but may have aired/been released on other platforms at any time before. New Release means the content has only been released on other platforms recently. For example, if Netflix added a tv show from the '60s yesterday, it would appear on Recently Added but if they added a season of a tv show that aired earlier this year, it would be new releases." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-121714", "score": 0.7666909694671631, "text": "Hulu shows more recent shows, while Netflix has already aired seasons and series", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-564574", "score": 0.7033984065055847, "text": "If you're curious about what's popular on Netflix at the moment or wondering what just got added, but at the same time would rather find out on Reddit as opposed to just opening the netflix app, this is the place for you.\n\nLiterally nothing gets posted here that you're not going to see on the netflix app the moment you open it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-746632", "score": 0.6958113312721252, "text": "Maybe this is an obvious question I'm asking, but what's the key difference? Are featured items new or do they just last longer?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1048361", "score": 0.6930835843086243, "text": "Does Netflix add titles to the Philippines daily/weekly/monthly or yearly?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1095275", "score": 0.6908568143844604, "text": "I'm coming from Emby and Kodi and I'm used to this behaviour, so I'd really like to enable it if possible. If I upgrade the quality for a movie, I'd Plex to put it in the Recently Added section.\n\nI can't find an option for this, and googling around I've seen people suggest convoluted methods like deleting the old movie, refreshing the database, adding the new movie, refreshing the database, and then it'll show up. I use Radarr to handle all my naming, moving, structure etc so I don't want to have to mess with any of that.\n\nEmby for example has a simple option:\n\n\"Date added behaviour for new content\" \n\nWhich lets you choose either \"Use date scanned into library\" (which is my preference), or \"Use file creation date\".\n\nDoes this exist anywhere in Plex?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1585443", "score": 0.6906602382659912, "text": "Every time I log into Netflix it never shows me anything new! It'll show netflix new releases obviously but that's it. Netflix supposedly has so many programs but it feels like there's only a handful. When I look at a genre it shows the same titles, if I search something same titles, home page same titles. It never switches up or shuffles the movies it's like they are trying to force me to watch certain things. If I'm doing something wrong please let me know, I want to get the most out of my subscription.\n\nEDIT: Ok, I'm glad to see I'm not the only one lol. Some great tips were given and I'm definitely going to use them. I seen some comments on HBO MAX, I have that too & would recommend.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2188961", "score": 0.689359724521637, "text": "This is probably a stupid question, but I could use some assistance. I found - through a website of which I'm not remembering - a link to a \"Coming Soon\" page on Netflix. My computer restarted for updates before I bookmarked it and now I'm having trouble finding it again A little help, if you will?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2222510", "score": 0.6875864863395691, "text": "Ok, so I don't know what happened but when I signed into Netflix at school, I had access to many recently released movies that were usually unavailable. They were movies like 21 Jump Street and Jackass 3.5... Usually when I get on my instant account I am greeted with the usual old movies but this time it was completely different. When I got home and tried it I no longer had access to these new movies but just the old ones and my history showed no signs of me watching these movies that I had watched while at school. Does anybody know what happened?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-762066", "score": 0.6875712871551514, "text": "There's like five of them now, and I have no clue which ones have the shows I want. Is there an easy list or tool of some kind to compare? I might be in the market for a new service as Netflix just blocked my VPN mid-episode.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1292557", "score": 0.6839600205421448, "text": "I'm about to finally get netflix back and I was just wondering if there was any order I need to watch the new season and the new movie in. Do they connect in any way?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2437870", "score": 0.6835785508155823, "text": "Is there a way to switch a movie to a better version (higher bitrate, digital audio) without it adding itself to the \"recently added\" list? \n\nI'm upgrading some low bitrate movies I have with higher bitrate versions and each one I do the movie shows up on the recently added list. These are movies I had for awhile now.\n\nI remove the lower bitrate version and without doing a library scan I place the higher bitrate one in the same folder then do a refresh of that library so it updates the info.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1291819", "score": 0.6810790300369263, "text": "This is front and centre on my front page right now.\n\n* First off, there's no description, and if I click on it it just starts playing. If I want to read the blurb I have to manually search for 'The Judge'.\n\n* Second, Netflix added 10 shows and movies in the last 5 days? Great - what the hell are they?! It doesn't say.\n\nMy ongoing issue is with how hard it is to read descriptions of movies, I explain that here. Netflix really needs to step their game up. It shouldn't be so much work to watch a movie.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-40135", "score": 0.6806029677391052, "text": "Some subscribers tend to leave a Netflix series on without watching it, whether it be falling asleep or walking away from the device playing it and not returning. The \"Continue Watching\" prompt forces users to confirm they're watching, and saves bandwidth for both Netflix and customers. As for the New Arrivals jumble, I agree it looks crazy, but have no idea why they choose to arrange it like that.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1280805", "score": 0.6800769567489624, "text": "At launch every article said 3 new episodes each week. The page even says it when you are on Netflix. Now it seems like only two debut each week. Does anyone know? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-73025", "score": 0.6796533465385437, "text": "Netflix has agreements with content owners that can include specific times when content may be available. Its not always Netflix that decides. They also need a way to drive new subscribers and want to appear that they have things you have not seen yet. There is limited screen real estate on a web page and frankly viewer patience, and they want to keep your interest. Netflix is NOT a library.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1412877", "score": 0.6790527701377869, "text": "I don't see it anywhere but I'm posting here on the off chance that I'm missing something. \nI'm able to view this category on the Netflix website.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-747486", "score": 0.6770620942115784, "text": "There's the current version and one out in May. What's the difference?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2146000", "score": 0.6758886575698853, "text": "in terms of new content available because my movie section has the same movies on it none of the newer movies are available", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-767316", "score": 0.6752309799194336, "text": "Hi guys,\n\nI've noticed recently a couple of titles have been a bit weird. \nIt doesn't come up on recently added tab, and also doesn't show up when you look in the full library, however, when I search for that particular title is shows up in the search and is playable.\n\nAny ideas? I've rebooted server and playback devices, scanned library manually etc\n\nCheers!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-161075", "score": 0.6720724105834961, "text": "They have different content. Hulu is running TV shows right after their TV run. They pay for their licensing using an ad. Netflix is a substitution for DVD's, so you generally don't see anything on Netflix until it's been out long enough to be released on DVD.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-539", "score": 0.741412341594696, "text": "Same thing. Medical people usually call them sutures, and general public calls them stitches. The word \"stitches\" has a connotation of being on or of the skin, but same thing." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-6817", "score": 0.7008830308914185, "text": "To your body, stitches are a foreign substance, and the body is programmed to destroy foreign substances. Dissolvable stitches are made from natural materials, such as processed collagen (animal intestines), silk and hair, as well as some synthetic materials that the body can break down. This allows the body to dissolve the stitches over time. Usually, by the time the stitches are dissolved, the wound is completely healed. Pretty much, they are made of natural materials that your body breaks down until you can't see them anymore", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-252031", "score": 0.7005065679550171, "text": "Different stitches for different functions. Dissolving stitches have less chance of infection, but there are certain incisions and certain tissues where that isn't feasible. Thin tissue would benefit from dissolving stitches as it would cause less trauma. Thicker tissue or tissue that needs to heal a certain way needs a heavier stitch.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-59188", "score": 0.6939745545387268, "text": "They are interchangeable. Sort of. A stapled wound and one closed with a non-absorbable suture are similar. Both require medical aid to remove, and for this reason day surgery and short stay surgery usually use absorbable sutures. These dissapear over a few weeks as the body breaks them down. Certain procedures are normally stapled though. For example if there is a risk of bleeding, especially if it will quickly affect the patient, eg carotid surgery where a haematoma might obstruct an airway. There's also surgeons preference, and speed issues, so.... Either in many situations! EDIT: There is potentially a greater risk of [infection with staples](_URL_0_) however. Source- 20 years OR experience", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-257363", "score": 0.671657145023346, "text": "Humans have two functional chitinases (enzymes that break down chitin molecules) that can break down the chitin in the sutures your describe. They may take longer to dissolve than other types of dissolvable sutures, however.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-53164", "score": 0.6645134687423706, "text": "They are also called \"absorbable suture\", and are made from a synthetic polymer that can be degraded by water and/or cellular enzymes. Today they're usually made from polyglycolic acid (PGA) or polylactic acid (PLA) derived from either starch or other biomaterial. These polymers are not very stable in water and can be broken down by cellular enzymes as well. The breakdown products are non-toxic and can even be used by cells as energy sources. This way, as your skin heals and regrows to cover the wound, the skin cells would dissolve away the stitches by themselves. Depending on the exact material and the thickness of the sutures, they're designed to last anywhere between 7 days to a couple of months. Usually the doctor would pick one that they feel would give the wound enough time to heal.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-81622", "score": 0.6634603142738342, "text": "We classify them as absorbable and non-absorbable and braided or non-braided. The following statements are gross oversimplifications but from your questions sound like they should help. Admittedly, often this comes down to surgeon preferences. Absorbable sutures are used in areas where we need to approximate tissue for a few weeks until it heals together but where the consequences or suture failure (breakage) would be minimal AND where the suture could ultimately cause a problem such as granuloma, infections (eg skin closure). Non-absorbable sutures would be used when the consequences of suture failure are more severe (eg abdominal wall closure). As for braided/non-braided, the non-braided sutures are smoother and so cause less tissue trauma and are more difficult for bacteria to grow on. However, this also means that they are more difficult to tie, handle, and more likely to come untied under tension.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-159409", "score": 0.6610121130943298, "text": "Sutures could be made from animal sinew since, like, forever. That sinew could be broken down by the body gradually so there is no need to remove them.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-9933", "score": 0.65325927734375, "text": "So when your doctor was considering what kind of sutures to give you she had to keep 3 things in mind: the thickness of the suture, the elasticity required by the suture, and the decomposition rate of the suture. Naturally dissolving sutures will only be dissolved by enzymes in the body because they are made from, \"natural materials, such as processed collagen (animal intestines), silk and hair, as well as some synthetic materials that the body can break down.\" They can change how quickly this process occurs by the material used and how thick the used material is. While I bet you can do somethings to speed up the decomposition process, I don't think you can speed it up or slow it down a significant amount. However this short paragraph is simply conjecture. [Source 1](_URL_0_) [Source 2](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-118069", "score": 0.6523867249488831, "text": "If there internal stitches they can be self dissolving where in a few weeks your body absorbs them. Or in the case of external stitches snipped out with scissors. You can remove your own but the doctor usually wants to check on the healing/look for infection.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-306736", "score": 0.6522206664085388, "text": "The blood vessels from the host and the donor organ are clamped then sewn together with very fine sutures (thread) and then blood flow is allowed to return. One of the big complications of transplant surgery is that the place where the vessels are sutured can clot (thrombose) and destroy the graft.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-127485", "score": 0.649321973323822, "text": "sewing uses needle and thread. it's for attaching fabric to fabric. like making a pair of pants from a piece of flat fabric crotchet uses a hooked needle and yarn. it's for creating patterns of yarn. think dinner table place settings. knitting uses a straight knitting needle and yarn. it's basically manual weaving. think grandma sweaters, hats, gloves. embroidery is same as sewing needle and thread, but intention is to create a pattern from the thread. not just attaching two fabrics together.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-107629", "score": 0.6479694247245789, "text": "They use sutures on things that it is inconvenient to turn inside out. Like living things.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1296131", "score": 0.644170880317688, "text": "These are the only two stitches I know. Can I, I don’t know, alternate both? Would that work?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-865798", "score": 0.6413599252700806, "text": "I'm a surgical technology student who is about to start clinicals. During my mock surgery lab today, I was told to follow the stitch / follow the suture during closing.\n\nI was told to figure out what this meant for my next lab tomorrow, but my textbook isn't helping & neither is google. If anyone knows what the surgeon could have meant by this, please let me know.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-602383", "score": 0.6411108374595642, "text": "Hey all! I thought I was gonna get my sutures taken out today, but the doc said theyre dissolvable. How long do they take to fully dissolve? They are very 'poke-y' and uggo.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2016211", "score": 0.6380764842033386, "text": "Has anyone had any experience with your body rejecting the stitches? I am four weeks postop and had to give my surgeon a call because my scar had appeared to becoming open. He said its called a spitting suture and not really the biggest problem there is. I only had two and he took care of them, but im worried about how long it takes for them to close back up and if i should expect more to appear. Thanks", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-985541", "score": 0.6362951993942261, "text": "What is the difference between these types of stitching?\n\n\nBottom of shirt: Looks sloppy and loose, Vertical Lines\n\n\n\nBottom of shirt: Looks tight, two Hortizontal lines\n\n\n\nInside on the top: Looks clean\n\n\n\nInside on the top: Looks sloppier than the one above\n\n\n\nSo the red shirt looks like it has very sloppy stitching on the bottom, but cleaner stitching on the inside along the seem which connects the arm to the neck. The greenish shirt has nicer looking stitching on the bottom, but sloppier on the top. Both shirts are from jcrew. \n\nIs there a name for these types of stitches?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1792014", "score": 0.630642294883728, "text": "I want to practice surgical suturing techniques and knot tying. For now I practiced the knot tying with regular yarn or nylon thread by hand and later bought a needle holder. I got my hands on a three actual surigcal sutures that would have bee thrown away and practiced with those on a banana peel. The thing is, three sutures don't last very long and sutures are quite expensive if I'd want new ones. I've tried coming up with an idea on how I could connect a regular nylon thread with the needle of the left over sutures but no luck so far. \n\nDoes anyone know where I can get cheap sutures from or, even better, make my own (connecting any nylon thread to the needles)? \n\nAnd while we're at it: \n\n* Is there a better skin-substitute than a banana peel? Are the silicone ones worth it?\n* Any recommendations for where I can get high quality needle holders? (I bought mine from aliexpress and they're fine but the ones in the OR feel better.)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-253826", "score": 0.6285489201545715, "text": "It will actually be reaborsed by the body. If the cut is deep and bleeding perfusely, they will cauterize any problem areas before stitching it up. On the occasion where there ARE areas bleeding too perfusely that haven't been cauterized, a hematoma would probably develop, in which cause the stiched area will ooze blood and the person will have to return to have the stitches opened, area cauterized, and restitched.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1792164", "score": 0.6283318996429443, "text": "Google is failing me on this! I wanted to do something shaped in linen stitch (was thinking of a hat), but I can only find information on how to do it in pieces of equal length stitches!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-540", "score": 0.6942576169967651, "text": "They know they are gay because they feel attracted to members of the same gender as themselves." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-69702", "score": 0.6572026610374451, "text": "Mainly as a visual cue to others. Not many blind people have eyes that look different from normal people. Even if they are walking around with a cane, so do old people. It's really one of the cheapest signs of a person being blind, since seeing-eye-dogs can be hard to take care of if you are blind.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-300815", "score": 0.6560227870941162, "text": "I believe most people who are blind can still sense light to some degree. Very few people are completely blind, meaning they have no light perception at all. So while they can’t see objects, they can still tell if it’s light or dark out. I found [this article](_URL_0_) detailing a bit more about it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1439071", "score": 0.6534305810928345, "text": "To be clear: definitely not trying to be offensive or rude. I'm just genuinely curious. I've always thought that if gay men did need to find out wether or not a potential partner was a top or bottom then they would have a hard time dating or meeting people from bars/clubs etc. for example, one could spend several hours chatting a guy up only to find out that he was a bottom when one was hoping for a top. How does this work? Do people just ask? Can they just tell? Does it even matter? I posted in r/AskReddit and was redirected here.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-63955", "score": 0.6502490043640137, "text": "There are usually physical indicators. Breast sensitivity and cramping. There are usually hormonal ones too. A drop in mood often occurs a day or so before it. Also you can often feel the blood leaking out a little. A blind person is much more highly tuned to non visual cues.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-152674", "score": 0.6488176584243774, "text": "Those Braille signs for bathrooms aren't necessarily there assuming blind people are using them to find the location of the bathrooms but moreso to distinguish if it's the women or men's bathroom. A blind person would most likely ask someone where the bathrooms are in a building if they had no idea where they were. Once they know the general area the bathrooms are at, those signs are there to assure they are going in the right one. Even if you were blind and familiar with a building's layout, you're going to have a bit of relief knowing for sure you're going into the right bathroom before you walk in.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-26784", "score": 0.6480110883712769, "text": "I have not heard of blind people \"feeling\" colors, but I did recently hear about a study that showed blind people could still identify emotions in photographs of people. _URL_0_ While most of the sensory input goes to the visual cortex which is the part of the brain that lets us see things, some information may be going to lower levels of the brain even if your eyes are not sending info to the visual cortex. This stray info may allow blind people to sense things that we think of as needing to be seen.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1439699", "score": 0.6451789140701294, "text": "How does one realize you are gay? Do you know from the start or do you think you are straight until you really think about it? Does attraction to the opposite gender fade over time or cease immediately if it was ever there in the first place?\n\nI'm curious about this and would love to hear insight from some homosexual or bisexual individuals.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-138954", "score": 0.6440176963806152, "text": "Bind people aren't invalids, they're just blind. Some of them are only legally blind. They can still see colors and light. They can do most things others can do, including engineering, math, science, cooking, or running businesses. I know a blind guy who runs a snack bar on an Air Force base -- he makes bank selling bananas, bagels, and hard boiled eggs during breakfast hours. After 11, he goes home.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-118916", "score": 0.6426222920417786, "text": "Blind people simply can’t see. They will never understand colour, or what it means for things to look beautiful, but they still have their other senses. Don’t underestimate how good sound is for building up an understanding of the space you are standing in. Blind people can also touch things and easily understand their shape. Without vision you can build up a pretty good idea of the world around you. If you were born blind then you will have learnt naturally how to utilise your other senses to understand the world and would not need to be taught by someone else how to understand it. Most people who are considered legally blind are not fully blind, they can see to some extent. Of course this is not true for all blind people, but the majority of blind people have some vision.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1438874", "score": 0.6408950090408325, "text": "Can people tell that I'm actually gay but they are just trying to be nice about it. I think people actually think I'm gay but are just being nice and waiting for me to come out. \n\nAnyone guy or girl can you tell when someone is gay?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-303138", "score": 0.6407045125961304, "text": "If the blind man has pain receptors in his eyes, then yes. But squinting happens most often due to light intensity as a reflex to reduce retinal over stimulation. A blind person would not squint in that case. Someone who is LEGALLY blind but can still sense light might, though.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-9622", "score": 0.6390945911407471, "text": "They don't, imagine what you see out of your elbow. Thats what blind people see.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-278888", "score": 0.63860684633255, "text": "It depends on how blind they are. Fully blind people would need something to tell them it is dark. But being legally blind allows a spectrum of light sensitivity from vision just being blurry beyond use ( Which would allow them to tell if it is dark), to fully blind where they could not tell if it were dark without some aid or figuring it out from the time.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-63342", "score": 0.637116551399231, "text": "Most people who are considered 'blind' in the legal sense do not have complete, 100% loss of vision - they may still be able to see vague shapes, posses some peripheral vision, or just see everything through a very thick haze. So they might be able to see something that's vaguely square and sign-like, but they can't make anything out of it. Thus, they reach out and use the braille.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-86086", "score": 0.6359403133392334, "text": "I have read an interesting article about this. You might know there are some animals that have some sort of compass in their bodies. This way they can always sense what destination they are migrating at. Asking a blind-at-birth person what they see is like a migrating bird asking a human what they sense if they can't feel where the magnetic north is. To put this in another way. Your field of vision stops at a certain point. If theres a mosquito buzzing around your ear you can not visibly see it. Is the mosquito in an area that is black to you? Someone who is born with only one working eye misses an entire area of vision. Is this part of vision black? No, his/her vision now consists of the part that he/she can see, like all of our visions are. Blind people don't see colour, blind people dont see black. Blind people simply can't experience \"vision or colour\" in the same way that you can't feel a magnetic force.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2297632", "score": 0.6357445120811462, "text": "I went to party a few weeks ago and got along well with a guy I thought was cute. For the record it wasn't a gay thing it was just a pool party. I really can't think of how to find out if he is gay besides just outright saying are you straight?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-167151", "score": 0.6357287168502808, "text": "There are two ways that we know. First, observational testing. Offer them a treat for bringing you the red toy instead of the green one, and assuming they're the exact same in every aspect but color, that'd be an easy way to tell. Second, physiology. Due to what cones they possess and what we know about people who only have those cones, we know they're red-green colorblind.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2440652", "score": 0.6352506875991821, "text": "It's a recognize medical condition, but can a blind person can take legal action against somemone who will \"shows\" its genital? Or if a blind person is caught \"having/watching\" illegal content? \n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-19140", "score": 0.6352329254150391, "text": "I'm not sure about deafness. Apparently, because they have never experienced the sense of sight, someone who was born blind has eyesight akin to looking out of your armpit.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-92131", "score": 0.6349391341209412, "text": "Sometimes they just feel for them. But another thing to consider is that a very large number of legally blind people have *some* sight. They may well be able to see where the doors are, and where the signs are, but will have no possibility of actually *reading* the sign. So, since they know where it is, they can walk over to it and touch it to see if there's Braille on it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-541", "score": 0.7331904172897339, "text": "Paracetamol doesn't do anything to any disease (except worsen liver diseases - check your doses kids). Basically all over the counter drugs are just there to mask symptoms. Sometimes treating symptoms is very important, like reducing a fever if it is too high, but they don't cure the illness." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-116715", "score": 0.6960475444793701, "text": "The cells on the surface of your throat dying, exposing nerves underneath that are not supposed to be exposed, and react by causing pain. When you have a cold or flu virus that causes a sore throat, the virus replicates by getting inside your own cells and causing your cells to produce more virus instead of doing whatever they were supposed to be doing. Once enough virus is made, the cell will break open and the new viruses will infect other cells nearby. In addition to that, your immune system is trying to get rid of the viruses and virus-infected cells. There's no way to do this without killing the infected cells. Your immune system recognizes which cells to kill because the cells display a sample of everything being produced at that moment inside of it, and if the sample of protein fragments being presented is not from your own body, it means it is from an invading pathogen.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-317089", "score": 0.6953298449516296, "text": "Viral pharyngitis (sore throat) is much more common than strep pharyngitis, even among children. Sore throats from an upper respiratory virus occur because the viruses infect cells of respiratory epithelial origin, including the nasopharynx (nose and back of throat), The presence of multiplying viruses in the cells cause lymphocytes in your body to detect changes on the infected cell surfaces, release inflammatory cytokines, and destroy the cells. Inflammatory cytokines cause vasodilation (dilated blood vessels) causing the throat to be red, hot, and sore. Also, respiratory epithelium contains numerous mucus gland cells, and mucus is secreted in large amounts when the epithelium is inflamed. This causes the stuffy nose and post-nasal drip (mucus running down the back of your throat) which causes more throat irritation. Source: MD Edit: typo", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1663627", "score": 0.6951397061347961, "text": "Hey so I was prescribed some Tylenol 3s when I went to the doctor due to having a sore throat and mouth caused by a virus. The sore throat has eased plenty but 20+ sores have appeared in my mouth on top of swollen gums. Most of these sores are on my gums and are insanely painful. I only have a few Tylenol 3s left is there anyways I can use kratom to potentiate the pain relief effects by mixing Tylenol 3s with kratom? If so how much should I take and is it safe?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-104441", "score": 0.6947959065437317, "text": "I would assume two reasons: * Drinking cold fluids will reduce the temperature around the region causing the sore throat. The lowered temperature reduces your immune system response so it is not as effective at fighting off the infection. The cold also temporarily causes the blood vessels in the area to constrict. This contraction would make the area feel more sore. However, since your throat is inside the body, the region will quickly return to the original temperature. * The cold fluids will cool down the surrounding mucus causing you to cough. When things get colder, they also become stiffer. Therefore, you cough harder because it's more difficult to move the stiffer mucus.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-57684", "score": 0.6943506002426147, "text": "There's a phenomenon called 'osmosis' which plays its role here. When two different liquids with different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane (the one that allows one-way flow only), the liquids would flow in such a way that they attain a state of equilibrium, i.e. now the concentration of both the liquids is same. The bacteria which cause the sore throat also have their skin similar to a semipermeable membrane. When you gargle with salty water, the inner 'fluid' of bacteria (which makes them live, in a literal sense) oozes out (in order to equalize the concentrations of these fluids-salt water and bacterial body fluid). This kills the bacteria and their 'active fluid' is washed away when you gulf-out the liquid. Thus they loose their dominance on the sore throat and you feel relaxed.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2542937", "score": 0.6942092776298523, "text": "Alright guys!\n\nI'm a 21 white Caucasian male, 6ft tall, 164lbs. I have a history of asthma. Now the asthma has been pretty mild most of the time save for two occasions this past year. Probably exacerbated by my smoking at the time (I quit). \n\nNow, apparently asthmatics shouldn't take Ibuprofen, or should be careful at the very least. I'm already coughing and wheezing slightly from the mono infection, and just took 200mg of Ibuprofen about 2 hours ago. Not sure if the wheezing has gotten worse, if it's just the mono naturally progressing, or if it's all in my head.\n\nEither way I'm looking for an alternative that has both\n\n1. Anti-inflammatory properties\n2. Reduces the pain\n3. Reduces fever\n\nNSAIDs fit the bill, but I'm not sure if those are a good idea considering my background. Paracetamol/acetaminophen is what I've used so far to keep the fever down and to help with the pain, but I'd really like to at least ***try*** to do something about these painful swollen lymph nodes in my neck and this atrociously sore throat. And I need something that has anti-inflammatory properties to have a shot at doing that.\n\nWhat would be some useful suggestions alternatives here?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-80578", "score": 0.6940413117408752, "text": "Since the cold is currently not curable, any type of medication may make things worse as it can have unknown side effects. It is also not completely understood if relieving the pain of e.g. a sore throat is a good thing since the brain may use pain as a natural feedback mechanism to enhance immune responses.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-48846", "score": 0.6938869953155518, "text": "Not a doctor, but I did just go to the doctor and had this explained to me. The reason you feel like shit in the morning is because you've been laying down all night, so the mucus just sits and builds up instead of draining. The sore throat is caused by infected mucus resting on the throat throughout the night, causing inflammation.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-191112", "score": 0.693047046661377, "text": "According to a Youtube video that I watched, they don't. Paracetamol, Aspirin, Morphine and so on do not target the specific painful area. They reduce pain overall throughout the entire body, although the mechanism of those drugs are different.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-145333", "score": 0.6925796866416931, "text": "The common cold isn't actually a single virus, it's a category of hundreds of viruses. They produce pretty much the same symptoms, but they're different enough that even if your immune system has encountered some of them it doesn't immediately recognize the others.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2543193", "score": 0.6922317147254944, "text": "Hello.\n\n18, female, 157 cm, 47 kg, Asian. I live in the Philippines. I do not smoke but I drink rarely. I haven't drunk for a year now. I mostly only drink on occassions. I do not do drugs.\n\n\nI had a fever after a deep tissue home massage. I suspect it is viral sinusitis (I am too afraid of going to a doctor here as covid hasn't settled down yet)\n\nI've always had terrible sinusitis symptoms since the start of the lockdown. I suspect this is due to the cold weather and lack of vitamin D from the sun or walking that gives me exercise. I experience frequent sneezing, watering eyes, itchy ears nose and throat) and I tried a nasal spray and it works. Eucalyptus and peppermint essential oils help me temporarily.\n\nBut now I am having the worst fever of my life, I keep relying on paracetamols to sleep and took vitamin c. At the first day my nose won't stop dripping but now it got better after I slept. Water tastes bitter too and theres just chronic pain all over my body, heightened at my face. Can someone tell me how to deal with the alleged virus roaming in my system? Also has anyone have any idea what my triggers are? I dont know if it's dust, animal dander, etc. I usually stay at home.\n\nFor context I usually stay up late due to work. I think I am immunocompromised because of a somehow unhealthy lifestyle.\n\nI don't think it's covid because I can smell scents and taste food as they are. Water tastes bitter but thats just it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2544764", "score": 0.6917948722839355, "text": "I got a cold back on 12/30. Or at least that's what it seemed to be. The odd symptom and the earliest one was a strange tingling on the end of my nose - sometimes it felt as if I had long bangs that were brushing against the end of my nose ( I don't have long bangs). Then the cold started up - mostly nasal congestion, and sore throat for maybe a 1/2 day (a very mild sore throat). \n\nBut the nasal congestion hasn't stopped since then - almost 3 weeks now. A couple of weeks ago I started noticing blood in the mucous when I blew my nose. At first a little (some streaks) then more fresh blood (my Dr. called it \"overt blood\"). Upon noticing the blood I started using a netti pot to rinse out the sinuses. I added a bit of hydrogen peroxide to it (not too much) in an effort to kill any pathogens.\n\nAfter about a week of that I got in to see my doctor. He said it seemed like a secondary infection so he perscribed augmentin and a steroidal nasal spray - this seemed like a reasonable course of action. He also took a nasal swab and a couple of days ago he emailed the results to me - it was negative for bacteria of the sort that typically cause sinus infections.\n\nAt this point I'm about 5 days into the antibiotics and as the test suggests, they haven't done much. It has gotten a bit better - I'm not seeing the \"overt blood\" anymore, but there is still some blood there at times. And I still have a good bit of congestion at times. However, I suspect this is in spite of the antibiotic.\n\nWould a virus cause this sort of infection and last for this long? I know a flu can go on for weeks, but this doesn't seem to be a flu - only the sinuses are effected at this point; my lungs are fine.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2642062", "score": 0.6912837028503418, "text": "I always wondered why my throat got sore and my nose always ran when I got sick, even though each cold was caused by a different virus. Shouldn't each virus cause different cold symptoms?\n\nAfter doing some thinking in the shower and looking for a common factor, I realized these symptoms were my body's responses to the cold rather than being directly caused by the virus! Though I'd share.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-271", "score": 0.69102942943573, "text": "Because the source of your sore throat is not lying around on the surface of your throat, but within the soft tissue surrounding it. Its like saying that washing your chest with a bar of soap should alleviate a chest cold.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-295161", "score": 0.6908506751060486, "text": "A cold is a virus. There are no anti viral medications in otc cold remedies. Its used for symptoms. Your body does all the clearing of the virus+virus laden cells by itself through direct cytotoxic and NK cells.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-281261", "score": 0.6902546286582947, "text": "Just mask them. Viruses (cause of common cold) is self limiting meaning it just has to run its course. But decongestants and other medications help reduce symptoms so you aren’t as miserable while it clears your system.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-108348", "score": 0.6899948120117188, "text": "Most sore throats hurt at the back of your mouth, right at the \"top\" of the throat. So swallowing the melted lozenge with its numbing ingredient (usually menthol or pectin) repeatedly coats the inflamed area and reduces pain for a little while.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-58037", "score": 0.6899945735931396, "text": "They don't really help you get better (I guess menthol as an antibacterial agent might have some minuscule effect on bacterial infections, but coughs and blocked airways are more commonly viral in nature), but they can help alleviate the discomfort by keeping your airways clear - usually through some chemical that either breaks down excess mucus or inhibits the production of mucus.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2543035", "score": 0.6891977787017822, "text": "I had the opportunity to get vaccinated with J&J since there was an \"open day\" for everyone 18 years or older. I have to start this post with saying that I'm a big advocate for vaccinations and I'm currently studying biology and biotechnology. I got similar sympthoms to my mother who took the Pfizer vaccine.\n\nTimeline of my J&J vaccine experience:\n\n* **6th of June**: got vaccinated at 2:30 PM. Arm is very sore from the moment I took the jab. At around 11 PM I started to develop a mild fever (around 37°C).\n* **7th of June**: Woke up at 8 AM with 37.8°C and a mild headache. Called the doctor to ask if I could take some paracetamol since I had some work to do, he said that I could. Took 500 mg of paracetamol and felt okay-ish for the rest of the day still a mild headache when I went to bed.\n* **8th of June:** woke up with still a very mild headache and no fever at all (36.4°C). Took another 500mg of paracetamol and felt good for the rest of the day.\n* **9th of June:** no sympthomps. Arm kinda sore, but other than that nothing.\n\nI'm writing this on the 25th of June and I have had no long term effects, I might update the post if anything happens in the later future.\n\nOverall a **good experience** with J&J. **Get vaccinated and stay safe!**", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-311395", "score": 0.688694417476654, "text": "Most likely because paracetamol is generally better tolerated than NSAIDs. Prolonged use of NSAIDs is associated with gastrointestinal problems (ulcers & bleeding), kidney damage and cardiovascular problems (except aspirin).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-542", "score": 0.7801388502120972, "text": "The ELI5 is this: A glowstick works by mixing two liquids which undergo a chemical reaction that produces light. The two parts are kept separate by a thin, fragile division inside the stick. Bending the flexible outer part of the stick cracks the inner division, allowing the two fluids to mix and start producing light." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-151909", "score": 0.7247337102890015, "text": "The chemical bonds in the glowing component can temporarily store energy and then release it at a constant rate. When \"charging\" it, you're exposing the chemical to ultra violet light (or any wavelength of light i guess it depends), the photons excite the molecules and energy is stored. The energy is then released as the molecules go back to their typical energy state. This released energy takes the form of light.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-158541", "score": 0.7245819568634033, "text": "That's actually pretty much correct. It is called \"phosphorescence\" and basically means that it doesn't re-emit the light that it absorbs immediately (the way light shining on a red object would just absorb and then reflect back red light immediately at the same strength as the light that hit it, since it is all at once). Phosphorescent materials absorb the light and then release it *slowly* over time by releasing it with lowered intensity. That's why glow-in-the-dark items won't glow as bright as the light that was shining on them originally, but they can last longer.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-272619", "score": 0.7238715291023254, "text": "The general name for this phenomenon is [triboluminescence](_URL_1_). The specific mechanism may different somewhat from system to system, but the general idea is that you are feeding energy into the system by the mechanical energy you apply (in this case to rip apart chemical bonds) to the optically active material (in this case the glue), and part of this energy can be dissipated as light, which causes the purple glow you observe. edit: This effect is even cooler when observed upon [crushing certain crystals](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-36661", "score": 0.722379744052887, "text": "Those glow via phosphorescence. The materials are charged with light. They store it. And have a slow time release of that energy thus causing the glow. Things glow, explode, give off light, because electrons get excited. They jump up an energy level an jump back down. This is the same thing that happens in explosions. But with phosphorescence, those electrons get suck. There's an intermediate state which delays the reaction because the electron can't jump back down as fast. So instead of a quick bang....it's a whimper. And that whimper is a glow.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-867467", "score": 0.7219622731208801, "text": "I believe I heard of this effect before but forgot about it until tonight. When I started to pull apart my Breath Right strip packaging in the dark I was pleasantly surprised to see it slightly glow as I separated the two pieces. I assume it is creating a slight charge using static electricity, but how does it really work and does it have a name? If it has no name, I would like to dub this phenomenom the 'batman glow'!\n\nBut in all seriousness, what is going on here and how else can it be replicated?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-248904", "score": 0.7184844613075256, "text": "Plastic is not a perfect seal. The water vapor in the glowstick will eventually seep through the plastic. Being colored, allows you to see where it ended up hitting the ceiling. This is my best guess and it seems plausible. If you leave soda can laying around for really long they will eventually leave a brown stain on whatever area they are around. I suspect the highly directional nature of the stain is because the hot light bulb creates a very specific convection zone.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-147541", "score": 0.7178084254264832, "text": "This is called phosphorescence. It's when a material absorbs high energy light and slowly emits lower energy light over time. edit: An example of phosphorescence that you may not know of is in CRT TV screens. This is why you'll see an afterglow in a dark room when you turn the TV off. There's a layer of phosphors on the screen that light up when the beam of electrons from the ~~cathode ray~~ *electron* gun at the back of the TV hits them. Or if your talking about glow sticks that's chemiluminescence. There's also fluorescence: materials that glow under black light but ~~don't emit their own light~~ emit light much faster and don't glow after the black light/higher energy source is removed (sorry bad wording). And bioluminescence: fireflies, angler fish, some bacteria (Pyrocystis fusiformis--the glowing water you see in Life of Pi), basically anything living that creates it's own light. I can't explain any of the chemistry behind any of these but maybe someone else can..", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-90564", "score": 0.7158868908882141, "text": "Glow in the dark stuff contains phosphors. Phosphors act kind of like a leaking battery. Light charges them and then they slowly give off light. Depending on which phosphor is in the product will determine how long the light lasts.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-288383", "score": 0.7155747413635254, "text": "A plastic tube, containing a mixture of the dye and diphenyl oxalate, is suspended within a vial of hydrogen peroxide. When the glowstick is bent, the inner tube breaks releasing the chemicals into the hydrogen peroxide. By mixing the peroxide with the phenyl oxalate ester, a chemical reaction takes place, making light through chemiluminescence, so it does not require an external energy source.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-128869", "score": 0.7119899392127991, "text": "Glow-in-the-dark stuff contains materials called phosphors that absorb light energy and releases it slowly over time as visible light (this is called luminescence). Edit: To clarify a bit more scientifically: These materials absorb light energy, and when they do the electrons in that material absorb that energy and jump to a higher energy level or 'state'. Electrons do not stay in this higher state for very long, because they like to be in the lowest energy state possible. When an electron jumps down from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, THAT is when energy is RELEASED. The 'height' of the jump determines how much energy is released, which determines whether you get infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, etc. Typically this jump is done in a very short amount of time (nanoseconds). In glow-in-the-dark materials, the electrons take longer to make the jump from the higher state to the lower state, which is why you see still it giving off light in the dark.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-80319", "score": 0.710832953453064, "text": "The gas inside the lighter is under fairly high pressure which keeps it in a liquid state until it gets released. I wouldn't recommend trying it, but when I was younger we use to scare people by throwing cheap lighters on the ground behind them. The plastic cracks, pressure is release, loud pop ensues.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-15254", "score": 0.7098597884178162, "text": "This is called triboluminescence. Light is generated through the breaking of chemical bonds in a material when it is pulled apart, crushed, or rubbed. As i'm understanding it, when you're pulling the packaging apart you are exciting the electrons in the adhesive. These excited electrons want to get back to their normal state so they release the extra energy as light.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-302957", "score": 0.7095025777816772, "text": "I think this page answers what you want to know best: _URL_0_ If you're looking for a quick summary: \"All glow-in-the-dark products contain phosphors. A phosphor is a substance that radiates visible light after being energized.(...)To make a glow-in-the-dark toy, what you want is a phosphor that is energized by normal light and that has a very long persistence.\"", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1486635", "score": 0.7073087096214294, "text": "I've seen this technique used a bunch of different times, where you place a torch on a wall and it causes some kind of activation behind the wall, but I played around with the idea for at least a half an hour and couldn't figure out how to do it at all (I've never seen a tutorial on how to do it, just pictures and videos of the end result). Can someone provide a picture or a tutorial of how to do this?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-52822", "score": 0.7066341638565063, "text": "Brighter objects will expose the film more. If you tune the exposure just right, you can make it so that bright objects show up but dim objects don't, like the plane or the people holding the glow sticks, assuming that the dim objects don't stay in the same place long enough to get a good exposure.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-133667", "score": 0.7053908109664917, "text": "I'm very tired so I'll give a short winded shitty response but you'll probably get the gist of it. Glow in the dark objects contain a compound (phosphors) that can be excited by light. The compound absorbs the light energy by using it to put its electrons in a higher energy shell. If you imagine the Bohr atomic model with the rings around the center, the electron would be moving away from the center therefore occupying a high energy state. The atoms in the compound then release the energy via moving the electron back to its lower energy state (closer to the middle of the atom) and this energy release is given off as light. What color the light is when it's released depends on what compound is used, and what wavelength/energy value is absorbed/emitted by that compound. So to answer your second half of the question- no, not all glow in the dark objects use the same compound. There's more to it and I'm sure someone will take the time to explain it but that's the simple version", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-249722", "score": 0.7053239345550537, "text": "It's called triboluminescence. When the tape is pulled apart, electrical charges on the tape get separated, causing a charge differential which then emits light that show up as \"sparks\" when they get reunited. It's a common occurrence that can be seen in dim lighting when pulling apart duct tape.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-185504", "score": 0.7031628489494324, "text": "Deep down it's all the same. First, electrons are given energy. But they don't like to have extra energy, so they emit light to get back to a lower energy state. Electrons can receive energy in different ways. In a fire pit old-school light bulbs, that energy is in the form of heat. In LEDs, the energy comes from the electrical current (how it works EXACTLY I'm not sure on). In a glow stick, it's the different chemicals inside reacting that pump the energy into the electrons. But in the end it's always the same. Electrons always like to have as little energy as possible, and if you give them more, they let it back off as light.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-288057", "score": 0.7006981372833252, "text": "This has been asked before! Basically it's got proteins in it that glow under the light. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-146085", "score": 0.6993322968482971, "text": "I'm not sure about the flash, I've never seen it, but my guess would be the capacitors discharging. The after glow is the florescent coating exhibiting small phosphorescent qualities making it continue glowing in the same way a glow in the dark item still glows after exposure. Even old Tube TV s did this.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-543", "score": 0.6447073817253113, "text": "Beyond the reality is that long term exposure to loud noises leads to deafness. There is a sense of social propriety as well. Just like you shouldn't walk down the street naked, and not let the smell of your shit disturb your housemates, you should show respect to others with regards to sound as well." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-91352", "score": 0.612201452255249, "text": "It's called habituation. Basically there are sounds you are used to hearing frequently and sounds that will stand out. You can sleep through the sound of traffic outside your window if its something you deal with commonly. If a window breaks it will wake you up because its an abnormal sound that you are not used to yet.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-19438", "score": 0.612189531326294, "text": "Just a guess: It's something to listen to without paying attention. Put another way, silence alone is distracting. Also when it's quiet, any small noise is going to get your attention. Turn on some white noise, rain sounds, etc. and you can basically stop listening to anything. There's nothing for your brain to lock on to. Yet also no crushing silence where your brain goes into overdrive trying to focus on everything, searching for something to get it's attention.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-109669", "score": 0.6121360659599304, "text": "Well the effect is kind of like fingernails on the chalkboard... one explanation is that it is an evolutionary aversion since the sound is actuually similar to primate warning calls. Another explanation is that the sound resonates in the ear canal, making it \"sound loud\" Source: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-301237", "score": 0.6117900013923645, "text": "Yes, but it's unlikely to be sound in the traditional sense (like from a speaker). A sudden burst of air (such as from an explosion) can cause a near-instantaneous severe rise in air pressure that would both rupture your eardrums (so you wouldn't hear anything) and damage your internal organs, such as causing your lungs and other hollow organs to collapse.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-137839", "score": 0.6114771366119385, "text": "I don't know about all insects, but the ones that are able to make loud noises themselves (like chirping crickets) can turn their ears off to protect themselves against their own sounds, so they should be safe from outside sounds too.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-70604", "score": 0.6110401749610901, "text": "The primary force of an explosion is directly outward from the blast point (assuming the charge is not shaped to explode in a specific direction). So the vast majority of the debris and pressure will flow in a direct line away from the explosion. So if you are in a hole, for example, there is a whole lot of dirt between you and the blast point so very little of it will reach you. You won't necessarily be safe from harm but you are far better off than being out in the open.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-128478", "score": 0.610602855682373, "text": "'Noise' is the term used for a sound that comprises of each frequency in a certain spectrum being distributed. For example - 'White noise' is every frequency from 0Hz to 20KHz. The difference between the different noise types are simply their frequency distribution (with brown noise having more excitation in it's lower frequencies IIRC ect ect). The different between the noises can be seen when you look at them through a visual EQ (there are also images online I believe). I'm not sure if listening to noise at extended intervals has any effect on the brain, however some people find it easier to concentrate with sound in the background and because noise is just, well - noise, there isn't really anything to distract someone while they're working hard. The different noises are no different in this respect (at least, from my personal experience). Sources: programmed a noise generator during first year of university", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-298013", "score": 0.6100921630859375, "text": "When there are objects in the path of moving air, there can often be oscillatory effects. One example of that is the [Karman Vortex Street](_URL_0_) If such oscillatory behaviour happens to be of the right frequency you'd hear it as a howl.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-182433", "score": 0.609672486782074, "text": "It depends on what you mean by low and high frequency. It's an extremely broad spectrum, and more energetic doesn't necessarily translate to more dangerous. The frequency *is* more or less the energy. The more energetic it is, the faster it can oscillate, like a guitar string, and frequency is just a measure of how fast something oscillates. High enough frequency EM waves are energetic enough to ionize, meaning they can start wreck havoc on your cells' DNA. Though, the radiation is its most dangerous just when it is this energetic. It gets less dangerous when it gets even more energetic, because the radiation starts to just pass straight through you without interacting instead.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-94384", "score": 0.6096289157867432, "text": "Prolonged exposure to high sound pressure levels over time is what can cause hearing loss. Perceived loudness is what you're describing - listening to music at a lower volume in bed is never a problem. You're right to listen more quietly in quiet environments where it's unnecessary to push your ears. Blasting your headphones over an already high noise floor isn't good for long periods of time. Headphones and earbuds with good isolation that keep outside noise down help a lot. Here's an interesting study on sound pressure levels that people experience in using their headphones. Little higher than 5-year-old reading level though. ;) > Results show that 21% of the respondents exceed the standard loudness/duration relation recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-80640", "score": 0.6095370650291443, "text": "Snow is an excellent insulator. So many crags and crannies redirecting sound waves end up nullifying the random ambient sounds.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-41023", "score": 0.6094273924827576, "text": "*\"Loud pipes save lives\"* is the mantra (for lack of a better word). The belief that being loud helps motorcyclists get noticed and keeps them safe, which fuels opposition to any limits being introduced, reduced or enforced.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1354634", "score": 0.6094084978103638, "text": "For me, auditory stimulation drives me over the edge the easiest.\n\nIf I'm in a noisy chaotic environment, wearing earplugs makes a huge difference and I'm a lot calmer. Unexpected loud noises, mainly shrill ones, literally make me dizzy and discombobulated.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2753", "score": 0.6092087030410767, "text": "Yes. While you may be deaf loud noises can still cause both pain and physical damage to your ears.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-105290", "score": 0.6089949607849121, "text": "Sound is vibration - motion. Imagine bending something back and forth for a while, it will eventually break. Sound waves will bend anything they hit thousands of times per second. Eventually objects give in to the stress and break. The louder the sound the stronger the bending and the quicker it breaks.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-325769", "score": 0.6088570952415466, "text": "Dangerous as in dangerous for your social life. Your reputation. The olfactory sensibilities of those around you.\n\nFor me, it was today, when I was next to the professor that will be my preceptor for my thesis. It was, as they say, silent but deadly. I don't think he noticed as he was too busy explaining the perils of globalization.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-271398", "score": 0.608798086643219, "text": "Part (though probably not all) of the answer to this question comes from what happens to sound waves in the atmosphere. The shorter a sound wave is, the more readily it disperses its energy in various directions in the atmosphere, becoming weaker and weaker. So, the farther you are away from the source of a noise, the less high frequency noise you will hear. Our brain is capable of picking up on that to some extent, so a noise that consists of mainly low frequency sound waves by the time it hits your ears will sound far away. Edit: [Take a look here.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-711025", "score": 0.6085752844810486, "text": "I've read briefly on a steam thread that there's not much to do about pollution other than de-zoning it and waiting for the ground and air to clear up. Someone suggested planting trees (would that be parks?) but a comment suggested that only helps with noise pollution and adds to the value of the land. Any hints/tips/strategies?\n\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-162401", "score": 0.6082873940467834, "text": "White noise is purely random, it can cloud out non random noises. Prevent the brain from finding sounds it can latch onto, at least at lower volumes. So if something like a dripping faucet or the low level noise of a street were keeping you up, you could use a white noise machine to drown those out into a vague sea of uninterpreted sound.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-279839", "score": 0.6082785725593567, "text": "There is a nice discussion here on the quietest sound ever recorded. _URL_0_ They start talking about Brownian motion (the random motion of particles). Since sound waves are pressure waves, as you get further and further from the source the original clear cut pressure wave will become distorted and eventually indistinguishable from the random motion of the particles it is propagating through. Sorry that this does not directly tackle your question!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-544", "score": 0.740594208240509, "text": "The wind blows consistently over a very long distance of ocean. It isn't one single strong gust which blows a wave up, but a sustained force that puts lots of energy into the wave." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-172266", "score": 0.702921986579895, "text": "One (among many other) way to explain this has to do with energy. The wind being somehow stable, there is no reason for it to be able to produce waves of different heights, so all of them are just about the same and carry the same amount of energy. The wind still being stable, it gives a constant flow of energy (power) to the water. If both that flow of energy and the energy carried in each wave are constant, then there is no other way but to have a constant rate of waves. Sadly, a clean answer to this involves abstract mathematics that are a pain to understand (such as Fourier transform and Cauchy problems) It basically says that with a constant input (wind), the result on a stable system (the water) must be periodic. For instance, the creaking of a hinge is an alternating phenomenon of fixed frequency (slip-stick) produced by a continuous one (the speed of the door).", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-242456", "score": 0.6991043090820312, "text": "The pressure isn't tremendous. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a body of water depends only on the height of the reservoir above the area of interest and is given by & Delta;P = & rho;gh. The pressure rise due to 2m of water depth is about 0.2 atm (20 kPa). I'd expect the pressure exerted by breaking waves to far exceed the hydrostatic pressure.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-191264", "score": 0.696771502494812, "text": "Different ocean current, different winds, different coasts. All have influence on the size and shape of waves", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-171916", "score": 0.6966982483863831, "text": "The answer is **wind**. My one word answer got removed, presumably for being one word. Therefore, I layout a slightly more wordy response here, in which the answer is wind, specifically increased levels of it during a storm. The increased levels of wind during a storm exert wind shear on the water surface which whips up the water into waves. During storms, the wind direction is not particularly consistent, it is more chaotic and so the waves may come in all directions. This means that whichever way your vessel is facing, it is likely to get tossed about (particularly if it's a small vessel). In strong storms, there is even a phenomenon known as [rogue waves](_URL_0_), in which the wave height is extrmely large and seemingly comes from nowhere.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-95750", "score": 0.6965602040290833, "text": "The wind has to rub against the water for some distance to make waves. So when the wind is heading from land to sea, it *might* create waves heading that way, but they won't appear until far offshore, where the wind has had some room to do its work. Meanwhile, waves created far away and headed toward you (on shore) will continue to arrive. Interestingly, sets of waves going in opposite or different directions can actually cross without canceling each other out. Both sets keep going.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-268596", "score": 0.6960315704345703, "text": "It makes sense that higher viscosity=more energy required to create a wave. But how would gale force winds interact? Typically the viscosity, surface tension, and fetch are the limiting factors in how big a wave could grow before \"breaking\". Given enough energy from wind, would a more viscous sea develop larger waves? Steeper? How would it effect [hull speed](_URL_0_)?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-53577", "score": 0.6933207511901855, "text": "There are waves everywhere, because wind pushes the water. They do become noticeable near shore in a process called shoaling, as the depth of the water decreases, slowing them down and forcing their height to increase.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-49627", "score": 0.6818720698356628, "text": "In a simple explanation, the wind blows water from a long way out and it compacts together until it starts to rise as it nears shore (because the sea floor is rising) and then it crashes. This article explains it _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-252199", "score": 0.6810175776481628, "text": "The strength and direction of local winds depends a lot on local geography and differential heating. For instance, a main driver of diurnal winds in many coastal areas is the local difference between land and sea temperatures. Since water has a higher specific heat than land, the temperature of the ocean and the air above it is steadier than that of and over the nearby land. After sunrise, as the Sun begins to heat the land more than the water, the warmer air rises creating an area of low pressure. An on-shore breeze develops as cooler denser ocean air flows toward the low pressure. As the day progresses the land-sea temperature/pressure difference grows, the wind strength increases. After sundown, the land cools quickly and breezes subside. (If the land eventually cools below the nearby water temperature, an off-shore breeze may develop.) On the other hand, winds produced by global weather systems vary independently of the time of day at any given location.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-255235", "score": 0.6806429028511047, "text": "Wind forms waves through the drag force at the interface between the moving air and the water. The small ripples/capillary waves (so named because the restoring force that dissipates the waves is dominated by water tension) are what result, with the larger waves being formed when the ripples combine and \"stack up\". This happens because the leading crest of a wave group moves slower than the waves behind it. A constant wind on a still body of water would certainly form waves, and this is how almost all ocean waves begin (the exception is waves produced by geological activity or something like the wake of a ship). [Further wikipedia reading](_URL_0_) I do not understand the second part of your question, but if you're talking about standing water waves, it is a phenomenon that can occur when there are highly reflective boundaries (like a vertical concrete wall) and can be an issue in harbor design.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1316009", "score": 0.6786225438117981, "text": "I live in the Netherlands and the waves are 0.5m. the problem is that I can't catch the waves. Are the waves to small or am I doing something wrong?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-13068", "score": 0.6780394911766052, "text": "Clouds, in particular storm clouds, present strong upward winds (it's one of the formation mechanisms). In the atmosphere, winds are mainly in the horizontal, the vertical winds are usually very small, that's why you notice them in the clouds, that's where they happen to be stronger than usual.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-192177", "score": 0.6753907203674316, "text": "u/goatharper gives a great explination and I'd like to add that the geography of the surrounding area can also affect the strength of the wind. For example the wind will always blow stronger through a mountain pass. This is because the air can't move through the mountains but has to either climb over them or squeeze through where it can. Thus when passing through a narrower space the wind speed will increase because of all the air trying to push through.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-128545", "score": 0.6747244596481323, "text": "The waves are created by wind blowing for a long distance over the surface of the ocean. Imagine using your breath to blow across a bowl of water. They are different sizes depending on the strength of the wind and, the length of time/distance it has been blowing for. As you can imagine blowing harder across the bowl is more energy, so, bigger waves. When ocean waves actually crash on the shore the size is also affected a lot by the steepness of the ocean floor leading up to the shoreline. Areas with a long, slowly sloping floor have generally smaller and gentler waves than areas with a steep, quick floor.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-127318", "score": 0.6740525960922241, "text": "It's enough to completely submerge some islands. You have to remember to think 3D. It's not talking about the high-tide line going 20 feet up the shore, it means the surface of the ocean being 20 feet higher - 'sea level' itself increasing. And most of the world's population lives on the coasts. Mind you I think 20 feet is a bit outside even the worst expectations. I think the current rate is something like a fraction of an inch per year. Still enough to be disastrous for some people.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-254469", "score": 0.6739394664764404, "text": "Surface gravity waves break when their amplitude is more than about 1/7th their wavelength. The catch here is that a wave like a Tsunami can be really, really long so it can also be really tall.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-254946", "score": 0.6736862659454346, "text": "Looks like a fine example of [Kelvin–Helmholtz instability](_URL_0_) which can occur when there is strong wind shear (change of wind speed with height).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1776288", "score": 0.6731224656105042, "text": "Big storm here in California. Do these sudden huge gusts of wind come from far away or are they generated at random as the storm moves? I imagine them being generated out at sea and rushing over the land like a wave or something.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-262590", "score": 0.6727012395858765, "text": "The speed of sound in water at 20C is about 5 times faster than that in air (~1500 m/s). If you can figure out how to get something going that fast through water and you'll get compression waves. It would take a *lot* of power and the stresses on the object would be enormous. EDIT: And doing this without cavitating (boiling) the water in a low pressure wake would be another layer of difficulty. In fact, high speed torpedoes like the [Shkval](_URL_0_) utilize cavitation so that the torpedo is essentially traveling in a bubble of vapor instead of liquid water, to minimize drag.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-171001", "score": 0.6697697043418884, "text": "Nornal break waves generated by wind have a fairly short wavelength (think about how \"thin\" they are back to front), they can have some decent height but overall don't have a huge amount of water in them. Tsunamis are caused by massive water displacement, like what would happen in an earthquake or underwater nuke test, the and wavelength is much much longer. A tsunami isn't so much of a single huge wave as it is more of a series of increases in water depth that can last minutes or even hours. Watching a tsunami come in is more like a flash flood than a big wave breaking.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-545", "score": 0.7024539709091187, "text": "Our eyes are simply better at tracking motion that is further away. From the perspective of your brain, the fan in the mirror is twice as far away from you." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-249026", "score": 0.6673210859298706, "text": "There is nothing special about your camera or camera phone that would let it correct such distortion. Even if it had a distortion correction system, it would be calibrated for the distortion produced by its lens -- it wouldn't detect distortion in the image automatically. What I think is going on here is that the mirror was distorted only slightly, and unevenly so that it seemed like a fun-house reflection when you have subtle motion to provide context -- through the viewfinder or through your eyes in real life. Especially as parts of your reflection move through these uneven areas on the mirror causing them to \"stretch\" and \"shrink\". Once you freeze any individual frame, the distortion does not seem nearly as great.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-27893", "score": 0.6672298312187195, "text": "They don't always go blurry when paused. It depends on what that specific frame looks like. Often when movies are filmed they have blurry frames because that's what naturally happens when something on-screen is moving or when the camera is moving.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-50879", "score": 0.6671996116638184, "text": "I can imagine two reasons: 1. The image you see on the screen isn't actually that good. Maybe because of its small size. Maybe because it is in motion and your mind is compensating. Grab a movie with an intense action scene and then look at a single frame of the car flying through a plate glass window... its probably super-blurry. It is only with the other 30 frames around it that your mind can fill in the details and understand the scene. 2. You are moving the camera when you reach up to hit the button to snap the photo... so the very act of taking the photo makes it blurry.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1009", "score": 0.6671739220619202, "text": "Imagine a spinning wheel getting faster and faster. At some point, it looks like it's suddenly reversed direction, spinning backwards, right? And then as it keeps on accelerating, it looks like the wheel is stopped. (Of course, the wheel is blurry, since it's going fast -- your brain interprets this as a spinning wheel.) This also works for fan blades, propellers, etcetc. You get the point. This is a similar idea to how a camera can match the shutter speed of a helicopter blade, making it seem like the helicopter is rising into the air without even spinning its rotors. Eyes don't have something like a shutter speed (hypothetically you could blink... a LOT....). The reason for this behavior is still unknown, but one theory is that we see the world as a bunch of discrete images put together (this is similar to a shutter speed, potentially), and another is something known as the \"Temporal Aliasing Theory\" (now, an ELI5 for this would be pretty interesting too).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-124612", "score": 0.6671176552772522, "text": "That's a [concave mirror](_URL_0_). The mirror bends inwards, distorting the objects in it so that they appear larger, while having a smaller field of view. A [convex mirror](_URL_1_) does the opposite, the objects in it are smaller than a flat mirror, but the field of view is much larger.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-238131", "score": 0.6669769883155823, "text": "That's a [motion aftereffect](_URL_0_). The Wikipedia article has a nice explanation and history of the illusion.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-318118", "score": 0.666951596736908, "text": "Eyes have some amounts of oil and mucus on them, and when adequately moisturized by the tear ducts we see fine through it. When tears dry up (which can happen overnight), the oil and mucus can appear somewhat blurry.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-154563", "score": 0.6669169068336487, "text": "Excepting the images of you and any other non-mirror objects, black. Mirrors are not 100% reflectors and eventually the light is absorbed by the mirror.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-295470", "score": 0.6668440699577332, "text": "Camera lenses are analogous to your eye, which has its own focusing mechanism just like a lens - if you put your glasses in front of a camera lens then refocus the lens you will be able to get a clear image in the same way that when you move the glasses toward or away from your face, your eye refocuses to get a clear image. Glasses are a single corrective lens placed in front of the relatively complex series of lenses and fluids that make up your eye. You probably don’t realize it but when you move your glasses toward or away from your eye, your eye is “automatically” correcting its geometry to keep what you’re looking at in focus. Edit for clarity", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-183333", "score": 0.6667137742042542, "text": "Blurry-ness is mostly a factor of focus, shutter speed + stability and depth of field. Photographic film did have a resolution in the sense that there were small crystals that detected and recorded the light, but I would imagine most of the blurry pictures were a result of the former, not the resolution, unless they were from the very beginnings of photography.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-102755", "score": 0.6665079593658447, "text": "They generally aren't. The passenger side mirror is designed to give a wider (and thereby more useful) field of view, which does have the associated side-effect of making objects appear *farther.* This is a byproduct of the shape of the mirror causing objects to appear smaller than they would otherwise, which we interpret as greater distance.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-12331", "score": 0.6664330363273621, "text": "You have small muscles that warp the lens in your eye, to change whether you focus on nearby or distant objects. When you are focusing on a nearby object, distant objects are blurry and out of focus. You usually don't notice, because you aren't paying attention to them. So when you use those muscles to focus your eye to a level appropriate to a nearby object, but there is no such object to capture your attention, everything becomes blurry.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-93549", "score": 0.6663214564323425, "text": "Mirrors tend to be very smooth at a microscopic scale. That way no coke gets stuck in between tiny nooks and crannies. This is useful A because you get 100% coke per coke but also it leaves no evidence in case you are caught later. A mirror is also one of the few portable surfaces that has this property.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-271826", "score": 0.6662747263908386, "text": "No. You cannot correct vision by simply making the source blurrier, blurriness is additive, you lose information when you make something blurry that cannot be recovered. Glasses and contact lenses don't work by making an image blurry, they work by distorting the image before it passes through the lens in your eye, the combined refraction of the two results in the image that is projected on the back of your eye being in focus. It works like a telescope, a single lens can give you a weird blurry image, a second lens can be used to correct that blurriness to bring the focal length to the right point so that you get a focused image. If you point a telescope at a blurry image it doesn't matter what lenses you have in there, your best possible result is that blurry image.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-117526", "score": 0.6661621928215027, "text": "I would say it's more likely that in the mirror your face is dynamic. In a photo, it's static. So, if you don't like the way you look in the mirror you probably make subtle changes until you look good to yourself. When the photo is being taken you don't have control over exactly how you look.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-143858", "score": 0.6660549640655518, "text": "Because movies have motion blurs calculated into each frame. But video games can't do that. To add a motion blur to a fame, you need to be able to know what the future frame is going to look like, and in a video game that means predicting the future. - - - edits: * To demonstrate this point, pause a movie during a fast-moving action scene. The edges of moving objects will be blurry. Now pause a fast moving action scene in a video game, and the edges of moving objects should be comparatively sharp. * Also, I oversimplified a bit on saying games can't have motion blurring so before somebody contradicts me let me clarify something: Newer games have started to add motion blurring, but it's often there to be more of an artistic effect, rather than attempt to give more fluid looking motion with fewer frames. Basically, it's a different type of motion blur than what is used in movie-frames.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-59227", "score": 0.6659159064292908, "text": "It's because the mirrors are convex (curved outward) so that you have a wider field of view.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-241079", "score": 0.6658946871757507, "text": "It has to do with [persistence of vision](_URL_0_). Basically images stay on the retina for a bit before fading. When the laser moves fast enough you see a line rather than a dot. This is the same thing that allows you to watch a movie in a theater and see smooth motion rather than a series of still images.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-324019", "score": 0.665684700012207, "text": "I believe your question is asking how can a mirror be colored silver, and at the same time show a reflection. The way vision works is that light hits an object, bounces off, and then hits our eyes. When this happens some of the colors of light get absorbed, and what is left gets reflected. A green leaf will absorb every color except for green, which then bounces off for us to see. A mirror is a very very smoothly polished surface, so that light bouncing off does not go in random directions. Instead all of the light rays bounce in the same way, so the light we see is almost exactly the same as what originally bounced off the object. A mirror also does not absorb very much light, so most of it bounces off unchanged. If the silver part of a mirror was roughed up it would start to appear more \"silver\" because the light would be bouncing around randomly instead of all reflecting the same way. TLDR Mirrors don't absorb colors of light, so their color is whatever hits them.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-79467", "score": 0.6655755639076233, "text": "I think it's because the area where the reflected light is hitting is getting two times the light. That which is being distributed throughout the room, and that which is reflecting off the mirror. It's getting about 2x the light.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-547", "score": 0.7149207592010498, "text": "It's the best way to model or sculpt it. it's also more or less a standard, so you can easily take a skeleton from another model and place it on your working model. It allows for easier deformation modelling too. You can also model a character with their arms down, but then when you want to animate those arms upwards the deformation becomes a lot harder to get right." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-186493", "score": 0.6791406869888306, "text": "When mapping textures to the 3D model you can specify which parts of the texture go on what part of the model. You are basically telling the game engine to only use a small portion of the image for the legs, this portion for the arms, this one for the face, etc. This is more efficient than splitting it up into multiple files. You can also reuse the same texture for multiple different objects like in your chess example. This way only one image is loaded into memory and each game piece is told to use different specific parts of that one texture.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1482682", "score": 0.6779350638389587, "text": "There are plenty of videos showing processes for modeling 3D characters for Movies or Video-Games, I was wondering if there would be any interest in videos showing parts, or machine parts, design from bottom to top or from top to bottom.\n\nWhat do you think?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-240080", "score": 0.6775810718536377, "text": "I think what you're getting at is Quaternions. The bane of computer graphics artists and video game developers everywhere: _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-75098", "score": 0.6770222783088684, "text": "There's no issues with buying assets and using them in an otherwise unique game. Asset-flipping is when you download the free game that comes with assets to demo them, and try to pass that off as your own. That said, its worth learning 3d modelling", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2742146", "score": 0.6762239336967468, "text": "Hello! I just found this subreddit after I saw how someone had posted to *this link* here a few months back, and I was hoping to find more resources.\n\nTo explain my dilemma , I work as a 3d animator - a rigger to be more specific, so I'm tasked with essentially creating the bone and muscles that drive 3d characters in video games.\n\nThe problem is from the bottom up, I've started to hit a on the fidelity I'm able to achieve using conventional methods. 3d has its inherent flaws to contend with already, but what I struggle with constantly are joints and bone pivots. Things like the inner workings of the hands and feet for example.\n\nLooking at still pictures just doesn't work for me. If the end goal is to create something that moves, I need to see it actually moving.\n\nHands, shoulders, the hips are the big ones, but honestly I'd love to see more from any part of the body as it'd all be a big help.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-153837", "score": 0.6746497750282288, "text": "They are 3D models, they create the models, load them into their video editor, and are able to move and rotate them.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2756593", "score": 0.6739391088485718, "text": "I couldn't find much information exactly how this works. With Unity you have to preset animation actions like a game program? Or can you freely move the bones and camera in a timeline like a 3D program?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-970734", "score": 0.6728765368461609, "text": "I'm trying to get into sculpting 3d character and animate and I plan to take this seriously. \n\nHow common is it for someone to do both modeling and animation and for those who have done it, any advice?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1850741", "score": 0.6724270582199097, "text": "I cant really draw and I'm a slightly better modeler. I was thinking of making a side scroller and using the 3d models that are flattened (the environment has to be 3d because the what I'm doing) but will be in orthographic 2d. Besides 3d models being more costly on performance, do you recommend one over the other?\n\n\n2D- better performance, cleaner look\n\n3D- easier animation, easier to make changes\n\n\nJust looking for opinions and experiences.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2742071", "score": 0.6722323298454285, "text": "hi. i'll be developing at a game jam this weekend starting tomorrow evening, with a 3D modeler. I'm the most experienced Unity person in this group of 4, but I have little experience with 3D. I have some questions:\n\nIn my demo project, i've added a random T-rex model]( from the internet, and made a basic terrain deformed, but it doesn't appear shaded in the game view. What's missing? See [here. I'm sure I'm missing some obvious setup, just running low on time to research.\n\nWhat are some good free sites I can use for dinosaur models? They can be low poly count, just want a small variety of sample assets to use until our modeler can make his own. also appropriate Jurassic plants, rocks, etc. And just good free model sites in general, not just specific to this. Also what's better OBJ or FBX, i heard FBX can allow animations but any other real advantages? Our modeler prefers 3DSMax over the rest.\n\nAlso looking for other tips and tricks related to working with moving 3D. I expect a weekend of tears, but hopefully joy too.\nthanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-77526", "score": 0.6718823909759521, "text": "When 3D was first introduced, it was used as a gimmick, and there were lots of parts of the movie that were specifically made to be all, \"Look! Look everyone! It's 3D! Look how 3D it is! Threeeeeeee, Deeeeeeee!\" And that's fine . . . for a gimmick. But as 3D becomes more and more standard, the usage of it becomes more and more subtle. It starts to be used just as another artistic choice, like the selection of color palette, or sound effects (both things that were once new, and once \"overdone\" to emphasize them).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-187590", "score": 0.6718502640724182, "text": "Long story short. 3D Animated movies are on a totally different scale of detail. 3D games are optimized for performance, 3D animated movies/shows are optimized for detail. & #x200B; Texture resolutions are much higher (And I don't think they compress them), animations have many more joints to deal with, physics are totally different, lighting is much higher quality... Pretty much everything is better in 3D animated movies/shows.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-130479", "score": 0.6715437173843384, "text": "In converting a 3d image like a person into a 2d image like a photo, some features are lost. Part of modeling is knowing which features to accentuate in order to look right on camera. When taking a photo one might stick their chin toward the camera, it looks weird in person but it prevents the camera from making you look like you have a poorly defined chin due to the flat image.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-94667", "score": 0.6714991331100464, "text": "Your dad is right, and you are wrong. But obviously the resulting 3D models are limited because the 2D source images lack certain pieces of information. There are several different approaches to solving the problems posed by this lack of information, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. - _URL_4_ - _URL_0_ - _URL_1_ - _URL_2_ - _URL_3_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-143156", "score": 0.6714308261871338, "text": "Video takes up a lot of space. Games nowadays use \"in-game cutscenes\". The cutscenes aren't videos - instead, there's a script that says how the character models should act, the camera positions etc., so when the game shows you these cutscenes it actually renders them on the fly. An in-game cutscene is like watching a live play, with the computer models as the actors. It's a simple case of [space-time tradeoff](_URL_0_). The in-game cutscenes save up on space by requiring computing power (cpu/gpu time).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2741087", "score": 0.6711885929107666, "text": "1) Whenever I try to model, I always tend to totally stay away from n-gons. Is this good? And when I say, totally, I mean, I never create an n-gon. I *always* cut any n-gons up into tris or polys. I've heard from many people that n-gons are difficult to render, especially in game engines, because you never know how they're going to be cut up. \n\n2) Say I'm modeling an M1-Abrams and I don't know how to model it. I want to use n-gons. Here's my procedure so far...\n\n* Get orthographic views cut in PS, assigned as textures to planes in Max, and aligned. \n* Start outlining the larger parts of the model, such as the top turret, and the bottom. \n* After all outlines have been made using simple planes (selecting the edge, clicking and dragging while holding shift to create new polys), I would use the cut tool to trace objects such as doors, handles, and large openings or bolts (smaller bolts can be put with the use of vector maps). \n\n* Somehow use the map editor to unwrap the UV's of the model, so I can edit them with Photoshop and/or Mudbox. \n\nThat's my procedure so far. I don't want to start because I've tried many different ways already, and I need at least some confidence. If you see something that makes my workflow horrible, please tell me. \n\nIf you have a job doing something with modeling in 3Ds Max or using Photoshop or something like that...\n\n1) How and why did you get started? How do you keep yourself motivated? (Personally, I can go all night if I've got some music going) \n\n2) What's your job like? I've only been to one job shadow in High School, it was Azul 7 Web Design. It was amazing! The atmosphere was very friendly, and they had a lot of freedom (I.E. Plenty of beer in the fridge, a dog, could wear whatever, etc.). \n\n3) What would you recommend for someone like me, who has been obsessed with 3-D design ever since 9^th grade? College advice, mental advice, anything! \n\nThanks to anyone who is willing to tell me some of what they know!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-985372", "score": 0.6709029078483582, "text": "I'm a programmer mainly, but I also occasionally do some 3D modeling.\n\nWhat's the deal with basing models off of existing concept art. I'm thinking more using artbooks from game studios than ripping off someones portfolio, though I doubt that makes a difference.\n\nWhere does this stand with copyright? Is it OK if I change it enough that it only has a stylistic resemblance to the the original? Should I credit the source, or would that open me up to cease & desist / lawsuits? Is it legally OK, but a bit of a dick move?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-476423", "score": 0.6707653403282166, "text": "I want to buy some 3D animations (for now i'm using free ones to practice) and rotoscope them for a top-down 2D game, but i don't know much about Blender or 3D animation- I just want to play the anim from the camera angle I need, record it, split it into frames, and trace over them to turn it into 2D sprite frames. The thing is I don't know how to assign the premade animations to a dummy. All blender tutorials i've seen deal on making your own animations, not using someone else's.\n\nHow can I make the dummy move? And is there a way to quickly switch between animations in a folder to save time? or do I have to import a new animation when I'm done?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-152591", "score": 0.670582115650177, "text": "When I developed games a two years ago, I was in charge of developing the \"logic\" without any visual assets (only using Unity built-in squares and spheres). Once this part is done, we 'skin' the game using real assets. I have no idea how is this done (or possible) in big companies developing AAA games. The /r/Simulated may make my idea clearer.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1731354", "score": 0.6697420477867126, "text": "I am working on a 2d game that involves lot of common vehicles like car and truck. Now i find those 3d models online that are free for personal use only. Now these 3d models are so common that there are tons of them. What if I take one of them and use it as a reference to make my illustration and use it in a game. Is it a copyright infringement? \nIf it is, then how is it possible to make an image that is based on a common real life object and at the same time resembles to hundreds of other artist's design. Will they all sue me for copying their design? \nHow should I go about making a real life image of car or truck that isn't a copyright infringement?\nPlease tell me what to do I am so confused with this legal stuff.\n\nMy country isn't USA but my country has also strict copyright laws just like the USA.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-548", "score": 0.6640464067459106, "text": "Well that's where imagination comes into play, you can basically watch the play in your head while reading - in fact a lot of 'plays' are specifically written to be read as 'armchair theatre'" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-62613", "score": 0.6306095719337463, "text": "Perhaps because Shakespeare and other literary works are fixed in their archaic spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. They are fixed to preserve the linguistic context of their writing. It would be hard to coherently interpret a literary work written in the Elizabethan era if you change the linguistic structure of it to a modern one. ex) Shakespeare often used different rhyme schemes for persons of different social class, preserving the meaning of this requires us to preserve the antiquated word usage and grammatical structure. To translate these literary works to modern language would be destructive, so we preserve it in its difficult form. Whereas, older religious works as the Bible are often thought to contain a moral, rather than a literary, message. So it makes sense to 'update' the language, moral lessons in the Bible aren't distorted as much by such modernization, unlike the meter and rhyme of a sonnet or play", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-291907", "score": 0.6305228471755981, "text": "Depends on the language. An English speaker could probably understand Shakespeare easily, but going further back would require written communication (such as the time of Chaucer). By the time you get to old English, it's totally unintelligible, maybe 1 word in 5 can be guessed correctly. English has changed very quickly in recent times. Other languages are different. I was speaking to an old Greek relative, who said when at school she used to read ancient Greek texts in their original form. Reading more recent texts from the time of Alexander was doable reasonably easily, and she even said that parts of Homer could be understood (barely). However, like english, pronunciation changed quite a bit, but through writing, a modern Greek speaker could understand people from millennia ago. I'm sure there are other languages that have changed even less over history, but I wouldn't know personally.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-796274", "score": 0.6301022171974182, "text": "I, like I'm sure most people, don't have the best memory. I can't remember stuff I learned last semester, let alone remember the Iliad or all of Shakespeare's plays.\n\nEDIT: that is, why can most people remember so little now, when a few hundred years ago people could remember the entire Iliad\n\np.s. This is definitely a dumb question, I'M NOT ASHAMED", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-53079", "score": 0.6300234794616699, "text": "It's not that they have to, it's that they can. A play can do a few productions, hear feedback from critics and audiences, and make revisions for future productions of the play. Movie scripts go through lots of revisions but eventually they have to settle on a script, film a movie, and release it. And then that's that. They can't keep having new versions of the movie in theaters.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-218177", "score": 0.6299514174461365, "text": "It's unlikely, but only because Shakespeare's locution wasn't customary in his time, but peculiar even then (source: any introduction to a recent edition of a Shakespeare work). If you were to switch this question to some other author of the same period, though, I'm not sure. Edit: I also want to challenge the claim that we can understand texts from 1816 with relative ease. Academics can, but can most English speakers really deal with the crazy punctuation, tortuously long sentences, and GRE-level vocabulary?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-16857", "score": 0.6295046210289001, "text": "Some literature is interesting not for its themes, popularity, or plot, but because of the way it uses language and explores the English language and the written medium. Finnegan's Wake is interesting precisely *because* it's (almost) completely incomprehensible. Think of it like Marcel Duchamp's urinal, submitted to an art competition. The urinal is, of course, not beautiful, nor of any civic value, and displays no great skills of the artist. But in the absurdity of submitting a urinal to an art competition, Duchamp challenges traditional ideas about art by taking the typical discussion of what art is to an extreme conclusion. Finnegan's Wake, like Duchamp's urinal, is *interesting*. That doesn't mean it has to be *enjoyable*.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1111400", "score": 0.6291782259941101, "text": "Remember that you are an actor in a drama of such sort as the author chooses. If short, then in a short one; if long, then in a long one. If it be his pleasure that you should act a poor man, see that you act it well; or a cripple, or a ruler, or a private citizen. For this is your business, to act well the given part; but to choose it, belongs to another.\n\nEpictetus", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-203015", "score": 0.6280205845832825, "text": "The novel is a fairly new idea. Poetry was the main form of pleasure reading. We have fragments. We have a significant portion of the Satyricon, for example. I'll see if I can do more research, but my recollection is there are very few surviving ancient novels.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2242368", "score": 0.6278537511825562, "text": "Don't get me wrong: I love Parsifal. But I was watching the current Met production (the one where Act II takes place in a wading pool of blood) and it got me thinking:\n\nDoes even a good staging of Parsifal add much to the experience, compared to a concert production?\n\nThis isn't a show with gags like Meistersinger, or big visual effects like Siegfried, or, really, emotional scenes between the characters like Dutchman. It's a mix of short formal dialogues and monologues, with long orchestral interludes sprinkled in between. Most productions stage it as a series of fairly static tableaux--much like what you get when someone tries to stage a Handel oratorio as if it was an opera.\n\nWhich made me think I might actually prefer to hear Parsifal as an oratorio. Set up five chairs in front of a good orchestra for Parsifal, Kundry, Guernemanz, Amfortas, and Klingsor (doubling Titurel). Let chorus soloists handle the rest or double it for those singers. Set up the screen you use for the live movie soundtrack shows, and use it for a combination of supertitles and projected images of the action. And let us see the orchestra, which is what we're listening to for most of the night anyway. (And give the overstuffed orchestra a little more room on stage than they'd have in the pit!)\n\nIf you saw that your local symphony was doing a stand-and-sing Parsifal, would you be much less likely to go hear it over a staged production with equivalent singers?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2131376", "score": 0.6274203658103943, "text": "Taming of the Shrew, Two Gentleman of Verona, Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, Titus Andronicus, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Othello, Coriolanus, The Winter's Tale. Almost as many as were set in Great Britain. Was it simply the renaissance, or was there more to the popularity of Italian settings?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2356155", "score": 0.6273995637893677, "text": "Hi there everyone!\n\nI'm doing a re-reading of all of Shakespeare's works, starting with the comedies, and I'd like to know what books are recommended here as far as criticism on the comedies. I'd especially like to learn more about their structure in general and what makes some of them better or more acclaimed than others. \n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-795094", "score": 0.6268193125724792, "text": "I found the Acting for a Cause script read of Pride and Prejudice on YouTube. I started watching it but I can’t get into it. I don’t know if it’s the actors or what... is it worth watching?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-135159", "score": 0.6266381144523621, "text": "That would severely limit your choice. Very little is in the public domain. Most people are not going to be sufficiently entertained by reading old novels and Shakespeare plays. There are very few movies, TV shows and games in the public domain, and even less that has been made in the last few decades.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-984290", "score": 0.6266064643859863, "text": "I know this has nothing to do with shakepeare but since you are all into shakepeare,it stands to reason that there must be some among you who are literature connoisseurs. \n\nI have a hard time reading Middle English,which is nothing like Shakespeare's English (early modern English). \n\nI would never in a million years suggest people to read shakepeare in modern vernacular. Take away shakepeare's words, you take away the essence of what makes him great. My question being: does the same principle apply to Canterbury tales? I mean Chaucer's English ,unlike Shakespeare's English,is far removed from ours. So maybe ignoring the original Middle English text of Canterbury tales is not a bad idea?\n\nWhat do you guys think?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1294036", "score": 0.6266032457351685, "text": "For those who want to learn more about script-writing, this will help with format and story pacing. Whether you like the shows or not, it's an excellent exercise to witness the paradox of writing: how much it changes and stays the same.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-160501", "score": 0.6256168484687805, "text": "I am squarely in the \"read what you love as long as you read\" category. However, the is a slightly different relationship with long form writing. There is a greater ability to build and maintain more complex visuals, a level of exercise in deep reading (context, anticipating direction, making connections to other parts of the story, ability to develop complex arguments, themes, or evidence support) that lots of reddit posts in a row doesn't quite mimick. I have also seen my own level of patience and capacity for extended focus to decrease in times that i replace extended reading with online list-icles and threads.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-207688", "score": 0.6252263784408569, "text": "related question: would *Hamlet* audience think that of Elsinore, Denmark? it's my town of birth and I've always been curious why Shakespeare choose the setting.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-12961", "score": 0.6249300837516785, "text": "The plays contain detailed knowledge of court manners, foreign locations and references to historical facts as well as familiarity with earlier playwrights. The facts known about William Shakespeare suggest he was an actor, not that well educated, did not frequent the social circles where he would pick up that kind of detailed information. The dichotomy between the known facts about the man and the sophistication of the works leads to questions whether someone else actually wrote the plays", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2354438", "score": 0.6248586773872375, "text": "I am baby-powder new to reddit, so feel free to take down this post if it does not belong here.\nWith that disclaimer being done, I will elaborate on my question:\n One has been taught how to read, but how does one know if he is (or should be) doing it in the most efficient way possible as to extract insights and information from the words?\n I am sure I can understand book premises and establish satisfactory interpretations, but I don't believe, for example, my opinions would survive or be original in an educated discussion.\n Should I write notes, elaborate schemes? I have the feeling that if I don't dissect a book in a cartesian manner, I will have a superficial understanding of it.\n I don't want to sound too pragmatic by expecting \" objective results\" from book-reading, but I also do not believe that canonical works should be consumed without a proper approach - not necessarily an academical one.\nThanks in advance,\nThierryReis", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-154943", "score": 0.6248109936714172, "text": "Generally speaking (not scientific; this is ELI5), reading stimulates the mind by forcing people to think about what they're reading, evaluate it, and (in some cases) imagine it visually. Television does the opposite, by overstimulating our visual processing, and forcing us to focus our energy on seeing and following, and not critical thinking or understanding.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-549", "score": 0.7916547060012817, "text": "* Baseball - outdoor sport, needs good, dry weather * Football - originally a collegiate sport, played during the fall semester * Basketball - developed as an indoor sport to be played when the weather was bad * Hockey - outdoor sport that required frozen surfaces" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-136122", "score": 0.7200586199760437, "text": "Playing sports in the hot sun is the worst, I would rather play in snow than in sweltering heat any day (playing in the snow is fun) You can play baseball in the summer because it is not that physically demanding. Playing football in the summer just means that several of your linemen are probably going to get heat stroke. So to answer your question, sports DO run when they do to take advantage of the weather, the weather appropriate for that sport.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1225514", "score": 0.7170131802558899, "text": "Lacrosse and Baseball to fall and football and soccer to spring, because spring sports are less contact so having them fall would make sense and we’ll either have a vaccine or no one will be scared anymore by spring time", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-197049", "score": 0.7036527991294861, "text": "The sport got its start in the Ivy League and other northeast colleges. All of whom only generally began after September 1. So add on time to find a squad, and to get a schedule together, it's not uncommon to see early seasons begin in late September or October. Then schedules only became longer as more schools started teams and the popularity grew. However for decades the end of terms and students going home put a hard limit for most games being played into December, save for special occasions like the early Bowls. Profession leagues obviously did not need to deal with academic schedules. But at all levels the reason the season has now stretched from August to January/February is simply that people enjoy and want to consume more football.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-108809", "score": 0.7015485167503357, "text": "ELI5: You go to see the Oakland A's, and they seem to be all playing Baseball. You understand those rules. Then you come back and you see the Oakland Raiders, and everyone is playing Football. You understand those rules too. But both teams play in the same stadium, So why does one set of rules apply one day and another set on another day? One idea is that we totally don't get the rules of baseball and football, the other idea(what most scientist think) is there is a reason we don't understand that lets a baseball team and football team play in the same place", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-230786", "score": 0.6956958770751953, "text": "The answer lies in the history of colonialism. Although baseball may have its origins in Native American sports and gridiron football developed out of rugby, all three sports were devised in the United States. The US lacked extensive colonies to which it could export sports, which was a typical vector of transmission for athletics. Colonizers used sports to \"civilize\" (or regiment) their colonial populations. The colonized had to learn the rules of the white man's game, literally and figuratively. Hence the spread of football and cricket, for example, in the Commonwealth nations. Note that US baseball did take off in Japan and Cuba. In Japan, it was adapted as part of a drive toward Westernization after the US \"opened\" the nation. Call that an auto-colonization. In Cuba, the sport was popularized after the Spanish-American war brought about the American occupation. Basketball is popular in the Philippines, another erstwhile American colony.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-131914", "score": 0.6925433874130249, "text": "It is mostly played in the Fall. College and High School start in August. NFL in September. 90% of all games are done by December first. The remaining ones are just more high profile.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-60523", "score": 0.6909992694854736, "text": "I have a climate theory about this. Baseball is an outdoor sport made to play in the heat. All the running is done in short burst. Sans the pitcher/catcher no one is giving effort on every defensive play. Then after three outs you get a break in the shade and can sip something cold. As viewer, its a great sport to watch in the summer. Sit down lean back in the shade and watch the day roll by with something cold to drink.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-193464", "score": 0.6776514053344727, "text": "It's not really a historical question, it's simply the pace of the game. For long periods of baseball an individual player is idle. If you watch one fielder and only him; he may not interact with the ball for several innings at a time. He then may sit in the dugout for 2-3 offensive innings before his next turn at bat. A baseball player must kill ALOT of time while being ready to perform his next athletic feat. If you're on the football field, you're guaranteed to be exerting yourself for a high energy burst. If you're on the basketball court you're almost constantly running, guarding, passing, or even working off the ball (i.e. setting a screen). Chewing tobacco is not pleasurable during an intense workout. It works with baseball because the bursts of exertion are few and far between.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-43344", "score": 0.677419126033783, "text": "There are a lot of professional baseball leagues that existed for a long time. The AAA leagues, the Pacific Coast League and the International League have been around since 1903 and 1884 respectively. The AA leagues have similarly long histories. The \"major\" leagues have used these leagues as talent pools for decades, and there was no reason to abandon a structure that worked. Other sports weren't *NEARLY* as popular and didn't have as many professional leagues. They did have a fairly large presence in amateur athletics, so as the NBA/NHL/NFL started up, that's where they got their talent from. That being said, the NBA started a developmental league (referred to as the \"D-League\") in 2001, and hockey does have a pair of minor leagues (AHL and ECHL). The NFL is starting their own development league (the Fall Experimental Football League), as well. But those are dedicated to cultivating fringe players than developing stars.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2204638", "score": 0.6752303838729858, "text": "I've started playing recently and find it a bit weird that Baseball is the international sport. \n\nThings like football/soccer, rugby/American football (not technically the same but very similar) and hockey are more popular and more universal. Does anyone know if any other sports will be added in the future? \n\nIn the mean time, I suppose I should learn the rules of Baseball.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-125171", "score": 0.6732681393623352, "text": "I'm pretty sure that climate would be one of the reasons. When you are frozen over half the year, you have to find some other sports - hence the popularity of hockey. Indigenous populations in Canada played lacrosse so that got folded in too. Then you add in French culture to the mix and you have a more broad base to draw from, rather than just British culture.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-32139", "score": 0.6723852157592773, "text": "Cricket was actually quite popular in the early days of the United States. During the industrial revolution baseball became more popular because working-class people could play it. Cricket requires a carefully manicured and watered lawn, but baseball can be played in whatever field is handy. It's a similar story for Rugby and American football. Because of both the demographics of who played it and historical coincidence, the two sports have diverged over the years. In places like Australia and India, there hasn't been as much time for the sports to diverge.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-19258", "score": 0.6660631895065308, "text": "A couple of reasons for this: - Firstly, soccer had bad timing. Soccer was becoming popular in Europe as baseball was becoming popular in the US. There was initially only room for one new major sport every now and then. Imagine, there's this new sport that everyone is talking about that is made in America called baseball, oh and there's something called soccer as well. Which to play first? Basically, other sports got the limelight first. - Secondly, national identity. It's midway through the 1800s not even a hundred years since the war of Independence. The British have come up with a competitive game. It's not hard to understand why people felt uneasy about adopting a British idea.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-3611", "score": 0.6653203964233398, "text": "Basketball is the second (or third depending on the poll) most popular sport in the US. It is easier to set up a hoop for simply play and practice than it is to get space to play football or soccer, and far less than practicing baseball (even with a batting or pitching cage). This means it is a common recreational activity for active/semi-active families. As for when it became popular. That would have been in the 50s-70s during the boom of suburbia. Cities would have public parks with full courts available, suburbia everyone had a driveway.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2044", "score": 0.6648754477500916, "text": "Tradition. And more than any sport, baseball is a slave to tradition. When professional baseball was in its infancy, there were no dedicated stadiums. Teams would play wherever they could find the space, usually somewhere used primarily for something else. The Yankees, for example, used to play on polo grounds. This lead to every park being a little different, depending on space. When teams started building dedicated stadiums, there were no standards, and every facility was build how each team wanted. By the time the league was organized enough for standards, there were a bunch of parks with a bunch of different sizes, and no one wanted rebuild theirs.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-138843", "score": 0.6635549664497375, "text": "Basketball was invented in Massachusetts. Baseball and American (rugby) football have origins from European, but were significantly modified and developed in the USA. Put simply, Americans seems to like sports that were \"born\" here. Soccer is seen as foreign, and America has a history of being suspicious and resistant to foreign cultures and nations. It's also interesting to note, that countries where America was very influential or had military presence, are countries where American sports tend to be very popular (rugby football in the samoas, baseball in central american, japan, s. korea, taiwan, basketball in the Philippines). Soccer, however, is more popular in former European colonies.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2554615", "score": 0.661049485206604, "text": "A little bit of insight. Growing up, my dad and I didn't have the best relationship, but since going to college and getting into football, we talk all the time and have really bonded. However, while I'm a really huge football fan, my dad only follows it because:\n\n1. it primarily takes place when there is no baseball. \n\n2. He loves being able to talk to me about sports.\n\nHe's a huge Red Sox fan, has been since the 60s. So, I want to surprise him by getting into baseball so I can talk to him this season they way he's been talking to me during the football season. \n\nI have a decent understanding of the rules, so I'm looking for an explanation of the current set up of the league. What teams are good, what teams are bad, what players are the big name guys? Are the Yankees still good, or are they bad now? Anything will help!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-164194", "score": 0.6596323847770691, "text": "Most likely because of how easy it is to play. For sports like American Football, you need protective gear. For sports like Baseball, you need specialized equipment and a set number of people. For sports like Basketball, you need a specifically designed court. Contrast all of this with soccer, where you just need two people and a ball. It is very easy for people to play anywhere and at virtually any income level.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-32173", "score": 0.6592960953712463, "text": "Because there aren't 'minor leagues' in either sport. You are either college or professional in basketball and football; baseball has minor league teams [the Staten Island Yankees for the NY Yankees, for example].", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-61435", "score": 0.6587017774581909, "text": "Football of all codes, along with rugby more or less all branched off from a 'Proto Football\" in the mid 1800's in England. Gridiron football then came about because the various college and universities in the US changed the rules of Rugby to what they wanted. And at the time kicking the ball on the ground was legal, so the football name was not as weird at the time.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-550", "score": 0.6352106332778931, "text": "Phone calls are live data stream. Its transferred in real time. Text messages are not. They're queued and sent whenever the network wants.. When the network is busy, like after a disaster, text msgs are delayed minutes or hours later" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-433032", "score": 0.6034086346626282, "text": "I am wondering if there is any app that I can use to communicate via group text with my iphone friends. I have a gs3 and know it is not a feature built in.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1343849", "score": 0.6033911108970642, "text": "I'm trying to allow customers to submit artwork for custom products via text message and not sure what the industry standard is. I operate a small business so volume would not be very high. I found a platform called Twilio that looks promising but seems like it requires a lot of backend coding to get it to work. Anyone have recommendations on something that is a good out of the box solution with pricing that makes sense for a small business?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-674401", "score": 0.603315532207489, "text": "I've always had no trouble talking on the phone to friends or girls I may like, but I've encountered many women who seem to find phone conversations extremely awkward in the year 2013. I used to find these girls a bit strange and immature for wanting to text me all the time, but never wanting to engage in an actual phone conversation... But I'm beginning to question whether I'm just strange. I'm in my mid-20's, and I have no problem texting. I just like actual talking from time to time as well. Am I crazy, or has actual phone flirtation/courting with the opposite sex become somewhat obsolete?\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEDIT: This question was actually inspired by an ex I've begun talking to again. We're a bit long distance, so we've only recently reconciled via text. We've been texting each other often, but if I reccomend we actually talk on the phone, she thinks it would be too hard for her. However, she can text me about her day or her feelings without any struggle. I feel like there's a bit of a lack of sincerity either of us can express if we can only communicate with our keypads (which is likely intentional on her part), so it's brought up a great level of frustration for me. I'm a fairly well-spoken guy, but I've found myself having to scratch my head and re-write messages over and over before sending them, just to make sure nothing I write can be misinterpreted. My friends and I have actually come up with a term for when people (particularly exes) do this nowadays, known as \"text-locking.\" In essence, what text-locking does is limit a conversation from becoming too sincere or emotional by only speaking via text. But it still allows for surfacey \"how-are-you... don't-forget-i-exist\" banter.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1747350", "score": 0.6033037304878235, "text": "I noticed this today. I don't know if its an issue with wp8 or lumia 928.\n\nIssue: txting \"|\" (pipe) to another smartphone (tested with iPhone and Android) will actually send \",!\". interestingly if you do a group text and include multiple recipients the \"|\" actually gets sent properly.\n\nAny ideas?\n\nI hope some of you guys try to figure this out or at least cause enough attention by up voting so we can get this resolved.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1697147", "score": 0.6032467484474182, "text": "Was thinking \"askreddit\" and \"technology-reddit\", but none of those places seem right.\n\nLooking for advice on ways to cope with text messaging limitations among other issues.\n\nTIA.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-405677", "score": 0.6032108664512634, "text": "This was one of the features that I have been waiting on for a while, but I gotta say, I am really disappointed with the implementation. In it’s current state, I can’t really understand how or why it would be useful. Currently it allows me to change the music while I am driving...which is not really useful at all.\n\nWhat I would LOVE to see is a passenger app, something that I can install on my daughters phone that ONLY gives her control over 3 things in my MX. The music, the rear climate, and the seat heaters. \n\nWhat would be really cool is if they had something built into the touch panel that allowed you to just enter in someone’s phone number, and the car will send them a text, inviting them to download the app and use the 3 controls I mentioned above. That way whenever anyone gets in the back seat, you can give them DJ and climate control. Don’t know about Android, but with iOS they could just make a messages app that allowed the passenger to receive the invite text, and control everything from right in the message. I dunno, just an idea. But in it’s current state I can’t really understand it’s usefulness.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-433322", "score": 0.6031481027603149, "text": "Hey guys. \n\nJourney from iPhone to Android has been a tumultuous one. First, my Pixel was stuck at the \"network activation\" screen. Took it to Verizon, and they were able to get my 3G connection working. I ran out thinking everything was fine but I am still currently unable to send and receive text messages. If I cycle my airplane mode, texts sometimes come through. I have disabled and removed my number from iMessage.\n\nAll help is appreciated!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1584844", "score": 0.6030496954917908, "text": "Not a single person in IT has seen a prompt that only a handful of staff are getting when they try to install the Teams app on their Android phone.\n\nHelpDesk/Network both say we don't even have/use intune...\n\nAnyone have any insight for me?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-47123", "score": 0.6030073761940002, "text": "Many, but not necessarily all landline phone provider still support pulse dialing, which rotary telephones use exclusively. A few years back I purchased a new telephone that lacked dtmf signals, and it still worked without issues using pulse dialing.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-431639", "score": 0.6029805541038513, "text": "Ever since the last iOS update, my wife's phone (6S) can no longer send or receive texts but my iPhone X has no issues (Both under Mint Sim). I can't find the APN settings menu any longer to make sure the carrier setting are correct which used to be the fix. Any other suggestions besides buy her a new phone? :-)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1751949", "score": 0.6029786467552185, "text": "I work in a building where cell service is limited or nonexistent in many places. The administration is installing cell phone boosters (not sure if they are universal or network-specific).\n\nWill this expose my cell usage (texts, web data, etc.) to inspection, recording, tracking, or filtering by my bosses?\n\nFor what it's worth, I'm not doing anything illegal or unethical, but - for example - I'm a happily married guy for 20 years who likes to occasionally trade a flirty text or chat with my lady. (again, nothing graphic, just private). Or sometimes my firebrand brothers will send profane political texts at odd moments... \n\nAny one know how to figure this out?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-431866", "score": 0.6029711961746216, "text": "T-Mobile reception at my apartment is spotty at best so I'm always on WiFi Calling but sometimes I'm not able to send texts. It happens intermittently. At first, I thought it might be my internet but I've run into the same issue at my girlfriend's and friend's places. Anyone with similar issues?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-348157", "score": 0.6029382348060608, "text": "I strongly feel that texting is for short bursts of information, or quick decision making. When there are multiple variables or long explanations involved, it should be acceptable to call instead. I am not saying that a phone call is mandatory. All I am saying is that if you text me, if after 2 reply’s you send me a third query, then a phone call would have been shorter and likely more convenient.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2574836", "score": 0.602922260761261, "text": "You have to download an iMessage app to see which location will have them. Thought this would be an easy flip especially since it's limited.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-432187", "score": 0.6028721332550049, "text": "I have heard good things about Ting. I was wondering, does Ting support WiFi Calling and Visual Voicemail features on compatible modern iPhones ported from AT&T and Verizon? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-431272", "score": 0.6027803421020508, "text": "For some reason, some texts from my iPhone friends do not come through. I had an iPhone 7 before, I deregistered from iMessage and turned off Facetime. I was texting with my friend earlier today and he said he responded to my text even though I did not get a reply. He then sent me a screenshot of it. Why is this happening? :(", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2339118", "score": 0.6027601361274719, "text": "Let me start by saying thank you for your work, commitment, and honor in keep us all safe during fires. I grew up in Simi Valley, CA and witnessed seasonal fires. I moved to Santa Barbara and was evacuated during those fires as well.\n\nI am a software engineer working with Fire Depts, EMS, national guard, etc to create better solutions when it comes to fighting wild fires. The biggest issue they want my team to tackle is communication. I'm hoping some of you could give me some insight as to what technology you used, how they work, who talks to who, and what were the biggest issues with it? If you could change 3 things about the tech to better save lives, homes, and protect each other what would it be?\n\nThank you all again. Stay Safe.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-31905", "score": 0.6026843786239624, "text": "I will swear I can hear mine sometimes but no text is received. I have read about this before, and it has to do with anticipation. If you are expecting a text or text fairly often, you will get more phantom texts or calls.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2493195", "score": 0.6025994420051575, "text": "is there an option to bring up old text messages once they fade? kind of easy to miss them when they pop up.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-349366", "score": 0.6025535464286804, "text": "While in LA, I recieved a few random calls from the California area codes that I rejected. I'm now back home and in the past two hours, I've had to block about 150 text messages and 80 callers ranging from Missouri to New York. \n\n\nIs the random calling really what led to this situation and is there anything I can do to stop this?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-551", "score": 0.7313770651817322, "text": "She got captured and put in a cage by a male villain. Partly because ScarJo got pregnant during filming and they had to write her out of some action scenes, but when the only woman on the team is the one who gets kidnapped and needs a man to rescue her, it seems off. That, combined with the addition of a romantic subplot annoyed people who liked that for once, a female lead in a film didn't need a love story to be cool. Oh, and the line about being sterilized got interpreted by some fans to mean \"Because I can't have kids, I am a monster.\" Instead of as \"I can't have kids, because of the horrible things they did to me, which resulted in my being a monster.\" Which offended women who thought this meant Whedon was treating women as baby-factories who have no worth unless they are pumping out children. So this, combined with the internet amplifying people's anger and rage, lead to so many angry tweets." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1499986", "score": 0.6822253465652466, "text": "I've never really liked him, but it went worse after Civil War. You can't imagine how good it felt to see Tony yelling at him in Endgame. One of my favorite scenes in the movie.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1670141", "score": 0.6817669868469238, "text": "Endgame pays off many storylines from what I believe are poor entries in the MCU, including Iron Man 2, The Dark World, and Age of Ultron. This is my favorite.\n\nThe romance between Natasha and Bruce in Age of Ultron is (rightly) derided for being a kinda gross May-December connection without any precedent or chemistry. But it was done to achieve a kinda clever payoff. The most awkward scene in the movie, where Nat reveals she has been sterilized and describes herself as a \"monster\" to Bruce in the farm house, doesn't adequately convey what it's trying to: that Nat seduced men so she could murder them, she was sterilized for that purpose, and that's why she's called Black Widow. At the end of the movie, Nat lives up to the name when she throws Bruce Banner off a cliff, in a sense killing the man she loves to achieve her own goal. The hardest choices require the strongest wills.\n\nAfter seeing Infinity War, it never occurred to me that what Thanos does at Vormir is identical to what Nat did in Age of Ultron: throwing a loved one off a cliff in a crass trade-off. But it's made clear when Nat travels to Vormir with Clint and makes the opposite choice, throwing *herself* off the cliff to *save* her loved one.\n\nI love that the two major deaths in Endgame have opposite scales. Tony dies to save everyone in the entire Universe. Nat dies to save one person at their lowest point. But I also love that the deaths represent major character development. Infinity War is about the limitations of heroism as personal sacrifice. Endgame is about the possibilities of heroism as personal growth and discovery. For those themes to work, the deaths in Endgame have to represent not just sacrifice but personal growth. Tony and Nat become martyrs not because they're broken and ready to end it all, like Thor wanting to snap or Clint at Vormir, still at the point where they \"failed at being who they are supposed to be.\" The movie allows them to become martyrs because they have \"become who they are.\" For Nat, she was \"supposed to be\" the one who could make the hardest choices like throwing Bruce off a cliff, but she becomes the hero who sees the good in Clint, and refuses to live up to the name Black Widow anymore.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1398355", "score": 0.6785346865653992, "text": "No. 1 is *The Winter Soldier*. Anyway...\n\n1. Drax's propensity to take everything literally isn't consistent, and it's confusing. There are certain times he takes things literally and it makes sense, such as when Star-Lord's explaining to him that he can kill Thanos. Other times, however, he doesn't take things literally, and it ruins a bit of the immersion, such as when Star-Lord tells the Guardians that they can \"give a shit,\" and Drax just sort of nods knowingly, rather than question why they'd want to hand out feces. That's just one example; there are others.\n\n2. The \"dance-off\" distraction ruined the moment. It was ridiculous and so far out of left field (it was practically on the other side of the outfield wall) that I can't believe it made the final cut of the movie. I understand the movie was supposed to be a little bit more lighthearted and whatnot, and that's fine, but it made no sense. The fact that Ronan *was* distracted by it was even worse.\n\n3. The fact that these alien species know words like \"A-hole\" and that \"dick\" can be used as an insult made zero sense to me. The fact that Star-Lord would've remembered those decidedly-Terran phrases and whatnot so many years later makes me think he grew up around people who didn't watch their mouths around him. If they *did*, and kept it clean around him (as most people with children do), he wouldn't have picked up those words or phrases at all. I get that the Nova Corps and Ravagers, at least, knows about Earth, but they were all wildly out of place and it didn't make any sense to hear them.\n\n4. I *loved* Michael Rooker's performance as Yondu and thought it was one of the strongest performances in the movie. That said, I also hated it because why are the Ravagers portrayed as stereotypically-Southern Americans (as in the United States, not South America)? It just seemed odd to me. I understand they're outlaws and whatever, and might not have the best education, but for crying out loud, they're *in space*. There *isn't any* Southern United States in space!\n\n5. Gamora should've been way more bad ass than she was. Did she even win a single one of her fights in the movie? I don't even count her fight with Nebula because Nebula fled.\n\nI think those are my only real gripes. They don't really affect the overall story or message of the movie in any real way (aside from Gamora, and there should've been a different \"distraction\"). What about you, r/marvelstudios? Is there anything you'd change about *Guardians*?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1763938", "score": 0.6777741312980652, "text": "Recent Chris Pratt got a lot of hate for what Starlord did in Infinity Wars. Earlier in the cheat the Asian chick got a lot of shit for what she did as Rose in The Last Jedi. Well I don't trip to they didn't deserve it. We praise actors who make us love them. We want more of them and sometimes we watch shitty movies just because of them. With some actors we solely associate them with a character. That's because they did their job as an actor and they did it amazingly! Well what about when they do their job just as perfect but the script they CHOSE (I emphasize that because they read it and saw how stupid it was but the fame, glory, money or whatever made them said do it) was bad or stupid gets them hate they should accept it and live with it.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-390625", "score": 0.6771195530891418, "text": "Why do I always see people on facebook and other social media hating on it. I see people here praising it, and rightfully so. It is different, and puts a twist on Marvel's most beloved hero. Are those people on other social media platforms just not actual comic book readers?\n\nEDIT: I'm not saying you can't dislike it. I was just confused that the overwhelming majority of people on here loved it and on places like facebook they hated it .", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2266210", "score": 0.6766542792320251, "text": "I just don't see how she could offer anything to the plot other than just being a part of the team. They are literally fighting a cosmic giant with freaking infinity stones. Not sure how an above average human with a few guns can help. I like Black Widow in her other films, maybe they can incorporate something from the comics? I don't read them, so is there some extraordinary aspect to her that they can introduce? (Scarlett Johanssen is super hot so I wouldn't mind her in the movie anyway.)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1397754", "score": 0.6765697598457336, "text": "Includes Endgame spoilers too. You have been warned. \n\nAlmost every discussion I've seen on this sub recently has been negative comments about the episode and how the \"plot armour\" protected the characters, and that the writers put no effort in. I think everyone's forgetting that as much as the writers and producers want to make a good show, they're also in the job to make money. Most of entertainment nowadays is to make money, and they can't exactly plan everything out to be coherent with each individual character because of how big this project is. They can't please everyone. \n\nLook at Endgame. Upon watching the film I noticed many inconsistencies in how much each character contributed to the movie in comparison to how much character development they had. For example, Dr Strange had an entire movie to himself and although he contributed a lot to endgame (the rest of the characters arriving for the main fight), the man himself barely got any screen time. Meanwhile, Scarlett only had brief appearances in other marvel movies yet had just as much screentime as Dr Strange, if not more. In light of this, marvel still made a DECENT movie. Of course it wasn't perfect. They can't take their time to please everyone because they're in the business for money. \n\n\nMarvel still did a good job, and so did HBO (and all their producers), and I think their efforts should be appreciated, even if the plot wasn't as bulletproof as you all hoped. \n\nSorry for the long post, and how badly it was written (my first text post on reddit), but I hope I got my point across.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1670580", "score": 0.6764011383056641, "text": "I know some people like Ghost/Ava and the fact that she was a somewhat sympathetic antagonist. More power to you if that's the case. Personally, I thought she was a bland, forgettable villain. And here's the thing: she really, really shouldn't have been. \n\nAs many of you know, in the comics (*turns into Comic Book Guy from the Simpsons*), Ghost is a very different character: he's a hacker and master thief, driven by his anti-corporate agenda. He's also quite creepy like a, well, Ghost, and just generally a very unique character with a distinctive shtick. Now, there's no reason why Ava/Ghost couldn't have been like that in Ant-Man and the Wasp, in personality if not motivation. There's this very brief moment when Scott Lang wakes up tied up and Ghost greets him like \"Hi, Scott\" that I thought they were going to write her sorta like the creepy, slightly unhinged Ghost from the comics, but the moment passes and the rest of the movie she's just...angry. That's it, that's her only personality. \n\nAnd it really bothers me for several reasons. For one, the Ghost from the comics is infinitely more interesting than just \"Angry Girl\" (sorry, Valkyrie). For another, it's yet another example of a female character being written on the narrowest terms possible, just as a cold badass like Hope, only evil. And it seems to me that the movie writers basically turned Ghost into a woman and called it a day, as if \"female\" was a personality type. But no, it's really not enough to just gender bend a character and pretend your job's done (or worse, pat yourself on the back for being progressive). You have to put in the work and give that character a memorable personality and motivation, whether it's the one from the source material or even a new one. \n\nTaskmaster is another villain who has a very particular personality and character and he's been developed or at least used enough in recent years that comic readers have a pretty good idea of what he's like. So if Taskmaster really turns out to be a woman like half of this sub thinks, then I just hope that they don't make the same mistake they did with Ghost and actually give her a personality (preferably one in line with the guy from the comics) and not just stop at \"badass, silent female character.\"\n\n(Btw, whitewashing aside, I think Tilda Swinton's Ancient One is an example of gender bending done right.)\n\nTL;DR: If Taskmaster turns out to be a woman, hopefully they'll write a character more compelling than Ghost.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-444958", "score": 0.6759216785430908, "text": "A: AOU -\n\nEven though its illogically overstuffed plot distracts from the main narrative to kick up speed (like Nat and Banner or the Infinity Stones), which can still be interesting at least, the action slightly dull, and a misleading tone that promised a different kind of Marvel film, Joss Whedon’s Avengers: Age of Ultron reassembles the spectacular original six, and a few more talents and supers, to put on one of Marvel’s most epic epics, fixed with perfect CGI, nicely hued color tones, well executed choreography, some decent world building, and a pleasant score that rightly teases the theme, though it’s reminiscent of The Dark World (not your fault, Brian Tyler); it’s a damn shame that the studio we all know and love (you’re safe, Feige) put so much pressure on Whedon to rush the content of the film.\n\nA-M -\n\nThe only problems include its short running time and the plot can be scattershot and average, sometimes; other than that, Peyton Reed’s (even though some of you prefer to credit the other guy) Ant-Man is one of Marvel’s most comedically entertaining products as it perfectly casts the national treasure that is Paul Rudd as the lovable criminal, Scott Lang, and plays off of his humorous interactions with the cast; his chemistry with the strong Evangeline Lily is established but leaves more to be explored in the sequel; Michael Douglas is nothing short of amazing as we all figure out how Marvel casted him; Corey Stoll as Darren Cross is wasted, like every other previous villain, but he will be remembered for his, for a lack of a better word, “cool” insanity; Michael Peña (despite his you-know-whatness) just steals every scene he’s in as the instantly iconic Luis, and Kurt and that T.I. Guy are not so bad; Abby Ryder Forston’s chemistry with Rudd, as Cassie, is just one of the most endearing things and/or father-daughter relationships ever, and the other characters, like Cannavale as Paxton or (the typecast) Judy Greer as Maggie, do absolutely well in their portrayals.\n\nWith equal parts mind-blowing science fiction and visual effects, the well-executed heist motif, and a memorable Ant-Man theme by Christophe Beck, Ant-Man is not a Marvel Studios flop... but let’s be honest, is there such a thing as a Marvel Studios flop?\n\nTomorrow, the final phase of the Infinity Saga starts with the Star Spangled Man With A Plan versus the Man In A Can and the introduction of what nobody thought would happen in the scientific MCU:\n\nMagic.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-901427", "score": 0.6729726791381836, "text": "Everyone is talking about how unfair Cyclops treatment in-universe post Death of X is, with people hating him for no good reason, and I absolutely agree.\n\nBut let me point something from a Inhumans' fan perspective: Marvel is absolutely ruining them! Black Bolt is one of my favorite characters, and I hate to see him portrayed as a straight up murderer (even though he didn't kill Cyclops, he would have). I like the Inhumans, but now they look like a bunch of jerks. This is not the push I wanted for them, and I'm pretty sure I'm not the only Inhumans' fan that feels that way.\n\nAnd the same goes for Carol Danvers, I think a good number of her fans must be pretty outraged to see that she is basically the villain in Civil War II.\n\nThese characters have movies (Captain Marvel) and TV series (Inhumans) coming, and when a new fan decides to read their comics, they will not like what they will find, and that makes me really sad.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1402411", "score": 0.6719680428504944, "text": "I didn't realise there was such a strong feminist debate happening around this. Haven't seen Age of Ultron yet so was wondering what the debate was about.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1122834", "score": 0.6715378165245056, "text": "Why didn't she get a funeral? I understand that there was so much going on at the time of her death, and yes they other Avengers did grieve. But my thing is I feel like she should've gotten some kind of send off", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1670163", "score": 0.671322762966156, "text": "Just watched Avengers again, in first viewing I felt that it was an even split between Hulk and Iron Man. In reflection I think I based this on Tony Starks exposure (Iron Man 1 and 2) and the rework of movie Hulk. Thor had left a bad taste in my mouth from his movie and Captain America powers of assertive leadership and parkour provided a space for him on the team but never the most powerful. Black Widow is ok and Hawkeye just annoyed me.\n\nAfter second viewing I think Thor takes the top spot. Lightning (shreds some of the giants armored eel things), flight (which slips under the radar in the film (just kinda drops out of the sky to face Loki), strength to fight Hulk, and the hammer (which remains a mystery to me).\n\nAm I wrong? Is Black Widow's pistol skills too good to overlook, does Hawkeye's computer hacking skills take him to the top, is caps cannonball behind the shield move unstoppable, or is Tony Stark the Batman of the Marvel Universe who has a contingency plan on how to kill each of them?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2266204", "score": 0.670312225818634, "text": "Something has been bugging me so I did a bit of research on the subject, and turns out my history senses were tingling. \n\nBlack Widow's birthdate is listed by Armin Zola as being mid 80s, but see speaks in the movie of having served the KGB, and having quit there to come serve SHIELD. \n\nThis was supposidly done late in her career after Hawkeye and she interacted. \n\nThat BDay couldn't be right then, because well, the KGB collapsed with the Soviet Union in 94... she would have been 8, I understand she started early, but that stretchs credulity to breaking. I think it is far more likely that she is, as in the comic universe, FAR older then she looks, and is from a similar program as Bucky having been Cryoed and possibly chemically/genetically extended over the years. \n\nThis means she would be nearly as old as Cap. \n\nWhat say you /r/marvel?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1397508", "score": 0.6699931025505066, "text": "I just have 5 problems with the film-\n\n•The whole captain America going to the past timeline and leading a love life with peggy thing. Its confusing and contradictory to several things. There's the Theory that after returning the stones he lead a good love life with her and then just as the time came where the cap' of that timeline is about to thaw out of the ice he returns to the timeline we are seeing for most of the film which is fine and all but then in the film cap' is just sitting there naturally and he says i have been waiting to sam, the whole look and feel tells as if cap' had lived out the timeline till that point which is contradicting the former idea.\n\n•When the nebula we know, or the good nebula if you will, kills the nebula of the past/previous timeline i was literally waiting for nebula to idk, disappear or something, playing to the usual time travelling trope, but yeah this film tries explaining that all that doesn't work like that here and all but still.. (this is not much of a problem and is fine)\n\n•How the heck can thor just make Valkyrie the queen of asgard(or asgardians/new asgard) , thor is a god while Valkyrie is just a Asgardian warrior albeit immortal. Now i know thor here is just a fictional character and marvel is using their creativity here, but still seeing that he and the rest of the Asgardians are based on norse mythology, they can show some kind of respect.\n\n•I'm not sure bout this but has Valkyrie's name ever been mentioned, or is that it, thats her name, cos that's bit stupid seeing that Valkyrie were a group not a individual. (This is a minor problem)\n\n•That female avengers assemble problem that everyone's talking about. It feels a bit forced? Idk maybe I felt so because of all the SJW trope thats circling around Disney but still they could have done it better giving a reason for an all male/female group to gang up for a scene plot wise instead of just doing it for the sake of it, or empowerment, whatever.\n\nNow i know all of these points i said is arguable in a point of view, but that's just my opinion. I would like to see your thoughts on this.\n\n*(And yea lol the inaccuracy about norse myth. Is not specifically a problem of this film, but from the beginning of when thor the marvel character was made, so thats that)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1396976", "score": 0.6685347557067871, "text": "I've just finished my 5th watch of BvS after finally seeing Wonder Woman yesterday, and can't fathom why there is all this disdain for the film (BvS). I remember watching it in theatres and the fast paced scenes were quite jarring at the time and I did feel a little disappointed once the film had ended... But watching the extended edition and now even the theatrical addition again, it's a really good film in my opinion, well, as far as comic book films go.\n\nI enjoyed Wonder Woman, which apparently a lot of people did too, but I'm not sure why they did if they didn't enjoy MoS or BvS as the themes, the tone, and the general feel of the film resemble that were consistent with the previous dceu films (leaving Suicide Squad out of this one). Maybe WW was the most Marvel-like dceu film so far which is why it's been well received but I just don't see how people can think WW is a much better film than we have so far seen from DC since the DK trilogy.\n\nPersonally, MoS is my favourite Super Hero movie to date, for reasons I won't go into here, and every time I watch BvS, it gets a little bit better.\n\nSo can you either agree with me, or tell me why the DCEU sucks in comparison to the generic Marvel quipflicks we get 3 times a year? (I do enjoy Marvel films and think they do what they do very well, but they just don't have the same emotional pull on my like MoS and BvS have).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-442814", "score": 0.6676013469696045, "text": "Russo’s Peaked with winter soldier and Civil War\n\nWinter soldier and Civil War are tightly written character focused plots that I like a lot more than Endgame and IW mostly when it comes to civil war the fights are smaller and more personal and inventive. Whereas the third act fights in Infinity war and Endgame are boring and plain and uninventive. The plots as I said are tightly written and character focused everything works and builds and achieves everything it sets out to do really really well. Winter soldier had to piggyback off of Avengers and The first Avenger while building and answering questions previously left by those films and expand on them. Civil war had to take AOU, TWS and continue that but has honestly written the best screenplay in terms interwoven plots and balancing them while keeping it small and characters focused further developing Steve and Tony and introduces new characters and sets them up and positions Wanda and Vision for a potential romance while paying stuff off previously this movie is amazing and it’s screenplay is top notch stuff. I don’t have any issues with these films that are as problematic as Endgame or IW. the biggest issue is that bucky isn’t as well developed as he should be even though it’s not really about him but they make up for it in civil war and airport fight is tonally uneven. \n\nAvengers IW bores me to death hoping from location to location from character to character giving out exposition than having another big boring action scene like an army fight in the third is sooo tiring. Best stuff is Thanos, Thor and the fight on titan which is legitimately innovative and creative something I can’t say for the rest of the action scenes in this movie. \n\nInfinity war gets lessened by having to solve the snap by having a nonsensical time travel plot in Endgame. If creating alternate timelines are bad it literally doesn’t matter because they inadvertently created alternate timelines anyways with 2014 Gamora in our timeline and 2014 thanos dead thus the GOTG never formed in that timeline. An alternate 2012. None of the time travel has any consequences. It’s really lazy and using Time travel to bring back dead characters is also lazy Gamora should’ve stayed dead. Captain America’s arc in Winter soldier and AOU are about accepting the world as it is and finally finding a home in the present and moving on. Only to figure out he didn’t belong anywhere in the army or in the Avengers and he found faith in people. Only to back track and go right back with Peggy in the past a woman he was totally over as seen in winter soldier and civil war building up Sharon and making out with Sharon. Only to drop her for Peggy. When Peggy encourages Steve to find love and live his life 🤷‍♂️\nHulk was trash In this movie as well. Another cluster fuck of a big army fighting the Avengers for the 4th time! the only great stuff is Thor and Tony’s arcs. I think that’s the problem with Russo’s movies sure they got bigger and bigger but just because something is bigger doesn’t mean that’s automatically better or the pay offs work.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2767357", "score": 0.6673736572265625, "text": "**Note**: This only goes over mainstream events, not elseworlds like Injustice\n\n**Reason 1: It SHOULD ruin all future interactions between said heroes**\n\nOk. In Civil War(2006) Reed Richards and Tony Stark stole Thors DNA and used it to clone him and use said clone to fight other avengers and even kill the Avenger Bill Foster. This obviously led to a LOT of different shit happening. Thor was obviously pissed off, he showed up and beat Tony like he was his stepson and then made him walk home. Sue straight up left Reed and Hank Pym was disgusted when he returned to Earth and learned his best friend had been killed by a clone made by the \"smartest people in the world\".\n\nPart that pisses me off about this? After a couple years, **Thor is back on a team with Tony**. Like what the hell, why would you go back to working with someone who made a clone of you who tried to murder your friends? Sure Thor still gets pissy when Ragnarok is mentioned and they have never been as close since then, but it still seems weird as hell that someone who values honor as much as Thor would work with someone who betrayed him in such a major way. And of course Sue went back to Reed eventually and the status quo was returned to. \n\n**Point 2: They completely revolve around heroes acting out of character**\n\nUgh. Ok. Think about this. Tony Stark, the privatized, paranoid billionaire who straight up **quit** making weapons because he was scared of those in power using his inventions for evil, becomes a goverment dog. Thats fucking stupid. Civil War was damaging to Tonys character for years, turning him into a power hungry dick hated by most of the superhero community. Civil War 2 did Tony even worse. Its a garbage event that revolves around Tony trying to explain that some wonky Inhuman kid with \"time prediction powers\" isn't a good enough reason to completely change the way law is enforced, he believes in this more sternly after Carol fucking Danvers got his best friend, James Rhodes killed. This event ended with Carol punchig Tony out of his suit on live television, nearly killing him and putting him into a vegitative state. Yet she's still loved by the entire world in canon, so whatever.\n\nBut what pisses me off the most about these kinds of events is how willing the characters are to fight eachother. Like these aren't randos on the street or fucking teenagers, they're fucking super heroes. And you're telling me something like a new law being passed is enough to make these normally rational people who spend their lives protecting the innocent to fight eachother?\n\nOnce again, I'm more accepting of books like Injustice with this because Injustice had some build up to it, but both Civil War and Civil War 2 turn into brawls ridiculously fast. Most of the people who're fighting have worked with eachother, been on teams together and I'm sure many of them even consider one another friends. Yet you want me to believe these normally reasonable people who respect one another all jump onto a \"his side or my side\" bandwagon and start attacking eachother? If these people acted in character, in both events the majority of heroes would've gathered together and told Cap(Carol or Steve) and Tony that they're being unreasonable and help them think of a solution. All of these characters turn to fighting way too quickly in these events.\n\n***\n\nTLDR: Civil War and Civil War 2 both belong in the garbage. Read Kingdom Come.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2263925", "score": 0.6672982573509216, "text": "EDIT: The reason I ask is because of this scene where he tosses Black Widow around like a rag doll. Her hits were ineffective, like they were against Bucky.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-443751", "score": 0.6666855812072754, "text": "It wasnt exactly ground breaking like Iron Man perhaps, but I do think it lived up to expectations and was a great addition to the MCU. It also stopped from becoming TOO political. The ‘women in power’ message didnt interfere with the movie’s enjoyability, and all-in-all I dont think there are any outright bad parts. (Except for the obvious plot twist and villain. They were sub par)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-552", "score": 0.6996284127235413, "text": "The available resource right in mainland and doesnt have to import, Russia with its vast land is very resource rich, so it's more cost-effective to self supplying some of the industries, making the product costs lower comparing to other countries. Furthermore, the cost living in Russia is lower than other western countries, although their social welfare isnt as good, but still acceptable in their own standard. And finally, being a somewhat \"dictator ship\", they can easily cut the money at some departments and transfer it to their higher priority one. It's the same with NKorea, where 60% people in starving thread, and still can launch rocket, although quality is questionable. Russia is way more bigger than NK, and has more experience in dealing with trouble from WW2. In motherland everything can happen." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-594386", "score": 0.6644382476806641, "text": "At the 2017 budget Russia will propose the following initiatives;\n\n**Clean Energy**\n\nRussia understands the need to preserve our planet along with providing energy to everyone. Russia will propose that every BRICS nation begins working on clean energy assisted by the other nations. This will include mass solar farms and large nuclear reactors. The Russian company Rosatom has agreed to build a state run nuclear reactor in any nation in BRICS or one of its member states close allies.\n\nRussia is currently working on its own solar energy and recommends to each of the BRICS member states to do the same.\n\n**Joint Military Projects**\n\nRussia and India have already shown the value of a joint military development project, including our fifth-generation fighter the PAK FA T-50. Russia also sponsors selling your hardware to other BRICS states. Much like we did with China and India. This saves you the cost of scrapping equipment and allows you to bolster your ally.\n\n**Solving the South African Rape Problem**\n\nIn South Africa women are incredibly likely to be raped, and Russia does not believe that should be a serious problem in a G20 or BRICS nation. Approximately 1/3 of all women in South Africa have been reported being raped. Russia proposes and extensive ant-rape campaign throughout South Africa funded by BRICS along with certain elements of BRICS military's to be deployed withing South Africa to enforce new rape laws with a stricter approach. This would all be with the approval of South Africa and the BRICS military's would not be allowed to bring anything but small arms into the nation.\n\nRussia also wishes to know what other BRICS nations will propose in this year Johannesburg BRICS summit.\n\n[M]Sorry for the title.Post changed as I was making it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2609322", "score": 0.6614082455635071, "text": "There seem to be two discordant, yet common, beliefs at play when it comes to Russia.\n\nFirst is the idea that Russia is a declining power whose aggression towards its neighbors is borne of weakness, not strength. It is a defensive power with great strategic depth, but is riddled with weak demographics, a moribund economy, crippling and systemic corruption, an outdated military, and woeful social indicators from alcoholism to suicide to life expectancy. Its GDP is now 8% of the U.S. and 12% of China's (by far the biggest gap in more than a century). It is falling rapidly in the economic totem pole and peak oil will be its deathknell. See here for a variant strain of this analysis: \n\nSecond is the idea that Russia is a rising power whose tactical acumen on the world stage places it firmly in the space of the great powers. It is one of the Top 4 \"pillars\" of the geopolitical structure - along with China, the European Union and the United States, and their ties to the Middle East, Central Asia and Latin America give them a major strategic advantage. Their frozen conflict inroads into Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, and their big stick diplomacy against Belarus, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, etc. are proof of Russia's growing might. They can outmaneuver both the EU and USA with ease and have manager the enviable feat of subverting Western democracy and institutions at pennies on the dollar. See here for a variant strain of this analysis: \n\nSo which is closer to the truth. Is Russia declining or ascendant?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-506185", "score": 0.6605724692344666, "text": "Russia will begin its **Rearmament Program**, to supplement its military with the equipment that it needs.\n\nOver the course of the next six years, we will begin to fill our Armed Forces with the Rifles, Tanks and Aircraft that it needs. \n\nThe time of a weak military ends today.\n\n\n##**Yearly Quotas**\n\nWe will produce the following every year for 8 years.\n\n| Name | Role | Amount | Price (PPU/Total) |\n|---------------|------------------------------------------|--------|-------------------------|\n| AK-12 | Assault Rifle | 25,000 | 1,200/30 million |\n| Armata T-14 | Main Battle Tank | 180 | 5.5 million/999 million |\n| Kurganets-25 | Infantry Fighting Vehicle | 120 | 3.5 million/420 million |\n| 2S35 | Self-Propelled Artillery | 60 | 3.9 million/234 million |\n| ZSU-23-4 | Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun (SPAAG) | 20 | 4.1 million/82 million |\n| Sukhoi Su-57 | 5th-Gen Stealth Fighter | 25 | 63 million/1.57 billion |\n| Mi-28 \"Havoc\" | Attack Helicopter | 30 | 15 million/450 million |", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-100752", "score": 0.6581088304519653, "text": "We are currently the wealthiest nation in the world and we only spend around 3% of our GDP on the military. The UK in comparison spends 2.1% of their GDP and Russia spends 3.7% of their GDP.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-201129", "score": 0.6580095887184143, "text": "I can't answer the question directly, though I can point you to the sub's reading list. Most specifically, the one on Russia. [Link](_URL_5_) Apologies to the mods if this violates.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-128602", "score": 0.6579089164733887, "text": "Basically, the economy has grown very slowly since the early 90's and its population is very old, leading to high public spending on social programs for the elderly (with, at the same time, declining tax receipts). China hasn't felt the crimp on government budgets from its population aging yet. Russia has an export oriented economy where the state controlled oil industry brings in lots of revenue for the government. Germany has grown massively since reunification and doesn't have quite as extreme of a demographic problem as Japan.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2675313", "score": 0.6578793525695801, "text": "More and more of our energy need is covered by other sources then oil now, and the numbers are growing. Cars use less and less oil and there are already the first useable electro cars, and their number is going to grow over the next years.\n\nAnd from what I know of Russia, is that their economy largely depends on their trade with oil. And with what Russia is currently doing in Ukraine, European countries are going to push other energy sources then oil probably further to reduce their dependens on oil.\n\nHas Russia currently any preparations or plans for falling oil prices in the future? (With future I mean in 10 or 20 years, when electro cars and green energy will be far wider spread than it's currently)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1924761", "score": 0.6578785181045532, "text": "March 10th, 2029\n\nThanks to the promising results of the research and deployment of indoor farms, Russia will be using China's massive belt and road grant to continue to revolutionize farming in Russia. China gave Russia an amount of $25.7 Billion as part of greater integration into the belt and road initiative, that was to be distributed over the course of the next 15 years for agribusiness and liquid natural gas projects. This means $1,713,333,333.33 per year. We will be utilizing the bulk of this to massively expand vertical farming in Russia with $1,500,000,000 being invested in the vertical farming program each year until the end of the grant. This means massive expansion programs which will launch in Vladivostok, Moscow and St. Petersburg and then spread all across the country. Russia will be using all of this and some of its own funds to create a massively ambitious attempt at grabbing market share, with a total of $5 billion being invested into vertical indoor farms in the year 2029.\n\nThe Russian Ministry of Agriculture has outlined that the standard size for these facilities will be 25,000 square feet, and utilize approximately 17,500 LED lights spread over 18 cultivation racks reaching 15 levels high, with LEDs emitting light at the wavelengths for optimal growth. The LEDs will be adjustable to emit light at wavelengths optimal for each plant's growth, allowing facility operators to to control the night-and-day cycle to accelerate and optimize production.\n\nDue to the size of the facilities, and one time infrastructure costs, these facilities will run a price of approximately $10 million, as the facility will be the size of a large warehouse and require extensive electrical and sensory / control systems to function. Each facility will have approximately 75 employees.\n\nThe facilities will belong to the Russian State Owned Enterprise “RUfarms” that receives a $100 million dollar subsidy every year to reduce the price of its products and flood the markets with cheap fruit and produce to eat up market shares. More facilities will be announced next year.\n\nThe government will be using $5 billion exclusively on strawberry vertical farms, in a bid to massively increase its strawberry production and share in the world markets. At a rate of $10 million per farm, this means the government will be constructing 50 vertical strawberry farms , which will produce 5,000 strawberries a day each. This will mean a production of 912,500,000 strawberries a year within the Russian Federation from these farms alone, which will be more than enough to supply the Russian Federation with strawberries and export large amounts at low prices. Additionally, these facilities are estimated to produce 38,000 jibs this year alone.\n\nThe production data is as follows:\n\nLettuce:\n\nSimilar sized facilities are able to ship out 10,000 heads of lettuce a day and that will be the target goal for the lettuce farms.\n\nStrawberries:\n\nGrowing strawberries will be slightly different to the rest of the operations. The shift to to vertical hydroponics requires a one-time infrastructure expense of about $33,000. This paid largely for drip irrigation equipment and 2,500 Vertical Growth towers, each of which accommodates 15 pots, one at each of the fifteen levels on the tower. Once fully operational, the facilities will produce thousands of strawberries per day.\n\nRaddishes:\n\nThe raddish set up will be similar to lettuce and  once fully operational about 5,000 raddishes per day.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-203661", "score": 0.6571109890937805, "text": "There was a period of hyperinflation in Russia that rendered all saving worthless, leading to a redenomination in 1998. You can see the inflation rate [here](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-100468", "score": 0.6571089625358582, "text": "Russia competes with other countries for economic power and for military dominance of nearby areas. For the past 20 years or so they've been doing rather poorly. Weakening other countries' governments gives them a better chance.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-84629", "score": 0.6561249494552612, "text": "Because it's more expensive to put vehicles on trucks, but it keeps the roads in good condition: catarpillar tracks and off-road tires don't do nice things to asphalt. Russia doesn't have the money, and doesn't care about the roads.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-155302", "score": 0.6559402942657471, "text": "Money... or more precisely, lack of it. It is estimated that Russian investors (let alone foreign investors) have moved billions of dollars out of Russia as a result of the political turmoil created by the Ukraine situation. If you take huge amount of capital out of an economy, the effects will be felt throughout: banks might become insolvent, people and businesses won't be able to take loans, other businesses won't be able to sell their products, etc. It's a chain reaction that ends up affecting the entire economy. The last couple of weeks have been particularly hard on Russia also because of the oil price being very low lately. One of Russia's main revenue sources is energy exports. Well, if you cannot make profits on energy sales, that's not good... I believe that's one reason the Russian ruble took such a beating the other day... Edit: Just found this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-127675", "score": 0.6556442379951477, "text": "Russia was given 51 billion dollars to build infrastructure. They've apparently spent about 80 dollars putting up crappy hotels, and they've got entire hockey teams sleeping in 55sq' rooms with three beds in them. I wonder where the bulk of the money actually went....", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-221822", "score": 0.6555573344230652, "text": "Yes, we can. The USSR had been in long decline since Brezhnev had become its leader. Economic stagnation played a big part. Then, after the USSR split, leaving Russia with only half of the USSR's population, Boris Yeltsin liberalized the Russian economy very quickly, which caused a massive economic depression. Social services collapsed, birth rates plummeted, death rates rocketed. Besides that, Russia took on the debt of the USSR as well, which resulted in the Ruble Crisis of 1998. Besides that, there were the Chechen Wars in the Caucasus, the first of which Russia lost. Only after Putin became president, things started going better.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2740490", "score": 0.654248058795929, "text": "Hello,\n\nDue to tensions in South Africa and North America, Alkebulan has reason to believe that its position and the position of the West African Union is somewhat lacking. As a result of military observations, the West African Armed Forces have expressed interest in the procurement of Russian military assets. \n\nSurely you understand? Yes? Our economy and general development have improved to the extent that we’ll be able to boast the amount of units requested. Our military as a whole is undergoing a general modernization program to adjust to the realities of modern warfare. \n\nHere is what we’re interested in purchasing.\n\n100,000 6B48 Ratnik-ZK units.\n\n400 T-14 Armatas\n\n300 T-90s\n\n200 BMPT Terminators\n\n48 Sukhoi Su-57s\n\n5 regiments of S-400s\n\nRegardless of your answer, Alkebulan has shown extensive interest in substantially improving its relationship with the Russian Federation.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-23297", "score": 0.653014063835144, "text": "Because Russia is incredibly corrupt. Many of the people who were hired to build things deliberately stole some of the money, put too little resources into construction, and then lied and said that things were going well.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-752202", "score": 0.6515297293663025, "text": "Assuming you are Gorbachev after he became General Secretary in 1985. You don't have to follow the OTL reforms but you MUST have some kind of reform. Those reform must result in the survival of the Soviet Union to the modern day or at least make sure that the Communist Party is in control of Russia today. You don't have to save the Warsaw Pact(bonus points if you can do it) and you can make any other decisions as you see fit.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2555293", "score": 0.6514883041381836, "text": "Admiral Kuznetsov was modernized since 2017. In mid 2018 there were news that Kuznetsov would be ready in 2020-2021. The russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov has been damaged on 30 October 2018 when the renovation dock sunk causing a 4x5 meters hole in the main deck. I can't really find information in english speaking internet about the current state of renovation. suggests that the damage is being repaired with the use of a mobile platform. However a renovation dock is needed for the modernization itself and as far as I know there isn't any. Do you have any update on this? Thank you for any information and opinion about the hypothetical date.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-221547", "score": 0.6513742804527283, "text": "This is an enormous question that takes several books to answer properly. You should check out the [master book list](_URL_0_) and ctrl+f 'Russia'.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-141070", "score": 0.651161789894104, "text": "The majority of Russia's economy belongs directly to the government or has the Russian government as a major stock-holder. This means that if they wish to wage war, they have a massive ability to fund it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-553", "score": 0.6656016111373901, "text": "Somebody has to be the tallest. That area of the world happened to get mutation for height." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-125407", "score": 0.6322963833808899, "text": "I believe because 'dark' is the genetic default. During the ice age, people moved north and stuff had to lighten to allow for vitamin D absorption. I don't know where the red mutation came from...", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-53739", "score": 0.6322316527366638, "text": "The same reason spiders and fleas can seem super fast to us. When you enbigger (make big) a thing, it needs more energy to move. The energy required to open and close a mouth or move a leg at the same rate we can would be enormous. Just like dogs with short legs can (generally) move their feet faster than a Great Dane (and most mediocre Swedes). Also, that energy would be very taxing on the bones. You would need some Wolverine bones to handle the torque and leverage on the limbs if they moved at the same rate as humans. You can also look at it by moving your finger up and down while your hand stays still and compare it to moving your finger up and down by holding it out straight and moving your whole arm up and down. They are (or should be) able to move faster (miles per hour) But the frequency of individual actions (steps per minute) is lower because of energy requirements.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-309615", "score": 0.6321556568145752, "text": "This anatomical features is called the epicanthic fold. It's not actually exclusive to Asian populations; the Khoisan people of Southern Africa also have this feature. As to *why* this feature exists, there is no scientific consensus. Some have theorized that it's something to do with protecting against the the sun, or snow-blindess, or high winds, but all of these are problematic. Another possibility is just that it's a random mutation that became fixed in some populations a long time ago during a genetic bottleneck and then was carried through into larger future populations. Another possibility is that it was culturally considered a mark of beauty, and so spread through sexual selection.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-130630", "score": 0.6320967674255371, "text": "It doesn't matter that they are fat and heavy--those are disadvantages on land. In the water, having more fat is good because it keeps you warm and it also keeps you buoyant. Fat is less dense than water so it floats, and this makes it easier to swim. The length of leg doesn't matter as much, because they have wide limbs that allow them to pull themselves through the water, like oars. Wider oars are faster oars. Try using a stick instead of an oar, and you'll see the advantages of wider ones. And their shape is still fairly hydrodynamic, as compared to, say, people.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-104039", "score": 0.6320462822914124, "text": "They aren't really. Not at a macroscopic level. I suppose they are a little bit, usually one arm/side being bigger than the other, or a slight asymmetry in people's faces, but that's down to genetics and replication not being perfect, and there being minor flaws.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1916877", "score": 0.6320285201072693, "text": "In Skyrim it says the Nords conquered the Reach and took it from the native men. What race are they? Imperials? Older Nords?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-32300", "score": 0.6320245862007141, "text": "Lots of essays have been written about the topic, but a few basic things - Large natural wealth per capita. Norway/Sweden/Finland are large countries with small populations, and so the natural wealth of their land and surrounding waters significantly raises all per-capita metrics, especially with Norway striking oil. - Near-complete cultural and social unity, due to homogeneity. This precludes a lot of the social problems present in more diverse cultures when it comes to resource distribution. - Cultural preference towards thrift and savings, especially on a state level. The Norwegians in particular put all their oil money into a sovereign wealth fund for future generations, which is by now the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world. This stems from Lutheran principles, mostly. These circumstances are very difficult to replicate elsewhere in the world.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-162920", "score": 0.631975531578064, "text": "Most of these DNA tests work by looking for specific DNA markers called single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These are minor genetic mutations that are easy to tell apart from each other. Because for most of human history, people didn't travel much or have partners from far away, these mutations tend to accumulate in specific populations of people. When geneticists look at these mutations, they can say \"this one occurs with high frequency in those of Scandinavian descent but hardly anywhere else\" or \"This one occurs most frequently in certain populations in East Africa.\" Then they look and which mutations you have, and trace them back to their origins. It's not possibly to say whether someone is Swiss or Italian, because those borders and those states in general have only existed for a minor fraction of human history, but it's highly accurate at predicted what general area your ancestors came from.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-204438", "score": 0.6318729519844055, "text": "I'm not sure about britain to sweden, but when I was in iceland last year I visited the National Museum of Iceland and there was a whole section talking about the Genetics of icelanders and how many of the women who settled in iceland where of Celtic origin(63%), while the men where mostly from Nordic origins(80%), suggesting that they \"picked up\" most of the women from the british isles. more info:_URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-205441", "score": 0.6317409873008728, "text": "Okay, so first off, *víking* is a job, not an ethnicity. It would be like calling all Americans cowboys. Secondly, while *Eíriks saga rauði* and *Grœnlendinga saga* were written ca. 1220-1275, the issue is that Iceland and Icelanders were (and still are) an incredibly small populace. There was little enough contact with North America, and no colony like in Greenland, to make it an attractive point for settlement and, frankly, there wasn't the technology to bring sufficient resources back to Europe to make it profitable or reasonable to trade there.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-169279", "score": 0.6317203044891357, "text": "Cool question! I'm going to make a guess that it has something to do with humans and pre-humans using their hands to grab, pull and otherwise interact with their surroundings, only occasionally stubbing their toes. If my dogs nails grow too long sometimes she will scratch things just because (or that's what it looks like); she is trying to grind down her nails. In the wild this would be happening all the time when my miniature pinchers wolf ancestors roamed the woods - but she is a 3lbs pup living the good life with my grandpa. We are similarly pampered compared to our Neanderthal home boys, who would be chipping their nails while sharpening rocks (rarely would they do this task using only their feet - to the astonishment of their tribe). So there was a need for us to grow our fingernails faster than our toenails (and there still is for people who work a lot with their hands). Edit: there are no known examples of foot mastering Neanderthals.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-204490", "score": 0.6317107081413269, "text": "This is an excellent question. As a follow up, what were the relationship between the Normans and the Scandinavians at this time, considering their common ancestry?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-231655", "score": 0.6315104365348816, "text": "hi! other input is welcome; meanwhile, you may be interested in this similar post from a couple of week ago [Was a change in culture or climate the single biggest catalyst for the Viking expansion?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-74573", "score": 0.6313272714614868, "text": "If you have ever walked on bare sufaces long enough you would begin to form thicker skin on the souls. If you look at a lot of outdoors living people there feet are like god damn leather. Also rudimentary shoes have been found with early humans. We originated in hot areas, so frostbite wasn't too much of an issue.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-188506", "score": 0.6311809420585632, "text": "To pick an example: imagine you want someone tall. Should you pick someone from the US or Canada? Well the average height of men in the US is 5'10 and the average height of men in Canada is 5'9. So do you say \"get me a US American!\" Well maybe, if that's all you have to go on. But obviously men in the US don't range from 5'9 to 5'11 and men in Canada from 5'8 to 5'10. There are tons of people in the US who are way shorter and tons in Canada who are way smaller. So knowing if someone is from the US or Canada isn't that useful in picking someone tall. If you got a bunch of people from both countries together you'd have a lot of trouble telling them apart by height. In other words, the differences within those populations are greater than the difference between them.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-319637", "score": 0.6311768889427185, "text": "Current theory is that vitamin D (which depends at least in part on UV from the sun) was produced in lower quantities due to the northern latitudes receiving less sunlight. Consequently, skin lost melanin to allow more UV through. Populations with high fish diets that compensated for this, such as eskimos, retained darker skin color. I've also heard that wheat diets similarly lower vitamin D production, and \"Arabic-ish\" and European diets are heavily wheat focused, more so than, say, diets elsewhere. I don't have sources off the top of my head, however, so take that with a grain of salt.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-208732", "score": 0.6310741305351257, "text": "The Huns, originating in Asia, likely had an Asiatic appearance. European authors of the time like Jordanes, for example, talk about them as having small eyes. One of the more marked things about the Huns, though, was their practice of shaping the heads of their children to flatten the forehead and point the skull.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-235331", "score": 0.6310226917266846, "text": "Not to discourage further answers, but /u/anthropology_nerd's answer in the thread \"[One of the main reasons Europeans were so utterly victorious against Native Americans was the introduction of diseases, that decimated the population. Why did the Norsemen of Vinland not bring diseases that carried the same effect?](_URL_0_) answered a similar question fantastically well.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-148949", "score": 0.6310009956359863, "text": "Because while they belong to the same country, there are far more Ethnic groups within that area that came about in relative isolation to one another and evolved different traits. India might be one country for instance, but in reality is many MANY different sub-divisions of ethnicity. Plus this happens in more than just Asia. If you take a look at Europeans, Italians and Spanish as well as those groups on the Mediterranean coast tend to be much more tanned than their more norther Europeans like in Germany, Russia, France ect. Despite being within a few hundred Kilometers. Even such a small distance geographically can produce a vastly different climate, and thus different needs for skin tone. The hotter and more sunny a place is, the darker the people will tend to be.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-685699", "score": 0.6309852600097656, "text": "So my father was 6'1 in height. His father was about 5'9-5'10 and his mother was 5'2. My height at 18 right now is 5'10. My mom is 5'5. I had better exercise, healthier lifestyle. Only thing that might have been better was that he maybe ate a bit healthier food and slept a little more. But he started smoking and drinking at 16. So what is going on? Shouldn't i have grown to his height or taller than him? This is the same with my cousin. He's 5'10 like me but his dad who is my uncle is even taller at 6'2 and his mom is about 5'4. Shouldn't we be taller than our parents? Also i would like to mention my father and his brother were the tallest people in their family ever.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-554", "score": 0.7424710988998413, "text": "Problem Is there are multiple cell phone companies, so if each had their own book it would be incomplete and inconvenient to have to look through 5 books to find a person. Land lines used to be one company in an area generally. It was a weird deal because they were a company, but a utility and basically a monopoly. Even after it was deregulated it still stayed much the same. And even if someone does somehow arrange to get one combined cell list, it's still going to be very incomplete because people could choose to be unlisted and a large percentage would. I know I would." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-112473", "score": 0.7017680406570435, "text": "There are still people & businesses with land-lines that will avoid making long-distance phone calls. Having moved to 503 from 505, people regularly get my area code wrong & I miss phone calls. The last apartment building I was in had a call-box to let people into the building. It was only capable of calling phone numbers with 7 digits, not the 10 that it would take to call my number. [Mostly, it just boils down to this](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-908289", "score": 0.7004147171974182, "text": "If anyone is interested, I just stumbled across an email from corprate that details that the zebra mobis are going to be replacing ALL stores landlines and cordless phone systems \"in the coming months.\" Great, so now when we go down a mobi we go down a phone. They say it's cost saving somehow but I honestly can't see how that's possible", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-140301", "score": 0.697841465473175, "text": "It's much faster in real life. Actually, you don't really even need to be on the phone with the person. If someone like the FBI wanted to trace you through your phone, they could just ring up the phone company and request it. If the phone company complies (and they probably do all the time by default) then the phone company can simply look up what cell towers you're connected to, or get the gps coordinates the same way that 911 services gets it. If it's a landline, then it's even easier, since phone companies keep records on where each installed line is.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1615616", "score": 0.6958289742469788, "text": "I'd like to keep my landline # but not the actual phone service. What are my options, and would with your suggestion, would i still be able to use the # with my home cordless phones?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2683698", "score": 0.6949015855789185, "text": "I see things on reddit about having the same area code but in the UK only landlines have an area code. Mobile numbers do not and always start with 07xxxxxxxxx", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-431363", "score": 0.6940249800682068, "text": "At least in terms of call quality. I will admit that cell phones are extremely useful in that I can keep a planner, check my email, go on reddit, set an alarm,and check my bank balance all from the same device. But in terms of actual phone calls, landlines are just more reliable. Reception is nearly always better and I've been under various cell service providers - Sprint, T-mobile, StraightTalk, ect. If someone calls me and I so much as turn my head the wrong way or switch ears the reception gets funny. Sometimes I can hear shit from other callers, too and it's like I'm being talked over from a conversation I'm not even part of. I get a bunch of dropped calls and may accidentally drop some myself because my cheekbone mashes into the hangup key when I have it held up to the side of my head. Another reason I think landlines are better is because I don't have to replace that shit as often. A normal phone will last you a long ass time but cellphones often need to be replaced yearly if not more because of planned obsolescence or whatever.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-231725", "score": 0.6932075619697571, "text": "[Answer to the same question from a few years ago.](_URL_0_) EDIT: Paging u/Brassafrax to the white courtesy phone. EDIT^2 : No, the *white* phone.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-10927", "score": 0.6924828886985779, "text": "Some companies do offer that service, it's just not very common. (Republic Wireless does calls/text over wifi, though I have never used them.)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-249784", "score": 0.6898251175880432, "text": "More viable than cell towers? Well, there are satellite phones, if you're willing to pay [several dollars](_URL_0_) per minute. Many cell phone companies offer the option of a \"femtocell\", which is a small cell phone \"tower\" that you plug into your home internet connection. It provides a cellular phone signal to your phone and transmits your calls over your internet connection. All wireless technologies are going to be affected by the [inverse square law](_URL_1_), which states that a wireless signal's strength will be inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of the signal. Put simply, any wireless communication will receive a weaker signal the farther away you get from the source of the signal. I don't know of any form of wireless signal that could cover \"everywhere\"; we're pretty much stuck with constructing towers everywhere that we need wireless communication capabilities.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-348208", "score": 0.6896470785140991, "text": "I don't want a landline until I find a phone set that gives and takes text messages. If geography helps you any, I live in Kansas.\n\nIf you know of an obscure online store that sells them (that search engines don't like to help me on for some reason), please link. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-349253", "score": 0.6885091066360474, "text": "So, I recently moved to an apartment with a callbox and the callbox only accepts local numbers. I also plan on running a small business with this number and I would like to keep a separate number for it rather than using my personal cellphone #. \n \nWhich is why I need to get a landline number that is able to forward calls immediately to my cellphone (cellphone # is also from a completely different state) \n \nI've looked at Google voice, but the fact that they always require you to speak your name so that it can connect you is something that doesn't interest me... especially when it's a callbox and people expect to speak to someone immediately. \n \nI've also looked at Grasshopper but, like Google voice, they require you to speak your name before they can connect you. \n \nAlso, I've looked at Skype. They seem to offer a call forwarding service, but the minimum amount of time required to forward calls is 5 seconds of an unanswered call... again, people expect to speak to someone immediately so I'd rather have a call forwarding service that literally forwards calls instantenously. \n \nTD;DR: Can someone please recommend a call forwading service that 1) doesn't require you to speak your name before forwarding and 2) forwards calls immediately rather than waiting for 5 seconds before even forwarding 3) is able to forward to a cellphone number that is from another state \n \n**EDIT: solved thanks to u/lantech: ", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2118922", "score": 0.6868323683738708, "text": "I'm trying to upgrade dad to a smartphone from his flip phone. And also move him to Internet only service for the house. \n\nCan I port his landline phone number, keep it, and provision it to a new Cell #?\n\nHe's adamant about keeping his landline # that he's had since the early 1980's.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-65301", "score": 0.6859723925590515, "text": "Police officer here. Though, I'm not completely qualified to answer this, as I don't deal with that sort of thing. However; the \"keep them on the line\" thing they do in movies is complete fiction. Landlines can be traced instantly. For cell phones, they either triangulate using cell phone towers, or use the location tracking of the phone. The technical details will have to be answered by someone else. I've never had to track a phone in my career, though I do know the paperwork is crazy.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-149438", "score": 0.6855605244636536, "text": "The dial tone in land lines is the original current that you use to dial with. Its an analogue system that then uses diifferent tones to tell the exchange how to route it. Mobiles are digital they use different signalling techniques all together to dial. I'm a telecomms engineer :)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-349292", "score": 0.68462073802948, "text": "It recently occurred to me that neither me nor any of my friends has a landline phone any more. I mean, I pay line rental with Sky but I haven't got a phone plugged in because I use my mobile. So, do you have a home phone any more, and if so what do you use it for?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-349463", "score": 0.6844730377197266, "text": "So I work for a call center and about twice a month I'm asked to work from home because of the office being cleaned. I enjoy working from home but I have to take calls from my cell phone which wouldn't be an issue if I had better cell phone reception at my home. Is there an alternative to using my cell phone, not tying up a landline, and taking more stable phone calls so my calls aren't dropped/lost? Any advice would be appreciated. :)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-180801", "score": 0.6843210458755493, "text": "There were cell towers, there were just fewer of them and they weren't available in as many geographic areas. To make up for the sparse distribution of cell towers, old cell phones had far more powerful radio transmitters (about as powerful as CB radios) so that they could broadcast over a much farther range in order to connect with a tower.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-21760", "score": 0.6837363839149475, "text": "You're right. It's a con. The communications companies are sending all that data, both internet and voice, over the same wires anyway in many cases. It's historically traditional to charge more for long-distance calls, so they can get away with it even though it doesn't make sense anymore. Just like how text messages cost extra money even though the amount of data they send is absolutely negligible compared to the phone's ordinary everyday background data access. Use Skype or Google Voice or something instead.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-172405", "score": 0.682421863079071, "text": "From a landline - the origin of the call is known down to the address. So it's programmed to route correctly. From a cell phone - things are less certain. It goes by cell tower. However, cell towers can cover huge areas. If you're near a city boundary, your phone could connect to a tower that's technically in another city. (Imagine large cities butted up against suburbs where city boundaries are merely signs and streets). In this case, you can (and very often are) put through to the wrong city's emergency operator. That's why they ask the address of your emergency, to verify they can send help. If they can't, they transfer you to the correct city emergency operators. Source: police officer.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-110774", "score": 0.6822640299797058, "text": "The larger computers on the Internet were always connected by special network lines, not phone calls. Using phones was a temporary solution to get home computers and small-business computers connected until the telecom companies could build proper network connections using technologies like cable and DSL.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-555", "score": 0.7077929973602295, "text": "One of the prevailing theories on Déjà Vu is that sometimes our wires get crossed (metaphorically) and the sensory input goes through the region of our brains for memory formation and recall before going to conscious thought. I mind tags information based off of where it came from, so it sees that some of the stimuli came from our senses, but the similar stimuli came from our memory. It makes us feel like we've seen this exact before, when it's all coming from the same input." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2297435", "score": 0.6723948121070862, "text": "ok so this was happening occasionally but over the past month it has got more and more often and its kinda freaky.\n\ni keep having conversations with people, or seeing people. and what i say to them feels scripted , like Ill say bla bla bla, and ill know i was going to say it and when its said they give a reply that seems different to one i have had a memory of ?\n\nits deja vu basicallyh but its getting more weird\n\ntoday i was watching a documentary with my gf, and I had a very strong feeling I had seen it with her before at this one scene, these kids were saying something and I made a comment, and her reply was different from the one I remembered happening the time I thought i saw the film with her.\n\nits like Im repeating certain parts of my life with alternate endings, and its happening more and more frequently, I feel like i am travelling towards some event, backwards", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-800569", "score": 0.672367513179779, "text": "I was reading through this thread in the post Blind people of Reddit, what is it like to fall asleep....\n\nI found all this odd, because I'm certain I've experienced all five senses in my dreams. I've carried on coherent conversations, I've read, done math, been in pain, etc. In fact, my dreams basically mirror real life. Sure, fantastic, impossible things happen (super powers, traveling through time, etc.), but the sensory experience for me is essentially the same.\n\nSo, I'm wondering, am I the oddball?\n\nDoes everyone have a different set of possible experiences in their dreams?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2111935", "score": 0.6723544597625732, "text": "Hi everyone, this is my first time posting on reddit however i've been a regular visitor to this community and i'm overall interested in these stories and wanted to share my own. \n\nTo give some background context to this story first i'll say i'm a 17 year old girl and i'd say i'm somewhat healthy. I used to have depression when i was 13 and i have suffered some traumatic experiences which could contribute somewhat to my deja vu's, however i'll continue. \n\nSo my weird deja vu experiences started a year and a half ago. It started when i was studying for my exams and i was pretty stressed but i kept myself calm. I wanted a cup of tea so I got up my from bed and that's when it began. i can't really explain it but it was an overwhelming sense of power, i felt invincible and then flashes of my dreams played through my mind which brought deja vu feelings too. i felt some static around me also and then it just went black. i regained consciousness and saw my mum over me whilst realising that i had fainted and was now laying on my bedroom floor. i was obviously shocked and upset at what had just happened and so was my mum so she took me to hospital. I vomited walking into the emergency room and was connected to a drip whilst doctors looked at me. i described them my invincible feeling and my deja vu feelings but they concluded it might be a start to epilepsy or just due to stress. i was later released and was allowed a day off school and nothing happened until a week after my first \"episode\". \nI was taking a bath since i had finished my exams and was trying to relax. I just put body wash on myself when the feeling came across me again. I now felt \"staticky\" and very powerful whilst flashes of deja vu and what felt previous life memories flashed in my mind. Then again my mind faded to black. I woke up to my head throbbing as i had hit my head on my bath by fainting and my four year old brother crying as he had heard the thud from my head. i laid down on my bed whilst i put my mum on speaker telling her i had another episode. I hung up on her and waited for her to come and started to think about what memories they were. They felt so real and lifelike, they were like flash backs of a previous life or something i had experience although i had no recollection of it. I went to the hospital again and now i was put down for testing of epilepsy as the deja vu feelings can be connected to epilepsy. \nAnyways during the months of testing (MRI, testing with bright and flashing lights, simple brain exercises with numerous doctors and specialists) all results came through fine and I was a case that stumbled every doctor I came across. They finally said it was simply a phase \"young girls go through\" and I was not epileptic. \nI have not suffered an episode since August 2015 however here and then i do something and i experience a small vision of deja vu with the invincible power. \nMy mum isn't spiritual or anything however she does say she sees auras around people and she does somewhat believe my visions could be from a past life or alternative universe, but she is a little sceptical. \nI don't really know what i overall think about it because it was somewhat \"just a phase\", however the feelings and visions were so strong they still give me the creeps and goosebumps. Maybe it could be past visions maybe it's just dreams my brain is trying to organise and put into patterns. But if anyone could shed any light on this would be appreciative.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-914661", "score": 0.6723346710205078, "text": "I had a dream last night, and in the dream I went to bed and had a second dream which was pretty sexy, and then I woke up having had a wet dream (still in the dream at this point) and the dream became all about cleaning up the evidence of having had a wet dream about this cute lady who comes into my work sometimes (who I guess I asked to come to my family reunion which is happening later this year and was downstairs for some reason while I had an afternoon nap?). Eventually I woke up because of the absurdity of it all and had clean dry sheets, so the wet dream only happened inside the dream, if that makes sense. My question to people versed in dream theory is: how broken am I? It feels pretty messed up to be honest. I'm 32 and haven't had a wet dream in decades, if ever. Am I so sexually repressed that even my wet dreams are just fantasies? Or am I over reacting and it's just a damn dream? Cheers", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-112033", "score": 0.6723229289054871, "text": "This is purely speculative, but your brain paralyzes your body during sleep, hence the feelings of heaviness or 'falling' when near-REM. What occurs in your subconscious tends to take cues from whatever sensory input you're still aware of (for instance, the sound of an alarm clock tends to manifest itself in the dream narrative in some way) and so it was probably factoring the state of your actual body into your movement. Then again, as with all dream phenomena it could just be the unknowable whims of the subconscious.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-799874", "score": 0.6722671389579773, "text": "Hi there! I'm very new to the world of Lucid Dreaming...I still haven't even had my first experience. But I'm optimistic and doing the best that I can to get there.\n\nI really have been impressed with this community so far, and I was wondering if anyone here would be able to shed some light on a question I've had about dreams for a long time.\n\nWhile they're not lucid dreams, sometimes I find myself awake in the middle of the night. Aware that I'm in my bed, aware that I need to go back to sleep, able to move around and all that...but with all the misguided logic of a dream still in place. Typically, it feels like something or someone is preventing me from falling back asleep.\n\nThe most recent example I can give is from the other night. I had been watching Better Call Saul, and at around 4:00am, I found myself lying awake in my bed concerned about all the legal clients I had to talk to. I didn't physically see them, but I felt like they were there waiting for me.\n\n I was in my room, trying to sleep, and it all made sense....minus the fact that I clearly am not a lawyer, and there was no reason for me to be worried about this at all. It was just 4am and I was out of it. \n\nThat being said, I have been sick mostly all week and had a fever off and on. I also recently quit smoking weed, which I know can have an influence on your sleep and REM cylces...\n\nBut I've had weird experiences like this off and on throughout my life. It's not sleep paralysis or lucid dreaming, it's just some abstract \"not asleep/not awake\" state of mind. Has anyone else experienced anything like this, or can they share info? I'd really appreciate it :)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-800366", "score": 0.6722633242607117, "text": "I've never really done much research on the subject of lucid dreams, but after a very strange experience last night, I wanted to share with you guys and see what you thought.\n\nIt was between 6-7 AM. I woke up and looked out of my bedroom door (while still in bed), and my roommate was out there doing laundry. I thought that was weird he was up so early, but whatever. I fell back asleep. \n\nI had a dream that I was opening some package my mom had sent me and examining the contents. Not too exciting. Woke up again and saw that my roommate was still doing laundry. Fell asleep again, and dreamed that I was watching a baseball game on TV. \n\nThen, when I awoke this time, I saw that my roommate had several people over and they were partying in the living room. I was like, wtf, why is this going on right now. Suddenly, I jerked awake. I had been dreaming the whole time! It was 6:30 AM and nobody was in the living room. \n\nI thought it was weird that I had a dream within a dream but I didn't really think much of it, and proceeded to fall asleep again (for real). Next thing I know, I'm in dream land and the party guests are in the living room again, and I'm joining them. Then it hits me: I'm dreaming right now! I can do whatever the hell I want!\n\nI decide to go back in my room, but when I do so, something in the back of my mind tells me that I will see my sleeping body in there, and not to go. Sure enough I went in there anyway, and BAM my dreaming self fell on the ground, unable to move. It was terrifying. I woke up for real, unable to move for like 5 seconds. \n\nThen I realized what had happened. I had been conscious of the fact that I was dreaming, during the dream. It only lasted a few moments and then I had a very strange, scary experience. And then it was over.\n\nI guess I'm just sharing this with you guys to see what you think. Any thoughts? Anybody else had any experiences like this? Was this a lucid dream or something else?\n\n**TL;DR: I randomly realized I was dreaming during a dream. After becoming conscious of this in the dream, I tried to enter my bedroom (where my dream-self thought my real-self was asleep). I fell on the ground in the dream and woke up unable to move for 5 seconds and with this terrible fear for some reason.**", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1263415", "score": 0.6721758246421814, "text": "Is this common or am I alone in this?\n\nI was recording my dream today, struggling to name certain characters again, and started wondering about it.\n\nRegardless of whether it's a regular dream or lucid, if someone isn't a main character in the plot, or I specially notice his/her name, they would change identity along the way. \n\nLike for example today, DC was my friend I was speaking to, and later casually changed into Barney Stinson.\nHe remained Barney Stinson because I mentioned his name and who he is to make a point.\n\nThere were also 2 black actors who arrived to the party, one was Idris Elba - who stayed in character cause I was excited to speak to him, and the other was Cuba Gooding Jr, who changed to some what's-his-face, and a random black guy (cause Cuba Gooding Jr. isn't necessarily someone I'm excited about)\n\nUnless it's important who the DC is, it won't stay the same person for long.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1034091", "score": 0.6721547245979309, "text": "So it begins with a mundane dream. Usually a weird hybrid montage of my life the previous day (think programming on a giant pizza singing through a speedbaot watching the game...which is actually a sheep). When the scene literally cracks away into nothing. \n\nWhen I say nothing I don't mean black, or blank. I mean nothing. Like I'm in deep space, with not one single beam of light around me. I can still see myself, and the one other thing. \n\nThe best way to describe it is a giant monster, made out of gas, with huge fucking bat wings and it's made up of Universes. The last part really disturbs me the most. In my dream, I'm actually face to face with something that is bigger than anything, anywhere, ever. How my brain even processing this without liquifying and running out my ass I'll never know. I try to run, and it moves towards me. \n\nEnter....sheer....fucking....panic...\n\nWhen I wake I'm usually seriously fucked up and have the sickest feeling in my stomach ever, which I can describe only as pure Doom. \n\nCan anyone point me towards ways of decoding this? \n\nAlso, there was a post not so long ago where people posted their recurring dreams (be it scary or funny). Please do so in the hope that I can gain some solace that I'm not on the direct road to Nutsville.\n\n*Edit 1: This has been recurring since I was at least 4 years old. I remember it right back along side my first memories.*\n\n**TL;DR A bat Universe is after me. Brainsplosion...**", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-800163", "score": 0.6721276640892029, "text": "3 years ago I had a dream where I was shifted into another world. In this world there were people with powers and utilities that were catagorized by colour ie grey green blue purple and gold in that order. I was a tall agile man who had to fight against a person with a gold rating. I won’t get too into the details unless someone asks, but I won and went on to kill most of the golds and purples. Last night I had the exact same dream only I was told of a story of a man who 3 YEARS AGO NEARLY WIPED OUT ALL GOOD. So I tried not to make that mistake again and im hoping in 3 years everything will be back to normal.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-107200", "score": 0.6717264652252197, "text": "What you are experiencing is called, appropriately enough, Sleep Paralysis. It happens to me sometimes, too, usually when I'm on my back. The best thing to do would probably be to start by Googling that, because you can learn a lot more information reading about it from smarter people than I'd be able to tell you.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2344094", "score": 0.6716775298118591, "text": "This dream happened I want to say a week before and then I had it again what dose this dream mean", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-872068", "score": 0.671615719795227, "text": "A few years back, something suddenly woke me up and I'm not sure if I was still dreaming or if it's real. The time I open my eyes, I saw a dark figure standing at the corner of my room and it moved closer and closer until I can finally see its face and what its wearing (I used to sleep with the lights off btw). It looks like a gorilla but with brown, wrinkled skin and it was wearing a vampire tuxedo. It was staring at me.\n\nI quickly got my blanket and covered myself then I felt it was poking my feet. I screamed and fortunately, my mom heard me and got me just in time before I lose my mind. It didn't happen again... I hope not again and I keep my lights on now. So is it real? Has anyone experienced anything like this?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-182134", "score": 0.6714112758636475, "text": "Hmmm. Mine aren’t like that. Maybe I haven’t watched as much tv/movies as you? I have a friend who is a huge film buff. He dreams in the third person, and I always thought those things were connected.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-800574", "score": 0.6713581681251526, "text": "For the past few weeks I've been having absolutely fantastic, detailed dreams. I used to rarely remember my dreams. So how is it possible that I am suddenly recalling so many of them?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2289242", "score": 0.6712872385978699, "text": "I’ve been maladaptive daydreaming since about 4yrs old to, in essence, cope with trauma.\n\nAt about ages 9-12 was when my MD was at its prime. Hours on end I’d be pacing around my room, or listening to music and completely forgetting about my real world tasks.\n\nAt ages 13+ I managed to stop this daydreaming for a while and I was honestly super content with it, but now with quarantine, I’ve completely reverted back to my old daydreams that I had as a kid. \n\nThe weirdest thing that happened was recently I had a dream involving my past daydreams. Basically as a child, I imagined myself having a new family entirely comprised of older brothers (which is from a particular TV show). Then one night, I had a dream I was sitting on a couch and for some reason one of these imaginary elder brothers appeared, sat next to me, and then put his legs on my lap. In my dream I stared at him like he was insane, to which he replied, “What, we’re family aren’t we?” I was so incredibly shocked in this moment, because I realized that this man REMEMBERED me despite how many years it’s been without having him cross my mind at all. The experience was so oddly real and literally shook me to my core. Because he’s from a TV show, in my dream I assumed he’d talk to me like I was a stranger or something. BUT NOPE. \n\nThat event really scared me to hell and beyond and caused me to revert back to my old MD. Only difference is now I sleep a ton, first daydreaming about ‘em, and then I go to sleep in hopes that I’ll see them again, which has about a 30% chance of working lol. Does anybody else do this? And what’re your experiences regarding it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-800859", "score": 0.6712870001792908, "text": "First of all, I just want to apologize if this is against the rules. The rules do say no dream posts, and this *may* have been just a dream. But I have a few reasons to believe it was not. I also want to say that I come from an unbiased perspective. I am interested in the paranormal and extra-terrestrial, however I'm not sure if I really believe any of it or not. And prior to the other night, I wouldn't say I've ever had a paranormal experience. \n\nI'll get started now. I have crazy weird dreams. I usually know they are dreams when I'm dreaming, on the account of them being so out there. Lot's of bright psychedelic colors and worlds. Even if I think they are real when they are happening, once I'm awake I'm always certain they where dreams. But this case is a little different. \n\nA few nights ago I woke up in the middle of the night. at least I thought I was awake. I heard this clicking noise (kind of like the noise predator makes)and it was creeping me out. I sat up in my bed and froze when I saw this shadowy humanoid shape in front of my window. Picture of where I saw it: (right in front of that window there) I was so certain this was real. It did not feel like I was dreaming at all. Here's a drawing of it: It was ghost like in appearance, looked like a dark cloud. But the head was big, and looked like a Grey Alien. \nI vaguely remember reaching for my phone to try and take a picture, And then I just blacked out. The next thing I know I'm awake, it's the morning and I had to get up and ready to go to college. Because I was in a hurry for college I didn't have much time to think about the last night and so I dismissed it as a dream at first, because why would it be real? \n\nI've never had a dream that takes place in my room in real time like that before.I've had dreams about Aliens before though, and even abduction dreams. So it's not too abnormal as one of my dreams I suppose. I had a headache all day at college that day. and the next night I had trouble sleeping. \n\nNow here's why I now think it may not have been a dream. \n\n1. I always sleep with my window shut. and the next morning it looked as though it had been opened in the night. and then closed from the outside. pics and better explanation here: \nI didn't have my window open that night, I asked my mum and she said she didn't open it in the night for whatever reason. Super freaky...\n\n2. I've noticed the carpet around my window is really worn. picture: Now it could have been worn before this incident the other night, but I only recently noticed it. I don't know what would even cause this wear. There's nothing ever on that bit of carpet. \n\n3. Remember how I said I tried to take a picture on my phone? Well when I got home from college I found my phone in my bed, with the camera app open. No photos unfortunately though. \n\nI'm now starting to question weather this was really a dream or not. I've never had trouble identifying weather or not something was a dream or reality in the past. This has been making me super paranoid at night now. What if it comes back? I'd really like a rational explanation. could it have been sleep paralysis? I don't have a history of sleep paralysis. In fact I don't think I've ever had it before. and I wasn't paralyzed. I was able to sit up, and evidently grab my phone. Perhaps it was a half asleep dream or something. like I was kind of awake but just seeing things? I dunno.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-873380", "score": 0.6712008714675903, "text": "Okay, the title might sound a bit far fetched but hear me out. Every now and then i see a blurry image of something in my head. Its been multiple different things but they've always been in first person. And then days, weeks, even months after, that vision occurs in real life. I've told my family but no one really believes me. Im only 13 but this has been happening throughout my whole life. Is this a thing or am i like an alien", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-802061", "score": 0.6708613634109497, "text": "It seems to be somewhat common amongst people I know and the internet. They have dreams of minor events and then in the next couple of days, they believe these minor events happen. Is there at all a scientific consensus that explains this, not just assumptions of subconscious activity etc?\n\nEDIT, to reword the question cos it is rubbish: \"Is there a common explanation to people thinking that their dreams told the future? Mainly in relation to the short term future.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-801569", "score": 0.6707972884178162, "text": "I'm not talking about dreams with a recurring theme (like claustrophobia) but about dreams that occur on different nights that contain the same people, that follow the same story line, and have a linear timeline. I had a series of three dreams that followed the events leading up to and following the end of the world, wherein I spoke with family and friends before, during and after a nuclear holocaust decimated my town as I watched from the window of my home. The people in my dreams all conversed about the event in the same way across multiple dreams, even discussing specific dates and times. Has anyone else experienced similar chains of dream experiences, and if so, what meaning do you derive from these dreams?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-556", "score": 0.7575868368148804, "text": "The idea behind juries is that you don't want to turn judges into an elite ruling class that has total power over people. That kind of power is easy to abuse. Plus, laws are supposed to be a reflection of society itself determining what rules it wants to follow, so having \"society itself\", in the form of a jury of the accused's peers, determine whether or not the law was broken seems only fitting." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-46978", "score": 0.7181107997894287, "text": "Most of the people who talk about jury nullification don't want to be on a jury anyhow. Those that can get chosen for a jury, and have a law that they believe is unjust and deserve jury nullification, must be chosen for a jury that is facing a case with the issues they believe strongly about. Since juries are generally chosen randomly, the chance of getting the case you want and seated on the jury are slim. Next, you must get 12 like minded individuals on the same jury (or at least a majority). Jury nullification is a good idea in theory, and if a law really is wrong, it may work, but the chances of getting it to work in reality are slim.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-148106", "score": 0.7179815769195557, "text": "Most judges do not allow photography in their courtroom to protect witnesses and jurors' privacy. It can also be disruptive. On the other hand, some judges let their court sessions be broadcast on TV. Each court sets its own rules. Because the sessions themselves are (usually) open to the public, the ability to report on the proceedings is not hindered. Jurors can't discuss the case because their deliberations are supposed to be secret. This establishes a clear line that prevents outsiders from improperly influencing the jury's decision. Before the verdict is rendered, no one knows what the jury has on its mind. (In some countries, the jurors can't discuss the case after the verdict, either, but in the U.S. they can.)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-189993", "score": 0.7158461809158325, "text": "Because we have agreed that to convict someone the standard they are held to is \"beyond a reasonable doubt.\" That is an extremely high bar, and it is assumed that if as a juror you don't believe that burden has been met, then the person is not guilty. Most civil cases don't require unanimous verdicts. The burden there is a preponderance of the evidence, which is a much lighter burden..", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-143958", "score": 0.7150853872299194, "text": "I can't speak for Florida, but generally speaking... In a court case with a jury, both the procecution and the defense have a say on who makes it onto the jury from the available jury pool. Each side can pull the \"I don't like this person\" card, sometimes a limited number of times. Also, the judge can dismiss a potential juror for whatever reason -- bias, hardship, stupidity, whatever. \"Oh yes, your Honor, I went to school with the defendant and he bullied me.\" \"You're excused. Next...\" Now, specific to the case... The prosecution had to believe that a white jury would benefit them. Same with the defence and the all-women deal. They each had to believe this jury would benefit them because of the process of how the jury was picked. I don't know what they were thinking. Edit: It's late, and I'm tired.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-144210", "score": 0.7140912413597107, "text": "It depends on if it is a criminal trial or a civil lawsuit. In a criminal trial, never. The jury's decision is final. But, the judge can throw a case out of court and not let it ever get to the jury if there isn't enough evidence. In a civil lawsuit, the judge can overturn a jury when the jury verdict is unreasonable and cannot possibly be based on the evidence. If this happens, the judge can enter judgement notwithstanding the verdict overturning the jury finding. This should only happen when both sides agree on what happened, so there isn't any dispute about facts, or when one side disputes the other's story, but has zero evidence.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-163920", "score": 0.712772011756897, "text": "Because judges operate under a rather strict set of rules, standards, and precedents. They don't just take a phone-in vote of TV viewers America's Got Talent style. What you see of a case in the media is only part of what the judge and jury see, and is usually presented to you with a significant bias.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-160894", "score": 0.7102538347244263, "text": "Basically yeah A judge is there to do a few things but mainly it all revolves around making sure the trial runs smoothly and fairly So things like - Making sure everybody in the courtroom behaves themselves - Making rulings on points of law and procedural fairness both before and during the trial - Before trial it's usually making rulings on what evidence will and will not be admissible - During trial it's making sure that the rules are followed (think the whole objection - overruled / sustained thing you see on TV) - Instructing the jury - that is making sure they actually understand the law and how they are meant to reach a decision I'm sure there's a few others I've forgotten too.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1509735", "score": 0.7101842164993286, "text": "Do they have to go through everything by law? Or it really is a matter of just evidence? \nSeems that a lot of judges have the power to dismiss dumb cases and yet they dont, why?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-65433", "score": 0.7096235752105713, "text": "There are several ways, but just like anything, it's not perfect. Through Voir Dire, the process of selecting jurors, both attorney teams have different ways of \"vetoing\" a juror (peremptory causes, removal for a cause) after asking them some questions. Once the defense and the prosecution run out of those and there is mutual satisfaction (as much as there can be) the case moves forward. For high profile media cases the jury can also be sequestered, which means they are placed in hotels with not access to their phones or the media to prevent them from becoming biased by news coverage that may present prejudicial evidence that's not accepted at trial that may sway them a certain way extra-judiciously.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-93615", "score": 0.7089235186576843, "text": "In the US the Judge can overturn a guilty verdict but they cannot overturn a non-guilty verdict. Now if the jury tampering can be shown to the Judge they can throw the whole thing out of court, or throw the jury out and reschedule with a new jury.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-26958", "score": 0.708864152431488, "text": "They can spend more time on a case, for one. A public defender, for example, may have dozens of cases running at a time, but a law firm for a wealthy defendant may have multiple lawyers and clerks working on this single case. So, having more time, they can gather more information, research case law more thoroughly, and even do things like jury research (although there is little evidence that it helps). Information is power, the court is no exception.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-133929", "score": 0.7077910304069519, "text": "The situations in which a judge can overrule a jury are fairly narrow (in the US). If there is a guilty verdict but the prosecution failed to provide reasonable evidence to prove the charge. For example if the charge requires the prosecution to establish A, B, and C but they didn't even address B, the judge will overturn the guilty verdict. It isn't common because it requires the judge to consider the evidence in the most favorable light for the prosecution. Basically it is the judge saying that the basic requirements of the law have not been met regardless of what the jury thinks. There is no reverse situation where the judge can overturn a not guilty verdict.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-7354", "score": 0.7067903280258179, "text": "Because that's the point of an adversarial system (both sides are supposed to have a zealous advocate for their position). The judge can't favor either side, and perhaps occasionally the side that isn't objecting may be running a xantos gambit.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-48162", "score": 0.7066794633865356, "text": "In almost all cases judges decide what the sentence is. However, in a lot of states a judge can't sentence someone to death unless the jury recommends it. So if the jury convicts someone for something that is punishable by death and the prosecutor wants to seek the death penalty, they have to have a second jury trial on punishment. Edit: removed outdated stuff about federal sentencing guidelines.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-58140", "score": 0.7049105167388916, "text": "It doesn't happen frequently, but sometimes a lawyer (usually defense) wants to insert a question into the mind of jury, it might be a question that they know they can't ask. So the lawyer will ask a question, the judge will order the jury to disregard that question, and technically not consider it in their deliberations to determine guilt or not. Of course, you can't un-hear a question, so the question has done it's job, even if it can't be discussed.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-55485", "score": 0.7044609785079956, "text": "Jury nullification seems like it would be a good thing. Think the law is unjust? Don't convict, no one can punish you for it. But, when push comes to shove when juries know about jury nullification they tend to ignore the evidence if the defendant seems, \"sympathetic.\" In other words, if they're likable or don't fit the jurors idea of what a criminal would act like. This is something we most definitely want to avoid. And just on a more general note, the concept of jury nullification is extremely removed from the concept of justice, because you're circumventing the law for reasons of personal opinion rather than hard evidence.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-158145", "score": 0.7040523290634155, "text": "As a juror, you swear that you will only rely on evidence presented. If a photo of a dead body doesn't indicate evidence that the defendant committed the crime, they don't take it into consideration. The judge will decide if the evidence is being presented unfairly as evidence must be approved and both sides will know about it before the trial is held.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-133266", "score": 0.7023188471794128, "text": "Some places have judge elections, some do not. It's a double-edged sword. One on hand, you get judges that are much more reactive to popular opinion rather than an unfettered application of the law if they are elected. On the other, you can get judges that essentially have unlimited tenure where they can get lazy or even more ideological because they don't have the answer to the people during elections. It's kind of a lose-lose.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-36765", "score": 0.701646089553833, "text": "The system was invented as an alternative to the old, corrupted one. Before, you could be tried by a single person. Imagine they had an interest in putting you away for business, political or personal reasons. Byebye haha. So we invented a \"jury of our peers.\" It's not perfect and still corruptible (Black people in the past faced exclusively White juries that always found them guilty). But it's better than the other one, I think.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-190754", "score": 0.7009321451187134, "text": "1. What you're describing typically doesn't happen in real life but happens a lot in fictional media. Additionally, in a jury trial a judge wouldn't be the one \"letting them off the hook\" - the jury is. 2. The job of a judge isn't to make arguments for or against the defendant. This would be bad, and systems of \"justice\" wherein a government official determines guilt or innocence entirely on their own tend to be not so good for anybody but the government. 3. Law is a HUGE MASSIVE SUBJECT. There's a reason why lawyers get paid so much - not only for the experience, but for the time that goes into researching cases and forming arguments. Just like you don't know literally everything there is to know about your favorite subjects and might occasionally need to look something up, or might ook something up and realize something you thought you remembered was incorrect, this happens to lawyers too.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-557", "score": 0.7138130068778992, "text": "It didn't.... I'm guessing that you're referring to Pangaea which is usually the starting point when teaching about Continental Drift, however the continents were separate before they formed the supercontinent Pangaea. In fact, Pangaea is actually thought to have been the seventh or eighth [supercontinent](_URL_0_)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-289247", "score": 0.6781075596809387, "text": "There's no single answer. In some cases, the splitting of continents would have occurred so that seawater filled in as it happened. In others, the splitting progressed further before reaching a point where existing ocean could have entered. When the Atlantic rift opened, it did so along a series of rift valleys in what are now eastern North America and northwest Africa. Most of these failed to form large rifts and infilled only with sediment from terrestrial sources (rivers, etc.). But others connected to form a longer rift that is now the mid-Atlantic ridge.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-316627", "score": 0.6774904727935791, "text": "The continents are always moving. There were many continents even before Pangea. The continents will continue their path until they collide again. Even then they will continue to break apart and drift again. Here is a link to a great video on the subject: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-101419", "score": 0.6770825386047363, "text": "The accretion theory says that planets grew by smaller objects crashing into each other and sticking. A large enough planet will pull things into it gaining weight, actually gaining mass. Virtually none of these collisions are dead on. They are glancing blows. One theory of the formation of the Earth and the moon is that two very large objects had an almost glancing blow. There are youtube videos which are fascinating. The result was a fast spinning Earth and material in orbit which coalesced into a very close moon. The two have been moving apart since then with the energy of the tides making the distance increase. That last collision could have been dead on, or made the Earth rotate the other way. This is due to how two masses came together long ago. Almost chance it was.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-275088", "score": 0.6770451068878174, "text": "Even if the entire crust of the Earth: all the rock, water, animals, plants and everything else on the surface were at one point, then it would still be next to nothing compared to the mantle and core of the Earth. [The Earth is built to last. It is a 4,550,000,000-year-old, 5,973,600,000,000,000,000,000-tonne ball of iron. It has taken more devastating asteroid hits in its lifetime than you've had hot dinners, and lo, it still orbits merrily.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-293829", "score": 0.677039623260498, "text": "That's just how it worked out with continental drift. If you want you can draw an arbitrary line that bisects the earth into two equal halves and has equal land mass in each half. You can probably draw multiple lines like that. I don't know if the location of the equator and the spin of the earth has an impact on continental drift, bit my guess is that if there is an effect it is negligible. That means that the equator is just an arbitrary line with regards to continental drift. The same as any other arbitrary line. So it's just chance.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-199", "score": 0.6770164370536804, "text": "We weren't around back then. The continents were already in their present form when humans evolved (in Africa, almost certainly).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-166433", "score": 0.6767469048500061, "text": "Look up the CGPGrey video on continents. Basically how continents are divided is arbitrary.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-168886", "score": 0.6766904592514038, "text": "A few reasons: * It's just still hot from when the Earth formed. The Earth literally has not had enough time to cool down yet. * All of the gravity of all of the stuff above it creates more pressure and thus higher temperatures * The Earth is full of all sorts of radioactive isotopes that give off heat as they decay. These decay processes contribute quite a lot to Earth's subterranean heat.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-174599", "score": 0.6766889095306396, "text": "Because there are points of the earth where the crust is going back into the mantle and being remelted. It's called subduction. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-299833", "score": 0.6765072345733643, "text": "Erosion is only half of the equation. Mountains are also being slowly formed by the action of plate tectonics, driven by the heat of the earth's core. Today's earth is in a near steady-state balance between erosion washing the continents away and plate tectonics pushing up new ground. In the long term, when earth's core cools and plate tectonics cease, than it would be possible for erosion to gradually remove all the land masses.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-316412", "score": 0.6763853430747986, "text": "Sure. If a planet forms and then gets ejected from its star system, there's no reason it couldn't have a molten core for a while. The Earth's core isn't molten because of the Sun, it's molten because of residual heat from planet formation plus radioactive heating from decay within the crust.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-283375", "score": 0.6763622164726257, "text": "Much the same reason that a boiling pot of water doesn't evenly produce steam across the entirety of its surface. Large temperature gradients tend to create chaotic convection currents, where small changes in composition and heat flow can have large impacts on the later state of the system. The high temperature gradient is maintained partially because Earth started out with a lot of heat that it hasn't radiated away even after billions of years and partially because radioactive isotopes are continuously producing more heat. Also, the mantle is primarily solid. There are regions of melt mixed in and the mantle material can flow like a fluid at large scales of space and time due to the intense heat and pressure, but only the outer core is completely liquid. This means some structures can last a while: subducting plates remain distinct in the mantle long after they've disappeared from the surface, and some researchers think there may even be some regional variations dating back to the moon-forming impact.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-255743", "score": 0.6758637428283691, "text": "I believe it's partially to do with the fact that Earth is larger. Larger objects retain heat better (surface area vs volume and all that) so Earth, being the largest terrestrial planet, has retained its planetary dynamo due to the fact that it still has a sizable liquid outer core.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-181872", "score": 0.6755891442298889, "text": "I’m not sure about the Mariana Trench part, but the Moon is made of the same stuff as the Earth. The current hypothesis is exactly that - during Earth’s early stages, it got hit by a huge body about the size of Mars (another early planet). Both ‘Earth’ and this planet broke up into a bunch of pieces, the biggest one went on to become Earth, and a smaller one started orbiting that and became the Moon. All the other debris ended up falling back to one of the two. So according to this hypothesis, Earth actually came from two planets in the early solar system. Edit: the Mariana Trench is just a boundary between two tectonic plates, almost definitely has zero to do with the above.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-309023", "score": 0.6755490899085999, "text": "Remember that the reason planets form in the first place is because gravity pulled together many smaller particles. Any particle or substance with antigravity would repel everything around it and certainly not form a planet.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-285125", "score": 0.6755033135414124, "text": "Presumably so. There have been a few moments prior to today where a majority of our landmasses have collided and accreted into one supercontinent. Most people have heard of Pangea, which existed about from about 300 to 175 million years ago. Less people have heard of the previous supercontinent, Rodinia, which assembled about 1 billion years ago, and fragmented about 250 million years later. Current projections suggest that another such convergence might lie about 250 million years in our future; that putative future landmass has been tentatively named Pangea Ultima, Pangaea Proxima, Neopangaea, or Pangaea II. However, like most efforts to predict the results of chaotic systems, the reliability of this specific projection is highly questionnable. But in a general sense there is nothing precluding other massive continental convergences *per se*.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-320792", "score": 0.6747995615005493, "text": "It's for pretty much the exact same reason that planets lie in a plane. [This](_URL_0_) article on planetary formation does a good job of explaining it.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-316348", "score": 0.6746144890785217, "text": "Depending on how far back in time you're thinking about, this question is pretty easy to answer. Because in the very early stages of the formation of our planet, it was struck by lots and lots of meteorites. In principle you could argue that Earth is mainly made build up from meteorites ( though it gets tricky with the definition of meteorites, which is roughly - according to wikipedia - \"[...] a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. \"). If you think of the more recent past, I can not really help you with your answer. But I hope somebody else with a little more knowledge will jump in.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-179359", "score": 0.6745940446853638, "text": "The landmasses move over time, and at other points in time there has been more land in the southern hemisphere than the northern, for instance [Pannotia](_URL_0_) during the Cambrian. The precise mechanisms by which the landmasses move are a subject of much study, but as far as I know there's nothing particularly special about the fact that there happens to be more landmass in the northern hemisphere at this point of time than any other configuration.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-320319", "score": 0.6745847463607788, "text": "History and culture. First of all, we don't even have a clear consensus on what a continent is now. India and the Caribbean are on their own tectonic plates, but they're not their own continents, while one tectonic plate containes two continents(Asia and europe) Before we knew about technocic plates, continents were basically just made up based on what seemed right. In the case of Asia and Europe they were divided for a few reasons: * the people of Europe are mostly very similar to each other, while different from Asian peoples * Europe and Asia had separate cultures; basically it's an us vs them scenario * and most importantly, because they are divided naturally. The line between Asia and Europe and basically just a long line of lakes, seas, rivers, and mountain chains", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-558", "score": 0.6633249521255493, "text": "One is a precise measurement based on brand new data on an object that is almost perfectly dark and is extremely small. The other is a broad, sweeping guess based on a humongous object that is glowing almost as bright as the sun. I don't see the problem here." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-306234", "score": 0.6300747394561768, "text": "> Could current astronomers detect our own planet? Almost certainly not. Same answer if it's 10 light years away. We could only detect the planet itself with current technology if its orbit happened to be oriented just right so that it transits its sun as seen from Earth, and we happened to be watching that star with a telescope like Kepler. It might also be possible to detect their existence if the inhabitants of that planet directed a powerful radio signal at us using their equivalent of Arecibo, and we happened to be listening in that direction with a similarly huge radio telescope at the moment it arrived. But the chances of either of those things happening by accident are pretty close to zero. > Extra Credit: What's the maximum distance from which we would be able to detect life on our planet? With current technology, much less than a light year. We'd have to be within the same solar system.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-257583", "score": 0.6300075054168701, "text": "Allow me to introduce you to [XNAV](_URL_0_). It's like a GPS for space travel, using the regular signals emitted from pulsars instead of satellites. Incredibly, it's accurate to within 5km, which is an extremely small uncertainty given the vastness of space. ^(I know the article's short. Click on some of the sources or google it for more information.)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-310589", "score": 0.6300007700920105, "text": "By looking very carefully at the [amount of light at each point in the rainbow](_URL_0_), called a spectrum. Different elements and molecules absorb light at different specific colors (wavelengths). When a planet passes between us and its host star, its atmosphere absorbs some of the star's light. By looking for the signatures of various elements and molecules at the times the planet is in front of the star and subtracting off the normal spectrum of the star, we can derive some of the composition of the planet's atmosphere. As you can imagine, this requires extremely precise measurements and is difficult to achieve. The James Webb Space Telescope, set to launch in 2021, is designed to make these kinds of measurements (in addition to exploring other exciting questions).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-106070", "score": 0.629852294921875, "text": "People can say whatever they want and it doesn't need to be even the slightest bit accurate for them to say it, or for other people to repeat it. There are large chunks of our ocean that are unexplored. This is a fact. Obviously the universe is nearly infinitely larger and we have not explored any of it physically outside of our own solar system, and only in extremely small detail with telescopes.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-250416", "score": 0.6298088431358337, "text": "This assumption is purely pragmatic. We're not listening to the radio stations of exoplanets, nor mapping them (yet). We get nothing but crudish spectra, ie. the chemical composition of the targeted solar systems/exoplanets. What life-containing planets do we have data from, to fit those observations against? Yeah. So that's why. The requirements for exolife will most likely relax as we keep improving our measurements, but for now it would be hard enough to detect, beyond reasonable speculation, a clone of the Earth at 100 lightyears.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-54860", "score": 0.6297961473464966, "text": "I've always wondered. Everything of the Milky Way is an artist's impression, but there are two caveats. First, astronomers have mapped the Milky Way with what I would call pretty high precision, so we know what it looks like. Second, scientists have taken photos of Andromeda, our neighbor galaxy. _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-180816", "score": 0.629769504070282, "text": "We know the age of the Universe. We know the rate of expansion of the Universe, including the fact that the rate was faster during a short period at the beginning that we call the inflation. So we can calculate the actual distance from us an object is if the light we receive from it today is as old as the universe.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-3071", "score": 0.6297285556793213, "text": "They don't and they don't need to. Space is incredibly big and empty. Despite how visuals like the one on the [Asteroid Belt Wikipedia article](_URL_0_) makes it seem, the majority of the asteroids are very small and the distance between them is enormous. The odds of our probes to the outer planets hitting anything are astronomically slim and they have been flying directly through it without any collisions so far. Once you get out of the solar system into interstellar space the distances between things just becomes even larger.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-155644", "score": 0.6296551823616028, "text": "It's a matter of error percentages. The time from launch to flyby was almost 10 years, the distances span millions of miles, and yet the error was only 72 seconds. It's like dividing 20 by 3: technically it goes 6.666... forever but at some point it's \"good enough\" to say it's equal to 6.667 or something because you don't really care about the difference of .00000000001 or whatever it is. Any number of little approximations like that could have caused the discrepancy. Something that immediately comes to mind is that perhaps the measurement of the craft's speed was off by a fraction of a percent. Or maybe the calculations of how the Sun and Earth and Jupiter and Pluto would gravitationally pull the craft were off by a bit. Or all those at once, plus other problems.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-720140", "score": 0.6295052170753479, "text": "So you'd say meters and kilometers, but then say a planet is 32 million kilometers away. Same with miles, 32 million miles away. If we use kilo meaning 1000, why not mega, etc. Is there a reason?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-276994", "score": 0.6294907927513123, "text": "The distances are measured through a [variety of methods](_URL_3_) such as [parallax](_URL_3_), or using certain objects as [standard candles](_URL_3_) and comparing luminosity. And you're correct, when someone looks at something a million light years away and sees it happening *now*, the actual even took place a million years ago. However, since that's an annoying correction to bring up every time you want to discuss cosmic events that you're currently looking at, and since most people that are going to be having said discussion understand this, it's usually find to refer to such things in the present tense. *Credentials warning: Physics undergrad*", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-169387", "score": 0.6294870376586914, "text": "> I always see photos of our galaxy with an arrow pointing at some super tiny dot saying \"this is Earth\". Do they really know that that particular dot is actually Earth? Those are all artistic renderings, not photographs. So they can point at an area about where we think our star is and call it Earth, because they drew the picture and they get to decide which dot represents Earth. We barely have a probe passing outside our solar system.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-300035", "score": 0.6294819712638855, "text": "They only look like they cross paths from a top down view, Pluto has a somewhat erratic orbit, and they will never collide, unless something changes the orbit of one or both of them. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-82090", "score": 0.62945157289505, "text": "You can see stars thousands of light years away - just look up at night. Distance itself isn't a problem. But you can't see over a \"flat\" plane on Earth for more than a few miles, because the Earth slopes over the horizon. Or there's extra hazy atmosphere in the way.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-315437", "score": 0.6293785572052002, "text": "The area Pluto orbits in has long since been cleared of the majority of the dust cloud that formed the solar system. It won't be gaining any meaningful measure of mass in the foreseeable future.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-88724", "score": 0.6293501853942871, "text": "Don't think of this as seeing 13 billion light years away. Think of it like this. Light travels outward from a source. Light travels a set distance every year. Telescopes are not seeing 13 billion light years away, they are seeing the light that has traveled that far. The strength of the telescope is its ability to pick up EXTREMLY fait light. Because the farther the light travels the dimmer it becomes. Its best not to think of this as distance but as sensitivity.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-3230", "score": 0.629321277141571, "text": "Our planets are all mostly on the same plane, which is nicely convenient for illustration purposes. If you go any other direction, it's pretty darn empty. And it will take a while to run into the [Oort cloud](_URL_0_). Beyond that is way more empty before another solar system.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-267406", "score": 0.6293017268180847, "text": "Based on how much we have learned about Pluto: Is there something you regret about the design of New Horizon now? Which additional instrument would have been the most useful addition?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-279895", "score": 0.6292822360992432, "text": "Our methods are generally biased to planets with short orbits, because we can see (in Keplar's case) periodic dips in stellar brightness. The other common method, radial velocimetry, is biased towards heavy planets as well as fast ones. It would take longer to detect slower planets like the Earth because you have to observe for several years. Kepler has detected planets with a 200+ day period, so it's possible.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-317059", "score": 0.6292645335197449, "text": "[Here](_URL_2_) is a collection of pictures Hubble has taken of our solar system. That said, orbiters can not only take much more detailed images, simply by being closer, but can also make other kinds of measurements; see, for example, [this](_URL_0_) and [this](_URL_1_). Orbiters also can serve as communication relays for landers, so landers don't have to have very powerful transmitters to communicate their data to Earth.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-559", "score": 0.7952567338943481, "text": "The Federal Reserve is essentially a government agency that is operated privately. It was created by the government, it's leaders are appointed by the government, but it is independent. This is often referred to as being \"independent within the government.\" By making it independent and quasi-private, the Federal Reserve can run monetary policy more efficiently, without every single thing being politicized and subject to constant interference and squabbling from politicians. This isn't to say that there's no oversight, just that it's less silly." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-128857", "score": 0.7540373802185059, "text": "The federal reserve is, for the most part, independent of the rest of the government, but I would argue that the Congress has control over the fed by way of being able to amend, repeal, or do whatever they want to the federal reserve act that authorizes its existence. For example, a few years ago there was an attempt to amend the Fed's purpose to be solely controlling inflation, rather than both controlling inflation and promoting full employment. Though the idea was shelved, Congress was well within its power in considering such a change.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-55078", "score": 0.7522376179695129, "text": "Central banks are usually not a part of the government/state but are instead independent. This is supposed to allow good (long-term/efficient/sustainable) policy making. If the government controls the central bank it can order it to print lots of money to finance its policys (e.g. a big scale war) which tends to fuck the economy over (due to inflation in this example). The actual way the concept of independence is implemented differs from country to country. The US fed. appears to be a special case that I can unfortunately not elaborate. You might wanna ask this question over at /r/askeconomics Also visit /r/badeconomics since there's a lot of misinformation/conspiracy theorys about this topic on the internet which is corrected over there.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-158009", "score": 0.7500335574150085, "text": "The Federal Reserve is an independent government entity that coins money, sets interest rates, and is generally in control of US monetary policy. It's often criticized for lack of oversight. It also has significant regulatory duties, usually involving the financial sector. I don't think there are really positives and negatives - it simply fulfills a role necessary in government, which is the issuance of currency and monetary policy, and would be replaced by another organization if it were abolished.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2397505", "score": 0.7494433522224426, "text": "I'm 19 and to this day I still have no idea why we need The Fed or what it does exactly. I mean, I learned about it in high school, but it was never explained that well. And I never understood if it was part of the government or not.\n\nIf anyone can explain this simply it would help a lot. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-161045", "score": 0.7432811260223389, "text": "The Fed is a crucial part of our financial system. Among other things, they can influence the overall interest rates in the country to help the economy, can be the lender-of-last-resort to keep banks open and people's money safe, and they can adjust the money supply to combat inflation or deflation. But they are not actually part of the government. They are a private entity whose inner workings are not visible to the public. Although they work closely with the government, they may take advantage of policies to benefit their private benefactors. Ron Paul and others have suggested that the Fed is heavily controlled by private parties and has caused harm by printing paper money that isn't backed by gold or anything else. Ron Paul brings up many good points. Still, the Fed plays a crucial role in our system, and fixes many huge problems that banking used to cause. But one thing is clear: our system is far from perfect and needs improvement.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-174522", "score": 0.7378631830215454, "text": "There a ton of videos explaining it on youtube, or maybe not anymore as they deleted a ton of them... the federal reserve is a central bank that lends money exclusively to the United States government, it hold the debt of the government and charges interest on that debt (when you hear of the federal debt being in the trillions of dollars, it’s they who are owed)... most countries have a centralized bank that has a grip on they’re country financially", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-67597", "score": 0.736786425113678, "text": "We don't have a Bank of the United States (Andrew Jackson abolished that). Treasury is used to manage govt. funds (paychecks, revenues, budgets etc.). Federal reserve prints money, controls monetary and fiscal policy to change economic conditions.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-51577", "score": 0.7339792847633362, "text": "I asked pretty much the same question already. I guess they decided to create the fed after there was a lot of financial turmoil back before 1913 or something. Still seems to me like a lot of unchecked power in few hands.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2145168", "score": 0.7333816885948181, "text": "I read somewhere that it was created by Congress but wasn't actually a part of the government as a whole. What's going on?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-28893", "score": 0.732496440410614, "text": "The Federal Reserve doesn't have shareholders. All of it's money is from the government and all of it's money belongs to the government. Myth: Busted. Also, that is not even close to the function of the Federal Reserve. One of it's jobs it is to buy US bonds back from regular US bondholders - that's how the government 'pays back' debt, however.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-170295", "score": 0.7312880158424377, "text": "The Federal Reserve is chartered and authorized by the federal government via the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. It is funded by its own operations, with any excess profit beyond its costs and the returns that member banks receive going to the U.S. Treasury. The President appoints and the Senate confirms the members of the Board of Governors, and the Banks, along with the Board of Governors, appoint the presidents of the 12 individual bank branches. However, the central bank itself is owned by its member banks, and dividends are paid out to those member banks, who purchase stock in the Fed. So, the answer is a little complicated. The Federal Reserve exists as a quasi-governmental entity with aspects of both public governance and private ownership. The [Wikipedia page](/_URL_0_) has some more information", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-20282", "score": 0.730805516242981, "text": "\"How do we owe ourselves money and what would happen if we just chose not to pay ourselves?\" Technically we do not owe ourselves. The Federal Reserve does have the name Federal in its title, but is not associated directly with the US Government. The Federal Reserve is a privately run with a board of Governors. We borrow money from the Federal Reserve in order to pay certain bills that the US can not cover from taxes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-48354", "score": 0.7298003435134888, "text": "It's not really a thing that anyone owns, but the federal government would be the closest thing to an owner. The Board of Governors are appointed by the President, and any profit is paid to the Treasury. The commercial banks are required to buy stock in the Federal Reserve, but that doesn't really mean that they own the Fed in the way that the stockholders of a corporation own it. They can't sell their stock, and they don't receive the profits. They do receive a fixed dividend, which is effectively interest on the money they've paid. It's more like they're required to lend money to the Fed.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-20635", "score": 0.725579023361206, "text": "Because the GDP is not credited to the federal government. the GDP is the product of the whole US economy. The federal government has much smaller sources of revenue, almost all of it taxes.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1020928", "score": 0.7251102328300476, "text": "I try to keep myself politically informed, but I’ve never taken the time to truly delve into why either side supports or doesn’t support the Federal Reserve system. From what I can tell, libertarians seem to harbor distrust and resentment towards it, but that’s about it. Can anyone give me a good explanation to what either side of the political spectrum thinks about the Federal Reserve and why?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-141223", "score": 0.7239372134208679, "text": "If the US Government were a company, the Department of the Treasury would be the financial department. The IRS would be accounts receivable, billing, and some portion of accounts payable. It is overseen by the Department of the Treasury. The Federal Reserve would be an independent subsidiary and consultant. This is of course an *extremely simplistic* view of how they interact, because the IRS also engages in some criminal oversight, and the Reserve Bank distributes money and also monitors banks themselves. The Fed also suggests policies to the Department of the Treasury and in coordination tries to keep the dollar strong and the economy healthy.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-49461", "score": 0.7235761880874634, "text": "The Federal Reserve matters because it is the Central Bank of the United States and the lender of last resort for all of our other banks. It has a great deal of power over the economy, primarily through the buying and selling of Treasury Bonds and setting the \"ground rules\" that all other banks follow. It's worth noting that people tend to massively misunderstand what the Fed is. It is not a Private Bank, it is a weird mix of Private and Public. It's Board of Directors is appointed by the President, but the Fed does not have to seek approval for its actions from Congress or the President. So it is an independent agency that ultimately acts on its primary mission - keep the US economy ticking along nicely.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-122164", "score": 0.7228630185127258, "text": "What do you mean? The President appoints the leadership of the Federal Reserve. They're just *independent* like judges; they can't be taken out of power just because the President or Congress doesn't like their decisions.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-106563", "score": 0.7212626934051514, "text": "Because it doesn't really print the money. The fed generally increases the money supply by buying bonds on the open market. This works because the money basically comes from no where. When they decide that inflation is a concern they sell those bonds and the money disappears again.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2247356", "score": 0.7194005250930786, "text": "Today I learned that the federal gov't doesn't actually own the federal bank, that that's just a name. It's a private bank that is for profit, and lends money to banks and our country. WTF. The IRS is a gov't program so they can collect taxes to pay back the federal reserve bank, WTF! But it's a FUCKING BANK, its not even ours! Can someone explain this ball of fuck to me!?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-560", "score": 0.7481861710548401, "text": "Hats have been popular articles of men's attire from ancient times until 1960. Most men throughout history wore a cap or hat whenever they went outside. In 1960, President-Elect Kennedy attended his inaguration hatless and thereafter fashion changed rapidly to dispense with headgear except as environmental conditions required. From about 1920 to 1960 men found it increasingly hard to use hats as an article of fashion due to the headroom in cars. As the headroom got smaller, hats got harder to wear. First the large tophat style hats vanished, then even smaller fedoras. About the only place men still feel comfortable wearing headgear in transport is in the cab of large trucks." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-225940", "score": 0.7093631625175476, "text": "It was [popular in the US during the 1920s](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-233864", "score": 0.7089037299156189, "text": "The modern suit is a product of the 20s. (In the teens, people were still wearing what would look rather old-timey today. Men's fashions in the 20s included lots of stuff that could easily be seen on the street today.) The 20s also saw the introduction of athleticwear as casualwear for men. The 50s saw an explosion of options. Plaid, corduroy, chinos...even shorts for grown men. I was then that jeans started to work their way in as casualwear, although they did not have the adult appeal of these other options. The youth of the 60s didn't throw out their jeans as they got older, and eventually gave them a certain air of respectability.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-74721", "score": 0.7068981528282166, "text": "One factor may be that, during that time, being pale meant that you belonged to the upper class. Being tanned meant you worked outdoors and belonged to the working class. Therefore people actively tried to be pale and hats were a good way to shield your face. Nowadays, being tan is seen as attractive so people forgo hats (at least in the west).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-221975", "score": 0.705207884311676, "text": "Hi there. I think you might be interested in this previous answer of mine: [\"[J. F.] Kennedy despised how he looked in hats and usually refused to wear them - despite howls of protest from habderdashers whose hat sales took a precipitous downturn in the 1960s\" (Barbara Perry). What factors led to the downturn in menswear hat sales in the 1960s?](_URL_0_) Feel free to ask any follow-up questions here!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-34246", "score": 0.7029892206192017, "text": "It's merely a social condition. We've been taught to do that simply because our parents told us to, and their parents told them to, and so on. No one can really say when or why it became that way. Social conditions never have any practical reason for existing. If you think wearing a hat indoors is ok, then by all means, invite your friends over for an indoor hat party.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-23058", "score": 0.7026987671852112, "text": "Because they don't spend as much time outdoors. A hat protected you from the sun when it was hot, kept you warm when it was cold, and kept you dry when it was rainy. That far less necessary when you spend most of your time inside in a climate controlled environment.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-227887", "score": 0.7024765610694885, "text": "Early 1800's when it was replaced by top hats, especially for civilians as fashion icon of the time [Beau Brummel](_URL_2_) popularized the look. James Monroe continued to wear tricorne hats and he was nicknamed [\"The Last Cocked Hat\"](_URL_1_) because no one else wear those hats anymore. Napoleon actually wore [bicorne hat](_URL_0_), which became more common in the military.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-225941", "score": 0.7022042274475098, "text": "I believe 1920s America saw a rise in the popularity of smaller breasts. Just a quick [glance](_URL_2_) at the popular \"flapper\" dresses show this to be true as the dress functioned to not accentuate one's breasts. This was all to do with the changing role of women at the time with their right to vote.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-11532", "score": 0.7007494568824768, "text": "1920's. That's when baseball started becoming very popular in the US and also when film stars really started appearing", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-79770", "score": 0.6975081562995911, "text": "That style of hat has been worn by women attending horse races since the 1800s. It has now become a point of tradition and status among women who are attending the races.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-203698", "score": 0.6971867680549622, "text": "I've got an answer that may help you! [\"[J. F.] Kennedy despised how he looked in hats and usually refused to wear them - despite howls of protest from habderdashers whose hat sales took a precipitous downturn in the 1960s\" (Barbara Perry). What factors led to the downturn in menswear hat sales in the 1960s?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-67317", "score": 0.6964524388313293, "text": "Some have claimed JFK did it. The US president may not be a fashion leader, but when he didn't wear hats men decided to stop wearing them as well. Other people attribute it to car styles. Cars in the 1950s got lower bodies, which made it difficult to ride a car with a hat on your head.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-129647", "score": 0.6956397891044617, "text": "The real reason is they have different taste in hats", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-232614", "score": 0.6947031021118164, "text": "I can't speak to the prevalence of wigs/toupees at the time, but men did not tend to shave their heads to hide the pattern balding the way they do today. Growing your hair should be fine. The most fashionable facial hair in the 1880s was a dapper curled mustache, as seen [here](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_3_). However, beards were certainly seen: they could be trimmed [close and with a slight perkiness](_URL_0_) for fashionability. ([Fuller version](_URL_1_).) Less-manicured beards had been more popular in the 1860s and 1870s, so by this time they were more likely to be associated with [old men](_URL_4_) or artistic/philosopher types. (Less-manicured mustaches and things like mutton chops were also still seen, but more dignified than fashionable.)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-170964", "score": 0.6941019892692566, "text": "Probably because you associate the styles they’re dressed in with the people who are from that era. What was popular in the 50’s-90’s with the youth is still getting worn by people from that era only they’re older. Hairstyles mostly. That’s why a lot of senior citizens wear their hair in curls bc it was popular in the 50’s. When we get old I suspect us to be wearing the same style clothes pretty much, and they’ll be considered “old” in time too.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-46977", "score": 0.6905701756477356, "text": "I'm just going to copy an older comment I made about hats: The removal of hats when indoor originates from knights removing their helmets to show that they're friendly and not challenging their king or other superiors. The tipping of the hat (and the salute) also originates from the knights, they would open their visor with their right hand when they met fellow knights. During the industrialization, people wore hats (pretty much everyone wore them) as a protection from dirt (people are complaining about pollution today, but in many places it was way worse in the latter part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century). The hats did become quite dirty, and should therefore be taken off and left in the entryway or mud room.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-85738", "score": 0.6904375553131104, "text": "Because short, curly hair styles were really popular back when they were younger (1930s-1950s). [This](_URL_0_) is from a yearbook published in the 1930s. Notice anything?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-169887", "score": 0.689781665802002, "text": "The social elite of the 1800s had two basic groups. Old Money who were born into upper society and had generational wealth, and new money who were entrepreneurs and merchants who struck it rich and entered their ranks without having been born into it. So the Old Money people often went about creating complex social rules, such as the kind of hats you can wear, when you can wear a certain color, etc to catch the New Money folk out and embarrass them. For the \"No white after labor day\" rule, it was that white and khaki colors were the traditional colors of summer and labor day was the traditional end of summer.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1146770", "score": 0.6889931559562683, "text": "I've never really considered what a bizarre thing it is that kids (apparently) used to wear hats with propellers on them. Was this ever common? How/why did this become a thing?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-950664", "score": 0.6874738335609436, "text": "I'm no fedora neckbeard kid. I wouldn't wear a pinstripe suit casually. However, in actual adult men's fashion, pinstripe suits are incredibly sharp looking and should see a revival. It would be good to pay homage to the 1920s anyway. Celebrating their 100 year anniversary for a decade.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-561", "score": 0.8182818293571472, "text": "The Verizon employees who are on strike have not had a contract since August of 2015. Negotiations with the company have not produced the results they felt were appropriate and they have elected to strike based on that. Some of the issues they have raised are wages, pension freezes, Verizon working to make it easier to dismiss staff and move jobs overseas, among other things." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-383930", "score": 0.7385830283164978, "text": "BY CANDACE WAGNER\nAfter 48 days on the picket line, 39,000 strikers returned to work May 31 and June 1 after officials of the Communications Workers of America and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers reached a tentative contract agreement with Verizon Communications Inc.\n\nVerizon bosses were surprised by the widespread sympathy the strike won among working people, despite the bosses’ attempt to paint the strikers as greedy, labor aristocrats who should be happy with their “generous” wages and benefits.\n\nAmong the central issues were proposals by Verizon to contract out more work; shut down call centers, moving them to other countries with substantially lower wages; cut pensions and increase health care costs.\n\nOn April 28, Verizon issued a “last, best, and final” offer and sent it to every striker, urging them to cross the picket lines. But the overwhelming majority of union members stayed strong. Verizon Chief Financial Officer Fran Shammo told stockholders April 21 that the strike was putting “pressure on earnings.” The Obama administration stepped in to press for a settlement.\n\nAccording to a Communications Workers union summary, workers will get a 10.9 percent wage increase over the four-year contract. Current employees will keep their pensions. And the company will hire 1,300 new call center workers during the contract term. The summary says that union officials agreed to “new health care costs for members.” For the first time some 70 retail workers at Verizon Wireless stores will be covered by the contract.\n\nThe union officials agreed to lift the contractual cap on overtime work for two weeks to deal with the backlog from the strike.\n\nMany workers who spoke to the Militant said they are waiting to read the full agreement before deciding what they think. Workers will vote on the contract by June 17.\n\nIn a related development, negotiations continue for 15,000 AT&T West workers in California and Nevada. Their contract expired April 10. Some 1,700 members of CWA Local 9509 in San Diego ended a nearly one-week grievance strike May 26. \n\n", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-59085", "score": 0.7183846235275269, "text": "The issue is the value of a temp worker who can fulfill a task over the short term, and the striking workers who have training and experience in their jobs. While Verizon (or any company, really) can simply fill-in for striking workers with temps, or by pulling from other divisions of the company, the replacement workers won't be as good at their jobs as the striking workers. Or, at least, that's the principle. The idea behind a strike is, at its most basic, to convince a company that they need the employees, and need to meet the employees' requirements to continue effective operations. So no, a strike isn't a result of collective bargaining not working, at least not in the sense you may have meant it - its a tool to make collective bargaining viable.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-490274", "score": 0.6841687560081482, "text": "I'm hearing a lot from the Unions but little from the government on this matter. Can someone objectively explain the motives behind the strike?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-655899", "score": 0.6632102727890015, "text": "I can't find any kind of news story (maybe on purpose) giving me an update since may 1st. Is the strike still going? If not, how did it end?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1607204", "score": 0.6626600623130798, "text": "I heard about Uber drivers in the UK going on strike, and my question is if you voluntarily choose to work for Uber then why would you go on strike? If the working conditions are not worth it then why wouldn’t you look for another job?\n\nIn the US there are other services such as Lyft, and I think many work for both. If there was another service competing with Uber then would that solve all the problems? You could just switch between whichever one gives you a better pay?\n\nAnd surely if you do end up going on strike, Uber will just increase the rate for the drivers who don’t go on strike. \n\nThe way I see it is Uber is more like a free market place between customers and drivers. So I don’t really get what going on strike accomplishes or what you hope to get from it.\n\nPlease educate me", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1609089", "score": 0.654351532459259, "text": "Reddit loves to talk a good, pro-union shared-sacrifice game. Here's your chance to really do something meaningful and help your fellow man.\n\nCall Verizon Wireless and tell them you want to put your account on a vacation suspension. Let them know you'll be coming back from vacation when they've come to a bargaining agreement with their union.\n\nYou can live without Facebook and Angry Birds, can't you?\n\nWill you put your ass where your mouth is and give up conveniences to fight for what you believe in?\n\nI realize the strike affects the landline division and not the wireless. The action of boycotting the wireless division still affects the entire corporation but doesn't move from inconvenience to outright debilitation.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-4827", "score": 0.6508201360702515, "text": "The players are not going on strike. The owners (the employers of the players) are locking the players out, because they want the players to accept lower salary growth in future seasons.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1752898", "score": 0.6458032727241516, "text": "Obvious throwaway here, and I know this was posted before, but I'm posting this from another carrier.\n\nI work for Bell Mobility, and I feel the daily pressure from management and our executive office to send the pre-written email to complain about Verizon coming it. If I remember correctly they are calling it \"close the loop\".\n\nEvery day, I get an email reminding us that the government is treating Canadians unfairly by allowing Verizon to come in. They are sending our stats saying \"So far, 22,000 employees have sent the form, that's over 4000 employees in the last day!\". Then we get emails from our direct managers and directors reminding us of the importance of sending this letter, and reminding us to read the open letter from George Cope about the issue.\n\nEnding a team meeting, my boss reminds those on our team that we should send the form because \"It's our jobs we're talking about here\". I mentioned to my boss that the pressure is a bit much, and I asked if they are tracking who is submitting or not, and he/she said (rough quote) \"I think they can track who is sending them or not\"\n\nI don't know if this is illegal, because it's not like they are making it a job requirement, however I definitely feel the pressure.\nFor the record, I haven't signed. I'm not going to either. I'm a consumer just like you. My integrity comes first.\n\nAny questions, feel free.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1616787", "score": 0.6457764506340027, "text": "Can someone who is a corporate verizon employee PM me to talk about the employee discounts? I am a wireline employee and changes are coming to the discount so i would like to talk to a wireless employee who already has the higher discount", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1385708", "score": 0.6428343653678894, "text": "\"Because of the low pay at the General Assembly, I've been driving for Lyft on the side to make ends meet.\n\nI'm striking on Wednesday with thousands of my fellow rideshare drivers. Don't cross the picket line.\nDon't do it.\nDon't cross the picket line.\nJust don't.\" Lee Carter", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-655545", "score": 0.6396489143371582, "text": "I just heard that Instacart workers are going to strike for coronavirus protection, and that the company says there won’t be an impact. Let’s show them an impact. We should stand with these workers providing an important service as they seek to reduce unnecessary risks to their own health.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1200411", "score": 0.633863627910614, "text": "I'm wondering if T-Mobile uses Verizon for backhaul in some locations. I ask because of the strike of the wireline workers who work on fiber. I would like to know how it could affect T-Mobile voice and data in the NE.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1607271", "score": 0.6295840740203857, "text": "I will be leaving my job with Verizon in the next month or so, I have a new job starting in mid January that I am very excited about. But, I am trying to figure out when to put in my two weeks so I can maximize my health insurance situation. My new job starts health insurance on day 1, but I would like a few days in between the jobs to prepare myself. Does Verizon end your benefits on your last day of work or do they let them continue for the rest of the last month you work? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-844208", "score": 0.6262065768241882, "text": "I know of two people in my circle who are still working as normal in a southern state. One works for a non-essential medical office, scheduling NEW appointments. The other works at corporate owned tanning facility.\n\nBoth of these places WILL be shut down here soon. Because they absolutely cannot operate during a pandemic. The only thing these companies are accomplishing is exposing their workers and customers to the virus to make last minute cash before they shut down. \n\nI spoke to both of my friends and urged them to not go to work today. They understood the risk, they each said they spoke to their superiors and expressed their own concerns, which were ignored.\n\nThey each espoused the idea that the company was simply greedy and negligent; and then they went to work anyway. They need the money and are rightfully afraid of losing their jobs.\n\nSo when you are calling for a general strike 3 things need to be taken into account imo.\n\n1.) People are not simply going to throw their jobs away. Wage slaves need wages. People have dependents.\n\n How do we support these workers?\n\n2.) Not everyone even knows what a general stike is or are not literate enough in direct action to participate in one.\n\nHow do get these workers to a point where they are understand how to participate? \n\n3.) A General strike is occuring when people are generally striking, this is not really heppening. If we want it to happen, we need to help push the first dominos over. \n\nWe need to target specific businesses and get their workers to shut the facilities down. Then use that momentum to move to the next business.\n\nSo I ask you, What are you doing to bulid a general strike? \n\nI am open to all ideas and i know there is real action happening all over. \n\nPower to the people.\n\n\n\nEdit: Thanks everybody for the input.\nI feel now I was over zealous in my this post. A general strike is something of a pipe dream at the moment. \n\nI will focus my efforts on mutual-aid. Hopefully we can get people some help from the bottom up!\nBelow is an article about current-mutual aid programs happening in the USA! \n ", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-82289", "score": 0.6252262592315674, "text": "The strike was about writers demanding increased compensation for the use of their work in newer media, including DVD's, Internet, etc. Also, there were arguments about whether the union could represent writers of animated programs and reality shows. [details here](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-19386", "score": 0.6247949004173279, "text": "You can breach contracts all day long and face no penalty whatsoever, as long as the other party doesn't care enough to enforce the contract. Ignoring the possibility of legal jargon that got Verizon out legally, Verizon cares enough to enforce their contract with you, but the Commonwealth of PA doesn't care enough to enforce their contract with Verizon.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-191299", "score": 0.6222305297851562, "text": "They’re gatherings of workers in a similar line of work. Plumbers unions, auto workers unions, construction unions, and the like. It’s basically the workers getting together and saying “we will all behave as one” like “if we don’t get a raise, we will all go on strike”. Someone who is part of a union but breaks with the actions of the union often find themselves unemployed and “blacklisted”. Companies hate unions because the bargaining power of a union is much greater than an individual. If one guy says “give me a raise or I quit”, he’ll be shown the door. If the entire union says “raise or we walk”, it’ll be a shit load harder to replace that many people at once.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1240895", "score": 0.6219953298568726, "text": "Pending coverage issues I am considering leaving Verizon. I used to work for Verizon and due to some post departure issues I might jump ship. We currently have 3 Pixel 2 XL's and 2 Moto Z Forces (1st Gen). The pixel 2's we'd keep the moto z's we probably flip to samsung. Looking for unlimited data and maybe HD video for at least 3 lines. What pricing would I be looking at? Does TMobile buy out Device Payments without turning the device in?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1750555", "score": 0.6219378709793091, "text": "When a union calls for a strike, they claim it's due to unfair labor practices. But strikes over certain issues can be considered 'illegal', and such strikes do not protect workers from being replaced. \n\nDoes the burden of proof fall on the company to prove a strike is illegal? Or must the union prove the company is in the wrong? Is the decision determined by a court system or a governing body?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1751930", "score": 0.6204887628555298, "text": "So this isnt for me but fellow ex employees that I would like to know the answer too. As a union job we had to sign a new contract a couple years ago. That both us and management had to agree on. We are not allowed to ratify this or change anything without management agreeing. So it should go the other way around as well. Well. As a boring factory job the only thing that kept us sane was listening to music. They decided that having phones is a safety issue and took everyone's phones away. EXCEPT when we call the boss to tell them something is broke. So it's a safety issue until it makes them money. Then it's ok. \n\nSo some people fought this and kept wearing headphones and listening to podcasts. Well those people got fired. And we have a step process that we need like 10 write ups before firing. These people didnt get any. So they got fired for something that wasnt in the contract or agreed upon by both sides. So do these people have any legal way to get back at them? If it was a normal job where no contract or no union then obviously not. But I feel that since it's a union job and all of management agreed 2 years ago. That changing a rule and then firing these people for something shouldnt be allowed. Thank you.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-562", "score": 0.8646300435066223, "text": "First, texture has a lot to do with food. The sensations of chewing, moving food around in your mouth, and taking a bite-sized solid piece of omelet versus a fluffy bit of scrambled egg with a lot of air in it will add to a difference in flavor. Next, your omelet usually has a big chunk of \"other stuff\" in its middle whereas the scrambled egg approach would have little bits of other things all throughout them (assuming you are making them with more than just cheese). This changes the way those additional bits cook and exchange tastes with each other, changes their moisture content, and changes the distribution of flavours that you get in each mouthful. Finally, scrambled eggs are mixed around and they're cooked very uniformly without a \"browned\" exterior, but omelets usually have a little more deep-cooking in their exterior surface, and its different more-burned chemicals can result in a different flavor profile." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1201724", "score": 0.7420418858528137, "text": "Hello reddit, once again I come for your wisdom. On the last month my cooking pan just gets messed up when cooking omelettes. The eggs just freaking stick to the pan leaving an enormous layer of egg that just turn into crumbles when you want to get it out. Idk if it just me, my amazing cooking skills, or my old pan. \nAlso, I use butter in the pan before I pour the eggs\nTY", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2011452", "score": 0.7414286732673645, "text": "The best way to eat eggs is frying them on medium heat so all of the white gets brown and crispy while the yolk remains runny. The whites are slightly firm while the yolk is a thick liquid. However, with scrambled eggs, they are way too soft, even if you overcook them to death, they will never be as firm as even delicately cooked egg whites. When you make fried eggs, you have the contrast between the firm, crispy egg white and the thick, liquid egg yolk with all the flavor. With scrambled eggs, you have something that has no variance in texture, even if you leave them rippled, like Anthony Bourdain did (rest his soul) you won’t get the same effect. And while browned egg whites are delicious, browned egg yolks are not. With scrambled eggs, if they brown, it’ll just taste wrong. \n\n\nAnd nothing stops you from putting fillings in fried eggs! Just fry some chopped bacon and vegetables or whatever you wants and just crack your eggs over top. They’ll stay in them.\n\nNow this is not to say scrambled eggs or omelets taste bad. I think they’re delicious. I just think properly cooked fried eggs are so much better.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2009217", "score": 0.7407827973365784, "text": "Maybe it’s just how pictures look, but my scrambled eggs are always just dry pieces of egg scooped together. What am I doing wrong? What do you guys add in there?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2009470", "score": 0.7399522662162781, "text": "It's time to change it up a little bit. I started with the standard eggs cooked in butter (pepper and salt, of course), scrambled, omelettes for years and years. Enjoyed Indian style curry eggs for a bit, tired of that. Cream Cheese eggs, very bored of that too. \n\nBreakfast feels like I'm forcing down slimy slugs down my mouth to feel energized throughout the day because I've eaten eggs for breakfast my entire life, like many", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-30737", "score": 0.7308851480484009, "text": "Weirdly, the opposite holds true for me. I often make omelettes with 3 eggs, but couldn't imagine eating 3 hardboiled eggs in one sitting.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-16713", "score": 0.7282354831695557, "text": "My first thought is because of the maillard reaction. When you fry an egg you brown it, when scrambling you don't(typically)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2694324", "score": 0.7218620777130127, "text": "I've been eating a lot of egg whites lately for a lean protein source, but I'm starting to get sick of the same old thing. Basically, I've been making omelets with some minced veggies and some spice. Any suggestions as to what I can do to switch things up a bit?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2008994", "score": 0.7215871214866638, "text": "When you crack eggs during the preparation, and some pieces of eggshell fall into the mixture, just leave them. They give, an otherwise soft and boring meal, a unique experience. So the next time you’re making an omelette, try it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2599030", "score": 0.7193827629089355, "text": "I (32M) made an omelet for the first time today. I usually only make scrambled eggs when I have eggs, but today I decided to try something different. I added the ingredients a bit early so the omelet looked more like a scramble, but overall it turned out well. Oddly, I'm very proud of myself for some silly reason... but yeah... that's a thing I did today. Just wanted to share with someone...", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2008762", "score": 0.7112956643104553, "text": "I can eat eggs in things, but just an egg, just scrambled? Eww. Ugh, I can't do it.\n\nBut, I know that an egg or two for breakfast is much more healthy than my typical bowl of cereal. I would love to learn to love eggs.\n\nAny recommendations on how to cook eggs and add things to make the eggy flavor fade away? Please?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2530251", "score": 0.7098745703697205, "text": "THIS. \n\nI’ve made scrambled eggs on low heat, medium heat, high heat. I’ve whisked constantly. I’ll let sit for minutes before stirring. Any way I do it, the eggs form this nasty funk on the bottom of the pan and it’s also incredibly difficult to clean. Wtf are you supposed to do? Do I need to get a non-stick just for eggs? Do I need to add a half cup of oil for every egg in order for it to not stick?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2694488", "score": 0.7057952284812927, "text": "is this possible? i've made the cauliflower and zucchini and it would've been ok if it didnt taste like pizza toppings on an omelette. gross. love eggs but i really want crust that tastes like crust.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2009748", "score": 0.7052779197692871, "text": "Solved: Thank you u/waterlilyrm u/wdjm u/the-prince-of-pasta and u/plastikmissile. Your suggestions worked perfectly. Not only did you guys save the eggs from overcooking, but this method also cut the cooking time into half and my omlette is much more even now. Earlier it was bloated in the center. Thank you!\n\n---\n\n\nI use 4 eggs to make an omelette. After I pour in the whisked eggs, I cover the pan with a lid. The pan is fairly big as well. I have tried cooking both on medium and well as low flame.\n\nI hate the taste of over fried eggs at the bottom. What can I do to prevent the bottom of the omlette from overcooking?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2098120", "score": 0.7036332488059998, "text": "Inspired by Gordon Ramsay, I decided to try making a bit of scrambled eggs the way he does, i.e. constant stirring and taking the skillet on and off the heat in regular intervals. While I may have put too much salt, I really like how creamy and soft the eggs turned out. Creme fraiche isn't as cheap or readily available here in the US, but I'm willing to use sour cream to add creaminess and taste to it. Is sour cream ok to add to scrambled eggs?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2011043", "score": 0.7001174092292786, "text": "The acid from the lemons interacts with the proteins in the eggs as they cook so that while they coagulate faster, they don't coagulate as tightly, giving the eggs a more velvety mouth feel. And if your eggs will be sitting out for a while the acid also prevents the sulfur from acting to give the eggs a greenish tinge. About 1/8 tsp per portion should do the job! \n\nRemember, the secret to good scrambled eggs is cooking slowly over low-ish heat! Brown eggs are burnt eggs, and burnt eggs are bad (and leathery)!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-42797", "score": 0.6999190449714661, "text": "Proteins are unfolding and then aggregating, changing appearance, texture and, to a lesser extent, flavor. (pro-tip: you can actually UNCOOK a boiled egg by carefully refolding the proteins at room temperature using chaotropic salts like guanidinium hcl, but of course then you wouldnt want to eat it) At the same time, the Maillard Reactions come into play, making a host of new flavor molecules. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2522446", "score": 0.6974740624427795, "text": "I've fried an egg for breakfast for myself and/or my wife pretty much every day for the past year. In the last month, I started cooking with olive oil instead of butter and all of a sudden, my eggs are sticking to the bottom of the pan and cooking unevenly. I prefer the taste and health benefits of olive oil, but the cooking is so much more difficult. Am I doing something wrong? Why are my eggs falling apart?\n\nEDIT: I use a non-stick pan, add the oil or butter before heating the pan, and let it get quite hot. The egg white starts to bubble the moment it hits the pan.\n\nDouble EDIT: Switching back to butter results in eggs coming out without sticking. So I don't think I need a new pan. I use the same amounts of melted butter vs. XVOO.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-550563", "score": 0.6973182559013367, "text": "I’m quite partial to an egg, but by the time I’ve got into the bugger half the good stuff is still stuck to the shell and the rest looks like I’ve stamped on it. Where am I going wrong? Is it the cooking process or am I just simmering with anger all the time and this is how it shows itself?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2008874", "score": 0.6958860754966736, "text": "I dont understand the appeal. Food bloggers love this stuff but it's mediocre. Sure it looks cool when you poke it and the shit oozes out but that's also kinda gross. Sunny side up egg on a sandwich? One bite and now theres a huge mess. Sunny side up egg breakfast? Gross, hash browns and toast dipped in egg yolk. Not much flavor at all. I'd rather have an omelette, scrambled eggs, anything", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-140001", "score": 0.6952704787254333, "text": "If the preparation is eggs only then they don't. But many preparations of eggs add things to them. For example Scrambled eggs often adds a bit of milk, omelettes add cheese, deviled eggs add mayonnaise (or miracle whip), all of which add calcium to the dish because they use dairy. You also have different preparations that use different bird species and these can vary in calcium content.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-563", "score": 0.6551529169082642, "text": "Right now the parties are voting to pick who they want to run for president, as private entities. They may want to exclude non-party members, for instance to avoid letting 'guerilla voters' bump up a cataclysmically bad candidate so that the party will nominate him/her, and then lose in the general election. You aren't currently voting *for president.* When that time comes, you can vote for whoever you'd like." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-539497", "score": 0.6223525404930115, "text": "The first election I was able to vote in for a primary was in 2016 with Hillary/Bernie. I did end up voting but I was going through a really difficult time and I honestly can’t remember when the rest of the general public started caring about the primaries. Is it after the first debate? Closer to elections? I know junkies like us get into it, but what about just those who probably will end up voting, but don’t care all that much?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-84856", "score": 0.6222899556159973, "text": "Yes. People get confused by the electoral college. Your vote counts in the general election. If the majority of one state votes Democratic, the state casts all of its electoral votes for the Democrat, and vice versa (except in one or two states where the electoral votes can be split up). So yes, your vote counts. Now, most states will consistently go left or right, but some, known as swing states, will not. Residents of these states are bombarded with election ads, as their votes are the most decisive in the election. States like Ohio, Virginia, Florida, and now Massachusetts are all swing states.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-130036", "score": 0.6221812963485718, "text": "Well, in theory, any one of them could pick up all the \"undecided\" votes. Or one of the bigger candidates might be forced to pull out for some reason -- ill health, political scandal, whatever. And polls aren't always very accurate -- just ask the British Labour Party about the accuracy of the polls just before last year's elections. But the most important consideration is that, unless they're polling zero, they are representing somebody's views. Those views have as much right to be heard as anyone else's, and by dropping out you'd be depriving those who share your views of a voice. Even if you have no chance of winning at all, it's still an opportunity to make your views heard and to participate in a democratic debate.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-310025", "score": 0.6220771670341492, "text": "I'm not familiar with any work related to quantifying the \"swing state\" effect on voter power (although I'm sure it exists), but I should comment on something else in your post: **Electoral votes per capita is an *atrocious* measure of voting power per capita.** The basic problem is that the probability a state will decide an election is not equal to its fraction of the Electoral College. It turns out that large blocs have a disproportionately large share of the power in this sense. (Look up \"Banzhaf Power\" if you want to see more about the math of this.) It works out that, in the Electoral College system, assuming votes are random, a voter in a small state is *dramatically* less likely to decide the election than a voter in a large state, even though the small state has more EC votes per capita.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-211854", "score": 0.6220390200614929, "text": "Are you referring to a general election, or a primary election?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-101338", "score": 0.6219536662101746, "text": "* the primaries aren't won in one state, there is plenty of time of things to change * with 10+ people in the race, being under 5% isn't as bad at it would be in a 2 or 3 person race * in particular, when three of the top four finishers are considered to be volatile, support can shift quickly * many are running for other things, like a shot at VP, a cabinet post, or national exposure for a future race * some are truly delusional", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1610506", "score": 0.6219273209571838, "text": "Anyone who still somehow thinks the polls are impartial and fair, have a look at the Issues Sections of the Ipsos Poll:\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile Yang was on the \"Vote\" part, when they asked about \"Issues\", they only listed: \n\n\nBiden/Sanders/Warren/Buttigieg/Bloomberg/Some Other Candidate/Don't Know \n\n\nThey left off a ton off candidates on issues questions. Honestly that should disqualify them as a credible poll right off the bat, but there are other oddities.\n\n\nA few other things to note:\n\n\n1. Out of all respondents for the \"Vote\" section, the majority of people, at a whopping 23%, picked \"Don't Know\", meaning they are still undecided on who to vote for! Broken down between Democrats and Independents, Undecided is at 16% for Democrats, 3rd Place behind Biden and Sanders. Independents, a massive 30% are undecided, easily in 1st place.\n\n2. The \"Vote\" and \"Issues\" sections, while they did include Democrats and Independents, DID NOT include Republicans, despite over 1/3 of their polled people being Republican. They polled 1,116 people, and cut out 409 of them, instead of asking anything about people crossing party lines, or asking them if they were planning to vote Democrat in an Open Primary. They just excluded them instead.\n\n\nLike other people have said; The Polls don't represent us. This is the campaign that is forging new paths and defying the normal political processes. Have hope, keep fighting. We're still in this, even without the debate stage.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-90864", "score": 0.621893048286438, "text": "The Constitution specifically states a singular \"day\". Article 2, Section 1, Clause 4: > The Congress may determine the Time of chusing [sic] the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. We can't have an election week unless we amend the constitution. Edit: states have autonomy over their own election practices, so a state election could be whenever and for whatever period, at least theoretically.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-717899", "score": 0.6218595504760742, "text": "I recently ran into a ballot problem related to forwarding mail to a new address and felt this needed to be shared! In June, I moved from Pierce County, Washington, to Gallatin County, Montana, and did the online mail forwarding form on the USPS website. The WA state primary was August 4, and about 2 weeks before that I saw a pic of my ballot with the forwarding sticker in my USPS Daily Digest email (shows mail coming to my address). This piece of mail arrived three weeks later, after the election had passed, and it turns out it had been held for _two weeks_ at the USPS office in a nearby city.\n\nI went to my local USPS office to figure out why this happened, and they told me that the decision to forward non-profit posted mail (like ballots) is decided on a county by county basis. So this meant, despite it being legal in my WA county to forward ballots, it is not legal in the MT county, and therefore they were justified in holding my mail. They also told me that the fact I even received it in the first place, regardless of how late it was, shouldn’t have happened. This was all told to me by the person in charge at this local post office! \n\nSo please be aware that forwarding your mail through the USPS online form does not guarantee you will receive your ballot, even if you use something like the daily digest and see it coming! I should have looked into the issue further when my ballot didn’t arrive, that’s on me. Take my mistake as a lesson!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2197942", "score": 0.6218386888504028, "text": "When called a longshot, Yang often defends his chances with something like this:\n\n***\"Here’s the test: if we can get 40,000+ people in Iowa fired up about our message, it will sweep the country in 2020.\"***\n\nThis is important because Iowa goes first in the primaries. These are the first votes that count. Technically, these aren't primaries, but rather \"caucuses,\" where supporters gather in churches, schools, small businesses, and have an open dialogue on which candidate to support. In the coming months, you'll hear the phrase \"caucus for Yang.\" That literally means showing up to one of these venues to support our future president. Candidates need 15% or more support to be considered \"viable\" and have the votes count.\n\nIowa sets the stage for the rest of the primaries. The media frenzy surrounding Iowa can make or break a candidate's election.\n\nSome quick MATH:\n\n* In 2016, Iowa had an eligible voting population of 2,286,197.\n* 171,109 Democrats showed up to caucus, only 7.5% of eligible Iowans\n* Assuming the same turnout, Yang's 40,000 amounts to about 23%\n\n40,000 Iowans is the number needed to fuel the YANGMENTUM to win the election. Yang is only polling at 2.3% in Iowa right now. That's not enough as it stands, but I am confident that Yang Gang is fully capable of showing up in numbers 40,000+ in Iowa on February 3rd, 2020. The first-time-caucuser factor could be huge for Yang.\n\nPhonebank for Yang. Donate to his campaign. Tell your friends about Yang. Know someone in Iowa? Have a conversation with them. If you're an Iowa resident, message me. I'll buy you a yard sign.\n\nSorry if you already knew this. I didn't, so that's why I'm sharing with Yang Gang.\n\n**TLDR: Iowa goes first in the primaries. We need 15%+ support in Iowa to be \"viable\" and have the votes count. In 2016, 171,109 Iowans caucused in the Democratic Primaries. Assuming similar turnout, 40,000 is good for about 23%.**", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1611858", "score": 0.6217488646507263, "text": "Lavote.net go register this week, or you wont be included in the primary process this year. You must register for the party you wish to cast a vote for No party preference will exclude you from the primary.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-93241", "score": 0.6217473149299622, "text": "There are 'mini-elections' (if you will) for each party (Democrat, Republican, Green, Libertarian, etc.). I'm sure you have heard of primaries and caucuses? This is what those are for. So, there are most likely going to be around 12-15 Republican candidates running. There will be a few debates, then the caucuses vote on who they want to be the Republican nominee. After this occurs, the bottom half that did very poor in the polls will most likely drop out - leaving 3-5 serious contenders. Then the primaries will vote on the rest of the candidates, and the winner is named the official Republican endorsed candidate - however the other candidates can still run as an independent (even though it's rare).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-86597", "score": 0.6216481328010559, "text": "At the Democratic National Convention, a group of people called \"delegates\" will decide who the Democrats will run for president. About 80% of these delegates are elected by Democratic voters in primary elections and caucuses. The other 20% are not elected by voters, they are made up of prominent Democratic politicians and party officials. Most of these are backing Hilary, which puts Bernie at an automatic disadvantage. It means he doesn't have to just win more primaries than Hilary, he has to win a lot more and by a wide margin.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1610362", "score": 0.6216304898262024, "text": "If it's meant to be one person=one vote, why do we leave the election up to 6 states every 4 years? I've looked up news articles but none of them have a valid point as to why we do not go with the popular vote. I wanted T_D's opinion.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-60838", "score": 0.6216123700141907, "text": "Like soccer, national politics is something that the majority of Americans only pay attention to every four years. Launching a 3rd party bid gets exposure for them and their parties that they may be able to translate into more support, votes, donations, etc. They may never win the presidency, but it's not unimaginable for the Libertarians or Greens to translate the name recognition they get this cycle to pick up some House seats or seats in state legislatures.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-205656", "score": 0.6214285492897034, "text": "Something to keep in mind is that printed, government-supplied ballots happened relatively late in our political process. In 1860, one would vote by writing out a ballot for a candidate or slate of candidates, or alternatively by using a ballot that was printed in a newspaper or similar publication or handed out by a candidate's supporters at the polls. So Lincoln not appearing on ballots in the South is fairly normal; he was so unpopular there that few people would have dared to write him in or publish a ballot for him.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-31536", "score": 0.6213485598564148, "text": "It is designed to not let big states' interest control the entire election. The top ten states control just over 50% of the population despite being 1/5th of the nation. Yet 46% of the electoral college. So it's still heavily in favor of the big states. No individually california is 13% of the population while it's only 6% of the electoral college so I guess on that level it makes sense each state has state based interests so while the top ten are 50 percent of the country they also aren't. Florida and California both have oranges and could elect someone promising orange subsidies more easily than the states that need corn subsidies. However corn subsidies are more important to the nation so it's in our best interest to give some smaller states at least somewhat of a fighting chance. That's a patchwork of two answers from another thread", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1978028", "score": 0.6212053894996643, "text": "I think Bernie's message strongly resonates with the **majority** of Americans who don't vote. Turnout is so abysmal in this country that if we could get a small chunk of these non-voters registered, then I think Bernie could win, despite the large gaps in the polls.\n\nIs this a viable strategy? How could we make it happen?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1509462", "score": 0.6210920810699463, "text": "So, the Democrats are going to have a billion candidates for the primary and it would suit them to have a better electoral system. Given that they have a system in which the states send delegates to vote at the convention, it kind of makes it hard to really do much electoral reform. How do you suggest this system be reformed? The proportionality makes it hard to get enough information about how delegates would be required to vote in anything other than their first choice.\n\nI think at least they should use a Condorcet method for when the delegates vote. They would be required to vote for the their pledged candidate, but they’d have discretion with the other rankings.\n\nIf you want to get rid of proportionality, you could have each state use approval voting and each delegate from the state would be required to vote on a ranked ballot in order of approval of candidates.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-151111", "score": 0.6210782527923584, "text": "Most US elections are for very unimportant things. Very rarely are Presidents voted on, and the less important the position up for election the fewer people show up. So if there is an election where the most important position is State or local office, very few people show up. Even when it is a Federal election, but the President is not being voted on, you lose the interest of roughly 15-25% of the country. When these \"off-year\" elections are added to the average the US does much worse.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-564", "score": 0.6889368295669556, "text": "We want cereal to stay crisp, because we don't intend to cook it before eating it. And because it has loads of rough surface area, it absorbs humidity fast." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-91019", "score": 0.6544298529624939, "text": "Preservatives. Fresh baked bread will keep longer sealed in a bag in the fridge.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-192725", "score": 0.6544272303581238, "text": "Because some foods have high water content like bread that dries up when it gets stale and therefore hard while others we prefer with low ater content and absorb humidity from the air and get soft when they are stale like cereal.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-120577", "score": 0.6538540720939636, "text": "The air comes from the environment. Paper bags aren't airtight, which is why microwave popcorn bags typically come wrapped in plastic.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-100784", "score": 0.653274655342102, "text": "I'm the wrong kind of scientist to know for sure, but I think it has to do with whether the food is exposed to enough air to dry it out before the bacteria can make it moldy/soggy.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-28638", "score": 0.6528406143188477, "text": "It's not exposure to air that makes things stale. It's exposure to air *with the wrong level of humidity*. Bread is moist, and when it loses its moisture to the air, it gets hard and stale. Chips are dry, and when they absorb moisture from the air they lose their crispiness. When in the bag, these items are at equilibrium with the level of humidity in the small amount of air in the bag. But when exposed to large volumes of air, the food item can lose/gain moisture without causing the humidity of the air in the room to change at all, so the food keeps on gaining/losing more and more moisture until it becomes stale.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2011109", "score": 0.6523759961128235, "text": "I was reminded of this as I poured myself some cereal (Maple Pecan Clusters) this morning, and it was something I often thought about growing up. But why do the large pieces rise above the smaller ones when shaking the box from side-to-side? I would expect the opposite to occur.\n\nI suppose this is just for cereals like Honey Bunches of Oats or other such non-homogeneous cluster cereals. Or actually, I guess this applies to popcorn too (and probably other examples).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-322500", "score": 0.652306079864502, "text": "Bread has a higher moisture content than crackers or chips. Mold needs a moist environment to grow. If you leave bread out of its bag for long enough, it will dry out instead of getting moldy.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-109892", "score": 0.6516328454017639, "text": "Bags keep air and moisture out of the material. It is the interaction of moisture and starches in the chips which lead to staleness, moisture from the air binds to the chip starch and removes their crispness.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-145117", "score": 0.6516261100769043, "text": "Those meal in a box meals contain a mixture of cooked and dehydrated, raw and dehydrated, and dry ingredients. You add water to rehydrate the stuff that needs making back into food, to activate the stuff that's there to stick *that* stuff together. Then you bake it to cook the raw stuff, and activate the binders, leaving behind something that's got something claiming to be texture. Dry TVP has a water content of about 3% or less. You rehydrate it to ~60%, at which point it's technically edible but has the flavor and texture of wet cardboard. You mix in the \"Mexican non union alternative to beef and tomato flavoring\", then bake it down to ~40% water, at which point it has a mouth feel exactly unlike beef Bolognese. Also, adding hot water to the mix should activate the binding agent, either starch or egg protein, before the dry ingredients have had a chance to start absorbing water. Adding cold water will have the exact same ultimate effect, but things will be more mixed, and have an odd texture.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-160957", "score": 0.6510565876960754, "text": "To avoid crushing your food. The packaging can be squished a bit until the pressurized air can support whatever is crushing it. If your chip bag was 100% chips it would be 1/3 crumbs.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-5126", "score": 0.6510536670684814, "text": "The pine cone contains seeds, when it's wet the cone \"scales\" tighten up and close, and when it's dry they open. This means that when seeds get blown out it's drier, which means they travel further. The cone itself is just the bag for the seeds, it's not useful itself after the seeds are gone.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-323333", "score": 0.6502605080604553, "text": "You need the heat from the boiling to cook the starch/flour which is an ingredient of the pasta. Try this at home. Take some flour and mix it with cold water. do the same with boiling water. you'll notice the difference. only by cooking the pasta gets soft but still sticks together.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-170552", "score": 0.6501964926719666, "text": "The moisture content matches up with the air. Crunchy foods have very little water in them while soft foods have more. When you leave them out in the open, crunchy foods soak water from the air while softer foods lose water.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-67789", "score": 0.6490161418914795, "text": "The air inside the bag gets saturated with moisture and no more can evaporate from the chips. Also the \"air\" is usually nitrogen which means the chips cannot oxidize and change in flavor that way.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-561997", "score": 0.6488893628120422, "text": "I decided to buy in bulk and got a 55lb bag of 2 row, is it ok to store it in a clear airtight container in a lit room, or will the light damage the grain? I've read it'll last up to a year in a cool, dark and dry room, and I can't imagine each bag lasting me more than a few months, but I'm just not sure what role light plays in it going bad faster", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-313907", "score": 0.648878276348114, "text": "Generally crunchy cookies and crackers will absorb moisture if left out because water molecules in the air will fill the empty spaces inside the cookie/cracker. Softer cookies already have a lot of moisture in them so the water molecules inside them escape and bond with the ones in the atmosphere. It's about the path of least resistance, which water will always take. It also depends on where you live, in a humid Florida summer you can leave soft cookies uncovered for days (no air conditioning!) And they will hardly dry out because there's so much moisture in the air already, if anything they get softer in a gross way.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-299648", "score": 0.6486578583717346, "text": "Most of what is in the bag is a gas such as nitrogen, rather than air, to help keep the contents fresh and prevent them from being crushed in transit. Adding more chips would make it more likely that they would be crushed. It's deliberate that most of the bag is empty.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-67568", "score": 0.6485114097595215, "text": "It has to do with how much moisture is in the food compared to how much moisture is in the air. Oreo? Drier than air, they gain moisture and turn soft. Loaf of bread? More moist than air, it loses moisture and dries up. Kitchen hack: put a slice of bread in with cookies to keep the cookies fresher a little longer.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-309199", "score": 0.6483397483825684, "text": "The starch is crystallising, which is what relates the hardness, and when you say chip I'm assuming you're American, in which case would be absorbing moisture from the air, the air inside chip packets is actually nitrogen which keeps them crisp. Also putting bread in the refrigerator will make it go drake quicker as it increases the rate that the starch crystallises.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-14266", "score": 0.6481576561927795, "text": "Usually, one company creates things and another markets them. Thus Safeway can order their store-brand cereal from the same place General Mills does. Perhaps they change up the recipe if its patented, but it's similar stuff in a different box.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-565", "score": 0.7306444048881531, "text": "No, mandarin and cantonese are not phonetic. If you can't figure out the word, you have to look it up or use context." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-311934", "score": 0.6930161714553833, "text": "Mostly computational, but people have done it. If you'd like to go further, [this lady did a quick write-up](_URL_1_) on *every* possible sound and [this fella tallied up which sounds are most common](_URL_0_) throughout every known language (spoiler alert: It's 'm'). As for specific languages, I hate to say it, but Google is your friend. For example, the most common sound in English is the schwa sound. In Mandarin, the \"shi\" syllable is most common.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-174047", "score": 0.6927414536476135, "text": "They are phonetic, but when European lettering was being introduced to China it was done by a German speaker, not an English speaker so the Chinese were matching their phonemes. You also have the fact that many phonemes in Asian languages exist between two or more phonemes in European ones. For \"xie\" the phoneme is between \"ze\" and \"shey\" which in English could be pronounce: Shie, shae, shey, ze, zei, zey, xie, xe, xei, etc.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2516987", "score": 0.692430317401886, "text": "Like how you imagine other languages but don't know a single word. For example (and really not trying to racist), when you think Chinese you think \"ming yo ching co tow cho\" or russian \"voot nashtoya ato ni had venir verishnokov\". I am just really curious how it english would sound if i didn't understand it. (obviously it SOUNDS the same, but i mean if a non-english-speaker were to imitate english and didn't know a single word)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-36732", "score": 0.6917796730995178, "text": "The short answer is, they don't. You can't really tell the tones when listening to a song. The meaning is usually pretty clear from context. The tones are basically lost when whispering Chinese too. It's still understandable.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-87418", "score": 0.6917795538902283, "text": "For Mandarin (or Chinese dialects at the very least), words are primarily single syllable words such as 庭(ting), 古(gu), et cetera. The tonal aspect of each word is really a relative difference and not an actual note, so for 庭(ting) you only really need to make sure the tone ends higher than what you started with. What note isn't actually important. This, along with the single syllable nature of the words really means that you get a lot of leeway on what note you end the word in, though words that require an abrupt finish in its pronunciation are generally not used to carry a melody but those aren't a majority (roughly 25%). Lastly, because there are so many homophones in Chinese dialects, people fluent in understanding generally infer the meaning from context if needed anyway. It's also why rap is pretty simple in those dialects, everything basically rhymes.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-607887", "score": 0.6917742490768433, "text": "I don't know how to type these and I don't know the character for these terms either.\n\nBut basically the words are:\n\n* \"bei mihn\"\n* \"saht mihn\"\n* \"mo wai yeh\"\n\n唔該丫！", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-608178", "score": 0.6917257308959961, "text": "Basically, the text is as it says-- let's come up with a system for reading Mandarin out loud in Japanese, like they used to do with classical Chinese. I'll provide a few points to get us started:\n\n是 should be moved to the end of the sentence and read as です\n\n也 should be read as も\n\n我 should be read as わたし (I know it's read as われ in modern Japanese, but われ was the more common first-person pronoun then-- わたし is now)\n\n他 should be read as かれ\n\nSo 我是学生 would be read out loud as わたしはがくせいです\n\n他也是学生 would be read as かれもがくせいです\n\n(In these examples, the は is just inferred)\n\nIf you'd like to contribute any sentences because this seems like an interesting idea, please do. Maybe we could try to expand it into also an English kundoku system for Mandarin!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-212771", "score": 0.6915291547775269, "text": "> I can not discern any of the words from the calligraphy. Was this intentional? Is this just my modern ignorance? Or did the literate person of the day simply learn throughout their whole life that that was how letters were written. I had to do paleography during my PhD, and this kind of text *is* readable, it just takes an awful lot of practice to get used to. The added complication to modern eyes are the added abbreviations and contractions to the Latin thrown in by the scribes which make it all the harder to discern what letters logically follow on. To scribes trained in this script from an early age, the style would be far more readily recognisable.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1124723", "score": 0.6911028623580933, "text": "I have been trying to find this out for a while and I have never found anything about it on Google. Do they have letters to spell out words as well as characters? How does this work?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1123806", "score": 0.691100001335144, "text": "I'm an English teacher in Spain. I have so much sympathy for my students, because I'm constantly telling them, \"you just have to memorize how it's spelled. There isn't one rule for all sounds, like in Spanish.\" English is a conglomeration of so many different spelling methods, not to mention that weird era that academics just added random letters to make words appear more Latin. In my view, learning to read English is basically just memorizing how words look, not writing how they sound. I am very impressed with the talented spellers.\n\nI see Mandarin Chinese similarly. You simply memorize how the word looks on the page, and you know how to pronounce it. There are some strokes that hint at pronunciation, but mostly, you just know through rote memorization. \n\nChinese is hard. English is hard. In spite of the value the historical cues some spellings in English can give us, I believe we need an easier way to write the language if it's going to remain the international standard.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2405645", "score": 0.690608561038971, "text": "I grew up speaking Cantonese and have a strong grasp of the structure of the language. However, due to years of rarely ever speaking Cantonese, I'm beginning to find it increasingly difficult for me to orally communicate in Cantonese. I can listen to Cantonese radio and understand the main points but found a lot of the words are unfamiliar.\nI believe the bottleneck for me right now is that my vocabulary is very limited, I never had a good foundation to begin with. I bothered to learn to read Traditional Chinese (and I dont think I will, maybe simplified).\n\nI want to expand on my Cantonese vocabulary, how can I do so?\nAre there any good resources with Pinyin out there and an English translation?\nAppreciate the help r/HongKong", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-494149", "score": 0.6906070113182068, "text": "so... I speak Cantonese (it's better than my Mandarin) but I attended Chinese school in Mandarin. As a result, when I read and write, I have to basically think in Mandarin and then kind of scramble around to figure out the Cantonese version (and sometimes it isn't a 1:1 correspondence). I want to brush up on my reading and writing but I was wondering... should I continue doing this in Mandarin? Does anybody else have the same issue as I do, and which did you end up learning, and how ?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-315890", "score": 0.6900625824928284, "text": "Most of this is because the mapping of symbols on the page to sounds is arbitrary. When speaking you're mapping sounds to meaning. This is something you brain has specifically evolved to handle. For written text we've invented some arbitrary symbols, we've decided that they map to specific phonemes (or they map in a context dependant manner). Mapping shapes on a page to sounds/words and then mapping that to meaning is something you specifically have to learn. It's an additional skill above and beyond learning to speak a language and you need to learn it. I can speak a number of things in Thai and Korean but I literally have no idea what those things look like on the page nor have any understanding of what sounds their lettering represents. Alongside this many, many people have dyslexia or related issues with written comprehension which make learning to read non-trivial for them.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1545924", "score": 0.6899539232254028, "text": "I was thinking about it earlier and without knowing what sounds the words make how would deaf people learn how to read?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-276642", "score": 0.6896266937255859, "text": "just one more question, what do words 'sound' like in a deaf-mute person's head when they read them?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1832771", "score": 0.6888860464096069, "text": "I read somewhere that there' s a rather old Chinese superstition that people avoid writing in red ink as this was used as an indication in records that a person was dead...\n\nIs this true? and if so, are there things that are different in china due to that?\n\nLike for example, are the red underlines in the autocorrect features of word processors, a different colour in China?\n\nDo cartoons and other things that would have printed a line in red, change the colour used for the Chinese pressing of the work?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-92232", "score": 0.6888684034347534, "text": "Japan has 3 writing systems: one for ordinary words, one for foreign words and the chinese characters. We can type the syllable in roman letters 'kanji' and it comes up automatically in the first system like this: かんじ (this means chinese character) then if then hit space on a keyboard it converts to the chinese characters like this: 漢字. There will be multiple options if the word has another meaning eg kanji also means feeling, so it could be 感じ. On a cell phone there are two keyboard layouts- the qwerty layout or [a number layout like this](_URL_1_) The way you type certain syllables using roman letters is strange though, if I want to type Hello Kitty in Japanese it'd be typed 'haro-kitexi' where the - makes an elongated vowel and the x makes a small vowel change to the previous syllable. It's weird but you just get used to typing like that. Japanese are awful at spelling English words though and the keyboard system really doesn't help.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2323245", "score": 0.6886404156684875, "text": "Just wondering as stated in title if someone knows how to ACCURATELY read a Kanji? Just wondering what the (amazing) picture linked actually says, or if it's nothing at all.\n\n", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-104992", "score": 0.6885116696357727, "text": "There are alternate ways of input apart from QWERTY and \"phonetically\" typing (although I don't know anyone who uses them). For example, I got a laptop in Japan and it has hiragana characters (ie the phonetic Japanese alphabet) as well as a roman characters. As with typing with roman characters, you press spacebar and it brings up suggestions for which kanji it thinks you want. I believe for Chinese there are some basic characters which represent certain sounds. I'm not 100% sure how but someone else should have details.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-144798", "score": 0.6883547902107239, "text": "NO new character is created, but new words using already-existing characters. There are basically 3 methods of doing that : 1) using the MEANING of the characters. Like \"computer\" is spelled \"electric brain\" (电脑) 2) using the SOUND of the characters, to get something resembling the original pronunciation, like \"brownie\" (布朗尼, \"bu lang ni\") or \"Mc Donald's\" (麦当劳 \"mai dang lao\"). 3) using a MIX of the two, this is a method usually used for proper names. For instance, France is \"Faguo\" (法国), using the character \"Fa\" for law (\"Country of the law\"). So you get a bit of meaning and a bit of sound.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-566", "score": 0.7312902808189392, "text": "You can't really ask the government to just let you take existing but currently uninhabited homes like that, it'd basically amount to stealing from the owner. Some places have laws about letting property be considered properly 'abandoned' in which case any supposed owner that fails to maintain the property can lose it to someone that does, but that's not universal or necessarily easy. Ignoring that, though, where are these empty houses? A lot of them are somewhere pretty useless for a homeless person. Having a home doesn't mean much if you can't get a job in the area to hold down the home. Just giving homes to homeless people and calling it a day won't really work - you have to address the fact that most homeless people are facing issues of which being homeless is more of a symptom than a direct problem. Mental health issues, disability, inability to get work, etc." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-146370", "score": 0.6925060153007507, "text": "The idea behind it is that public charity kitchens for the homeless just encourage homeless people to camp out where those kitchens operate, and that instead of camping in the park they should be going to shelters. The argument is that by feeding the homeless outside a structured shelter environment you're enabling them to continue abusing substances and avoiding mental health care. The more cynical reason is that the government would prefer to have tax-paying citizens using the public property rather than homeless people. Local businesses also aren't big fans of large congregations of homeless.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-162971", "score": 0.6917631030082703, "text": "Refugees are for the most part fairly functional people. They're fleeing oppressive conditions because of the danger, not because they can't socially function. So, they can essentially be used by the host society, at least in theory. They can work. Pragmatically, this makes them a better \"investment\" than the homeless, who are more likely to have psychological or addiction problems. Basically, giving the homeless homes won't address their underlying problems that brought them to that state in the first place. That's not to say that every single homeless person is crazy, but the higher percentage makes it harder to address the problem.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-154642", "score": 0.6902954578399658, "text": "Couple reasons. Firstly, finding a job isn't very easy, especially without easy access to a shower/clean clothes. Second, even if they do find a job, and it pays minimum wage, chances are that they take home significantly less than minimum wage. Even assuming they find a job where they are actually payed minimum wage, that's not enough to get even a studio apartment in a big city. Homeless shelters help, but they are underfunded and often not trusted. Churches rarely help, and if they do their help often comes with so many strings it's not worth it. Most of these people are not mentally ill, most of them are simply victims of the low wage/high rent cycle that puts huge amounts of Americans in highly profitable debt, and keep them there.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1135121", "score": 0.6890883445739746, "text": "My understanding is that compared to, say, NY, CA has a high population of \"unsheltered\" homeless people. Hence the tents, shopping carts, etc.\n\nSo... why can't we build shelters? I've heard some things about zoning laws? Why can't those be changed?\n\nOr, why do we even need to build shelters when we have so many vacant spaces? What's the Downtown Safeway being used for these days? From the outside, it looks like nothing. Ditto for a billion other addresses. We can't repurpose those somehow? Downtown is filled with homeless people sleeping in the entryways of vacant storefronts. You can't make this shit up!\n\nWhat bothers me most is that I can't tell where the bottleneck is:\n\n* It's not a federal problem. NYC, for example, is nowhere near as bad as SJ.\n* It's not a money problem. If it is... where the hell is all of my tax money going? Corruption?\n* It's not a space problem. We have vacants. If that doesn't work, we have a whole East Bay full of empty-ass hillside we can use.\n* We don't have special environmental conditions that would make this problem harder to fix, with the possible exception of earthquakes.\n\nSeriously, I went on a trip to *Kansas City* a few months ago (pre-corona) and its downtown felt so civilized compared to SJ that I didn't want to come back. We can't beat *Kansas City*? I thought we were in the capital of Silicon Valley. What gives?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-104438", "score": 0.6882285475730896, "text": "These houses are in poor conditions in area of the city where nobody lives. Most people think \"poor condition\" and think how bad could they be? These houses are the types that require $10,000 in plumbing wok just to have running water in the house. another $8,000 to have electric. $15,000 to replace the roof. Every window in the house needs to be replaced because they are broken or missing. No working HVAC system. Most have water and/or mold damage issues. You have to fix all of these problems before you start to even think about carpeting or repainting or anything cosmetic.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-117719", "score": 0.6874760985374451, "text": "Habitat doesn't simply build new homes. They also renovate existing properties. The recipients of the property, whether new or renovated, are participants in the build. I volunteered for Habitat all throughout high school and college. I must have worked on 5 or 6 sites, but only 2 were new construction (that I can remember).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2775556", "score": 0.685154139995575, "text": "There are literally millions of US American's that are homeless. The ones I'm referring to are those competent adults that may not live on the streets but they own no real estate or have the ability to buy a home. I call these people Homeless. Everyone without their own home who are reluctantly forced to live with someone else or reside under some other persons roof in the USA. \n\nThese people are homeless and the USA ignores them in the political numbers game to make it look like they are providing for the people of this country. Our failed leaders are just liar's and thieves when it comes to the true homeless numbers in the USA. It's abhorrent evil by our unequal and unfreedom system of BS Government. Our leaders do nothing to fix this. Except lie to the public and fudge the unemployment numbers. \n\nSure these homeless might have a roof. The have no job. They do try very hard at finding work but they are unable to find it. They list their work on line. In the form of Art and try to sell the products they can. But still no one pays them. \n\nIt's as if society has this need to give money to a homeless person in public to stroke their own ego's.\n\nWhy will no one buy or give generously to the Artist or crafters on the internet? They are looking for hand outs too on Ebay, Etsy, ect... They even tell you they need your help. But no one is willing to buy from them on line. \n\nI just don't understand why people think it's more important being seen in public giving money to the homeless or the poor and not buy Art from them on line?\n\nMost Homeless worked for really bad employers. People who abused and mistreated them. That's why they have a hard time finding work or working for another person. They no longer have any trust of other people. \n\nI simply can not understand why the USA is so brutal and the corrupt leadership in the USA is working really hard to put it's homeless and poverty driven people into hiding and out of sight? Why no one will give them money for their online products and why the USA hates it's own people so much that it just drives them into homelessness and poverty and despair?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-62255", "score": 0.6843728423118591, "text": "It's too expensive, and most houses don't get flattened, so building them all MUCH more expensively would mean that poor people couldn't live there, and plenty of poor people live there.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-168868", "score": 0.6804184317588806, "text": "i don't know the actual number of homeless in usa or nz. but just b/c you don't see them doesn't mean they aren't there. i'm guessing that you just don't go to areas where the homeless are in nz. as to why they're homeless? well, there're many factors.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-106774", "score": 0.6801545023918152, "text": "There are more resources available for homeless children than for adults. There are also government agencies that evaluate homes where child abuse and the like have been alleged, so that a child might come into government care *before* being made homeless. Finally, there is a system where children are placed into the care of new families, either temporarily or with the eventual goal of adoption. There are many childless people, or people whose children have grown up, who are interested in participating--and they can qualify for subsidies and tax benefits to help them. It's certainly not a perfect system. Many children, especially older children, have a hard time finding a foster placement. Or, they might bounce around from family to family if they do not find a good home. But it does, by and large, keep children off the street. (Other users might point out that there are some street children in America, but the numbers are negligible compared to the developing world.)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1409923", "score": 0.6786407828330994, "text": "I'm genuinely not sure about this, and I'm interested in arguments to the contrary. \n\nI live in the United States. There is poverty here, there's no doubt about it. But how can I donate money to non-essential charities like Sub for Santa, local music training for children, and animal welfare groups when there are people in the developing world who live in SHOCKING conditions? I have nothing against these local charities. They're doing good work. But there are people in the world who don't have clean water. WATER! Isn't that more important?!? I'm starting to think I'm making a profound mistake when I donate to local charities. \n\nWhen I say \"local,\" I mean charities with recipients in the U.S. I'm genuinely hard pressed to come up with a charity in the U.S. that is doing work that is more important than people in the developing world. \n\nLet me say that I fully acknowledge that it's difficult to successfully get international aid to the people who need it. Corruption is rampant in the developing world, and it's sometimes fed by international aid. And some international charities are not efficient. But I view all those issues as problems to be solved. I have a feeling it's too easy to use those issues as convenient \"cop-outs\" for not donating. \n\nLet me also says it's obvious that donating to something is better than donating to nothing. The issue at hand is *which* charity should receive my donations.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2677494", "score": 0.6776280403137207, "text": "I'm trying to understand why local/state government have not created enough affordable housing options for low-income/mid-income households?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-18145", "score": 0.6757205128669739, "text": "Three main reasons: * Human rights - Sometimes an entire community can form on land they do not own, but work to develop and make livable. Many people feel like the harm caused by render a large group of people homeless exceeds the harm caused by denying and absentee land owner his property. * Tenant rights - An unscrupulous landowner might enter into an informal rental arrangement with a tenant, perhaps for goods or services instead of money, only to claim the tenant is a squatter later on. Granting squatters a limited right makes it more difficult to exploit people in this way. * Incentive to maintain - Abandoned property often causes problems in the neighborhood...it can be an eyesore, a fire hazard, attract vermin, criminals, and of course, squatters. Knowing they could have a huge legal hassle for squatters take hold encourages landowners to maintain their property.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1139582", "score": 0.6752603054046631, "text": "I know this post will probably get downvoted to hell because of other people’s popular posts that we need to give the homeless houses and bail them out because it’s our duty. \n\nOn the other hand, I’ve lived in Salt Lake, Portland, Seattle and now a border town in WA. All of these places have HUGE homeless problems. In the past, I’ve gone as far as staying a night in downtown Seattle hanging out with the homeless, finding ones I liked and buying them a few supplies. I used to have a different opinion. \n\nWhen I moved to Bellingham, I worked in a pot shop on a street with lots of motels and homeless people. I’ve seen the same people who ask for money outside with “Disabled Vet” and “Hungry w kids, please help” signs come in and buy a $50 eighth every day. In Portland, I witnessed a group of homeless people passing a child around in shifts with different signs. \n\nMy grandma took a liking to one gal in Portland who had a “Pregnant and homeless sign” for over a year. You can’t even be pregnant for a year, let alone not ever show. Later she admitted she was a heroin addict. \n\nWhile there are circumstances where people have fell on bad times, because of the things I’ve seen (More instanced than just these), I think the general whole of the population has learned to take advantage of people’s good hearts. \n\nBy giving money to everybody with a sad story, we are only enabling the problem the same way methadone clinics and clean needle clinics help facilitate drug use rather than help correct it. \n\nI’ve been homeless myself. Got kicked out of my place, had a trip to tour Europe for a month and couldn’t afford a new lease. I came back with about $25 to my name. I kept my job, slept in my car, peed at the grocery store, showered at the gym and poof, two months later I had saved enough to get a new place. \n\nI’m just saying that for the most part, if you want to fix the problem you can do it. Again, I’ll restate that a lot of people do fall on hard times but the way to help isn’t to give them money and allow them to think they simply don’t need to work. \n\nAlso, rehoming these guys in foreclosed upon houses is probably the dumbest idea I’ve ever heard. Give the alcoholic/addict a house for free that a family was likely kicked out of for financial problems? Ps- my parents lost their house when I was in high school. We found places to stay, my mom and I worked to save money and like magic, we got into a new place a few months later. Not once did either of us ask for money with a sob story sign.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2675525", "score": 0.674528956413269, "text": "Is it just that? The money? Am I mistaken in the thought that they receive funding to keep their shelter open from the city, or tax dollars?\n\nEDIT: This is a real question, no condescending tones intended.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2612162", "score": 0.6743600368499756, "text": "The past days I learned a lot about squatted houses: how they were created, what they do, how they survived for years, why and how they are stopped.\n\nI am trying to understand how they are useful to people or society. I'm not trying to insult or provoke.\n\n1. How are they better than organizations with the same purpose but that don't occupy spaces and work within the limit of the law?\n2. How can one benefit from them? Can I go there and demand a small spot to live in? How would they react?\n3. Who and why fight for their rights?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-7208", "score": 0.6738290786743164, "text": "Because if you were rich and decided to refurbish and live in an old abandoned castle you would find yourself becoming considerably less rich with the amount of money it would cost you to do so. It would cost a LOT of money to refurbish most of those castles, and then you would constantly be spending money on it's upkeep as well. A lot of them are also degraded to the point that they would be close to impossible to actually refurbish (and meet building codes) and/or have historical protections on them preventing people from doing anything with them. If you were rich and wanted to live in a castle you would be better off just building a new one.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-116174", "score": 0.6728265285491943, "text": "I believe it is because in a poor neighborhood, not enough people care enough not to trash their neighborhood. It's not taboo to throw a drink bottle on the ground with the 20 others that are already there. In an affluent neighborhood, there is accountability for throwing trash on the ground. People pay to live where people care. (HOA's) People would complain. If someone kept dumping trash, it would be investigated and certainly cleaned up instead of collecting on the ground with more trash.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-252461", "score": 0.671468198299408, "text": "The short answer is economics. If digging in a location takes too long or costs too much, no private company will try because of low chances of ever getting a profit. Charitable groups wouldn't likely have the money to try at non-ideal locations regardless of possible good done. So that would leave governmental groups who would need reasons to do this and not a more ready alternative.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-74677", "score": 0.67034912109375, "text": "They have a tendency to make public disturbances which have to be broken up by law enforcement. They defecate and urinate in the streets and alleys requiring them to be cleaned. They utilize publicly funded homeless shelters and soup kitchens. If the homeless are not there these things are not needed. They utilize emergency medical care with no ability to pay. The idea of getting actual housing is in tandem with getting them actual jobs. They have extremely cheap minimal housing that gives them a stable safe address and the ability to seek employment. Which which they pay rents and taxes.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]