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seongil-dn

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seongil-dn_mteb-eli5-with-reddit_perc

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[ { "id": "corpus-680", "score": 0.8224515914916992, "text": "Your phone treats the Stingray as a local cell tower. And the Stingray passes through all cell phone traffic. It happens quick enough that any delay is not noticed. No interference is generated. If you are concerned about Stingrays in your neighborhood see: _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-144240", "score": 0.7162374258041382, "text": "We could, and we did once the connection had been established. You could disable the speaker for the dialling and connection process too, but hearing the noise could give you some information if the connection failed - did it fail to get a dial tone, did it get an engaged tone, did you input a wrong number and a human picked up?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-172239", "score": 0.7131338715553284, "text": "The power cable carries a signal. A really, really strong one. At 50Hz. Or 60Hz, depending on where you live, since standards differ throughout the world. Which means that, in theory, the entire rest of the frequency band is available for use. If you add a signal at...say...100kHz, it will not interfere with the power distribution. And the power distribution will not interfere back. It's literally exactly the same technology as xDSL over phone wires. The voice call takes up the frequency band your vocal cords are able to produce sound in, 80Hz-13kHz or thereabout. In theory, the entire rest of the cables band is free to use for data carriers. The power adapters are doing the exact same thing. They just have to share the cable with someone who is literally yelling a lot.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-139256", "score": 0.7077566385269165, "text": "I don't think that's how it works. Doesn't squelch just eliminate the white noise? Then allowing the stronger signals to pass through when they exist. Turn squelch up too high and only radios in close proximity get through? I hope someone smarter can confirm!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-60222", "score": 0.7070042490959167, "text": "The radio signal gets reflected, split and distorted while traveling from the radio station to you. It can also take different times to arrive at your car. Maybe you know about interference of waves, but in short when you're at a unlucky place two of those paths can cancel each other out. One paths value is +1 and the other paths -1 they add up to zero (this effect is usually called fast fading and the points where you have lots of noise should be about 4-5 foot apart). And i am 99% sure but the magnetic coils for car detection shouldn't be able to affect the radio frequency.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-99782", "score": 0.7056311368942261, "text": "Someone will probably come along and explain it better, but I've worked with enterprise-level conference phones and know a little bit about this. It's mostly based on the fact that it knows which frequencies of sound are coming out of the speaker, so it's able to ignore those frequencies on the microphone. Some I believe mute the microphone when playing through the speaker, but I don't think this is done much anymore and it was just the cheap way of working around the echo problem.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-271883", "score": 0.7049705982208252, "text": "I work on the radar version. We use a few techniques to mitigate interference. One simple one is to randomly hop between frequencies. If you have, say, 1kHz of bandwidth that you can split into 1Hz steps, that's 1000 frequencies. If you randomly hop between them, the chances that another sensor will happen to intersect for, say, 5 consecutive transmission periods becomes tiny (10^-15). You were going to average across many transmissions anyway, to average your way through noise and so on, so it's a cheap way to become robust. By the way, I've heard that manufacturers used to bring their devices to conferences so that everybody could test interference mitigation against one another. Doesn't seem to happen any more, at least for automotive radar.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-183005", "score": 0.704555869102478, "text": "When on speaker phone mode, the phone compares the audio it picks up with it's mic to the audio it knows it's sending out of the speaker. Anything that's the same gets cancelled out. The algorithms are more sophisticated than that but that's the basic idea. & #x200B; When in regular handset mode, the mic is too far away from the ear piece to pick up the sound of the caller.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-21573", "score": 0.7030739188194275, "text": "That doesn't mean you can't shield it. It means you have to live with whatever gets through, and can't complain to the FCC about interference (other than malicious interference, which is a crime anyway). If the device isn't working right with interference, it's a design flaw of the device, not the fault of whoever's interfering.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-431849", "score": 0.7030476331710815, "text": "I'm having an issue when I wanna hang out with my friends. Often traffic, or sirens will jolt me so much that it takes me hours to recover after I get back home.\n\nBut if I wear noise cancelling headphones then I can't really hear what they are saying. I'm trying to figure out if I could use some sort of wireless technology and maybe have my friend wear a headset too... I know that sounds ridiculous, but it would be fantastic to be able to separate their voices from the background.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1721079", "score": 0.6953533887863159, "text": "My ZOOM H1 picks up a lot of phone interference really easily, do I have a defective model or is every H1 like that?\nBy really easily I mean that if a phone is nearby (even 2-3m away) and using data or making a call there is no way that there isn't going to be any interference.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-308802", "score": 0.6924919486045837, "text": "The placement of speakers and also the hearer is going to be a large factor. You'll create destructive interference, but only in certain places.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-190337", "score": 0.6917834281921387, "text": "As the phone broadcasts your voice, it add a inverse sound wave of your voice to the recording of the person you are calling to cancel your voice out. Like noise cancellation technology.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-245375", "score": 0.690737783908844, "text": "The antenna in your phone can pick up the powerful signal from the large mast, and send a weak signal back. It doesn't need to be very large or use much power to do this, which is good because it is in your pocket. The mast sends a very powerful signal and detects a very weak signal from your phone. To do this it needs large, sensitive and expensive detectors, and large power-hungry transmitters. This is ok because it is a fixed installation and there is only one covering a fairly large area.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-22744", "score": 0.6906337738037109, "text": "There is reception but just not to your network. There are other networks though and they allow emergency calls to go through their network from non customers.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2582831", "score": 0.6906116604804993, "text": "More often than not the person on the other side would complain they can't hear me. It seems to be an intermittent issue. That is during one call there are times when they can hear me and times when they can't. How's Wi-Fi calling quality for you?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-154093", "score": 0.6890017986297607, "text": "Imagine being in a cave and someone above ground uses a megaphone to say to you, \"Hey down there, can you hear me?\" and you do hear them, but when you yell back up at them with your own voice (no megaphone to help you) it's not powerful enough to make it through the dirt clearly and they don't hear your reply. In other words, the cell phone tower has a big mouth and can yell very loud, while your phone has a small mouth and can't yell back as loudly, but in most cases it's good enough and the antennas on the towers are able to hear the return signal. In your case there is still too much interference between your phone and the tower for it to hear your phones signal clearly.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-68919", "score": 0.6889723539352417, "text": "Typically the line itself wouldn't be secure, the two end points(phones) would be. You'd have a card or some other encryption method that scrambles the communication, so if one were able to tap in and listen, all they would hear is a garbled mess. The phone on the other end would also have a card to unscramble the communication so they could clearly hear.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1720642", "score": 0.6869656443595886, "text": "Hi, \n\nI'm not sure whether this is the right place to ask this, but I'm sure we have lots of electrical engineers and audiophiles among the physics crowd so I'll ask it here anyway (apologies if it's off topic).\n\n1. What causes the horrible feedback noise that you get when someone calls/texts you while your phone is too close to your PC speakers? Is it interfering with the speaker itself or the cable; would expensive shielded cable protect from this?\n\n2. Would it in theory be possible to harness this using a directional antennae and interrupt people's car stereos from a distance, or would we need enough power to start a small fire or give someone cancer? Would we need to attack the signal before it's amplified?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-54479", "score": 0.6865227818489075, "text": "Usually they did mute it as soon as you'd connected. Unless you changed the settings, the speaker was only on while dialling and during the initial setup of the connection. This was useful because you'd hear if you'd dialled the wrong number and a human had answered the call, or if someone else in your house was already on the phone when you tried to dial.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1160282", "score": 0.6862725615501404, "text": "When I use AIMSICD stingray catcher the icon is always yellow when I'm at home. It also shows that I'm connected to something inside my house - even when wifi is off. That makes me think it's some sort of glitch since I doubt there's a stingray in my home. ;-) \n\nSorry if this is the wrong forum. Any input would be appreciated.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-681", "score": 0.7224913835525513, "text": "If you print something that was said to you in the course of performing your journalistic duties, you are basically betraying the trust of your source and burning that source. You do it once, you'd need some luck to be able to talk to anyone on the inside ever again." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-118651", "score": 0.682993471622467, "text": "An add-on question from me, why is tv even allowed to film them? It´s hard for me to understand that there would not only be no law they break (aiding and abetting, etc.) but maybe even a law protecting the journalists from police questioning. I mean it´s not like they are lawyers or physicians and even they have to report some crimes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-82365", "score": 0.6806733012199402, "text": "They usually have a press pass to verify that they're working for a news outlet to grant them access for these kinds of things, some are informal without any legal powers, but are usually respected if its a reputable news outlet. There are also official press passes that do have some legal power, allowing journalists to cross police/fire lines to report, these are usually issues by the police or fire department. Source: did freelance journalism for a year or so covering local entertainment. I got in a lot of concerts and events for free, just had to write an article later about it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-38515", "score": 0.6806425452232361, "text": "Basically just professional courtesy. Also basic intelligence. If you report something, and then that source points out that it was off record, like fuck will anyone talk to you again. Suddenly you are a crap journalist.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2247816", "score": 0.6795654296875, "text": "I’m asking this after watching a video of Minnesota police arresting CNN reporter Omar Jimenez without telling Jimenez why he was being arrested even after he asked why multiple times. Is this legal?\n\nEdit: thanks for the answers!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-31209", "score": 0.6782892942428589, "text": "[Medical professionals and anyone named in the HIPAA (not HIPPA) act cannot release the information.](_URL_0_) This does not stop journalists from releasing information once they have it. Journalists should balance privacy with public need-to-know information, but they are not required to keep names confidential.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-14687", "score": 0.6768772602081299, "text": "Professional reputation. You could get away with it once, but then the journalist gains a reputation for being a blabbermouth. People won't want to talk to the journalist anymore and the journalist loses out on tips on good stories. So it's in the journalist's interests to honor their word.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-22233", "score": 0.6768706440925598, "text": "There are a couple ways. - Have a history of reliable reporting and a lack of lies - not all sources will require or even desire confidentiality. - Work with other reporters who can corroborate your story. - Physical evidence (photographs, for instance) obtained from sources can be used, and tested, without revealing those sources. - Certain items of information can also be used to confirm sources (i.e. only a person in a certain position could know this particular thing) but not necessarily identify them.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-35302", "score": 0.676653265953064, "text": "The USA has been cracking down on those caught stealing and leaking secret documents, including reporters not involved in the theft itself. In other words if someone violates their security clearance and tells a reporter secrets, it is still illegal for that reporter to pass it on.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2247351", "score": 0.6750680804252625, "text": "So regarding the situation in the US rn, there have been a LOT of journalists involved. There have been quite a bit of video evidence showing reporters getting arrested/harmed by the police. Isnt that illegal? I thought that reporting in these situations is considered to be protected by the first ammendment? Thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-192225", "score": 0.6745509505271912, "text": "22 years in TV news (US). When seriously working on a journalism assignment, this not necessarily illegal. But, as a journalist, one cannot actively assist or enable the illegal activity. It’s important to act as an observer only. Also, if someone’s life may be in danger, ethics may require you to notify authorities as this exceeds the journalistic value of the story. There is A LOT more to this discussion with many, many exceptions, situations or levels of illegality that nullify my basic assertion. But, for journalists and documentarians, there are many situations and examples where recording of illegal activity is not considered illegal.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2808380", "score": 0.6692389845848083, "text": "I have a story that I would like to share, but fear it may be taken down due to it teetering on the edge of certain rules, namely the feasibility of writing aspect because of the ending. How should I handle this?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-7065", "score": 0.6680822372436523, "text": "No. There are journalistic protections thanks to the First Amendment to the Constitution. This gives a freedom of the press that protects them more than ordinary citizens when doing their job.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-91100", "score": 0.6672108769416809, "text": "I believe journalists are protected from this very thing in order to ensure they can freely report the news and to protect the 'fourth estate' from government, subpoenas, and the like. There have been a couple of cases lately where this has been challenged (don't have any references at the moment), and it's usually met with outrage (as it should). It's the same deal with 'anonymous sources'. If a court someday ruled that journalists have to give up anonymous sources, nobody would ever give information to journalists, therefore undermining the whole press. Same thinking applies to kingpins, taliban, etc. that journalists are able to snag interviews with. Finally, this ensures the journalist's safety. If a taliban fighter knows he is safe with a reporter, he will not harm the journalist during their meeting.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-182245", "score": 0.6672003269195557, "text": "Because they absolutely can use the information--they just can't quote it in the paper. I could, for example, be trying to tackle a major corruption story. Maybe the accountant I speak to doesn't want his name associated with the story at all--but he tells me, off the record, that there's an account at this other bank that might be interesting to me. I can go investigate that other bank and account all I want. I just can't report that the accountant tipped me off to it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-180926", "score": 0.6632499694824219, "text": "Generally, they have some idea that the documentation should exist. So, say, if a reporter was doing a story on a polluted \"superfund\" site, he might submit a FOIA request to the EPA for files relating to that site. Obviously, if you already had more details, you'll narrow down your results a bit (ex: the reporter knew that the EPA contracted with Acme Co. to clean up the property, he might say that he wanted files relating to that contract). Most FOIA requests aren't for anything secret - people file pretty mundane requests all the time. Here is an article that might interest you: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-924036", "score": 0.6615362763404846, "text": "Hi! \n\n\nI'm a journalist and I've written many stories under my assigned name. However now that I'm moving closer to going full-time and changing documents I've realized that my entire body of writing will essentially be invalidated unless I disclose to every place I apply to.\n\n\nI was wondering if any other people on here have dealt with a similar situation and how they managed it. Any comments would be much appreciated.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-33215", "score": 0.6608462929725647, "text": "Journalists don't have to reveal their sources so some dealers don't mind talking to them because they know that the cops can't force the journalist to reveal the dealer's identity. The journalist will also disguise the dealer's face or voice if the dealer wants to make him hard to identify. This doesn't necessarily mean the cops aren't aware of the dealer or activity - but just that they haven't arrested them yet. Sometimes they're collecting evidence, sometimes they let them keep going so they can identify the supplier.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2246690", "score": 0.6599026918411255, "text": "I've been trying to overcome this obstacle in my mind for awhile now. \n\nBasically, anyone who wants to get any private/secret information out just needs to go to a newspaper to do so and they're a national hero?\n\nAnother example: I'm an ultra-conservative employee of the Department of Health and Human Services, and I can't stand that the government is just giving money to all this poor people - so I leak the medical and housing records of millions of underpriveleged people to Fox News, and they report on the medical histories, including drug use, psychiatric history, etc. It's not breaking the law, because I am just \"letting the public know\" about government intrusion into their lives. \n\nI want to get on board with Snowden being a 'good guy' because while I don't really have a problem with the program, I'm really pissed that the government felt the need to classify it (completely avoid any form of oversight). But based on the above scenarios, I don't see how I can justifiably let Snowden off while still maintaining 'government secrets' where they actually have a legitimate use.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-369240", "score": 0.6589294672012329, "text": "Say, I posted a new story, but while the story was being uploaded to public, I turned off my WI-FI, does it stop the upload process?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-47322", "score": 0.6579461097717285, "text": "No, and you cant just steal other peoples words and publish them.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-683", "score": 0.7683408856391907, "text": "Some cities have been around for thousands of years, and still are inhabited today. Rome or example or Istanbul. Many cities were abandoned because of things like: 1. Natural Disasters 2. Lack of/exhaustion of local resources 3. Economic/Trade shifts" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-113540", "score": 0.7285693287849426, "text": "There's a detailed Straight Dope entry on that very topic [here](_URL_0_). In short, a lot of things are intentionally buried, vegetation can encroach on an abandoned area and produce a layer of topsoil, landslides can bury locations, drifting desert sands can bury an area, and because when a poorly constructed building collapsed it was easier to build a new structure over top than it was to properly excavate the area and build over top of a fresh piece of land.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-179525", "score": 0.7258933782577515, "text": "In many cases it's buildup of leaves,plants and dust that settles over decades-centuries and slowly covers everything. There is also a sinking action the soil can play when conditions are right and some buildings may sink from the bottom and be covered with plants and dust from top. & #x200B; Eventually a hill forms and people forget there was a city at all.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-95381", "score": 0.7250073552131653, "text": "Beyond the occasional natural disaster that wholesale buries a site (e.g. Pompeii) It's mostly just hundreds or thousands of years of plants growing and dying, topsoil shifting around, and the like that leads to ruins becoming buried. This problem is compounded by the fact that humans have historically tended to live in the same locations, building new structures on the collapsed remains of old ones.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-180644", "score": 0.7231775522232056, "text": "It's the other way around: Most archeological findings are below the ground because there, they are protected. Sites that are completely above ground are often worn by weather and vegetation or destroyed by humans. That's why some of the most valuable sites are graves and trash pits - stuff people intentionally bury in the ground. Also, when a house is destroyed, the part of it that is already below ground often survives. So what's left for archaeologists are the foundations of the buildings, often multiple layers of them as the city is rebuilt. A special case are places in dry areas where mud bricks were used. These naturally erode due to wind and rain, and periodically had to be rebuilt. These cities grew upwards on a hill made of eroded mud bricks and trash, the so called [Tell](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-130113", "score": 0.7207856774330139, "text": "There are definitely examples through history of cities being built on top of older cities. Sometimes this had to do with geography, like to level or make more useable a piece of land. Check out [Edinburgh Vaults](_URL_1_). Some cities have 'undergrounds' that are planned out networks of tunnels to connect things like office towers and subway stations. Montreal's underground city is an excellent example of this, but many many others have them. Probably the coolest example though is Chicago. Basically, the city was prone to flooding. The solution was to literally jack the whole city up a few feet at a time to raise it above the flood level. Over time, this has lead to the construction of a pretty intricate network of multi-level streets. [Multilevel Streets of Chicago](_URL_0_). The topmost level is where most people access buildings and the lower levels are for through-traffic and service docks. There are a few bars and that type of thing down below the top level though.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-130471", "score": 0.7206329703330994, "text": "Ancient civilizations aren't always underground, they were, at some point or another, probably anywhere you can imagine. The reason above-ground ones don't exist anymore is because they were above ground and could be destroyed, vandalized, demolished, repurposed, etc. The ones that end up getting buried underground are preserved because no one can destroy/etc. something buried. They don't even know it's there. As for the Earth's radius, no, it stays the same. Dirt gets redistributed though. Mountains get worn down over time by the wind and the sediment is carried somewhere else. Tectonic plates shift and push land together creating a new mountain with valleys on either side. Things change but nothing is added or lost.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-7266", "score": 0.7196269631385803, "text": "It depends on the location and environment. If the site was an ancient village or town that was abandoned and left to the environment, then over time nature would reclaim it. Anything that wasn't quickly degradable would be covered up by dirt, plants, grass, trees. Wind and water can easily build up dirt and engulfing the rest that remains. If a building is left to its own demise and no upkeep, nature will claim it back relatively quickly in time. If the site (ancient city) is still in use today, over time new buildings were built over original sites. It was easier to cover old buildings then tearing them completely down and hauling away the debris.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-167546", "score": 0.7185648083686829, "text": "Because of natural disasters, some ages just built over their ancestors ruins as they held less significance with their closer proximity. That happens then events like world war 2 which levels current civilizations over the ruins of their ancestors that's already laying atop other ruins, etc etc", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-644459", "score": 0.7182022333145142, "text": "I know that pyramids is practically around 5,000 years old and it's stood still. But how about modern cities? Would the buildings mostly have turned into dusts or no?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-625812", "score": 0.716386616230011, "text": "I can understand there being ruins where a disaster occurred and wiped everyone out, or where a city was simply abandoned for one reason or another... but how are there ruins in major cities like Rome? Wouldn't people have carted off the stones to use elsewhere; or decided to build on such prime real estate? In other words, how did these ruins survive human ambition?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-13597", "score": 0.7148402333259583, "text": "It's not that they sink, it's that wind, rain, volcanoes, etc. often end up blowing sand and soil on top of them. Over time, compression can turn that sediment into stone. It happens in reverse, too: some buried architecture ends up getting exposed by erosion. We've actually found some buildings because someone was walking around and stumbled upon ruins that had been buried for hundreds of years and no one knew it was there. But we *usually* find stuff underground because the erosion doesn't stop with the sand, soil, and rock - it will erode the ruins as well. When the ruins are buried, it's more protected from the wind and rain, but once it's exposed the clock starts ticking. We have to find them before 1) they get buried again, or 2) erosion destroys the ruins entirely.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-209188", "score": 0.7136335372924805, "text": "They still exist in areas of France and Italy. [Ponte Vecchio](_URL_1_) is a well known example. Houses were built on bridges when cities were walled in, as it was difficult to [expand building space](_URL_0_). Once walled cities were no longer a viable defense, cities could grow outward again; so they fell out of favor. The ones that survived have mostly become novelty and been converted to merchant districts, since it's more economically viable.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-17758", "score": 0.7132581472396851, "text": "You are missing the millions of buildings which have fallen down since ancient times; you're only seeing the few that have lasted. Given another several millenia, I'm sure a handful of today's buildings will still be mostly standing while the rest have fallen. Also, the ancient building still standing have been cared for; if you have a large building and take care of it for a thousand years it would be more likely to last, too. For example, the coliseum has been falling apart for the past few centuries (partly due to humans, partly neglect) and we've been putting it back together.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-144883", "score": 0.7125794291496277, "text": "Dirt and mud build up gradually over time carried by wind, water, and people. It can happen very quickly. A volcanic eruption or flood can bury a city under 20 feet of ash or mud in an afternoon. People often take apart old buildings to build new ones. Why spend a ton of time and effort tearing up sturdy Roman foundation when you can more easily just build on top of it?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-297127", "score": 0.7116461396217346, "text": "People tend to build near bodies of water, and areas near bodies of water tend to be depositional environments. Basically you've got two types of environments...your hills and mountains are where dirt erodes _from_. Your flatlands and floodplains are where dirt erodes _to_. People tend to build in the latter, so over long timescales, sediment tends to accumulate (often through occasional floods). Also, people bring their own dirt. Before the advent of dumptrucks, nobody was really interested in going through the massive amount of trouble it would be to haul out the rubbish of a knocked over or burned down house. Or even the rubbish of everyday life. The debris would get left behind and the next house built on top. Eventually you wind up with many layers of old junk burying the ruins of old buildings. This is especially important in ancient cities.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-179993", "score": 0.7098501920700073, "text": "The most important thing in real estate is location, location, location. Cities are just large real estate and they develop in areas with economic (roads, water access) and/or strategic (protective terrain, ship access) resources. If a city goes into ruins (enemy attack, disease/famine, etc), others may find the same area suitable for building a new city once they demolish and build over the older ruins. All the new \"ground\" comes from resources that they carry into the new city or waste generated from living in the city. Other ruins that do not get buried like the Akropolis or Pantheon often have significant cultural value and remain standing for long periods of time without being demolished and burried.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-104778", "score": 0.709531307220459, "text": "Because the ones that aren't buried underground were eroded away by wind and rain and plants and animals and people, so there would be nothing left to find. It isn't that ancient buildings always get buried. It is that the only ruins we can find are the ones that happened to get buried. Same thing with fossils. Not every single dinosaur turned into a fossil - it is a very rare event for any creature to become fossilized. It is simply that the dinosaurs that weren't fossilized are long gone, without any trace to be found.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-626858", "score": 0.7094578742980957, "text": "Excuse me if I haven't formulate the words in the title or the text correctly.\n\nI was wondering, how some old buildings and artefacts ended up under the surface of the Earth? Is the Earth somehow slowly swallowing them? If so, I would understand for some very old artefects. But some Roman buildings that are found, are near or directly IN a city.\n\nI got this question in mind, because of the dionysus mosaic in Cologne, Germany. It is in the center of the city, and even before it was put there it was made, Cologne was always a city. The house it was in, was enormous even for today's standards. So how can the mosaic just disappear underground, only to be found during WW2 diggings?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-215798", "score": 0.7084790468215942, "text": "Perhaps you would be interested in [this answer](_URL_0_) I gave in a previous topic. In summary, the climate was not stable enough to allow for people to adopt widespread agricultural practices which aid in creating large populations. It is unlikely there is a \"lost civilization\" lurking somewhere in the soil that dates before 12,000 years ago.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-174392", "score": 0.7077118754386902, "text": "The ground level changes as earth erodes from one area and is deposited in others. Sometimes this means ancient structures are undermined and washed away but in other locations this means they are buried and preserved. In the case of cities this is somewhat common as people are prone to carrying things to them and then discarding said things nearby after they are done with them, gradually building a pile of refuse. Note though that we don't often find ancient ruins hovering in the air while the ground is washed away from under them. There is a bit of survival bias at work when we consider ancient ruins to be buried under the ground.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-684", "score": 0.7986981272697449, "text": "We have binocular vision, by using two eyes our brain receives to separate images with everything shifted slightly left or right. Your brain then takes the images and process them together into a single image, using the differences to give you depth perception and three dimensional vision. For example I am sitting at my computer screen. If I close one eye, then quickly open and close the other my computer screen seems to shift, this is because it's close to me. If I look out the window at a tree down the street and do the same that jump is minimal or imperceptible. This tells me the tree is far away. Your brain is doing this in real time with the two images to constantly keep up our sense of depth." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-65216", "score": 0.7575509548187256, "text": "Your eyes are always taking two different pictures of the world, and your brain is always putting them together into a single picture for you to perceive. That's how we get 3D vision, too - the brain compares the differences in the two pictures and converts it to depth for us. Unfortunately that part of the brain gets drunk, too, and so it gets progressively worse at putting the pictures together. Eventually that bit of brain just says \"forget it,\" passes out, and we end up seeing double.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-60434", "score": 0.7574695348739624, "text": "You have two eyes to provide you with stereoscopic vision, or giving you depth perception. Your brain interprets the slightly different perspectives of your eyes into estimating the distance of objects. But your eyes essentially need to focus on the object to be able to merge the objects as one, if you focus your eyes to a further distance, your brain won't be able to merge the images of something closeup that is out of focus and you will see each of the images individually. Put your thumb up at arms length in front of you and focus on looking at the distant background. You will also notice your thumb become two because you are not focusing on it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-183647", "score": 0.7567819356918335, "text": "Your eyes will [rotate and fixate](_URL_0_) on the point you are looking at. So if you take those two images and overlap them, they are properly aligned at the object you are looking at. This process happens largely automatic, so everything you are looking at will appear as a single image. However if you pay attention to objects in the background or foreground, without moving your eyes, they will appear double.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-144142", "score": 0.7522686719894409, "text": "You don't need two eyes to see 3D, you need two eyes to see with proper depth perception. A single eye can easily see 3D features from things like parallax. (Although two eyes makes it easier.) You don't notice much because you're not often using your depth perception for anything that matters. If you go out of your way to judge distances or something similar you will notice. If you wore an eye patch all day you'd notice you fumble a bit more when trying to grab things in front of you.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-277629", "score": 0.7517290711402893, "text": "Typically, when you close one eye, you're still looking at the same room as you were when you had both eyes open. Which means what you're seeing hasn't changed, and the brain knows to interpret everything similarly to when you had both eyes open. In addition, the brain uses a lot of visual cues and tricks to judge things like distance and size to interpret things in 3D. That's why stuff like [this](_URL_0_) is so difficult for the brain to interpret. Your brain uses the 'fact' that four walls are parallel and perpendicular and all have the same size to judge how far along a wall certain objects are, which you can do even with just a 2-D representation (photograph).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-128032", "score": 0.7516307830810547, "text": "Because your eyes aren't in exactly the same place as one another. They're a few inches apart..You are literally seeing the object from two different angles. Your brain combines the images into one when you have both eyes open so you don't really notice.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-148186", "score": 0.7497042417526245, "text": "If you have only one eye, then yes. If you have two, then no. Something that is big and far would look the same as something that is small and close if there's only one visual field. However, as soon as you introduce a second visual field, even if it's right next to the first one, provides you with enough discrimination to tell apart which of those things you're looking at. That small angular shift to the side provided by the second visual field makes all the difference. This is called depth perception.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-52449", "score": 0.7496843934059143, "text": "Probably because having two eyes is just enough to perceive depth. The additional eye would not increase the accuracy very much but it would increase the energy consumption as the brain would have to analyse more data.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-154344", "score": 0.7490206360816956, "text": "What you \"see\" is not just the raw data coming in from your retinas. Your brain constructs your vision by adding a lot of neural processing to these images. Deleting the effect of a single closed eye is part of this processing.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-118242", "score": 0.7481352090835571, "text": "The muscle in your eye that controls focus has to use energy to keep you focused on something close, so when you are not actively looking at something the muscle will relax and focus way off in the distance. The double image is because you have 2 eyes and they see the world from 2 slightly different perspectives. Your brain stitches the images together to form your 3D vision. Finally as to why we have to focus, thats a bit trickier to answer but to get something crisp clear and detailed your eye has to focus on it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-157337", "score": 0.744608998298645, "text": "It's as you might expect. You have two eyes. That's two images. Your brain combines them to produce one 'stereo' image if you like, to give you depth perception. Alcohol is a depressant - it slows everything down, including this process of combining the inputs from your eyes. In addition, alcohol will lengthen the time it takes you to focus on anything. And blurriness can sometimes be perceived as double vision, regardless of the whole 'two eyes' thing.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-90895", "score": 0.7445504665374756, "text": "It's not really that different. Your field of vision is wider, but your eyes automatically combine the images so other than that it's similar. If I close one eye, the image is about 25% narrower but other than that not a huge difference. Depth perception only works with two eyes, but depth perception is subtle and only makes a big difference in rare cases. You can usually tell how far away things are by the context alone. If depth perception drastically altered an image, movies and photographs would look odd from a two-edged perspective.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2093860", "score": 0.7445181012153625, "text": "I just see two separate images and it makes everything look blurry and confusing. My friend with contacts also has the same experience and i'm wondering if it is like that for everyone that has to wear glasses.\n\nI don't know if it is related but I have a very different prescription for each eye, could it be that my brain can't compensate for that even though i'm wearing glasses?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-114994", "score": 0.744317889213562, "text": "Your brain lies about what you are seeing, all the time, about all kinds of stuff. There's actually so much going on in the world around us, we can't pay attention to it all, so our brain does a whole lot of processing work automatically before any of it gets to what we're actually aware of. In this case, you actually really are seeing two images, your brain just sorts it out for you and only 'shows' you the final product. Its not much different than why you never notice the lights going out every time you blink. or why you can't see your nose most of the time.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-171471", "score": 0.744278073310852, "text": "Our eyes are set slightly apart to give us 2 different pictures of an object...1 slightly to the left, and one slightly to the right. This is what gives us a 3D image. As the distance from our eyes to the object increases, this small offset becomes less and less noticable until both eyes are getting effectively the same image.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-83510", "score": 0.7439895868301392, "text": "it's more about your eye muscles disengaging and driftng out. Technically, I guess the brain in ignoring the double vision, which usually is a catalyst to respond by keeping the eyes focused", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-129151", "score": 0.7426841855049133, "text": "The picture you were looking at were drawn twice, once in red, the other in blue. The red lens only let you see the blue line, the blue lens only let you see the red line. The brain then sees two separate images, both mostly the same but a little different from each eye. It then converts the two images into one image. The farther the red line is from the blue line, the more the image pops, tricking the eye into thinking that is closer. I probably phrased that poorly, but...", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-251677", "score": 0.7424315214157104, "text": "Even one-eyed people and people who don't have binocular depth perception due to childhood strabismus, vision impairment, etc. can still perceive the world in 3 dimensions. They just lack one tool that the rest of us have to get that 3-d information. In a sense we can only see in 2D when one eye is closed since we can't use binocular depth perception. Although we are still inferring depth from already familiar contexts like size of familiar objects, speed across the field of view, color change due to atmospheric conditions, etc. we are still mostly modelling things in our brains in 3 dimensions.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-179388", "score": 0.7420428395271301, "text": "When light enters our eye, the lens of the eye focuses it on the retina, which means that our brain can work out where the light has come from. So if you see two different objects, the light from each of those two objects will fall on different parts of the retina, and so we can recognise them as being different. This works because, once the light leaves each object, it travels in a straight line to our eye. Sure, light bounces off each object in many different directions (which is why you and I are able to both see the same object at the same time), but any of the light which bounces off the object and doesn't head towards your eye is never going to enter your eye, so we can ignore it and think only about the bit that *does* happen to head towards your eye.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-62703", "score": 0.7402003407478333, "text": "How easy is it to look at two things at once? I'm going to assume it's pretty hard for you (if you don't have a lazy eye, of course). Our eyes look in tandem at one \"point\" at a time typically. This is an aspect of our evolution that is helpful to perceive and visually track potential prey. Both of our eyes are on the front of our, versus a non-predatory animal such as a goat or chameleon (who's eyes can act independently).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-685", "score": 0.6610314846038818, "text": "The same reason eggs get more solid when they cook, I believe. The heat causes some of the proteins to denature. Proteins are kind of like balled-up organic strings. Since they are round, they easily bump past each other in a liquid. When they denature, they partially or completely unravel, and the loose ends get all tangled up with each other, creating a more solid structure." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-242508", "score": 0.6279584169387817, "text": "It's a combination of availability (i.e. what's in the tank), and the duration and intensity of the orgasm itself. It's not really a \"determined\" thing and there is no semenal \"gatekeeper\" or anything like that.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-315971", "score": 0.6278948783874512, "text": "The prostate gland secretes fluids which are incorporated into the semen before ejaculation. The position of the prostate gland is what causes problems. It is located at the base of the bladder, surrounding the beginning of the urethra. In older men, the prostate can swell, putting pressure on either the bladder or urethra, which can restrict urine flow. On my phone now, but I can add more detail later. Hope this helps answer your question!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-271694", "score": 0.6278812885284424, "text": "I'm assuming that you're referring to [capillary action.](_URL_1_) It occurs because the H2O molecules feel a small attraction to the walls of the container, so they get \"pulled\" up the wall (it's called a meniscus), even against the force of gravity. You know what's really interesting? Try this experiment with mercury, which is happier clumping together by itself (by its own surface tension) than sticking to the wall. You'll see the opposite effect, where the surface of the container becomes convex rather than concave. You know what's even more interesting? Depending on the coating on the inside of the tube, water may do the same thing as mercury. A [hydrophobic](_URL_0_) coating inside the container will force the water to form a convex surface because its attraction to itself (surface tension) is greater than its attraction to the wall.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-557116", "score": 0.6278582215309143, "text": "So I used my first sex toy today which is a $36 sex torso I bought off of Amazon. I'm unsure if using warm water and soap will damage it or something because I want to be able to nutt inside instead of pulling out like I did today. All answers are helpful!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-170278", "score": 0.627852201461792, "text": "It doesn't, however warm water may freeze faster than cold water this possible effect is known as the Mpemba effect, there are lots of theories about this effect and no real certainties - _URL_0_ There are issues with boiling water which stop the Mpemba effect from happening called specific heat capacity and latent heat, basically there are energy requirements for changing ice to water and raising the temperature of water - _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-119196", "score": 0.6278473734855652, "text": "Your terminology is flawed as others have pointed out, but the answer to your question actually has to do more with breaking of Hydrogen bonds between molecules. When you heat up your clothes enough to break those bonds, everything actually collapses a bit and gets closer together. You see the macro-effect as shrinking.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-46700", "score": 0.6278308629989624, "text": "Water conducts heat far better than air does. This means you lose heat much faster in water than in air.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-149149", "score": 0.6277956962585449, "text": "Hot water makes oils less viscous. Oils is what traps dirt and germs on the surface of your hand. Soap traps oils when you scrub your hands. Its the combination of hot water, soap and mechanical action of scrubbing that removes dirt and germs from your hand. Soap doesn't kill bacteria. Nor does hot water. It just removes them from your hand and flushes it down the drain", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-88760", "score": 0.6277926564216614, "text": "Luke warm or cool water is better. If you cool the surface too quickly it will be more painful in the long run. Topical gel is also a good solution.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-59465", "score": 0.6277813911437988, "text": "Only a few types of bar soap do that. The first of them was advertised as \"the soap that floats\" because it had enough air whipped into it that it wouldn't sink to the bottom if you dropped it in the bath water. In the microwave, moisture in the bar heats. This softens the soap and warms up those little bubbles of air. Some of the moisture turns to steam. Air expands a lot when it gets warm, so all those little bubbles of air and steam expand and they blow up the softened soap! As the moisture escapes, the soap isn't soft any more and it hardens into a big puff ball.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-33225", "score": 0.6277577877044678, "text": "The gum base is very sensitive to temperature changes. When you drink water (Particularly cold water), the elasticity of the gum base goes down and it becomes stiff and hard to chew. The temperature range of gum base is very narrow.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-175634", "score": 0.6276616454124451, "text": "Boners happen when a specific muscle relaxes, causing it to flow into the penis more than it can flow out. In order to let the blood out at a regular rate again, that muscle has to tense up. Sometimes that muscle takes a break and relaxes, causing an erection. You can get it to wake up again by making your body demand blood somewhere else. For example, if you squeeze your legs together as tight as you can for about 30 seconds, your body will say \"we need more blood in the legs\" and the muscle will tense up to allow the blood out and into the legs.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-28512", "score": 0.6275947093963623, "text": "Heating causes most of the dissolved gases (potential air bubbles) to come out of the water, so they are not there to cause cloudiness when you then freeze it.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-324403", "score": 0.6275508999824524, "text": "This happens when you supercool a solution beow it's freezing point. I answered a similar question [recently](_URL_3_) and I'll copy from that answer: If there's no point at which ice crystals can start to form (this can be a point on the edge of a container, speck of dust, or other impurity), you can cool water below the freezing point. This is known as [supercooling](_URL_1_). If you then nucleate the formation of ice, the entire liquid will snap freeze rapidly. Many people see this when they [over- cool beer in the freezer](_URL_4_), or use it to build [really interesting ice sculptures](_URL_2_). This also happens at the boiling point, which can be extremely dangerous. Anything that disrupts a [superheated liquid](_URL_0_) can drive it to all spontaneously boil into steam, which can lead to severe burns, or a jar of chemicals exploding in your face (happened to me in the lab once. Not recommended).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-832696", "score": 0.6274744272232056, "text": "If so do we which way around does it occur. Most substances expand when heated, but a critical exception is water (Of which there's a lot in our bodies).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-305798", "score": 0.6274536848068237, "text": "Water is polar and the cellulose bonds in paper products that hold them together rely on polar bonding. Water is able to get in there and weaken the bonds holding it together. Obviously this isn't the case for metal and plastic.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1829037", "score": 0.6274250745773315, "text": "FYI, I got some tech in my house. I have an old microscope from my mom's university lab. So few days ago I decided to stop. But that day, I MOed for the last time (hopefully) and looked at my sperm under the microscope. \nThe result shocked me up! The concentration of sperm was so low. I could tell it in one glance (sorry I cant get you pics because I dont have the tech to do it) \nMaybe it was because my constant ejaculation due to fapping? I dont know...but I dont want to be an infertile man :((\n\nsorry for my bad english and formatting. This is my first post and I'm not a native english speaker.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-75675", "score": 0.627414882183075, "text": "The gummy bears being stored in a plastic container keeps moisture inside, which slows staling (known as retrogradation). When you cook starch, it is gelatinized: soaking up water, swelling, and softening. Retrogradation is when starch molecules cool after being heated. They then realign themselves into the interstitial spaces, forming a crystallized pattern. This recrystallization is what causes the hardness. Having the sweets exposed to the air hastens staling.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-181870", "score": 0.6273942589759827, "text": "When water is in the pipes below your house, etc, it can be under a decent amount of pressure (this is why it comes out of your tap at a good rate, it is being pushed on by all of the water behind it, all the way up to the reservoir). This pressure forces more air than normal to dissolve into it (literally pushing the air into the water). When it comes out of your tap, it returns to normal pressure, and all the extra air starts to escape. The fog/cloudiness is just a whole lot of tiny air bubbles coming out of solution. Look really closely and you can actually see them! Edit: I see you said hot water. It’s essentially the same reason, but the pressure is created by the hot water trying to expand in your geyser and hot water pipes. The geyser and pipes can’t expand, so all the air/steam in there gets forced into the water under pressure. Water under high pressure also makes its boiling point increase, so some of the cloudiness will be steam suddenly forming because the pressure is suddenly released.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-311109", "score": 0.6273485422134399, "text": "Temperature of the water, pressure of the water, inhaling mist, rubbing your skin with soap or whatever. You stimulate blood flow in the skin, you moisten mucosae in your respiratory tract. Changing temperatures from hot to cold and vice versa helps for a deeper cleaning as well since you cause pores in the skin to open and close. You also remove a normal protective oily layer from the skin so that might contribute to the feeling. The skin needs several hours to restore this layer.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-686", "score": 0.7200146913528442, "text": "Legalizing marijuana is not a politically wise proposal to make. There are lots of reasons why this is so, but the core thing is that a politician would lose more votes from the minority that opposes marijuana than from the majority that supports it. As long as that is true, marijuana will not be legalized, no matter how strong the reasons are." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-183076", "score": 0.6838992834091187, "text": "Because one is LEGAL and one is NOT. Marijuana is still very much illegal on the federal level. So contrary to OPs thought about it being legal. It is not. Federal law superceeds state law. Now. You can also test for impairment on marijuana too. (Standardized field sobriety tests for alcohol work on marijuana too) But they are having a hard time coming up with a level in the blood which is determined to be what they call illegal per se. Which is a level that the determined at this amount you are impaired wether or not u show any signs. Need more testing of “high” individuals i guess.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-69285", "score": 0.6838945746421814, "text": "the reason is because of how the Federal Government categorizes drugs into [schedules](_URL_0_). Under Federal law, Marijuana is considered a schedule I controlled substance, which means there is \"no current accepted medical use in the United States.\" Morphine is a schedule II controlled substance. Therefore, under federal law, drug companies cannot legally work with marijuana, while they can work with morphine and other opiate derivatives. **edit**-- do not argue with me as to whether marijuana has any accepted medical use in the United States. It doesn't matter until the FDA or whatever government agency moves Marijuana from Schedule I to a different schedule.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-117513", "score": 0.6837877035140991, "text": "Why would enforcing current law be unconstitutional? If the laws being enforced were challenged, then maybe you'd have something, but as it stands, I don't think there's any basis to call the war on drugs illegal, no matter how much of a joke it is.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1731857", "score": 0.6837716102600098, "text": "If the Feds don't crackdown on LA when they open up over 100+ Pot shops and authorize large scale grows and distribution avenues, then why are they cracking down on one man Aaron S. giving him a 10 years prison sentence for operating only 3 pot shops?\n\nIt seems like LA City is going to blatantly break Federal Law, and no one can try and claim that what LA is doing is 100% legal...\n\nSo why did Aaron S. get 10 years in Federal Prison for opening up three pot shops but when LA City plans to open up over 100+ no files get charged against any single person? \n\nIs it some how legal or politically OK for LA City to open up pot shops and not OK when a person does it? I'm so confused on how the law is getting applied I think that a lot of it must have to do with under the table payments to officials in some way shape or form.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-399947", "score": 0.6836830973625183, "text": "I have garnered some very positive feedback from this subreddit involving my comments about the current state of marijuana on the federal level. I wanted to create a place where anyone can ask me some questions about how things are progressing in Congress and in the states concerning marijuana reform.\n\nMarijuana advocacy is only a portion of what I do for my job, but it has increasingly become a priority issue. I want this post to be enlightening and educational, so I'd be happy to clarify anything you don't understand about how marijuana is being treated by the federal government and by the states. Things have become very confusing lately with a couple different pieces of legislation that are slowly moving us away from the culture of prohibition that we have been stuck in for so long, so I'm not surprised to see that there is a lot of misinformation flying around regarding this issue.\n\nAMA!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-544175", "score": 0.682951807975769, "text": "Many people in the drug community and myself believe that we cannot trust the government to regulate drugs (that is, even if the government will even legalise them). So, do you believe that there is a way to work around this, for example, through promoting social acceptance of drugs? I would love to hear your ideas on this.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-589723", "score": 0.682672917842865, "text": "I'm over here being treated like a whole criminal for some nugs and a lil hash. Its crazy. Its medicine. Whats the hold up with legalization in our state? Do we need to vote someone new in?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1921712", "score": 0.6819501519203186, "text": "First off, im all for legalization. Its BS that it has been illegal for as long as it has and im glad the states are finally coming around.\n\nSo I smoke it via wichever aparatus. My GF has a bong, \"a piece\", blunts, an e-cig type thing as well. Ive tried them all. I have been drinking for 10 years or so and have been trying to get away from that as ive been finding myself in bad places in my head.\n\nSo ive been trying weed. Its just tingly, makes me sleepy, and eventually super thirsty. I dont think im seeing this \"high\" its been a few months and it is still feeling about the same. It just makes me feel paranoid and eventually fall asleep. Wich I guess is better then 15 shots of vodka and passing out. \n\nIs there something that youd suggest to do to make it a better expierience? Like music or spalunking. Idfk. \n\nI get that everone is different but Im just not quite seeing the advantages or fun behind it. Maybe its more of a social activity?\n\nIm just looking for a conversation. Not really looking for debate.\n\n:)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2472420", "score": 0.6814166903495789, "text": "For the longest time I simply viewed legalization as just one of many factors to consider when deciding who to vote for, but I have decided that from now on I will not vote for someone unless they are explicitly for legalization.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they believe that the government can ignore the will of the people when it feels like.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they believe that the government can tell us what we are allowed to put in our bodies.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they believe that the government can ignore scientific data when it doesn’t agree with the policy they want to set forth.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they believe that the government can be bought out by pharmaceutical, alcohol, tobacco companies and it is ok.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they support the paramilitary raids of citizen’s homes by police, like the raid that ended Jose Guerena’s life.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they support private employers violating the 4th amendment by randomly drug testing their workers.\n\nIf a politician isn’t for ending cannabis prohibition they are telling me that they support the idea of the land of the free locking up a higher percentage of their citizenship then any other country on Earth.\n\nIf a politician supports all these things then how can I, in good conscience, vote for them? If the politician claims ignorance about the war on drugs, then how can I, in good conscience, vote for someone who doesn’t know what is going on? From now on I will look only at the candidates that support legalization and if I don’t like any of them, or there are none running, then I will be writing in my name because while it might not mean anything to them, it means something to me.\n\nEDIT: I emailed a copy of this to Obama, my senators, my representative, my govoner, my state senator and my state represantative. The only thing I changed was the word them to you in the last sentance. Everyone needs to let their elected leaders know where they stand on the issue. I like to contact mine every few months to remind them that I am watching what they do.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2022719", "score": 0.6814080476760864, "text": "Think about it, mansanto pretty much owns all farms and shit now because of their pesticides and sprays. If marijuana were to be legalized, wouldn't one of the big corporations try to monopolize it? \n\nThen again... Oh man this is getting confusing at a mere [3]... Someone finish this for me or respond so I can wrap my head around this. . . Conspiracy.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-3759", "score": 0.6812781095504761, "text": "They make it up! With the war on drugs came a big dick measuring contest with who's going to be \"tough on crime\". The 24 hour news cycle solidified this. Let's say youre a politician trying to make their mark and you hear about this new drug that the kids are using. Well marijuana carries a one year sentence(misdemeanor) and cocaine 5 (felony), and this drug is \"bad\" so let's make it a felony since felonies are bad.. 5 years. If we make the sentence one year or rehab the media will blast me for being soft on crime, better make it 5. That's why things that were considered relatively minor years ago are now felonies. Also no one usually gets the max. They stack multiple felonies against you and you plea guilty. That is another issue though", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1510012", "score": 0.6812314391136169, "text": "LA City plans to shutdown all but 135 Medical Marijuana Storefronts. How legal is it for LA City to allow only 135 shops the right to break federal law while all the other shops have to shutdown? LA has no authority to say who can and cannot break federal law by categorizing who has the right to sell a schedule 1 drug.\n\nFurthermore once LA starts picking and choosing who can and cannot break federal law that means that LA City's Mayor and City Council will have taken direct actions which enabled allowed and authorized individuals to work together in a coordinated effort to conspire to distribute a schedule 1 narcotic. <--- This means that any US Citizen could place the mayor or other city officials who have signed documents or taken actions that allowed a schedule 1 drug to be distributed under citizens arrest.\n\nLA City authority figures know pot is illegal and they know that these pot shops are 100% illegal under federal law. **If LA City employees begin assisting these pot shops they ARE part of a drug distribution organization. **", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2451", "score": 0.6812258958816528, "text": "Marijuana is prohibited under federal law, but state law is an entirely different matter. If a state allows the prescribed use and regulated sale of marijuana, then it is not a crime in the eyes of any state official. Federal law enforcement agencies, however, are able to enforce federal anti-drug laws, but they mostly have the courtesy to allow regulated medical marijuana dispensaries to operate. Of course, it varies greatly based on location and local laws/federal agency policy. About the doctors' licensing, marijuana has known medical benefits, and it's prescription as an alternative form of medication is valid.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-507961", "score": 0.681222677230835, "text": "In the United States, everyone is given three “God-Given” rights (whether you believe in one or not, bear with me...). These rights are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. \nLet’s start with this “liberty”. The fact that cannabis has minimal negative health affect compared to some LEGAL drugs, like sugar, tobacco, and alcohol, and we get prosecuted for something that affects nobody and doesn’t even harm us as much as those stated above.\nNow on to life and the pursuit of happiness. This is where the medicinal value comes into play. We are at the point where we have IRREFUTABLE evidence that marijuana has positive life altering affects for many. Granted, there are always risks and the (although minimal) negative affects still need to be taken into account. Still, for many people, cannabis is a hero and allows us to live out our “God given” rights. Without it, some of us would not be functional members of society, and because it’s illegal, the government would be denying us our ability to live out our lives and pursue happiness.\n\nLet me know what you guys all think! Now that I’m done, I’m somewhere around a [5}, so please let me know of any holes or mistakes!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-158503", "score": 0.6810551881790161, "text": "It depends on who you ask. The story I have gotten is that it is all related to how cheap marijuana is in certain industries, most notably fuel and paper. If processed correctly it can be a cheaper alternative to what we use now. Back in the day, the industry executives got wind of this and freaked the hell out. They started trying to figure out how to defend their business from a cheaper alternative. This wasn't hard though, people smoked marijuana in addition to it's other uses. All it took then was a few studies proving that marijuana was unsafe, and guess who funded those. From there, the money went to congress to get it outlawed, using the studies as evidence that it was a danger to society.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2235099", "score": 0.6808933615684509, "text": "I live in NJ.. The way I see it, we'll be one of the last states to legalize. How long do you think it'll be until all of the United States legalizes marijuana?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2674598", "score": 0.680665135383606, "text": "I saw this article and was hoping someone could explain how the UN can do that? Weed is legal in other UN member nations so wth...?\n\n\n\nSorry if this has been posted already. I did a search and nothing came up.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2675321", "score": 0.6804791688919067, "text": "I just find it so crazy how the United States practically allows drug entry like you’re telling me they have one of the biggest and strongest militaries but yet they can’t stop drugs from coming in ? Drugs literally come in from legal ports of entry and could be stopped if they really wanted too but they aren’t. Are we really living in true freedom if the United States is basically responsible for the drugs on the streets right now and if you get caught with possessing it , you get time behind bars. That seems like a trap waiting to happen . It’s crazy to think about how much the government truly controls our daily lives in the weirdest ways .", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-127127", "score": 0.6802974939346313, "text": "They most likely would not be freed--they broke the law that was in effect at the time, even if the law was later overturned. Just as the American government can't pass an ex post facto law, the reverse also holds true. Now, that wouldn't stop anyone, from a policy standpoint, to release these people. But no one is under any obligation to do so. Keep in mind that, despite what Reddit claims, a lot of people in jail because of pot are also in there for *other* reasons.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2440923", "score": 0.6802597045898438, "text": "Never a drug user and have a spotless record, but nothing about the illegal status of medicinal, recreational and industrial cannabis makes sense. Especially industrial hemp! I'm tired of seeing my DEA agents killed and tax dollars wasted in a bogus drug war while paying to house non-violent pot-heads in jail. Just as bad, good folks' (especially minorities!) futures are pissed away because they are now felons over a plant! If Trump really wants to make some heads spin, expunge all pot possession charges without intent to distribute from non-violent offenders records! I can see the argument of \"they were disrespecting the rule of law at the time\", but I think most of us agree they have been punished long enough by society via this Draonian law to atone. I think that alone makes it worth while before we even start talking about the tax revenues that are possible.......", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-687", "score": 0.6448307633399963, "text": "People thought they wanted to ban/censor music because that's exactly what they wanted to do. And they did it successfully at the time with Body Count's song Cop Killer. They put so much pressure on the label that the album was pulled from the shelf and the song was eventually replaced with a song called Freedom of Speach. It wasn't just an emotional response to a perceived threat. It was a very literal threat against the freedom of expression." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1486246", "score": 0.6125229597091675, "text": "The hatred expressed for these women is almost* entirely unfounded and rooted in misogyny. \n\nI know calling things sexist is generally an immediate trigger for outrage, but I think about this constantly. \n\nBoth women were attached to and outlived legendary male musicians. Beloved by a vast range of people. They associate these women with the “ends” of their spouses, but completely ignore the fact that the both of them were established artists before they began their relationships. \n\nFor Courtney Love, her music is good/just as good as other grunge of the era. Her behavior is the same of other rock stars as well. We actively expect rock stars to BE walking disasters, foul, messy, and generally uncouth. So what if she’s insane/used drugs/screams/is rude? It doesn’t matter when male artists are. It could be argued that we glorify that behavior with some. \n\nFor Yoko Ono, her art (though some people dislike performance art, which is fine) WAS among many groundbreaking and thought-provoking works of the 60s. The chess set is the first of many that comes to mind. Like it or not, her contributions are far more noteworthy than her role in the breakup of a band that was at its wit’s end anyway. \n\nTheir standing in the common discourse is a disservice to Ono and Love’s work and value, and is basically a crock of shit for people to jerk off those other two guys and absolve the men of their flaws and dimension. \n\n*I say almost because OBVIOUSLY they’re not Mary Sues. They both have their own issues. That’s a good thing (that we allow men to have, but women cannot). \n\nTLDR: Courtney Love and Yoko Ono deserve respect, and always have. Lmao.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2239894", "score": 0.610034704208374, "text": "I’m in trouble for a few reasons—those being that I’m 1) defiant, 2) atheist, 3) stanning Marilyn Manson.\n\nThey sat me down to talk to me about, among other things, how “Marilyn Manson is not okay.” I had some Manson music open on my phone and had sent a few messages about my taste in music (to which MM is currently rather central) to one of my less-judgments friends. I was grounded—for the first time ever.\n\nI’m not supposed to listen to Manson anymore because he’s a bad role model, his music encourages self-loathing and isolation, he’s disrespectful and mean, and his work is substance-less, made purely for shock value. I’m not supposed to digest media containing such “anti-wholesome” messages, because “Jesus reigns in this house.” They also think Manson’s music has contributed to my suicidality. (It hasn’t lol).\n\nMy dad looked up some of the lyrics from HUD and was appalled at the anti-religion themes and vulgarity. I explained that HUD is his commercial album, and a lot of his earlier work, including the triptych and more recently TPE, contain a lot of commentary and thought-provoking themes. They didn’t listen, though.\n\nMy dad said that he understands the allure of music, but that I should choose carefully what I put into my mind. When I expressed some resentment and sadness that I wouldn’t listen to my favorite artist anymore, my mom was somewhat empathetic, but explained that “[the scenario was] kind of like if my 6-year-old was upset because eating ten bags of Snicker’s every day makes him happy and [I] told him that’s not healthy.” They told me MM is garbage rather than art, and that he’s just as vapid and stupid as other popstars.\n\nI basically told them that Manson will always be my favorite, even if I’m not allowed to listen to his work anymore. I’ll respect their decisions as parents just until I’m grown and I can listen to whatever the fuck I want and idolize whoever the fuck I want.\n\nI guess Manson *is* kind of an idol for me at this point. Or maybe “hero” is a more appropriate descriptor. Regardless, I’ve never really appreciated an artist this way before. Not only do I find his work his work to be overall high-quality, interesting, inspirational, and comforting. His own story helps me. We wouldn’t have Manson if he hadn’t been through Christian school in redneck USA in the 80’s. It’s like a superhero origin story. And he encourages me to stay alive, because obstacles will make me stronger, and I don’t deserve to die yet. I still swear that the second I’m able to, I’ll buy *The Long Hard Road out of Hell;* a semi-true autobiography of the Antichrist Superstar will be immensely encouraging.\n\nIf the most upsetting things I’ve done as a kid are enjoying Marilyn Manson and thinking dangerous thoughts, I guess I feel like I’ve been a pretty good kid so far.\n\nAnyway, this was more of a vent than anything. Manson doesn’t make kids suicidal or weird or lonely or anything else—I was all of those things and more before ever listening to Manson. His music is simply something cathartic that I relate to, and it’s unfortunate that so many people can’t find the *meaning* behind what he does instead of getting wrapped up in things like the words or the imagery he uses.\n\n>I think parents should raise their kids better, or someone like Marilyn Manson’s going to.\n\n>This is the culture you’re raising your kids in. Don’t be surprised if it blows up in your face.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-96192", "score": 0.6093307137489319, "text": "I've wondered this too. My parents let me get the censored version of The Marshall Mathers LP when I was like 11 and there were still a whole lot of bitches, shits, and fags. I feel like it's gotten stricter since then. I love rap, but I fucking hate censored rap. \"Bad\" words are a big part of the music, and censoring it often takes out huge portions of the songs.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1911969", "score": 0.6061016917228699, "text": "Ok, so here's the plan: We tweet en masse the following to Dee Snider \"Tipper Gore is back and her name is Anita Sarkeesian\" and post a link to the ABC hitpiece. Thoughts?\n\nEdit: We tweet this to Dee Snider. He is the lead singer of Twisted Sister and saved rock from the moral outrage brigade back in the day. He appeared in a senatorial hearing to defend rock from censors whose head was Tipper Gore, Al Gore's ex wife.\nHere's the hearing: \n\nEdit 2: He has a radio show and you can request songs, and post a reason. Request is done via e-mail. We should request \"We're not gonna take it\" and inform him of the shit that's going on.\nLink is here: ", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-893751", "score": 0.605326771736145, "text": "He was a horrible singer. The live unplugged album from MTV was atrocious. A couple decent (trendy at the time) albums and the best we got of that is Dave Grohl.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2358344", "score": 0.6043450236320496, "text": "Contrary to popular belief, social media influencers and musicians are not responsible for the content your child consumes. \n\nIf you do not want your children to watch Cardi twerking or Nas X giving the devil a lap dance, put certain measures in place so they don't see these things. There are many ways to prevent children from seeing explicit adult content, and not attempting one of these ways is just lazy parenting.\n\nYou can not cancel artists for creating the content they are famous for creating. They don't give a shit about your kids, and they are certainly not going to tailor what makes them money to appease a few gape mouthed Karens.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2148988", "score": 0.6041402816772461, "text": "Corey Taylor was essentially saying that pop is shit and the worst thing ever and that his kids will never be caught listening to it\n\nSure everyone can have an opinion and I can see what he was trying to say but music is subjective, for the majority I won’t listen to pop but I’m not gonna sit here and pretend I’m better because I don’t listen to pop\n\nAnd the majority of the comments were edgy teens and boomers saying “all this auto tune garbage nowadays is rubbish, they don’t even write their songs” or that “rock speaks to the heart while pop is just mindless rubbish to relate to teen girls”\n\nLike bruh I we literally forgetting that rock/emo/metal was stereotyped as angsty and depressing, so stop acting superior to people who are discovering their music taste just because you wore band tees in high school and hissed at people or because you still can’t get it out your head that it’s not the 70s, you aren’t 20 anymore and music has moved on \n\nIn all seriousness people acting like they’re better because of their tastes in music/clothes/ literally anything need to expand their fuckin mindset", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1765159", "score": 0.6039265990257263, "text": "I feel like when people talk about how the Beatles or Frank Sinatra or whoever was problematic, they don't take into account that some of the things they did or said back then were considered completely normal and socially accepted.\n\nDoes that make it morally right? No. But still, back then, whatever \"problematic\" shit they did (example: sexism or racism) was considered the norm and though it most likely wouldn't be accepted in modern western society, people thought it a typical thing. Women weren't allowed to have some jobs and were beaten by their husbands, Minorites were seen as inferior because that's just what people thought. Some celebrities were racist/sexist. things have changed for the better since then.\n\n liking a dead(or alive) problematic singer or whoever doesn't mean you agree with what they thought (or think)\n\n feel free to disagree or whatever.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-806270", "score": 0.6038174629211426, "text": "I don't understand the hostility that some people display towards others who like certain music or artists. How does it affect you if you like Iron Maiden and someone else likes Kanye West? It especially makes me mad when people, albeit hypothetical, give death threats to each other for enjoying different fucking artists! Like what the fuck??", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2146977", "score": 0.6037362217903137, "text": "I mean, he's just an entertainer whose music is target towards a young female demographic.\n\nHe seems polite enough during interviews.\n\nPeople act like he's some deranged serial killer or something. I just don't get it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-177749", "score": 0.6036690473556519, "text": "Child *pornography* is illegal. Having an innocent picture of a naked child is not sexual in any manner so it's not pornographic. Everyone saying that the 90s were a less puritan time is full of shit - the album came out in 1991. The late 80s were when the \"Moral Majority\" were actively fighting against \"satanism\" in rock & roll. People were testifying in front of Congress that video games of caused violence and wanted them strongly regulated or censored. George HW Bush was still president on the wave of 80s Reagan conservatism. The cover was *intentionally* controversial and pushed the bounds of what you could get away with.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-212075", "score": 0.603253185749054, "text": "Yes. > Jack Gould of The New York Times declared, '[*he*] has no discernible singing ability', while John Crosby of the New York Herald Tribune called [*him*] 'unspeakably untalented and vulgar'. The criticism prompted parents, religious groups from the North and South, and the Parent-Teacher Association to condemn [*him*] and [*his*] music by associating both with juvenile delinquency. [Guess who?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1092417", "score": 0.6025634407997131, "text": "When I was really little I remember two older kids arguing about this. I'm not really a fan of the band, but I think of the question every time I see Buster Pointdexter. Yes, I could've googled this but I have no knowledge of reputable sites on this subject. Thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1305910", "score": 0.6020087003707886, "text": "I can't stand people who hate on their (once) favorite band, singer, or rapper for \"going mainstream\", \"selling out\".\n\nIsn't that the point of music? If you get a chance to make as money as you can in the short time period that window is open, why would you hate on them for doing so?\n\nThe music industry is really known for chewing artists up and spitting them out. Why not take advantage to make money for your family in the few opportunities that come around to very select artists. \n\nYou'd rather an artists cut their money in half so you can get the sound of \"authentic\" sounds of that genre?\n\nYou're a horrible person.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-38305", "score": 0.5994869470596313, "text": "The censoring is done by the record labels at the time of the albums release and would reflect the current sensitivities to offensive words and the labels' ideas of what the intended market would or wouldn't find offensive. A good example of this is a song released in 2000 by the band Dixie Chicks called Goodbye Earl. The record label decided to censor the lyrics \"cause Earl had to die\" presumably to not offended the arguably more conservative country music fans base that would be hearing the song on the radio.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-30318", "score": 0.5994119048118591, "text": "It has to do more with the fact that she died from murder at such a young age at the peak of her career (she was only 23 and won a fucking grammy the year before). that and most of her fanbase was heavily concentrated in the southwest US mostly texas, so its pretty easy to see why that particular community still clings on to her image.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2148248", "score": 0.5993026494979858, "text": "I call this “The Kurt Cobain Effect” because I’ve seen the most people doing this thing for him and I’ve also seen the most people complaining about these “fans”. I’m not saying anyone who likes dead music artists does this. One of my best friends loves Nirvana and she’s in the 9th grade. I’m talking about the people that only listen to that artists 1 or 2 most popular songs and talk about them like they were related or something", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-175519", "score": 0.5982601046562195, "text": "> What is the rationale? It sells records. That's the only objective explanation, which is what ELI5 is for. If you want to complain about popular music, there are subs for that.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-15642", "score": 0.59772127866745, "text": "Because people dont trust other people enough to make sure that their kids dont hear any bad words, and are too stupid to realize that kids will hear them anyway. Same reason why some places are trying to ban internet porn.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-835634", "score": 0.597318708896637, "text": "Examples I can think of: \n\nParents getting mad when they hear a song in public or on the radio they don’t like because it’s not “kid friendly”. Or really any explicit song in general. \n\nAlthough major streaming services now have a kid only option, I still see parents compline about their kids watching a bad show when they figure out how to change the setting 😒. \n\nCussing in public? Nope! Kid might hear. Wearing a bikini? Nope! Kid might see a naval. \n\nThe list goes on. But what makes parents think the whole world revolves around a kids tolerance?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-688", "score": 0.7026132941246033, "text": "In one sense math can be construed as the language of nature because it can explain natural phenomena as well as other things such as human behavior and the probability of future events." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-857801", "score": 0.6674669981002808, "text": "Here's the thread.\n\nFractal_Shark asks how a materialist/atheistic world view accounts for mathematical objects. Krauss replies that math is a language for talking about the physical world. Fractal_Shark then counters that there are mathematical objects which don't account for the physical because they aren't found anywhere in the physical world.\n\nI was reading this and it seemed reasonable enough but then, would Fractal_Shark's response have affected regular language? From a physicalist/materialist view, the meaning of languages like English or French could be reduced to the physical and we can clearly describe things with regular language which don't exist. \n\nSo does this mean that physicalists don't think we can talk about Santa or fairies or was Fractal_Shark's objection not all that devastating to Krauss?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2356267", "score": 0.6674337983131409, "text": "I’m asking pretty general. From how it’s taught, to notation, to what kind of math is used etc. I’m only in freshman General phys one at the moment but if there are any changes I can make now that would help me in the future I’m all ears", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-3705", "score": 0.6672492027282715, "text": "As a web developer, I wouldn't say I use much mathematics, what I do use is logic. Maybe math is heavily suggested because it forces you to think logically? On a side note, I know certain programming like motion (for games) and such does deal with math.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-832799", "score": 0.6670717597007751, "text": "Physics student here, so my interpretation of certain things might be a bit different, but hopefully I'm not speaking gobbledygook here. \n\nI've gotten the feeling that x has different 'English translations' per se in different branches of math. For example, we've all been taught when we first learned algebra that x is the unknown number. Like 5x-3 = 2, which translates to \"what number multiplied by 5 and subtracted by 3 returns 2?\" \n\nHowever, when we deal with functions, like y = 5x - 3, we no longer have such language applying. It's instead an input and output and no longer a 'solve for the unknown' idea. Or if we deal with limits, such as lim x-->infinity of y = 5x - 3. We're now looking at the behavior of the collection of all the inputs and corresponding outputs for the function as x tends to infinity. \n\nAs a physicist, this makes sense, since this is now a design for an input and return, like finding distance using an input of time. So I guess this concept of something as a function of something is helpful because this range of values, of inputs, manifests itself in real life, as time continues on and on, so effectively when an ideal two dimensional motion problem occurs, if for some reason the path could be described by y = 5x - 2 (obviously it could not) where x = t and y = d, then the path of the ball is the trend of t constantly feeding in inputs at t = 1, t = 2.. and so on. \n\nWhen we go to into calculus and space, I feel x has a different interpretation. X is a dimension, along with y and z. When we do things like double integrating, we now have these 3 dimensional objects, which leads me to a question. I'll frame it in the example of finding the volume of a sphere. Have we essentially created a shape (a circle) by using varied inputs and finding their corresponding outputs, and then integrating it to get a sphere. Have we gone from algebra to algebra with an input and output to modeling objects using math equations?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-283943", "score": 0.6670637130737305, "text": "Mathematics isn't a fixed collection of facts which either do or don't describe a phenomenon. Instead, it's an artistic practice—the art of thinking rigorously and abstractly about patterns, structures, and quantities. If the mathematics we have isn't sufficient to the task of describing some new physics, we'll just make more!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-96305", "score": 0.6669183373451233, "text": "There are mathematical statements that can be made that are the equivalent of \"this sentence is false.\" If the sentence is true, then it's false...but if it's false, it's true. A great mathematician and logician, Kurt Goedel, came up with the idea of encoding mathematical statements as numbers, which could themselves then be manipulated mathematically. Given a mechanism that allowed mathematical statements to reference themselves, paradoxical (and unsolvable) statements became possible. Prior to Goedel's work, there was a general consensus that mathematics could eventually be completely formalized and brought down to a simple list of axioms and rules. Russell and Whitehead's *Principia Mathematica* was an attempt to do just that. But then Goedel came along and proved that in any sufficiently complex system (like mathematics), there are true statements that are unprovable, false statements that are provable, and statements that are just nonsensical.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2062270", "score": 0.6665593981742859, "text": "While reading a book called \"Reading, Writing and Proving\" I came across this tips on how to write mathematics basically solutions and proofs, and wanted to share with you guys.\n\n* In mathematics, it is always important that the reader know what the variables stand for. This was true in algebra in high school, geometry, and calculus, and it is true here too. If you use symbols—any symbols—make sure the meaning is clear to the reader before you use them.\n\n* Think about your notation, and choose notation that is easy on the reader.\n\n* A variable should only be assigned one meaning in your proof. For example, if you used C to denote the complex numbers, don’t use C again to denote a different set.\n\n* Try for a good blend of symbols and words. Don’t juxtapose unrelated symbols if you don’t have to. For example, consider the sentence \"So 1 ≤ p,q ≥ 2.\" You might find this confusing and (unnecessarily) difficult to read. If we say \"So 1 ≤ p and q ≥ 2,\" the sentence is clear. It’s often easier to read things if you put a word, even a little one, between symbols.\n\n* Avoid starting a sentence with a symbol. This often confuses the reader unnecessarily. For example, consider the following sentence. Thus x in A.A is a subset of B. First, the A.A just doesn’t look nice. Second, it’s hard to read.\n\n* Every sentence should start with a capital letter and end with a period, just like sentences are supposed to begin and end.\n\n* All grammatical rules apply. Make sure your sentence has a noun and a verb, for example.\n\n* Strive for clarity. Always keep the reader in mind. If something follows from a definition, say so. The reader will appreciate this and will know what you are thinking and, what’s more, you will know why what you say is true. If something follows from Theorem 10.1, say so. It is extremely important for you to be aware of when you are using a result. For one thing, it means that you are more likely to notice if you are using a result that you do not have. (This would be wrong. Don’t do it.) For another, it helps the reader who may not fully understand what you are doing.\n\n* Certain phrases are particularly helpful in guiding a reader through your proof. For example, \"Suppose to the contrary, ...\" tells the reader that your proof will be done by contradiction. As a second example, if you are proving \"A if and only if B,\" your reader will understand everything better if you say, \"Suppose A. ... Then we have B.\" And then say, \"Suppose B. ... Then we have A.\" You should alert the reader to a proof that will be in cases, or a proof that will proceed using the contrapositive. You should not only tell the reader how you will begin the proof, you should also tell the reader when you believe you have completed the proof. Words like \"thus, we have established the desired result\" will let the reader know that you think you are done now and it’s his or her turn to understand why. Other examples of phrases that you may use to guide your reader will come up as we learn new techniques.\n\n* If you can find a shorter, clearer solution, do so.\n* Perhaps the most difficult thing about writing a proof is to find a balance between the main ideas in the proof and the details. You’ll often find that the more you explain, the more you hide the main ideas. On the other hand, if you don’t explain enough, you might overlook an important detail or confuse your reader. It’s not easy to strike the right balance. This is why we suggest waiting a bit, and then rereading your proof. If you can’t figure out why you did something, it’s unlikely that someone else will.\n* If you have a partner in the class, it is an excellent idea to exchange papers and see if things are clear to each of you. (Check with your teacher to make sure this is allowed, of course.)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-308283", "score": 0.6663529276847839, "text": "There are infinitely many numbers, uncountable many so. Decimals describe every single number, so there need to be enough decimal expansions to generate them all. To uniquely specify a real number you *need* an infinite sequence of integers or rational numbers, otherwise you only have an approximation. So, yes, you could say that every real number contains an infinite amount of information. But it's important to know that numbers and math are things we invented and not stuff that actually exist in or because of our universe. They're a clever way to attempt to study the patterns we make up (patterns are psychological, a coping mechanism). This means that the universe is not a slave to anything in math, the universe just \"is\" and math is just a language used to describe it. We'll never be able to write down a real number exactly, because there are only a finite number of particles, but that doesn't matter because math is not a slave to this universe either.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-256654", "score": 0.6663312315940857, "text": "The CPU can handle some mathematical operations directly through the hardware. Addition, multiplication and some other functions are written directly into the circuits. Here's the Wikipedia article explaining how that works: _URL_0_ Other, less common functions have to be programmed using multiple steps of these simple, built-in operations. Generally functions which use real or complex numbers must be stored a floating points which cannot be perfectly accurate. In fact, there are some paradigms of computer programming that assert that every computer program is just an elaborate function. So, you could argue that all programs are simply complicated functions with inputs and outputs, and therefore there isn't a strong distinction between \"regular\" computer programs and \"mathematical\" ones. There are entire languages based off of this idea: _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-262432", "score": 0.6650662422180176, "text": "In their broadest senses, an algebra is usually a \"structure\" of some kind while a calculus is usually a set of rules or manipulations, but I don't think there's really any formal definitions for the two words that capture all of their usages.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-198577", "score": 0.6648733615875244, "text": "Ah, I've just recently received a book about the history of numbers for my last birthday. For basic subtracting, adding and counting, non-positional number systems like the Roman and Cuneiform systems were adequate. The modern Hindu-Arabic system was popularised by the mathematicians of India, spreading throughout the Middle East during their Golden Age. I believe Europeans were first exposed to it during the Moorish/Spanish wars in Iberia and the famous treatise on algebra by Khowarizmi, I think.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-41785", "score": 0.6647717952728271, "text": "Mathematics was not \"already out there.\" Rather, nature was already out there working as it does. Mathematics is a human way of describing it accurately. No one person had the original idea. Mathematics developed in many very small steps. For example, someone had the idea to use a word to describe \"two\" of something, and someone else had the idea to use a different work to describe \"three\" instead of just saying \"many.\" Countless tiny steps later, we have modern mathematics.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-161026", "score": 0.664717435836792, "text": "A programming language is a set of special symbols and words along with a structured way of putting them together. The point of a programming language is so that people can more easily instruct a computer to carry out tasks. The computer's language is very hard for humans to read and write. So we need a way of writing in a way that's more easy for us to understand but that is also structured well enough for the computer to understand. Computers need very specific and organized instructions. There are so many because languages can be suited for certain tasks. Some languages can do just about anything, some are really good at one specific thing than others. Some languages are very easy for people to read (Python) and some are very hard for us to read (Assembly). We make a computer language the same way we make a spoken and written language. We come up with words and symbols and rules for how they're supposed to be used. We also make a program that translates the programming language into computer language.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-970222", "score": 0.6644566655158997, "text": "Some areas I was thinking of:\nThis looks like a fun little language, I was wondering about:\n\n* New coding patterns/ideas\n* I enjoyed the chapter on writing the std lib on Unix, is there a good book for this field?\n* How good is the language for Numerical Analysis (I'm an Applied Math major). Does anyone know of an example of a float being implemented?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1454695", "score": 0.6643413305282593, "text": "Hi /r/math, I have a passion for Math and really would like to study it in university (I am currently graduating from high school). Aside from the fact that it is my passion, one of the reasons I want to take this route is that it seems to me that math is the obstacle in most technical type degrees (Whether it be Finance, Physics, Engineering, etc) and if I obtain a degree in Math (or even a PHD eventually) I will be able to speak \"The language\", making a possible move to any other field later in my life easier. e.g in my mind it is easier to transition from being a mathematician to a physicist that a physicist to a mathematician. Do you guys agree with this idea? Any input would be much appreciated :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-120125", "score": 0.6643300652503967, "text": "Such languages do not exist. Perhaps you are thinking of a language like Chinese that has thousands of symbols? There is no alphabet in this language in the same way English has phonetic building blocjs. Basically....you learn the sybols that represent what is an analogous more or less to words themselves or word roots. There aren't \"meaningless on there own\" components.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1730603", "score": 0.6638917326927185, "text": "Is anyone familiar with the process of publishing the same work in different languages? Is it even allowed? Or would I have to publish in one language and then host the translation on my website? \n\nEdit: I can do math in English and French.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-109407", "score": 0.6633284687995911, "text": "\"X\" is similar to the symbol for \"thing\" or \"object\" in Arabic, the language in which the rules of Algebra were first expressed. When translated the symbol became X because it was good enough for the purpose.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-63927", "score": 0.6631469130516052, "text": "Yes. There are plenty of other base-n forms of math. The arab cultures were base-10, which is what we use today. However, other cultures were base-2 and base-5 for math.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-968310", "score": 0.6629968881607056, "text": "I want to like\\* python, I really do. Is it an easy language? You bet. Are there a berjillion libraries to do anything you could imagine? Of course. But somehow things just don't \"click\" enough for me to *really* enjoy python. Let me explain...\n\nI work as a computational condensed matter physics grad student, and that means three things: Fortran, C++, and Mathematica.\n\n* Fortran: not bad for pushing matrices around, but good luck if you want to do anything else.\n* C++: my goto for anything that's not just tinkering. It's a *humongous* language and I'm far from completely proficient, but I like to think I'm a little wiser than your typical physics C++er. The C++11 stuff really made it more fun, too.\n* Mathematica: it definitely is a language, but I think of it more as an \"environment for exploration.\" Closed source (boo!), but it makes numerical stuff stupidly easy and I *loooooooove* the functional programming parts!\n\nAnd then there's python. I'd love to use it for the same sort of thing I do in Mathematica (post processing, simple little numerical investigations, prototyping), but I just...can't. If I had to guess, I'd say python's dynamic typing sort of puts me off---I dunno; I don't want to say it feels like there are just too many ways to do things, but it feels like there are too many ways \"things\" can happen. \"Things\" being either unexpected results, but also anticipated results (does this function accept a list? what about a numpy array? should I just convert everything to a numpy array, or work exclusively with properties of ordered collections? any of the above will give what I want, I just have to *choose*.) \n\nBut here's the infuriating bit: by all rights, Mathematica is the exact same way and I have none of these reservations about it. I've barely ever given a thought to things like types there, and I've gone to excruciating lengths to (try and) replicate python features there before. So I feel like my brain is broken -- there's some python idiom or philosophy I just haven't seen before that will clean everything up just fine. I ask, then, how can I \"fix\" my brain for python?\n\n\\*I do *like* python, but I want to like it enough to make it my go-to for general tasks.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-689", "score": 0.7155066132545471, "text": "They can store nutrients below ground mostly. Think of syrup, which all decidious trees in northern climates produce. The flow of syrup is the tree moving sugars from its lower storage organs to its leaf buds yo support the new growth. Also woody tissue with secondary cell walls are dead so they aren't really supporting as much living tissue as it seems." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-73425", "score": 0.6788809895515442, "text": "Trees grow from the center outward and different factors change the look of what grows. Lighter wood correlates to spring and darker wood correlates to winter (given the dramatic differences in weather between the two seasons). Since each year has either a spring or a winter, all we have to do is count how many winters a tree has been through to give a good estimate of it's age.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-303893", "score": 0.6782165169715881, "text": "Credit to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) Beyond the tree line, they are unable to grow because of inappropriate environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures or lack of moisture). At the tree line, tree growth is often very stunted, with the last trees forming low, densely matted bushes.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-64001", "score": 0.6781749725341797, "text": "Because they aren't dead. The guts of a tree can survive for quite a while after falling off the tree/losing it's leaves. In some cases decades - there are still 'extinct' trees pushing up green shoots from stumps decades after the blight wiped them out.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-173828", "score": 0.6768556833267212, "text": "Half of the planet doesn't really have a winter in the sense of snow, Sub-Zero temperatures and leaf-loss. Think about the regions around and parallel to the equator. Lots of rain forests and definitely lots and lots of trees. We also get nearly 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere from oceanic algae. So plants aren't alone in producing our esteemed oxygen.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1706810", "score": 0.6768029928207397, "text": "I'm facing my first winter since I got succelents. As the days get cloudier and shorter here in Toronto, I've moved them to my window ledge. It's the only place in my apartment that gets \"good\" sunlight.\n\nBut these windows aren't the best. At the height of winter, they'll develop a film of ice on the inside. While there's no draft of outside air coming in, the temperature within inches of the window is likely to be much cooler than the rest of indoors\n\nWould love to hear if any of you have successfully kept your plants on a window sill through a bitter winter?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-12182", "score": 0.6759434938430786, "text": "There's two factors at play. First, it takes taller trees longer to leaf out. Plants that lose their leaves in winter store nutrients in their stems and roots, and then break them down and move them to the tips of their branches in the spring. Naturally, this takes longer for taller plants. Second, bushes have an incentive to rush, and stretch their head start. Think about the forest in summer: the trees in the canopy catch the vast majority of the sunlight, leaving little for the understory plants below. By quickly growing leaves in the spring before the trees can, smaller bushes can get a brief burst of full-intensity sunlight at the start of the season, which they wouln't otherwise be able to take advantage of.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-81897", "score": 0.6757858991622925, "text": "The sun isn't always directly overhead so lower branches still get some light. They also tend to grow to be farther away from the trunk than the branches at the top. But the big point of being a tall tree is to get above all the *other plants* which would be blocking the light. Lower branches can be allowed to die off if they cannot get light due to higher branches, but trying to grow under other plants is untenable.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-5128", "score": 0.6745560169219971, "text": "They die like anything else. Sure they can die of the causes you mentioned. Even if none of those happen to the tree, over time cells become less able to reproduce identical copies of themselves. Due to this, the tree will not be able to keep growing or replace its current cells, so it will die. Trees don’t need to replace their cells that often, so they can live a long time.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-142382", "score": 0.6736733317375183, "text": "While I can't answer your question exactly, our warm homes are certainly not the primary reason for bugs surviving winter. Consider a vast temperate forest. It has millions upon millions of bugs every spring, even in the remotest of areas. I can assure you that those millions of bugs didn't migrate from all the warm houses in the city. Many bugs live underground in altered metabolic states to survive winter.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-316673", "score": 0.6736079454421997, "text": "Fellow northerner here (Canada): there is no single answer to your question. Here are a few strategies: Most ants have a certain degree of self-control over their thermoregulation through the construction of their underground nests. They basically confine themselves to the bottom part of the nest, which is warmest, and go into a state of torpor. In they state, they are not frozen but rather in a state of sluggishness comparable to that of hibernating mammals such as bears. Black flies and mosquitoes overwinter in the larval stage, which is aquatic. They survive in waterbodies which do not freeze throughout. Several insects do freeze solid for the winter; these have biochemical adaptations which prevent rupture of cellular membranes through the expansion of ice crystals. I'm not familiar with the exact mecanism of these adaptations and would welcome someone else filling me in on what they entail.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-68186", "score": 0.6733182668685913, "text": "Trees are kind of special in that the living portion of the tree is a thin layer between the wood and the bark. As with all living things, cell damage can be mitigated by reproducing faster than the damage occurs; this thin layer keeps reproducing and so doesn't age. That said, eventually rot sets in and the tree is attacked from the inside by disease and insects; the tree itself ages. Some of the longest living trees are [bristlecone pines](_URL_1_), with one specimen over 5000 years old. They grow in an arid wind-blasted place, not a nice environment but it does minimize some of the age-related problems. There's also a much older tree, or [colony of clones of a quaking aspen](_URL_0_), that is about 80,000 years old.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-184078", "score": 0.6732271313667297, "text": "Some do. Many only last a single season. On the other hand, there are very old trees which we don't really know how old they can get, because they tend do die of other causes first. So, we don't really know how old plants can get.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-101666", "score": 0.6726636290550232, "text": "Their evolutionary niche is in being large and durable. They're the biggest things in the forest, so they get to hog all the sunlight they want. It takes a long time for trees to grow to be so big and tough, so they need to make use of it by living long enough to produce tons of seeds. Trees are most vulnerable as saplings. If they don't get eaten or trampled when they're young, they don't have much to worry about for a long time. A strong, healthy tree is quite tough to take down by anything found in nature. A long life span allows the tree to produce many seeds and maximize its chances at reproduction. Insects are on the other end of the spectrum. They're small, not terribly durable, and are often food for tons of other animals. Insects also tend to have quite short lives, but that's fine since their strategy is to reproduce like crazy and survive through sheer numbers. It doesn't matter if a million ants die if there are billions more ready to replace them.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1706242", "score": 0.6715070009231567, "text": "As I know it there are two types of overwintering. You can either keep your plants growing indoors all year, or let them go dormant.\n\nThe question I have is about letting them go dormant. I understand that overwintering is a process to shield the plants from the wind so they don't die out and retain moisture. If you're keeping plants in the ground you should cover them but if they're in pots its trickier.\n\nFor plants in pots I understand you should place them in a basement or garage because the wind will go right through the pot and kill the plant. Most sites say to move the pot into an area between 40-55 degrees but is that cold enough to make the plant go dormant? \n\nDo dormant plants need light?\n\nAnd finally I'm a little confused is it the frost that kills plants or the wind?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1336401", "score": 0.6711955666542053, "text": "I have a setting in my world where the average temperature is below freezing all year. 100% of precipitation is either snow or hail. Of course there is liquid water, in places like fast-flowing rivers, estuaries, or hot springs, but it is rare. This area is also extremely mountainous.\n\nI don't know enough about it tundra flora to to figure out how the food chain is supported. Obviously there are animals, but the chain has to start somewhere.\n\nAre there plants that can be grown or harvested in snowy environments, or do I need to chalk some things up to magic?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-111319", "score": 0.6710622906684875, "text": "If you're referring to earthworms, they simply go deeper into the ground. Even in harsh winters the ground doesn't usually freeze more than ~~an inch or two~~ a few feet deep, so the worms just burrow below the frozen layer and wait for a few weeks until it thaws out again. *Edit* corrected how deep the ground freezes. TIL, etc ...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-22097", "score": 0.6709333658218384, "text": "Cold slows their metabolism like it's winter. So they stay alive and don't become rotten worms.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-283259", "score": 0.6708490252494812, "text": "This is definitely dependent upon local ecology. In California, wet winters will result lots of green grass that turns brown come summer and provides fuel for fire. A dry winter will result in dry, stressed forests which will be more susceptible to fire once the dry summer comes.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-278433", "score": 0.6706700325012207, "text": "I'm an arborist and googahgee has it right. In the fall the tree emits enzymes that break down the cellulose at the leaf/stem junction, causing it to eventually fall off. That's the simple version and the older a leaf is, the better prepared they will be when fall arrives. The younger leaves at the tips of branches haven't had time to set up these changes. They're at an immature stage in development and are still using the tree's growth hormones to get larger. The extra growth hormones tend to get in the way of the cellulose eating enzymes so leaf drop is delayed until the environment gets too severe and everything gets shut down. If they are really immature leaves they might not even fall off but shrivel up and die still attached.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-279289", "score": 0.6702972650527954, "text": "Don't forget, deciduous trees suck in as much chlorophyll and nutrients from the leaves as they can before the leaves fall. They store it in the trunk. Saves them a lot of time and energy to not have to make/find those resources again. Also that's why leaves change colour, because they've got less chlorophyll and nutrients.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-691", "score": 0.6988051533699036, "text": "As a wind farm developer, let me direct you to the proper resource: _URL_3_ Essentially: > \"Wind turbines extract energy by slowing down the wind. For a wind turbine to be 100% efficient it would need to stop 100% of the wind - but then the rotor would have to be a solid disk and it would not turn and no kinetic energy would be converted. On the other extreme, if you had a wind turbine with just one rotor blade, most of the wind passing through the area swept by the turbine blade would miss the blade completely and so the kinetic energy would be kept by the wind. > Betz Limit Albert Betz was a German physicist who calculated that no wind turbine could convert more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. This is known as the Betz Limit, and is the theoretical maximum coefficient of power for any wind turbine. > the fact is that small scale (1-100 kW) always have lower efficiencies than large scale wind turbines. \"" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-186484", "score": 0.6636867523193359, "text": "You basically answered your own question. It's not as effective. Modern wind turbines don't work the way a sail works. The wind doesn't \"push\" the turbine. The \"sails\" are shaped and work like airplane wings. The wind blow \"at\" them and creates the same pressure difference. Additional note. Modern wind turbines have \"brakes\" built in because they are efficient enough that if you don't have the option of slowing them down, they will turn so fast, the force would cause them to fly apart.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1332741", "score": 0.6633356809616089, "text": "Hello I have been trying to write an essay about tidal turbines, but am finding it hard to get information about them and their efficiency so I am asking to see if anyone on reddit may know anything about them. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-170479", "score": 0.6632482409477234, "text": "My thought is to start the motor it is easier with more power then less. So to get the blades spinning it will always supply the highest speed then slow to the desired.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-241807", "score": 0.6630486845970154, "text": "It’s a [product of GE](_URL_0_) used to make your wind turbine more efficient. That one is probably a test sample.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1033249", "score": 0.6628478765487671, "text": "Hi all, Currently I'm in 4th year of mechanical engineering department & I'm working on my graduation project which is designing & manufacturing of small scale horizontal axis wind turbine, & I'm basically in cfd team which is responsible for optimizing the blade & I'm a beginner in cfd. Based on the paper provided in this thread we designed the blade constructed with naca4418 with the provided table for chord length & twist angle, the problem we face is that we don't get the same results as the paper, as we know wind turbines blade is parallel to the rotating plane(illustrated in the provided images folder) with an angle of attack of approximately 5 degrees but for this blade orientation we get very low cl & a very high cd & cl/cd ratio is about 2 which is impossible & that indicates that this is the stall position for the blade, we tried to make the blade horizontal with angle of attack equals 13 degrees & we get good results but I feel that they are not realistic as cl/cd ratio is about 130 which is too high...I will provide the geometry, fluid domain, mesh & physics setup, & concerning y+ value I've maintained it around 0.25 & 0.4 as maximum as I'm running a k-w sst model & he domain consists of about 177 million elements. also I have provided a txt file of cl & cd results for various angle of attacks\n\nSo we need to know why we don't have same results as the paper concerning cl & cd & we need to correct our information about wind turbine blade orientation whether it's vertical or horizontal in respect to plane of rotation.\n\n I'll be so grateful for any help & thanks in advance.\n\n​\n\nAll CFD Model Data: \n\nThe Paper: ", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-191336", "score": 0.6628126502037048, "text": "Everything on earth is energy in some way, shape or form. In the case of machines like wind turbines and water turbines, the energy is in the form of moving matter (called *kinetic* energy). A turbine (like the blades on a windmill) captures some of that energy by slowing down the wind or water that passes by in order to spin. The spinning motion powers a generator that converts the kinetic energy into electric energy. The electric energy might have to go through one or more transformers to reach the appropriate voltage before going onto a bigger network efficiently.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-688385", "score": 0.6623967885971069, "text": "Video I am talking about.\n\n\n\nSince dams are interested in getting as much energy out of a flow of water... they'll use a turbine. Since a water wheel is inefficient in this regard.\n\nHowever in this scenario it seems like that isn't the goal (Only using part of the flow). So why are they using a turbine over a water wheel?\n\nWouldn't it be less intrusive... cheaper to build and maintenance?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-127664", "score": 0.6623244285583496, "text": "Turbines are more efficient for several reasons, but one of the top reasons is that they are not constantly reversing direction. Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 How Do jet engines work and what’s the benefits of using them over a standard internal combustion or Wankel engine? Is it possible to use a jet engine in a car? ](_URL_1_) ^(_35 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do plane engines get more efficient? ](_URL_3_) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Usage of jet engines vs turboprop ](_URL_0_) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Plane Turbines ](_URL_2_) ^(_19 comments_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-261973", "score": 0.661992609500885, "text": "We don't scale them down because it's not economical. We don't know what the most economical size is, but there's a very good chance it's bigger than a rotor diameter of 120 metres. We're now testing 164 metre diameter rotors. Realised power at, say, 11 m/s wind, varies with the square of the rotor diameter. So if we halve the rotor diameter, we lose three quarters of the power; but we lose much less than three-quarters of the cost.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-297332", "score": 0.6619672775268555, "text": "To extract maximum energy you need clean air, you have to wait for the wingtip vortices ([see video](_URL_1_)) to disappear before the next blade arrives, more blades mean lower rpm (see [Tip Speed Ratio](_URL_0_)). Not exactly 'scientifically reputable', but [this drawing](_URL_2_) shows the efficiency of various models as function of the TSR.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-268928", "score": 0.6615066528320312, "text": "The energy has to come somewhere. Every drop of energy that the blades/generator captures is exactly coming from how much it slowed the car down. (Unless there's a head wind or something, in which case it's just a wind turbine.) Generators are not 100% efficient, electric motors are not 100% efficient, etc. So you're reducing the momentum of the vehicle, and losing a lot of the energy you're immediately recapturing with the turbine due to efficiency losses.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-289495", "score": 0.6613674759864807, "text": "As the speed of the rotor goes up the drag from air resistance rises faster than the power output. It's the same principle that says riding a bike at 20mph takes more than double the energy of going 10mph.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1867670", "score": 0.6609553694725037, "text": "Three are a few things I can conjecture from rotor count. More more rotors are more complex and therefore more expensive, so that's I've reason why you might not have as much. \n\nBut what are the benefits of moving from a 4 rotor design to a 5 rotor design? Why does a heavy lift helicopter like the CH-47 Chinook have only 3 per mast, but the CH-53 has 6?\n\nDo you get more maneuverability with more rotors, more control? Do you actually get more lift, or do they change the size of the rotors so that the lift is roughly equivalent between 4 and 5 rotor variants of the same models?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-298820", "score": 0.660866379737854, "text": "So imagine that wind turbines did not exist in the world and you are sitting in your office and you think... \"Would it be a better idea to build solar panels on the ground or 300 feet in the air? Also, solar panels (those that do not rotate with the sun, are still in a fixed direction to take advantage of the most direct sunlight. Wind turbines rotate with the wind direction which would have nothing to do with efficient solar panel use. The solar panels would only get optimized sunlight occasionally and by coincidence.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-322422", "score": 0.6607943773269653, "text": "It's called aliasing. Imagine a windmill being captured by a video camera. Let's say a snapshot is taken and the blade is at 0 degrees. Then between frames, the blade rotates 359 degrees. It will appear to have rotated 1 degree in the opposite direction. This will continue for each frame.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1918739", "score": 0.6606320142745972, "text": "After reading tons and tons of stuff (last night) on props, EDF's and ducted fans and I awoke today and was still day-dreaming of a way EDF's could be improved for multi-rotors. (was kinda half asleep)\n\nFrom what I understand EDF's have a high amount of thrust, with low air mass. Meaning that they can push a small volume of air extremely fast. However doing this with a small, high rpm rotor and high blade pitch kills it's efficiency. (Huge current draw) Props on the other hand, are the opposite of this... Lower RPM, moderate blade pitch and longer blades. (Lower current draw) It's this difference that allows a prop driven multirotor to have the endurance and torque required for practical flight.\n\nSo In my dream I was like... why not combine the best of both?\n\nMeaning: Large ducted \"Turbine\", low to moderate pitch and rpm's similar to what's typical for a multirotor. This should allow the drone to fly more efficiently, with reasonable torque and high air mass. Notice that I said, turbine not propeller... IMO turbines are engineered to function better within a duct than propellers so why not use it right.\n\nOther thoughts: Maybe adding a secondary duct that's larger than the first, attached to the underside of the primary duct. Thus creating a situation where outside air is induced to flow in the direction of thrust. (Just think Dyson air multiplier) This added air would greatly increase the amount of air mass and possibly increase the overall efficiency of the Turbine.\n\nThoughts, comments and smart arse remarks are welcome.\n\nSmoker", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-87854", "score": 0.6605245471000671, "text": "The turbine would cause wind resistance which means that whatever was moving would require more fuel to move at the same speed as without the turbine. And the electrical gains from the turbine wouldn't be enough energy to make up for the cost of extra fuel", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1658022", "score": 0.6589400172233582, "text": "Let's suppose there are three windmills that power a single huge millstone. Let's also assume that you're not allowed to use fluids or electricity to transfer energy into that millstone. What mechanical trickery needs to be used to transfer energy from three separate turbines into one millstone simultaneously?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-165898", "score": 0.6588824987411499, "text": "They don't \"produce\" energy, they just convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. When the turbine spins, it spins a coiled wire inside of it. The coiled wire is spun inside of a magnetic field. Because electrons are charged particles, the magnetic field will basically \"push\" the electrons through the could of wire, creating, or \"inducing\" a current. This is called an inductor.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-182228", "score": 0.6587466597557068, "text": "There is torque from the first propeller which is cancelled out by the second propeller. I don't know if you have ever picked up a hard drive which is spinning, but if you have you would be able to feel exactly what torque can do. It can make things inherently unstable. So cancelling it out is a great idea, makes more of the engines power be devoted to pure speed instead of keeping the craft stable. And yes, they probably did lose a tiny bit of efficiency by having the second propeller be in the prop wash of the first, but that was a small price to pay for the increased efficiency in other areas.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-692", "score": 0.7360867857933044, "text": "Not to do with stomach acid, that should be neutralised before it gets anywhere near leaving your body (or it'd wreak havoc on your intestines on its way through). Probably because diarrhoea is wet and this, in addition to wiping more often than usual, irritates the skin around your butthole. Also, think about how babies get nappy rash from having wet nappies against their butts for extended periods, if you have wet soppy faeces (like swamp ass) because you couldn't clean it all properly it's going to start itching and irritating you." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1496917", "score": 0.6992143392562866, "text": "I get really annoyed after having a lot of diarrhea. I’ll still be in pain but then I’ll be hungry.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-15932", "score": 0.6990622878074646, "text": "Your rectum (the last 12cm or so of your intestinal tract) senses when it is filled up through stretch-receptors. Your colon (and really all of the gastro-intestinal tract) transports its content using peristaltic waves of muscular contraction. So a \"sudden urge to poop\" is mostly caused by such a peristaltic wave pushing poop into a maybe already modestly filled rectum. When you decide to use your anus to delay the business, the wave passes, pressure to the rectum drops a bit, and the urge seems to pass... for a while. By the way, while it is not dangerous to delay your business once in a while, doing so regularly can upset the intestines quite a bit, causing constipation and sometimes diverticulosis. PS: Gotta say, as a non-native speaker, I love the vocabulary the english language has available for feces! ... blumpkin... still laughing :-D", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-56965", "score": 0.6983955502510071, "text": "Your intestines are lined with mucous membranes to protect them from the acidity of the poo. Your asshole (the outside of it, at least) lacks such protection.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-160809", "score": 0.698388397693634, "text": "The answer is basic gravitational pull on the diarrheacullar substance inside the body. While one is lying flat the discharge cannot defeat the force of gravity pulling it flat downwards and toward your back/front/side and not out your buttocks. However you will notice that while sitting or standing the gravy-like internal substances in question are pulled by gravity straight through the anal opening with no regard to time or place...This is seen in the classic example of \"climbing up a ladder\" while experiencing the initial onset of diarrhea, one will \"feel something splatter.\" - diarrhea, diarrhea", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-303131", "score": 0.6974263191223145, "text": "Diarrhea can be caused by a number of things, from bacteria to viruses to tons of other things, such as illness or medication. Physiologically, after passing through the stomach, water and nutrients are absorbed from your partially digested food via the intestines to help solidify it into stool. Generally, diarrhea occurs when the intestines are compromised and cannot properly absorb water, such as with inflammation or damage, or when the still-digesting food passes through too quickly so that there isn't time to absorb enough water. Water, blood, mucus, etc can also leak into the forming stool and add moisture, causing diarrhea.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-69092", "score": 0.6967593431472778, "text": "Diarrhea happens when your body detects something potentially toxic/harmful you have ingested (if it's early, you might throw up instead of having diarrhea). Your intestines collects as much water as it can to expel everything out. The cramp is most likely just all the fluid collecting in your intestines (the same way you have stomach ache if you eat and drink way too much), it will pass as soon as all the fluid passes.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-9847", "score": 0.6950131058692932, "text": "Probably the diarrhea is due to your body detecting some poison or pathogen attacking your body. One way to help fight it off is to increase the temperature in your body, and the hypothalamus turns up the normal temperature your body tries to maintain. Your body then recognizes that it is colder than it thinks it should be, and activates the arrector pili muscles at the base of your hair follicles to fluff out your fur to keep in more heat. Except you don't have fur anymore, just a bit of hair that gets goosebumps while you sit on the pot.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-10157", "score": 0.6949300169944763, "text": "The large intestines/colon is the last processing step for food before it gets expelled by the body. It's duty is to recover the remaining water from the digested food that was not absorbed by the small intestines. When you have diarrhea, your large intestines are compromised in some way to stop recovering water so your stool ends up much more watery than usual. This can be triggered by the body itself if it detects that you ate something wrong and needs to purge the digestive track quickly. It can also be triggered by infections/poisons which may cause the large intestines to become leaky and generate fluid, which greatly increases the risk of dehydration. Note that alcohol counts as a poison as it disrupts the absorption of water in the large intestines. This is why crapping after a night of drinking is always terrible. EDIT: Small intestines absorb the majority of water while the large intestines absorb the remainder.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2652791", "score": 0.6945057511329651, "text": "34 male, 5'5\", 140 lbs, white. \n\nI haven't really had any dietary changes although I tried juicing for a few days after it had already been on going for a couple weeks. \n\nI can't figure out what is causing it but many times my poop is runny or fluid than normal, color is often a brighter more orange brown as well. Afterwards my anus will often burn or itch. \n\nAny thoughts? Is it possible I have some sort of virus or something?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-929893", "score": 0.6942117214202881, "text": "I read about it so commonly I’m just wondering if everyone ends of getting them from the loose stools.\n\nAlso, when does butt burn tend to dissipate?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1496104", "score": 0.6938896775245667, "text": "What causes and what’s going on in the human body when a person has explosive diarrhea? Why is it that sometimes it doesn’t look like you’re expelling much but it feels like your napalming a village?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-14025", "score": 0.6938326358795166, "text": "Pre-med student here. When a person gets nervous, their body prepares itself for whatever you're nervous about. For example, if you're nervous about performing in a sports game, your body will prepare for this. So, the combination of the preparation and the nervousness activates the fight or flight response. You may have heard of this. It is your bodies response to what you perceive as harm or high stress. To make the fight or flight response most effective, your body needs to void so you won't have to when the perceived stressful event occurs. Therefore, you can \"make yourself\" have to urinate or have a bowel movement just by being nervous. The diarrhea or loose stool is due to the body attempting to get rid of excrement quickly, as this is the quickest way as opposed to solid stool. Hope this helps!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-168169", "score": 0.6931525468826294, "text": "One possibility is pinworms. They are present in 10-15% of the US population and can cause itching around the anus. It could also be a skin issue or allergy. I would try to use a mirror to get a better look.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-263904", "score": 0.6927422881126404, "text": "Some bacteria ( like C.diff) produce enterotoxins, which cause havoc with the cellular machinery of the epithelial layer in the gut. The end result being much more water being pumped out into the lumen of the intestine, causing looser stools. The cramps and explosive events are also caused by spasms in your intestine, as a response to infection, the desired result being flushing all the bacteria out of your gut. For the bacteria, it can be beneficial because they get to leave the body and find another host.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-134100", "score": 0.6926370859146118, "text": "Poop is acidic. Hurts your skin. It is why it is so important to clean a babies butt after pooping and to use Vaseline. You feel this first by itching.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-133339", "score": 0.6909879446029663, "text": "From what I understand, it's essentially a mild allergic reaction. It causes an upset stomach and so the body tries to use water to flush the system out by making the body crap it all out faster than expected. This is why some people feel dehydrated after taking a massive dump. Note: This is how it was explained to me a while ago, medical science may have proved something else, though.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-190650", "score": 0.6901694536209106, "text": "Diarrhea happens precisely because digestion *hasn't* happened yet. Yes, normally it takes hours for food to make its way through your stomach and intestines to slowly absorb water and nutrients, but diarrhea is bypassing all that. Your gut has a ton of nerves, and when it senses something is amiss for any reason, it triggers your brain to send signals to get whatever is causing the situation out as quickly as possible. That means there's little to no absorption of water or nutrients. In fact, the intestines can actually add water or mucus to get things flowing even faster.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-56517", "score": 0.6899778842926025, "text": "It's all the bubbles of gas moving around. Your intestine is really long! Your poop and the air produced digesting it has to move it's way through. When you have diarrhoea your intestines are flushing themselves out far more quickly than normal so you can hear the air gurgling through more often. Your intestine moves things through with something called a peristaltic wave, it's kind of like the way a worm moves. It's that wave pushing the air along that you can hear.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-176889", "score": 0.6897109746932983, "text": "There are few different causes. What they all have in common is that too much liquid is traveling through the intestines. You can have different liquids. The 2 main culprits are water and oil/fats. If your body is not digesting or not absorbing the fat that you eat, you can get greasy, foul smelling diarrhea, because the oil just loosens everything up. If the culprit is water, your body is either not absorbing it from your intestines, or your body is actively transporting liquids into your intestines. This last one occurs during cholera, which is what makes it so deadly. You dump out all your water and die of dehydration There are a ton of things which could give you diarrhea. So many that naming them all would take far too long. Almost all of these things, though, use one of the mechanisms that I laid out previously.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-56594", "score": 0.6891697645187378, "text": "The spiciness comes from capsaicin. Capsaicin causes a chemical reaction very similar to what actually happens when you eat something thats hot temperature wise, hence the burning sensation. You don't have taste buds in your butt, but similar to your mouth and nose, it has sensitive mucous membranes that stuff can easily get through. The capsaicin passes through and causes the same sensation.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-694", "score": 0.6877380609512329, "text": "Such is the genius of Thomas Edison. It turns out sound waves are really pressure waves that exert force on your eardrums 'creating' sound. Vinyl is a soft material which is sensitive to subtle changes in force. Therefore to make a recording, an etching needle is placed on the vinyl and when sounds are made it moves the needle up and down according to the pressure exerted by the sound wave. As a result it literally converts a pressure wave into a physical shape. To play back, the opposite occurs. You run a needle over the record and the needle moves a diaphragm back and forth converting the 'shape' of the sound wave back into an actual sound." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-187362", "score": 0.6532143354415894, "text": "These days I think of a song as a group of notes that are played in relation to each other. The key is the starting point. What I mean is, say you hear a song on the radio that's played in G in its original form. You like it, you want to learn it but it's too low for you to sing. You can take that same sing up two notches to the key of A, play all the new notes in a raised manner and still the song will be recogniseable. It won't sound identical if you play along with the original, but it will be recogniseable as the same song. I couldn't tell you much about the notes used or anything... I'd have thought the musical scale used would decide that. So it's just a way of moving the same song around so it can be played with different notes as a starting point.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2541315", "score": 0.6529961824417114, "text": "Hi guys! So I've been listening to the 2019 vinyl re-issues of Songs for the Deaf, ...Like Clockwork, and Villains, and have found them to vary greatly in quality. While ...Like Clockwork sounds incredible on every single song, some of the lyrics in a couple songs in Songs for the Deaf sound tinny, and during the loud bits of some songs of Villains the sound gets really crunchy. Does anyone else notice the same thing? Does this have to do with the production of each record, or is it an issue with my equipment or specific records?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-101436", "score": 0.6528260111808777, "text": "The application secretly opens up a phone connection to a low wage country where there is a dedicated team of people working to identify the song as fast as possible and send back the title and artist to you. Answer for a 6 year old: Muziek consists of sounds on different frequencies combined with different volumes (amplitudes), your phone records a bit of what it hears and the server on the other side compares these patterns to patterns of music that they have analysed before as far as i know.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2540568", "score": 0.6527180671691895, "text": "Firstly, don't pay attention to my grammar, english is not my first language :)\nI have a problem with my record player. It happens on every disc, first 2 tracks are nearly crystal-clear, but when the needle reaches further, there is some kind of distortion, the sound \"flattens\" and the record starts to loop.\nWhat can cause this? Maybe it's about balancing the needle or setting the anti-skating? Thanks for help ;)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1143135", "score": 0.6524208188056946, "text": "I ask because on multiple occasions I've recorded vinyl onto my computer, divided the two sides into tracks, burned them to CD, and then iTunes successfully gets the correct information. I assumed it recognized the lengths of the samples per tracks, but that can't be it because anything recorded off vinyl would be different. (Edit: I know they use Gracenote, so I guess my question is, \"How does Gracenote work?\" Their FAQ didn't answer my question.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-125059", "score": 0.6523761749267578, "text": "Digital music is stored in samples, these are an array of numbers which roughly correspond to the position of the moving part of the speaker. The computer will loop through these numbers and send information to the speaker on how to move, and thus which sounds to generate. Most modern digital music has 32bit samples for their audio. This means that it can have a lot of different values (2^32 ), however storing thousands of these for every second of audio takes up a lot of space. Your old NES stores them as 1 bit values. This means that the speaker can have only 2 positions: On and off. This essentialy means that it outputs a block wave instead of the smooth signal you would expect. This sounds really weird to the human ear. It is gone because modern systems don't have to worry about memory usage as much anymore and can afford to spend it on good sound. Hear the difference yourself here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2380900", "score": 0.652298092842102, "text": "Hi. I want to recreate acid line from track: Luke Vibert - Spiral Staircase (AFX Remix)\n\nLink to Youtube:\n\nStarts at 0:30\n\nI hear something like:\n\nC1, C0, F1, F1, G1, F1, F1, C2 with some slides and accents but I know this is totally wrong and I don't know what is the first note without reference. I shoot blindly first note and rest too, because I hear only is this note is higher or lower and I don't know exactly which note is this.\n\nIf I've got pattern with notes, slides and accents for song from the internet I'll be able to recreating acid lines very close to the original by tweaking knobs on any tb-303 emulation vst plugin or hardware clone and I enjoy this, this is very pleasant for me. But If I doesn't have any pattern and must trying recreating melody by ear I'm fucked.\n\nI have problem with recreating any melody by ear, for example piano ones or from guitar. I have many problems with catch pitch differences and I don't know what note playing next without first note reference. For example if I have a first note unknown and second note unknown next I can tell wich note is higher. If I have first note for example D and next played note is unknown I can tell is this note is higher or lower and more or less which one but starting have problems on this level. Doesn't learn this yet and I don't know how learn this.\n\nIf I have pattern and I'm start recreating exact sound this is hard because if I tweak Tuning knob by 0.2 Semitones all pattern sounds completly different than original melody, similarly with detuning knob or other knobs. Some pattern for example sounds for me like D,F,D,C but in reality is a F F# F C with octave down or some slide or accent. If I have pattern I can do this If don't I completly fucked.\n\nPlease help me what I must doing to practice recreating melody by ear and learn this? How to start? Do I need to know by heart the tone of individual notes? How to learn by heart to distinguish the tone of individual notes?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-70356", "score": 0.6521544456481934, "text": "The trend in the recording industry is louder = better, due to when most people hear music, then hear it again louder they say it sounds \"better\". So music printed on CDs is pushed very loud. However, it's not possible to do this on Vinyl records as the grooves in which the needle rides will end up too shallow, and the record will skip. Therefore, music printed on Vinyl records must be mastered at a more traditional volume, which is closer to what it sounds like live. Also, hipsters.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-492924", "score": 0.651694655418396, "text": "I just got a record player (TEAC TN-100) and I noticed some static in the quiet parts of playback, which I know it isn't meant to be there. Is this normal? Has this happened to anyone else? Do I just need a new stylus? What gives?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-66830", "score": 0.6511735320091248, "text": "If you write the lyrics they will likely be original - it's hard to \"forget\" that you heard a full poem somewhere before. Melodies are a bit harder. You're unlikely to reproduce one that's exactly the same, but it might be very similar to something you've heard before but aren't actively thinking about. I don't know this for sure, but I assume nowadays a major label can just plug the song into a computer, analyze it, and compare it to other songs (similar to reverse image searching, but for audio). Back in the day you just had to play the song for others and see if anyone else recognized it. Paul McCartney said he woke up one morning with the tune for Yesterday in his head, but thought it might have been accidentally copied from somewhere, so he played it for people in the music industry to make sure he didn't before he finished it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-202809", "score": 0.6507613062858582, "text": "For people who can't read musical notation and not sure what OP is talking about, you can listen to an audio clip here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1606262", "score": 0.6504635810852051, "text": "This is a long overdue question for me. I have a couple playable records with a slight to moderate \"dish\" to them and would love any solutions this group might give me (if there are any). Thanks!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-99366", "score": 0.6504355072975159, "text": "The company behind the technology digitises songs and converts them into 1s and 0s. The software on your phone listens to a song, converts it to 1s and 0s and then compares the sequence to the sequence on the server database.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-40519", "score": 0.6503328084945679, "text": "Some early vinyls did play inside to outside, but they found that people accidentally scratched the vinyl with the needle more frequently if they had to carry it over to the inside to start the album. CD/DVDs don't necessarily play from anywhere. Data is data. It can be printed anywhere on the disk and in almost any order, down to a certain level. CD/DVDs are agnostic about starting points after about a millisecond of spinning in the drive.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-238818", "score": 0.6503275632858276, "text": "A close analog to what you describe would be music resynthesized from MIDI files. They describe notes, instruments, duration, and so forth rather than a complete copy of the resulting waveform. Just like with vector graphics, the output is then as \"sharp\" as you want it to be, depending on the resolution of the output equipment or software. It's not precisely the same thing, but it has a lot of similarity. Where vector graphics say \"draw a yellow circle of radius r at position x,y\", MIDI says \"play a middle C on a flute for two seconds at intensity x.\" How good your yellow circle looks depends on the resolution and color accuracy of your raster display. How good your middle C sounds depends on the quality of the synthesizer or instrument producing the audio output.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2383209", "score": 0.6500028967857361, "text": "Hard to explain, but this is the first example that comes to mind: (0:12)\n\nI've tried sticking sounds into a Sampler and automating pitch drops, but it doesn't sound quite like this. Anyone know how people do it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-174692", "score": 0.6498660445213318, "text": "Before streaming services, music was mostly heard on the radio and on media like vinyl records, cassette tapes, and compact discs. Part of the process of producing music is a phase called \"mastering\" where the recorded songs are tweaked to sound the best on whatever format they are being sold in. So a version of a song could be mastered *differently* for a record, cassette, and CD. & #x200B; Now that we have digital music streaming, songs are being mastered for those services as well, but the different is that each service also tweaks the audio after it's been given to them. Each service does this differently. & #x200B; So there are lots of things at play here, some songs might be mastered by the record label differently for different streaming services, *and* each service does their own tweaks before it get to the users.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1604375", "score": 0.6493831276893616, "text": "Hi guys. I recently started re-creating a movie soundtrack in a digital audio workstation. Right now I am stuck at a part that confuses me more than anything before. This is the first section in the piece that introduces triplets, and I can't figure out how to arrange those notes in my software. So far I've been doing it mostly by ear, but at this part I had to get a sheet music. These]( are the bars that I'm trying to understand. The time signature is 4/4. [Here you can listen to those bars in the original soundtrack.\n\nSo the main questions are: How does one count those triplets; why are there only two notes in the first two and last triplets; and how can I arrange those notes in my piano roll so that it sounds **exactly** like the original?\n\nI understand that the last question is probably more specific to my DAW (FL Studio 20), and I might post this question on their r/ too, but hopefully you guys can answer the first two questions.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-174901", "score": 0.6493630409240723, "text": "Originally a wax mold was created with a blade driven like a speaker, the mold moved and the blade vibrated up and down. Then the wax was cast into mold with something that wouldn't melt, and a metal was melted and poured into it. The mold was broken and the metal disc used to press molten vinyl until it cooled, then you have a record which has the same bumps at the same frequencies when turned at the same speed it was recorded. Really you need to understand microphones and speakers at least empirically to get a good understanding of the process. But it is super simple.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-101872", "score": 0.6491791009902954, "text": "Sound can be categorized by frequency (distance between its waves, measured in Hz). This number in Hz tells your ear what pitch the sound makes. Each key on a piano also has a distinct Hz value, and what that music program in the video does is take a ton of measurements of each layer of sounds' values in Hz (made by each instrument and the singers) and assigns a piano key representing the closest frequency for each of them. Since recording music in real life can contain frequencies inbetween the piano keys it sounds more nice on the ears and flexible and clean. When they chop it up into distinct frequencies it almost \"auto tunes\" the frequencies and kind of distorts the sound. Since the frequencies are close enough together, however, our brains put it together and associate it with the song we've heard before.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-695", "score": 0.7586259245872498, "text": "Let's put it this way - you can't divide something into zero parts. You can divide it into one part, but not zero parts. That's an illogical question (what happens if you divide $10 in zero parts?) There's no answer. Here: $0 x 12 months = I'll give you $0 every month for 12 months. How much money will you have after a year? $0. $12 x 0 months = I'll give you $12 every month, but no months have occurred yet. How much money do you have? $0. $0/12 months = You've made $0 in a year - how much did you make monthly? $0 $12/0 months = You've made $12 in the span of no time at all. How much money did you make monthly? Um...well...I didn't make money monthly. There's no way to calculate this, because there's no time on the scale." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-720183", "score": 0.7205331325531006, "text": "Probably the math doesn't hold up, but I've never quite grasped the concept of complex numbers and always assumed it was kind of a bucket of 2 distinct values, one that can \"mingle\" with real numbers and one that cannot (or well that is \"0\" by default for non C numbers).\n\nIs that view total non-sense or is there a parallel to make?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-238122", "score": 0.720271110534668, "text": "Those aren't numbers, they are dimensional quantities, so the decimal number you write down for them is essentially arbitrary. That means that you can't just \"round them down to zero\" without changing to a wrong version of physics. Typically the only time it's acceptable to treat a small quantity as equal to zero is if it's added to or subtracted from a much larger quantity- in your example, (2 electrons interacting) the net force is (more or less) the force due to gravity plus the force due to coulomb interaction. The gravitational force between them is so small beside the electrostatic force that you can neglect it (essentially claiming it's zero.)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-42212", "score": 0.7201911807060242, "text": "Starting with just the counting numbers (1,2,3...), everything is easy But then subtraction comes along and people say, what happens when you take a bigger number from a smaller number? So we invent negative numbers. Then, later we start using division, it's mostly ok, but what happens when we divide two numbers that don't factor into each other? Bam, fractions. Even later when discussing square roots, we realise, huh, what happens if we square root a negative number? Presto, imaginary numbers. Why is this step so different from the others? Just because it has the word imaginary in it? As far as usage, many equations describing electricity and current uses it. And it's a great way of getting patterns that kinda look like 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, etc", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-316566", "score": 0.7201611399650574, "text": "> 10^100000^10000000^10000000 x 0 = 0 right? Don't try to think of infinity as some really big number. You could spend all day making power towers or even more efficient notation to come up with some monstrously huge number and it would still be tiny in the scheme of things. To visualize this, come up with some huge number and call it x. Now you can make a number line, starting at 0, that counts up \"1x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x...\" Look at the space between 0 and 1x, then consider how small that space is compared to the rest of the number line. No matter how big a number you think of, it's actually extremely close to zero when compared to larger numbers. And there will always be larger numbers. Basically, as other have said, infinity is a concept rather than a number.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-297867", "score": 0.7198601365089417, "text": "Your pizza example is a bit off because division isn't really equivalent to cutting something in slices. A better way to look at it is to divide the pizza between people. Divide 1 pizza between 8 people and everyone gets 1/8th of the whole thing. Divide the pizza between 1 person and everyone person gets 1/1th of a pizza or simply 1 pizza. Divide 1 pizza between 0 people and ... then what? What part of the pizza does everyone get? \"Everyone gets 1 pizza\" is technically correct, since everyone that takes part of the pizza-receiving gets 1 pizza. But \"everyone get 0 pizza\" or \"everyone gets 1337 pizza\" is just as correct. There isn't a sensible way to give a single consistent answer to this question with everyday math. And that's why we say that division by zero is undefined. There simply isn't a singular answer that \"makes sense\".", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-129619", "score": 0.7197370529174805, "text": "Zero is not the same as nothing, just as symbolically being able to represent and manipulate \"7\" is different than being able to hold up 7 fingers. Zero was a breakthrough because it allowed us to shift from additive number systems to placed based ones. Additive systems, like Roman numerals, consisted of a bunch of symbols you added together or occasionally subtracted: MCMLXXVIII = 1000 + 1000 - 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 +1 This worked ok, but it was really cumbersome to do math with, especially multiplication and division. 1978 = 1000 + 900 + 70 + 8 Is a lot easier to deal with. But there is a problem, without a zero, you have a hard time representing certain numbers. MCMVIII = 1000 + 1000 - 100 + 5 + 1 + 1 +1 Which is: 1000 + 900 + 8 = ? 198? 19X8? Zero is needed as a place holder to properly express 1908. It doesn't just mean nothing, it is part of the entire system.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-16106", "score": 0.7195059061050415, "text": "Our number system is based on 10's, and percentages are based on 100's (which is a power of 10). This means that it divides cleanly by 1, 2, 4, 5, and 10 (and their multiples), but not as cleanly by other numbers. Fractional values like are often used in probability (like with dice, where the most common factor is going to be 1/6, the odds of rolling a given number) don't always correspond to this base\\-10 system. 6 is one of those numbers that doesn't go cleanly into 10 or 100. So many of the results of probabilities will not divide cleanly into a percentage, and will be expressed as a repeating decimal. Or we'll just express them more cleanly as fractions \\- 1/3, 5/6, etc.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-12241", "score": 0.7189280390739441, "text": "Think about an algebra problem involving an unknown quantity x. As far as arithmetic is concerned, you know x behaves just like any other number. So 1-3x+8x-9 = -8+5x. 2x ×(4x-3) = 8x^2 -6x. Now let's bring in another rule, that we know x^2 = -1. No real number (the usual numbers, including fractions and irrationals like pi) satisfies this. But, for fun, let's pretend. Then we know that 8x^2 - 6x = -8-6x. in fact, any arithmetic expression will end up of the form a+bx for real numbers a and b. E.g. for a longer expression 8x^6 -4x^3 (2x -1) = 8(-1)(-1)(-1) -4x(-1)(2x-1) =-8 +4x (2x-1) = -8+8x^2 - 4x = -16-4x. So, by inventing an \"imaginary\" variable x (usually denoted i by mathematicians and j by engineers), we get a new arithmetic system for numbers of the form a+bx, or in more common notation, a+bi.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-148447", "score": 0.7187685966491699, "text": "1/x doesn't go to 0 fast enough to overcome the fact that there's an infinite number of terms. 1/x^2 does.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-179213", "score": 0.7187188863754272, "text": "Short answer is that imaginary numbers are named poorly and do actually exist. Basically imaginary numbers do exist they are just located above the standard number line. in reality the number line is more like a number field that occupies a 2d grid. When you multiply a value by i you are actually just rotating that number by 90 degrees on this grid. multiplying by i^2 will move you 180 degrees which gives the same result as multiplying by -1. Dividing by 0 on the other hand has no such logical consistency on mathematics. If you take a number and divide it by 0 it will look like the answer is approaching infinity and -infinity at the same time depending on which direction you are looking at. So is it -infinity or infinity? neither its undefined.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-92675", "score": 0.7187092900276184, "text": "You can multiply matrices element by element if you'd like. It's just not a tremendously useful thing to do. So when people say \"multiplying matrices\", they're not referring to that; they're referring to another operation that *is* useful.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2060698", "score": 0.7182021737098694, "text": "there's some ~~videos~~ links out there (see below) showing the \"criss cross applesauce\" method to multiply any two integers, or in another case fractions. it looks like there ought to be an algebraic way to explain why it works - a proof maybe - for integers because of the intersections of the lines - if anyone has any ideas.\n\nEDIT : video links:\n\nintegers:\n\n\nfractions:\n", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-14156", "score": 0.718141496181488, "text": "Imagine I have four blocks. I add six, and then I take half away. I now have five blocks. Now imagine I have four blocks. I take half away, and then I add six. I now have eight blocks. Same numbers, different order of operations, different results. What this tells us is that the order of operations is arbitrary. It isn't a universal mathematical law. It's a convention that we came up with to make sure that we all mean the same thing when we look at a given equation. All we're doing is coming up with rules that we all agree on about the order in which we're dealing with the blocks.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2062129", "score": 0.7180780172348022, "text": "I understand that replacing x with a number proves that they are equal, but is there some sort of rule that I'm missing? This seems pretty difficult to remember. \n\nThanks for the help!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-168933", "score": 0.7179445028305054, "text": "Imagine a number line. I can expand the number line by doubling all the values. The distance between 0 and 1 was originally 1, but since I stretched the number line by a factor of 2, the distance between 0 and 1 is now 2. The number line didn't stretch **into** anything. It just stretched. It is its own dimension and can expand and contract. Dimensions are allowed to do that. You don't have a higher dimension that the number line exists in.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-398", "score": 0.7178468704223633, "text": "60 is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30. Lots of options for splitting time into neat segments. You can divide 60 into halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, sixths, tenths, twelfths, fifteenths, twentieths, and thirtieths. 10 is only divisible by 2 and 5. So you can only divide it neatly into halves and fifths. It's just not as flexible. Edit: I'm a political junkie, so I comment on a lot of threads featuring hot-button issues. But according to my inbox, this is the most incendiary comment I've ever made.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2059719", "score": 0.7178035974502563, "text": "Integers are only whole numbers, so what happens when a number is divided by a number and it doesn't come out as a whole number?\n\nFor example:\n\n int n = 21 / 20;\n\nWhat number is n?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-120237", "score": 0.7175192832946777, "text": "They don't. They round them instead, for example 0.3333333333... can be stored as simply 0.3333333333 (in reality it's stored using binary and not decimal, but it's the same idea). These rounding errors are in fact a major problem when performing precise calculations, and there's a [whole mathematical field](_URL_0_) dedicated to handling this problem. Sometimes computers programs can be smart enough to figure out that a number like 0.9999999999 is actually 1, but it's often not the case. Some programs represent fractions using simple fractions, as a pair of numbers, since they allow more flexibility than decimal fractions.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-184642", "score": 0.7174335718154907, "text": "They don't need to put in the whole number. They just have to put it in to the point where the next digit won't change much at all. After the tenth digit of pi for example not much will change in your calculation.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-247637", "score": 0.7173734307289124, "text": "Not in a finite number of additions. In mathematics, there is an idea called 'limits' where the answer is '1'. The beauty of the 'limits' idea is that it is entirely defined in terms of finite operations. What it basically says is that the process of addition will get you *arbitrarily close to 1* if you add enough terms. If you say \"can I get to 1 within 0.0000000000000000000000000000001\" ? The answer can be shown to be \"yes\". The same is true for any choice of small (but positive) number you come up with -- by adding enough terms, you will always get within that distance of 1 by taking enough terms. That, in essence, is what a 'limit' is, in mathematics.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-696", "score": 0.6998071074485779, "text": "As far as infants, cloth and linen were often used as diapers, this is shown in native tribes. Disposable diapers are relatively new. Many people still use cloth diapers as they tend to be better for an infants skin. Thorough cleaning was just very important." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-209344", "score": 0.6641842126846313, "text": "In Bill Bryson's book:At home,he talks about houses being essentially one big room for a long _URL_0_ there was a good chance of being in the same space as your parents while your siblings were being made.The actual science of sperm and egg's I think didn't get sorted out until the 1800's. I would bet sex was a pretty open subject for many cultures,and many children picked it up through a sort of common knowledge.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2017260", "score": 0.6630563139915466, "text": "More specifically, how did they deal with the umbilical cord that was still attached to the child? Did they leave it on, did they remove it, or was it non-existent until later along the evolutionary trail? I am also curious about how they handled children born with deformities.\n\n\nI do apologize if this is not the correct subreddit, and would greatly appreciate it if someone would direct me to the correct one.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-215170", "score": 0.6605258584022522, "text": "You may be interested in [this](_URL_0_) answer by u/vertexoflife answering the question of \"How did couples with children have sex in one room houses?\"", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-193296", "score": 0.6601759195327759, "text": "hi! you may be interested in some earlier posts, mostly featuring flaired user /u/vertexoflife * [When/why did \"private parts\" become so private?](_URL_0_) * [When did people start having sex in private? (Or is this a question for AskPrehistorians?)](_URL_2_) * [People historically had a lot of kids, and also historically lived in tiny (often one room?) dwellings? How... did parents manage this?](_URL_1_) if you have follow-up questions on locked threads, ask them here & mention the relevant user's username so they'll be auto-notified", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-108424", "score": 0.6594254374504089, "text": "It was to our advantage. Human babies require a lot more care because we take longer to develop from baby to adult than other animals. This enabled us as a species to have greater brain development, but also meant parents have to spend more time nurturing growing kids.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2142090", "score": 0.658820629119873, "text": "Full disclosure, I'm fairly new to infant potty training but I couldn't be happier with it. I haven't needed to change a poopy diaper since starting, and it's magical! I wish so badly I had known about it sooner. I've been reading books, internet posts and watching YouTube videos like crazy - because I'm an information junkie, not because it's difficult. I wanted to share the basics of what I've learned with those of you interested because there's not much about it here on Reddit.\n\nInfant potty training, which is also known as “Elimination communication” (EC) is basically a way of offering your baby the opportunity to pee/poo outside of their diaper. Babies are born with the natural instinct to not soil themselves so EC can be started right from birth.\n\nTo offer a pottying opportunity you simply hold your baby over any type of potty, toilet or pee pad when they need to go.\n\nGoogle search \"Elimination communication hold\" for the most common way to hold your baby for EC, but there are many others if your baby doesn't like this position.\n\nDon't worry, you won't have to constantly be holding your naked baby over a toilet! The best times to offer are:\n\nWhen baby first wakes \n\nBefore and after being in a car seat, carrier ect.\n\nAt each diaper change\n\nWhen baby shows signs ie. bearing down for a poo, squirming to pee (you can learn your babies ques by observing)\n\nDuring the rest of the day the baby can have on whatever type of diaper you choose. You can also pick and choose which times work best for you to offer the potty. For example you can choose to only offer in the morning when baby first wakes up, or you may choose to only try catching the poos to make your life less smelly. Any little bit helps!\n\nThe goal of all this is to get your baby used to eliminating outside of the diaper in an appropriate receptacle. Babies have a natural instinct to not soil themselves, by having them in diapers from birth we condition them to do so. Their entire infancy and into toddlerhood they learn the “appropriate” place to eliminate must be the diaper. Then we have to completely \"re-train\" them it's not ok when they are around 2-3 years old. We all know this can be a challenge.\n\nEC is what was used before there were diapers. It's interesting to note that a large number of the human population is still using EC in places such as China, India, Africa etc. \n\nChildren who are taught EC can be independently using the potty by 14-18 months of age with no need of a diaper backup. Though this age will obviously vary, most babies who EC are fully potty trained by 16-24 months. This is a huge plus seeing as the average age of potty training in the US today is 3 years old. Actually, the potty training age has gone up drastically in the last few generations with the invention of the disposal diaper.\n\nSo there you have it. EC in a very small nutshell! If you're interested in giving it a go, I would recommend doing some more reading on it. There are great YouTube videos and blog posts, but for full info I would recommend picking up a book. \n\n I order a book from here. There are also several on Amazon.\n\nPlease subscribe to /r/ECers it's a little sparse over there and I would love to see more EC on Reddit!\n\nFeel free to add anything I may have missed, and I'm happy to answer any questions!\n\nHope this was helpful, best of luck to those of you who give it a go!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-9691", "score": 0.6556332111358643, "text": "Normally it was done before bathing, not after. They would rub on oil then remove dirt with a small hook. They would then rinse the oil off, then they would soak in the baths.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2054569", "score": 0.6553536653518677, "text": "I have a 3 year old son and due any day now for child number 2. Was curious at what age did your kids start wiping their own behinds after pooping? And while I'm asking, how did you transition your kid out of diapers at night? My son is completely potty trained...until he goes to bed. Then he needs a diaper and pees a lot during the night.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-276742", "score": 0.654879629611969, "text": "In complex foragers such as ancestral humans, it was important to have a development period in which the individual fine-tunes the techniques that will help him/her survive. If we entered into puberty right after birth, we wouldn't have had the time to establish our own lives and would most likely not have the resources to sustain ourselves, let alone a child.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-218088", "score": 0.6535314321517944, "text": "The same way women in many developing countries still do it- wads of fabric or cotton between their legs. So basically, yes, ancient pads. I've also heard that medieval European women would roll cotton attached to a string and insert it as a tampon, but I am not sure how well-sourced that is.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-838143", "score": 0.6532019376754761, "text": "Works best with newborns and if you have large hands. Gently lift them by their calves to keep from dirtying the new diaper (if they don't have any more to do) while you change and wipe them. Done right, the new diaper will catch any surprises your little one may present when the cold air hits, and if they don't go while you're changing them, you've already got the job half done before the old diaper comes off.\n\nEdit: Wording", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-204473", "score": 0.6529893279075623, "text": "Cloth diapers, sometimes stuffed with an absorbent material such as wool, moss, cattail, or the soft inner bark of some trees. The name (traditionally) comes from \"cloth d'Ypres\", as Flanders is well-known for linen production, and linen is a good fabric for everything human (especially baby butts) because it wicks moisture well, preventing rash and chafing. This [blog post](_URL_1_) has some good images and medieval sources for more information. Kathleen Staples in Clothing Through American History: British Era [describes](_URL_0_) 18th c women using diapers and clouts made of linen, along with other items of a baby's wardrobe based on a will inventory and a period diary. Personal note on the cattail fluff stuffing- it's what my great-gran used to do with my grandad in late 1940's rural Appalachia. Apparently it's wonderful.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-16831", "score": 0.6524394154548645, "text": "Tools aren't generally required. Babies have got quite a bit bigger as people have got better fed, so years ago they were a bit easier to squeeze out. Sadly though, the most important thing is that lots of mums and babies died. Infant mortality was high, and things like puerperal fever killed a lot shortly after birth.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-201412", "score": 0.6523721814155579, "text": "Sorry I don't have time for a more comprehensive answer, but here's the sort story version: child-rearing has usually been far more of a community effort in the past, and children provided labor as they grew older. In modern industrial and post-industrial societies, families are more socially isolated from their neighbors, and the \"nuclear family\" is usually much more important than the extended family. Back In The Day, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and in-laws were far more involved in day-to-day family stuff, *especially* in agricultural communities. You can still see this in some places today. The Biangai of Papua New Guinea, for example, call all cousins, siblings, and even others of the same generation from the same village, brothers and sisters. Also, chores for children were a lot more intense than clean your room and take out the trash. Children could be important contributors to the family's economic situation from pretty early on.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-67390", "score": 0.6522536873817444, "text": "Before they were invented, they likely just menstrated and cleaned the resulting fluids up if they were somewhere it was even an issue. Tampons came a bit later (there's a debatable written reference from 1500BC and specific references back to 300BC), but menstrual pads were invented very early in human history. Folded cloth, various plant materials, and such were simply used to absorb menstrual fluids probably as early on as humans had the capability to use tools like that.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2056053", "score": 0.6519923210144043, "text": "So we are a very straightforward standard approach to babies kind of family. As I type that I’m not even sure what it means but we use diapers, aren’t opposed to formula if needed, and feels like we do most things are pretty run-of-the-mill. This weekend we happen to spend some time with a couple who had a much older son and they told us about elimination communication. Basically the idea that you learn your kids signals as to when they need to go to the bathroom and then hold them over the potty to let them go as early as a week or two old. This sounded crazy to me but at the same time I’ve been on this sub long enough to notice many of us ask what the hell did they do before they had diapers? Which got me thinking this is probably what they did. Now I’m intrigued has anyone tried this? I just downloaded two books to read on it ( ha ha we will see if that happens) but would love to hear from other people‘s experiences if they have any!! My daughter is six weeks old and absolutely hates when her diaper is soiled so we end up going through something like 10 diapers a day if not more. First off I’m killing the earth secondly we are killing our budget and thirdly it’s just a lot of time spent changing diapers. So maybe this is worth a shot!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-234486", "score": 0.6515874862670898, "text": "French were the first to develop birth control practices throughout their society. The \"pull out\" method and douching was common 100 years before it became common outside of France. Source: Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 by Hugh Cunningham.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-210437", "score": 0.6515734195709229, "text": "I would IMAGINE pretty early for any culture that wears clothes. Clothes in most places was especially labor-intensive to make before sewing machines especially, and underclothes are usually much cheaper, shoddier, easier to wash. Bodies sweat and seep all sorts of stuff and letting that contaminate something that took all that time to make would be pretty ridiculous.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-483038", "score": 0.6510009765625, "text": "Nowadays we have everything from tampons and pads to soak up the flow to pills and insertions that can stop it completely. How did women handle their menstrual cycle before all of these things were around?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-136605", "score": 0.6507953405380249, "text": "It's evolutionary. Children that had an attentive family that focused its resources and care exclusively on them were more likely to survive and produce more children. Thus societies that did this had more children survive to adulthood and were more successful than spreading parental resources over a number of partners. It was then adopted into culture, religion, and eventually genetics of these early tribal societies. Due to these factors it is most commonly accepted today. Regardless of whether it is beneficial to this day and age, it is in our culture and religion. Thus it is prevalent.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-697", "score": 0.7377480864524841, "text": "It comes down to custom and tradition. For instance, with British royalty, they need to pick a British name. Custom dictates they can't go with something like Barbara or Fleur. Custom shows that typically they choose names to honor other family members or royalty. That's how they chose Charlotte, Elizabeth, and Diana as the three names for the Princess. You want something with historical significance and personal significance." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1261703", "score": 0.69957035779953, "text": "You can still have a pet name call princess....... by adding an extra s at the end. Some may think that this may not have the same effect but I honestly don't care, this is still good enough for me\n\n", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-226058", "score": 0.6988317370414734, "text": "Egyptian royalty is referred to by dynasty, usually numbered as in the 23rd dynasty. Similar with Roman emperors, except they are given proper names as there were less of them, Julio-Claudian dynasty, Severan dynasty, Flavian dynasty etc. English monarchs generally don't. You'll mostly see them referred to as House of Wessex rather than The Wessex Dynasty.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-26163", "score": 0.6988201141357422, "text": "Race horse names have to be completely unique. You aren't allowed to give your race horse a name that anyone has ever used for another horse in the entire history of horse racing. As a result, most of the \"normal\" names have been taken, and horse owners have to get increasingly creative to come up with names that haven't been used yet.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-227673", "score": 0.6986818313598633, "text": "It's his name as Emperor - Napoleon I. Before 1804 he's plain Napoleon Bonaparte. It's the same usage as King George, King Louis etc.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-234579", "score": 0.6986045837402344, "text": "You're going to have to get a tad more specific than \"the old days.\" Rules about royal succession varied substantially over time and space. Could you specify a time period and region?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-951300", "score": 0.698499858379364, "text": "I got sent here from askhistorians, when kings and queens have children they ate called princes and princesses what is title given to those children?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-233643", "score": 0.6983177065849304, "text": "Follow up question: would normal citizens or lesser nobility be able to have this sort of arrangement? Or is it strictly limited to the royal family?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1552868", "score": 0.6983015537261963, "text": "All nobles from Adrestria have a \"von\" in their name and no middle name. von Hresvelg, von Vestra, von Aegir, etc.\n\nAll nobles from Faerghus don't have von and have a middle name instead. (Except for Mercedes, but she's originally from the Empire and isn't a noble anymore anyway)\n\nThe Alliance, however, has a mix. Some of them have von (von Riegan, von Ordelia), but some have middle names (Lorenz and Hilda come to mind).\n\nIt's probably not relevant or anything, but just something I noticed.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-209283", "score": 0.6963395476341248, "text": "I've noticed that it becomes more difficult to answer questions if they include statements wrapped in them, especially if those statements are incorrect. *Do* royals only marry other royalty? You may have noticed Camilla lacked any title before marrying Prince Charles (although she is the granddaughter of a baron). Kate Middleton was born a middle-class commoner. I hope someone with more knowledge than I may elaborate on the relative gene pool of the world's nobility, but I expect they acted like any dwindling gene pool since the beginning of time: expand the \"acceptable\" marriage list.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-208891", "score": 0.6960071921348572, "text": "Related question(s): What is the Kensington System?. Was it customary for royal heirs to be treated that way? If not, why was She different?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2685681", "score": 0.6957257390022278, "text": "Hey Erratic, I was updating the wiki and wondered if the following background characters are Named or whether these are merely titles (or if we're not supposed to know either way)\n \n* ~~Forever King~~\n* Good Queen\n* ~~Queen of Blades~~\n* ~~King Under the Mountain~~\n* Merchant Prince\n* Minister of the Left \n* ~~Tolltaker~~\n\nOn a similar note, could we get some more information about why First Prince isn't a Name given it's high cultural weight?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1392091", "score": 0.6948866844177246, "text": "Howdy!\n\nI was interested in creating a custom kingdom, but after its creation I realized I was stuck with gavelkind succession, no de jure territory and a 65-year-old ruler. Oops! I was wondering if this will always be the case? I'm sure I've created non-custom kingdoms before and they defaulted to the succession laws of my previous primary title, but I might be remembering incorrectly.\n\nI was especially surprised with not having any de jure territory since I completely controlled several duchies.\n\nCould anybody explain the rules of custom kingdom creation to me?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-226344", "score": 0.6946175694465637, "text": "Follow-up question: could this duality be used to get in Marie's good graces or offend her? For example, you would call her Her Majesty if you wanted to please her or Her Grace if you wanted to offend her?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-95939", "score": 0.6936199069023132, "text": "Strictly speaking it's not a rule, it's her choice. It's generally understood that the monarch is a ceremonial head of state with no real involvement in government, and it would be inappropriate to use her inherited position to further her personal views. Not that she really has much authority in practice, though she certainly has celebrity and the ability to influence public opinion that comes with that.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2665913", "score": 0.6935186386108398, "text": "Hello,\n\nI'm not sure where else to ask, but the though dawned on me today. Has there been instances of marriage between a royal cast/class member and of the lower casts? If so, what countries and what era?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1173709", "score": 0.6922259330749512, "text": "I'm playing as England and named my heir Edward. When he became king, he took the name Edward I. Shouldn't he be Edward IV? I could have sworn that the game follows historical numberings. Was this changed?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-197028", "score": 0.6919869780540466, "text": "As an additional question for when this gets answered, what about children birthed to concubines of royalty? Would they be royalty as well?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-230393", "score": 0.6912083625793457, "text": "Follow up question: what about Thailand? Why were the last 10 kings (since 1782) called 'Rama'? The chronology goes: Rama I, Rama II, Rama III, Rama IV, Rama V, Rama VI, Rama VII, Rama VIII, Rama IX and Rama X (the current king). It makes no sense to me, but I'm ignorant when it comes to non-western naming customs.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1556129", "score": 0.691163957118988, "text": "Or is the “queen” in reference not the current one? Will it then become “god save the king”?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-217374", "score": 0.6905086636543274, "text": "There's a [section on the British Monarchy in the FAQ](_URL_0_); in particular, the [first question](_URL_1_) seems to address your question directly.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-698", "score": 0.6848623156547546, "text": "It basically means \"We hit the designated target. The target was defined as hostile, therefore everybody there were enemies. If there were any civilians, we define them as enemies as well.\". In other words, they only know that the bombs hit as intended, they don't know who was there or if the intelligence that selected the target was correct." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-45791", "score": 0.6506062746047974, "text": "The drones are unmanned planes that can fire missiles. With them, we've managed to take out quite a few higher-ups in Al-Quaeda but there are usually civilian casualties as well. That's where most of the controversy comes from, the civilian deaths. Another reason is because Obama redefined \"civilian\" to mean really only women and children so they'd have to report fewer civilian deaths. Then there was another controversy when one of the leaders targeted by a drone strike was legally a US citizen. People don't like that he didn't get due process or a chance in court.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-719", "score": 0.6505839228630066, "text": "It happens all the time during critical incidents. Usually the goal is to keep media aircraft back so they do not interfere with law enforcement operations.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-202409", "score": 0.6505395770072937, "text": "My understanding is that the Soviets never developed long-range planes that could do this sort of thing. They made the jump right to satellite surveillance. In general, the US did much more basic long-range airplane development than the Soviets did, in part because we had an early lead in the area and because we had friendly bases that were close to Soviet territory. The Soviets lacked these near bases and put their resource dollars primarily into rockets and satellites. They did develop some long-range bombers but they always lagged behind the US in this regards.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1895783", "score": 0.650374710559845, "text": "In the first test this used to be really easy. Now it seems almost impossible. This is not necessarily a bad thing, as long as it's clear how to go about it.\n\nDoes anyone know what parameters have to be met to put an enemy airfield out of business?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-370323", "score": 0.6500537991523743, "text": "I was just wondering if there is anyone else who thinks that the dismissal of the sightings of a \"low flying commercial aircraft\" is weird? I know that this was dismissed because the Maldives did not pick up anything on radar, however, what about terrain masking and the possibility that under 5000 ft the plane could avoid radar? There are many pilots claiming that it is possible for a skilled pilot to do so (google it). Any thoughts?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1910103", "score": 0.6499099135398865, "text": "Kiev probably considers unarmed civilians, woman and elder people as terrorists if they execute peaceful citizens every day. \"So called ani Terror operation\" Kiev junta has to answer in court for war crimes against humanity. ", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1909815", "score": 0.6498706340789795, "text": "It has been 30 hours since the bombing and 14 people--predominantly women of age--are missing.\n\nThe bombing took place in Manchester. The city of Manchester is directly next to Rotherham, separated only by a forest.\n\nRotherham gained infamy in 2014 when it was revealed that a group of pakistani cab drivers were kidnapping white girls from schools and raping them. The sex ring totalled 1400 girls.\n\nDuring the Manchester bombing, it began trending on twitter that \"muslim cab drivers are giving free rides to concert-goers escaping the event.\n\nThe insinuation is that, based on the past of muslim cab drivers in the neighboring English town, it is possible that these cab drivers both have the infrastructure in place to orchestrate kidnappings, and may have been motivated to act on it to take advantage of the chaos and disarray associated with mass panic.\n\nAdditional consideration:\n\n4 of the people still missing are 2 F+M couples. Does this suggest that they left the scene of the crime together and THEN went missing?\n\nMany of the parents/relatives of missing teens are still actively soliciting leads through the twitter hashtag \"missinginmanchester\". Therefore it is unlikely that there is difficulty establishing next of kin contact.\n\nPhotos emerging from the bomb scene suggest that the bodies weren't \"mangled beyond recognition\" which would have delayed missing persons from being identified as deceased.\n\nAgain I want to remind you, don't downvote this just because you think it's insensitive. This isn't a safe space, this is what conspiracy theory is all about.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-490322", "score": 0.6498222351074219, "text": "About ten years ago or so, a private plane was \"brought down,\" killing all on board, specifically an individual who was targeted (possibly government, but maybe not), but I do not remember his name or the circumstances.\n\nAfter this, at least two members of congress or the senate said that they \"never fly\" but always drive because of that particular plane going down. This story also involved a CIA member writing anonymously to a senator or reporter, saying that CIA-committed murders are called \"wet work.\"\n\nI have spent hours online searching with tens of different keyword combinations and found nothing. Does anyone remember this incident? It may not have occured ten years ago, but that's when I was studying it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-120456", "score": 0.6496953964233398, "text": "The Russian attacks are well coordinated with troops on the ground (Syrian Army, Syrian volunteers, Hezbollah and Iranian Rev. Guards), whereas the US coalition strikes are mainly hitting IS targets in isolation. There is some coordination with Kurdish YPG and presumably with the CIA backed rebels, but that's small potatoes compared to what the Russian/Syrian/Iranian/Hezbollah folks are doing. Also, the US is targetting ISIS and its leadership, which is a very difficult, scattered target, while the Russians are hitting the front-line rebels that are dug in right across from ground forces the Russians are coordinating with. Much easier to pull off.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2245777", "score": 0.6496911644935608, "text": "I was surprised by the speedy Trump Admin response. My guess was that the story would slowly die as collection of forensic evidence and testimony would take many weeks before reaching a conclusion. A conclusion that it was not Assad would not have surprised me in the slightest.\n\n Not the case , however. Hitting the specific airport that housed the weapons and aircraft would be the logical choice if we had the air traffic evidence..which I will assume we did. ( This should be made public as well )\n\n Had we attacked unrelated targets such as troop barracks, or Assad himself I would be much more worried.\n\n Why would Assad make such a foolish attack? \n Did Assad order the attack or was it done without his knowledge?\n \n Keep your eyes open and keep asking questions.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-194625", "score": 0.6487510204315186, "text": "While the AA fire appears to \"miss\" the planes, those flakk guns are really sending large shells into the air, which then proceed to fill it with shrapnel. With as delicate as even a \"armored\" plane is, they really didn't respond well to have many many small bits of metal making a mess of their engines, controls, crew, etc.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-85262", "score": 0.6480795741081238, "text": "Basic answer is that the missile emits radar to track the target, and the plane has sensors to detect when radar is being blasted toward itself to alert the pilot", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-279639", "score": 0.6480502486228943, "text": "Last I checked they didnt find Dzhokhar Tsarnaev using a satellite, someone walked over and saw the boat cover askew. As for your actual question, I'd imagine that most intelligence agencies try not to capture imagery of thousands of miles of empty ocean unless they have a reason to... Any geostationary satellite wouldn't have enough resolution to see a plane, any other sat wouldn't have been (most likely) in a position to see a plane at the specific time it went down, and even if it was there, that data would have been dumped out of memory long before anyone thought it might be useful (why would you want to waste downlink time and space on imagery of an empty ocean?). Edit to add: Landsat 7 has a repeat coverage interval of 16 days (233 orbits) _URL_0_ Edit2: This thread looks like it belongs more in /r/conspiracy than /r/AskScience.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-134838", "score": 0.6479234099388123, "text": "On the F117 the sharp angles will disperse radar waves by reflecting it in many different directions. If I am correct, the smooth-winged aircraft such as the B2 have radar absorbing paint to reduce the amount of waves returned.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-593308", "score": 0.6478788256645203, "text": "The Politburo has authorized the training of Air Force pilots, 133mm Artillery Crews, and Scud Crews in NBC weapons deployment. Emphasis will be placed on effective deployment, with a maximum amount of casualties against large, invading forces. \n\nCrews of Syria's Tu-16 bombers will be given specialized instructions on deployment of weapons against civilian populations. With drills to ensure fast, speedy deployment at a moments notice in the case of a WWIII scenario. \n\nSAM operators will be drilled to improve efficiency and coordination with radar crews, AA gun operators, and ground forces. And also practice hiding their systems, and operating them in emergencies. Scud crews will receive similar training.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2070432", "score": 0.6474741697311401, "text": "Delos wants to minimize the risk that Abernathy gets destroyed in the combat mayhem. \n\nThey don't care about QA soldier lives, they're a dystopian corporation after all, humans are expendable - but they care about the +x% chance that Abernathy gets destroyed if they bring any air support, tanks, drones or explosives. Soldiers can identify the hostiles, bombs falling from 10 kilometers can not.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2739237", "score": 0.6472172141075134, "text": "I'll probably be on some terrorist watch lists for this, but: it's not hard to kill people. You could just get in your car and run over people till the police caught up to you. So why do they bother with something like the Shoe Bomber or Underwear Bomber, trying to blow up airplanes? I mean, *any* target that terrorists attack will get lots of media attention. \n\nSo, what consideration am I *not* seeing that prevents them from carrying out major attacks with ease?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2070547", "score": 0.6471661925315857, "text": "Dassault and the French Air Force have issued a joint statement describing the destruction of a prototype Dassault Rapier as a \"successful destructive test\" of the aircraft's emergency systems. News agencies have been able to verify independently that both test pilots ejected safely, despite dramatic amateur footage of the aircraft appearing to suddenly and dramatically roll while attempting to land. The crash followed the first supersonic flight of the prototype, and despite it being very unusual for prototypes to be destructively tested, authorities are maintaining that nothing out of the ordinary occurred. \n\n>The test was designed to simulate a partial failure of the aircraft's advanced STOL thrust vectoring, for example due to combat damage, and was successful. No one was injured during the exercise, which went off without a hitch. \n\nA former Dassault test pilot, who did not wish to be named, has described the explanation as \"ludicrous\", and claims the incident points to serious problems with the Rapier's development.\n\nRapier is being developed in two variants, a lightweight and cheap close air support platform designed to be used from unprepared or damaged runways, and a heavier and faster light fighter capable of even shorter takeoff and landing runs - it's being touted that this variant will be able to operate off helicopter carriers such as the *Mistral* class assault ships. While not capable of vertical landing like the F-35b and Harrier airframes, thrust vectoring allows the Rapier to produce a great deal of lift briefly on takeoff and landing, allowing very short runway lengths - at least, if it works as Dassault claims. \n\n[Secret] The actual cause of the Rapier's crash will be found to be a frozen underwing nozzle, which was damaged while exiting supersonic flight. This failure caused an uneven amount of thrust, and thus lift, between each side and therefore rendered the aircraft uncontrollable. Dassault will be able to engineer around the issue and prevent this particular failure occurring in future. [/Secret]", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-87151", "score": 0.6471311450004578, "text": "Well, first off, Russian supported and armed Ukrainian rebels shot down the plane. It would be impossible to prove that it was actual Russian soldiers even if that were the case. It may sound immaterial but that's a big difference. If Russian troops had brazenly shot down an airliner it would probably look a lot different. Second, Russia hasn't gotten away with it. The flight getting shot down was a big reason why Europeans have been unified on the sanctions against Russia, despite stress over other issues (e.g. Greece). Third, and probably most important, great power politics. Russia is a very powerful country. The US or NATO are not powerful enough to simply coerce Russia, and Russia is powerful enough to get the US and NATO to think twice about direct military engagement. Had a smaller, weaker country supported rebels in a neighboring state that shot down an airliner, the repercussions would have been more severe simply because there would have been more ability to apply repercussions.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2738203", "score": 0.6468767523765564, "text": "According to the official timeline, there was a time of about an hour from when U.S. Air Defense was notified of the hijacking to the final plane crashing into the pentagon. The hijacked planes were all following the same kamikaze tactic, so there was little hope of saving any passengers. \n\nWouldn't it be wise to attempt to intercept the planes using fighter jets? You don't have to destroy the plane, but wouldn't it be possible to somehow partially damage a commercial airliner, forcing it to lose thrust/altitude? I would presume that the airspace around the pentagon would be a secure, zero-tolerance airspace. \n\nCan we trust government to keep us safe at all? \n\n", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-699", "score": 0.5960879921913147, "text": "I guess you have never been really hungry. Not an insult I just mean humans do the same thing its just we can just feed our selves or drink water or something to stop the hunger before it gets to that point. As a former homeless dude I have been that hungry you start to drool and it burns in your belly till you just got to let it out. hurts. it sucks." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2422257", "score": 0.5662733912467957, "text": "Anyone have thoughts on this? It doesn't always happen but maybe 1 out of 4 times we eat pizza he gets a tummy ache the next day roughly 12-24 hrs after eating pizza. The throw up sessions usually last 4-12 hours. I'm not sure if pizza is *always* the cause, but lately a lightbulb went off in our head and it seems to correlate pretty closely.\n\nHe doesn't eat a ton normally but can scarf pizza down. We've tried soaking up grease with paper towels lately - not sure if it's been helping. \n\nObviously this could be a dairy allergy but I'm doubting it. However our other child (2 yrs old) did have a dairy sensitivity for most of her life until recently. She tested negative for dairy allergy at the allergist. Our 4 yr old has never been tested. It could also be a soy or wheat issue but that's in almost anything with a package and he's had no other issues.\n\nI'm just looking for thoughts here. I know Reddit isn't a doctor and we'll likely ask the doctor about it next visit.\n\nEDIT: Apparently his cousin's mom just texted that she has chills and tummy hurt and went to bed at 6pm then slept 12 hours and now doesn't want to eat. Maybe *this* particular episode was a stomach virus...", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-166125", "score": 0.5662099123001099, "text": "Most spicy flavored food contain a chemical called [capsaicin](_URL_1_). You see, \"spicy\" is not actually a flavor but an irritant to all mucosae (Mouth, stomach, intestines, and yes rectum/anus). When it comes into contact with our saliva it releases irritant vapors that end up going all through our mouth and by anatomy into our nasal cavity and through the [lacrimal duct](_URL_0_) into our eyes. One of the best ways our body has to get rid of chemical substances is throught secretion and elimination, hence, the runny nose (and also the crying).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-655744", "score": 0.5662083029747009, "text": "Hi,\n\nThere was a story recently in the news of a lady with a dog at a laundromat- the dog wasn’t on a leash and randomly ran out and attacked another person causing severe injuries.\n\nI always thought I understood dog behaviour well but I’m stumped with this one and why it’s so random - the person who got attacked was just walking by minding their own business. Seemed to be metres away from the dog at least. It was a public place so no ‘claimed territory’. Dog has never attacked anyone before.\n\nHope someone can try and explain this to me. I’ve always loved dogs but I generally thought there’s always a valid reason for aggressive behaviour and can’t find one. Thank you", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-134429", "score": 0.5662050843238831, "text": "Weird huh?! I have two small dogs. One hates a specific kibble in her food, so she picks them out and hides them around the house in little piles…like under the coffee table. The other dog watches it all, then moves pile to pile and cleans it up awhile later.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-121920", "score": 0.5661928057670593, "text": "Humans will definitely become food to a dog if it is a matter of survival. A dog isn't going to eat a baby if there is other food around but if that dog is trapped with that baby long enough with no other food around, it's dog food.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-866803", "score": 0.5661908984184265, "text": "My dog was chewing on my hand and I was resting it near the sausage and I guess he saw the slight bulge on my pants and just decided to bite it instead of my hand.\n\n\nYeah", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2642513", "score": 0.566173791885376, "text": "Isn't there a chance of them vomiting and respirating their vomit? Or is that just for throat surgery like tonsillectomies where a surgeon might activate the gag reflex?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-243486", "score": 0.5661728382110596, "text": "Part of what makes you feel full is release of a hormone called Leptin in response to the nutrient intake. Another part is mechanical dissension of the stomach activating vagal nerve afferents which go strait to the same region of the brain that Leptin acts upon. Satiety research is huge, complex, and developing so these are just a few of many.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2421677", "score": 0.5661650896072388, "text": "UPDATE: Lab results can be seen here:\n\n - \n - \n\nOur 11-week old puppy Kali unfortunately just passed away with symptoms that initially matched Parvo (fatigue, loss of appetite, vomiting), but all tests done at the emergency clinic indicate some other illness/toxin. \n\n- Her Parvo test was negative (vet said this isn't 100% accurate)\n- White blood cell count was high (vet said Parvo patients usually have extremely low WBC)\n- One liver enzyme measurement (\"ALT\") came back as unreadable as a result of being too high. Vet retested and received same result.\n- One other measurement of liver activity (TBIL?) came back as unusually high. \n- After IV was administered in hospital, vet says acute frothing of the lungs was evident.\n- Vet says after hospitalization her diarrhea became very severe, possibly sloughing her intestines.\n\nOther history:\n\n- Kali tested positive for Giardia at vet a week prior, and most likely had worms. She completed Panacur treatment 48 hours before illness began.\n- Also had tic infestation when we got her three weeks ago, which had since been treated.\n- We live in east Texas.\n- An older dog of ours once had pancreatitis, believed to be possibly caused by scorpion sting? (They like to dig). Kali was only 6lbs, not sure how severe animal sting/bite could be?\n\nThe vet on staff at the emergency clinic said she had never seen this scenario before. Kali went from seemingly healthy to dead in 12-16 hours. I have two other (healthy!) dogs and I am concerned about something toxic in our backyard (the only place our puppy was outdoors). Does anyone have any suggestions as to other causes for this? Local vet suggested two plants - Oleander and Sago Palm, but I have looked and not found anything.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-109425", "score": 0.5661627054214478, "text": "They know they need food because they get hungry. They don't have a concept of time in the sense that they can recognize the past and future and distinct concepts... they mostly live in a series of \"nows\". \"I'm hungry now, so feed me\". They don't understand \"I'll be hungry again in two hours\"", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-117577", "score": 0.5661596059799194, "text": "Dogs don't sweat, and they have more efficient kidneys than our own, so they don't have the same salt requirements we do. In fact, just like for us, too much salt can be harmful. So dog treats/food tend to have very low sodium content, which we perceive as bland.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-843470", "score": 0.5661388039588928, "text": "I have owned my dog for almost a decade now. We provide him with all his needs and he is affectionate towards everyone in our family. However, I've noticed he always has to urge to run off. My friend has noticed the same behavior in his dog; that if he was to get out of his fence he would probably just run away and probably wouldn't be seen again. What causes dogs to want to take off like that?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-129048", "score": 0.5661299824714661, "text": "carnivores eat meat but they need to eat stuff that can't be digested, such as plants, to clean out their intestines. Dogs eat grass as well. One of my cats is crazy about grass, he will rush out of the door only for the grass (he's an indoor cat), and if I walk in with a bunch of fresh grass in my hand he'll go crazy as if I had the best treat ever.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-145098", "score": 0.5661242008209229, "text": "You are displaying many many more subtle cues throughout your body. As a social animal (horses are the same, which is where my experience comes in), you can be sure your dog is looking at far more than your eyes.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2643137", "score": 0.5661236643791199, "text": "Everyone's seems to yawn and usually there's no way out once it's started. Even dogs and cats yawn....why?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-118194", "score": 0.5661071538925171, "text": "Physiologically speaking, appetite fatigue isn't a thing. As long as your diet has the nutrients to sustain you, you will live - psychologically speaking, however, you may say \"fuck it\" because you're eating dog food, and start humping legs for scraps under the table. What a strange question to ask...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-427375", "score": 0.5660958290100098, "text": "Hi all!\n\nSo I started keto in December, lost 12lbs despite holiday hiccups and I've been feeling pretty good. I track my macros and make sure I maintain a deficit. I started 16/8 IF long before keto, and I usually do fine. I'm a few days away from my cycle and I noticed I'm getting insanely hungry and cranky right before my eating window (usually around 1pm) and the quantity I usually eat isn't enough to satisfy me. Does this symptom get better as time goes on? Being hangry isn't fun.\n\n32F/5'3/SW225/CW212/GW150", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-248258", "score": 0.5660362243652344, "text": "Disclaimer not my field. That said, there are numerous reports of animals eating fermented fruit to get tipsy. [Here's a NatGeo article on the topic.](_URL_0_) I also faintly remember something about animals (ant?) cultivating or eating a fungus that was psychoactive, but I might be misremembering/mashing facts together. P.S. The other 10 comments aren't showing up for me, not sure why that is.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-117989", "score": 0.5660277009010315, "text": "Burps are ejection of air in excess present in your stomach, so it will carry out some of the smell of the food currently being processed, plus some extra bad smells from your digestive fluids.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2421171", "score": 0.5660010576248169, "text": "Hi all.\n\nWe have a **15 year old male Chinese Crested Powderpuff** in my family. Over the years he's had quite a few medical issues, mainly heart problems for which he's taking heart medications, but he's always had good quality of life. Until now.\n\nSix days ago, all of a sudden his behavior changed. He slept all day and looked dizzy when he finally got up. Walked like he was drunk. His condition didn't change the next couple of days and he started salivating a lot. I noticed blood in his saliva and his mouth smelled really bad so we took him to the vet the next day. He started throwing up that morning and there was blood in his vomit. \n\nThe vet did a quick blood test and found that the **trombocyte** count in his blood was higher than usual. He told us this could be do to some internal bleeding or maybe even a tumor. We did an x-ray to get a clearer picture. \n\nX-ray 1\n\nX-ray 2\n\nThey told us the x-ray showed that his prostate was abnormally large, but nothing that could explain his high trombocyte count or internal bleeding. (Yes, also his spine is crooked, he's had problems with that too for the past year)\n\nThe next day we the vet took another blood sample to be tested in a lab for a more detailed picture. He told us he wanted to check if his kidneys and liver were fine. The results were the following (I'll try to translate to English as much as I can):\n\n#Biochemical Metabolites and proteins\n\n* **Urea** - 100.2 mmol/L (2.6-8.3 is normal)\n* **Creatinine** - 920.8 μmol/L (44-106 is normal)\n\n#Enzyme status\n\n* **ASAT (GOT)** - 33.5 IU/L (<37 is normal)\n\n* **ALAT (GPT)** - 138.3 IU/L (<65 is normal)\n\n* **Alpha Amylaze** - 1170.8 IU/L (<115 is normal)\n\nAs you can see the results are pretty awful. The vet took note of the high creatinine levels and told us it means his kidneys aren't functioning properly. He suggested IV treatment to help \"purify\" his blood and relieve some of the workload from the kidneys. We started immediately. Yesterday was his first IV, today he had his second. He's also receiveing subcutaneous treatment. But he's showing no signs of improvement. He looks even worse today. Can't stand without help and won't eat anything. He's still drinking water and we managed to get him to drink some milk and surprisingly he hasn't thrown it up yet like he has been for the last few days with everything he's eaten.\n\nI know that he might be nearing his end and I'm preparing to face the harsh reality, but I want to really make sure we're doing everything possible to help him. I was hoping the IV would at least improve his symptoms and don't understand why there's no change whatsoever. Maybe he needs more? The bleeding I mentioned stopped two days ago and I'm still not sure what was causing it. Could it be something more than just the kidneys? Anyone had a similar experience?\n\nWould appreciate any thoughts.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-700", "score": 0.6181612014770508, "text": "I live in China currently and it is a really big deal here. They will never forget." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-72836", "score": 0.5872399806976318, "text": "The big thing is we know that some history was re-written and can use history that we know is consistent as a base for the rest. Greek culture was destroyed by the Romans. We know this because Greek culture spread throughout the world and was largely missing in the Roman Empire. Chinese rebellions destroyed Chinese culture and history. We know this because Chinese treasure fleets had logs inconsistent with what you would find in China. Niccolae Ceaucescue of Romania would have his army go house to house and steal everyone's photographs. They would make sure that he was added to any picture that was a historical event by putting on a sticker of him. As well any picture of him appearing over the age of 40 was destroyed. Some pictures of him outside of Romania exist to prove he lived beyond age 40.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-202508", "score": 0.5872215032577515, "text": "Six hours posted and no one sharing, so I guess I'll go ahead: - [This](_URL_0_) is a great pair of comments by /u/mhbeals about how historians deal with bias--a pretty fundamental question that didn't get a whole lot of attention. - /u/Trollhoffer's [response](_URL_1_) comparing the Japanese Sengoku and American Wild West periods was also overlooked and interesting. - For more things I personally found to be quality, of course, you can always look at [the Twitter](_URL_2_), but I don't want to stop anyone else from sharing their favourites.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-233024", "score": 0.5872111320495605, "text": "The main benefit of Japan joining the Axis was to attack the British and French colonial possessions. The Japanese attacked the British held Hong Kong and French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). British India was also kept at bay early on by the Japanese, who fought them extensively in Burma. Additionally, the Japanese kept the Americans on edge, and the risk of conflict with Japan helped to discourage intervention in Europe until the attack on Pearl Harbor. The alliance with Japan kept vast swathes of British, French, and American forces occupied. Reinforcements from colonial possessions did help the allies significantly, but tying them up early in the war helped result in the early string of Axis victories. Had Japan not been part of the Axis powers, it is possible that colonial reinforcements would have resulted in Germany and Italy being defeated much sooner.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-211664", "score": 0.5871966481208801, "text": "I found [an article](_URL_4_) about this very topic by a historian who has worked on suicide in the GDR. The suicide rate was indeed higher in the GDR than in West Germany, but this author attributes it to poor mental health treatment and politically motivated stigma around suicide rather than direct political repression, as the movie suggests. [This review](_URL_3_) of his book (which is in German) also points out long-standing cultural factors that contributed to a higher suicide rate in the GDR (apparently there is a correlation between Protestantism and suicide, for example).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-212485", "score": 0.5871919989585876, "text": "One must consider that one of Hitler's biggest faults during WWII is that he was not a tactician. Hitler was a dreamer, he knew what he wanted but how he got it was up to the Generals. Due to his relatively easy victories one could assume that Hitler exerted a sense of overconfidence in his actions, a feeling of invincibility. One must also consider that due to the Soviet Union's poor performance in the Winter War against Finland, that Hitler saw the Soviet's as weak, and saw an opportune time to attack. So mainly one could say that Hitler saw 1941 as an ideal time to attack the Soviet Union, and one could also say that Hitler's lack of understanding of military strategy(at least not at the depth of a General's), would have greatly contributed towards his decision to attack the Soviet Union before defeating the Allies in North Africa. Feel free to correct me Historians, I could be wrong! Just figured I'd throw a simplified answer out there.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-228970", "score": 0.5871825218200684, "text": "The Altmark Incident was the *causus belli* for Germany's invasion, but they had had plans drawn up for awhile already for an invasion of Norway. Its strategic position in the North Sea (the prime breakout route for German U-boats), coupled with the rare earth minerals and Swedish iron ore that you mentioned, made it worthwhile for the Germans to take the country.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-627783", "score": 0.5871748924255371, "text": "I'm not trying to find a heated argument here but I know this is often a sensitive topic. This is been on my mind today because of the escalating current conflict in the Middle East. But what is the reasoning for forcibly creating what we now know as Israel and Palestine after WW2? I know there are probably many answers to this question, but I'd like to hear them.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-208662", "score": 0.5871386528015137, "text": "The first and most tragic example that comes to mind is the 1923 earthquake that struck Tokyo. Mere hours after the earthquake destroyed thousands of buildings and ignited countless fires, typhoon-strength winds struck the afflicted region. (There's some theories I'm absolutely unqualified to judge that the sudden drop in atmospheric pressure and surge in seawater associated with the typhoon triggered the earthquake.) The winds roared over the fires, fanning them, and the hot air rose in a gigantic column. This pulled in more air, fanning the flames further, until downtown Tokyo was incinerated in a gigantic firestorm, killing almost 40,000 people who had gathered there to seek shelter from the earthquake and the 33-foot tsunami that immediately followed it. The fires burned themselves out over the next two days, since the city's water mains had been destroyed in the earthquake. The disaster killed 100,000 people and left another 50,000 missing.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-228926", "score": 0.5871378183364868, "text": "All of the above. We're actually having a brief chat about it over here- _URL_0_ The issue with painting the SS in broad strokes is that you had some of the best German combatants being lumped into the same military organization as some of the absolute worst. Some divisions were ruthless both in and outside of the war. Then there were ones sent to occupy civilian cities and, as a division of 3000 soldiers, raped and killed ~10,000 civilians. Others were merely incompetent.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-626358", "score": 0.5871323347091675, "text": "It is a chilly thought that people sympathised with Germany and these people were in the thousands. Some were civilians, others were soldiers. \n\nEven some people who were not German or a part of Nazi Germany were sympathisers or collaborators with Nazi Germany like Argentina or Philippe Pertain.\n\nI know that antisemitism had existed and was socially accepted at the time but it is a chilling thought that people were devoted to the extremist idea that Jews and other social groups like the communists or the Romani were the enemy and they were persecuted and hunted down by the thousands.\n\nSo what were the factors that made so many people so convinced that they thought that their actions were justified and wanted to remain devoted to Nazi Germany without questioning these supposed ideals?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2611172", "score": 0.5871149301528931, "text": "Germany offers peace, the allies accept it. \n\nBattles of Midway and Stalingrad have not happened yet, no second Battle of El Alamein or german summer offensive against Russia.\n\nPearl Harbor happened, but the US doesn't want to fight the war alone. I'm not sure if there's peace between Japan and the US, but at least between Germany and the rest of continental Europe.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-231427", "score": 0.5870696902275085, "text": "_URL_0_ So I actually answered essentially the same question yesterday if that helps! Basically it was beyond Japans ability and most knew it at the time.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-230734", "score": 0.5870569944381714, "text": "I am a German living in Berlin in 1940. I have just blatantly murdered a Jewish person in cold blood. Any repercussions at all? A thread I started, seemed a good place to bring it here :)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-212068", "score": 0.5870502591133118, "text": "Perhaps you could ask this in /r/AskReddit? Since this's a situation in many people's living memory, I think you could get very interesting answers there.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-230163", "score": 0.5870485901832581, "text": "-Hiroshima was a transportation hub and contained an Army Group Headquarters. Nagasaki was a key port city and an industrial area. -Hundreds of thousands of civilians were dying a month in areas still being brutally occupied by Japan in August 1945. The longer the war went on, the more of them would die. -The shocking power of this new weapon would hopefully convince the Japanese to surrender before the effects of the blockade/destruction of the transportation infrastructure of Japan set in and mass starvation began among the population (as well as before the first phase of the invasion, beginning in November 1945 with an amphibious landing larger than Normandy). -Using two devices proved it wasn't just some kind of one-shot wonder weapon. How many more did the Americans have? Three? Ten? Fifty? The Japanese couldn't know. These were all things Truman and his advisers were considering making the decision.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-84969", "score": 0.5870410799980164, "text": "Context. Hitler speaking about Germany regaining its strength means little to you, but to a post WWI German, or a whole crowd of them, it means the world. He chose the right things to say and delivered a message. Not just \"you had to be there\" but \"you had to live it\"", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-220756", "score": 0.587039053440094, "text": "Poetic License. If you are going to lump WW1 and WW2 together why not just go ahead and say the World War was a continuation of the Franco-Prussian War. One certainly contributed to the other but they were not all one war.People love to quote Foch \"This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years\" to make the argument that the war never ended. However it completely ignores the aggression of the Japanese or Italian empires which had both sided with the Allies during the first world war. Or the rise of the Soviet Union. People don't even lump the Napoleonic Wars into one war, and they often only had a few years in between each other. Now some people do argue that we should date the start of WW2 earlier to the Spanish Civil war, or the Japanese invasion of China.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-207584", "score": 0.5870338082313538, "text": "OP do you have a source for this besides isolated incidents? I can't find anything substantial. [In fact the only reference that comes to mind is a movie based on a book called Paradise Road](_URL_0_) where western women are imprisoned in Indonesia during the war and a few volunteer themselves as concubines in return for better conditions. Also isolated anecdotes of Englishwomen being taken as such in Hong Kong and Singapore. I almost want to say I assume the few female westerners taken as POWs were likely treated better than their male counterparts since they were non-combatants, but I have no proof of that.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-232870", "score": 0.5870171785354614, "text": "The *Cap Arcona*, when it sank, had 5000 Concentration Camp prisoners on board. It was left in the harbour at Lubeck if I'm right, on Himmler's orders, the idea being that Allied aircraft which were flying missions against German naval vessels in the Baltic, would think it was evacuating troops, and attack it. A fair number of smaller, military vessels (destroyers, torpedo boats) were nearby when it was attacked, so it is likely that the plan worked. The pilots attacking it probably thought it was carrying supplies or evacuating troops; there were fears that Germany's forces intended to fight on in the north and in Bavaria/Austria, so such a target as the *Cap Arcona* was unlikely to escape attention. There were boats nearby, and troops on the shore, whose job it was to dispose of any survivors.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-146366", "score": 0.5869916677474976, "text": "Because today we also realize that our racism in WWII was unjust and lead to innocent people being harassed or worse because they happened to share heritage with people we were at war with. We as a society have become more tolerant and, well, nicer.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-701", "score": 0.6320335268974304, "text": "There was known plaintext it was trying to match against. I seem to remember they used weather reports which were broadcast each day in the morning, and always had the same initial letters. Once you crack the settings for that one, you could then decode all the messages sent the same day (until they change the codes again the next day)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-45316", "score": 0.6003666520118713, "text": "The way it worked in original computers was that you had racks of vacuum tubes wired up together which would make up the computers memory. Each one of these vacuum tubes is a single bit; that is, a single on/off, yes/no, 1/0. The computer could read and write the on/off state and represent it as 1's and 0's. Now with disk ~~and solid state~~ hard drives the concept is the same but instead of checking the on/off state of a vacuum tube, it checks the magnetization of the disk. edit: TIL solid state drives are a whole different beast.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-44713", "score": 0.6003046035766602, "text": "They didn't discover that there was a breach by looking at their own systems, logs & data. They discovered it by finding the data up for sale from a credible source.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-276279", "score": 0.6002973914146423, "text": "Yes, well I don't think it would be possible given the total number of atoms in the observable universe. The total number of chess permutations is indeed 10^120 according to the paper 1950 [Programming a Computer for Playing Chess](_URL_0_) and is known as the Shannon number. The [number of atoms in the observable universe](_URL_1_) is around 10^78 to 10^82 so one can see how brute force to solve the problem of winning chess will not work. > > And also what is an informed estimate of the total amount of info/data our universe holds. I think this depends on how accurate you would want to measure the positions of the relevant particles. More accuracy results in more data, and of course given the Heisenberg uncertainty principle one cannot know both the position and momentum of a given particle with perfect precision. It would therefore be impossible to know with absolute accuracy all of the data you wanted, even in principle.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1933669", "score": 0.6002959609031677, "text": "Hello, I am interested in password cracking and pentesting and I would like to test retrieving data from my own use on my own wifi and then try to make sense of it for the purpose of password cracking (getting hashes, maybe?). Anyhow I don’t know if that’s possible or just something we see in movies, but I’d like to try that with some tools. Thank you for not smashing me for being new to this :’)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-215796", "score": 0.6002300977706909, "text": "Yes, obviously this sort of information tends to be classified indefinitely but especially with defectors we often know that they were spies beforehand, here's some examples: _URL_3_ _URL_1_ _URL_4_ _URL_0_ (spied for the UK) edit: you can get further examples from people that we know were betrayed by double agents like Aldrich Ames and Robert Hannsen, for example these: _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-260368", "score": 0.6000421047210693, "text": "If you are not asking how it is deciphered, but merely how one knows one has it right once it HAS BEEN deciphered, it's really just a matter of massive probability. Let's say you have a two-paragraph sample of text. The fact that your decipherment method gives a readable and meaningful result for both the first and the second paragraph pretty much shows you have it right. If you had an *incorrect* system that gave good results for the first paragraph, that system would almost certainly give gibberish results for the second paragraph (and vice-versa).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-60052", "score": 0.599680483341217, "text": "There were a few types, but the most important were the ones which used radio waves. They had a radio transmitter/receiver combination which picked up reflections from the nearby aircraft. Since the shell was moving rapidly towards the aircraft, the reflected waves were shifted in frequency due to the Doppler effect (police radars use the same principle). The frequency shift was detected and triggered the fuse.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1590139", "score": 0.5996368527412415, "text": "The following scene is the one I am referring to, it appears from the very first moment it knew exactly who and what he was: \n\nIt clearly didn't believe he was who he was when they first crossed paths in it's prime fully functional condition, so what clued it into the fact that he was the same person, aside from the physical resemblance to one of countless people the AI would have encountered in it's distant past?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1837370", "score": 0.5994793772697449, "text": "Hello again Reddit,\n\nI recently posted here, but you should be able to access it by the link.\n\nI've updated the algorithm and posted it here, on pastebin. The algorithm is written in PHP since the site I'm developing it for is PHP.\n\nTo see if this algorithm is as secure as I believe it to be, I'm posting the algorithm itself, as well as two challenges. In the primary challenge, there are 50 ciphers provided, each of which says the exact same thing and uses the exact same salt. Tell me what the message says. You can find that challenge on this pastebin.\n\nThe second challenge gives you more information. It provides you with the text used to generate the cipher, and expects you to identify the salt that was used. This challenge provides 250 codes to crack, and the salt used is identical for all 250 codes. You can find that challenge on this pastebin\n\n**About this Algorithm:** (Note: same text as in the first link)\n\nThis algorithm is designed to be impenetrable not because of the time it takes to force through it, but instead because of the uncertainty when trying to decipher it. When the algorithm creates the cipher, it encodes it with a completely random \"mini-salt\" that pads each character in the content.\n\nThis mini-salt is passed along with the code, which would enable it to be deciphered at the other end. However, the private salt is then padded over the public salt, with the purpose of eliminating any certainty when attempting to reverse engineer the cipher.\n \nA cipher is never consistent when encoded, but rather can be a variety of trillions of different possible codes. Even the creator of the original cipher can't know or predict how the algorithm will generate the final result. This means that a code created a million times may be different each time, and the corresponding decryption will be split into even further possibilities. Though every possibility can be unpadded, there is no certainty once it's unpadded.\n \nConsidering the following ciphers that have been created:\n \n* Hello. How are you? ::: &`0&!k2tJ8d^sU6,\\bk)6M>].)#}PmZV)B\n* Hello. How are you? ::: 0}lRQ2dL\\`nJyC\"]jFR,8Qfd{(O64J9wYm\n* Hello. How are you? ::: ZCSArfQ'5(x&)[h;IEVmRN}kz8$%z!mZ}P\n* Hello. How are you? ::: ! ;`CvOEkD*}}6(Y9/eY9QlWHKRd8U8kF,\n* Hello. How are you? ::: M?sb'Vy[L*qiakj\\ !tr~h@lG{uzrqASe{\n* Hello. How are you? ::: ;QASb{mEll.D>F?T^>\\UcB^'Zvx~LcM/tK\n* Hello. How are you? ::: <1<TJ(]Fq[]'>'Zve0{~FGlcraYD%U19NO\n \nEach of the ciphers above begins with \"Hello. How are you?\" and each uses the private salt \"*jV30L[DS?!dCs\". Yet, despite these consistencies, each cipher was generated into a different result. This lack of consistency is the core principle in the algorithm. To reverse-engineer the cipher, you need the public mini-salt provided in these keys, which is currently padded after having affected the ciphers afterward.\n \nAs always, if the reverse engineer knows the private salt, he can reverse the cipher.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-270193", "score": 0.5993798971176147, "text": "Your proposal runs into the problem that it is not possible to detect the fact that a particle has changed it state. On the receiving end, all you can do is measure the particle, and when you do you have no idea whether the result you got was determined ahead of time by the sending making a measurement, or if you were the first to measure and collapse its state.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1836217", "score": 0.5993703007698059, "text": "i was just curious as to how someone cracks into someone's email,computer,site..etc\nwhat do you learn??\nwhat programming is used and is it only one or multiple for multiple purposes..\n(I dont want to hack/crack im just curious)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2290592", "score": 0.5993435382843018, "text": "In a nutshell of a nutshell, the exponential increase in efficiency provided by quantum computers could be used to brute-force calculate one's private key from their public key. Although the advent of quantum computers is some years in the future, the idea is interesting to ponder. For those of you already familiar with the concept of quantum computers skip to 5:42. If not, check out the whole video.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-530913", "score": 0.5991076827049255, "text": "So I usually play Lucky Guy because of his versatile kit but every time I play with an Explorer, if they are decoding with me, they out of no where finish the cipher in like a second or two. Are they hacking or is this a legit item/skill?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-620471", "score": 0.5990288853645325, "text": "Item: Wrench (No other item can be equipped)\n\nJob: Engineer\n\nExternal Trait:\n\nOverdrive: Harold can modify the cipher machine to overdrive it, causing the cipher to make additional noise and repair itself by 1% every 3 seconds, Overdrive caps at 50% and 2 Ciphers can be overdrived at once. The hunter can deactivate this by interacting with the cipher(Abnormal not needed) which results in the overdrive decaying slowly, 1% every 7 seconds. A survivor can interact with it to disable the Overdrive. Modifying the cipher causes it to have problems in terms of functionality, every Overdrive made to a cipher will decrease it's overdrive cap by 5% down to 25%\n\nPrecision: Harold is very careful and precise when he works on the machines, Hitting a Perfect Calibration will allow Harold to gain 2% Repair Speed and 10% Less Cipher Wiggle on the Cipher he works on, Repair Speed increase caps at 25% and Wiggle at 100%.\n\nHowever, failing to do so will result in 5% overdrive cap reduction and 2% Repair Speed Reduction on the Cipher. (Capped at 25% Repair Speed Reduction)\n\nHeavy: The Wrench is quite heavy and this weighs Harold down, vault speed reduced by 10%.\n\nTinkering: Harold can improve other's items by working on them. Harold cannot modify items that are survivor exclusive.\n\nElbow pads gain 1 more use.\n\nFlare gun stuns for 25% longer.\n\nToolbox breaks chairs 30% faster.\n\nFlashlight blinds 15% faster.\n\nSyringe durability increases by 20% (Which means 2 heals instead of one)\n\nFootball durability increases by 20% and so on.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1507599", "score": 0.5988422632217407, "text": "Andrew Marr was interviewing TM and he asked if she knew about trident missle test, she didn't answer the question at all. He asked it quite directly 4 times and she failed to answer. This would suggest that she *did* know, but does it really matter? It's only a test. If she hid it from parliment, would there be any consequences?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-148898", "score": 0.5987889766693115, "text": "You have a magnet hidden under a piece of cardboard. Your only way to find the magnet's location is to move another magnet over the top of the cardboard until you feel the magnet beneath resist. In order to feel the resistance, the magnets have to push on each other; so if you feel the push of the magnet underneath your magnet must have pushed the magnet underneath away. That means your \"observation\" of the magnet underneath affected the magnet and changed the result. When dealing with tiny quantum things, we have the same problem. The only way we can observe an electron is to push on it with another electron; which means we will change its behavior by \"observing\" it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-660086", "score": 0.5986619591712952, "text": "If the machine is based on distributed computing using nodes so it could have a maximum uptime. Could it be possible that the machine moved itself to multiple locations? With today's technology its possible for a network of that magnitude to exist. Also the show depicts the server room of the machine to be massive. If the NSA couldn't find another massive facility that just popped up out of nowhere using extremely high amounts of electricity and bandwidth, that could mean that the machine is split up into multiple locations.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1187521", "score": 0.5986500978469849, "text": "\n\nHi you guys, i would really like to know how this process came to be? How did he hack into the server without anyone noticing for a certain amount of time? Can anyone explain that to me ?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-189922", "score": 0.5985151529312134, "text": "We know what tools and supplies are used to do that, and some of them you can easily identify in spy satellite photos. Coupled with radiological readings from the area, because we know how to enrich uranium, we know what it looks like when someone doing it. Some times, intelligence services have discovered shipments or orders of that equipment or supplies, or have plants inside the other country's government that alerted them, or there was a whistleblower of some sort. Other times, it's just wild guesswork and poorly founded accusations being made for political reasons.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1572363", "score": 0.598395586013794, "text": "A few things you should note about this precept.\n\nFirstly, it allows your Moa to hack anything in a couple seconds. Anything. Spy vaults, alarms, Moa Cabinets - according to the wiki (haven't tested myself) if it hacks a Cabinet it'll spawn two friendly Moas instead of one.\n\nSecondly, the list of enemies it can temporarily control appears to include just about anything mechanical. My own Moa just hacked a Grineer vault drone when it hacked the vault itself. Earlier it hacked an alarm and that set off the vault alarm, which I initially thought it was a bug but am beginning to suspect was caused by the Moa hacking a mechanical enemy inside the vault and somehow that enemy set off the alarm (spotted another enemy?).\n\nEDIT: After a little testing, it appears that when the precept triggers, it selects something hackable within the same room (for Moa Cabinets, also appears to need to be fairly close by), and then paths your Moa to that object to hack it. It doesn't seem to like to select things that aren't in the same room, but will path out of a room and then back into it in order to get to whatever it has selected.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-702", "score": 0.6142101287841797, "text": "Psychological tribalism. You associate with a group, so attention paid to that group can be seen as attention paid to you. You may not have strong association with your city/state, but what about your local/favorite sports team? If a comedian did a set on the same day a local team was playing, wouldn't he immediately get a positive reaction by positively acknowledging that team? Doing so breaks the ice and makes the audience more receptive to his jokes" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-947242", "score": 0.5833666920661926, "text": "Why? What, about the culture or other details, makes you part of and proud of such a country? You do not have to be a citizen or living in said country, but you should have a relative who is if you are not! Thanks for any and all responses!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2125961", "score": 0.5833538770675659, "text": "For those of you who were born and raised in a different country and have resided in the US for any reason. What were your reasons and how long ago did you relocate here? Do you still think there is hope and charm to the US or are you growing more weary of staying? I’m a US citizen who has spent time living in S. Korea and travelled to a few places long term and I don’t see why people continue to claim this is the best place to be. It seems like a lot of other countries have it pretty well. I’m just curious if there are other reasons from a different perspective that I may not see. I think my mind has me thinking of one outcome of our future and I’m trying to get some glimmer of hope about my future here.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-953177", "score": 0.5833489894866943, "text": "My vote goes to the Portland Army. Simply because they were at the Montreal/Portland IN MONTREAL and cheered the whole time. After the game, I checked Google Maps to confirm the fact that Portland is quite far from Montreal.\n\nIn any case, thanks to those members of the Army that showed up, it was great to have you and hopefully you enjoyed Montreal for the duration of your stay!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-131176", "score": 0.5831443071365356, "text": "They're intentionally singing with what's called a 'neutral accent' (aka the [General American](_URL_0_) accent). Singing with the most neutral accent possible makes their music accessible to more people, which means more potential record sales.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-128732", "score": 0.5831366777420044, "text": "Because people really want to be right, and want to be vindicated about being right on national television. That's why they went on the show on the first place. They don't like to be proven wrong.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1047678", "score": 0.5830469727516174, "text": "With the exception that some of us may have family in America visiting of course.\r\n\r\nEDIT: Just to clarify - my personal opion is that it is silly for an Australian to celebrate Thanksgiving without any ties to America what-so-ever. Of course, there aren't many people who do this anyway *because* it is an American / Canadian tradition. I am simply putting this question out there. Think of it as a poll if you like, I'm not trying to troll anyone.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-77625", "score": 0.5829885005950928, "text": "I think what you ran into was the difference between patriotism and jingoism. A lot of people are proud of what America has accomplished, and continues to accomplish, while also fully cognizant of the many weaknesses and failings of the American government. They are the sort of people who are more interested in what their country *could be* than what it is. And the USNA isn't a cakewalk. You have to have pretty outstanding credentials to even be considered for a position at one of the Academies. So I wouldn't expect a whole lot of dummies in that crowd.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1019316", "score": 0.5827216506004333, "text": "I as an American find it extremely stupid to be patriotic and love my country. Why should you put your country's interest above your own self interest for example by going to war? Is some political cause decided by elites worth putting your life on the line for? Besides the fact being in the military is a waste of the best years of your life.\n\nAlso I don't get why America is so afraid of China becoming powerful lately. I mean do we really need to be the only superpower in the world?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1692611", "score": 0.5826663970947266, "text": "I'm not big into sports or concerts and I get that some people like to experience those things in person, but I honestly think that watching something live on tv with clear sound and a good view/angle so you won't miss anything in the comfort of your own home is better than viewing it from some shitty, crowded seat where you likely wouldn't be able to hear or see anything over the crowd yelling and waving their hands. It also saves a little money.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-900601", "score": 0.582451343536377, "text": "The thing I love most about this fan base is that no matter what happens, when players leave on their own or players are traded, everyone is so positive towards said player wishing them the best of luck at the next team.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-116545", "score": 0.5822961926460266, "text": "Clapping isn't a reflex -- it's something you are taught to do. Likely, the same goes for this hand raising thing. Why does it happen? Probably because people like to do what is expected of them. (Or, what they expect is expected of them.)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-154110", "score": 0.5822879076004028, "text": "Remember when you dug into the cabinets in the kitchen, got out the pots and pans and beat them loudly together? Didn't you feel a rush of joy at controlling the noise, at the power from that control? The loud muffler is just a bigger noise, so a bigger audience.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-44310", "score": 0.582241415977478, "text": "Like you're 5: Think about playing a game of flag football at your school in front your parents and other grownups who know you. You know how they cheer you on right? Well now think about if there were a *whole bunch* of grown-ups. Rather than a few dozen, there's *thousands* of them and they're all in stands that go hundreds of feet in the air. They're all cheering for you and making you feel good. But they get quiet when you have the ball so you can concentrate. Also they dress in the same colors as your team to show you they're on your side. But when the other team has the ball, they boo and make fun of them so they can't concentrate. If they mess up, they tease them and yell curse words. So you can see why your team would have an easier time than the other team.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2503298", "score": 0.582145631313324, "text": "I've been hearing a lot about the \"Minnesota Karma Train\" that is or used to be a thing on Reddit: threads full of Minnesotan users signalling that they're from Minnesota and slapping each other on the back for it. So far, so good – but why Minnesota specifically? Why is it the Minnesota Karma Train and not the Ohio Karma Train, the New Jersey Karma Train or the Kentucky Karma Train?\n\nMy first guess would be that it's big enough to have a significant population but small enough to have \"regional pride\" sentiments (a.k.a. an inferiority complex). However, I'm from Europe, so I have only an outsider's perspective on the cultural and psychological relations among US states internally – any input from an American perspective would be appreciated.\n\n**EDIT:**\n\n> There isn't a lot to be shameful of in Minnesota.\n\n> I think the state is unique\n\n> I didn't fully appreciate the kindness and sense of community there until I moved to the east coast.\n\n> goddamnit I love Minnesota.\n\n> We love Minnesota. I know TONS of people who have lived in other states after high school and have returned to Minnesota just because nowhere else seems quite as good.\n\n> I cannot wait to move back to MN\n\n> I think Minnesotans have a lot to be proud of\n\n> They don't call it the great state of Minnesota for nothing.\n\n> It's because Minnesota is pretty awesome.\n\nMerely talking about the Minnesota Karma Train seems to bring forth the Minnesota Karma Train.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-35190", "score": 0.5820882320404053, "text": "Because your votes decide who the electoral college chooses. Furthermore, if you live in a state where the race is a done deal, and everybody knows who is going to win, voting is still helpful, because the statistics are recorded, and how you voted will affect policy decisions.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1173452", "score": 0.5820603370666504, "text": "Like, do they (the crowd) know what their saying, or does it just sound good to them?\n\nexample: ", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1225345", "score": 0.5820460319519043, "text": "I wear my hat almost everyday. I do not live in Massachusetts or even in the Eastern U.S. I wear mine to represent and support the Sox.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-483086", "score": 0.5819804668426514, "text": "I'm Canadian and I want to celebrate America the only way I know how. Watching bad ass movies and cooking hot dogs in my driveway. \n\n\nDrinking \"soda\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-959765", "score": 0.5818767547607422, "text": "Here in CT. Why do we have to absolutely shit the bed *every single time we play them*?????", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1020981", "score": 0.5818666815757751, "text": "I live in the south (North Carolina) and a lot of people think that America is the greatest country in the world. I also know a lot of people who live here and think that our government gives no fucks. I'm curious, what does the rest of the world really think about the USA?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-703", "score": 0.7469378709793091, "text": "Are you talking about the Curiosity rover that is said to have cost $2.5 billion? If so, some clarification might be warranted. NASA spread the $2.5 billion figure over eight years. The money spent went into salaries of engineers, programmers, managers, and independent contractors in over twenty states across the country. And even some from out of country. Things like the cost of rocket to launch it to Mars are included in that total, too, which accounts for nearly a fifth of the amount alone. If you you just divide the total cost by the number of years NASA has saved for it, you come out with about $312 million per year. This works about to approximately 1.8% of NASA’s yearly budget. That’s about $1 per year for every American. When put into context of the federal budget, it's actually quite cheap." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-833126", "score": 0.7092081308364868, "text": "I'm not talking about rockets or anything, just about satellites.\n\nI understand that there are costly electronics, solar panels, special materials to protect everything from vacuum, radiation and extreme temperatures, but I don't really understand why do they cost SO much. I mean, not even millions of dollars, but hundreds of millions.\n\nI can't even imagine relatively small thing that costs so much.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-304202", "score": 0.7080767154693604, "text": "It's all about communications and imaging satellites, really. You don't see them in the news that often, because they are less sexy than robots on Mars. That's where the money is going.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-307612", "score": 0.7065296769142151, "text": "As mentioned, it's unreasonably expensive. Besides that, one of the main points of the ISS is to perform experiments in a micro gravity environment. Artificial gravity on the ISS would kind of defeat its purpose.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-59948", "score": 0.7059097290039062, "text": "Robots and machines are really really expensive to build, develop, and maintain. People in Bangladesh are dirt cheap labor that can accomplish the same thing at small fraction of the cost of said robots and machines. Clothes being an easy item to construct, a cheap item, and a safe item, it doesn't make a lot of sense to use ultra expensive robots to do all the work. Robots are great for building a car or a CPU, they aren't really needed for sewing a $5 shirt.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-317188", "score": 0.705294132232666, "text": "It costs millions of dollars to put even the smallest of payloads into orbit and much more to create a craft that can achieve escape velocity of earth's gravity. It's simply not cost effective.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-31546", "score": 0.7050889134407043, "text": "It would probably be cost prohibitive for the first few trips out, but once the infrastructure was in place, it'd balance, then be worth it easily. Astronaut and engineer Buzz Aldrin, came up with a system he calls The Cycler, which was primarily designed for Mars Missions, but could easily be used for asteroid mining; Essentially, a ship is placed in an orbit of the Sun and wherever you want in the asteroid field. It will, with no extra power, just continually loop out, then back. You want a ride? Catch the Cycler Train. It would be expensive to lift one off from Earth and put it in the correct orbit. But after a little while, you could build them from materials in the asteroids and put them in the right orbit for much cheaper...no expensive rocket fuel and no gravity to fight. Eventually, we could have daily trains heading out. ;)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1926552", "score": 0.7048830986022949, "text": "It's a terrible idea to send people to Mars. It's ridiculously expensive. Mars is toxic, cold and lacks a proper atmosphere. And while we have the technical means to do it, there's very little scientifically that could be gained by having people people there instead of robots. Also mining doesn't make economic sense. And neither does colonization. All this is so obvious, and yet there's legions of fanboys who dream about absurd terraforming plans, etc...", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-343459", "score": 0.7042778730392456, "text": "Can't they just use proven technology and older engines (as they do), add in a new, modern flight control software and liftoff?\nIt's not like they reinvent spaceflight every time, why is it so expensive?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-305271", "score": 0.7028019428253174, "text": "I'm not entirely sure but my guess is that it would simply cost too much to send the oil back. It seems to cost somewhere between several hundred dollars and several thousand dollars **per pound** to launch things from Earth into low Earth orbit. Mars does have about a third of the gravitational force compared to Earth so it would be someone less expensive to actually lift mass off of its surface, but regardless my guess is it would still be just as expensive if not more than the costs of low Earth orbit. I can't see any way in which it would actually be profitable. We're better off just finding new things to use instead.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-24432", "score": 0.7019359469413757, "text": "Preface: I am no expert, I just like space Basically, right now we invest billions of dollars into making a rocket that we send into space, leave most in space, and crash the final bit back into the ocean. With Space X being able to land the rocket and reuse it, and also producing them for as low as $500 million, we can go to space for a lot cheaper. Elon estimates that we will be able to take a trip to mars for around $200,000. Edit: down to $62 million now according to /u/no_real_username", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-282180", "score": 0.7017993927001953, "text": "Firstly, europa is a lot further away than mars which presents two problems- reduced power capacity from solar requiring controversial RTGs and the distance requiring more fuel, more course corrections and therefore a higher cost. We dont really have a good idea of the landscape of europa so a lander mission would take serious planning and the magnetic field of jupiter currently concerning scientists with reference to Juno would certainly cause challenges, messing up data collectors and electronic equipment. Finally this robot may need a degree of autonomy to allow it to navigate without human help given that for a signal to reach the probe and get back takes more than an hour!! Hope this helps!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-323583", "score": 0.7016876935958862, "text": "The costs are still way more than the profits. Plus there's a serious risk involved, so getting investors to fund an asteroid mining mission would be tricky anyway, since there's a good chance you'd get no profit at all.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-78033", "score": 0.7015752196311951, "text": "Because it's way cheaper to just put the solar panels on the ground. The extra efficiency from not having to deal with clouds or atmosphere is massively outweighed by the fact that it costs over $2000/lb to put things in orbit.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2021180", "score": 0.7014479041099548, "text": "Companies like Starship are making self-driving delivery robots that travel on sidewalks for restaurants, post offices, etc. But how is there even a business case? Let's just assume the technology is faultless and accident-free. Here's a a few of the main issues I see:\n\n* Slow speed. Delivery robots travel around half the speed of bikes.\n* Maintenance costs and time. Battery needs recharging every 3-7hrs.\n* High initial costs. Each costs at least $2,000 to make.\n\nCompeting against cheap labour that ranges from \\~$5/trip (UberEats etc.) or $20/h (Post Office), how is there a business case in rolling out delivery robots? Why do the investors behind these companies even bother? Wouldn't you as a customer prefer your order/package delivered by a person that travels takes it to you 4x quicker in a car for $3 more?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-173926", "score": 0.7007935643196106, "text": "Mostly just cost. Getting stuff out to space let alone out of Low Earth Orbit is really expensive.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-135001", "score": 0.6999473571777344, "text": "Robots and automation cost a ridiculous amount of money. Ridiculous. Micro brews are all small operations, they don't have that kinda money, hell even the big brewers do most stuff by hand.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-192069", "score": 0.6995759010314941, "text": "Why would we? That's the multi-million dollar question right there. There is no scientific, economic, or political reason to send a manned mission[s] to the moon. Pretty much anything we could ever need done could be done with automated robots more easily anyways.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-312643", "score": 0.6992764472961426, "text": "The moon is close enough to send people, which we did, many times. Because of this, we collected a huge amount of data and samples. So much so that we do not stand to learn much more from having a rover on the moon. The cost of a rover isn't worth it just to have a toy to drive around. Without more science to do, there is no reason to send a rover. if there is significant science to be done, we'll just send more people.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2757764", "score": 0.6989300847053528, "text": "Small care-packages of raw materials (e.g., 3D printer resin made for Mars) could be drop-shipped as needed at a lesser cost per kilogram because the landing system can be simpler, or use a less reliable, but cheaper delivery system for non-critical raw material shipments.\n\nMuch like how Voyagers 1 and 2 became *better* spacecrafts after they left Earth with software updates, probes with micro-manufacturing capability could become better probes with software *and* hardware updates to itself.\n\nGiven some ability to use local resources (e.g., Mars sand - isn't weathered basaltic soil\n\nAre there missing technologies, or is this a solution in search of a problem? Why aren't we doing this?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2021174", "score": 0.6977182626724243, "text": "It seems to me that the margin for profit would be astronomical. Let's use fast food chains for example. If one could create a line of multi-function robots that are easily trained and cheaper than the cost of a minimum wage employee then every fast food chain in the world would replace all there employees with your robots. It seems to me that if someone used the principle of economies of scale *cough Elon Musk *cough they could utterly crush all competition and have a monopoly on an utterly massive market. \n \"Complete with controllers and teach pendants, new industrial robotics cost from $50,000 to $80,000. Once application-specific peripherals are added, the robot system costs anywhere from $100,000 to $150,000. Reconditioned robots are a less expensive option. Typically, used robots cost half as much as new robots.\" \n Maybe I'm I'll informed but with some smart engineering you could make a \"model t\" of robots and easily beat these prices. I think the biggest hurdle is to have a way that the robot can be easily trained and also cheaply outfitted for more specialized tasks. Thoughts?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-704", "score": 0.7679808139801025, "text": "[Aderall](_URL_0_) is a mix of different types of amphetamine salts and methamphetamine is another type of amphetamine (not present in Aderall). There is a difference in their chemical structure and how fast they work. What's in Aderall works a *lot* slower than methamphetamine which has a way of fastly working its way past the blood-brain barrier (the fluids in your brain isn't directly connected to your blood system so \"stuff\" that needs to get in has to past this \"barrier\")." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-685518", "score": 0.7292985916137695, "text": "Because amphetamine comes in powder dealers can cut it.\nBut meth shards you can't cut.\n\nDoes this mean meth is usually better than amp?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1356646", "score": 0.7262623310089111, "text": "I have very untreated adhd and apparently I apply for getting prescribed meth. It’s like if your adhd was never diagnosed or just diagnosed but untreated (like mine) it can really fuck with how your brain develops. Where you prioritize adhd behaviors without even recognizing it. It’s super bad and like it caused me to drop out of hs and get a certification by test instead, and trust me I wasn’t even really a person who couldn’t grasp what was being taught. If anyone here knows of anyone trying to get prescribed pressed meth and their successes and failures it’d be intriguing. Adderall is very not the same to me and crystal in my drink in the morning with a mini snort 8 hours in if I plan to work on something has been making me a much happier person and productive person, when you deal attention/dopamine related disorders the first time you try a stimulant it’s a really big “oh so this is what normal people feel like I guess”. \n\nNote: when I don’t have tweak of any form or variation, I like to use md of acid or smoking small piece bowls of entirely sativa dominant energy producing weed. So if that helps I guess", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1355150", "score": 0.7262234091758728, "text": "Adderall is amethamphetamine.\nRitlian is methylphenidate. \nBoth do the same thing, both are stimulants.\nThey have different ingredients. I’m prescribed adderall and my girlfriend just got prescribe Ritalin. \n\nI just ran out and she gots a full one for the first time.\nThey are only 10mg LA. I’m just carious if it’ll effect the same way adderall effects me now.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1356735", "score": 0.7253941893577576, "text": "Am student. Am lazy. Tried amphetamine sulfate to help me focus but that shit is low purity so I ended up dosing like 200mg and that was disgusting. \n\nHow about meth? What would be a good dose to study without going too fast? Has anyone here used meth as study aid? Any tips?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2703238", "score": 0.7185745239257812, "text": "edit: I should have put meth in the title my bad....talking about meth \n\nI’m more of an opiate person but I’ve done meth a few times, always snorted it, like super tiny amounts, is smoking a very different feeling? Like I said, I snorted such tiny amounts that I hardly even noticed I was high, not really euphoric, just more talkative and found myself more focused, almost like a slightly-more-than-therapeutic dose of adderall. Would smoking get me more of a euphoria?\n\nAlso, I’ve never bought it on my own just used some from friends, what are the units called? Like how dope has bags/bundles, weed being dimes, dubs, eighth, quarter, etc......I only want like $10 worth since I use so little....but I don’t want to sound like a dumbass and make it obvious I don’t know how much it should be and get ripped off, I’m in the US, east coast....thanks for your help guys!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1355914", "score": 0.7174590229988098, "text": "I'm thinking of taking some Ads to help with my study but I'm kinda scared that I'm gonna be just given methamphetamine. Obviously I'm going to test what I get. But yeah basically would it be more economical for a dealer to give meth instead of dextroamphetamine or not?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2702548", "score": 0.7121516466140747, "text": "I've never used meth and not planning on trying it, I've got an addictive personality :/\n\nBut meth has always been one of those drugs that I find interesting, but how does the high actually feel like?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1105994", "score": 0.7101773023605347, "text": "I don't get it. I've heard so many bad things about snorting Adderall. How is it any worse than snorting coke or meth? \n\nFrom what I understand, snorting it is bad because of the plastic that coats the Adderall beads inside the capsule. But what if you just crush up the beads and separate the plastic from the actual powder?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1271044", "score": 0.7100623846054077, "text": "I will be combining it with Phenibut, as I’ve heard great things about this combo. The Amphetamine would be acetone washed 2x, and I’ve heard positive things about it so it’s not the garbage speed paste that’s cut to shit. Adderall is 75% Dexamphetamine while Speed is 50%, and I’ve heard the Dex is what actually produces euphoria, but I’ve also heard that racemic speed is “cleaner feeling.” I’ve got both options available, but which is gonna be better for a euphoric stimulant?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1354803", "score": 0.7096244692802429, "text": "Im from Denmark, so we don't really have adderall here; \nI heard dextroamphetamine turns into just amphetamine, so im assuming its used as amphetamine for prolonged release? What do you know?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1354724", "score": 0.7064658999443054, "text": "I am currently taking Adderall for my ADHD and have heard that some people prefer Vyvanse instead. \n\nCan anyone who has tried both (not at the same time) tell me what the difference is for them? \n\nThank you in advance.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-129732", "score": 0.7057442665100098, "text": "ADHD is like having a monkey in your brain knocking shit over and attacking you while you are trying to get shit done. Adderall is like a shiny toy you give the monkey to distract it so you can get some shit done", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1357013", "score": 0.7043613195419312, "text": "I live in the uk where it’s near impossible to score adderall although a have a few times. I’ve come across some dexamphetamine. How similar is the high to adderall? I know it lasts a lot shorter but do you feel it’s as effective and euphoric ?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-683248", "score": 0.7040262818336487, "text": "I’m totally new to this, don’t be harsh please. I haven’t tried adderall, but from what I’ve read it looks similar to speed. And when buying speed you actually don’t know what else is in the powder or how pure it is. So would it work similarly?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-153958", "score": 0.7025506496429443, "text": "Adderall = Amphetamine Ritalin = Methylphenidate They are completely unrelated molecules, but they both produce the same effect (via different means)--i.e. to improve concentration and energy. Amphetamine is converted in your neurons to the neurotransmitter dopamine, this means that when your neurons fire, a much higher quantity of dopamine is released than normal, making neuronal signals much stronger. Methylphenidate works by preventing the dopamine molecules that have been released from being removed. It does so by blocking a protein on the neuron called the Monoamine Transporter, the protein acts as a hoover to suck away the released dopamine. With this protein not working, dopamine stay in the neuronal synapse for longer and produce a stronger signal.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-776783", "score": 0.7024453282356262, "text": "I'm under the impression that meth lasts a lot longer than cocaine or crack, and that crack has a much more intense high than cocaine. Coke has a half life of about 1 hour, but amphetamines are closer to 12 hours. \n\nSo with amphetamines is smoking the fastest and most intense, but shortest method of delivery? What is the longest lasting but least intense method of delivery? Oral?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1356128", "score": 0.7018709778785706, "text": "I have never used meth (26m) until last week for the first time. I snorted a couple small lines and the effects felt similar to adderall. There were definite differences too, such as the burn and the fact that I was up for 36 hours off two tiny lines. When I came down I was told I would get depressed but I never did. To be honest I ate when I felt like I was and smoked a bowl (weed) and passed out for about 9 hours then felt completely fine and had no craving for it. A few days later that same friend came over and I was drunk so I decided to do it again. Same thing this time. I did a couple small lines and was up for while but even on the come down I didn't get any depressed feelings or cravings to do more to keep my high. I'm not trying to say I have a tolerance for this stuff but I was wondering if there is anyone out there that can give me some insight into their own experiences especially if they aren't an every day user. I'm curious if anyone functions on a regular or semi regular basis on this stuff and is successful in what they do? This is broad question so feel free to just tell me anything you know or have experienced when it comes to meth use whether it be everyday or once every couple weeks.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1356346", "score": 0.7018532752990723, "text": "I'm considering asking my med provider to try Dexedrine instead of Adderall. I know that Adderall is a combination of Dextroamphetamine and amphetamine while Dexedrine is just the first one. I struggle with Adderall because it makes my shoulders tight and I get a wave of fatigue when it wears off, but its intended effects are pretty effective for me. Might Dexedrine be an improvement for the physical side effects? Does anyone know which of the two chemicals is worse for causing body tension and physical crashes as it wears off? Has anyone here successfully had a better fit with one or the other? Can you please explain how they felt different? My appointment with my med provider is tomorrow afternoon. Thanks! \n\n(Background: I have the inattentive type, not hyperactive type, and convinced Concerta slows me down physically and mentally, and is acting counter-productively in terms of giving me motivation to actually do work. I never even hyper focus with Concerta, which is concerning because it suggests it's inhibiting my mind rather than focusing it. So the methylphenidate class is out of consideration for me.)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-100598", "score": 0.7013997435569763, "text": "Adderall is a psychostimulant drug used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). It's commonly used across college campuses as a 'study drug,' or a drug that allows your body to stay energized and focused for an unnatural amount of time. When you're on adderall, your mind is forcing you to focus, so menial tasks like cleaning your apartment/doing homework are made increasingly interesting and their completion absolutely necessary.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2703593", "score": 0.7013971209526062, "text": "Read a lot of stuff about it blocking sodium channels in the heart, making the muscle contractions weird, hardening veins, etc. Basically it sounds like 50x more likely to kill you than just doing adderall or even meth. Is this true or did I get the wrong impression? I stopped using over a year ago after moderate sporadic use for about a year and a half. I'd like to pick some up again but I am worried that it is not worth risking heart health/addiction for a short expensive high.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-705", "score": 0.7327081561088562, "text": "We don't understand the brain nearly as well as we understand the circulatory system, though for some mental illnesses we are starting to be able to detect them with brain imaging technology. For instance, Schizophrenia. _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-66288", "score": 0.695890486240387, "text": "Mental health is not something you can *see*. Humans, historically, have a huge problem with stuff they can't see and understand, so they make up explanations. So \"mental health\" for the longest time was basically explained as stuff like demonic possession, and treated as such. Many stigmas remain attached to mental illness to this day. It's not so much that it's not funded, but those stigmas do deter a lot of people from taking them seriously, or even trying to understand them.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-270786", "score": 0.6955844759941101, "text": "There are some mental illnesses that are thought to be correlated to external factors (for example, toxoplasma gondii infection of a fetus while in utero), however there's actually still a lot we don't know about mental illness. Many studies on the genetic side of psychology suggest a strong hereditary component, though.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-152293", "score": 0.6952944993972778, "text": "It's a DISORDER. Psychiatric issues are no different than other disease processes. That's like asking why our body doesn't just heal itself if it has a virus or diabetes or cancer. There is a pathophysiology associated with the brain just like there would be with any other organ in any other disease.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-43154", "score": 0.6946008205413818, "text": "SSRI or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, basically attempt to increase the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin in your brain. Serotonin is, like all neurotransmitters, a chemical. Generally whenever someone is prescribed a medication for a mental illness it is because the psychiatrist has deemed that there is not enough, or too much of a certain chemical transmitter in the brain. Chemical imbalances are pretty solid scientifically, I'm not quite sure what you mean when you say \"physical\" as opposed to chemical so if you could clarify that for me it would be helpful. The problem arises in our treatment method. We have no solid reason as to why mental illnesses occur, and there is some startling new evidence that medication is no more effective than placebo. In fact the evidence is so strong that my university teaches it to all first year students.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-282991", "score": 0.6927437782287598, "text": "There is a genetic role in some forms of mental illness like schizophrenia for example. There's also a lot of environmental factors that cause or worsen mental illness, like physical/emotional abuse/neglect, malnutrition, traumatic life events, etc. There are usually many factors at play and no case is exactly the same.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-64952", "score": 0.6921380162239075, "text": "My brother is a doctor, and I asked him this a couple years ago. He said that it's extremely rare to find someone with a problem through this method during a routine checkup, but it's a good simple low-cost way of identifying possibly serious problems with the nervous system.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-146963", "score": 0.6919676065444946, "text": "Mental disorders can be compared to physical disorders. Asking this is like asking why our bodies let viral infections harm us. Depression can be a bitch to deal with, and sometimes it is hard to see the point to life. Fuck, is there even a point to life? Who knows? Who cares? We're all just trying to have a good time.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-104243", "score": 0.6916735768318176, "text": "You think of mental illnesses like something special. Don't! A cardiologist can suffer from coronary heart disease and may or may not be able to diagnose himself based on the symptoms he is experiencing. Only a minority of psychiatric patients is suffering from a disease that makes self reflection impossible. The majority is aware that they are sick and if they have a medical background they can see the symptoms in themselves and interpret them correctly.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-149707", "score": 0.6914699673652649, "text": "So when you're normal, you're in what can be called a \"physiological state\", basically normal functioning. When you're sick, and you get a disease, it can be considered a \"pathological state.\" With some mental disorders, you shift from a physiological to a pathological state. And you can revert this with certain drugs. Depressive people commonly have low serotonin, so we use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to boost it, returning them to a physiological state. With personality disorders, they don't exist in a pathological state, but instead their abnormality is their physiological state. It's not possible to return them to the normal person's physiological state because their brains aren't wired in the same way, or they might have abnormal chemical signals. We might be able to treat these things one day, but for now, it's difficult.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-214908", "score": 0.6914045214653015, "text": "No, it is not safe to say that. Applying mental disorders to people who were not around to be psychoanalyzed never works well.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2197778", "score": 0.6910741925239563, "text": "Please link sources if possible.\n\nThe premise is that psychiatry seems to totally ignore physical health and the effect having someone’s physical health deteriorate could have on their mental health.\n\nI’ve noticed many psychiatric drugs cause very serious endocrinological damage, how can psychiatrists possibly think that someone’s mental health would improve while destroying physical health? \n\nNot only that, the brain is closely tied to the endocrine system that is responsible for the proper functioning of both brain processes and bodily functions. so you’re directly harming the system you’re looking to regulate? That makes no sense.\n\nExamples of common endocrinological Drug-induced disease (leading to many serious conditions):\n\n-Hypothyroidism\n-Diabetes\n-Diabetes insipidus(ADH[vasopressin]dysfunction)\n-Low testosterone\n-hyperprolactinemia \n-Growth hormone deficiency \n-Cushings disease\n-Addisons disease \n\n\n\nThis whole industry is insane and I want to point out the hypocrisy", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-120572", "score": 0.6899771094322205, "text": "Psychiatrists are trained to pick out people trying to fake results. A good one will be able to tell if someone is faking a mental illness to get a lighter charge. Plus they'll look at the history of the person to see if there's any evidence in the past of him or her having a condition. Mental conditions typically don't just pop up out of nowhere. There's going to be some evidence of it in their past and it'll be up to the psychiatrist to determine how much of their actions were influenced by it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-158075", "score": 0.6899682283401489, "text": "Mental health is a spectrum; more about 'shades of grey' than a discrete, \"either you have depression or not\" model. 'Normal' is pretty a pretty subjective, fuzzy idea. It just means you are in the middle of the bell-curve, and your mental health isn't causing obvious problems. Some psychologists (very few) have argued that even schizophrenia (one of the most dramatic, obvious disorders) is [not a real illness](_URL_0_) because of lack of an objective definition (but this is a pretty out-there position). Many have argued that the current model (or popular understanding of it), with its discrete \"you have this disorder or you don't\" model (which is often based on very subjective diagnostic tools and methods) is fundamentally flawed, and the reality is more nuanced and subtle. But if your mental health/behaviour isn't causing problems for you or those around you, then sure, you're \"perfectly normal.\" (lets go with that; why not?)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-103014", "score": 0.6891191601753235, "text": "In nearly every country, having a mental illness is seen as a very negative thing, because it's hard to see how the person isn't in control of his/her abnormal actions. Many people don't have a good understanding of it, and don't see it as equivalent to other physical illnesses. It's not clear to me that the USA is unusual in this regard.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2777437", "score": 0.6890712380409241, "text": "Is it established that the insitution of medicine has a systemic bias against the recognition and treatment of mental illness symptoms?\n\n\nThis seems pretty obvious, as mental illness is poorly understood, and there’s a stigma against mental illness in most societies around the world. I wonder if anyone’s attempted to document it, though.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-269875", "score": 0.688241183757782, "text": "[Here](_URL_2_) is a study where they used some common diagnostic tools to come up with a measure to determine if someone was faking or not. In a study where they had prisoners attempt to fake mental illness they were able to correctly classify 92-95% of the individuals. I just read the abstract, but I can try and track down the full paper if people are interested. Apparently prisoners try to fake mental illness a lot as the top searches that came back to me were all about prisoners. EDIT: [Here](_URL_1_) is a review from 1988 about detecting malingering. The full text can be accessed from that site. I dont have time to read it right now and summarize it, but the abstract suggests using several tests it is very easy to detect people faking mental deficiency, but others like psychosis and neurological impairment are harder to detect. EDIT 2: [mutonchops](_URL_0_) has found a second study using screening measures to find people faking mental illness with similar success rates over 90%.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-101293", "score": 0.6879635453224182, "text": "It's possible these disorders existed at a similar rate in the past but just never were diagnosed. There was not as large an emphasis on mental health in years past as there is today.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1759336", "score": 0.6874246597290039, "text": "Every time you hear about people with mental illness, they are having negative thoughts that include harming others or themselves, extremely negative voices / thoughts towards themselves and others, etc.\n\nMy question is this: why aren't these symptoms ever positive for the ill? Do we know why these thoughts are always negative and dangerous? \n\nWould I even be seen as schizophrenic if I had voices constantly telling me that I can succeed, to help others, and things of the sort? There has to be a reason that the mentally ill tend to have such negative symptoms.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-86243", "score": 0.6870800852775574, "text": "Might be better to ask this in /r/askscience. That said, mental problems are not as simple as what you're describing. If it were we could just give people dopamine and bam they'd be cured. But obviously that doesn't work.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1066812", "score": 0.6868907809257507, "text": "In my experience it is difficult to determine the degree to which a patient can or cannot work, except in more severe cases. I think similar difficulties are experienced by doctors who handle disability cases due to pain, as much of the evaluation is based on the subjective reports of the patients. Do you have a more objective method for determining how disabled patients are due to their mental illness? What is your approach?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-707", "score": 0.6966118216514587, "text": "Often times the original company you owe the money to, sells the debt for less than the original and writes it off as a business loss. For some businesses this is a better choice then spending money trying to collect the debt from you. The company that buys it will try and get you to pay them more than what they paid for it, but that is often less than the original debt. Other times, if the company doesn't active try to collect the debt for a certain period of time, the debt is cancelled. You no longer owe the money to the company. However, be careful, because the federal government considers cancelled debt as income and will tax you on it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2224963", "score": 0.6617639660835266, "text": "I have just returned from New York with three letters, they play out like this:\n\nLetter #1 (From debt collectors): If you do not pay £700 you owe, we will take you to court. \nLetter #2 (From debt collectors): You have not payed, so we are going to take you to court. \nLetter #3 (From a court): You have had a CCJ against you, pay it off in full this month. \n \nI received all of these letters while I was away, so was in complete disbelief when I read them.\n\nThey state that the debt is from Vodafone, to the amount of ~£700.\nOnly thing is, I don’t recall having any debt with them. I opened an phone contract with them in 2008, and didn’t renew and just cancelled the direct debit after paying the last instalment in 2010 (18 month contract) \n\nOver the last years I have not received any letters of notification of debt until the three letters listed above.\n\nI haven’t spoken to them yet, as I wanted to seek some advice before doing so! \n\nIs there anything I can do with this? Any questions I should ask? Or if there is anything I should do to make sure the debt belongs to me?\n\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-136559", "score": 0.6615548729896545, "text": "What do you mean \"allowed to keep all of their assets\"? So long as they are current on their payments, it doesn't matter how much they are in debt. That's no different than a middle class person with a big mortgage or credit card--also living beyond their means, but able to do so if they keep current. If they go overdue, or even declare bankruptcy, they may have to sell some of their assets to pay creditors.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1075466", "score": 0.6615249514579773, "text": "e.g. - You owe 100k but your house is worth 200k. Can you add 100k to your assets at the same time as having the 100k in remaining debt or do you generally not include something until you own it outright? I've recently become fascinated with attests getting my net worth to 0 and then start building actual wealth.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2805221", "score": 0.6614184975624084, "text": "My fraternity sent me to debt collectors for not paying off 800 of my dues, I was on a payment plan but lost my job and couldn't pay it anymore. I am able to pay off a significant amount thanks to a friend, but im worried this will hurt my credit.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2805365", "score": 0.661231279373169, "text": "Need help understanding my predicament.\n\nGot a private student loan from college (school was the lender). After graduating I defaulted because I was unemployed and foolishly ignored their collection attempts. Once employed the loan went into default and sent to collections (General Revenue Corporation - GRC). Once employed and being responsible, I made a payment plan with GRC to pay in full. \n\nCollection amount: 3850.65 with 5% interest rate. Paid it in full resulting in paying 4053.28 over 9 months. \n\nNow fast forward 8 months and the school sending bills to pay the original loan again but now the amount is $850. I call GRC (the collection agency) and they tell me the full amount is paid and the account is now closed. Then I call the school loan department and they tell me they didn't like GRC's handling of accounts so they terminated their service and retook the loans. I tell the school I paid GRC in full so where is the remaining amount coming from, and they tell me it's the interest and fees that was not yet paid on the amount that was sent to GRC.\n\nI ask them I never received a letter from them detailing where this amount owed came from nor any letter from GRC saying there's leftover fees and interest going back to original lender, the school. The school proceeds to tell me there's nothing more they can tell me and that I need to pay this or it'll go into default if I don't pay, or if I refuse to pay, will be on my credit report of \"refusal to pay\".\n\nMy question is... what? The school refuses to send me any details on where this amount is from other than telling me it's the loan I agreed to and it's what's left from it. How is this not predatory to student loan borrowers? The amount, $850, is not high enough to warrant getting a lawyer to fight this. Do I just pay and be over with it? I just want to know if this is common and what other's have in experience in dealing with this.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2803657", "score": 0.6611210703849792, "text": "I am at a point where i cannot pay back my student loans, my private loans are about $31,000 and my payment is $389 a month. I requested to lower my payment to $200 because i think i can afford that. I did not get a degree due to my co-signer passing away after my 2nd year and the bank not approving my loan without one, and i have no one else. In my modification documents its says when i modify my loan they will notify the credit reporting agencies i am delinquent. So by modifying my loan it still hurts my credit and may increase my interest rate. Is it better just to let it go to collections, which will probably lower the amount and pay them and in a few years once they are gone hope my credit goes back up?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-13557", "score": 0.6609960198402405, "text": "In the USA, the hospital harasses you. Then they offer to let you pay less. If that doesn't work, they hire a collection agency. They harass you. Depending on the size of the debt, they can sue you to get the money and then take money from your pay-check or similar. However, most people that can't pay declare bankruptcy, which means that the bill becomes uncollectible (this is the cause of most bankruptcy in the USA). Ultimately, the hospital will simply write-off the debt and keep track of it. They have an idea how much they lose every year on that sort of thing, so they will just add what they lost into the cost of service for the paying customers (the ones with insurance; cash customers tend to get very much reduced rates). By that time, quite a bit of time and effort had gone into collecting the money and failing, so the cost is pretty big. It's very inefficient.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2806479", "score": 0.6609466075897217, "text": "Girlfriend made a couple mistakes while moving and transitioning accounts and has since been dealing with wage garnishment for unpaid student loans. As of February 1st, her balance was close to $1300, with significant payments being taken each check. \n\nI imagine that the amount will be paid in full fairly soon, but sometimes getting her to take initiative to find out can be like pulling teeth. What sorts of things do I need to know when it comes to the end? Should I request a paid in full statement? Is there a way to remove it from credit history so we can get the car she desperately needs?\n\nAny and all help appreciated :)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2442064", "score": 0.6607532501220703, "text": "My brother lives in VA and a collection company started garnishing his check before he even went to court. How is that legal? If he pays all the money by court than what's the point of even going to court to fight it? He doesn't even know what it's for. He thinks maybe it was a tow company and he didn't have enough money to get the car out so he signed the title over and told them to keep it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2614", "score": 0.6605662703514099, "text": "They negotiate on your behalf with the various places you owe money to set up payment plans than you can make. Example: You owe 10 companies money which totals out to $1000 per month. You can't afford it. You could just declare bankruptcy, which would ruin your credit, but you'd be off the hook for all the money you owed. The credit companies don't want you to do this, because they don't get their money. The repair agencies will go to the creidt company and say \"hey, our client can't afford to pay you on time. However, if you let him pay only 50% of what he owed over 5 years, and you don't report him to the credit agencies and ruin his credit, he won't declare bankruptcy.\" Win-win... you keep OK credit, they get at least some of the money you owe them.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-92508", "score": 0.6605057120323181, "text": "Think of it this way. I lend Jim $5. Jim lends that $5 to Mary. Mary then lends that $5 to John. There is a total of $15 of debt, despite only $5 entering the system.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-136678", "score": 0.6604353785514832, "text": "Because the money is gone. It belongs to someone else. Past that point you basically have to sue them to prove your claim to some of their money.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2225347", "score": 0.6602439880371094, "text": "I don't particularly like doing this... that is, give CC information away like that.\n\nIs this supposed to happen? Why don't they just allow me to take the full thing and pay whatever in the end if I choose to do so?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2226060", "score": 0.659999668598175, "text": "As the title says, I disputed a debt on both equifax and transunion and it was taken off. \n\nThen I received a letter from the debt collections agency (I had never received any letters for this debt until this one) and it's saying I can pay off only a part of the debt by September 1st or I can mail in a dispute within 30 days.\n\nI got this letter late so I only have 4 days to get a letter sent to them. Should I just pay the portion they're asking for, or will that validate the debt and in turn affect my credit score again with transunion and equifax? \n\nThe debt is 5 years old already, if I pay, will it come off my credit score in 2 years or will it be there for another 7? \n\nI have no idea what to do and I'd prefer not to pay this off because I never even received a bill to begin with.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-175669", "score": 0.6598570346832275, "text": "Are you going to pay the debt you owe?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-89202", "score": 0.6598484516143799, "text": "If you *declare,* nothing. But if you go through the entire bankruptcy process (without trying to cheat your creditors or hide money), your credit card company takes a loss on whatever you can't pay (which is usually all or almost all that you owe). An important distinction: Credit card debt is \"unsecured\" debt - there's no collateral for it. For debt that is \"secured\" by collateral, like an auto loan or even a mortgage, your creditors can generally foreclose on/repossess the collateral to satisfy their debt, in whole or in part.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2766625", "score": 0.6598353385925293, "text": "Somehow most of my credit cards have ended up with more budgeted to them than my current balance.\n\nAs far as I can tell this seems to be because of returns or credits that were for purchases before I started with YNAB, which I categorized as To Be Budgeted.\n\nBased on this article I moved the excess Available for Payment amount to To Be Budgeted: \n\nWhat I don't understand is why if I categorize a return as To Be Budgeted I then ALSO have to go move the payment to To Be Budgeted. I've noticed with YNAB you have to \"think like the developer\" or everything gets out of sync, so I'm trying to understand the system. \n\nMy best understanding right now is that the behavior would make sense if you carried a balance (it would just reduce your balance) but is completely wrong if you pay off your balance every month?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2226214", "score": 0.6598134636878967, "text": "Before I left for college, I decided not to pay 2 prorated bills that totaled about $50. This was about two years ago. According to creditkarma, there aren't any marks on my credit score. Were the bills sent to collections or were they written off? I'm applying to government jobs and I don't want this to bite me in the ass during a background check. I called one of the places and they have no idea what I was talking about ($11 debt). I'm not sure where to go from here. Any input would be helpful. This is in LA, CA.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2226361", "score": 0.6596614122390747, "text": "Not sure how, but an old account of mine tracked me down by my cell phone and I was completely unprepared for it. It's an account that went delinquent back in 2010, so it's over 7 years old, but they just called to ask me to settle. I said I didn't recognize the account, but if it was mine, how much would they settle for. The account was worth $1400 and they said that I could settle for $375, which I can easily afford. The question I want to know is, if I acknowledge this debt and pay off the settlement amount, is it suddenly going to appear on my credit file again? It's not there currently, so I'm really worried that maybe they'll send in something that says I paid the account and cause the collections account to show up on my file again. \n\n​\n\nAlso, with this debt being over 7 years old, are they able to keep trying to track me down for the rest of my life if I don't settle it?\n\n​\n\nJust when I thought I was out of the woods!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-16846", "score": 0.6596239805221558, "text": "Broke people can't pay their bills. It's just math. So let's say you owe your credit card companies $25,623 and you don't really have any way of paying that back. You might file bankruptcy, and the credit card companies would get little or nothing. OR they could agree to take $5,000 and just give up on the rest. This is probably a better option than forcing you into bankruptcy, because $5,000 > $0. So these companies work with your credit card companies and other creditors to arrange a settlement. It usually looks like them paying $5,000 to the credit card company to wipe out the debt, and then you end up paying them $6,000 over time, so they make money too.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-708", "score": 0.8113220930099487, "text": "Basically money that someone invests for some specific purpose or persons. A rich dude will create a trust for his 3 kids, or a scholarship fund, or charity or something... the trust will then have rules on how it may be invested, and how much will be paid out, when and to who. Many trust funds are set up to avoid taxes, and put money in limbo basically. If you just gave your daughter $50 million, the taxes are higher than if you made a trust and it paid her an allowance. For many trusts one of the ideas is to pay out the earnings, or a portion of them, without ever depleting the trust so that it continues on indefinitely benefiting people or some charity for a long time." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1580713", "score": 0.7657475471496582, "text": "I've heard about trust funds being used to protect assets in the case of a divorce (well on this forum). Does anyone have a basic explanation of how this works? I did a google search and the gist seems to be that if you can't access your assets, neither can your creditors. I don't quite understand how this process works.\n\nAlso, there seem to be exceptions and risks, but what consequences do these exceptions or risks entail? Furthermore, are trust funds applicable for this purpose in places other than America?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1582265", "score": 0.7121724486351013, "text": "I hear stories all the time about people getting money in a lawsuit or inheritance or through the lottery, then being stupid and losing it all.\n\nI'm wondering what steps could be taken to ensure the money is actually grown? Honestly if I won the lottery tomorrow I'd have no clue what to do other than talk to lawyer, and I'd have no clue if I'm being scammed, or if he is stupid, or what. Even long term CDs seem like they would be a waste of time and money. I hear about rich people all the time having \"Trust Funds\" what exactly IS a trust fund? Just a group that invests for you and transfers the growth your way or what?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-165797", "score": 0.7088508605957031, "text": "Let's say your parents are going on vacation a month and they don't want to bring you because they want some alone time and you have school, so they hire a baby sitter. You usually get $2 a day in allowance. When they go on vacation, they don't want to give you all $62 in one go because you would be irresponsible with it, so they gave the babysitter $62 (and *trusts* her with it) and tells her to give you $2 a day. Trust funds are the same, just with more money.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-91736", "score": 0.700897753238678, "text": "Think of a mutual fund is as a bank account that tens of hundreds of people can deposit money into. The fund manager decides what companies to invest the money into, with the goal of returning the profit from the investment back to the people who deposited the money originally.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-581457", "score": 0.6946315765380859, "text": "Seriously, I'm curious. Trust-fund? (not a troll genuinely interested)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-172232", "score": 0.6921558380126953, "text": "People pool their money together under a fund manager and they invest following a particular set of rules. For example, it could be that 99% of the money must be equally distributed in S & P500, and less than 1% in cash. Periodically the fund manager buys/sells to keep the holdings balanced. Or the rules could be - buy a certain list of small companies, or large companies, or just American companies, or just Tech companies, ...there are a bunch of styles. You make money by leaving your money invested (hopefully), collecting dividends and/or watching stock prices go up. Gains are realized when you sell. Depending on the fund, managers have more of a human role, choosing what to buy/sell and when. Personally, I like “index” funds, where it’s more robotic - like the S & P 500 example. Over long periods of time, they do better and for a smaller fee :)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-178422", "score": 0.6907291412353516, "text": "Your parents, or someone else who wants to help you, puts money into an account for your benefit, but gives *someone else* permission to release the money to you according to some rules or timing. That someone else is called the *trustee* because they are trusted to do the job.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-72705", "score": 0.6895639896392822, "text": "When you set up a trust, you give up some money to be held by a trustee and handled according to your instructions. Its not your money anymore, you can't pull money out of it. The trustee manages it and pays out from it according to instructions and conditions you st up initially. The money is lost to you though, you can't go and withdraw money from a trust like it were a bank account. So when a person dies its not part of their estate, its not an asset they have, the trust is an independent thing. So there is no estate tax to pay on it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2674653", "score": 0.6886987090110779, "text": "I understand that it's a set up that goes from the top down. But, how do they operate? How does money get to the top? Where does it come from? How do you get people to buy in and pay money? Can someone provide a really simple real life example? Is it for investing? I just do not understand the concept at all.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2409781", "score": 0.68708336353302, "text": "At 18 I will be able to access my child trust fund money which is a scheme the government announced a few months before I was born. This money is given by the government. My parents want me to use this money for university but I'm planning on getting a part time job at uni anyway. \n\nWhat do you recommend I do with this money?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-138500", "score": 0.6855942010879517, "text": "It's basically a loan you make to the bank. You give the bank your money and you promise not to ask for it back for a certain amount of time. In return the bank promises to give you more money back than you leant them. Because you are agreeing to leave the money in the bank for a set amount of time the bank is able to assure you a certain amount of interest that you would never receive in a standard savings account.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-161619", "score": 0.6853753924369812, "text": "A will is a document that describes how an estate should be handled once the holder has died. It often will talk about how much money his wife and kids get, who gets the house, etc. A trust is a type of account that can only be withdrawn from for specific reasons. Usually rich people make one for their kids. So if they go bankrupt and all their money gets taken, their kids still have a ton because it belongs to them. The rules vary but usually a kid can withdraw from it to pay for college and put a down payment on a house or start a business, but the dad can't withdraw from it to buy himself a boat, even though it was his money that went into the account. An estate is everything someone owns, but usually this term is used after they died. They might own houses, cars, a business, and a bunch of cash in the bank. The estate will be used to settle any outstanding debts to creditors and then enacted according to the will of the deceased.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1247202", "score": 0.6828567385673523, "text": "Hi, Does anyone have an experience in setting up trust / foundation in Netherlands? I was wondering how does it work from tax perspective. You can put your assets e.g. property, stocks, crypto inside trust/foundation and then what? :) What are the running cost of foundation / trust? I assume I don't pay wealth tax as my assets are in trust/foundation but then if I (or my children) want to take some of the assets out from foundation / trust to consume it is there an income tax? gift tax? Would be good to get some info. Thanks", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-164691", "score": 0.6806947588920593, "text": "A Mutual Fund is basically a lot of investments in one big bundle. Instead of you spending $1000 and buying x shares of every stock in a group manually, you can just invest in a fund and they will take your $1000 and a bunch of other people's money and buy the stock for you. So if I wanted to invest in tech companies, instead of researching the individual companies, I could just find a Tech Mutual Fund, send them my money and an experienced Fund Manager would buy and sell Tech stocks as he saw appropriate. Pros - They do more of the work and you do less. Instant diversification (which is very important). Better return than savings accounts. Diversification means less risk than buying a single stock. Cons - You have to pay Management Fees. They'll do the work but not for free. Fees are usually small, but even medium sized fees can seriously eat into gains over the long term.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1515648", "score": 0.678224503993988, "text": "Will be turning 18 in a month or two, and i get a $55-60k trust when i do (unsure of exact number, was created with 50k about 10 years ago)\n\nI currently owe my parents 9k but am otherwise debt free and have a decently well paying job (for my age) of about $50-60k/year (Salary). Job is also pretty stable so im not too worried about suddenly being jobless.\n\nIm thinking that i should pay my parents back in a lump sum, because i feel its the right thing to do, and then keep ~5-10k for myself (emergency fund + money for furnishing a house) then use the remaining ~40k as a 20% deposit on a $200k house/unit/apartment. I am pretty keen to buy and renovate something, atleast 2 bed but ideally 3 and rent out the other rooms. This would mean i have someone paying a good chunk of my mortgage so i can invest more money back into the renovations or into paying off the mortgage faster.\n\nIs getting my own place straight away a good idea? The way im thinking is it should mean its completely paid off by while im still relatively young meaning i can then rent it out and use that rent money to pay the mortgage on another property. What would you see as a better use of this money?\n\n(No plans or desires to goto uni or tafe, happy where i am at the moment and my job has plenty of opportunity for growth. Have a fully paid off car, and have a company car as well, so theres no need for a new car. I would love to spend some on travel but after having watched my siblings waste their trust money, i do not want to so the same)\n\nAny input/suggestions is really appreciated, and if you need/want more info on anything let me know :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-64758", "score": 0.6780576109886169, "text": "A stock is a share of a company. It changes in value as the company does. A bond is where someone takes out a loan and promises to pay it back with interest. You buy part of the debt so that you get a share of their payments plus interest. A mutual fund is where someone buys a bunch of different stocks and then sells shares of the pool. The value of the shares goes up and down with the value of the stocks that make up the fund.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1579533", "score": 0.6771253943443298, "text": "So when my grandmother passed away, she left me [female], my older brother, and my younger sister sizable trust funds intended for us to use towards school. She left my uncle, whom I’d met maybe twice in my life, as trustee of the funds. When my brother went to school, my uncle gave him everything he asked for, no questions asked. Even gave him extra money to take his girlfriend out. When I started school four years later, I “needed to learn the value of a dollar” and “get a job” — all he ever paid for were my sheets and a small sum towards the end of the school year because I was about to be expelled for non-payment. I wasn’t able to go back to school after this, I’ve been struggling under the debt of the one year of school, and it’s been affecting my credit score as well as my tax returns.\n\nI’ve been told the trust says I’m also allowed to have the money when I turn 25 (in April), regardless of if I’ve gone to school or not. I do have every intention to use the money towards my school debt and towards school once that debt is taken care of, but I can’t do that if my trustee won’t give me the money in the first place.\n\nI’ve also been told that because my trustee lives in AZ, I would need to go through an AZ attorney if I wanted to sue.\n\nWhat are my options? Is there a way I can force access to my trust fund without suing? Should I try to get the trust fund when I turn 25, according to the trust, and then look into suing if he won’t give it to me? What if he spent it already—then what are my legal options?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-66861", "score": 0.677034854888916, "text": "In the most basic sense, they take the money deposited to them and loan it out to other account holders. Say your savings account earns 1% interest on all the money held there. The bank would then borrow that money, combine it with other account holders’ money, and loan it out to someone for a house mortgage or car loan. To make money, they will charge the person asking for the car loan 7% interest. They make money by lending out your money for more than they are paying you to use it.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-53008", "score": 0.6766042709350586, "text": "Easy enough: some taxes are, by law, directed toward a specific program rather than the general revenue. When that program has an excess amount of money, Congress borrows it for its ordinary spending, but promises to pay it back with interest when that program needs it. This how it is with works with the Social Security Trust Fund. Currently, the fund takes in more in taxes than it spends in paying benefits. Congress borrows the surplus, which has the benefit that the Fund earns interest on the money. But it has to pay it back, or else Social Security will be unable to pay out benefits when they exceed that year's tax revenue.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1580821", "score": 0.6763110756874084, "text": "Hi PFC,\n\nBackstory: A member of my extended family controls a trust made in memory of their late parents. The family holds at least one annual fundraiser, the proceeds from which are then deposited in the trust and a yearly scholarship is awarded from the trust to a high school student in the area. I don’t have many details about the trust (sorry, I know what a sin that is in this sub) but I do know they currently have enough money for several years worth of scholarships. While chatting with a family member recently, I learned the money in the trust is not currently invested or earning interest. \n\nMy question is, what would be the best option for the money in the trust to grow? Are there any special rules or loopholes for situations such as this?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-709", "score": 0.7364988327026367, "text": "Certain sounds at particular frequencies are very unpleasant to the human ear, the sound of that falls into that range. However it isn't something that effects all humans the same, some tolerate the sound more so than others or are not bothered by it at all. I fall into the category of not being bothered by it at all, the sound of folding paper however, that drives me mad." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-82521", "score": 0.6995614767074585, "text": "> A 2011 study by musicologists Michael Oehler and Christoph Reuter has led its authors to hypothesize that the unpleasantness of the sound is caused by acoustic resonance due to the shape of the human ear canal which amplifies certain frequencies, especially those in the range of 2000 to 4000 Hz (the median pitches mentioned above), at such a level that the sound would trigger pain in our ears. - _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-125958", "score": 0.6987297534942627, "text": "There's probably a more scientific reasoning for it but very loud noises makes it extremely hard for people to concentrate. You can't hear yourself think because you are unable to concentrate on anything but the loud noise.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-178148", "score": 0.6974613666534424, "text": "This is a great ELI5. Here's my attempt: Nobody really know why yet, but there are a couple good ideas. Some people think that a long time ago people were hunted by an animal that made a similar sound. [\\[source\\]](_URL_0_) But most people now believe that it has more to do with the shape of the ear mixing with the sound waves in a way that your brain finds disturbing. Your brain doesn't like the way your ear affects the sound. [\\[source\\]](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-62315", "score": 0.6973016858100891, "text": "For me is something known as misophonia. Docs originally thought it was OCD, and I guess it could be related... but basically it's an irrational hatred of certain sounds. Like, even I know it's irrational, and seriously affects my relationship with my wife. But the sound of chewing, I can pick it up across the room... grrrrrr", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-189527", "score": 0.6969674825668335, "text": "I know what OP is talking about and absolutely no one in the comments is addressing what he's talking about. It's definitely not tinnitus and it is not electrical appliances. It is a loud, distinctive high pitched noise, sounds exactly like the sound effect they use for a flashbang in video games. It lasts for a few seconds at most. Last time I read about this, many people get this and it's nothing to worry about: it's something to do with hairs in our ears accidentally engaged in a positive feedback loop (like when a microphone picks up the speaker sound and it makes that annoying noise that sounds exactly like the noise you hear) that eventually resolves itself after a few seconds", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-12354", "score": 0.6962721943855286, "text": "There is a condition called [Misophonia](_URL_0_) that causes extreme negative responses (such as rage or flight) in response to certain sounds. Mouth smacking noises drive my husband pretty nuts; for others it could be the proverbial chalkboard or styrofoam or whatever. It's a neurological condition, and as such, is about as mysterious as the rest of the brain.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2199889", "score": 0.6954230070114136, "text": "Basically the arguement that the noise causes distress for so many animals and people with ptsd. Why should they suffer because we wanted half an hour of pretty colours and banging noises that we will 100% forget about in a years time.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-165173", "score": 0.6950365900993347, "text": "So, you know how when you get bit by a mosquito, and you scratch it because it feels good, only except you want to scratch it more? That's basically what's happening in our brains. You hear a song you like, and you start \"scratching\" it because it feels good, only except it itches more! These are called \"earworms,\" and it's not entirely known why it occurs just yet. [Source](_URL_0_) edit: Thanks to /u/kinshark for helping me differentiate between \"itch\" and \"scratch.\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-311799", "score": 0.6947857737541199, "text": "Usually it’s a mild irritant, like dry skin or brushing up against something. It can even be psychosomatic, like a nervous itch or itching because you’re thinking about itching. Sometimes your nerves just decide to scream though. Nerves do that. They’re very fidgety.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-126024", "score": 0.6943938136100769, "text": "The term for this is semantic satiation, and the why behind it is not perfectly understood. One leading idea is that any given word or sound will make a certain pattern in your brain. If you stimulate that pattern over and over and over, your brain has built in measures to lessen the impact. Like if I tap you on the arm lightly, eventually you'll feel it a bit less. After a while, you kind of \"normalize\" it. Or, like having a buzzing noise in a room that is quiet. Your brain pushes it to the side. This is so weird with words because we are used to having the sense of them. When our brain does its things, the result is difficult for our cognition.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-134657", "score": 0.6939012408256531, "text": "Scientists that have researched this effect say it's because of the frequency range the action produces. 2,000hz - 4,000hz. There are evolutionary reasons why our ears are so sensitive to this specific band in the audio spectrum such as the cry of a baby, the range of human speech, and many others. Couple that with the sheer mechanical audio power of metal against metal, and you have an audio \"laser\" shooting straight into your cochlea that is already too sensitive to the laser to start with. Here is an article that describes it better: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-62997", "score": 0.693274199962616, "text": "This is called \"**sensory adaptation**.\" After constant exposure to a stimulus (in this case, a noise), nerve cells fire less frequently. This allows us to focus on more important information rather than being distracted by constant background stimulation (you've shown that the fire alarm sound isn't important to you, so your mind pays less attention to it while instead waiting for more important things). This is also why we seem to get used to an unpleasant smell in a room after some time.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1665487", "score": 0.6932389140129089, "text": "Whenever someone scratches their nails over denim or other textured fabric against the grain, my teeth feel like they are almost.... itchy? And like they’re going to fall out of my head. I have to clench my jaw or bite my tongue or physically push on my teeth with my finger to help ease the sensation, though it doesn’t help a ton. My natural reaction is to have pressure on my teeth when this happens. Usually I just have to wait a few seconds and it’ll stop. When my boyfriend or someone I’m close to is scratching against the grain on their jeans I will immediately grab their wrist. I. Can’t. Deal. I know it sounds so fucking weird... just me?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-307509", "score": 0.6930584907531738, "text": "Nails are made of a relatively stiff material, keratin. They also have a pretty short free length. If you look at the free vibration equation f=1/2pi x (k/m)^0.5 you will see that greater stiffness (k) results in a higher frequency that it will vibrate at, and I can't remember the equation, but twang a ruler over the edge of a table and you will see the effect free length has. Combine both of these effects and you get a very high natural frequency of vibration, which is induced by the rough surface of the chalkboard \"twanging\" your fingernails", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2643070", "score": 0.6928112506866455, "text": "A lot of times I'll find normal sounds to be too loud.. while others are fine with it.\n\nI also sometimes misinterpret the tone of people to be angry when they're just speaking louder or faster.\n\nI hate not being able to trust my brain.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-165292", "score": 0.6925346851348877, "text": "Irritants, from chemicals to tiny mites to rough fiber-ed clothing and other items, cause nerves close to the surface of your skin to alert your brain that something foreign is present and perhaps dangerous. Scratching is the bodies response to remove the irritant. Sometimes it is effective, sometimes it makes matters worse by increasing the irritation.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-125513", "score": 0.6921654343605042, "text": "According to [this NPR link](_URL_0_) humans bite their nails because of something called pathalogial grooming. Pathological grooming is a type of grooming that goes \"haywire\" and the nail biting becomes triggered by stress, reading or any other regular every day action. At some point, further down the timeline, the actions don't trigger the nail biting anymore and it just becomes an automatic behavior. It's noted that pathalogial grooming is somehow connected to OCD. The one difference is that people with OCD hate that they have to wash their hands 5 times to feel clean or touch the doorknob 3 times before entering their house. Whereas pathalogial groomers usually get a satisfaction out of getting the right nail when biting them.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1496715", "score": 0.6917693018913269, "text": "I've been wondering, do other people with misophonia experience this too? That the wetter the sound produced (e.g. saliva in mouth, snotty nose, slurping, 'chewing' on wet food e.g. porridge...) the worse your reaction is. I really don't understand why it makes it so much worse for me.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-4516", "score": 0.6915991902351379, "text": "Those type of actions are about soothing or entertaining yourself. You get positive feedback from the noise or motion. Other people just get an annoying click, tap, or track suit rustling as you bounce your leg up and down in 3rd period noise. Great for you as it works out your nerves, not for others because it's just a noise or motion.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-174166", "score": 0.6914826035499573, "text": "According to some studies over the years, this feeling we get is a whole new emotion (there isn't an English word for it). Some researchers say that this feeling/emotion is a human instinct that has lived with us since prehistoric times. Back when were primates, we were prey to some animals, so we had a warning call similar to the alarm call of macaque monkeys, and on hearing this call, we would get the same horrible feeling, telling us to run away or hide. That warning call sound must have been identical to the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-710", "score": 0.6503843069076538, "text": "It's a hygiene thing too, I think. It means you don't have to touch the handle on the towel dispenser, which might conceivably be contaminated with someone else's fecal matter." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-252754", "score": 0.6177875995635986, "text": "As far as I know, most digital clocks have a quartz crystal, that vibrates under electricity. It counts those vibrations to count a second, and it keeps track that way. It's not perfect, which is why you have to adjust them manually sometimes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2781990", "score": 0.6177654266357422, "text": "The 'UID' is a circuit that outputs a redstone signal when the item in the dispenser matches the item thrown into the machine.\n\nIt has several applications such as making a secure lock that requires a certain item to be thrown in to open the door, or a shop that will give items to the player if they throw in a certain item as currency. (e.g emeralds)\n\nAlthough this concept is not new, this design is the most compact i have seen to date (4x4x5) and does not require excessive resources to build.\n\nIf anyone knows of a more compact design, please leave a comment below :D\n\nImages/Concept:\nTutorial:", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-4355", "score": 0.6177271008491516, "text": "Magnetic induction. The charger creates an oscillating magnetic field (it quickly switches back and forth pointing one way and then the other) and this interacts with metal inside the toothbrush to create an electric current which charges the toothbrush. It works because the magnetic field can penetrate the plastic (which you can see for yourself by playing with strong magnets through objects) and the effect that changing magnetic fields has on metal is the basis for the vast majority of our electrical production, this is just on a smaller scale.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-176655", "score": 0.617684006690979, "text": "Someone didn't do their job right, that's why it's not working well. Or...maybe the controller has switched over to a failsafe program to handle that one or more of the detectors are broken. It can be the failsafe program that is poorly written too. Theoretically, it can also be a broken button for pedestrian crossing that constantly demands a time slot, and thus breaks the program. Or, I guess, a clock that thinks it's midnight when it's rush hour, so that what you see is actually the night program where the program makes a lot more sense. Either way, that is not how it's supposed to be.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-5825", "score": 0.6175841093063354, "text": "Bathrooms have water pipes in them, and it's safer to keep switches and outlets away from water unless they (switches and outlets) are waterproof.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-39621", "score": 0.6175090074539185, "text": "For many reasons, but the biggest reason is that water conducts electricity and one of the biggest assumptions inherent in designing electrical gadgets is that electricity only flows where the designer wants it to. Water creates \"short circuits\", where electricity jumps over important electrical components and flows through portions of the design where it's not supposed to. This can permanently damage the physical components themselves.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-311421", "score": 0.6174499988555908, "text": "Through [magnetic induction](_URL_0_). It's the same mechanism for [transformers](_URL_1_), the electrical circuits of which are not physically connected either. See [this diagram of a simple transformer](_URL_2_). Basically, the electricity from the outlet is used to generate a magnetic field, which generates a current inside your toothbrush.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-146886", "score": 0.6173704862594604, "text": "They might have updated the software. The one I had was an early model and basically did a random walk. It'd go on one path until it bumped into something or a timer kicked in, and then it would go off in another direction. Toss of the dice. Effective enough.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-84754", "score": 0.6172975301742554, "text": "Its an electrical code / safety thing. In your home the light switch is waay the other side of the bathroom so you couldn't - easily - stand in the bathtub and flick it, thereby possibly electrocuting yourself. You could still do it, but you'd have to be pretty determined, and its in your own home. Have at it. Hotels are rather risk averse (insurance things), so by putting the switch outside there's almost NO way you could do something stupid and electrocute yourself in THEIR bathtub.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1443744", "score": 0.6172723174095154, "text": "I just bought a Waterpik (the plug-in kind) and I'm a little nervous about all that water splashing around an electric appliance. I'm still new to it so water gets everywhere on the counter, etc. Maybe I just remember old safety videos from elementary school too vividly, but isn't that a shock hazard?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-185410", "score": 0.6168006658554077, "text": "They are normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a bolt or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (Belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1443119", "score": 0.6167988777160645, "text": "I understand they use two potentiometers (one for x, one for y) and use springs to move it to a default position, I'm just a bit lost on how the two potentiometers are exactly constructed\n\nBeing an electrics n00b I think a potentiometer works by having a track of material, where a needle moves along to allow different amounts of voltage to pass, but I just don't see how a joystick works like this atm\n\nSorry if that bit about the track and the voltage is wrong, I haven't looked at this stuff in a long time :)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-171529", "score": 0.6163591146469116, "text": "Bathroom sink faucets are kept back as far as possible so you can fill the sink with water and wash your face, among other things. For public washrooms, this design doesn't really make any sense; we'd do better with a touchless sink designed specifically for washing hands for 30 seconds.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2074010", "score": 0.6162994503974915, "text": "There's always HUGE lines in front of the big machines and nobody waiting for the smaller ones. They've always worked when I use them, they're functional. And there's never a line so I never wait. What gives? I'm not complaining but I really want to know why there's never a line of people in front of those machines", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-94454", "score": 0.616209089756012, "text": "I have never seen a bidet in real life. It's just not something that ever caught on in the US.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-145274", "score": 0.6161072254180908, "text": "So I do not know it vending machines utilize all (or any if these) but I used to work for a company that made cash counting machines that banks use. Our machines used image sensors, magnetic detectors, and ultraviolet light to determine the denomination of the bill.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-26047", "score": 0.6160507798194885, "text": "I believe there were a bunch of studies done that indicate that if there's something in a urinal, men are more likely to aim at it. Even if it serves no hygienic purpose, it at least keeps it in the urinal (which I suppose makes it more hygienic that way).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-156366", "score": 0.6157750487327576, "text": "The main reason is that electrical outlets in North America usually have little bumps inside them and the bumps slide into the holes when you insert a plug, effectively gripping the plug so that it does not fall out easily. It also serves other practical uses. For example, you can install a locking mechanism on the plug to prevent the appliance from being used if you know the device is faulty/defective or you want to prevent children from plugging it into an electrical outlet. It also allows you to, in an emergency or exceptional circumstance, manually wire the plug to a power source which cannot interface with the plug directly (e.g. because the power source uses a different pin configuration or supplies power through wired terminals rather than a conventional electrical outlet).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-130032", "score": 0.6156794428825378, "text": "touchscreens work by creating a small electrical current. When there's water on the screen the current is rerouted and the charge isn't read by the phone, or is misread.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-39948", "score": 0.6155455112457275, "text": "A recent study has suggested that solid soap can retain germs on its surface. You can dislodge a lot of them by simply rinsing it off, but it does provide a minor benefit in that a dispenser type soap can help sidestep that problem. However, if reusing the bottle one needs to clean it thoroughly or else you're potentially just in the same boat, getting germs inside of it. So a bar of soap may be less desirable in a social setting like a public restroom, where it can pass through many hands and not be subjected to the tightest level of cleanliness.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-711", "score": 0.756862461566925, "text": "We bought the CPU to be used, not to sit idle. If one program wants all of the CPU and no other programs want any, why would the program that wants it not be given it? The CPU doesn't have inertia. If someone else comes along and asks for CPU, it can be taken away from the first process in a tiny fraction of a second." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-251537", "score": 0.7185379862785339, "text": "Generally speaking, and slightly simplified, a processor doesn't run 20 programs at once. It runs one program for a small period of time, then switches to the next, and the next, and it does this many times per second. So processor load is more of a representation of how much time is spent on a given program than what it sounds like when you say that at a given point in time, program x is using y% of the processor.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-755024", "score": 0.7183384299278259, "text": "Guys idk why my PC is using 100% cpu while gaming, actually this problem came when I decided to give my PC a fresh Re-Install, game which was running perfectly before Re-Install.\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-316555", "score": 0.7174742221832275, "text": "No. Imagine a program which can't be parallelized, such as applying math operations to a single variable repeatedly. This program can only run on a single thread, and so the 4 core and 2 core cpu would both run this program at the same speed, since both are only using a single core. Even if a program were perfectly parallelizable (which isn't exactly possible, there's always going to be *some* serial portions), there's overhead involved in splitting it into different threads and then recombining the results. While there will be a speedup if you add more cores, it's this overhead that prevents it from being a linear relationship.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-39094", "score": 0.7170383930206299, "text": "The operating system time slices applications. Any given program is allowed to run for a very short period of time, after which it is suspended, and another program is allowed to run. If this is all done quickly enough, it looks as if everything's running simultaneously, even though it's really not. Now, most modern CPUs have multiple cores, which mean they can ACTUALLY run programs simultaneously. But if you have 2 cores and 3 programs running, then you still end up in a case where time slicing has to be used.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-941702", "score": 0.7168934941291809, "text": "Hello I’m new to the PC race, and I’ve recently built a rig which includes a Ryzen 5 1600 AF which I’ve overclocked. Base clock was originally 3.2GHz @ 1.2V and now I have it clocked at 4.00Ghz @ 1.3375V. Keep it mind these clocks are ‘unstable’ and thats because I used Prime95 & CPU-Z to test and stress my CPU based on what I’ve read. But as I was doing these, i thought to myself when is a CPU ever gonna reach 100% usage? In general use of the computer my CPU usage rarely even goes over 50% usage and in HEAVY gaming @ MAX SETTINGS my CPU usage is also rarely exceeding 50% usage, so what’s the point of a CPU stress test? Is it to make sure things are stable if there ever comes a time that the CPU actually reaches high usage percentages? If someone could explain if there’s a point i’m missing that’d be ideal thanks.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2211", "score": 0.7163261771202087, "text": "One reason is if the application is primarily I/O bound. Adding more threads won't make your hard drive any faster.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-92989", "score": 0.7137596607208252, "text": "okay so you need to understand some basics of how os schedules work on a cpu. so lets say there's 1 core/1 thread. the os schedules processes to run on the 1 core/1 thread. the os decides what runs and when. now, a lot of times when the process is running on a core/thread the cpu has to fetch data or wait for some other dependency like device i/o. so during this time, the cpu is effectively doing nothing. now, intel adds in hyperthreading. which appears to the os as 1 core/2 threads. so now the o/s can schedule work onto this second thread. and this second thread can execute on the core when the first thread is waiting on some dependency. so effectively filling in the idle periods. now, if the process has 0 idle periods, you'll get no benefit from hyperthreading. it doesn't double the processing power. it just allows you to more effectively utilize what you already have.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-142274", "score": 0.7117989659309387, "text": "There are limits, but you just work around them. Cpus have kind of hit a wall with clock speeds so now they are more focused only multicore for example.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-135996", "score": 0.7095688581466675, "text": "It's the number of CPUs you have running multiplied by the amount of time they run for. It's equivalent to \"man-hours\" in project management - four people should complete a 100 man-hour project in around 25 hours, for instance. As with man-hours, it's possible to have a task which can't be broken down to be handled by unlimited amounts of people/CPUs. The classic example is how you can't get a baby to term in a month by putting 9 mothers on the job. Rendering an animation usually doesn't have this problem though.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-192134", "score": 0.7090315222740173, "text": "64 Bit mainly refers to the size of the memory bus on the motherboard. If a system has a 64 bit memory bus then it can address memory spaces that are much much bigger than 32-bit systems. It also means the internal registers in the CPU are 64 bits wide. That means the CPU can work on larger chunks of data at the same time. & #x200B; Running a 32-bit program is fine because they system doesn't need to use every single bit of the memory bus or every bit of the internal registers. & #x200B; Going the opposite way doesn't work because you can't fit 64-bit values into a 32-bit register.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-54566", "score": 0.7083922028541565, "text": "There are some limitations. For example, there is the famous Halting Problem. It is impossible to create a computer program that will scan other programs, and determine 100% of the time whether or not they will halt or run forever.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2797274", "score": 0.7081589102745056, "text": "I have an i7-8700k, its a pretty decent processor that ive never had any usage issues with. I do heavy gaming and light editing. All of a sudden my games started loading like shit and stuttering, I checked task manager and it was using upwards of 99% of my CPU, and on average about 93%. Is there any fix for this? Theres no way that that can be using that much CPU naturally.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2789341", "score": 0.7057567834854126, "text": "Let's say I'm doing a computationally intensive task in the background and using other applications in the foreground. Often times if the background task is using all the cores at full load, the entire system slows down, including whatever I'm doing in the foreground. Is there a way to ensure that certain important apps like Firefox, LibreOffice and KDE Plasma are always processed for first, and only the CPU power that is left is used for background tasks? Or better yet, ensure whatever window is currently active gets processor priority?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-147492", "score": 0.7056676149368286, "text": "The game's software is designed to compensate for variances in processor speed. However, you actually do see this effect in some games that were designed for older CPUs.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1230976", "score": 0.7051238417625427, "text": "i have no idea what is considered using too much CPU/memory/etc..... would it be too much cpu usage if I calculate a simple average of about 6000 numbers in a List once every second? Is this normal?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2796668", "score": 0.7050944566726685, "text": "Hello guys, \n\nI see alot of posts about 100% cpu when starting valoant.exe file to run the game.\n\nThere is a probably solution for 100% cpu usage that happened because of the Antimalware Service from Microsoft.\n\nIt helped me fixing this issue with other anti-cheats like Faceit-AC.\n\nThis fix will take about minute or two, use method 2 from microsoft forum:\n\n\n\nHope it helped! Have fun.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2797315", "score": 0.7045764327049255, "text": "Looking to buy new cpu\nIf I monitor a workstation app, and the cpu usage is 98-100%, does that mean I need a cpu with more cores?\nAnd if it's like 60-70% usage, does that mean I need a cpu with a higher clock speed?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2794708", "score": 0.7043251991271973, "text": "I know most people complain because their VM is at 100% while they are not doing anything, but I have a different problem (Dell Precision T7810, Dual Xeon 2650v3 (20 Cores, 40 threads) w/ 64 Gb of RAM. I am running a finite element code on 24 cpus which would normally max the machine out at 100% but I can not seem to be able to accomplish that.\n\nCPU on WindowsVM is configured as follows:\n\n2 Sockets / 12 cores / Numa Enabled / Type = host / AES = On\n\nIn Proxmox (e.g. the summary page in GUI) the CPU usage hovers around 25%. The task should run on all 24 CPUs (you can configure this in Abaqus). Windows 10 barely goes over 10-15% and does spike every now and then to 80%. Disk sits at 1% , memory is at 50% (out of 15 Gb) and network is at 500 kbps (as reported by task manager). So, anyone has any suggestions for this?\n\nI originally though that small computations would be too small and that the job was spending more time scheduling that it did computing, but the problem that I am running is pretty large and this should not be the case.\n\nCan anyone confirm that the CPU settings above are the right ones?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2796941", "score": 0.702684760093689, "text": "is it normal that CPU reach 100 CPU usage when exporting video\n\nmy PC is quite old\nIntel i5 6600k\ngtx 750ti\nram 16gb", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-155298", "score": 0.7026198506355286, "text": "The closest thing to that is assembly language. Assembly is a simple, low-level programming language that tells the processor in very explicit detail exactly how to accomplish a task. It has a very limited instruction set. So for example, in a high-level programming language you might say \"If the absolute value of this variable is greater than 3, do this action\". In assembly, you might say \"Place the value of this memory location in this CPU register. Place the value of another memory location in another CPU register. Now compare the two values. Place the resulting true / false value in this memory location...\" It's a lot like building a sand castle one grain of sand at a time. That's why assembly isn't used except in limited instances where extreme performance efficiency is needed.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-712", "score": 0.746089518070221, "text": "With a ground burst, a lot of the explosion energy is used up by the ground/material very close to the explosion center. An air burst can cause damage over a larger area, but causes less destruction at the explosion site than a ground burst. It becomes a question of strategy. Does the attacker desire to damage an entire city or level a single block?" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-119668", "score": 0.7086279392242432, "text": "Ballistic missiles basically go up into space (or to the edge of space) and then plummet back towards earth at ~15,000 mph. It's a tiny target moving at ridiculous speeds. That means you only have a very small amount of time to hit it, and it requires tremendous accurary. Plus, as long as you're using a ground-based system to shoot it down, it's coming at you head on, so the closing speed between the ballistic missile and the interceptor missile is far higher than 15,000 mph. Shooting down a plane is a bit like shooting at a passing car, and shooting down a ballistic missile is more like shooting down a pistol bullet that's coming towards you.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-316116", "score": 0.708589494228363, "text": "depends on how deep you detonate. If the bomb is deep enough to contain the blast, a large void is created in the rock by the heat and pressure that after a while collapses, possibly leaving a crater on the surface If the bomb is to shallow, the blast throws bits of potentially irradiated rock, dirt, and debris into the air, leaving a large crater", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1339860", "score": 0.7083358764648438, "text": "I am in no way a theoretical physicist so if my explanation gets slightly convoluted I apologize. My question is: if a nuclear bomb creates a superheated blast that flattens and/or melts everything in its path around it in, let's say, a 10mi radius, if you detonated two bombs within 5 miles of each other, when the blasts collided would they shoot upward or just repel off each other back towards their respective ground zeroes or what would happen?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-66326", "score": 0.707269012928009, "text": "Bombs are aerodynamically designed to fall faster and cut through the air. As an object nears the speed of sound, even if it doesn't break it, the air generates a sound as it passes the object. With a subsonic object, the sound reaches you before the bomb itself. To illustrate, take a stick, like a broom handle or baseball bat, and swing it hard. You will hear the air whistle over the end. If you keep that speed going, you'd hear the sound continuing.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-168370", "score": 0.7070963978767395, "text": "The bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were detonated at 500 m above the surface. This allows the energy of the explosion to be spread out more evenly across a wider area - maximizing the blast radius, essentially. It also limits how much radioactive material actually ends up on the ground. The US couldn't be sure that their nuclear bombs would force Japan into surrender, and they wanted to be able to invade if necessary. So making sure that it would be safe to invade Hiroshima with ground troops was a design priority.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-313356", "score": 0.7062501311302185, "text": "\"When a nuclear weapon explodes in the air, the surrounding air is subjected to great heat, followed by relatively rapid cooling. These conditions are ideal for the production of tremendous amounts of nitric oxides. These oxides are carried into the upper atmosphere, where they reduce the concentration of protective ozone. Ozone is necessary to block harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface.\" (Source and more information: _URL_0_\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-310579", "score": 0.7058271169662476, "text": "Already answered this last week. Straight from NASA's official website: > Due to the absence of an atmosphere, the \"blast\" would disappear completely. > Thermal radiation would also disappear. There is no longer any air for the blast wave to heat and much higher frequency radiation is emitted from the weapon itself. > In the absence of atmosphere, nuclear radiation will suffer no physical attenuation (gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium) and the only degradation in intensity will arise from reduction with distance. As a result, the range of significant dosages will be many times greater than is the case at sea level. So, the danger in exploding a nuclear weapon in space doesn't come from the actual \"blast\", rather, the danger is from the particles and radiation that flow from the bomb. The energy is emitted as heat striking any nearby target. Link to the other thread [HERE](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-298212", "score": 0.7041447758674622, "text": "So far as I understand it, nothing would happen. Nuclear bombs are not detonated by simple kinetic impact with the ground. They are detonated by complex systems designed to compress or fuse nuclear material into a supercritical mass. The conventional explosives inside a nuke are generally quite stable.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-255384", "score": 0.703721284866333, "text": "When they were testing the US Railgun in Virginia, news articles talked about it being able to hit targets about 70 miles away. Assuming you could build components that would withstand the g-forces of the railgun acceleration, there's no reason it a projectile couldn't be guided to a target high in the atmosphere. Current air-to-air missiles fired by fighter jets at each other burn out after only a few seconds of rocket burning. The remainder of their trajectory, including terminal guidance into the target is done with guidance fins and the residual energy of the initial rocket booster burn --ie they don't burn their rocket all the way into the target jet like you see in the movies.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-101077", "score": 0.7032227516174316, "text": "Because if you can see a bomber with your eyes... its already done its job. Most modern ground-air missiles use radar as a method of guidance. Just because you can see it with your naked eye doesn't mean you can hit it with radar. Same story for recon planes. Its great that you can see them, but if you cannot target them or engage them... then there's nothing you can do about it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-234198", "score": 0.7029564380645752, "text": "Follow up question. I hear that it was not uncommon for AA fire to not detonate in the air and fall back to the city doing a fair bit of damage. Is there any truth to this ?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-91699", "score": 0.7020987272262573, "text": "They were far away from it - they dropped the bombs from 30,000 feet and they detonated at around 2,000 feet. Also, regarding the EMP, the range of an EMP is quite limited for a low altitude explosion, and again, the distance from the explosion helped massively.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-143442", "score": 0.7006564736366272, "text": "Nuclear Weapons work by delivering massive amounts of energy into the area where they are targeted. That energy causes massive heat, wind, explosive force, etc... And the end result is mass destruction. However, in space, there isn't any atmosphere, ground, or really anything for all that energy to be transferred into. This means that a nuclear weapon's energy would be dissipated much less effectively than it would if it was used on earth.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-233157", "score": 0.7003929018974304, "text": "The large AA guns, like the ones you are describing, generally fire flak - shells that explode and send shrapnel flying. With these guns, it isn't necessary to hit a target, just get close enough for the shrapnel to cause damage. Lots of AA guns means lots of metal flying through the air and lots of damage to planes. Smaller AA guns (between 20mm and 40mm), with a much higher rate of fire, tend to fire bullets, instead of flak, and the high rate of fire is instrumental in ensuring a hit.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-154135", "score": 0.700370192527771, "text": "Long range missiles ([ICBM](_URL_0_)), fly at very high altitudes and very high speeds. They use sub-orbital trajectories to reach their targets, meaning that they begin by going mostly up, and then perform most of their flight outside of the atmosphere. When they come down they travel at almost orbital speeds (close to 8km/s) making them close to impossible to intercept on their descent. [edit] formatting.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-69454", "score": 0.7000499367713928, "text": "Because of the ability for the chemicals to expand and linger in an area. When you drop a bomb, it's like taking a solid shit. It drops into the toliet with minmal harm to all involved. However, when you have the shits, it splatters all over the toliet, up the walls, your back.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-55266", "score": 0.6999995112419128, "text": "When ballistic missiles are tested, it is my understanding that they are fired basically straight up. By seeing how high they go, it's relatively simple physics to derive how far it could travel if it were launched at a conventional angle assuming you take into account things like air resistance and the curvature of the Earth.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-110020", "score": 0.6997871994972229, "text": "Yes In the early cold war - the main strategy was to use high altitude bombers to drop nuclear weapons where they could not be hit by anti aircraft fire and also be out of the operating range of most fighters. in response both sides, but particularly the Soviet union developed Surface to Air Missiles (SAM) capable of reaching high altitudes. They proved thier worth when a U2 spyplane flying at 70,000 feet was shot down. So the primary purpose of SAMs is to shoot down high altitude aircraft", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-52403", "score": 0.6991025805473328, "text": "A gravity bomb is a bomb that uses gravity to hit its target. Virtually every bomb... A missile would not be a gravity bomb. The USA has had them since planes were used in combat, but the B61-12 uses a nuclear payload. Most of these have not been upgraded since the Cold War so the current arsenal is aging. As time goes on, the probability that they will not work increases (this is bad if you need them). As a result, billions are being spent to upgrade them to the 21st century sparking debate over whether they are still needed, worth the cost, etc. Edit: these munition are also specifcally equipped to be used on fighter planes like the F-15 which undergo much more stress or G-forces when in combat than a traditional bomber (B-2, B-52, etc). Newer F-22's can pull more G's than an F-15, so as they retrofit these bombs, they need to ensure they won't fail with newer airframes etc.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-167917", "score": 0.6989524960517883, "text": "There was a series of tests at the early 50's. At which drones were flown directly above nuclear blasts, and pilots at some short distance, most of the time the drone was able to continue flying. They had a problem with the landings though. Anyhow, the bombers thad dropped the bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki flew very high, so at the time the bomb detonated they have already left the danger area, so to speak. In terms of radiation, at the distance the aircraft were at the moment of detonation the radiation they experienced was probably quite low. I'm not that sure about the details, but as I recall, radiation drops quite dramatically several miles away from the epicenter.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-714", "score": 0.660415768623352, "text": "It's a derivative of the flight-or-fight response. When you are exercising your sympathetic nervous system starts to take over the same if you were really scared. This makes sense from an evolutionary stand point, any time you would have been running you would have been in danger. The sympathetic system diverts energy away from your digestive system and towards your muscles and heart. You don't want a full belly with a stalled digestive system when you're fleeing from a jaguar so you toss your lunch and that allows you to run faster. Since it's the same system that is in control when you exercise, you get the same response." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-55647", "score": 0.6273544430732727, "text": "They do severely injure themselves. They can experience torn muscles, tendons and ligaments as a result of the sudden strength. That's why it only occurs in extreme situations -- normally your body suppresses your maximum strength because if you operated at that level all the time, you'd be crippled.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-110603", "score": 0.6273332834243774, "text": "It's because what your eyes are telling your brain is not consistent with what your ears are telling your brain. This is why you get car sick, too (but the other way around). When there is inconsistent information like this, it could indicate that you've ingested poison. What's a good way to get rid of ingested poison? Vomit. (so it makes you feel like you're going to puke)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-144111", "score": 0.6273094415664673, "text": "People are incredibly strong, but don't lift to full power because of risks like muscle tearing and bones breaking. So the brain has mental blocks and in an adrenaline situation these blocks are lowered.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-104915", "score": 0.6272876858711243, "text": "Those people were probably consuming high amounts of caffeine, which will dehydrate you faster.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-121351", "score": 0.627280056476593, "text": "Gross things gross us out because they look like something that could poison us or make us sick. That's why we vomit instinctively - to expel any bad stuff that we could've eaten. Naturally, the instinct is much stronger when we see something gross *in process* of eating.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-100001", "score": 0.6272755265235901, "text": "Really basic (to the point it's almost wrong, but still explains it correctly): Being nervous/anxious triggers the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) which sort of tells the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) to chill out, since it's not necessary to digest food when you're about to run for your life. This triggers a bunch of stuff in your digestive system - causing the \"butterfly\"-sensation.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-143450", "score": 0.6272063255310059, "text": "It's adrenaline hitting receptors in your brain. There is nothing happening in your stomach, your brain just perceives it that way. I don't really know WHY you feel it in your stomach but adrenaline is the cause.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-83714", "score": 0.6271955370903015, "text": "Serious question, after the competition is over do they puke it out or do they just digest it all and take the world's largest shit later?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-38465", "score": 0.6270901560783386, "text": "It's called \"Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness\" (DOMS). There's a few theories about how and why it happens but from our understanding, it may be a result of our body telling us not to continue those same exercises for a while. The muscles are fixing themselves and adapting (gaining more muscle to support it in the future) and sometimes you will get sore in nearby muscles that you weren't even concentrating on because your body wants to protect those, too! By gradually increasing the weight or intensity of your exercises, you can reduce the soreness as your muscles will continue adapting. One way a lot of athletes avoid using the same muscles every workout is by staggering their workouts for different parts of their body throughout the week. That way, while one part of your body is repairing itself, you can be exercising another.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-164434", "score": 0.6269803047180176, "text": "I think the feel of \"excitement\" or \"stress\" is what causes it. It's known to happen to dogs, that is, some dogs immediately pee when greeting other people because of excitement or something like that.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-108704", "score": 0.6269771456718445, "text": "Most of your blood is shifted to more important parts of your body like muscles and away from the shit holder-iner.. Fight or flight.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-57017", "score": 0.6269574761390686, "text": "Vomiting has the potential to increase the damage of the throat and esophagus which the poison has damaged on the way down. Keeping the poison in the stomach and, in this case, diluting it, helps limit the damage. The stomach is a pretty harsh environment and is typically acidic, so it can handle, to a limited degree, acidic and basic, (meaning alkali or caustic), poisons.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-130871", "score": 0.6269372701644897, "text": "> Wouldn’t your body just throw it up? No, the body doesn't magically know to throw up anything which is harmful to it. Only certain kinds of things can trigger the reflex to vomit and it isn't always the harmful stuff. Drugs which humans can make are not something the body is adapted to cope with. Another issue is that many drugs can absorb fatal amounts before the body can even recognize there is something wrong. Vomiting at that point doesn't help because it is in your blood.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-168210", "score": 0.6265775561332703, "text": "When the water is poured, the subject feels like a wave of water is being poured over them. They know they won't drown, but their brain doesn't not. It triggers a gag reflex and basically makes it so that they feel like they are drowning.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-14025", "score": 0.6265304684638977, "text": "Pre-med student here. When a person gets nervous, their body prepares itself for whatever you're nervous about. For example, if you're nervous about performing in a sports game, your body will prepare for this. So, the combination of the preparation and the nervousness activates the fight or flight response. You may have heard of this. It is your bodies response to what you perceive as harm or high stress. To make the fight or flight response most effective, your body needs to void so you won't have to when the perceived stressful event occurs. Therefore, you can \"make yourself\" have to urinate or have a bowel movement just by being nervous. The diarrhea or loose stool is due to the body attempting to get rid of excrement quickly, as this is the quickest way as opposed to solid stool. Hope this helps!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-68479", "score": 0.6265228390693665, "text": "It's usually caused by a clean shot to the liver. When you're hit in the liver, there's a thing in your brain that makes you have to fall on your side", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-188394", "score": 0.6265186071395874, "text": "It's the blood draining from your head because your blood pressure suddenly dropped, making you feel nauseous and need to lay down to get blood back into your head. It's a safety mechanism, kind of like a possum playing dead when something dangerous happens because predators prefer fresh meat.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-482852", "score": 0.6265074610710144, "text": "Now hear me out - I'm not referring to feeling ill in between sets because I'm dehydrated or under-fueled. I'm talking about the motion of a leg extension making me feel weak, almost sick, in the groin. It's a very odd feeling. Almost as if I might be about to have diarrhea?\n\nAnyway, just curious if you lads/gals have ever had such a feeling.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-152791", "score": 0.626501202583313, "text": "Your body has to devote energy into breaking down the food you ate into useful molecules. You have to chew, swallow, make stomach acids, your stomach is churning everything up and then there is peristaltic action going on in your intestines... It also doesn't help that occasions where you eat a large meal are often sedentary ones like Thanksgiving. Where even after you eat you sit on the couch talking with family and watching football which further puts you into a food coma due to inactivity.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-136186", "score": 0.626467227935791, "text": "Probably because the combination of constant physical movement and brain activity of balancing multi-tasking turns on an adrenaline response, putting the cook in a mild state of fight or flight. Our bodies don’t register hunger in fight or flight, it just wants to survive....i.e. run from bears. Happens all the time in the service industry. Walks into shift: agh, I’m hungry. Finishes rush: Nope, not hungry. Five minutes after rush: Starving.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-715", "score": 0.7584497332572937, "text": "In terms of what? They are (arguably) the second most powerful nation on earth. WAY behind the US of course but still significantly powerful. The real trouble is that they are fully geared up to fight wars of 40 years ago.. They have lots of tanks, aircraft and ships but not much by way of stealth abilities (more than other nations, but nothing like the US). If you want a more detailed list, check out this website _URL_0_ But none of that includes nuclear abilities. Russia has missiles that can hit any place on the globe. Russia has subs that carry nuclear ICBMs and can be launched from anywhere on the globe. Once a nation gets to that point, it really does not matter what their other military abilities are. They have the power to destroy the world if they want, so we don't engage in open warfare with them." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-7262", "score": 0.7178768515586853, "text": "Russia remains very large and very powerful (and with nukes) and a leadership that, as examplified by the incidents in Ukraine, is willing to use its military to expand and won't submit to international pressure. It's a very dangerous combination to western nations.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-27008", "score": 0.7168821096420288, "text": "Funny enough, this is almost like asking two different questions. (1) Current military strength and power of the Ukrainian armed is nothing compared to Russia; Russia's basically been defined by its military since WWII. But, (2) Their chances of resisting a *full* Russian invasion are almost 100%, since everyone to the left- Europe, NATO, US, etc.- would never allow a full invasion to occur.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-157126", "score": 0.7165631651878357, "text": "Russia has the second largest military on the planet. Realistically, the only country that can stand up to them militarily is the nation with the largest military, the United States. Deploying large forces to the Crimea is a logistical and political nightmare for the United States. The Black Sea is effectively closed to the U.S. navy due to long standing international treaties. The only practical route would be overland through some cooperative country such as Poland. Offers of such cooperation have not been forthcoming. At the same time, the U.S. public is not very supportive of yet another overseas military venture after the long draining entanglements in Afghanistan and Iraq.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-61768", "score": 0.7164642214775085, "text": "I think you've fallen a victim of survivor bias. Russian civilian equipment is popular in the same niche as Russian military equipment - cheap, rugged, does not require a lot of education to maintain and operate. The fact that you do not see Russian trucks and bulldozers being used in the developed countries does not mean much, since you don't see Russian tanks there either. For example Kamaz (Russian truck manufacturer that also makes military vehicles) makes 40-50 thousands of civilian trucks every year and 12% of them are exported.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-152983", "score": 0.7091444730758667, "text": "The separatists have about 10-20k personnel and are augmented by Russian mercenaries, special forces, artillery, and intelligence working in conjunction with them. They are also receiving training, arms, ammunition, and medical treatment by the Russians. The Ukrainians can handle the separatists (they were winning recently) but are poorly equipped to deal with the influx of Russian controlled troops. The nature of warfare in Ukrainian right now values quality over quantity which gives the more highly trained and often combat experienced Russian forces an advantage.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-48070", "score": 0.7077042460441589, "text": "Well, NATO is the most powerful military alliance in world history, and it is in the process of surrounding Russia. From a military standpoint, Russia is a shell of its Cold War glory days. In a conventional fight, the Russian Federation would be crushed. All it really has going for it is the nuclear stockpile. This means that, in the event of a war, Putin's options are a severe beating (which will almost certainly result in him being ousted), or Armageddon. It's not a great situation to be in. He has to appear strong in order to keep domestic popularity up, but he's running out of places to intimidate.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2739671", "score": 0.7075291275978088, "text": "To give some stats on their capabilities:\n\n* 10 million active/reserve personnel\n* 4,060 tanks\n* 2,500 APCs\n* 17,900 artillery pieces\n* 11,000 air defense guns and 10,000 surface/air launchers\n* 915 vessels in the Navy (40 submarines)\n* 1,748 aircraft in the Air Force(478 fighters, 180 bombers)\n* largest special forces contingent in the world, largest submarine fleet in the world, underground military hardware production \n* 12-27 nuclear weapons(4000 km range if you shoot them)\n\nFor winning, the definition would be conquering south korea, and making USA/Russia/China/Nato/UN to leave you alone.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-58755", "score": 0.706062376499176, "text": "Syria has Russia's only Mediterranean naval base which Russia is currently expanding to take heavier warships. I think its a lot of reasons. But mainly strategic.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-72712", "score": 0.7027928829193115, "text": "They aren't. In a conventional war the US could handle multiple Russias at the same time. However the war wouldn't be conventional because Russia's policy on nuclear weapons is that they will use them as a first strike against enemy soldiers that are at war with Russia. This would force the US to retaliate with their own nukes, and before you know it there are no more Russians and no more Americans. Because of this the countries have to be careful not to actually engage each other in combat.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-490390", "score": 0.7026161551475525, "text": "The Democratic Buddhist Army, Myanmar's new official military which is slowly replacing the Tatmadaw, will be sending a large contingent of forces to train in Russian military academies.\n\nHistorically revolutionary militaries throughout the third world relied on training from more developed states. For example, Zimbabwe's highly advanced 5th Brigade was trained by elite North Korean soldiers, and formed the revolutionary, disciplined core brigade of a Zimbabwean force that helped crush any opposition to the Mugabe regime. Similarly, Soviet trained forces throughout much of Africa and Cuban trained forces too were responsible for helping oust many former colonial governments.\n\nSo we now send 5000 soldiers from the Democratic Buddhist Army, mostly veterans of the Northern conflicts, to train under Russian supervision. Soon to be equipped with Russian armaments and to be developed familiarity with Russian vehicles, this will enable us to quickly upgrade the DBA and start integrating powerful Russian technology into Myanmar.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2739182", "score": 0.7000511288642883, "text": "Abstract\n\n---\n\n**Military Employment Expanded in Anticipation of Military Expansion**\n\nAfter the Black Sea war, the KGB underwent drastic military shrinkage. The army, navy and air force were shrunk to allow increased spending on universal healthcare, but now the budget is in a good enough state to justify regrowth in the military sector. This month, more troops have been promised employment. Soon, they will begin training to become a formidable defence force for our great nation.\n\n[Pop in military --> 1.5%]", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-191364", "score": 0.6997543573379517, "text": "Russia still has a robust intelligence system from the cold war. Human Intel isn't as expensive as fancy equipment. A single B2 bomber costs a billion dollars, that's enough to employ tens of thousands of agents for decades.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-196550", "score": 0.6952895522117615, "text": "Questions of comparative strength are extremely difficult to give you. They had more men under arms during the Second World War than later, but after 1949 they had atomic weapons, and after 1953 they had hydrogen bombs. ICBMs followed after Sputnik in 1957. There's an argument to be made that the Soviet Union's ability to project power, relative to the rest of the world, has never been greater than in 1957. For the purposes of your inquiry, are you referring only to conventional forces?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-31372", "score": 0.6943633556365967, "text": "How effective is your missile defence system? Not very. With limited operational capability since 2012, it potentially could take out a North Korean ICBM, but if Russia started a major attack, throwing lots of nukes all over the place, the only thing left for America to do is throw lots of nukes back before the Russian ones land.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-594732", "score": 0.6943079829216003, "text": "The first prototypes from the development labs are ready for deployment, with Kommando Spezialkrafte, the Fallschirmjägers, and the standard divisional artillery all receiving vastly upgraded equipment. Deployment and retraining with the new equipment is expected to take about three months, and our fighting forces will be significantly more competitive when the work is done. Work continues on development of upgrades for a number of other applications in our armed forces, ensuring that our small military is regarded as one of the world's most elite fighting forces for years to come.\n\nRepair List\n\nAbstract", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-157846", "score": 0.69272780418396, "text": "I think \"threatened\" is the wrong way to put it. Russia is militarily threatened by NATO, but they have other reasons for desiring the destabilization of the EU. This is why Russia supported Brexit. The enmity against the EU is more offensive than defensive, imo. Russia has (openly) moved beyond conventional warfare and become very, very good at warfare oriented around spreading disinformation and inciting civil unrest. Taking a page out of America's book, to be honest.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2740490", "score": 0.6907421946525574, "text": "Hello,\n\nDue to tensions in South Africa and North America, Alkebulan has reason to believe that its position and the position of the West African Union is somewhat lacking. As a result of military observations, the West African Armed Forces have expressed interest in the procurement of Russian military assets. \n\nSurely you understand? Yes? Our economy and general development have improved to the extent that we’ll be able to boast the amount of units requested. Our military as a whole is undergoing a general modernization program to adjust to the realities of modern warfare. \n\nHere is what we’re interested in purchasing.\n\n100,000 6B48 Ratnik-ZK units.\n\n400 T-14 Armatas\n\n300 T-90s\n\n200 BMPT Terminators\n\n48 Sukhoi Su-57s\n\n5 regiments of S-400s\n\nRegardless of your answer, Alkebulan has shown extensive interest in substantially improving its relationship with the Russian Federation.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-993615", "score": 0.6906259655952454, "text": "The Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran are strategic allies and both nations have good relations since the fall of the Soviet Union. In order of the national security, Iran wants to improve its Air Forces and procure Russian equipment - for a good price.\n\nType\t|\tCosts per unit\t|\tAmount\t|\tTotal costs\n---\t|\t---\t|\t---\t|\t---\nAntonov An-12\t|\t15000K\t|\t25\t|\t375000K\nMil Mi-17\t|\t5000K\t|\t100\t|\t500000K\nIlyushin Il-78\t|\t200000K\t|\t2\t|\t400000K\n\nThe total costs will be $1275M.\n\nIran wants to use these equipment to patrol around borders, keeping attention on potential enemies of both Russia and Iran (herewith Iran means rebels and terrorists).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2411932", "score": 0.689806342124939, "text": "So i was having a discussion at r/joinsquad (a milsin game, where the devs take the gear used by each faction very seriously) if the russian forces should have a LIMIT quantity of these upgraded ak74Ms (1 out of 9 soldiers would have it) so i nees to ask some questions:\n1. How widespread Is this kit on the russian army as of right now?\n2. That 1 person that would have this gun in game would be the leader of an 9 soldier squad on a battle front (asymmetrical warfare and also against other big armies) so do you think it would be realistic if this guyhad this modernized ak with an RDS (probably the 1P87 since it is very used by the russian army)?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2675810", "score": 0.6897354125976562, "text": "Recently, Brazil, China and Russia have been cooperating together to develop new military technologies and to trade military hardware, such as the latest deal between Russia and Brazil to develop a variant of the Mil Mi-28, the TB1E1 Caxias tank and its 130mm cannon project.\n\nWe were hoping to continue this cooperation between our nations, to develop new hardware, with our united efforts ensuring that these new joint projects will only result in the creation of efficient equipment to defend our homelands.\n\nWith this, we propose the creation of a strategic military alliance for joint development efforts and military cooperation in exercises and war games.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-717", "score": 0.7346698641777039, "text": "You sign up. Social services does some routine investigations to qualify or disqualify you. Then then place a child with you...and you get a monthly stipend of $600-800/mo plus some amount of foodstamps to feed the kid. Theres a caseworker assigned to you that has waaay too many foster kids to pay proper attention to each case. When theres a complaint or problem they respond and evaluate whether there is an actionable issue or not. Abuse happens sure. BUT most foster parents take good care of the kids they foster. Most kids in foster care are a lot better off than they would be in group homes. Like anything you hear more about the failures and flaws than the success stories." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1884770", "score": 0.6925805807113647, "text": "Is there a word(s) for \"foster child\"? Or would you say something along the lines of being a guardian for a child? \n\nThank you for any help!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1982321", "score": 0.6875666379928589, "text": "I should start of by saying I don’t really know much about this, but my aunt is a foster parent. She had kids from the ages of 6 months to 12 years old. If there is always so much demand to adopt a child why is there so many kids in foster care? Why can’t these kids who are sent from home to home adopted?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-116000", "score": 0.6859958171844482, "text": "Foster kids often have behavioral issues due to trauma in early childhood and there unstructured home life. They may often act out to get attention from adults as they don't feel like they belong to any adult in particular. Behavioral issues can cause the foster parents to get the kid into a different home.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1246332", "score": 0.6827875375747681, "text": "*throwaway since friends know my reddit account\n\nHi all\n\nMy husband and I are foster parents to a wonderful 3 year old boy. We're trying to foster-adopt but are only 4 months in so we have a ways to go before we know what direction his case is going. Our little guy is so funny, smart and a joy to be around. \n\nThe city we're in has been having some MAJOR problems with it's social services regarding foster kids. Our little man has had 3 case workers in the last 5 months, and lived in SIX houses in the two months before coming to live with us. His biological brother (10yo) is in a foster home now but they said they need him out by the end of the school year since they're moving out of state. \n\nWe've met him (older brother) several times. He's a sweet kid, does well in school, and we're told he's a great role model to the younger kids in his foster home. \n\nThe social worker made it very clear to us that if we don't take him, he will most likely just be bounced around and around to different foster homes- primarily because of his age and because he's black. (black boys, especially older ones, are the hardest to place in our area) \n\nAt this point we've made the decision that we will take him in. We want them to stay together. We're just nervous. We're both pretty young ourselves and never anticipated being parents to a 10 year old. We have zero experience with that age range and don't really even know what to expect. Going into this is a commitment and by taking him in, he will be with us until he returns home to his birth mom, or until the parental rights are relinquished and we adopt him. \n\nI would love to know what your 10 year olds are interested in (movies, games, tv shows). \nI'm also curious to know your favorite parts about this age group. \nWhat parts are the most difficult? \nAt 10 years old what kind of responsibilities and privileges do your kids have around the house? \nWhat works for your kids in terms of discipline? (grounding, time outs etc) \n\nI know this all depends on the kids, parenting styles etc. I would just love a little insight to this age group. \n\nSorry for this long ramble. It's just a little overwhelming to think about. I know we're making the right decision- it's still a little scary though. \n\nThanks for reading.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1244676", "score": 0.680666446685791, "text": "Years ago when my husband and I were dating and planning on getting married, I want sure I wanted kids and he was sure he wanted them. So we signed up for this \"god parents a child\" program where you get to take a child who is in care of the state for a day and do activities with them. Each week we got a different child from a different age and I mean, we had a blast most of the time. We agreed on having kids and requested to be given more time with a child through that program and we got given a child for a weekend on two. So basically we would pick the child up Saturday morning, bring him/ her back for the night and pick them up again Sunday. It was really great.\n\nThen we had kids and we moved away to a much smaller city hours away and we had our hands busy with two kids under 1, so we stopped it to take care of our own kids. Now we are back in the city, our kids are 4 and 5 and I reached out to the same program to see if they still did that God parents program. \n\nTurns out they don't, but they can still give a child for a weekend, except it has to be the same child and all. The same social worker who spoke to us years ago invited us to go over and learn more about the program and all. So we did that. The thing is that the program is now basically... foster a child for extended periods. \n\nYou can decide to have them for the weekend or for the week or a couple days only but it has to be stable. You're more of a family to the child and not so much the \"cool people they get to see once in a while.\" The social worker said we'd honestly be a great family and that if we'd like we could give it a try for a few weekends and see how it goes. Okay, I mean, it's different and it basically requires us to parents a child day and night so I said we'd need to talk about it. \n\nNow I've been talking to other people from that same community who foster kids or adopted them from the system and basically they're telling us that there are two \"banks\" of kids. The kids who have a good change of returning to their families and the kids who have a very good chance never to go back. That the system is basically loaded with kids and that they'll basically give away kids to whoever shows interest given that they can provide for basic needs and have a good background. \n\nAlso, most of these foster parents have now adopted children or are in process of adopting these children. When I questioned the social worker about this and asked her if there was a \"hope\" on her side that we'd adopt the child, she said that it's not obligatory and that they wouldn't force it on anyone but that these children that parents see on the weekend will probably never find a home with a stable family and that most families DO end up wanting to keep them. \n\nShe pretty much saw that it was a \"eeeeeek\" on our part and she was basically really blunt with us and said \"look if you want them for the weekend, you'll be the highlight of their childhood. Most kids we match with foster parents go to a low income family who already have multiple kids and don't get their own room and end up sometimes being abused. It hit me hard. It also came out as her trying to convince us to take the kids and I'm not sure we are able to do that. \n\nWhat are your experience with fostering children? Did you end up adopting them? Was it what you expected? We were looking to give a kid AND our kids a nice day or weekend doing special activities and spending time with different people, I'm not sure we were looking to possible adopt a child.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-462031", "score": 0.6763349175453186, "text": "It seems like most times I hear things related to the foster system it has to do with kids being abused or moving around to 10 foster families who abused them... Is it really that bad? Are these just popular anecdotes? Is it MORE common than abuse rates in non foster families? Is the screening process non existent? Anecdotally, news to me has made it seem like a kid entering the foster system has just been prescribed abuse.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1717183", "score": 0.6759881377220154, "text": "Since you have to be licensed to adopt foster children, can we go the route of getting licensed through the state then contact an agency where the children are open for adoption or do we have to stick with the state still and take placements?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1983889", "score": 0.6744930148124695, "text": "Is there anyone who is child free from their “own” (including bio, adopted, etc) but fosters kids? I don’t want kids and especially do not want biological children but recently fostering has been pulling at my heart. I would specifically be interested in 16-18 yr olds and am only interested in fostering to provide support and resources to a child/teen in need in hopes that they reunify with their families. I’m not looking to foster to adopt or adopt. How has your experience been? What kind of fostering do you do (long term, short term, respite, etc)? What is your experience if youve had a child age out or parental rights are terminated and they can now be adopted and you are like me in that you do not want to adopt?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2752852", "score": 0.6738685965538025, "text": "I want to be a foster parent. I have a full time job and a stable place of residence and could support a child financially where I’m at right now. Only problem is I’m single and want to be there for the child as much as possible. I know that you get financial assistance as a foster parent and I was wondering if it was enough to work only part time and have more time with the child or not work at all and take care of them. I don’t feel right bringing a child to a home where I’m gone 40 hours a week. Is it feasible to just be a foster parent?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1717115", "score": 0.6729879379272461, "text": "I'm the CASA for a teenage girl who is in foster care. Parental rights were recently terminated, and there is an adoptive family for her. She's in agreement with adoption, and her lawyer, social worker, CPS and I are all on board as well. \n\nOne parent did not contest termination but the other might (but is serving life in prison so probably doesn't have much sway).\n\nCan someone describe the process/timeline to me? My kid was under the impression that it happened quickly and I unfortunately had to break it to her that it may take a year or more. I wasn't able to give her much more info than that. \n\nAny help is appreciated!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-12612", "score": 0.6709548830986023, "text": "There are not officers or over-watchers who check on adopted children weekly or monthly. You are confusing a child who is in foster care with one who is adopted. Foster kids get checked on because they are officially wards of the State, but adopted kids are wards of those who adopt them and once all the paper work is finished they are no longer checked on. So if a child is adopted as an infant or young they will not have been old enough to ever remember seeing an officer or overwatcher from the short period that they were a foster child prior to the paper work being completed.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1714662", "score": 0.6707016229629517, "text": "Hello FosterIt!\n\nMy wife and I are new foster parents, though our intent is to *adopt* not *foster.* (This distinction is important.) We have a 13 year old girl in our home now who is by and large a normal (albeit VERY strong-willed) teenaged girl. Her backstory is too long to go into here, but the TL;DR version is that she was adopted out from her teen mother's home at 3, then removed forcibly from her adoptive home at 12 due to physical/mental abuse from a stepfather. She's since spent about a year and half in the foster care system before landing with us.\n\nWe've experienced the phenomena of 'honeymoon phase' followed by the 'hell phase' and (barely) made it through. Now, some three months in, we've all found balance, she is (mostly) a pleasure to be around and things look good for adoption *in spirit.* (She is free and clear. We need only to sign the papers.)\n\nHowever there is one last big issue to overcome before we commit. She very adamantly tells us, unsolicited and in passing sometimes, that she 'doesn't want a parent.' She says 'I have never had a parent in 13 years, and don't need anyone to tell me what to do now.' The last attempt at asking her to explain this stance was met with a Berlin Wall of teenage defiance and anger.\n\nShe has also expressed to therapists and others that, naturally, she detests the foster system and looks forward to 16 when she can get out on her own. (She is mistaken of course, a child can get emancipated at 16, but only if she has parents to emancipate from, and then only if allowed, etc.) \n\nThere are also a dozen other smaller clues that indicate that possibly she is merely playing the part of 'dutiful child' now only insomuch as it takes to not be sent back into foster care. Basically, she doesn't necessarily want us as a 'forever home' but instead just simply doesn't want to 'go back.' We, however, want a *child* not a *roommate* so there in lies the rub. Our concern is, we adopt this child, but she just simply 'rides the clock' till 18 and then our last sight of her is of her back to us, flipping us a bird in each hand as she heads off to the bus stop to parts unknown, saying \"Thanks for the free stuff. Have fun with life. See ya\" and that's that while she then goes off making every mistake she can possibly make.\n\nNow our current thinking to this is, we will not adopt her until she honestly answers what she means by 'not wanting parents' and for as long as she holds that attitude, we will just continue to foster. We'd be willing to even 'work with her' if she very honestly does not want 'parents' well, then, she's welcome to stay with us for as long as she stays cool, but we would then consider 'looking at other options' since we *do* want to be parents. (Basically go for another child to adopt, but also keep this one as a foster.)\n\nQuestions,\n\nHave any of you had similar experiences with teens and if so how did it turn out long term? Is this just her last line of defense trying to protect herself emotionally or is this really what she believes?\n\nAlso I have this concern that DFACS (our state's child services,) will eventually come knocking and say 'ok, she's been an adoptive placement for x months now, it's time to decide one way or another on her *now.* (The answer, if they asked today, would be no, she is not ready.) Is that a thing? \n\nEDIT: Thanks for the input.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2532735", "score": 0.6706581711769104, "text": "I'm looking for some stories or conversations with people who foster children in Canada. \n\nI'm finding my career pointless, and I love working with children. I feel that fostering children would be fulfilling and that I have the space/patience/time/desire to help kids in need. \n\nFinancially, what is involved? Can it become a career (with a second income in the house)? \n\nPlease, tell me about your lives of fostercare. Have you been fostered, good stories, sad stories?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2200484", "score": 0.670316219329834, "text": "They think that if you a baby up for adoption, it goes to foster care, and foster care is some sort of purgatory for unwanted children. Newborn babies don’t go into foster care. They’ll be adopted right away by someone who has been waiting 2-7 years to adopt. There’s so many people who want to adopt a newborn but so few newborns up for adoption. That woman who chose abortion, they put her dismembered baby in an overflowing dumpster, while that woman who chose life and put her baby up for adoption, her baby went to a sweet infertile couple who’s been waiting 5 years to adopt a baby. Now onto foster care, the vast majority of kids in foster care aren’t there because their parents put them up for adoption by choice, hardly any are and the ones who are, their parents didn’t put them up for adoption as a baby. Most kids in foster care are there because their parents lost custody and most of said kids also aren’t waiting to be adopted, they’re waiting for their biological parents to earn back custody.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-67249", "score": 0.6701332330703735, "text": "foster children are generally those taken from their families for one reason or another (by social services/child protective services) could be for neglect, abuse, the parent is mentally unstable; a whole slew of reasons. I believe generally, the parent would still have visitation rights to see the child, and could potentially regain legal custody at some point in the future. Children up for adoption - could be that a child was born and the mother immediately gave it up for adoption; parents died and no family member can or will take it; basically where the parents can't or won't take the child, then someone can adopt the child from the rightful parents. It's weird though, because I've heard numerous stories of foster children that get adopted by various peoples. I know I'm not giving info on the whole story here, but it's how I understand the differences. Hopefully someone else can add to or correct me and give a full understanding.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-146439", "score": 0.6684593558311462, "text": "It's called \"aging out\" at which point they are on their own. There are programs in place to help kids who age out, but their resources are slim. The 1999 [Foster Care Independence Act](_URL_0_) was a helpful move in that it earmarked resources specifically for these kids, but IMO a lot more need to be done. In 2015, more than 20,000 foster kids aged out without placement, but I'm not sure of more recent stats. These kids are significantly less likely to get their GED or attend college. They often have few financial resources and minimal positive family support.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-460510", "score": 0.6677907705307007, "text": "Just wondering if anyone has done this. I've thought pretty hard about this for days. The foster care system in my state is overwhelmed and I'm not going to refuse to help, but it would be amazing to be able to make sure a queer kid gets placed with someone who will let them be themselves.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-73091", "score": 0.6652110815048218, "text": "In the United States it actually is little to no cost. It's a huge misconception that leaves many children in the foster care system until they age out. Any cost associated with adopting is usually the cost of fingerprints and background checks. Each state has federal funding to provide the foster parents with money to cover the child's living expenses per month as well as insurance such as Medicaid. Once adopted, the adoptive parents will cover living expenses but still receive post adoptive services. Children who are in the foster care system are also eligible to attend college at little to no cost. I worked for an agency that provided foster placements and adoption services that was contracted with a county in CA. If you would like more information you can check out the website _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-51995", "score": 0.6649450659751892, "text": "Foster care definitely isn't perfect. But often the kids feel like the can't trust anyone. Often, these are kids that came from a pretty rough home in the first place: they were abused or abandoned. And that's the people they know, who are closest to them...they don't particularly feel inclined to go into another home to people they *don't* know. Younger children often have the thought that many kids have, *I'll just run away!*, without knowing what that really means. Except in this case, they don't have a home to return to when it gets hard. They get stuck in a bad situation because they don't really know how to get out. Older kids *think* they know what they're getting into...and they might really know. But more often they think that because they're older they can make it on their own. Sometimes they can, too. Either way, they've grown jaded enough to understand how terrible families can be and, again, don't want to have anything to do with it.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-462385", "score": 0.6628487706184387, "text": "I'm a gay guy planning on adopting a waiting child or teen from foster care when I'm ready. As they should, these kids have input and say as to what kind of home they want to live in. However, I worry that being a gay man may hinder the matching process if a child grew up in a bigoted household, since kids tend to take on the beliefs of their parents/guardians. At the same time though, kids are smarter and more insightful than many give them credit for, and are capable of thinking for themselves and seeing through their parents' bullshit.\n\nDoes anyone here have experience with this?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-718", "score": 0.7169996500015259, "text": "The short version: Use whatever grade your called for in your car's owner's manual. Using a higher octane than required will typically result in no benefit or even a slight negative impact, but using a lower rating that specified can cause performance issues and engine damage. All the rating actually indicates is how resistant the fuel is to self-ignition. High performance cars are designed around high-octane fuel because they can exploit its resistance to ignition to produce more power, but if the engine isn't specifically designed with that in mind, there's no benefit." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-41361", "score": 0.6811051964759827, "text": "The types of gasoline are usually associated with an octane rating. The higher the octane rating, the harder the fuel is to ignite via compression. The efficiency of each will depend on the motor. My car is tuned for 93 octane, and using anything lower risks damaging my engine. When my car was stock, using any octane would have been acceptable, but peak HP and gas mileage was still on 93/91 as this is what the engine was designed for. If your car is specced for the lowest octane, that is what you should use as using higher octane would not benefit (or hurt you) at all (other than cost). tldr: use what gas your car is supposed to use. Generally, this can be found near your gas cap", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-4308", "score": 0.6809636950492859, "text": "E10 is a blend of gas/alcohol made from biomass (corn, usually). Most modern cars are just fine running it. E85 is a different beast, however - the concentration of ethanol is much higher (as is the octane rating), making engine management / fuel system changes necessary (usually engines require higher flow injectors/pump to run E85). The higher the concentration of alcohol, the worse mileage you'll get, but it's usually offset by being lower price per gallon. If you have a turbocharged car, an E85 tune can really be a godsend since its high octane rating means it will be less likely to pre detonate under higher compression.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-182932", "score": 0.680866539478302, "text": "It's not fuel capacity, it's the volume of the cylinders combined. The amount of air and fuel they can hold. So larger equals a bigger bang which means more power. In a very basic sense.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-32047", "score": 0.6806542873382568, "text": "It reduces the price to deliver oil to the refineries (at home and abroad). That means that refiners can pay more for oil and still sell gas at the same price. It leads to higher oil consumption by reducing the effective price. While you might think that low gas prices are good, environmentalists know this means more oil usage, more carbon in the atmosphere and a warmer planet. They want to save the planet rather than save money on gas. Your opinion might vary, many people's does.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-320530", "score": 0.6806503534317017, "text": "Usually it's the opposite, as the smaller engine handles the everyday minimal power needs. The higher powered engine is usually less fuel efficient. It's easy to compare these, empirically at any of the online car shopping bots.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2012552", "score": 0.6806372404098511, "text": "There is an ongoing argument on Facebook about whether or not companies make changes to the fuel once delivered from the supplier, in order to make the delivery go further. This apparently reduces the quality of the fuel and is linked to causing engine damage. It seems plausible but more people seem to think it’s not true than true so I’m doubting myself.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-96201", "score": 0.6806055307388306, "text": "Basically the more you compress fuel before igniting it the more power you can get, mostly because if you compress air to 15psi prior to putting it into your engine then a 2L engine will hold 4L of air, and it can take 4L worth the fuel and produce 4L worth the power. Additionally a higher temperature (due to a higher compression ratio) will increase thermodynamic efficiency getting you more power for the same fuel/air charge. The problem is if you compress air like that and add fuel, gasoline will tend to spontaneously combust (before the spark plug ignites it, causing it to push the piston in the wrong direction), the octane rating is the gasoline's ability to mix with compressed air without combusting. High end engines compress the air more to get more power out of a smaller engine. This requires high test fuel. Many modern cars have an anti-knock sensor that senses the octane rating and it adjusts how much it compresses the fuel (resulting in lower power and mpg with low test fuel).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-264505", "score": 0.6805248856544495, "text": "Gasoline is comprised primarily of hydrocarbons, of which the majority of the mass is carbon. The oxygen component of CO2, which makes up 73% of the molecule by mass, comes from the air. 27% of 95 g (i.e. the carbon component of the CO2) is 26 g, which well within the limit of the 32 g of fuel your car is using. Edit: Accidentally said oxygen instead of carbon.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-171411", "score": 0.6805232763290405, "text": "The kind of engines we use for most things has separate places for gasoline and for oil because gasoline and oil serve different functions.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-128892", "score": 0.6796965003013611, "text": "Its not very intuitive so lets try this. Youre building a fence, and you HAVE to use all the wood, otherwise youre breaking a law. So you can go length of your yard, depth of your yard, and height of the fence. If you want a higher fence you need to have a smaller area. Pressure, temperature, and volume work the same. So with compressed gas, the volume of the canister stays the same. The pressure goes down (cause youre letting some out) so the temperature has to go down to make up for it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-323989", "score": 0.6795248985290527, "text": "The less gas in the tank the less the mass you have to lug around meaning it is always more efficient to carry less. That being said a full tank of gas weighs about 100lbs while a car weighs 4,000lbs so the difference in efficient is quite small. About 1% at a 1/2 tank assuming 20mpg.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-95825", "score": 0.6794734001159668, "text": "They use different suppliers, plus they have a different market. Consider a situation where everyone in town commutes down that same street to work every morning, and then drives back on it in the evening; most of them get gas in the evening rather than the morning, and they'd mostly prefer not to cross traffic to get it. Hypothetical, but not entirely so. But different suppliers is probably the key. And there are other reasons to prefer one station to another; better coffee, more stuff inside, better prices on the stuff inside, maybe a car wash, locking pump handles, better window washing stuff, etc.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-16719", "score": 0.6792362928390503, "text": "There is competition, but the margin is very small. You're making a few cents on the gallon, if that. A gas stations main profit does not come from gas, it comes from items sold in the store. The US has a tiered system, and when you go to a BP station, you probably aren't buying directly from BP. That gas may have been refined by Exxon, traded to BP on an exchange agreement, sold to a wholesaler at a Magellan terminal, where the BP additive is injected, and then sold to the gas station from the wholesaler. There is not a significant markup on the fuel at the pump. You're paying very close to what the station paid, who paid very close to what the wholesaler paid which is very close to the spot prices for the product. Suppliers who sell to wholesalers are very competitive with their pricing. They are all working to be near to the bottom unless they have supply issues.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-148774", "score": 0.6789162158966064, "text": "Elevation. \"Octane\" is a description of how much compression the fuel can be put under before it spontaneously ignites. The higher the octane number, the more pressure the fuel can take before it just ignites. An engine wants to take the fuel/air mixture as close to this point as possible (but not past it) before the spark plug sparks and lights the fuel. This (I think) ensures the most power for a given amount of fuel. When you go to a higher elevation (like the mountains in Idaho), the air is thinner. This means the pistons in the engine can't compress the air as much. Since the pressure in the engine can't go as high, you need to use a fuel designed to ignite at a lower level of compression, a.k.a. a lower octane number.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-159192", "score": 0.6788902282714844, "text": "Within a city, the cost can vary depending on when the store purchased its fuel. They will generally change the price at the pump when they get a fuel delivery and base the price off of what they pay. That can explain some variation. Other factors can come into play. If there are two stores near each other and one is always a few cents more, it may just be that the other store has higher prices to deal with, such as rent or labor costs. Also, distance from the jobber (wholesaler) is a concern too. The jobber adds in how far they have to drive the fuel to the station when computing the price for that station. If you have two gas stations, and one of them is served by a jobber five miles away and another from a jobber 35 miles away, then you may well see a consistently lower price from the former.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-78750", "score": 0.6788047552108765, "text": "They can be sectioned off on the inside and carry all of those fuels. Also, the transport trucks are typically not owned by the gas companies, so there label wouldn't be on them anyway.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-127919", "score": 0.6784963607788086, "text": "I think it's because \"gas\" is short for \"gasoline\"", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-171151", "score": 0.6784692406654358, "text": "> I also thought that the only way that they could tell that you're using the resource is via a meter that does a science thing to detect how much is being used, but I don't understand how the companies could detect whose gas/electricty it is. This one has a simple answer. There's a separate meter for each customer, so your meter only reports how much you use. The meter is usually attached to the customer's house or building.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-148965", "score": 0.6784493923187256, "text": "The more you compress the air/gas mixture the more power you can get from it, but compressing it makes it hot and it can explode too early which will hurt the engine Premium gas has a higher octane rating than regular which means you can squeeze it more before it explodes. If you put regular gas in a high compression engine it will be exploding before the piston is at the top which is no good Modern engines have sensors to detect premature detonation (aka engine knock) and change how they're running to avoid damage but sacrifice performance to do so", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-24528", "score": 0.6783602833747864, "text": "The price of petroleum is based on the cost of extraction and distribution. The consumer price of motor oil is based on what customers will pay. These two prices are independent of one another. Also, petroleum isn't the same as 'gas'. You use different 'fractions' of crude oil to produce different types of products. What goes into plastic and motor oil is different from what goes into your gas tank. Different sources of oil have varying amounts of the various 'fractions' as well. So it's entirely possible for gasoline to be very expensive while motor oil is cheap.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-719", "score": 0.6558827757835388, "text": "It happens all the time during critical incidents. Usually the goal is to keep media aircraft back so they do not interfere with law enforcement operations." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2370230", "score": 0.6228365898132324, "text": "Both airport's trading low atm to their real value due to covid 19 with the virus being nearly beaten and plans to open up soon you'd think travers will look for save places like aus amd nz", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-9234", "score": 0.6224168539047241, "text": "There will be a no-fly zone in the space around where the President will be. The Secret Service will coordinate with the FAA on the routes POTUS is taking. If an aircraft comes too close, it will likely be scuttled. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-250150", "score": 0.6220399737358093, "text": "There'd be no real need to. It's not like they can see something coming that they need to steer around, and no one's going to hail them for a distress call. The people on the ground are keeping the engineering watch and as much of a navigational watch as is needed.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-123068", "score": 0.6214428544044495, "text": "Because these airport rules are largely about [security theatre](_URL_0_). There is no obligation for them to be based on evidence or demonstrably make flying safer, just to create the impression of a secure environment.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-219762", "score": 0.6210274696350098, "text": "As far as I was aware it was a trial that never went any further. Apart from being able to thrown further (and a possibly erratic flight path) I'm not sure what the difference was. Here's one article: _URL_0_ And a report from a Melbourne newspaper at the time: _URL_1_ Anyone in Singleton want to go have a look?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1894781", "score": 0.6208560466766357, "text": "It makes no sense that foam lock down occurs when taking cover, around corners, or even running down stairs if they were able to start firing before breaking line of sight. This is a problem that has to be addressed.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-7528", "score": 0.6207095980644226, "text": "They want to control access to areas of the building because ti is easy to end the situation. If everyone is locked in classrooms, the shooter cannot get into them, and they are a lot less people running around so the police can find the person who is causing the issue.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-312947", "score": 0.6206070184707642, "text": "It was 18 miles high, which is pretty far away for 500 kt (Little Boy was 16kt). Also there's not much air at that altitude for the blast to push against to create some overpressure.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-30294", "score": 0.620581865310669, "text": "I've been told by a friend that is a pilot that the reason for the power down during take off and landing is that those are the most dangerous times when on an aircraft. Therefore, they are hoping that people won't be distracted by their electronics, or god-forbid, create numerous hard plastic and metal projectiles to fly through the cabin in an accident. The last time I flew we still had to power down during take-off and landing.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1620432", "score": 0.620429515838623, "text": "Traditionally it's done when someone's contract is expiring. We have EVERYONE locked down. Why not just wait...", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-541950", "score": 0.6203011870384216, "text": "When would a lockdown be warranted?\nAt this level of cases , most other countries started severe social distancing measures like closing down schools and restaraunts ( truthfully.. most did it much before that. And these are much bigger , less densely populated countries). Govt still trying to issue a sense of normalacy and i dont understand why.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2738582", "score": 0.6198278069496155, "text": "Why such a complicated lie? Why not just shoot down a few planes and say terrorists got bombs on board and set them off? Does anyone have any cogent explanations for the events that occurred?\n\nSide question: Why do so few people seem to care that the official story is obviously a lie?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-260730", "score": 0.6195632219314575, "text": "They were used for arming the bomb's fuse. This was to prevent the bomb being armed while it was close to the aircraft. More info [here.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-40423", "score": 0.6195522546768188, "text": "Until 9/11, the hijackers' plan was never to kamikaze into something. They'd hijack the plane, force it to land somewhere quiet and hold the passengers hostage until their demands were met. If passengers cooperated, nothing was going to happen to them until the plane was on the ground. Save any heroics for if/when it looks like they're going to start killing passengers to put pressure on whoever they're negotiating with. When the [fourth plane](_URL_0_) was hijacked on 9/11 and passengers learned that the other planes had been crashed, they did indeed fight back. Although the plane still crashed, they stopped it reaching its target.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1029093", "score": 0.6195356845855713, "text": "two police cars are on either side the road i live on blocking any escape or entrance. A helicopter was here b4 but now it is gone. Since then I know where the suspects car is but how do i the cops know? Why don't they move in? Why is there such little urgency now after the helicopter left? Is this a standoff or do they still not know where the suspect's car is? \n\nIf i get a response I will elucidate the situation more.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-369811", "score": 0.6194228529930115, "text": "Don’t they have to have access to the ramp in order to ramp check you? Would they call in the fighter jets and order you to land? Once I landed, how would they prove it was me flying? Just shower thoughts delivered to SAF with a side of rum.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-220039", "score": 0.6191538572311401, "text": "I think you would be surprised by the answer Switzerland. Violations of their airspace were met with aggression and even capture of pilots and plane. /u/Georgy_K_Zhukov wrote a really interesting post on it. The portion directly related to your question can be found [here](_URL_0_). Search for the header [ At \"War\" ] to get right to the meat and potatoes of your question.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-4346", "score": 0.6191268563270569, "text": "They ask other countries' permission to fly over their territory. It's only considered hostile to fly fighter jets in another country's airspace **without** permission.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-185985", "score": 0.6190592646598816, "text": "The inside of the plane is under pressure and you don't want the windows bursting out. Corners are the weakest part of such a seal, so rounding the windows eliminates the weak points.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2737998", "score": 0.6184982657432556, "text": "Many brave American voulenteers already fight and die for the sake of all humans alongside us. However, now the american govenrment is requesting information, so as to determine wether they will join the war. On the one hand, we are stretched for manpower. We need all the help we can get to push back the foe from Darwin, at the same time, ameircan drone warfare and airstrikes could cause major civilian casualties. I was at Geraldton when it fell, and in a smaller town an airstrike could easily have hit both the emus and the civilians we were defending with our lives. Personally I'm torn about the issue. What do you guys think?\n\nSergeant Nathan Seacole of the Geraldton reserve", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-720", "score": 0.646581768989563, "text": "Plastic filaments and particles can interact with receptors on the outside of cells, and can freely enter cells by moving through the fatty cell membrane to disrupt processes inside the cell. The downstream effects are poorly understood, and could be anything from nothing, to interfering with hormone cycles and metabolism, to causing cell death, or to affecting DNA replication and repair, depending on the type and size of the plastic particle. Here's an NIH article on how they (and other substances like drugs) can affect your hormones (endocrine system): _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-325387", "score": 0.6141896843910217, "text": "Polyethylene Terephthalate: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET, PETE or polyester) is actually quite resistant to alcohol and oil. Pthalates and diethyl phthalate (DEP) are widely present illegally produced spirits/alcohol and there is some evidence of negative health risks, you would have to be drinking a lot. It's hard to type/research on my phone but here's the one I managed to go through briefly _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-483074", "score": 0.614018440246582, "text": "Almost everything you can buy is made in China or somewhere else using slave labor. No matter how many lockdowns there are , germs can still spread through these materials. Food for thought .", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1643231", "score": 0.6140047907829285, "text": "I just started a job helping someone I know to tear down a home built in the late 19th century in order to build a new home on the same spot. \n\nYesterday was the first day of the project. I was given a white full body coverall suit with no hood and an N95 mask. I wore a baseball cap and regular eyeglasses. I was tasked with pulling down the ceiling boards with a pry bar. As I did this, small pebbles fell from the attic. These pebbles rained down on me and the room I was working in in huge amounts. Now the floor is covered in the stuff. Empty paper bags also fell from the ceiling which is how I learned this substance is called vermiculite. \n\nThe home owner said vermiculite is naturally occurring and therefore safe. So I kept working. Later, I realized I shouldn't just take his word for it and did some internet searching. Needless to say, I was shocked to learn that this stuff is toxic. It is the Zonolite brand—the one that has a trust to help pay for homeowners to have it removed professionally—it undoubtedly came from Libby, MT which is a Superfund Site.\n\nI was wearing the N95 mask but I have a beard which probably prevented a proper seal. And, initially I didn't have the nose of the mask properly pressed against the ridge of my nose. I could feel a film of dust on my teeth. I then pressed the top of the mask tightly around my nose. Some of the small pebbles got into my eyes as I pulled boards down from above. Because there was no hood on my suit, the pebbles and the dust went down the suit and onto my clothing. I was not wearing shoe covers. So the dust is all over my boots. It's all over my work gloves, my hat, my glasses. I shouldn't have done this work at all. But having done so, I should have had more PPE and shaved my beard. \n\nWhat should I do now? How concerned should I be about this exposure to vermiculite? It seems this is a particularly bad exposure given the amount of dust and the number of hours I was working. I was working in this disturbed vermiculite environment for at least 5 hours.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-236854", "score": 0.6139422059059143, "text": "Reduces contamination. Those products are meant to be single use anyway. Any cleaning can induce effects in subsequent experiments.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-279953", "score": 0.6139116883277893, "text": "There are lot papers out regarding this matter. Just search pubmed for *fukushima food* or something like that. For example: [Effects of the nuclear disaster on marine products in Fukushima](_URL_0_) [Examination of radioactive contamination in foods](_URL_1_) If you cant access a specific article give me a PM. Maybe I can help.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1255189", "score": 0.6138521432876587, "text": "I'm probably being too careful here but I'm a bit paranoid about continuing to use my plastic primary fermentor bucket after discovering mildew/mold growing inside today. I wiped it away and sanitized it well but am I risking infection in future batches if I continue to use it?\n\n Thoughts? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-544650", "score": 0.6137746572494507, "text": "Been reading up on MSDS for Golden fluid matte medium. So far the hazards listed are ammonia, amorphous silica and, propylene glycol.\n\nI think it should be fine but I'm waiting for a reply from Golden.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-254215", "score": 0.61375492811203, "text": "First, consider that even second-hand smoke has been found to have associations with poor health outcomes. Now consider that even infrequent smoking exposes one to greater concentrations of the same than second-hand. That consideration alone should suffice as a justifiable 'stern warning'. I did manage to find one [review article](_URL_0_) that summarizes findings. Here's the general recap: triple the risk of baseline for ischemic heart disease, more than triple the baseline risk for lung cancer, four times the baseline risk for esophageal cancer, double the baseline risk for gastric and pancreatic cancer, increased odds of all-cause mortality, etc.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-126799", "score": 0.613651692867279, "text": "They're too small to get caught by filters in water treatment plants so they stay suspended in the water and get out into the environment. Once there they get taken up by [zooplankton (that green stuff is microplastic)](_URL_1_) in their feeding, and then get consumed by larger and larger animals. The problem is that once they've consumed it the plastic doesn't digest so it starts accumulating, and this kills the animal. [This fish larvae for example](_URL_0_). The increasing use of them was a real potential hazard to fisheries, as well as entering the human food chain. So there's been some quite impressive speedy legislation to solve the issue by banning them.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-310581", "score": 0.6135770082473755, "text": "Dishwashers typically use high temperature water to clean their contents. Plastics that are \"dishwasher safe\" are ones that will not degrade or melt in such conditions. Melting is pretty obvious, so I won't explain it; but degradation is a more complicated issue. Some plastics are stored in liquid form by dissolving them in a solvent, these solvents never fully leave the plastic even after it has hardened into whatever shape the manufacturer wanted (such as a tupperware container or a plastic cup). With exposure to water, sometimes these solvents can leech out of the plastic, and even more so in high temperature water. BPA (BisPhenol-A) is an example of such a solvent.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-294352", "score": 0.6134516596794128, "text": "It is mostly lead sulfate, caused by the reaction of the sulfates in the battery itself with the terminals. It it forms, it means that the plastic sealing is not entirely perfect, although a small amount of it isn't cause for concern. It is somewhat toxic, but as long as you wash your hands after contact you'll be fine. You can clean it off with a variety of substances. One of the more efficient ones is phosphoric acid, which readily reacts with lead compounds. You can buy a can of that at the auto parts store for a pretty high price, or just use soda (Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper, etc.)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-311691", "score": 0.6133201718330383, "text": "It's already happening. Some bacteria are just not responding anymore and the dangers are upon us. There are lots more relevant responses on this subreddit if you do a little digging.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-58044", "score": 0.6133182644844055, "text": "Once we open it and put our mouth on it it starts growing all sorts of nasty things, so unless you're also washing those disposable water bottles after a few days it will start becoming a health hazard to some degree.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-277176", "score": 0.61321622133255, "text": "I've looked into this enough to recognize the Seralini study ... and as a toxicologist I can say that it was massively flawed. I have not seen a peer-reviewed/published study that indicates a credible health risk from consumption of GMO food. Does that mean that there is none? No, but all evidence published so far does not seem to support the widespread concern we've been hearing. If we want to be concerned about something, we should probably consider the high calorie HFCS that is added to a shocking number of foods that we eat. The calories/sugar are much more likely to pose a problem than the consumption of GMO corn by itself.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-245267", "score": 0.6132024526596069, "text": "The metal pole. The truth is, viral particles and bacterial/fungal spores (spore being specialized reproductive structures to survive harsh conditions- think of the biological equivalent of Superman's space baby pod) can survive just fine on either one. However, more species of living, non-sporulated bacteria and fungi can survive longer in the dark and shielded nooks and crannies of a plastic-coated fabric like the ones in buses/trains. The key to take away from this, though, is that it's not an intrinsic property of the surface, it's how easily does the surface retain moisture, and how much of the surface can (even micrscopically) be shielded from light.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-317641", "score": 0.6131633520126343, "text": "Many antibacterial consumer products use triclosan, which does [several different things](_URL_0_). Humans are also massive and covered in an outer toughened layer of dead watertight cells (skin), which means we are relatively unharmed by high concentrations of alcohol and many other forms of chemical attack. Most hand sanitizers are basically alcohol and a thickening agent; it burns only if you get it in a cut. I am also somewhat skeptical of statistics in marketing, and I've never felt really comfortable with the idea of leaving 0.01% of bacteria alive.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-61673", "score": 0.613129734992981, "text": "Plastic _is_ organic material. All \"organic\" means is the material in question is carbon-based. Plastic is just a long chain of [carbon polymers](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-14951", "score": 0.6129834055900574, "text": "Plastics have properties which make them resistant to biodegradation. Firstly, plastics are water resistant. Without moisture, bacteria/fungi cannot grow on it. Also, any digestive enzymes released by these organisms will be repelled from the surface. Secondly, producing plastics is very energy-inefficient compared to biological cellulose or other biomaterials. So nature has never bothered to evolve plastics and the enzymes to digest plastics. Also, plastics are very similar to wood (cellulose). When wood was first evolved, there were very few organisms capable of digesting it. This led to dead trees piling up everywhere and filling the earth with wood, which all eventually became coal. This period of earth’s history is the Carboniferous period, where almost all coal on earth came from this pile of dead trees. If plastics become as widespread as wood was, something will evolve to digest the abundant source of energy.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2324261", "score": 0.6129226088523865, "text": "Im currently doing a project in a product engineering course in regards to small houses made from recycled plastic materials. I have a couple of questions and if anyone has answers or can direct me to the right place it would be highly appreciated.\n\nFirst one is what are typical things i should keep in mind for an accommodation. Such as thermal insulation, electricity, pluming, common problems and such.\n\nSecond is if anyone knows what the strengths of recycled plastics are in comparison to new ones.\n\nAny advice in regards are also appreciated.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-182852", "score": 0.6128088235855103, "text": "Essentially you can think of water as a universal solvent. Even though it only takes away trace amounts of plasticizers at at time, it is still a small scale extraction. The friction added from moving the water speeds up and/or makes the extraction more efficient (heat added from a chemicals perspective). & #x200B; These factors coupled with fact that there is most likely a thick water-resistant coating on the inside of the bottle. That coating wearing off would make it easier for phthalates to see into your water, which is no bueno. [Source](_URL_0_) Used wiki, but real source is am PhD chemist. & #x200B; Edit: fixed hyperlink.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-722", "score": 0.6801717281341553, "text": "Somewhat. They work by increasing levels of nitric oxide in the body, which regulates blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels. You can't supplement nitric oxide directly, but two amino acids, L-arginine and L-citrulline, cause the body to produce it. While L-arginine is a popular product, it is poorly absorbed by the body, so L-citrulline is the better choice of the two." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2701764", "score": 0.6460906863212585, "text": "So I've heard a mix bag between the effectiveness, a lot were saying its really potent and effective, whereas some were saying it wasn't working for them. Can someone tell me how effective it is for them, and do they have tangible proof, eg blood tests?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1479990", "score": 0.646083414554596, "text": "Is there anything natural to my body that I can take as a supplement to aid in weightloss? Something that would actually help burn more fat, or feel full longer?\n\nThere's so many fads and so much fake info out there.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1480106", "score": 0.6460804343223572, "text": "A slightly different version of this was original posted in /r/fitness, but I was not impressed with the quality of the conversation there, and I'm hoping you guys will be more constructive and interesting to talk to.\n\n---\n \nI have been doing a lot of research lately on body re-composition, simultaneous fat loss and lean muscle gain and the connection between protein intake and anabolism. Current research suggests the following protocol:\n\nHydrolyzed whey protein isolate immediately after resistance training. 20 grams elicits the maximal physiological response. The addition of ginger, citric acid and a slow digesting carbohydrate such as coconut sugar and will support body re-composition and digestive health. I should note that this assumes you will be eating a normal meal ~2-3 hours after drinking your post workout shake.\n\nsupport for the 20 gram plateau for post workout protein intake comes from [Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;94(3):795-803. Epub 2011 Jul 27.\nRapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise.]( ; Daniel West is the first author on this paper, and he is a fairly famous figure in the resistance training nutrition world.\n\n>Multiple lines of evidence suggested a primary role for leucine\n>as an amino acid in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (40). We\n>provided data (12) in the postexercise period in support of the\n>hypothesis that blood leucinemia was important in maximizing the\n>protein consumption–mediated rates of MPS (2); other authors had\n>similar data with food consumption alone (41). Specifically, whey\n>protein ingestion induced a rapid aminoacidemia and leucinemia\n>postexercise that led to greater rates of muscle protein synthesis at\n>rest and after resistance exercise (12). In contrast, a bolus dose of\n>more slowly digested micellar casein protein, or soy protein, which\n>was digested at a similar rate as whey but contained less leucine\n>(12), stimulated MPS to a lesser degree at rest and postexercise. In\n>addition, we observed a protein dose-response relation in muscle\n>protein synthesis rates after resistance exercise that reached\n>a plateau at 20 g (16). Collectively, these data (12, 16) suggested\n>that, similar to amino acid infusions at rest (14), increases in blood\n>EAA, BCAA, or leucine concentrations from dietary protein ingestion induced a graded MPS response that was >based on a signal\n>that is related to peak aminoacidemia or peak leucinemia after\n>resistance exercise but that is also clearly saturable.\n\nAnother article that is older and not as well written but covers a lot of ground: [Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 3(1):7-27, 2006. (www.theissn.org)\nJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition©. A National Library of Congress Indexed Journal. ISSN # 1550-2783 \nContemporary Issues in Protein Requirements and \nConsumption for Resistance Trained Athletes ](\n\nAnother significant Daniel West paper: [Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic\nhormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis\nor intracellular signalling in young men](\n\nThis one might be a surprise to many of you: [Essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion before resistance exercise\ndoes not enhance postexercise muscle protein synthesis](\n\nSome more interesting stuff: [Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without\nprotein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression](\n\nAnother good Daniel West paper: [Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains\nin strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight\ntraining](\n\nThat should give you guys some things to chew on.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1479343", "score": 0.6460347175598145, "text": "I have a friend who does the 3 day split workout weekly (back / bi, chest / tri, legs/shoulders), in addition to 30-45 minute cardio sessions before workouts. So each workout session is about 2 hours long.\n\nHe tries to go as heavy as he can in work outs, but is really thin / lean.\n\nHe usually does not eat breakfast and we had an odd conversation where I asked him what he does for protein / post-workout. He states he is a vegetarian and also does not really focus on eating protein, as he \"does not want to get big\".\n\nI was kind of bewildered by the answer. I work out heavy and take protein, but it's hard work and I have to really focus on my diet to get 'big'. Being big doesn't just happen because you eat protein.\n\nI'm wondering what this is going to do to my friend's body. I mean, why bother working out so hard if you don't eat protein, at all??", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2497619", "score": 0.6459994316101074, "text": "I usually eat an apple 30mins before, but my BG has recently been going really high after my workout due to \"liver dump\" so I'm guessing I need something more. I workout right after leaving work so eating a whole meal 1-2h before my workout is not feasible.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-25148", "score": 0.6459211111068726, "text": "There's a build up of toxic byproducts of the exercise that literally make your muscles unable to contract. Resting allows those byproducts to be removed/destroyed, so your muscles can function normally again. EDIT: The process is called lactic acidosis. It is brought on by a *shortage* of ATP which in turn is brought on by a shortage of oxygen, which causes the body to go into overdrive to produce more, which in turn produces lactate, not lactic acid. Lactate is negatively charged, so cells will also release hydrogen ions to counteract this effect. This results in the typical feelings of soreness and stiffness you experience during vigorous exercise, and if left unchecked will eventually make it difficult to move the muscle.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-246637", "score": 0.6459115743637085, "text": "No. I'm unsure of the explanation, but i'll give a reasonable shot. Your heart beats faster in cardiovascular exercise because your body demands oxygen/CO2 exchange. In turn, your body releases factors to encourage growth/strengthening of your heart to be able to pump more blood per beat. If one person has a resting heart rate of 90 bpm, and another person has 60 bpm, wouldn't the person with the higher heart rate get more \"cardiovascular exercise\" in a day? No. I would apply this logic to cardiac stimulants. Your body isn't producing factors that would encourage pumping efficiency.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-655875", "score": 0.6458866000175476, "text": "Sorry if this isn't the right place, but I'm seeking answers. I was wondering if classical Conditioning with positive reinforcement works on yourself. \n\nI recently started going to the gym and I know it brings back slightly depressing memories. I was wondering, if I go to the gym for an hour and maybe reward myself with say a small chocolate or something afterwards, would that work?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2378243", "score": 0.6458679437637329, "text": "I am a noob when it comes to this stuff, but I have been running on my school's cross country team for a little while now and have been slowly getting better and better. Although we do bodyweight exercises to increase strength, it is a joke among us that we are not the kind of people to lift weights or ever workout more than cardio. Most have been saying thats because it negatively affects your speed and endurance while running, and as someone who has been getting more and more into serious lifting how true are these statements?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-340419", "score": 0.6458513736724854, "text": "Hey everyone!\n\nIs there a shake that anyone suggests to up my vitamin intake or a supplement that would be good?\nAs of my last blood test I'm deficit in vitamin D which I live in Florida and work outside a lot so it seems ironic. \nI know on fitness pal I am normally pretty low in vitamin A, C, iron and calcium. \nI know I could just take a pill and it would lift the levels, but thought I'd ask you guys. \nMy doctor said to take fish oil for the vitamin D and it's other benefits but every time I take it I get super nauseous. \n\nThanks everyone!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-293045", "score": 0.6458374261856079, "text": "I've bookmarked [this awesome chart](_URL_0_) to help me answer questions like this. It displays the supplements along axis of effectiveness based on actual scientific research. Super helpful!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2703775", "score": 0.6457839012145996, "text": "I don't want to get carried away with this and I don't want to state the source as of yet. A few months ago I tried ostarine for a test 'bulking' cycle. It worked quite well although the side effects were stronger for me than I expected and I capped out at 15mg a day. Within the first week I knew I had not gotten bunk. My pumps were insane, so much so I had to stop taking creatine because I couldn't hold the weights my forearms were just getting too pumped. I also had some very obvious side effects.\n\nI am on my second cycle now a week in which I know isnt a long time. I am feeling nothing at all no side effects no pump or anything and I am taking the max of what I was able to handle in the first run.\n\nThis doesn't make sense to me unless I got a spiked bottle on my first order or I got bunk on my last. I just wanted to ask the community if anyone has had an experience like this? I still have some left from my old cycle and in a week I plan on hitting into that so see if there is a marked effect. If so I will know but I wanted to order a large supply because of the upcoming possible ban but not if the reliability of a major source here is that inconsistent.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1002263", "score": 0.6457582116127014, "text": "To start off I am very new to going to the gym and doing any real exercise aside from whatever we did in gym class in high school. I'm 22, 5'8\", 175 lbs. Long story short I'd like to lose my body fat and then start lifting to get a more athletic build. I recently got a gym membership and have started some cardio and a few exercises on the machines. I've also changed my diet.\n\nQuestion 1 is what are some good exercises/cardio (or possibly supplements/shakes) I can do to lose the body fat in an efficient way.\n\nQuestion 2 is once I start lifting and really getting into it, what are some good supplements (I've read that I shouldn't use creatine since I'd have to keep drinking it even when I'm at my desired body build? Could be bad info) I can try and is there a good routine of lifts/exercises I can do in a 5 day cycle?\n\nMany thanks to anyone who could help get on the right path. And I'm doing this one my phone as I no longer have a computer so I can't see any sidebar posts. I apologize if I am asking something that's already there", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1479772", "score": 0.6456660032272339, "text": "You can put in Dumbells, Machines, etc.\nI have been going to the gym for about over a month now. However, I feel that I am producing some results but I really want to bring out more intense better results. Anyone have any ideas of any workout routines that really improved on them? and how long did it take for you to see results? Full body workout routines, diet plans, etc?\n\n(Edit: I have a Gyms pass hence why I said you can put in dumbells, machines, etc.)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-254329", "score": 0.6456521153450012, "text": "> \"muscle burns fat ...\" Wut. I've never heard this saying before. When you lift weights, your muscles burn energy to operate. Fat is your body's way of storing chemical energy from the foods that you eat that it doesn't use (amongst providing other benefits such as heat insulation). Your muscles contracting and elongating (lifting weights) will use any chemical energy from food you've recently eaten, and if that is not enough it will also break down fat. As such any muscle operations will burn fat (if done enough), such as running, swimming, cycling (...). As for why lifting weights builds muscles, in layman's terms, you lifting weights makes your muscles go *'Ooh, that was tough, we'd better get stronger so we can do that easier next time'* and then the day after going to the gym you ache like crazy because you've (potentially) damaged your muscles and they're building. (note: muscles can't talk :P) I think my final answer is; that saying makes no sense and exercise will burn both.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-257397", "score": 0.645497739315033, "text": "The primary thing that affects your muscles with a warm up is blood flow. At rest, most of your skeletal muscles receive very little blood flow, because they aren't doing anything, they just kind of sit there. When you do a *proper* warm up, those muscles start to need more substrates (oxygen, triglycerides, glycogen/glucose, proteins, all kinds of stuff). In order to deliver those substrates, your body pumps more blood to those muscles. That's the major thing that happens to your muscles during/after a *proper* warm up. As for the injury, think of your muscles as being like a sponge. Before a *proper* warm up, your muscles are like a dried out sponge. They are stiff, rigid, and prone to do things like crack and break, just like a really dry sponge. When you warm up your muscles \"soak up\" that blood, and like a sponge that soaks up a bunch of water, they get soft and flexible, and instead of cracking or breaking under strain, they bend and flex.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-262495", "score": 0.6454963088035583, "text": "[Here is a link to a lecture on the cAMP Cascade with epinephrine/adrenaline](_URL_5_) Notice in the first image how each step has a molecular amplification of x10 - x10000. This happens extremely fast and with exponential results causing a spike in blood glucose levels and ATP production. So one will be able to exert much more physical strength for longer time than simply lifting weights for exercise. I cannot attest to the \"200 times more 'powerful'\" claim.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-272198", "score": 0.6454616785049438, "text": "During exercise, the heart rate is not only increased, but the force of contraction is as well. This is necessary to supply your body with oxygen. When you drink caffeine it only increases the rate of your heart, but not the force of contraction.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1924865", "score": 0.6454582214355469, "text": "Assuming one has a healthy body and sticks to a reasonable dose, would amphetamines like adderall or a low dose of meth help in a fight? It was just a hypothetical question that arose when I was reading about the miracles that massive amounts of adrenaline can do to muscular strength. So we all know how amphetamines get you pumped up and give you that \"I'm so fuckin ready\" feeling, I'm assuming this would be beneficial in a fight. As your pumped up and not really worried about losing. Also with the quickened reflexes and bigger adrenaline rush, it should give one an edge, right?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2380487", "score": 0.6454454064369202, "text": "Lately I have watched several movies starring Tom Hardy, and I was truly amazed by his change of physique from movie to movie. I got curious and looked around a bit. Ended up with an interview with Tom Hardy and his personal trainer, Patrick “P-NuT” Monroe.\n\nIn this interview Patrick states that if you workout several times a day (they used four times a day), your body would eventually \"adapt\" and rebuild your muscles faster. Of course this would demand a much higher intake of energy than the average man.\n\nI have always been under the assumption that if the body does not get enough rest, you will simply break down muscles but not allow your body to rebuild them.\n\nTherefore I wonder, is there any truth in this? Would the body eventually adapt?\n\nI must state, this is a question simply out of curiosity and to right my misconception of the body, if so.\n\nEDIT: Too many words in the title..", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-723", "score": 0.6985576748847961, "text": "Color compounds are usually fairly large molecules, and the fabrics in your clothes are made of even larger polymer chains. Big molecules like this can interact [non-covalently](_URL_0_) (so no chemical bonds, just atoms sticking to each other through Van der Waals forces, charge groups, and other weak forces). Non-covalent interactions can add up to be pretty strong, but also are reversible. Detergent in particular is very good and inserting itself between the molecules and removing their attraction for each other. But the longer you let the staining molecules sit around and the hotter you get them, the better the chances are that the colored compounds covalently bond them to the fabric. At that point, there isn't anything that can break the bond that wouldn't also break the bonds of the fabric in general." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-545469", "score": 0.6635956764221191, "text": "Every time I bleach my hair within a few months it gets several shades darker, almost muddy looking. I use purple shampoo every two weeks, professional toner every two months, clarifying shampoo weekly, so what is causing this??", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-71027", "score": 0.66335529088974, "text": "Because you're washing mixed colors together. That's just the color of the fibers most clothes shed when being washed. It's like when you combine random crayon colors, you always ended up with a sorta of puke brown. Wash a load of almost entirely red clothes/towels and you'll get red lint. Seen it myself.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2550120", "score": 0.6633200645446777, "text": "Hi. I normally don't post in the subs like this, but lately I've been rather into painting my nails. I don't do anything special (no sort of art or anything) because I don't know how and my supplies and colors are limited. \n\nRecently I encountered a problem. I use cheaper nail polish because I can't really afford to drop much on polish right now. This is no huge thing to me, there are some awesome colors in the cheaper polish! Anyway, I picked up a bottle of clear coat the other day, so that I could try to get my polish to last a little longer. The first time I used it, it worked AMAZINGLY. My green nail polish turned out the color it was meant to be (two coats of that, then a coat of top coat). Awesomeeee. Until I took it off and realized that it left a green tint to my nails. Oops.\n\nThen, I painted them blue. I decided to use a base coat this time, to prevent any more staining. It dried, I put two layers of polish on (with drying time between), then put a top coat on. The top coat didn't want to dry completely (even after an hour!) and I ended up falling asleep with tacky nails and I had fabric texture when I woke up. For someone who is absolutely horrified by most textured things, this was heartbreaking. I braved it for two days, then took it off. My nails didn't stain again - hooray! \n\nI made sure all the polish was off my nails. Waited until the next day to paint them (partially out of laziness). Put the base coat on. Awesome. Put on the first layer of nail polish. Took a while to dry. No biggie, I was working on something on the computer, so I didn't think much of it. Second layer, same thing. Then I put the top coat on. It. Refused. To. Dry. Two hours after painting, it was still tacky. \n\nOriginally, I thought that it was because I used four coats total - but I've never heard of this being a problem with others. I now have nails that are fabric-y texture, and just look downright horrible! I'm about to remove this color and paint them again (not this color though, despite it being awesome) because I just want plain-Jane, shiny nails. \n\nWhat am I doing wrong? Is it because of the top/base coat I'm using? It's L.A. Colors (I think, anyway). If it is, what's a fairly cheap brand I can pick up at WalMart (no large drug store chains near me) that works well? Same with nail polishes. I would love to expand, but I'm just really not where I can spend $5+ on a single bottle. :( \n\nThanks for reading - and helping! I've lurked in this sub for a while, and I aspire to design nails half as stunning as you all do, whoa.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-709363", "score": 0.6632372736930847, "text": "Hello,\n\nwe have a granite countertop which was cleaned with acetone. The contractor covered it with a plastic film shortly after, probably polyethylene, and left it covered for several days.\n\nThe plastic stick to the granite countertop in a few places, see example here: \n\nWhen the plastic film was removed, the granite was stained exactly where the plastic was sticking to the countertop. No amount of acetone would clean it, it still looks like this: \n\nCan one of you describe what happened here? Was the staining caused by acetone and plastic film? moisture accumulated under the film? something else?\n\nAnd more importantly, is there any way to bring it back to its original look?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-14746", "score": 0.6631139516830444, "text": "There's plenty of answers here for Doctors, which is strange to me since it seems to be a more niche/specific answer. Anyway the short answer for butchers is quite simply: White is easiest to clean. Starching is an old technique for making clothes more resistant to staining (I believe it whitens clothes at the same time, at least the traditional techniques). Further bleaching, or in general any strong cleaner, tends to drain dyes out of clothing as well. What basically happens is you end up with a very sad looking piece of clothing if it's anything other than white after a couple cycles of this. Simply \"hiding\" the blood with dark/red coloured clothes isn't an option because it would start to rot quite quickly.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-602131", "score": 0.6631036400794983, "text": "Hello,\nI have been working on refinishing this old table for a few weeks now and finally put a coat of stain on it. Everything came out really nice except for this little streak at the end of the table. It almost looks like a brush stroke. The spot seemed to absorb more stain than the wood around it. \n\nI stripped the original finish off with a \"green\" stripper, and did the details and hard to get areas with some nasty-asty-bad-stuff stripper. Everything seemed to come off fine, and I never saw anything wrong with this spot. I also sanded the top with 120/220. Any ideas on how to fix this? Thanks!\n[IMG]\n[IMG]", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1252993", "score": 0.6630375385284424, "text": "\n\nLast night I was playing and it was clean. When I went to bed I put it on top of my surface pro with the purple cover, and somehow it seems to have stained overnight and I have no clue how :( any ideas?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-545932", "score": 0.662875235080719, "text": "In the past few years I've lost a tshirt, bedsheets (which I can still use), a pair of jeans, and not a Supreme tee. I don't use bleach but are there any other factors that might cause this? It would really suck to get a stain on a grail piece so I really want to fix this. Thanks", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-161744", "score": 0.6627340912818909, "text": "They have to do with either your skins pigment cells, the cells that give it color (brown birthmarks), or blood vessels (red, purple). It's clustering pigment cells or abnormal blood vessels. there are a lot of different kinds of variations and colors. It's not really understood why they happen or where they will be on your body. Some scientists think it occurs with abnormalities in utero with some proteins produced by the placenta. The red ones caused by blood vessels aren't believe to be hereditary, the brown ones are believed to be.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-191087", "score": 0.6620903015136719, "text": "The cloth itself is multi-layered. Once water is applied to the topmost layer, it undergoes a transformation from an opaque fiber to becoming transparent. The layer underneath, is black. Eventually, the water evaporates and the top layer becomes opaque again. & #x200B; This means it does wear in time. Though I'm sure it lasts quite a bit.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-317198", "score": 0.661953330039978, "text": "Multiple factors can cause this. But the primary factor is the sun's ultraviolet rays. UV degrades the wood's oils and surface cells. Breaking down the oils causes their colors to be bleached. Degrading the lignin allows water, microbes, and fungi easier access to further eat away at the wood's surface. The second worst offender is water, which also helps strip away the oils, effectively washing away the surface coloring.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-155004", "score": 0.6617581844329834, "text": "Your man-berry blast is mostly alkali fluids and protein. As the liquid parts dry out, the proteins get closer together. One of the things that protein is really good at is sticking to things, mostly other proteins, but pretty much anything with a hydrogen or carbon atom. So, you violate your sock's trust and forget about it for a day or two, the liquid evaporates, leaving proteins to latch onto each other causing a crusty white stiff stain. Source: when I was a teenager, I had a towel I could have used for a table.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-870189", "score": 0.6616553664207458, "text": "I did my girlfriend on my parent's sofa in their place a month ago (i covered it with a blanket) and it left a stain and my mom noticed it, recognized it, and apparently it stains =/. is there any way to get stained? I just got chewed out pretty hard because apparently the covering of the sofa costs like a bajillion dollars. help?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1255356", "score": 0.6615250110626221, "text": "I moved into this apartment some time ago and these stains were already in place in the tub. I've tried CLR, Dawn + Vinegar, other cleaning chemicals with some elbow grease and a grout brush but nothing I've tried seems to work.\n\nDoes anyone have any ideas? IMAGE\n\n(side note: the blue is from a recent dawn + vinegar application)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1253082", "score": 0.6614949703216553, "text": "I'm taking care of my parents home for the weekend, and they are very 'anal' about cleanliness, and the little things in their home. The stains appear 'blurry', compared to the normal 'glossiness'. There was also a small previous stain caused by water I think, so I'm not sure if it was the acidity of the wine that did it, or just any moisture. heres the pics\n\nIf anyone has any idea what the material is, especially a way to 're-gloss' it, it would save a lot of words. \n\nThanks again reddit.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-87515", "score": 0.6613534688949585, "text": "The pigments in tomatoes are highly non polar molecules. They stain plastic because a small amount of lycopene gets absorbed into the plastic. Its particularly bad with HDPE and similar plastics because they are long hydrocarbon chains bound primarily by vander waals forces and let the pigments into their structure more readily than something with polar groups in its structure.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-9928", "score": 0.6610664129257202, "text": "Two reasons: * Many dyes that are used on silk are water soluble, which means that the dyes can run if you get water on it. * Silk fibers become more delicate when wet, and, especially if you're rubbing the fabric, can slightly damage the fibers in a way that causes the fabric to look stained.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2422285", "score": 0.6609495878219604, "text": "Hello again,\nour LO is EBF and we had a doozy of a poop this morning that spread to our stomach, got on her hand, and then we ended up with 2 quarter sized poop spots on the outside of the cover. How do I ensure it doesn't stain? I've already rinsed it in the sink, but don't know what else to do? Should I just wait to see what happens after the wash? Or should I soak it in oxiclean now?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-469519", "score": 0.6608864665031433, "text": "I recently bought a used 2004 Honda Odyssey EX-L with light colored interior and I'm unsure what caused the stains on the carpet and how long they have been there. I am looking for recommendations on what cleaners and techniques are best for eliminating deep (and I mean deep) set stains. \n\nOne of the stains is an orange color (orange soda?), another looks like it was possibly caused by a rodents' nest, and the last set of stains look like they were caused by oil. The \"oil\" stain is more towards the surface of the carpet.\n\nIn the event that these cleaning tips aren't working for me, I would also appreciate sources on reputable sites that sell replacement carpet for vehicles.\n\nAny help in regards to my issue is greatly appreciated! Thank you in advance!\n\n(Please just comment with tips or tricks. If you have nothing nice to say, just keep scrolling.)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2430329", "score": 0.6603590250015259, "text": "i am livid.\nI dyed my hair red at home using manic panics vampire red and IT DOESNT STOP BLEEDING. and the worst thing is: NO ONE EVER TALKS ABOUT SEMI PERMANENT DYE BLEEDING.\n\nit is staining everything. i have two blonde strands and bleaches brows that get pink everytime my hair is wet. the skin on the back of my neck is also stained.\n\ni swear to god, i have tried everything. washing with cold water, the apple cider vinegar rinse, putting conditioner on my blonde brows and hair. i even tried washing my hair with head and shoulders shampoo. nothing works.\n\nit is especially frustrating because i do so so so much reasearch and no one ever talks about the bleading and how badly it can stain.\n\ndoes anybody have any tips? is this just a manic panic thing? is this just a color red thing?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-724", "score": 0.7845035195350647, "text": "Wall vibrates too, but less than air, then transers the vibrations to air around you Edit: grammar" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-103527", "score": 0.7446407079696655, "text": "When a wave encounters a boundary between two materials, it can do one of two things - be reflected, or be transmitted. Generally, the more *different* these two media are, the more the wave will be reflected rather than transmitted. For sound waves, they key difference governing this is the density. As a wall is much more dense than air, the portion of an incident sound wave which is transmitted through the wall is very little. This means that the sound is not reproduced well on the other side.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-275769", "score": 0.742434024810791, "text": "It _absolutely does_ mean that sound cannot pass __through__ the walls; but I stress \"through\" here, because if you put a soundsource inside & a detector outside, you will still get much sound arriving at the detector, as the sound will be transmitted quite effectively _along_ the walls & _around_ to the other side. Heat is not conducted well in this way, because the walls are _thin_ ... but the thinness of the walls will not be any obstacle to the transmission of sound, because it can be transmitted by _flexion_ waves along the walls, and will be if the walls are thin. Also, the nature of the material (stainless-steel or glass) greatly helps in this, as there will be little damping of the flexion waves, as there would be in, say, _polyethylene_.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-282022", "score": 0.7404323816299438, "text": "Sound is a pressure wave. It will actually travel better through a solid substance than it will through air (put your ear to your desk and gently tap the desk an arm lengths away - it's really very loud). As the air and concrete have very different pressure wave velocities (much faster propagation in a solid) you end up with a lot of energy being refelected rather than transmitted. So while most of the noise won't pass through, that which does will propagate very well through the concrete to then pass back out into the air on the other side, and then to your ears.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-262900", "score": 0.7390371561050415, "text": "This reminds me of the effect of wind on sound propagation. Interestingly, the fan you showed, with the wind going up at a constant rate wouldn't change the angle of the sound, so much as cause it to displace upwards slightly. [Here's a picture.](_URL_1_) For a one inch wall to overcome the height of an average person (say 6 feet up), the fan would have create wind at approximately 60000 MPH! On the other hand, a [windspeed gradient can cause your desired effect](_URL_0_)! Most wind will increase in speed as you move away from the ground, if the wind is from the source to the receiver then the sound will refract upwards. If the sound is blowing the other way, the sound will refract downwards. It's a common observation that things sound clearer when you are downwind of them, and it's often falsely attributed to the wind \"carrying the sound.\" The actual fact is that being downwind causes the upward traveling waves to curve back down and focus on the listener like a lens.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-145294", "score": 0.7386460304260254, "text": "The signal travels through air easily, through walls no so easily. Also, things like electric wires in the walls can provide noise.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-121391", "score": 0.7361373901367188, "text": "Because the higher frequencies (due to science) will get absorbed/scattered by their room and the insulation in your walls, but the lower frequencies will not. Actually, walls are quite large, so lower frequencies might trigger resonance in the wall (cause the wall to vibrate at the frequency of the lower tone, amplifying it).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-259408", "score": 0.7358336448669434, "text": "Yep. Sound waves, which are pressure waves in the air, hit the wall. This causes the wall to move a little bit, and the moving wall causes the air in your room to move. Obviously, this isn't as strong as direct propagation through air, which is why shutting the door to your room helps block out the sound outside.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-82410", "score": 0.7288336157798767, "text": "Vibrates the walls which passes the vibration on into the next room, dampened by the density/material of the wall. Works as well for windows... so well that spies will use lasers aimed at windows to listen in on conversations inside. Of course, folks versed in security attach vibration generators to windows of important rooms just to screw with this approach.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-274426", "score": 0.7283839583396912, "text": "Sound itself is just a vibration. When an object vibrates, it passes on these vibrations to the surrounding air, in which the vibrations can propagate and spread out. If these vibrations reach our ear, we register them as sound.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-271636", "score": 0.7283405661582947, "text": "You aren't hearing sound coming directly to you from the source, you are hearing reflections off walls, etc. nearby. An object's ability to reflect a wave depends on how irregular the surface is compared to the wavelength of light. For a human voice, the wavelength of the sound wave produced is approx. 30 cm whereas for visible light its more like 500 nm, so surfaces of millimeter-scale roughness like walls and tiles will reflect sound waves but scatter light waves. If you were standing inside a hallway made of mirrors (a much less irregular surface), you would be able to see around corners too. There's no contradiction.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-160980", "score": 0.726891815662384, "text": "The sound we hear is actually vibrating air that pushes against our eardrums, making them vibrate as well. But lots of things can vibrate (not just air), and when those things are in contact with air, they cause the air to vibrate as well. This is how materials can transmit or produce sound. For example, the sound of a violin is produced by the vibrations of its ~~snares~~ strings against the air. And the ~~snares~~ strings will also cause vibrations in the wood of the violin, which has a larger contact surface with the air, and thus amplifies the sound. Sound 'escapes' the body because it makes the tissues in the body vibrate, and then those vibrations reach the air. It's the same reason why inside a sealed (airtight) room you can still hear sounds produced outside: the sound is transmitted through the walls and (especially) the windows.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-31195", "score": 0.7259373068809509, "text": "We can't. However, you can \"hear them\" even when they're not making any noise. Simply having a large mass move into close proximity to you will change the acoustic properties of the room, which can slightly change the volume or timbre of ambient sounds. We tend to pick up on this on almost a subconscious level. Also, vague moving shadows, subtle reflections off various surfaces, etc. can give a visual indication even when you're not looking at the person directly.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-270664", "score": 0.7254093885421753, "text": "The only thing that comes to my mind is that the people (and their speakers and subwoofers) in the upstairs apartment are standing on the floor, so some of the sound could travel directly through the floor to the apartment below without going through the air. Whereas the people in the downstairs apartment are not standing on the ceiling. I don't really know how much difference that makes, though.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-109233", "score": 0.7246240377426147, "text": "Sound waves travel by vibration. Some building materials will vibrate to transfer sound through them, to varying degrees. Glass can be a good conductor of sound, but the dead space between double glazing is a poor conductor of sound. Add rubber gaskets around the glass and it's an even poorer conductor as rubber doesn't conduct sound waves much at all.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-122026", "score": 0.7244755029678345, "text": "If a wall is solid, how can you hear a noise from the other side? Energy can still get through the dead cells to the nerves that respond to that energy.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-249387", "score": 0.7243412137031555, "text": "Similarly, ask yourself how words and sentences can be sent through air when all that goes through it is vibration.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-354", "score": 0.7242844700813293, "text": "Because sound travels through the solid medium ( the floor slab). On the floor above, people are directly in contact with the surface; while on the floor below, you're only depending on the noise traveling through air and noise traveling in air is divided into reflected, absorbed and transferred, major percentage of which, is reflected.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-61522", "score": 0.7219800353050232, "text": "I'm not sure what there is to explain here. When objects are moved through the air or vibrated they generate a sound wave. If you are close enough to hear the sound, you hear it.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-138357", "score": 0.7217559814453125, "text": "1. Speaker is moving air inside the box 2. This air moves the box 3. Box moves the air outside the box. Sound isn't just a vibration of air, it's a vibration of anything.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-71536", "score": 0.7211745381355286, "text": "vibrations. Sound is basically just your ears picking up on vibrations. The string is able to pick up these vibrations and then it is focused via the can into your ear. Normally soundwaves are carried via the air. The string acts as a conductor (in lieu of the air). When you talk into the can, the string vibrates. The other person can hear you because once the vibrations reach the 2nd can, they are once again transfered to the air and into your ear.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-725", "score": 0.7367178201675415, "text": "Are you talking the same [shimmering color sometimes seen on roast beef?](_URL_0_)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-310709", "score": 0.6991955637931824, "text": "This effect was just recently described in an [Optics Picture of the Day](_URL_0_). Quick description: the cellular structure of the meat has a repeating pattern, which can produce interference effects in the reflected light. Some other pages on the site describe [iridescence from clouds](_URL_1_) - check those out for a better description of how interference can lead to spatial color patterns.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-65683", "score": 0.6984084248542786, "text": "Same reason the lovely hot bacon smell fills the whole house and a pack of just opened cold bacon doesn't smell much at all. Excited molecules! More heat, more energy, warmer molecules have their dancing shoes on and they're gonna waltz all over the dance floor by crimminy!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-124541", "score": 0.6936072111129761, "text": "its tinted, a different color than it would be. if you eat ALOT of food coloring, say a brightly frosted cake, specificly green... well, you'll be a little scared when you stand up and see a bowl of green water.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-171934", "score": 0.690801203250885, "text": "Curling of any material is due to different parts expanding & shrinking at different rates. With cooking meat, the outer edges harden 1st & therefore change size much less than the inner portions. This causes curling due to bacon being fairly thin.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-113364", "score": 0.690342366695404, "text": "A lot of Fat and and a great deal of water are expelled as it cooks. The remaing fat and protiens are what you are consuming. Look at the pan when you are done cooking it - that is volume that the bacon has lost.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2009710", "score": 0.6881844997406006, "text": "Is it just me? Whenever I'm full, the light reflected off of the food seems shinier.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-170557", "score": 0.687556803226471, "text": "It is due to the direction of the cut going against the muscle fibers resulting in diffraction of light into the rainbow you see. Quality isn't really part of the equation, it can happen with any quality of meat so long as the fibers are tightly packed and aligned (\"restructured\" or chopped meat bonded together won't do this).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-48567", "score": 0.684268593788147, "text": "When light hits a slice of meat, it splits into colors like a rainbow. This is something called a \"diffraction grating,\" essentially what happens when light waves bend or spread around a slightly pitted surface and create a pattern. It's the same thing that happens to make rainbows on the surface of a DVD. It is somewhat unique to roast beef meat because the sliced muscle fibers are the right size.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-266311", "score": 0.6822022795677185, "text": "What you are seeing is a process called [fluorescence.](_URL_0_) Olive oil contains a bunch of organic molecules such as phenols that can absorb the green laser light and re-emit red light. It is this fluorescence that you are seeing when looking to the side of the beam.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-288057", "score": 0.6814030408859253, "text": "This has been asked before! Basically it's got proteins in it that glow under the light. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-179795", "score": 0.6802935004234314, "text": "It turns green because mirrors are not completely clear, they have a small green tint that gets added if you do the infinite mirror thing", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-310302", "score": 0.6801599860191345, "text": "The strips of \"fat\" you see in bacon is not just fat molecules, it is millions of fat cells. Fat cells store a lot of fat inside them but are also made of cell membranes, proteins, nucleus, etc... The layer of fat cells also have a system connections giving the matrix of cells a basic shape. Notice how you can model wax (pure fat) but you can't mold a piece of fat from an animal. The grease in the pan is mostly just the lipid molecules that escaped the fat cells (rendered). The cooked strips of \"fat\" still in the bacon consists of all these other compound of the fat cells and some of the lipid molecules that are still trapped inside the basic matrix giving the fat shape. After enough cooking time you can basically break down all of these other compounds which will let all the fat escape.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-127926", "score": 0.6798548102378845, "text": "Reflectivity and luminosity in the cellular structure of beef produces green light (555nm.) You can’t see this color when the meat is fresh because hemoglobin produces the color red and humans cannot see both red and green at the same time. Thus, we do not see the green until the red color from hemoglobin is greatly diminished.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-805608", "score": 0.6789960861206055, "text": "So, do you leave the skin on or off when making bacon? I've heard both ways, but haven't heard what /r/charcuterie thinks.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1038075", "score": 0.6786054372787476, "text": "I noticed some instances where I get these faint green glints on my pictures, and it tends to happen when I use my Nikon 50 1.8 in low light (so using wide aperture and relatively high ISO).\n\nHere's an example, most noticeable in the subject's red sweater.\n\n\n\nInfo:\n\n50mm\nF/2.8\nISO 1000\n1/50\nTulip hood\nUV filter\n\nBehind me was a curtained window, and to the right was a large mantel mirror. The number of the aberrations makes me think it's related to the lights on the tree; I also would get 3 or 4 major ones at an indoor soccer arena that may have coordinated with the overhead lamps illuminating the play surface.\n\nPart of me thinks it could be the filter. Your input is appreciated.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-89986", "score": 0.6785874962806702, "text": "When it cooks, some of the fats react and turn into oils that break down or oxidise and smell like that. It happens with most meats. Even if you cook a steak and pop it in the a container for a while, it'll smell funky when you open it. I'm sure someone will post a more elaborate version though, but it's ELI5 for now", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-159569", "score": 0.6754921674728394, "text": "This made it to my front page on Bacon Reader yo. Have an upvote. To answer your question: maybe the placement of the kernel to the amount of heat is generated? I have no idea. Have a good day!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-69483", "score": 0.6734095215797424, "text": "It can look green, especially prior to a tornado. I believe sometimes in hurricanes it can also look green.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-321232", "score": 0.6718859076499939, "text": "You're witnessing [fluorescence](_URL_0_). The atoms in the highlighter absorb the higher energy (shorter wavelength) green light and then emit the orange-ish lower energy (longer wavelength) light you're seeing.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-94095", "score": 0.6710743308067322, "text": "Mostly, it is because of degradation of food proteins. Different food stuffs have different protein contents. Meat, for example, has a protein named myoglobin which gives different colours to it depending on the temperature.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-726", "score": 0.7212755084037781, "text": "The same reason we in Britain pronounce \"Lieutenant\" as \"Leftenant\". That's the way the word was said when we stole it off the French." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-72010", "score": 0.6804215908050537, "text": "In the UK it's pronounced suttel. Must just be an American thing. Like warder for water. You guys love D and Z. 😊", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-31432", "score": 0.6766289472579956, "text": "The spelling is French, and in French it is pronounced more logically. However we take the pronunciation from the Spanish *coronel*. Just another side-effect of being a mongrel language. Edit: [We may have taken the Italian spelling, rather than the French](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-738937", "score": 0.6733412742614746, "text": "Over at /r/linguistics we're having a bit of a discussion on various pronunciations and the topic of lieutenant got brought up. That's a word that was picked up by the English during the 100 Years' War and has some peculiarities with American vs British pronunciation. \n\nThat led me to wonder about colonel, and why it came into English usage during the 1540s and *not* the 100 Years' War, which in turn led to some research on various military ranks and when they started to be used in the British military. \n\n\nWord | Mil. Use | Time | War/conflict \n--|--|--|--|\nsergeant | non-commissioned officer | late 13th century | ?\nmarshal | military commander | early 14th century | ?\ncorporal | military rank | late 14th century | 100 Years War\nsergeant-at-arms | military servant | late 14th century | 100 Years' War\nmarshal | military commander | early 14th century | ?\ncolonel | commander of regiment | 1540s | ? \ncaptain | ship commander | 1550s | ?\ncaptain | officer in command of a company | 1560s | ?\nsergeant-major | senior NCO (shortening of French Captain General) | 1570s | ?\ngeneral | commander of armies | 1570s | ?\nprivate | rank below a non-commissioned officer | 1570s | ?\nlance corporal | lowest commissioned officer (from *lancepesade*) | 1570s (for lancepesade, 1786 for lance corporal)\ncorporal | lowest non-commissioned officer | 1570s | ?\nbrigadier | officer in command of a brigade | 1670s | English Civil War?\nmajor | military rank (short for sergeant-major) | 1640s | ?\ncasualty | an individual wounded or killed | 1844 | ? \n\nIt seems like a great many military ranks came into usage in the 1570s. Was there an influential military treatise published about this time or a significant conflict that brought those into common usage?\n\nThe sources for the etymology of these words is the Online Etymology Dictionary", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-234632", "score": 0.6685355305671692, "text": "English has a lot of words for ruler, and the list you've produced is not much longer than the list for D or any other common word-initial sound: duke, dean, dynast, duchess, dame, dronning, etc. You've also stacked the deck a little by including Caesar, which does not have a hard c sound in English, along with Khan, which does in English but not in the Turkic source. You've also included kralj, which is hardly a common word in English. Overall, I would surmise that this is nothing more than a coincidence.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-167446", "score": 0.6674419641494751, "text": "\"Colonel\" originally comes from the French \"Coronel,\" with the same meaning, but the spelling was adjusted to look like the Italian \"Colonello,\" meaning a column of soldiers.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-37679", "score": 0.6669623851776123, "text": "It's a bit of Old French leaking into English. We get the word \"chief\" from Old French, where \"X en chief\" was the normal way to say \"head X\".", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-34120", "score": 0.6630424857139587, "text": "These usually come up because pronunciation changes faster than spelling. Furthermore, it's possible for a language to adopt the spelling of a word from one parent language, but the pronunciation from another - this is the case with the word \"colonel,\" which came up recently here on reddit. So, the point of silent letters would be to retain enough of the parent word to be recognizable while allowing the pronunciation to change.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1262812", "score": 0.6610166430473328, "text": "Hello, I am from the US and I have the name \"kjell\" i pronounce it (ch'ell) with a hard CH. I am not Norwegian, at least not any significant portion. But as someone who was given the name I have always been curious about it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-26382", "score": 0.660284698009491, "text": "The change in pronunciation in this case is due to one thing only: the shift in stress, from \"m**a**niac\" to \"man**i**acal\". It so happens that there's a general rule in English: in adjectives ending in \"-al\", the stress falls two syllables before the suffix. * fa·**na**·tic·al * fa·**mi**·li·al * re·**me**·di·al * **sex**·u·al * re·**sid**·u·al * ma·**ni**·ac·al An apparent exception is \"racial\", but that's because in our modern pronunciation we tend to swallow the \"i\", so it's actually **ra**·ci·al, even though it doesn't sound like it. I'm not sure whether \"maniacal\" was always pronounced this way, or whether it was originally pronounced differently but then the stress shifted by analogy with the other -al adjectives: \"by analogy\" meaning that people saw a pattern, and changed the pronunciation of \"maniacal\" to fit that pattern.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-187901", "score": 0.6575469970703125, "text": "The pronunciation of the word changes. Knight used to be pronounced: k-nigt. Spelling always lags behind how words are peonounced.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-98283", "score": 0.6550390720367432, "text": "Lieutenant is a French word, and french spelling is notoriously non-phonetic. [Here's how it sounds.](_URL_0_) There's a little pause before the \"t,\" which was probably interpreted as a \"f\" sound. This led to the word sometimes being spelled with an \"f,\" as in \"leftenant\" or \"lieftenant.\" At some point, the spelling of it was standardized *back* to how it was written in French, but the pronunciation stuck. Americans probably saw the word \"lieutenant\" and pronounced it phonetically.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2684694", "score": 0.6541464328765869, "text": "I'm not sure if this is the correct place to post this, but I'm really curious. I have professors pronounce it different ways.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-59681", "score": 0.6532338261604309, "text": "Because in 1881 the Arkansas state legislature passed a law decreeing that thenceforth the pronunciation should be \"ar-kun-saw.\" They did this by a vote of the legislature to settle an argument between two of the legislators. I am not kidding.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1173167", "score": 0.651756227016449, "text": "Is it me, or does everyone pronounce Qullim's (Terminus) differently? \n\nI hear \"kwill-ums\", \"Cull-ums\" and \"Kill-ums\", but what is the right way? \n\nAny guardians with an English degree out there?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-103317", "score": 0.6478762030601501, "text": "With the word Worcestershire, imagine it being split up into \"worce-ster-shire\" instead of \"wor-ces-ter-shire\". Notice Manchester has a \"ch\", so it will make a hard ch sound.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1264078", "score": 0.6475334763526917, "text": "I've always pronounced shallot like \"SHALL-it\". I've been watching a lot of Ramsay videos recently and he always says \"Shah-LOT\". I attributed this to a US/UK discrepancy (e.g. Basil = Bay-sil/Bah-sil), but then Merriam-Webster uses the latter pronunciation in their example. What do *you* say?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-226938", "score": 0.6472305655479431, "text": "The Oxford English Dictionary cites the difference as coming from an Old French variant on the pronunciation of the word \"lieu\" itself. It is (rarely) attested as \"leuf\". It's unclear how far back the split in pronunciation of \"lieutenant\" goes, but both \"lieu\" and \"leuf\" or \"lef\" spellings are attested in Middle English, so it's been around for quite a while, and likely has always been regional even within English speaking Europe. Upon colonization of the Americas, one pronunciation predominated there, and the other in Europe, though it's worth mentioning that both are used in Canada, the \"lef\" pronunciation being considered more proper and used in governmental contexts (eg. Lieutenant Governor).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-110538", "score": 0.6467939615249634, "text": "We have a tendency to shorten long but common words. Sometimes that's abbreviation or contraction, sometimes it's just changing the vowels to make it a little faster. Same reason the \"gunwales\" of a ship are pronounced \"gunnels,\" except that was only ever common among sailors.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1172903", "score": 0.6450977325439453, "text": "My parents, and by extension myself, pronounce Roosevelt with the long oo, like in \"goose.\" Meanwhile my husband, who did not grow up in the immediate Chicago region, pronounces it with the short o, like in \"rose.\"\n\nSo which do you use? Is this just a \"my parents are weird\" thing, or is this a regional thing...or something totally random?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1396055", "score": 0.6446529030799866, "text": "\"Eye-Ken-Wald\" is not how you pronounce Eichenwalde.\nIt would sound more like this:\n\nIt might be a nitpick, but for me as a German it simply is a glaring mistake.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-727", "score": 0.8073009848594666, "text": "The communist manifesto was a short pamphlet authored by Marx and his colleague Friedrich Engels. It briefly summarized key concepts of communism, outlined the differences between communism and socialism, and pointed out the flaws with contemporary capitalist societies. The most important ideas put forth by the manifesto were the concepts of the proletariat (working class) struggling against the bourgeois (ruling class), and this struggle would most likely result in socialist revolution, and eventually communist revolution. The pamphlet also put forth a list of ideological \"demands\", in essence, suggestions for how societies could adapt more communist and socialist policy. While the communist manifesto has earned a reputation as Marx's most prolific document, it was by no means his most exhaustive and those seeking further education on the ideals of communism and socialism should read his other works." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-752290", "score": 0.7581120729446411, "text": "A document has come into my possession, being either an incomprehensible satire, or the demented ravings of two German lunatics, I cannot tell which.\n\nThey depict a society of fantastical horrors, wherein great armies of miserable slaves, or 'wage-labourers', called the 'Proletariat', toil inside some kind of gigantic, hellish machine called 'Capitalism'. This machine is controlled by a cruel and rapacious nobility called the 'Bourgeoisie', who enjoy all the fruits of this infernal machine, sharing none.\n\nMoreover, this insatiable bourgeoisie has somehow overthrown all lawful authority, despoiled whole nations and plundered the riches of the earth.\n\nThere are glimmers of truth in the descriptions of abuses and oppressions suffered by the poor under many rulers, ancient and modern, and the frequent rebellions caused thereby. The chief necessity for securing a state being that rulers not engender the hatred of the people by plundering their possessions, this bourgeoisie seems but a crude, nightmarish exaggeration of the evils of past and present despotism.\n\n\nDrs. Marx and Engels' 'Manifesto' purports to be a guide to the overthrow of this bourgeoisie, the liberation of the proletariat from all oppression, the freeing of wives (mere 'private prostitutes') from their husbands and indeed the ushering in of an earthly Paradise free of all social distinctions, government and apparently human nature.\n\nFor in this communal or 'communist' state, the poor would be made wealthy by making the wealthy poor. Indeed all personal ownership of goods would be abolished and all would be owned by everyone - and hence no-one.\n\nI can see no way such a 'system' of government would lead to other than chaos and the utter ruin of the people.\n\nWhen once the starving proletariat have gorged themselves on the riches of the bourgeois, will they then choose to live in docile harmony, without governance, sharing all? The idealistic authors appear to have disregarded the small flaw in their Paradise which will bring the whole crashing down: the greed and malignity of human nature.\n\n\nDisregarding this reality for a moment, the idea of a state functioning without the guidance of knowledgeable, prudent men, experienced in the complexities of governance and administration, is absurd.\nIndeed, the ignorant, easily deceived, vulgar mass would be prey to the rapid ascension of the most ruthless demagogues. Unrestrained by law, tradition, respect, or wisdom, what depredations or slaughters might they not visit upon their former equals according to their whim?\n\nDoes Karl Marx not see that the man of who could first assemble himself an army, and command their loyalty through his prowess or brutality, would shortly rule the Earth and become another bourgeois, enslaving the proletarians anew?\n\n\nPerhaps the most perverse claim of the authors is that they are merely foretelling the future; that all other societies are but stepping stones on humanity's unstoppable march towards their atheistical Cockaigne; that all of humanity are but cogs in their giant economic Machine.\n\nIt is unwise to claim the gift of prophecy in the affairs of man, when changeable Fortune can in a moment overturn all certainties.\n\n\nPerhaps a wondrous paradise of peace and equality between all men will one day come into being under the Reign of Christ, but certainly not from the theories of these German mad men - beyond the asylum of their own fantasies.\n\n**tl;dr** We don't do tl;dr's in the 16th century.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-219406", "score": 0.7568926811218262, "text": "For a short and simple rundown of the tenets of communist ideology in the Marxian tradition I'd recommend reading Marx's \"The Communist Manifesto\" and also \"The Principles of Communism\" by Engels. For a bit of a longer introduction and summary of the life and ideas of Marx and the political/philosophical context in which he wrote, I'd recommend \"The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx\" by Alex Callinicos.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-754343", "score": 0.7292587757110596, "text": "Anybody got some good marxist critique on this? It could be a source or your own critique using marxist analysis.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-752757", "score": 0.7292337417602539, "text": "Has anyone here read the piece \"Listen, Marxist!\" By Murray Bookchin? \n\n\nI read it yesterday and thought it was brilliant, and I consider myself a Marxist. I think his critiques of the limits of Marxism and the flaws of democratic centralism/Leninism are definitely worth thinking about.\n\nThe major points I can get on board with are- \nMarxism was created in the 19th century, it is a product of the circumstances of that time period. Marx could not even begin to conceive the technological advances that have been made since then, or the path that the development of capitalism has taken. \nHis critique of the Bolsheviks, their suppression of workers control, and the elevation of the party over the workers themselves.\n\nThere is a lot more I can say about this but I'm at work and on mobile so I'll leave it at that for now.\n\n\nDoes anyone want to have a discussion about this reading? I'm going to reread it today after work, but I'd like to hear everyone's thoughts on the topic beforehand.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2355681", "score": 0.7247286438941956, "text": "Either by Marx, people before Marx, or contemporary Marxists. I already know of Mao's writings, but stuff by Marx, Lenin, or less well known and current texts would be appreciated. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-489844", "score": 0.72134929895401, "text": "In my reading of the Manifesto, Marx's drive towards agitation makes it seem as if he thought a communist revolution was imminent, or that the revolutionary fervor of the day could be directed towards a communist revolution.\n\nAfter 1848 his beliefs were checked by the failed outcomes of the revolutionary movements.\n\nDo you think he thought a communist revolution would take place during his lifetime, after 1848?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2386258", "score": 0.7209314703941345, "text": "Listening to their take on the manuscripts of 1844. \n\nI don't see how you can talk about how horrible alienation is, how horrible capitalism is, and still argue we need a \"detached scientific view\" of capitalism. \n\nMaybe you can do that, but I feel that talking in ethical and moral terms, even appealing to human nature in a way (like early Marx does) is not unscientific, idealist, or dogmatic at all.\n\nWe have biologically evolved to be moral. Love and solidarity are real things that go beyond class interests and matters of convenience.\n\nMarx's writing is angry. He's outraged at the state of the world. It's not just because capitalism is inherently flawed and will eventually collapse. It's because his heart hurts to see human suffering.\n\nI think it's important that marxists don't pretend that we are robotic unempathetic beings. \n\nIdk, what are your thoughts?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-753137", "score": 0.7208011150360107, "text": "If I remember correctly, much of Marx's reasoning about the inevitability of revolution has to do with the blatant mistreatment of workers in industrial settings. Not to say that western democracies are fair (wealth inequality, racism, etc.), but even a communist would admit that we at least have bathroom breaks and don't have to worry about getting our hand ripped off in a machine. Doesn't this take away a lot of the angry steam that Marx envisioned to power revolution?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-212251", "score": 0.7195674777030945, "text": "If you're looking for opposite views on Marxism you might like Karl Popper's *The open society and its enemies* (two volumes, the second one deals more directly with Marx) and *The poverty of historicism*. *The open society* draws parallels between the philosophies of Plato, (Aristotle,) Hegel and Marx, and, **to simplify very much**, traces the origins of 20th century totalitarianism back to the latter two, specifically their predictions of a development of society towards an utopian future. Popper calls the belief that it is the job of social scientists and political philosophers to predict future developments of society \"historicism\", and criticises that in *The poverty of historicism*.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-168724", "score": 0.7189057469367981, "text": "Marxism is a philosophical system which analyzes class relations, class and social conflict, the structure of government and economy, and so on through a materialist conception of history and development, and a dialectic notion of societal change. Communism is the ideal society, conceived of in Marx's writings, where all class struggle has been resolved. It is a classless, stateless form social organization, wherein the means of production are freely available to members of the community, which removes any possibility of economic class struggle.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-753862", "score": 0.7175846099853516, "text": "This might be a topic better suited for another subreddit, but I figured I'd start here.\n\nI've been trying to find more resources for connections between Marxist theory and ethics. Picked up \"The Ethical Foundations of Marxism\" by Kamenka and so far it's been a pretty straight-forward read. Mostly it's just another \"mix-and-match\" list of quotations from various sources of Marx's writings ranging from \"Young Marx\" to \"Old Marx\" with commentary by Kamenka to \"connect the dots\". \n\nOne thing I did notice in the introduction is Kamenka's critical attitude towards many of the writings from Engles and Lenin on the issue of ethics, anti-moralism, and the is/ought problem. (I should note, my main point of interest is the is/ought problem) He argues that Engles and Lenin's dismissing of any type of ethical philosophy is both self-defeating (noting that Lenin directly contradicts himself on the issue) and harmful to Marxism as a whole as it's neglecting what seems to be the meat of the issue for \"everyday-Marxists\", namely, a theory of ethics for living our everyday lives towards building a revolutionary society. \n\nI was curious what people had to say on this topic and Kamenka's writings in general.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-13096", "score": 0.716442346572876, "text": "Marxism is a sociological principle created by Karl Marx. Basically, it's the idea that there are two classes, the proletariats and the bourgeois. In his theories, it is the bourgeois, who own the means of production, who actively exploit workers and reduce their standard of living. Marx thought that when the proletariats, who greatly outnumber the bourgeois, would awaken a class consciousness and rebel, collectively seizing the means of production and establishing a completely egalitarian society. Meanwhile, socialism is an economic and political system in which the public owns a great deal of property, especially the means of production, and the government has an active role in the economy. Modern European democracies like Denmark are good examples of socialist nations.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-212907", "score": 0.7146227955818176, "text": "Let me post the generic and say Karl Marx since in many regards, his Communist Manifesto accounts had somethings right about the modern era in which industrialization would bring about faster means of communication among dissatisfied workers. His bias and downright disgust with the rural population would prove to be highly ironic when many Communist inspired revolutions occurred in many rural dominated countries.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2059853", "score": 0.7127341628074646, "text": "In his 1867 preface to *Capital*, Marx writes\n\n>... it is the ultimate aim of this work to lay bare the economic law of motion of modern society...\n\nAnd so I ask: what does Marx mean by this? I've been reading *Capital*, on and off, for over two years now and feel as if understanding Marx's point of departure -- mentally and methodologically -- would help my studies. This quote, in particular, caught my eye, yet I feel as if I'm not thoroughly understanding the analogy. For instance, whereas, in classical mechanics, bodies of mass are the subjects in motion, what are the subjects in motion in capitalist society? The commodity? If so, is Marx's aim to discover the governing laws of commodities' fluctuations across capitalist society? Though I don't know specifically how, I feel that this conclusion is lacking. Any help? Thank you.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-219825", "score": 0.7125118374824524, "text": "As you haven't had any replies it might be better to go to /r/askphilosophy. As being fairly well read in Nietzsche and Marx I'd be happy to offer an answer but chances there will be someone over there that can give you a more thorough response.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-754368", "score": 0.711571991443634, "text": "This quote from Michel Foucault, I feel , points to something that is sorely needed to revive the ailing Left : The political imaginary needed to light a fire in people's hearts. That there is , in fact, an alternative to the barbarity and alienation of capitalism and that it can be realised and fought for.\n\nThe utopian tendency in socialism is often derided, but I think that it's vital for a robust mass socialist movement to form.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-753821", "score": 0.7099162936210632, "text": "We now have a reading club for r/SocialistEurope! If you want to read theory with us and discuss it with your comrades, join the Discord and head down to #theory-club.\n\nAs our first book, we're starting simple with Engel's \"The Principles of Communism\".", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-769097", "score": 0.7096226215362549, "text": "Does anyone know of a site or person that provides a free copy of Marx's Das Kapital?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-643743", "score": 0.708118200302124, "text": "Karl Marx’s ‘Capital’ was a classic example of an intellectually masterful elaboration of a fundamental misconception - in this case, the notion that “labour,” the physical handling of the materials and instruments of production, is the real source of wealth. Obviously, if this were true, countries with much labour and little technology or entrepreneurship would be more prosperous than countries than with the reverse, when it is blatantly obvious that the direct opposite is the case.\n— \tThomas Sowell", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-220656", "score": 0.706903338432312, "text": "you might be interested in the book [an unfinished revolution](_URL_0_) which is made up of letters written between abraham lincoln and karl marx. lincoln was a great admirer or marx and the first international, and apparently saw parallels between the war to end slavery in the united states and the struggle for worker's emancipation more generally. i am in no way an expert on any of this, so perhaps someone else can add more helpful information, if they have it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-728", "score": 0.6204943060874939, "text": "Because United Statesian sounds stupid. It's really the only logical and easy shortening." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1393709", "score": 0.5894628167152405, "text": "I was perusing and commenting in this thread an I found the discussion of a Canadian national character and the expected forms of behavior really interesting. When I think of a Canadian its usually the stereotype of a nice, polite easy going person with good intentions and a humble attitude. \n\nI was just wondering what the stereotypical regional differences are in Canada? In the US, for instance, Midwesterners are considered straight shooters, the West Coast - very laid back, the South more stratified with stricter and older forms of interaction, and the East Coast is considered fast-paced, angry and highly vocal (with a lot of variation - these are broad strokes).\n\nSo what do Canadians think of the different regions? What do you think of when you hear somebody is a French Canadian from Montreal? Somebody from the west coast? Toronto? Etc.?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-44017", "score": 0.5894221067428589, "text": "One of the requirements to be a US President is that you are a \"natural-born citizen\", not that you were born in the US - this is not clearly defined by the Constitution but is generally taken to mean that you were a citizen at birth. The Naturalization Act of 1790 specifically states: > the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens Thus, since Ted Cruz is the son of an American citizen (his mother) born out of the limits of the United States, he is a natural born citizen. This actually applied to John McCain as well, who was born in Panama before the Panama Canal Zone was defined as American territory.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-105940", "score": 0.589417576789856, "text": "Bc we aren't French and America hasn't always been known for trying to pronounce words from other languages correctly", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1395590", "score": 0.5893788933753967, "text": "Is being Latino about being born in Latin America or about skin tone and face features??\n\nAlso...would someone with the skin tone and face features of a \"Latin american\" be considered as such, if he were to be born outside of Latin America???", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1544972", "score": 0.5893752574920654, "text": "Textbooks tells us that Christopher Columbus discovered America. However I cannot stop wondering about random explorers who navigated to Greenland from Britain and then wondered off to Canada. In the same sense, I’m wondering if other explorers, Europeans, got to the USA by first going to Greenland, then Canada, and finally USA. The distance seems a lot smaller and I’m sure there were peoples who tried this before Chris.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-226751", "score": 0.5893673300743103, "text": "Would you mind editing that to not say Africa? It's just that Apartheid was definitely not a continent wide thing.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-39725", "score": 0.5893015265464783, "text": "American call football soccer because they also have a sport called football. It's just so they can tell the difference. TL;DR It's the same thing, different word.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1019535", "score": 0.5892829895019531, "text": "If Bob Ama is not an American, does that mean we should start calling President Trump the 44th President of the United States?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-294785", "score": 0.5892800092697144, "text": "There are slight differences on earth, yes, but consider Mars. Mars has a more elliptical orbit than Earth. Than means that Mars is actually farther from the sun during the southern winter. Mars actually goes around the sun more slowly then too. That's why most scientists and science fiction writers put a first Mars settlement in the northern hemisphere, to avoid the long, cold southern winter. That's also one of the two reasons most Mars landers have been equatorial or in the northern hemisphere. (The other is the lower height of the northern hemisphere. More atmosphere makes it easier to slow down enough to land.)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-320210", "score": 0.5892670750617981, "text": "That doesn't really make any sense. Think of space-time. If you have an entirely different universe does it make sense to ask whether or not that universe is to the left or right or up or down relative to our universe? It's completely separated from our dimensions, it's not anywhere relative to our dimensions, it's just a different place entirely. It's like asking whether Mars is to the East or West of the Earth. If some other Universe were part of our timeline then it wouldn't be another Universe, it would just be part of our Universe (or we'd both be part of the same Universe). If that makes sense.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1333540", "score": 0.5892661809921265, "text": "I am applying to a remote job, and it's asking me if i'm a resident of **Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Texas, or Utah?** . I am a resident of Arizona, but it doesn't explain why, and i find it confusing and vaguely suspicious, why are they asking?\n\nI have tried looking on my own but i can't find an answer.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-124241", "score": 0.5892602205276489, "text": "The US is about the only country that does this. Virtually all other nations just have a normal city as their Capital. Though it is common for a capital city to have special laws not common outside of it. As for why the US chose to do this? It is because they did not want to grant any extra power or privilege to a Single State by having them control the Capital and therefore control travel to it and commerce in it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1018805", "score": 0.5892343521118164, "text": "During the last couple of days I've seen numerous posts of American redditors commenting on brainwashed North Koreans that were made to believe their country was the most advanced in the world.\n\nNow just a couple of minutes ago I saw a clip of Obama in which he managed to say that the USA were \"the greatest country in the world\" multiple times within minutes and I am under the impression that for some reason every US citizen, no matter how critical of his/her homeland, I met so far seems to agree.\n\n\nMy thoughts:\n\n1)Most of the criteria for a country's greatness can be measured and compared. For things like life satisfaction/happiness, literacy rate, life expectancy, income equality the USA don't even rank in the top 10.\n\n2)I grew up first in Europe, then the USA (late 90's) and later Asia and am of German nationality. I loved the USA when I was young and I remember how the USA were more or less collectively looked up to in Europe. Be it politically, economically or culturally. Over the course of my teenage years that has drastically changed.\nThe USA can come back to that point but not as long as your president makes such statements:\n\n*As I got older, that gut instinct that so many of us have, that America is the greatest country on Earth, would survive that gut instinct, that knowledge would survive my growing awareness of our nation's imperfections...*\n\nAny formerly fat guy will be able to tell you that change starts with realizing that something is wrong with you without sugarcoating it. Telling yourself over and over again that the USA are the greatest country in the world doesn't make it true; in fact it keeps you further away from reestablishing what your country once was by giving a false sense of superiority.\n \n\n3)It pisses everyone else of that you continuously imply to be better than everyone else. Imagine you had a neighbor who said stuff like \"yeah, well my roof might have some holes but its still the best house in this street\" while you were standing next to him. What would you think?\n\nI am open to arguments and can change my mind. So let's discuss.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-102894", "score": 0.5892187356948853, "text": "America is a large country, so flights may be longer distances, on average. In addition, Europe has a very competitive train industry, meaning that the airlines have to compete with it. America's trains are much more limited and expensive, so they aren't much of a competitor to airline travel.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2684836", "score": 0.5892157554626465, "text": "I come from South Australian first settler families on my Dad's side and early farming immigrants on my Mum's side. So for a good couple of hundred years my forebears have all been Aussie. But on almost a weekly basis, people will ask me where my accent is from. I can't figure it out so now I'm wondering if this just happens to a lot of people?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-58419", "score": 0.589215099811554, "text": "I think it's less about arrogance and more about Americans being more comfortable with the imperial system. Pick up a random object near you, how many inches long is it? How many centimeters? If you've used the imperial system your whole life you will be much better at estimating the length in inches than in centimeters. Even though the metric system makes more sense in most cases, I still feel way more comfortable in the units grew up using. Couple that with the fact that the average person doesn't necessarily know about the benefits/convenience of the metric system and you'll see why it has never changed.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-204002", "score": 0.589203417301178, "text": "Quoting u/400-Rabbits from [the meta post earlier] (_URL_2_): > (W)hen asking a questions please specify: > * Time period * Geographic area > This comes up time and time again with questions about the Pre-Columbian Americas. \"Native Americans\" are a group that encompasses a few million square miles and several thousand years of history; please be specific.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-54578", "score": 0.589156985282898, "text": "If I recall correctly, and sorry if I miss a detail, Back east it had to do initially with natural boundaries such as rivers and mountains. After the Louisiana purchase, the land was kinda partitioned into territories similarly to how we plan city blocks. California is the only one that stands out to me since its boundaries are the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-231497", "score": 0.5891470313072205, "text": "It's just Latin grammar. -us is the nominative male second declension ending for a noun.* and I don't really know Latin so there are probably exceptions but because of this grammatical rule most male names seemed to end with -us, just as most female names seemed to end with -a. *I've probably totally screwed up that description of the noun, hopefully somebody who actually knows Latin doesn't come in here and see this...", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-63543", "score": 0.5891450643539429, "text": "Take a ball or a top & spin it on the ground. There's a point at the very bottom that isn't really moving. That's \"south\". There's a similar point on the top that's the \"North\". You can't really call something furthest east or west because that axis of the ball isn't stable.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-729", "score": 0.7893795967102051, "text": "You (and your lawyer) are under no obligation to prove your innocence, nor your \"not-guilty mess.\" The onus (burden) is on the prosecution to prove that you are guilty, and your job is to refute their accusations and show, if possible, that they can't be true. That's what presumption of innocence means. If nobody shows that you're guilty, then there's no reason to believe guilt; you're \"not guilty.\" The prosecution has to prove you are guilty well enough that you can't poke holes in their accusations, otherwise we default to our presumption." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-135646", "score": 0.7414969205856323, "text": "My guess is that it's at least in part because they're supposed to be presumed innocent until proven guilty.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-485960", "score": 0.740979790687561, "text": "Guilty till proved innocent.\n\nThese are mainly in abuse/assault cases rather than murder or other cases when there is someone (the victim) saying this person did this to me. \n\nMy opinion is innocent till proven guilty makes victims of abuse less likely to come forward if they feel like they aren’t believed. Of course there’s false accusation and sometimes I’ll be wrong with this view (such as Johnny Depp) in which case I’d hold my hands up and apologise if someone that high profile gave a shit about my opinion. If I decide it’s obvious it isn’t true I’ll also change my view but generally if it’s two people with just their words to go off, I’ll trust the potential victim over the potential abuser/rapist. \n\nResearch shows false accusations only account for a tiny amount of cases and there’s so many more cases not included because victims don’t want to come forward. \n\nI think it’s generally agreed the justice system needs to do more for victims but have yet to meet anytime to agree with my view. \n\nI’m not talking in a legal sense of someone accuses someone, they’re instantly convicted. But in that if I hear someone’s story, I will believe them. I think my duty to victims of abuse to make them feel heard and believed is much more important that the tiny chance you’re adding to the shitty experience of an innocent person being falsely accused.\n\nJust to add I wouldn’t take this opinion with people I know and trust before anyone says “but what if your brother/father/boyfriend etc was accused”. I’d take those situations as they come but as a blanket rule I think victims need the public way more than the wrongly accused.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-10067", "score": 0.7405185699462891, "text": "True. A person is presumed innocent until proven guilty, which means that the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove the defendant guilty, not on the defense to prove him innocent. Typically when a person is arrested and charged with a crime, they are either held in jail or allowed bail, basically handing over a bunch of money to be returned when you face trial. In the US, suspects have the right to a speedy trial, so they may, instead of sitting in jail waiting for their trial, have it right away if they so choose. However, it's generally not a good legal strategy to do so, since the prosecution usually already has a case against you, and it takes time to build a defense.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-123240", "score": 0.7387827038764954, "text": "Courts are not allowed to do that. You are, in the eyes of the law, innocent until proven guilty. If you are referring to bail, that's something very different. You can be held before trial---at least in most places---either because the court finds that you are likely to skip out on the trial, or because they have reason to believe that you are a danger to yourself or others. This has little or nothing to do with guilt or innocence, but is a separate issue.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-12158", "score": 0.7356680631637573, "text": "He was not \"proven not guilty\", he was \"not proven guilty\". Big difference. Then again, he lost in civil court.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1509370", "score": 0.7341521978378296, "text": "(America)\n\nThere was a post here a few days ago that gave me a few questions I was hoping someone could clarify. The post in question is here\n\nSome of the top comments claim that your word can be used as testimony against someone else if there are no other witnesses. The general consensus was that if you appeared to be more credible to the judge, they would side with you, even if it was your word against someone else. Can someone elaborate on this? I thought a core tenant of the American justice system was that you were innocent until proven guilty. How is the word of someone who has a financial stake in judge's decision considered proof? Is the main difference here because it is a civil case and not a criminal one?\n\nHypothetically, if you were innocent and the judge made a ruling against you, what recourse would you have?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-125424", "score": 0.7304466962814331, "text": "Even a goddamn werewolf deserves legal representation. Even guilty people have the right to due process. 'Obviously guilty' isn't how the system works. People really love the presumption of innocence. Legal defence isn't always about guilt or innocence, it's often about sentencing.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-8871", "score": 0.7301919460296631, "text": "The point isn't to be declared \"innocent\", more \"not guilty\". The distinction is important because innocent means \"we know he didn't do it\" which is nearly impossible to know. \"Not guilty\" means there's not enough evidence to convict someone of a crime.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2245581", "score": 0.7259508967399597, "text": "I have been inspired by people saying that we should be using the \"Innocent until proven Guilty\", not only in a strictly legal settings, but as a way of life. While this is definitely the most fair, I fail to see how practical it is. \n\n\nStarting off, nearly 100% of our interpersonal decisions are made from links of trust, not proof. If two different people tell me a different story, and one of the two people were someone I knew, I would trust my friend over the stranger. When there is no proof, and the only things left are two personal accounts, I would trust my friend who I would know of their character. Now, I am not saying that my friend is always right, or that it is rational to only trust someone who you personally know. I am saying it is impractical to NOT believe your friend on the account that there is no evidence. \n\n\nLet's pretend that I was a boss. Two people are held for an interview. One person is rumored to have a terrible personality. The other person isn't talked about. Given similar specs, I would hire the person without those rumors. Is it possible that they were false rumors? Of course. But I don't care about justice. It is more convenient for me to just choose someone without those circumstances regardless of the truth. There is no point in me sorting through their drama when there is a much easier alternative. \n\nTo me, most people live their lives under the assumptions that our acquaintances would not lie to us. And that makes sense. If you think otherwise, please CMV\n\nEDIT: Clarifying that I am referring to \"reasonable beyond all doubts\" as a criteria for proof. Strictly in legal sense, my personal accounts of that person or testimonials would not suffice as evidence. \n\nEDIT2: Clarified \"people\"\n\n_____\n\n> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-486046", "score": 0.725709855556488, "text": "**EDIT: This may be the wrong subreddit. If so, please let me know. I'll happily move this post.**\n\nMy friend and I were recently discussing some legal scenarios and one scenario kept us occupied for a good while.\n\nLet's say I murder someone. I am taken to court and found innocent. If I later confess to murdering that person, I cannot be tried again for that murder, right? \n\nWe were talking and we figured that while they could not pin you for murder, they could take you to town for \"Lying under oath\" and a bunch of other things I'm sure I don't know about.\n\nIf anyone with legal knowledge could shed some light on this situation, that would be awesome. I'm sure it happens more often than I think.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-61746", "score": 0.7249864339828491, "text": "Being found \"not guilty\" in court is not at all the same as being proven \"innocent\". Actually proving that you didn't rape someone is almost as difficult as proving that you did. Without actual evidence, the whole thing winds up being a case of \"he said, she said\". If an accuser is somehow proven to be lying though, they can be sued or even arrested. Making false criminal accusations is a crime. But again, proving that they are false and malicious is very difficult.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-19182", "score": 0.724732518196106, "text": "The acquittal was valid. An acquittal doesn't mean 'You were found innocent', an acquittal means that you were found 'not guilty'. All that means is that the prosecution failed to prove that you were guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. As such, a subsequent confession doesn't override a previous criminal acquittal, and double jeopardy holds.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-112319", "score": 0.7245345115661621, "text": "Guilty people go free in the courts every day. The police know they did it. The lawyers know they did it. The witnesses know they did it. But the jury says \"not guilty\". You don't hear too much about wrongful acquittals because there is nothing that you can do about it after the fact because of [double jeopardy](_URL_0_). Once they are found not guilty, they are always not guilty. With a guilty verdict, you can reverse that in an appeal. It gets more news coverage because when you put someone in jail for a crime they didn't commit, it's a huge social injustice.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-82021", "score": 0.7232572436332703, "text": "Your plea isn't sworn testimony, so perjury doesn't apply. Pleading not guilty is just a formal way of saying, \"Prove it\" to the prosecution.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-118072", "score": 0.7229429483413696, "text": "The defendant is not proven innocent. They're acquitted, which means not proven guilty. Once acquitted, they're free to go home (rather than go to jail) If you mean the investigation case, unless something turns up, it's closed. New evidence or new suspect.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-486149", "score": 0.7197666168212891, "text": "Being \"innocent until proven guilty\" is important. And it's there to protect you as much as everyone else. However, if you think certain accusations are above that, then you need to get a grip.\n\n​\n\nAND I'm talking about ACTUAL proof. Not your opinionated \"proof\" based on how you didn't LIKE the way the accused acted after the accusations or their statements after it.\n\n​\n\nUnless someone explicitly admits to what they're accused of OR the justice system has gone through the proper steps to prove their guilt. Then they ARE INNOCENT.\n\n​\n\nInnocence is the default status someone is when they're accused. It's scary how many people I see moving away from this. People don't need to prove their innocence to you, they are already innocent until the justice system proves otherwise. And you, as a good citizen and human, need to respect and follow that.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-44484", "score": 0.7191648483276367, "text": "It's common practice for people who work with the law to use this terminology. It reminds everyone that no one is guilty until that guilt is decided by a court of law.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-19028", "score": 0.7184693813323975, "text": "The whole premise of our legal system is that you're initially assumed to be innocent & the state must prove guilt. Ultimately, it's a protection against torture - if the authorities can force you to confess things, people will get hurt if they're giving the \"wrong\" answer.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-103709", "score": 0.717934250831604, "text": "> Like if you're applying for a job and refuse to take the drug test that they require, it can disqualify you. You can be disqualified from a job for any reason that is not a \"protected status\", such as gender, race, religion, pregnancy, martial status, etc. \"Refusing to take a drug test\" is not a protected status. > Or if a police officer pulls you over and you refuse to take a breathalyzer test, you can be arrested. There are things called \"implied consent laws\". When you applied for a driver's license, you implicitly agreed, among other things, to always consent to brethalizer and/or field sobriety tests. So by refusing, you are breaking the law, and can be arrested. So \"innocent until proven guilty\" doesn't even apply here, because you are guilty of refusing a legally-required sobriety test.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-99732", "score": 0.7178761959075928, "text": "The lawyer is required by law to give his client the best defense possible. Even if they know their client is guilty, they can still defend their client based on procedural issues in the prosecution's case. For example, they could say that the smoking gun you used to murder your uncle was obtained by the police illegally. If this is true, then the prosecution may no longer be able to *legally* prove your guilt, and thus you are *legally* not guilty. The only thing the lawyer can't do is knowingly introduce falsehoods (so they can't flat out ask you to perjure yourself if you testify). They absolutely cannot share the information you give them as their client. This is called attorney-client privilege, and if a lawyer violates it they can lose their legal license.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-730", "score": 0.7848595976829529, "text": "I can think of two important reasons. First reading and comprehension increases vocabulary and your understanding of language. Second is what you learn from the material. Even fiction can train your brain to make connections or think in ways that you hadn't before." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1229905", "score": 0.7406622171401978, "text": "What evidence do we have that reading is actually good for us? I mean just general reading, not just reading science, engineering, etc, or anything that gives you knowledge. We also hear from all these famous smart people that they read 2 books a week or whatever. Their success and them mentioning books affirms our own notions that reading is this \"golden rule\" for success. What info do we have that those \"successful\" people's success had anything to do what that habit other than it being a common hobby among those people?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2599346", "score": 0.7364187836647034, "text": " proves that reading a \"novel triggers lasting changes to the brain.\" Would watching a movie or a t.v. series have a similar effect?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-106468", "score": 0.7351458072662354, "text": "This study from the 80s has something to say on the subject. Mostly that reading actually interferes with our ability to visualise when compared to listening to the same descriptive sentence. This could be interpreted as reading being more stimulating for the brain though. It has to decode the text and grammar before building the image described whereas spoken word seems to be more closely integrated to the mind's eye allowing faster understanding with less work. That's what I took from this anyway. _URL_0_ Edit: corrected link", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-574902", "score": 0.734035313129425, "text": "I don't know. I have never been the reading type. It is one of the reasons I fair very poorly at tests. I completed most of my education with average marks because I wasn't really good at reading books. I passed my exams thanks to my ability to remember things well. I am more of a practical person. I learn better and faster if I can see and do things myself than learning the theory part if things.\n\nBut time and again, I keep hearing about people who have really done well in life have mostly had one characteristic in common. They were avid readers. I have tried reading novels, or simple story books. But over time I just get bored. I am unable to maintain the momentum. Even when I am learning programming, I learn by watching YouTube videos than going through documentation.\n\nBefore anything, the last time I tested my IQ, it was 123. My personality type is INFJ. I have a god given gift for writing and creativity. So my question is this. Is it really true that reading helps with development of the brain faster? If yes, how? How can I improve my reading habits? Or should I even improve my reading skills? Sometimes I get lost with this thought. Please help.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-130208", "score": 0.733557939529419, "text": "Non-scientific, anecdotal comment: reading is a learned skill. It's an add-on. The brain will develop whether reading is a part of it, just as it does for people who -- as an example -- never learn to read standard musical notation. there are advantages to learning to read, certainly in modern life, but lots of people are often functionally illiterate and get along just fine. Certainly before reading became the norm, there were clever, inventive people with great imaginations who were good teachers and soaked up information like a sponge. Think of the traveling storytellers, bards, blind harpists like Turlough O'Carolan who contributed so much to civilization without being literate the way we think of it. Reading also is teachable at any time of life, so if you miss it in elementary school, you can pick it up as an adult. I volunteered with an adult literacy organization and the clients went from people in their early 20s to those in their 70s.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-73465", "score": 0.7315935492515564, "text": "The human brain's good at two things. Pattern prediction and ignorance. It's advantageous to be able to think ahead and notice patterns in nature but there's hell of a lot of them. So over time we developed the capacity to ignore extraneous input. Imagine if you paid attention to EVERYTHING people talking, random sounds, images, faces, smells, every function of your body. You'd go mad. This repetitive pattern culling also extends to reading. We also when we get proficient at reading we don't actually read the words completely. We read the first few and sort of guess the rest.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-295375", "score": 0.7288176417350769, "text": "Worded exactly like that, I'm not prepared to say YES. However, there are some definite links between reading volume (how much you read) and other cognitive capabilities including increased verbal skills and declarative knowledge. See [this](_URL_0_) article in the Journal of Direct Instruction. However, you could ask the question \"Does reading make you smarter, or do smart people read more\" which would be hard to answer. The point is, reading is an essential part of education. Learning to read early, and reading a lot are good indicators of future performance. This could be due, in part, to the [Matthew effect](_URL_1_, which states that children who don't learn to read have difficulty later when they need to read to learn. In other words, a lot of learning happens by reading. You can't be verbally or graphically taught everything. Reading is very important to learning. **TL;DR: It's not too long, you should just read it**", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-152456", "score": 0.7268781661987305, "text": "The human mind is capable of continuing tasks, even complex ones such as driving, while focusing on something else. As you become better and better at reading, your mind can continue to scan a page and identify the words while never actually processing them. It's the same reason people can drive for miles and not remember driving very far at all. The action of reading is no different, your mind recognizes words just like your mind recognizes speed limits or curves in the road. Your pace of reading is automatic and identifying the words is easier than actually remember them. Reading is an easy task after you've practiced for so many years and it can become as boring as driving a highway. That's why you can read through a page of text and be thinking of something else the entire time, you don't process or remember it, you just went into \"auto-pilot\".", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-53498", "score": 0.7267801761627197, "text": "Your brain typically processes the first and last letter, or a couple letters in a word and sort of \"fills in the blanks.\" Your brain does this to process what you are reading faster an efficiently so you don't sit there taking forever to read.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-576906", "score": 0.7250208854675293, "text": "Reading is a very complex cognitive process. It's very interesting, can brain training, for example, Lumosity games, improves reading speed? Any investigations?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1992805", "score": 0.7242742776870728, "text": "Like, yeah I can see how it helps keep your brain active by like ‘solving problems’, but how else does it benefit the brain? \n\nHow does it improve the brain? What specifically happens? Are there other types of ‘puzzles’ we could create to better help ourselves or even overcome certain problems?\n\nExercises memory too I guess?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-123683", "score": 0.7209331393241882, "text": "So reading does multiple things. Your brain needs to translate/decode the letters into meaningful words and sentences (audiobook and video does that for you), and you probably need your imagination to fully understand what is written there (videos do that for you). In general, elaborating information when learning is important - passive consumption doesn't help much. So reading is the 'most active' form of getting information compared to videos and audio. But it does not stop there. Elaboration also means that the content should be processed further, for example by writing a summary. Then, books are nice as well because you can jump to previous parts easier - don't understood that sentence? Well just read it again. In video or audio you'd have to rewind a lot...", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-70341", "score": 0.7202523946762085, "text": "It teaches you how to read, how to focus, and depending on the book, may enhance your vocabulary. Looking at pictures of cats and memes does not help you to read.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-90868", "score": 0.7197311520576477, "text": "Because the brain is so used to seeing the words that it reads them by habit. Try to read a book upside down, and it's much easier to look at those words without reading them.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-154549", "score": 0.7192594408988953, "text": "The brain subvocalises (makes your talking muscles twitch very faintly) when you're reading and this helps to create the experience of hearing someone when you read or think. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-157619", "score": 0.7182826995849609, "text": "Reading is a reflex action, like walking or swallowing. This means the conscious, rational part of your brain that you're using to comprehend text can switch attention to something else without stopping the reflex (same way when you drive your thoughts can wonder while you're still in control of the car) The main difference is if you drive and remember nothing about the trip you don't care much, while if you read and forget the content it feels counter productive.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-85824", "score": 0.7181365489959717, "text": "Mostly because when you read, there are no visuals available. You imagination will breathe life into the characters, the scenery, different interactions, etc... This use of your imagination is an active use of your brain. Watching tv leaves nothing for the brain to work on. There are certainly films that can stimulate you mind, but not in the same way using your imagination can.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-294382", "score": 0.7145577669143677, "text": "I clicked this because thats a great question. This has always been a question of mine. I am an AVID reader. When I say \"avid\", I mean I am verging on addiction. I LOVE to read and I could never understand why other people dont get the same enjoyment and thrill until a conversation I had with a friend of mine opened my eyes to the fact that people dont read the same. My friend doesnt enjoy reading and he described it as just seeing words on a page basically. I dont see that at all. After less than a paragraph, I dont even see the pages anymore. I only see the \"movie\" thats playing in my head as I read. No wonder I love it and he doesnt. What he described sounded dreadful. I have always wondered what makes my brain different that I can devour 10 books per week and other people cant manage 1 in a year simply because its so boring for them. Not an answer for your question, but interesting to think about.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-100121", "score": 0.7131105661392212, "text": "Reading, fiction or non fiction, is an experience of being in another person's head. Reading thoughts from others are understood in our brains unlike a tv show where we usually only see the actors actions rather than thoughts. Studies on reading fiction has shown that readers have a better ability to have empathy and in turn allows better insights to how others act and feel. _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-324667", "score": 0.7074323892593384, "text": "I would say the opposite as /u/Science4Neon. Hearing the text would evoke certain responses in the brain - different connections and memories, painting a certain picture. Reading the text would likely evoke some of the same responses, but odds are there will be some that are much different. A good example would be hearing a song versus reading the lyrics. A person can know all of the words to a song, but until they see them written, the meaning may be lost. The opposite may be true as well. Yes, if you are a visual learner, reading may be more beneficial than hearing, but what is the harm in doing both? Especially in the case of Shakespeare where the inflection and context of what is written may not be immediately obvious (unless you are familiar with the older English style of writing...)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-731", "score": 0.7647762894630432, "text": "Revisionist history is when somebody has an idea he or she wants to support and then goes back and reinterprets historical events to create that support, sometimes interpreting events to mean the opposite of what an objective analysis would conclude." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-795644", "score": 0.705961287021637, "text": "From what I read, David Barton is largely a historical revisionist, is this true?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-194085", "score": 0.6991450190544128, "text": "Does this count as historiography? When revisionist views on a historical subject become accepted in the mainstream, does it end up being called the orthodox view, or is it still called revisionist?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-224462", "score": 0.6967030763626099, "text": "History isn't \"what actually happened\", history is an argument, based on evidence, fitting into a certain theoretical framework about what happened in the past. As new evidence is discovered (or old evidence discredited) and theories change, history has to be revised. That's the neutral version of it. In practice a lot of revisionist history is blatantly politically motivated (e.g. Holocaust denial).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-212603", "score": 0.6963211894035339, "text": "It's also pejoratively used when the \"new\" narrative exists to legitimize a claim in the present, a view which is sometimes called negationism. For example, official Japanese historiography has historically denied Japanese war crimes and aggression in the Pacific, choosing instead to frame the narrative as a reaction to Western imperialism. On its own, the argument that Japanese entry into the war was partially a reaction to Western imperialist policies is not wrong -- using it to justify Japan's actions in China, however, is a revisionist interpretation of events that exists solely to attempt to exonerate Japan from the crimes they committed.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-211740", "score": 0.6855379939079285, "text": "Could somebody briefly explain what the 'History Wars' were? It's the first time I've heard the term and it sounds very interesting.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-197626", "score": 0.6788783073425293, "text": "A good history book is: * Well researched and well written * Clearly places itself in respect to existing literature on the topic. * Uses primary sources to create an engaging narrative. * Is well grounded in historical theory(ies). * Has a strong introduction and conclusion which make the scholar's point and argument in brief. A bad history book: * Overgeneralizes * Makes claims that it can not back up with evidence. * Is poorly sourced/doesn't have clear footnotes or endnotes throughout. (This is the biggest one, and is a feature of a lot of pop history. If a book has poor notes, I won't bother reading it). * Does not seem to understand the historiography of the topic.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-199262", "score": 0.6745674014091492, "text": "/r/badhistory is quite well modded, aside from learning history it has the benefit of understanding what is wrong.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-196660", "score": 0.6745521426200867, "text": "The simplistic, non-PC version of history *is* that European-descended settlers and administrators tried to eliminate native peoples and their cultures. Robert Hines is a fairly standard author to recommend for American West history, although amazon lists The tremendously bad *Sun Chief* as one of his, which it is not. Avoid that one. Otherwise, it's hard to recommend 'unbiased' histories of anything because they simply don't exist.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-202529", "score": 0.6743456125259399, "text": "Whig history is created by looking back and selecting \"winners\" of historical encounters, specifically those which resulted in the \"improved\" modern world we live in today. The problem with a whiggish interpretation is that not only does it gloss over important details and events, it also results in massive mischaracterizations of historical people and events. Martin Luther, to give a popular example, is a fighter for religious freedom, not a horribly anti-Jewish totalitarian conservative. I suggest you pick up a copy of Herbert Butterfield's \"The Whig Interpretation of History\", the book that first coined the term. It's a short read, and will give you a solid understanding of what you should be looking for. In the same vein, I'd also recommend D.H. Fisher's \"Historians' Fallacies\", although this latter book does have some weird bits of racism randomly scattered through it, and probably desperately needs a new edition.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-206847", "score": 0.6725797653198242, "text": "As a followup question for military historians here like u/Valkine and u/Iphikrates, do you experience people criticizing your academic studies?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-227666", "score": 0.6710696816444397, "text": "[This review](_URL_0_) should answer your question? Some of his sources are more than suspect, and it seems that where his facts are fine, his conclusions from them are not. [Ugh, it seems that he uses the IHR](_URL_1_) (Institute of Historical Review) and other hate groups for many of his sources. That alone should tell you this is not good history. If you are unaware, the IHR is one of the main Holocaust denial groups. Using Bacque and IHR? Just no.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1498597", "score": 0.6710633039474487, "text": "I've noticed that some communists hate him and consider him a revisionist but why???", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-214144", "score": 0.6703720688819885, "text": "Stephen E. Ambrose comes to mind. He's not specifically panned for being a *bad* author quality-of-writing-wise, but in recent years (his final years and after his death, roughly 2000 to the present) serious accusations of plagiarism and a lack of objectivity (Ambrose wrote \"popular history\", general material meant to be consumed by a wide audience, more so for the narrative and less so for serious academic analysis and facts) in several of his books have come to light, and with that his posthumous reputation has taken a severe hit. u/Georgy_K_Zhukov essentially summarizes his issues [here](_URL_0_?).", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-194836", "score": 0.6679250001907349, "text": "There is a /r/badhistory thread that you may be interested in about the show, link [here](_URL_0_). To summarize, it's pretty Eurocentric, and not very good at fact checking. It also makes lots of grand, sweeping statements that really don't stand up to scrutiny. In short, don't trust anything you learned from it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-204651", "score": 0.6666982769966125, "text": "If you are casual history lover please, for your own sake, don't try to read \"The Decline of the West\" For one it's not all that great of a history book. Spengler throws all sorts of stuff in there that would not pass modern academic scholarship. He also speaks in a really really archaic language that's utterly incomprehensible to the point where I (no offense) seriously doubt that anyone who recommends it have actually read the book as oppose to just hearing about it. Spengler is a good read to underline the historical-philosophical thought of the early 20th century but is really not a good book to learn history per se from. Toynbee is better but also suffers from the problem of being old and outdated. If you want a good book to read on this that's an easier read and more recent, I strongly recommend The Origin of Political Order by Francis Fukyama.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-230879", "score": 0.6659790277481079, "text": "Just a help on the terminology, what you describe is called [Historical Criticism] (_URL_0_) or \"the historical-critical method\".", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-221723", "score": 0.6644555926322937, "text": "I'm very, very surprised that many of you are unfamiliar with Carr's work. Regardless of his other writings, his \"What is History?\" is *key* to understanding the modern historiographical canon. If you read Carr's work, it becomes much easier to understand developments in the discipline - such as the cultural and postmodern turns - and the underlying themes of historical study become much clearer. \"What is History\" is not controversial, and your professor is not trying to teach you \"How not to do history.\" Rather, s/he is showing you the ways that historiography has developed, although I suspect you could also begin earlier with Whigs like Butterfield, or Kantian historical perspective. Yes you have gotten off on the wrong foot with Carr. It is a necessity.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-193552", "score": 0.6630721092224121, "text": "There are many concerns, yes (and to be fair, there are always concerns about any individual historian -- no one is perfect, and as you point out everyone has flaws in his/her work). This is not at all to discourage further responses, but here are some past threads that can get you started: _URL_2_ _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1125095", "score": 0.6629780530929565, "text": "It is often assumed that history must be done from a secular, naturalistic view point. Should it really be that way? Is it the most critical approach? Greg Boyd and Paul Eddy argue \"No\". Read about their thoughts here and **let me know what you think**: ", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-213917", "score": 0.6619572043418884, "text": "I know this is slightly off topic, but since a lot of people on this sub have voiced their disapproval of the term \"history is written by the victors,\" you might be interested in checking out [this post](_URL_0_), with great responses by /u/TenMinuteHistory, /u/chauser67, and others. I do hope someone pops in here to answer your main question!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-732", "score": 0.7224847078323364, "text": "We started calling it the moon before we had discovered what a moon really was, or that other planets had their own moons." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-192404", "score": 0.686277449131012, "text": "Two reasons: First, the earth's atmosphere burns up many small objects that would otherwise impact it. Since the moon has no atmosphere, everything on a path to hit it will impact the surface. Second, on earth craters will eventually be eroded by wind, water, or tectonic activity. The moon has none of those things, so every single impact crater on the moon will remain there until some other crater is made on top of it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-168944", "score": 0.6857011914253235, "text": "Because it's orbiting at the same rate it rotates. Imagine someone circling you, but turning so that their front always faces you anyway. Technically we *don't* see the same side, though. The orbit's not totally regular, so you can actually see about 58% of the moon's surface over time.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-245793", "score": 0.6853502988815308, "text": "[Orbit of the Moon](_URL_0_) > The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to the Earth's equatorial plane.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-102660", "score": 0.6851529479026794, "text": "I'll bite: remember last week, when we talked about gravity, and how it keeps you on the ground? and how it keeps the earth going around the sun? well you'll remember that I said all the big things in the universe have gravity. the moon is a big thing and it has gravity too. it pulls on the earth just like the earth pulls on the moon. well, it turns out that the pull of the moon is strong enough to pull up the water in the oceans! so when the moon is in the right place, it sort of pulls the water up, and this means the water level rises a little (or a lot, depending on where you are). and when the moon is in a different spot, the water level goes down. We call those \"tides\".", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-138416", "score": 0.6850510239601135, "text": "Planets orbit stars. Moons orbit planets. That is how they are defined. A moon is a moon because it meets the definition of what we say a moon is (see above).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-103920", "score": 0.6847810745239258, "text": "The moon stabilizes Earth's axis so that it doesn't wobble too much. It essentially acts as a weight, pulling on the Earth and keeping it on a fairly uniform rotation. This means that we have regular and consistent seasons and temperatures, which allow for agriculture, modern civilization, and all that fun stuff. Possibly even life itself because it's kind of hard to grow in a region when you can't predict what environment you'll be in within a year.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2202963", "score": 0.6842976212501526, "text": "Doesn’t it bother anyone else that the movie makers used earths moon as one of the three moons shown in the original stargate film?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-319425", "score": 0.6838956475257874, "text": "The same reason the suns gravity doesn't pull us off of the earth and into the sun: the moon is just so much closer to earth. The closer two objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-69567", "score": 0.6837782859802246, "text": "Because tides are effectively caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. The moon can only be over a single point on Earth at any given time, so the gravitational pull will be different for the rest of the planet.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-40308", "score": 0.6834556460380554, "text": "The earth is tilted about 23^o with respect to the plane of the solar system, and the moon's orbit is titled 5^o with respect to that. However, the sun and moon only take up about half a degree in the sky. That allows for plenty of room for them to miss each other each month, making eclipses the exception, not the norm.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-39666", "score": 0.6833280324935913, "text": "The moon does not change size. I appears larger because it's closer. The Moons orbit is not a perfect circle, so the distance from the Earth to the Moon varies. When it is at it's perigree (the closest part of it's orbit) and this coincides with a full moon it's called a super moon.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-324638", "score": 0.683223307132721, "text": "The earth atmosphere protects us from most impacts. Furthermore our plate tectonics and the changing of terrain over the centuries has worn down the lesser craters earth would probably have developed early on. The moon does not benefit from such things. I am sure there is more to it but this is based on my rudimentary knowledge.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-129565", "score": 0.6828394532203674, "text": "Because the sun also affects the tides as well. When the moon is full (or new), the Moon, Earth, and Sun are all lined up, meaning the gravitational effect the Sun and Moon have on the tides are combined and at full strength. These are called ~~\"neap\"~~ \"spring\" tides. This is contrasted when the Moon, Earth, and Sun form a 90 degree angle (First or third quarter) and the Sun and Moon's gravitational pull work against each other.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-177377", "score": 0.6827206611633301, "text": "We have an atmosphere and weather. Part of it is the atmosphere will do things like make meteorites explode some of the time, and then weather causes erosion so craters either flatten out or fill with water (or both) The moon just gets hit and it stays that way forever.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-320214", "score": 0.6826396584510803, "text": "It is simply a matter of scale; the moon's gravity acts on all bodies of water (as well as all other objects on earth). 97% of the water on Earth can be found in our Oceans, and the tidal forces of the Moon and Sun acting on that amount of fluid mass creates local fluctuations along shorelines that are large enough to be easily apparent. We do have evidence of small lunar tidal action in large lakes as well, such as [Lake Michigan](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-288967", "score": 0.6819654107093811, "text": "About 4.5 billion years ago, when the Earth and the solar system was just beginning to cool down, a Mars sized object called Theia hit the Earth. This knocked off huge chunk of the Earth out into space which eventually formed into the moon. [This also tilted the Earth by 23.5°](_URL_0_) This is best hypothesis that we have as of now.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-313664", "score": 0.6817235350608826, "text": "If you want to be super technical, there's only one Solar System. Other systems are, strictly speaking, \"stellar systems\". But in practice, usage varies and many people, including astronomers, do refer to other solar systems.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-58676", "score": 0.6814813017845154, "text": "I mean earth is literally another word for soil or ground, in germanic/norse and similarly in greek and roman mythology the word for earth was synonymous with the personified goddess of earth/mother earth, either way it makes sense that it is also synonymous with 'the world' or 'the planet we are on'; it's not like the other planets aren't named after roman gods...", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-109440", "score": 0.6806420087814331, "text": "Because the moon is continually orbiting the earth. The moon doesn't follow the night when it orbits, so sometimes we can see the moon during the day.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-321669", "score": 0.6806339621543884, "text": "Well there is a lot of different answers here because much of what controls a solar system's orbit is defined by the mass of the planets and how fast they orbit the host star. Also, the moon's orbit is not perfectly stable, as it drifts slowly away from us over eons. So a number of scenarios could exist that satisfy your question.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-733", "score": 0.6932849287986755, "text": "Put simply, at some point the western powers carved out Middle East into several countries without asking the actual people living there. This created issue as suddenly tribe A and tribe B are national brothers even though they don't get along well in the first place, causing issues like egoistic corruption and lack of empathy" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-153483", "score": 0.6583406329154968, "text": "I don't think there's a way you can ELI5 this topic. It's just a matter of decades of religious and nationalistic opposition, which was held down by communist dictatorship, and once the dictator died it all came bubbling to the surface. Just like in Israel, Northern Ireland or other such places, whenever two or more large religions share a geographical mass, things have a highly increased risk of hitting the fan. Add to that the chaos of the dissolution of Eastern European communism, horrible inflation and hopelessness for the future, and the stage was perfect for a grade-A explosion.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1635525", "score": 0.6581476926803589, "text": "The 30 Years' War was a perfect storm of religious tension and political power plays. It looks like a similar conflict is about to reach a flash point in the Mideast, with Shia and Sunni Muslims fighting each other as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other regional and international powers compete for political power. Is this unlikely, or will maps be redrawn in another 50 years?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-216975", "score": 0.657971203327179, "text": "I would really like to see a response to this. The whole situation seems rather confusing and it seems almost impossible to get an unbiased opinion on what has caused the situation. I have seen convincing arguments for both sides and I don't feel qualified to make any judgements. I'd really like to see a completely historical description of the troubled history with as little bias as possible and am hopeful that this subreddit could be the best place to get it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-123237", "score": 0.6575009822845459, "text": "Can someone ELI5? I'm too dumb to even know what question to ask to begin to understand Israel, USA, Palestine...Syria, India, nukes, WW3, etc. I am so lost! Someone find my mom.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-15256", "score": 0.6573936939239502, "text": "Because an unstable middle east fucks up *everyone's* economies and has knock on effects on a lot of national securities (eg the major choke points for shipping and oil and gas). Whereas Mexico is much further down the importance scale, yes, even though it is next door to the US", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-70283", "score": 0.6573878526687622, "text": "The US has been interfering in the Middle East for decades. The US even overthrew Iran's popular government because they wouldn't play ball with the US which eventually lead to Iran's current state. Not to mention no matter what shit Israel pulls it gets basically 100% backing by the US.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-9864", "score": 0.657328188419342, "text": "The middle east is in a real state of flux at the moment and the Syrian situation means that there is currently a struggle for power. Both the Russians and China are now moving in so that when the time comes, they will have a hand in dictating who comes to power, as it's in their interests to have influence in the middle east. Basically everyone is trying to get both a political and military presence and influence there, whilst at the same time not getting 'too' involved before it becomes clear which way the conflict is going to go.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-148007", "score": 0.6566390991210938, "text": "The middle East is a big place, not all of it is in conflict despite what the media is trying to tell you.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1634525", "score": 0.6561595797538757, "text": "Looking to understand the origins of the conflict in the Middle East. Not interested in propaganda from either side... please help.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-97338", "score": 0.6560770273208618, "text": "In general conflict was a part of human history since the first man chipped a stone with another stone. Specifically about the middle east, up until the end of ww1 most of it was controlled by the ottomans, and it was peaceful relatively to Europe that had several major conflict in the span of one century. Once ww1 was done the brits and the french divided it to countries, sometimes not taking nationalities and communities into account and so many countries look like they were drawn with a ruler (especially Jordan). One interesting comment that i remember said that this kind of division was intended to break the arabs into waring states. Which is an interesting perspective, and can be very right. At that time most arabs wanted a large pan arab nation in the middle east. Anyways, this division, and the founding of Israel brought a lot of tension to the region, the results of which we see today. EDIT: I add [this post](_URL_0_) and [this post](_URL_1_) for further reference.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-215568", "score": 0.6559354066848755, "text": "I think one aspect of your question we ought to consider, is what metric are we using to describe it as Unstable. Are we positing that it is more unstable than other regions, and over what time frame. Would we say it is more unstable than Central and South America, or South East Asia? I honestly don't have any data to say either way, but those are 3 other regions with lots of nations competing for limited space and resources, and who have seen much conflict since 1945 and before. So I think first we need to consider if the ME, and what is included in the ME, is unusually unstable, before establishing what might contribute to it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-626230", "score": 0.6545184254646301, "text": "Just watched the movie Patriot Games and feel like I have no clue about this bit of late 20th century history. The Wikipedia page makes this conflict sound more complicated than Israel.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-112289", "score": 0.654259979724884, "text": "Several Reasons - This isn't really a simple thing. 1) The Israeli's have kind of been dicks to their surrounding neighbors for a long time. Originally this was bred from the hostility that those Arab countries held for them... now the shoe is on the other foot and the Israelis are the oppressive power. 2) The Palestine issue - The Palestinians are mostly Arab, and they are being pretty much abused by the Israelis on a continued basis. For that reason the surrounding Arab countries are rather... unhappy about it. 3) Israel's creation - Israel was created by Western interference in the geo-politics of the Middle East. There's been long held resentment against the West for it's involvement in the region... and Israel is the most obvious point of contention. Edit: Proofreading", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-59130", "score": 0.653935432434082, "text": "In part the problem came from the borders drawn by the British for Iraq. The violence in many of the countries in Africa and the Middle East as well as elsewhere have come in part from the border drawing by colonial powers leaving the area, who were inconsiderate as to whether the lines went across cultural or traditional lines. Obviously that's not the whole picture, just thought I would contribute.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-217728", "score": 0.6519452929496765, "text": "I have removed this question because the video violates the 20-years rule, talking about events more recent than 1994. The upshot is that the video is generating a bunch of poor-quality, ideologically motivated answers here. So, I am going to remove the question because AskHistorians is not interested in being a forum for a political fight about the present-day Israel-Palestinian fight.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-233364", "score": 0.6518276333808899, "text": "wow, ok... WWI - Ottoman Empire dissolution, Britain's Balfour Declaration 1917, Rise of the House of Saud in Arabia 1932, Israeli war of independence 1947, British and US intervention in Iran in 1953, Rule of Nasser in Egypt and Suez Crisis of 1956, Arab-Israeli conflict 1967, Rise of Ba'ath party in Iraq 1968, 1973 Yom Kippur War (and ensuing OPEC oil embargo), 1979 Iranian Revolution, Rise of the PLO and Yasser Arafat...and that's just some of the 20th century highlights. For a quick and interesting (but by no means exhaustive) read start with Bernard Lewis' 'The Middle East' and watch the film 'Lawrence of Arabia', not so much for historical accuracy but because it's just fantastic.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2592736", "score": 0.6515777707099915, "text": "As someone who knows barely anything about economy, why in the past 10 years has it seemed to be always so unstable and on the edge. (Aside from the obvious current issue) thx reddit, God bless!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-170760", "score": 0.6508976817131042, "text": "From what I have read... It all went south when Iran elected a leader who was left leaning or communist and that guy was going to nationalize the oil industry. That led to the CIA to support the shah (Iranian monarch) because he wouldn’t nationalize the oil industry. The shah was unpopular and repressed his people, the people rose up to overthrow him and during the revolution the hard core Islamists seized power and they didn’t like the Christian western nations and there has been bad blood ever since. Saudi Arabia has been more stable (no revolutions), and the west needs stability to keep that oil flowing. If we suddenly lost Saudi oil in the world market, it would cause a serious disruption in our oil dependent economy and life would get pretty crazy. It gets way more nuanced, but I’m trying to keep it simple. Also, I’m not an official expert, sooo there is always that.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-625670", "score": 0.6507630944252014, "text": "Israel seems to be the only country having benefits with supporting Arab Spring. Israel did not support a similar unrest only in Yemen, for Saudi Arabia and Israel backs each other. \n\nThe Middle East has been shakier than ever and destabilization will create a greater threat to Iran with Isis. No need to say Iran is Israel's worst enemy. Many countries and regions have been destabilized after Arab Spring occurred. \n\nEurope has as many as 10,000 - 15,000 immigrants per week and seems to get 400,000 immigrants this year alone. \n\nWhat is your guys' opinion about this?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-26333", "score": 0.6503344774246216, "text": "A multitude of different reasons. Some of which are: - Syria's civil war, which has displaced millions of Syrians - Sectarianism and cultural/religious marginalization and persecution throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa - Escaping volatile countries e.g. Afghanistan, Iraq - The chance to live a life free from fear of persecution or war and the chance to prosper The world as a whole is facing a refugee crisis, but Europe seems to be bearing the blunt of it because of it's proximity to ME/North Africa.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-734", "score": 0.7737826704978943, "text": "The eustachian tube is what is hurting; it was stretched by the air pressure used to inflate the balloon, and is sore. The reason it feels like it is coming from your jaw below the ear, is a phenomenon called *referred pain*. The same nerve branch that brings pain signals to your brain from your jaw, there, is the same branch that brings pain signals from your eustachian tube. The eustachian tube is so rarely in pain that the brain never learned to differentiate between the two sources, and so interprets pain from it, as being pain from your jaw instead. Referred pain happens often, usually in cases of sinus pain, toothaches, and abdominal pain. It can also happen in heart attacks, where the person experiencing the heart attack feels pain in their left arm instead of their chest." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1665793", "score": 0.717210054397583, "text": "I pried my jaw open with my hands. It popped really loud. It sounded like I snapped the bone. But it didn't hurt in the procedure. 15 mins later it's super painful. FML", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1664817", "score": 0.7078815698623657, "text": "I just noticed this today, although I feel like I've noticed this before and then forgot about it which probably means it went away and came back.\n\nThe pain is at the left corner or my jaw. It only happens when I move my jaw in a certain way. Specifically it happens when I flex my jaw around where the joint is. It feels different from when I flex the other side of my jaw. And while it can be painful particularly if I flex it without thinking about it and it takes me by surprise the degree of pain seems to depend on how I flex the muscle and sometimes it's more that the sensation is odd.\n\nAn inspection on the inside with my tongue reveal swelling just behind my backmost tooth on the top. I've had gingivitis before. Is this gingivitis and is that causing the TMJ? I know it's not a wisdom tooth as I've had those removed. I don't remember where they were though and it's possible that that spot is where one of them used to be. Does the gumline remain permanently altered by the previous presence of a wisdom tooth?\n\nIs this even TMJ?\n\nI have upped my exercise and dieting lately and I also recently played with my tensor tympani muscle (ear rumbling) a lot for personal amusement. Most people can't voluntarily control that muscle so if excessive ear rumbling can cause TMJ it's probably not well documented.\n\nI've also had a lot of ear wax and have been popping my ears a lot (semi-voluntary? guess you could say it's like a tic, I think if I tried I'd be able to stop doing it eventually, but then again I think maybe I may have to to clear mucus(?)) in case that can affect that.\n\nThere have been no problems speaking or swallowing.\n\nI have had the dentist tell me I had been grinding my teeth at a past appointment but I didn't get that comment at more recent appointments which makes me think I had stopped. Maybe I'm doing that again while I sleep and not realizing it? Could that be an explanation? There sure is a lot of stress in the air from the whole pandemic, maybe it triggered around round of teeth grinding?\n\nCould this be a tumor given the swollenness? That is my worst fear.\n\nEDIT: Not sure if this relevant, but I typically don't even notice this while eating or speaking. The symptom that prompted this I noticed in the middle of a phone conversation!\n\nEDIT: I've had no problems at all with chewing food. The pain doesn't occur more often while chewing compared to other times. That's the main reason I'm concerned. This isn't vanilla TMJ pain.\n\nEDIT: Had forgotten I already had a dental appointment coming up. They called and asked if I could reschedule for tomorrow so I did. They told me it will just be me in the waiting room. I feel a little reassured.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1664703", "score": 0.7045534253120422, "text": "After every dive, I usually end up with moderately sore jaw muscles, slight headache. One of the longtime divers I went with also said it can make your ears and sinus' sore from making clearing your ears harder. \n\nI don't have jaw issues outside of diving, and its a minor annoyance for the rest of the day rather than sever pain. The one guy said try some different mouth pieces, but I also heard regulator swivel adapters can help. I feel like I really bit down because the rigid hose feels like its pulling my regulator on the right side of my mouth. \n\nAny advice? I only have 13 logged dives, but it seems to be a regular occurrence. I want to figure something out before I go to Hawaii in a month.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-133330", "score": 0.6989083290100098, "text": "Specifically with burning the roof of your mouth, that hurts later because you've traumatized the nerves and it takes time to get feeling back into them. Can't comment on other injuries but I assume it's similar.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-153680", "score": 0.6987316012382507, "text": "That's about as far as your knowledge has to go :-) Your middle ear (the part beyond your eardrum) holds a little pocket of air in there. Connected to that is your Eustachian tube, which is normally shut, but leads down deep in your nose and connects there. Change in altitude make the pressure different between that little pocket of air and the outside air, and that pressure difference causes the pain (it makes the delicate little membranes that comprise you inner ear stretch a little). When you pop your ears (swallowing normally does this), the Eustachian tube opens up momentarily, and the pressure equalizes. Swallowing does it because of where those tubes lead. You'll sometimes see people (when the pressure outside is greater) holding their nose and trying to blow out, which basically is forcing some air up the Eustachian tube.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1665659", "score": 0.6975204944610596, "text": "Does anyone experience this? I will be eating something, last night it was a single stale chip of all things, and I bite down and my jaw dislocates on the left side and I get excruciating burning pain that shoots up the side of my face and into my ear and can't hear and it's throbbing searing and ear popping with any muscle movement. The pain is so extreme I often drop to the floor when it happens. \n\nI can't seem to find anything when I Google. I have no dental insurance and very low income so not sure what to do. I try to manually move jaw in place but it keeps happening at random. My teeth are constantly feeling weird now like they are going to fall out and bite always feels off even though my teeth line up. I have other health problems on top of this (antibiotics from two other problems did a number on me) and my daughter needs surgery in order to be able to see so really didn't need to go through this. I am scared I am going to lose my hearing and the pain is almost worse than a kidney stone.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2542969", "score": 0.6940523982048035, "text": "Title may seem dramatic, but it is the question I find myself asking myself / thinking about the most. since about \\~3 weeks ago, while eating toast I heard a loud crack ( like when you crack your knuckles) in my right ear and proceeded to hear a rather loud crunching/squishing sound in my right ear everytime i chewed or opened my mouth. I don't feel pain, but ive been extremely paranoid and concerned of this happening again. \n\nSince that first time, its happened a few times, 3-4 times on my right side and twice on my left, Sometimes if i dont use my jaw, it tends to go away.. and other times it takes almost all day to go away. I also notice that once it happens, any weird movement may randomly cause it to crack again. (like even moving my head while lying down will do it sometimes.. ) \n\nI happened to have a not so great fitting temporary crown when this first happened (permanent crown fits much better) , Ive spoken to my dentist at the next visit about what happened and he told me that my teeth are a little uneven ( most likely from when my wisdom teeth were growing in) and told me i have a misaligned jaw, my lower jaw shifts to one side more ( which im guessing is the main culprit) \\* I also had this for years now, and its never bothered me/ I didnt think it was a problem aside from appearances. My dentist then recommended an orthodontist for me to visit and told me that the Orthodontist will take a look and determine if braces can fix this problem or if surgery would be required.. which is a whole other set of problems to stress over since my insurance, overall healthcare system, and pandemic would make this a lot harder.\n\nI really want to stress that I don't feel pain from this, but it definitely ruins my day when it happens and I have to spend the next few hours / rest of the day stressed over this, not wanting to eat just from the sound in my ear... since Im also paranoid that this joint / part of the jaw is ridiculously weak. / will get worse over time. \n\nI have tried looking up TMJ stretches and whatever and doing whatever I can to try to reduce this from happening, but its frustrating it doesn't seem to do anything. \n\nDoes anyone experience something similar to this? Can anyone offer me advice?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1664802", "score": 0.6937861442565918, "text": "So I am almost 100% sure I have TMJ as my jaw pops and clicks frequently. Just now I was chewing on a turkey sandwich and something happened that has never happened before.\n\nAs I was closing my jaw to chew there was a HORRIBLE crunching/popping sound on the right side of my face, so my right jaw bone close to my ear. Then that part started to hurt really badly and I couldn’t chew anymore. \n\nIts been about 5 minutes and its feeling better but I just tried to chew and it feels very tender on that side and its become sore. Just overall uncomfortable. I can’t chew properly at all. \n\nThe crunching noise as I closed my jaw sounded very loud and just like terrible lol. Almost like I broke part of my jaw or something. \n\nDoes anyone know what may have happened?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-27570", "score": 0.6927743554115295, "text": "Your jaw is a type of joint called a diarthrosis or synovial joint. This means that there is synovial fluid around the area of the joint to cushion the bone/cartilage articulations. Sometimes \"When the two articulating surfaces of a synovial joint are separated from one other, the volume within the joint capsule increases and a negative pressure results. The volume of synovial fluid within the joint is insufficient to fill the expanding volume of the joint and gases dissolved in the synovial fluid (mostly carbon dioxide) are liberated and quickly fill the empty space, leading to the rapid formation of a bubble.[10] This process is known as cavitation. Cavitation in synovial joints results in a high frequency 'cracking' sound\" [Source](_URL_0_) Or It could be that you dislocated the mandible temporarily causing a cracking sound. This is associated with TMJ sometimes.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-242828", "score": 0.6927400231361389, "text": "Sometimes if I exert lots of pressure trying to blow up a balloon or something like that it feels like I get air being forced into these glands. Anyone else?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1666167", "score": 0.6904764771461487, "text": "The last year I’ve experienced severe pain in my jaw/masseter muscle. Excuse me if I’m not using the terms correctly! English isn’t my first language. I’ve noticed that my wisdoms teeth in my lower jaw has been erupting over a year now. The pain can’t be described. Painkillers don’t work any more. Moreover, since the erupting I’ve noticed a clicking sound. I can control that clicking sound and it kinda give me a relief. The clicking sounds as if I have sand in my jaw. If that makes sense? I’ve never been diagnosed with TMJ, yet! Despite always complaining to the dentist that I grind my teeth at night. My dentist once measured how much I can open my mouth and it was below the average. I don’t have a small mouth but can’t really open it fully without it falling back instantly. I have headaches daily along with earache. Always a sore throat. Having a hard time swallowing. \n\nWhat should I do? And from where should I take this? I don’t feel anyone takes me seriously. My sister is medical student. I told her and she started laughing at me. How is that fun? The pain intensifies whenever I’m stressed. Especially during exams it’s hell. \n\nLooking forward to hear your thoughts and advices. Many thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1665306", "score": 0.6883327960968018, "text": "I went to the dentist today to fill two cavities. While my dentist was giving me the numbing shot, he hit a weird nerve. I got a strange electrical shock feeling up my check all the way up to my eye. It’s been about 8 hours since the appointment and now my cheek is extremely sore and swollen. Is this normal?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-122344", "score": 0.6882998943328857, "text": "The nerves in the ear and jaw are close together and many of them share the same route. You might be experiencing satellite pain where the pain impulse is being misinterpreted as coming from a tooth nerve as opposed to an ear nerve.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1663638", "score": 0.6878352165222168, "text": "To start off: apologies for any spelling or grammar mistakes I just woke up and it's early for me. \n\nAs I just mentioned I woke up just slightly and I went to roll over only to be met by a searing pain in my right TMJ of my jaw. I've had issues there before with lots of clicking and feeling like it's stuck but nothing like this. I can open my mouth just slightly with 4/10 pain but if I try to move it further than that or to the left or right it's a solid 8-9/10 pain. The type where you scream into a pillow and grip someone's hand for dear life. If I could open my mouth to scream right now I would. Unfortunately I can't talk besides quiet mumbling. What do I do? I have a presentation in an hour and I can't talk and im in severe pain. Do I go to the UC or ER?? Please idk what to do I'm in so much pain. \n\nInfo: 17F, white, US, 5'5 125lbs, no drugs, I'm on fluoxetine 40mg and BC. \nRelevant conditions: I have a pretty bad overbite maybe that's related to this? I also have Tourretes, but I don't tic in my sleep do this isn't a tic related injury. \n\nPlease help.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2233781", "score": 0.6874310374259949, "text": "Stumbled upon this subreddit which makes me relieved to hear that I’m not the only one who suffers with this! A little backstory...\n\nWhen I was probably 13-14 (24 now), my jaw locked and I didn’t know what to do. Instead of doing the right thing, I literally forced it open which created a painful sensation on the left side of my jaw and it made this loud pop/click. It hurt like hell at the time, but my jaw locked again many times after that and I always forced it open. It went from a painful sensation to an almost relieving sensation and I started to do it on command every time, like popping my knuckles. It hurt but it was a good hurt. Basically I would crack it so I didn’t have to hear the click/pop and I would hear the squishy fluid sound instead.\n\nFast forward to the present...now I can’t go a day without messing with it! If I don’t pop/click my jaw it feels as though I didn’t crack my knuckles and the sense of relief isn’t there. Every time I open my jaw normally, it will shift and pop. I can even position my jaw so that it doesn’t pop when I open it, but I almost have to push my lower mandible forward and then open it. It has even gotten to the point where I will manually pop/click the right side of my jaw so I can hear the fluid squishyness instead of a pop. \n\nHave I ground my joint away from all the forced clicking and popping? I definitely clench my teeth together and stop if I notice. I feel as the alignment is off, especially because I don’t feel like I can kiss (with tongue) like I used to. If I open my jaw all the way, my temples will protrude out further than I think they should normally. \n\nAny advice on next steps? Should I get an MRI done? See a specialist? Would a splint even help if the joint has damage to it? \n\nTIA for the help!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-253525", "score": 0.6847534775733948, "text": "Your middle ear is connected to your pharynx by way of a channel known as the [eustachian tube](_URL_0_). When you reach progressively higher elevations, changes in air pressure press on your eardrum (the pressure is greater inside than outside because the atmosphere is thinner at higher elevations and your internal pressure is equilibrated to lower pressures), resulting in discomfort. When you open your jaw, you temporarily open one end of the eustachian tube, which resolves the pressure difference by allowing some air to escape. This opening causes the \"popping\" sensation you experience.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1885263", "score": 0.6828066110610962, "text": "hello. I need help. yesterday i was at someones birthday party and someone popped the balloon unaccidentially near to my ear. The moment right after i felt like my ear became sensitive and i hope it didn't cause any hearing loss... What should i do now, any tips? I feel like my ear is a little bit stuffy.\n\nI'm panicking because i am really trying to protect my ears and im trying to not being surrounded by loud noises and boom, then comes anything like that and I'm already anxious and worried.\n\nThank you for your help.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2544711", "score": 0.682767927646637, "text": "Been dealing with ear discomfort for almost ten months. I woke up one morning with my ear feeling off and everyone sounding like they were robots. A trip to the doc suggested allergies or fluid behind the ear drum. The robotic voice issue went away after three days but the odd inflammation feeling never went away. On top of that it has morphed into one sided headaches and stuffiness. \n\nMultiple trips to the ENT has landed at possible TMJ. The thing is, my jaw doesn’t hurt. It just feel like a deep inflamed feeling in my ear or Eustachian tube. Hard to explain. My jaw also doesn’t click or get locked. \n\nSo my question is simply, can you have TMJ with headaches and ear pain but no jaw pain? \n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-131797", "score": 0.6826887726783752, "text": "The muscles in your jaw are compressing the [submandibular salivary gland](_URL_0_ ), where spit is made, and the excess pressure causes saliva to squirt out the Wharton duct.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-53992", "score": 0.682548999786377, "text": "Blood depends on gravity to exit your skull so when you are in a position that puts your head below your heart you begin accumulating fluid volume in the tissues of your head. The drainage channels from your sinuses are clogged from the swelling due to the infection and the inflammed mucosal tissue is already hyperemic from the infection, so adding even a little bit more pressure results in that terrible, pulsing facial pain. hyperemic = increased blood flow", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-735", "score": 0.6795995235443115, "text": "This is a really dumbed down explanation, compared to the other answers. The live memory in older video games (like the NES) is very simple. Think of it like 10 boxes, the first one is your score, the second is your current level, third one is your lives, and so on. Now, let's say the maximum score was 999. Seth made a glitch that will make his score 1000. Now, the box to hold the score was only made to hold 3 numbers. It was done to save memory, so another number can be added in a different box. Where does the extra character go? It goes to the next box. Now the level is 0, which is impossible and the game glitches out. Think of the flappy bird code to look like \"[1][43][49][6][3][23][4]\" (very over simplified). At some point, he would do the score glitch so many times, it's going to have this code that he made in the memory, and he can execute it. This isn't exactly how seth did it, but it's the same concept)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-180652", "score": 0.6455162763595581, "text": "Majority of the game's code were shared among all games (libraries etc...) which was directly in the console. The cartridge contained just a small piece of code for that very game", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1529933", "score": 0.6453441381454468, "text": "Would I use the debug, ocarina, or the cheat codes? And what do I do from there? I'm lost", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-121666", "score": 0.6452582478523254, "text": "Because modern software, in particular games, is very complex and self referencing. Changing one part of code can cause any other part of code that references that piece of code in some way to malfunction.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1483226", "score": 0.6446427702903748, "text": "So i want to make Super Mario Land 2 on GBC with the color hack on an actual Gameboy Color but the problem is i don't know what do i need for it and how do i do it? I myself is a Electrical Engineer and i know this sorta stuff (soldering and stuff like that) can someone help? Thanks -Bence (PS: List the resources i need)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2423018", "score": 0.644472599029541, "text": "I have no idea how they get the hacks into the game but id imagine it would be a file somewhere. How hard could it be to just detect that the code is altered in anyway from the original and stop them from joining a competitive match. Again i have no clue on the subject which is why im asking.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-946171", "score": 0.644366979598999, "text": "Didn’t he already have this? When he partnered with TinyBuild, one of their programmers refactored all of Yandev’s code. But he got mad for some reason and rewrote the game in its original code. Yandev said that the purpose of his crowdfunding campaign was to hire a programmer to rewrite all of the game’s code and replace him, but he had this already years ago!\n\nIt’s very clear to me that Yandev is pretty self-sabotaging. He’s literally asking for donations in order to get the same thing that he threw away before. \n\nTerminating his partnership with TinyBuild has to have been one of the worst decisions he’s ever made, and he’s paying for it by perpetuating this self-sabotaging cycle.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-962967", "score": 0.6440828442573547, "text": "So, I was digging through our code trying to make a simple change to this God forsaken website when I stumbled upon this beauty. It was under another gem, a custom implementation of strrpos.\n\n function strrpos_rev2($text, $search, $offset = 500)\n // =============================================================================\n {\n\t$search = \"grapes\";\n\t$text = \"grapes grapes. Grapes are yummy! Don't you like grapes?\";\n\n\t$text_rev = strrev($substr);\n\t$search_rev = strrev($search);\n\n\t$search_length = strlen($search);\n\t$text_length = strlen($text);\n\td(\"text_length: \" . $text_length);\n\td(\"offset: \" . $offset);\n\n\t$out = \"\";\n\t$out .= $text . \"\";\n\t$out .= \"0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234\" . \"\";\n\t$out .= \"0 1 2 3 4 5 \" . \"\";\n\t$out .= \"\";\n\n\tif ($offset) // only use part of the string\n\t\t$text = substr($text, 0, $offset);\n\td($text);\n\n\t$search_start = strripos($text, $search);\n\td(\"search_start: \" . $search_start);\n\n\t$search_length = strlen($search);\n\td(\"search_length: \" . $search_length);\n\n\t$search_stop = $search_start + $search_length;\n\td(\"search_stop: \" . $search_stop);\n\t\n\t$temp = strripos($text_rev, $search_rev);\n\td(\"temp: \" . $temp);\n\t\n\t$temp2 = $temp + $search_length;\n\td(\"temp2: \" . $temp2);\n\n\t$pos = $text_length - $temp2;\n\td(\"pos: \" . $text_length);\n\n\tprint $out;\n }", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1853838", "score": 0.6433910131454468, "text": "Hi, I hope this is a good Reddit to post this on.\n\nI've wanted to make a game based on hacking and coding. As far as I can tell, there is nothing quite like that right now. There are games with coding but no hacking (CoreWars) and there are games with hacking but no coding (Uplink) where you are basically a script kiddie. Is there a game like what I'm thinking of?\n\nSo, I have some ideas but no big idea. What I want most of all is a multiplayer game, where people compete to create unbreakable code or to break eachother's code. \n\nAt first I was thinking having a browser-based game with hackable JavaScript: you would try to inject JavaScript into other people's systems to hack them, while avoiding being hacked yourself. Another possibly is to make up a new language and have a standalone client.\n\nA third possibility is to have code exist in a video game like environment, like a William Gibson novel. Right now I'm thinking about code in a 2D grid space, with execution traveling around like a maze. I was having the idea that you could look at other people's computers, and you'd be able to see the grid but not the code. You could inject an execution thread at any point and watch how it travels around the maze to try to figure out what the code does, and then try to inject execution to take control of the machine.\n\nI'm thinking that you would get tokens for completing certain challenges, or you could trade/steal tokens with other players. The tokens represent your strength as a player (your score), and they could be spent on perks like public server space.\n\nIf people are interested, I'd be happy to talk about collaborating.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1980176", "score": 0.6433804631233215, "text": "I remember seeing someone play Super Mario Bros. a few years ago in a YouTube video. It may have been a ROM hack of some kind. I think he sounded like Christopher Walken. At some point, he says, “Good thing I have blue sky infinity lives,” since a blue sky next to an infinity symbol was displayed instead of a life count.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1836238", "score": 0.6428252458572388, "text": "I've written an article on my blog describing how the security bug fixed in NetHack 3.6.6 can be used to get a remote shell (typical security stuff), but also a starting point on how it can be used to glitch the game (probably much more interesting to this sub).\n\nFamiliarity with C and Linux systems programming is assumed.\n\n", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2779552", "score": 0.6427353024482727, "text": "Literally everything I've looked up on Item Creation is from 10 years ago and for FireRed. I want to make an item that can run a script when called, but it seems that despite the decades of time, its still just about unsolved...\n\nI'll be honest, I don't have much of an idea of what Im doing, but I picked up XSE stuff pretty quickly, and I even got the new item into the game after some time, but obviously, it doesn't do anything because I have no way to get it to call anything. FireRed has a hacked version by JPAN that lets you do this, essentially, but I cant seem to find one for Emerald.\n\nThe concept I want to do is essentially Monster Boy, but in Pokemon (so like, instead of being a trainer, you'd just turn into various pokemon and fight the battles yourself, as well as run around and cut down trees and stuff). So basically, I want to make an item, lets say a necklace or something, that I can use to switch between the various pokemon forms. I /could/ probably link all the scripts I need to certain overworld entities, like special statues, but... I dunno, that just seems so limiting.\n\nEditing the maps have been a lot of fun, and getting the scripts to work right has been an engaging challenge, but I think I may have hit a wall...", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2229831", "score": 0.6426613926887512, "text": "As promised, here is a newer, updated version of the script. I've also started on a companion app to more closely monitor the inputs.\n\nOriginal Tutorial on setting up : \n\nOn a side note: I've now successfully used this script to direct my guy to pewter city. Now let's see it take on Brock with a Charmeleon!\n\n--------------------------------------\nNew Script: \n--------------------------------------\n::::::::: EDIT :::::::::::\n\n There's currently a bug in the script. I've got the script dynamically \n increasing the maxValue of possible numbers but haven't added it to the \n actual number generator. So even though with A and B bias set to 9 itll look for \n numbers between 1-118, it's still only generating numbers between 1-100. So, \n with all biases to max, your new stats would look like :\n\n UP-DOWN: ~ 15%\n\n A: ~ 34%\n\n B: ~19%\n\n START: ~5%\n\n RIGHT: ~ 24% \n\n LEFT: ~ 3%\n\n\n:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::\n \n\n\nInstructions:\n\nFIRST:\n\n Press 1-9 to select your desired bias amount. Default set to 1.\n\nTHEN:\n\n Press WASD to apply selected bias to that direction (numpad 8,4,6,2, respectively)\n\n Press E to apply selected bias to B button (numpad 1)\n\n Press R to apply selected bias to A button (numpad 3)\n\n - Start button not implemented since i forgot, sorry >< All the code is in place except for the keybinding.-\n\n Press C to clear all biases from all buttons.\n\n-----------------------------------------\nCompanion App : ALTERNATE: \n-----------------------------------------\n\nThis App is currently unfinished as I have to find a way to make the keybindings from AutoHotKey \nscript not lock out said bindings to AutoHotkey alone.\n\nCONTROLS: V to clear all data and start a new dataset. (i.e. Reset everything to 0)\n\nINSTRUCTIONS:\n\n As it stands, turn on your emulator with \"Pause when inactive\" disabled and have the app \n as the focus. It'll read the inputs and tell you what percentage each button is being pressed. With a \n '2'(maybe 3 or 4, i dont remember what i set it to exactly) bias in both up and left i've got a pretty\n good distribution of numbers:\n\n DOWN : ~12.5% (~2% down from 0 bias)\n\n UP: ~17.5% (~2% up from 0 bias)\n\n RIGHT: ~13% (~2% down from 0 bias)\n\n LEFT: ~ 17% (~2% up from 0 bias)\n\n\nThe rest at 0 bias:\n\n A: ~25%\n\n B: ~10%\n\n START: ~5%.\n\n\nThis leads me to conclude that the script is WORKING AS INTENDED.\n\nThe app was built in Unity because fuck code.\n\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nOnce the app and the script are finished I'll update the tutorial I posted on how to get it all set up. (While I'm at it I may very well look for some new hosting. Seems like the one I'm using now likes to go down once or thrice a day)\n\n\nAnyways, feel free to give suggestions or leave comments. I'll attempt to get this in a much more finished state over the next couple of days.\n\n-@ozzadar", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-781362", "score": 0.6426419615745544, "text": "So basically i want to know what this line means and how do i use it.\n\nsprite_replace (ind,fname,imgnumb,removeback,smooth,xorg,yorg)\n\nso here's the catch:\nits to change the sprite, correct? but i run into this problem:\nbecause of my game's character creation the game runs on this variable and script ( it has one sprite for each of the options(a pants, shirt, hair, belt, and skin sprites) and uses the image_index to cycle between. because of that i have to use script to change to the walk cycle sprite, because of that the animation has to be on a whole separate sprite alone.\n\nIn basic terms i want it to do this:\n\n\nBTW, screenshot of my game:\n\n\nEDIT: i need to change the sprite to a different sprite through \"Execute a script\", its simple i know but im dumb...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-10122", "score": 0.6425265669822693, "text": "They sometimes find them by accident, but in most cases they look at the code that makes the game work and find something in the code that makes no sense. For example... Let's say that you are looking at a code for a shooting game. You are looking at the names of the guns and you say \"BFG\" in the names, but have never found that gun. So you keep looking around for other places where it makes a reference to BFG. You may come across something that says \"push button sequence: 1356, release BFG\" so you do more investigation to see what push button sequence means and what it is referring to. Eventually you put all the pieces together and figure out how to get the BFG through the series of events.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1675389", "score": 0.6423339247703552, "text": "Here is the link to the source code and apparently the instructions. I am still unsure what to do though.\n\nAny help would be great!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-979811", "score": 0.6423050165176392, "text": "Level Code: PDQ-KL4-8XF\n\nWhat We know:\nLevel:\n\n* Creator clear time: 4:55\n* Clear Condition: Finish with a Fire Flower (We have been unable to locate this)\n* Creator beat the level by the time the timer reached 205\n* 0% clear rate\n* 3 Red Coins (Red Herrings!)\n\n* Overworld\n * 2 rooms (left and right room)\n * Scrolling is first vertical, then horizontal\n * Breaking a block on the side of the left room does nothing if you have not broken a block on the ceiling of the left room\n * This causes scrolling to move up, then right\n * If the left room scrolls to the right room, you cannot return to the left room\n * The key door in the left room will take you to the far side of the right room, behind the goal\n * The goal has vertical land blocks preventing you from getting into the goal\n * The goal has a parachuting bomb next to it allowing the player to break scrolling free in the left room\n * The right room has a Goombrat in it that only spawns when the ON/OFF switch in the underworld is set to OFF\n \t* Goombrat contains a key that can be grabbed using the Yoshi found in the underworld\n\n* Underworld\n * 5 Rooms (all stacked vertically to on the far left of the underworld)\n * Room 1 (bottom of the stack)\n * 2 blocks, 1 is a coin, the other is a Goombrat\n * Door exit on the right\n * Room 2 \n * Room is located on top of room 1\n * 2 blocks, 1 is a coin, the other is a Spring\n * Door exit on the right\n * Room 3\n * Room is located on top of room 2\n * 2 blocks, 1 is a coin, the other is a Shellmet\n * Door exit on the right\n * Room 4\n * Room is located on top of room 3\n * 2 blocks, 1 is a coin, the other is a P Switch\n * Door exit on the right\n * Room 5\n * Room is located on top of room 4\n * 2 blocks, both are coins\n * ON/OFF Switch\n * Mushroom Contraption will allow the player to get a mushroom after hitting the switch twice\n * 1 read coin sitting freely in bottom right\n * Arrow up leads to a room that is difficult to reach (We've only reached this in multiplayer)\n * Room has 1 more red coin\n * Arrow up leads to a room that is FAR MORE difficult to reach (We've only reached this in multiplayer)\n \t * Room has the final more red coin thats is trapped behind land blocks and cannot be obtained.\n\nThe strategy:\n\n* Run to the ON/OFF switch room and flip the switch to OFF\n* Run back to the Shellmet room and stand on the exit door on the right and wait until the timer reaches ~272 and a Yoshi will fall on your head\n* Use the Yoshi to grab the spring from the spring room and go back to the overworld\n* Use the spring and the Yoshi on the right side of this room to jump up and eat the Goombrat through the wall, obtaining the key\n* Use the key to enter the door and grab the bomb, taking him back to the starting room\n* Use the bomb to break the blocks on the right, nothing happens as scrolling is first vertical, then horizontal\n* Obtain the bomb again and use it to break any block hidden in the first room behind the saws on the ceiling\n * If done right, scrolling will move up, then to the right\n* Go into the final room and see the goal\n* This is where we're stuck. We cann find the Fire Flower.\n\nSide note:\n\n* Another Yoshi can be obtained through the right wall in the P Switch room after the timer has reached 40 seconds and the ON/OFF switch remains OFF", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2789325", "score": 0.6420359015464783, "text": "i think i finished the code correctly where when you first run it, it randomly picks 2 leds to turn on then the player is suppose to press a button corresponding to that led Ex. button1 turns on led1. And if you press the correct buttons it will print Correct in the console then restarts the game this time randomly picks another 2 leds along with the previous 2 but the problem is when the game restarts the previous leds immediately turn on then off and then turns on the new 2 leds and performs the code as it should .I tried to fix this by waiting 5 seconds and then calling the main function that restarts the code but this didnt work.\n\nyou can see a video of whats wrong in my previous post and here is the code ", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2320538", "score": 0.6419897079467773, "text": "I'm trying to find some boolean variables for the game Slime Rancher (a Unity game) that are only modified once per save file, which makes them very difficult to track down by just scanning with Cheat Engine. I've used JetBrains dotPeek to look at the game's code and I know where the variables are used and what modifies them, but I don't know where to go from here. What tools would I need and how would I got about finding those variables in memory?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-927543", "score": 0.6418263912200928, "text": "I've made this WeakAura which set's a waypoint to the flight master in Oribos Ring of Transference so you don't have to search for him every time.\n\nIt also saves your active waypointer and re-activates it once you leave the Ring of Transference. However, I have a lot of code alert and warnings from the automated code review, but they seem really irrelevant when looking through them, and quite frankly, I'm not sure how to fix them.\n\nI haven't written much LUA, I'm a C++ programmer by trade, so I just thought I'd fix a WA I've been missing real quick.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-972972", "score": 0.6417378187179565, "text": "anyone know a dev I can get into contact with? I have a video of the after effects but not of how I entered it. But I'm pretty sure I know how I did it exactly", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-736", "score": 0.7669104337692261, "text": "If one believes in a literal interpretation of the Bible, then there's really no room for evolution. It is certainly possible to believe in evolution and God, if you don't take a literal view of Genesis. The theory of evolution involves random mutations that were beneficial and therefore bred true in offspring. Someone who believes in a higher power may see the hand of God where traditional science sees chance." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-645062", "score": 0.7282962203025818, "text": "As a scientist and also a believer in God, I've had a hard time reconciling my career and my faith at times. This is especially true with evolution! \nAnyhow, here's the breakdown of what I can't seem to wrap my head around regarding evolution: \nNow, natural selection allows those creatures whose genetic mutations were more favorable for survival to procreate more/at all. Alright, well, the issue I have here is that these genetic mutations were pretty small, yes? You didn't have one ape and one half-human in the same time period, right? So these genetic mutations must have been small, or else drastic changes would be observable enough that we'd see them even today. \n\n\nThen, since these genetic mutations must have been small, I would argue they would't be significant enough to improve the procreation and survival rate of that individual to give their genetic mutation a sufficient advantage to have that mutation be favored. Especially because predators for all species exist, not to mention weather and natural disasters, so really these small genetic mutations should not have been able to dictate who mates more or survives etc. \n\n\nTL;DR \nSmall genetic mutations wouldn't give any individual within a species a large-enough advantage to be able to give selective success that to gene mutation. \n\n\n​", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-40332", "score": 0.7280664443969727, "text": "Scientific creationism is an attempt to reconcile the literal genesis account in the bible with scientific observations. They will typically agree on the observations but disagree on interpretation. For example, a regular scientist would say that the reason fossils appear at different layers is that one fossil died and was buried and over millions of years, more layers formed and then a different animal died and was buried at a higher level. I creationist would say that they were all buried at the same time in sediment during Noah's flood.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-247857", "score": 0.7278459668159485, "text": "Evolution is about how organisms evolve over time. The evidence for this evolution is overwhelming. Scientists may argue over minutiae but they all agree evolution occurs. What people often get wrong is thinking that evolution has something to say about the origins of life. In fact it says nothing whatsoever about how life originated. It only talks about how that life changes (evolves) over time. [Abiogenesis](_URL_0_) is the study of how life originated from inorganic matter (i.e. how did the first life come to be). This is a lot less certain. There are many theories but so far no one can say one way or another for certain.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1787562", "score": 0.7276846170425415, "text": "I think apologetics only makes Christianity even more confusing and sound more ridiculous. I'm a person who struggles with faith, and when I have questions about the Bible that \"I just have to answer\", and I go read an apologist's response, I always just end up even more doubtful. Our knowledge of history is thanks to science (and our human ancestors, for human history), so why do creationists add God into the portrait and make a mess of it, just to try to make sense of Christianity?\n\nI think it's important for Christians to realize that the Bible appears to reflect the knowledge of people at the time because it was based off the knowledge of people at the time. They didn't know about dinosaurs, or Homo erectus, or the expansion of the cosmos. The Bible didn't put so much emphasis on the nature of the universe because it's a set of lessons meant to be applied to one's life, not a science/history book.\n\nI honestly don't know what this says about the authenticity of the Bible or God. I want to believe he's there, but my view of the Bible as just another moral book like the Koran or the Dhammapada makes it hard to. I don't know what parts of the Bible should be taken literally or metaphorically. But if I'm asked to take the Genesis account (of the creation of the universe) literally, you're gonna have a hard time convincing me.\n\nBut the Bible still gives me a different feeling than, say, the Dhammapada. I think the Bible is \"true\" to me in that it resonates with me on a spiritual level, and I feel \"God\" when I read it. I guess that's what makes God \"real\" for me. But I don't know of this meaning of real is the same as being real existentially, and being consistent with the order of things (archaeology, scientific knowledge, etc.). I really do hope he's real, and when I die, I can meet him and all my questions will be answered.\n\nWhat are your thoughts on my positions? Do you agree or have experienced similar thoughts?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1465644", "score": 0.7275304198265076, "text": "1. Evolution is true\n\n2. Original sin is true\n\n3. Evolution dictates that there is no original Adam and Eve; just proto-humans who brought their mutations together to create us today\n\n4. Original sin demands an overt defiant act. \n\nA. If evolution is true, there is no opportunity for this act from one male/female pair\n\nB. 'A defiant act', in evolutionary terms, wouldn't be like a switch flipping. It would have taken place gradually over thousands of years. \n\nC. How could we be defiant, via our evolution, if we have no will over how we evolve? How can a psychopath be held accountable for their sins? Evolutionarily speaking, we are that blameless psychopath. \n\n5. There is no original sin; and if there was, it is of no fault of our own. \n\nNow, you could argue that fault isn't the issue, responsibility is. Like a car accident, it may have not been on purpose, but you are left with the responsibility of damages. \n\n1. Where is our will in the matter? Following the story of Genesis, Adam & Eve defied God through a series of overt acts. Evolution isn't overt. \n\n2. This cuts right to the problem of evil. I get that Justice isn't equal, some innocent will go to jail, some guilty will go free. But! We rectify it when we know about it. Sentences are commuted, etc. we try to make it right\n\nA. How does us being sorry to God over something we had nothing to do with make it god's way of setting things right. It's like the guy who Dick Cheney shot in the face apologizing to Dick Cheney for it becoming an issue ( that did happen). \n\nI think that's it. Surely debate will inspire more.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1786800", "score": 0.7273241281509399, "text": "I believe that healthy discussion inside the parameters of our collective faith is not only important but necessary - we need to understand why we believe, what we believe. \n.\n\nIn the last few days there have been posts about evolution and creationism. We've had discussion about literal and interpretive approached to Scripture and so on. Posing questions from within our understanding of God allows us to share a glimpse of God through another's eyes.\n\n.\n\nI don't think, for many of these debates, there is a single correct answer. I, for example am a former geotechnical engineer that spent years working in and around the various soils and rack strata, so evolution/old earth theories hold no challenge to me, however, I have dear friends that see God in creationism/new earth theories. To maintain that my glimpse, understanding, and knowledge of God is better or more \"right\" diminishes the glimpse, understanding, and knowledge of my dear friends. This is why, when I lead Bible Study, I usually present opinions on each subject - for example, if you're liberal the creation narratives in Genesis may be thought of as myth, if you're conservative then you may think of it literally, but both points of view look to the action of the love of God in the lives of humanity.\n\n.\n\n\nThere are essentials to the faith journey that is Christianity. I often feel quite alone in trying to find the essence of our faith in the varied approaches to our beliefs. Too often I see differing points of view pull us apart instead of finding new ways to glimpse the Divine. I'd like your feedback/views on this, and before I get bombarded, I realize that this is Paul's Romans 14 argument - he said it a lot better than me.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-81816", "score": 0.7272809743881226, "text": "I see what you're saying, if all it were was: \"Scientists say this is how life developed (weeks/months)\" alongside \"The Bible says this is the answer! (maybe 15 min).\" The people who are pushing this though actually have an agenda beyond that. What they want is for school's to 'teach the controversy.' The problem though is that there isn't any controversy; scientists are unanimous about evolution. Except for 'creation scientists' of course, who have textbooks worth of specious and misinformed criticisms of their crude understanding of evolutionary theory. These are the folks who'd like to teach \"Flood tectonics\" (yeah, Noah's flood) vs. Plate tectonics. They have pseudoscientific arguments on all this stuff and would like to get them inside classrooms. The goal of getting it into classrooms, and these guys are often very honest about this, is to proselytize the Christian religion.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1788665", "score": 0.7271187901496887, "text": "A common argument is that the reason evolution is invalid is because it has never been observed (it has been but that's neither here nor there), so would you ditch your faith immediately, assuming of course that you deny evolution?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-29673", "score": 0.7268738746643066, "text": "There is an \"theistic evolution\" argument that basically says, God set the process into place but as a science teacher, I would like to point out that religion and science are explaining things in different ways. Science is looking for a natural explanation and God is a supernatural being. Therefore, science and religion should not be in debates (fighting each other) as they use different methods to answer questions. This is the same reason I don't allow \"because God said so\" on my tests. It is not to say that isn't true just that it is not science.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1125538", "score": 0.7264038324356079, "text": "I found this article very surprising. I am not sure if there is an official Muslim position re Evolution but all the arguments I've heard from Muslims denied Evolution in favour of Creationism. ", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1468309", "score": 0.7256039381027222, "text": "Evolution is not about perfection. Evolution is about surviving long enough to have offspring that are viable enough to also have offspring.\n\nIt is not likely that there was ever a perfect couple that could wreck havoc on their progeny by deciding to be imperfect. That is there could be no fall and therefore nothing for a savior to restore. \n\n> 1cor 15: 21 For since death came through a human being, the resurrection of the dead came also through a human being. 22 For just as in Adam all die, so too in Christ shall all be brought to life,\n\nGiven that death is an integral part of evolution, we know that death predates human existence. We will not be restored to a immortal state because there never was one to be restored to. It is obvious that death has not been eradicated by Jesus the man. \n\nEdit: Looks like I should make clear that this question is for Christians that think/believe evolution is a thing.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1788837", "score": 0.7252423167228699, "text": "My room mate refuses to believe that humans evolved from an ancestor that resembled a lower primate. However, he has admitted how giraffes evolved from an ancient horse-like organism. \n\nHe refuses to acknowledge the theory of evolution. Even though he recognizes that scientific theories are not vernacular theories, he says that it doesn't matter because it's only true in the scientific community. He says that creationism has more support because more people believe in it. He says that only people of science believe in evolution, and the theory of evolution only matters in scientific cases, because the majority of america is not a scientist. I believe his statement was \"It's only been accepted as true in scientific areas\".\n\nI have shown him models of humanoid skulls going further and further back in history, and how the skulls get progressively more ape-like the further back you look. He refuses to acknowledge this as he says you can't prove that each one evolved from the previous one. \n\nHe claims that the theory of gravity is different because there are laws of gravity. \n\nWhen I ask him where people came from, then, he says, \"i don't know, I wasn't there. God created them\".\n\nEDIT: also tried explaining DNA mutation rates and how the differences between a chimp's and human's genome would indicate divergence from a common ancestor; didn't work. \n\nFinally, he says that the theory of evolution has not been \"proven\" and only supported. However, obviously, the very nature of theories mean that they cannot be proven. It would be ludicrous to observe each organism as it changed for 3.5 billion years, as it would be ridiculous to inspect each atom's gravitational pull on other atoms. \n\nSo what can I say to him?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1787329", "score": 0.7245141863822937, "text": "This might be a common post, but I grew up submersed in the Christian community. I was only taught evolution from the Christian perspective. IE \"Evolution is wrong, but let's teach you a little bit about it in a biased way.\" What places should I look to get the most clear, up-to-date, and concise views on evolution that the scientific community holds. If one of you thinks you can summarize it yourself, Go for it. I'm sure the other redditors will correct you if you are wrong. I cannot even begin to debate evolution if I do not understand it. Help me not be ignorant.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1787856", "score": 0.7244000434875488, "text": "Guys religious people may admit the bible is ridiculous, however, this is because of 2000 years of the \"telephone game\" what those religious people are saying is that they still believe \"God\" created everything. Also fellow atheists know current scientific explainations are not provable either. (Ie big bang)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-79103", "score": 0.7243787050247192, "text": "Technically, there is nothing requiring someone who is an atheist to also believe in evolution. However, evolution is the most complete explanation for how species came to exist. This person likely does not have a coherent competing explanation. He simply \"isn't convinced\" by a theory that he likely doesn't understand very well.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1788995", "score": 0.724051296710968, "text": "So I've been thinking about this for awhile, but if we found alien life (or if they found us) wouldn't that disprove at least christinay, if not more religions?\n\nOf course they'rd be people arguing \"oh god made them but didn't tell us blah blah blah\", but if that didn't happen; would the proven fact of alien life disprove religion and thus cement evolution as the way life started out?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2099543", "score": 0.7235392332077026, "text": "My wife is an atheist but the only thing she can't grasp is evolution. This is the same question she always proposes to me and I never really have a good answer.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1124444", "score": 0.7233171463012695, "text": "See here: #comment-453291\n\nAs I recall...no they did not\n\n\nOff course failure is not an option so...\n\n\n\nCreationist do realize that Darwin didn't believe in phyletic gradualism in the first place? \n\n#Misconceptions\n(Also can someone fact check the quote mine involved? Thanks)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-242199", "score": 0.7231737971305847, "text": "One measure of scientific community is what gets published in legitimate peer reviewed journals. There is nothing disputing evolution that is making it that far. There are a *lot* of scientists out there, so it is possible to find a handful who dispute evolution. But none are doing so in a way that is getting any serious consideration within the community.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-152362", "score": 0.7227137088775635, "text": "They dont, and shouldnt. Creationism isnt science, its a religious belief and is not based on any scientific reasoning. If a non religious schol wants to teach creation it should be confined to non-required religious studies class or the like.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-737", "score": 0.8130513429641724, "text": "They're mostly called debates to lend some gravitas to the situation. What they are these days, however, is joint press conferences. It would be nice to have actual debates, but that would require politicians who are willing and able to think on their feet, and argue in defense of a position, rather than requiring an army of writers to create pre-prepared statements for them to memorize. There aren't many who are willing or able to do that." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2593144", "score": 0.7717806100845337, "text": "It's November 2015, and we've already seen 4 GOP debates and one Democratic debate. Why are there so many debates so early? Wouldn't the presidential candidates' stances be the same throughout the whole year? What difference does it make between campaigning more than a year away and campaigning six months before the election? Why not focus on the current state of affairs of the country and deal with it?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-148706", "score": 0.7598658800125122, "text": "It is completely up to each party's leadership - the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and Republican National Committee (RNC) respectively. The main reason the Democrats have so few debates this election is that the Democratic establishment - including DNC chairperson Debbie Schultz, who decides the number of debates - would like to see Hillary Clinton nominated. Because Clinton has such a huge lead and near universal name recognition already, she has little to gain from debates and everything to lose if she makes some kind of gaffe. Therefore, the DNC limited the number of official debates this election cycle to protect her lead. The DNC also created a rule that no candidates may participate in unofficial debates or else they will be blacklisted from the official ones. This is not to say Hillary Clinton did anything wrong, this is just the politics of what happened.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-25139", "score": 0.7592911124229431, "text": "Because the debates are sponsored and produced by the Commision on Presidential Debates, which is co-chaired by a prominent Democrat and a prominent Republican, and requires candidates to poll at or above 15% support to join the debates. The CPD was founded in 1987 by the Democratic and Republican parties to take over the debates after the League of Women Voters [withdrew its sponsorship](_URL_0_) in protest of the candidates \"perpetrat[ing] a fraud on the American voter\" by aiming to \"add debates to their list of campaign-trail charades devoid of substance, spontaneity and honest answers to tough questions.\"", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-3992", "score": 0.7584812641143799, "text": "Right now, the debates are only for candidates of a certain party. When the parties have nominated their candidates, third party candidates would be able to debate if they polled high enough.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-79660", "score": 0.7584462761878967, "text": "Because the news networks don't have a legal obligation to let any and every candidate onto their shows to talk equally. Since they don't have to, and since most people don't really care about the third party candidates, they don't do that. I suspect that the democrat/republicans probably wouldn't be too interested in a debate with 5 other minor party candidates.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-6075", "score": 0.7558698058128357, "text": "Because the candidates would not agree to that. They're not obligated to debate at all, they do so because they think it's an opportunity to show the voters how great they are. No candidate would agree to such a strict format.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-118293", "score": 0.7518500089645386, "text": "You don't need anyone to explain it; you already got it. It is 100% arbitrary. The debates are about form, not substance. Look at the GOP primary debates. Every time a new winner emerged. If the debates were about substance, the results would have been consistent. Instead we had a week of Herman, a week of Newt, a week of Santorum, etc.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1843513", "score": 0.7437229752540588, "text": "Ben Shapiro, Destiny, the whole lot of them.\n\nNone of them understand what an actual debate means. You don’t just talk over your opponent until they don’t get a chance to say anything. You don’t just overwhelm them with undeveloped arguments, making it impossible to respond (fuck gish-galloping as a whole). \n\nAny proper, respectful debate should have both parties being able to state their points, and both parties being able to refute the other side’s points, and letting the one with stronger arguments win. That’s not what these people want. They’re obsessed with making it look like they “won” to people who they know already agree with them, and they all have an army of sycophants who enforce their beliefs that they’re all God’s gift to debating.\n\nI’d love to see one of them argue a point they don’t believe in. I’m confident beyond a shadow of a doubt that they’d be completely useless in that scenario.\n\nMaybe this is just because I did British Parliamentary debate throughout university, but seeing these idiots be the faces of “debating” on the Internet just makes me mad.\n\nEdit: I should mention: I don't expect these random debates to be set up in proper Parliamentary style. But the same principals should apply. Chiefly, letting your opponent speak and get their points across. You don't win a debate by making it so your opponent can't say anything, you win by showing that your arguments are stronger than their's", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-194663", "score": 0.7410825490951538, "text": "There weren’t presidential debates in the way we think of them now prior to the advent of radio. The 1960 debates were the first actual presidential debates between the major general election candidates. There were a small handful of primary debates prior to the 1960 presidential debate. I’ve always known about the primary debates prior to 1960, but finding legitimate historical scholarship on them is difficult. The Commission on Presidential Debates has the best [information](_URL_0_) that I believe is the most accurate. This is a great question, and perhaps someone else has some access to historical scholarship on the earlier debates. I regret that JSTOR and the other commercial databases I subscribe to have nothing on these.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-56444", "score": 0.7355644106864929, "text": "\"The media\" is not invovled. The debates are held by the Commission on Presidential debates. Which is run bipartisanly by republicans and democrats. Commission sets the rules and the parties agree. The media just covers the debate.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2216188", "score": 0.7319651246070862, "text": "Would it be that hard to have an actual debate for all of these candidates? You know, each candidate asked the same question, given a minute or two to respond, and have the mic cut off once the allotted time has passed? Then give 30 seconds for anyone to respond and once that's over go on to the next question? It seems simple and fair, so why are none performed this way? I would think for a news network, that would be the ultimate unbiased approach.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1341492", "score": 0.7223707437515259, "text": "I think we are all sick and tired of how the media presents \"debates\" between two political candidates. They are not substantive, have no real intelligent discourse, and do not give a candidates a chance to show how well they can critically think or command a team. \n\nIf you could dream, what would be an ideal \"format\" you would like to see on TV for the two candidates to be put through?\n\nEx: Lincoln-Douglas style is an idea, sure. Jon Stewart as a moderator, OK. But what about bigger ideas? Like a political \"obstacle course\", if you will. Or a real-time \"war-games.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-60519", "score": 0.7201672196388245, "text": "Most of them are doing their jobs. Their jobs just have very little to do with the debate floor. Think about it, how inefficient is it to have one guy speak to a room of a hundred about some issue while everyone else has to feign attention. During that time a politician could be meeting with lobbyist, working on acquiring new votes for a bill, discussing the matter with his staff, etc.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-198465", "score": 0.7181457877159119, "text": "Richard Nixon declined to debate in 1968 and 1972 (there was also no TV debate in 1964 between LBJ and Goldwater), probably in no small part due to his infamous performance in the debate in 1960 with JFK, which has come down as popular wisdom as the epitome of not only the power of television (it was the first televised debate) but also how to misunderstand the medium (i.e. Nixon's sweaty upper lip with no make up contrasted with the movie-star-like JFK). There are completely valid challenges to whether or not that received wisdom was actually correct. I'd love to hear from more of a Nixon scholar or US politics scholar about whether Nixon ever commented or wrote (or if any of his campaign team ever commented or wrote) about the decision not to debate, but in any event every presidential election since then has had the participation of the candidates in at least one televised debate.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-193661", "score": 0.7173903584480286, "text": "I don't know about most political debates. I have read all of Lincoln's speeches and writings and that includes the famous Lincoln Douglas debates. Those were a series of 7 debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas where they were competing to become the next Senator from Illinois. Each candidate was given a total of 90 minutes to speak per debate. The debates were recorded and reported in detail in newspapers across the nation. Although Lincoln lost that election, the impression led him to being nominated to become President later on. The debates are amazing to read. The question was slavery and future of the nation was at stake. I highly encourage you to have a read of both sides of the debate. Even just chose one of the days rather than all 7. They are absolutely nothing like today's sound bites.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2471826", "score": 0.7170001268386841, "text": "x-post from ColbertRally\n\nAs we all know, past debates have tried to exclude Ron Paul and other such voices of change. This time, we need real debates. \n\nJon Stewart is a unique and valued member of our nation's political discourse. His political coverage has received some of journalism's highest awards. He is the Walter Cronkite of the internet generation. \n\nEvery four years, U.S. debates are have lots of style but often little substance. We need something different. \n\nJon Stewart and his team should host a debate at the presidential level between the highest ranking members of the parties they can book. \n\nNeither major party nominee would be inclined to engage in an unorthodox debate like the kind Stewart would provide, but a strong movement to promote such a debate could pressure candidates / surrogates to participate or look 'out of touch'. \n\nIf this idea becomes popular, it could in fact happen. It's less crazy than the 215,000 people showing up to Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity-- and that suceeded.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-174869", "score": 0.7154480814933777, "text": "The chances of a candidate potentially blurting something inflammatory and sensational is more desirable in the view of the organizers than the benefit of a more controlled debate structure. They were brought together to interact and stopping that sort of runs contrary to the entire goal of the debate.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1874013", "score": 0.7119346857070923, "text": "I've been following the presidential race with a passive interest and I'm a bit disgusted by the way things are unfurling. Clearly both candidates have different stances on issues, but it seems like there are constant attacks from either side on completely unrelated issues. \n\nIt also seems like the process of actual debate is being swept under the carpet. \n\nClearly neither candidate is \"perfect\". Shouldn't the aim of the debates be to present a clear picture of the stances on both candidates and help the viewers decide who is the better compromise for President?\n\nWhat are the issues the candidates agree on?\nWhat are the issues both candidates don't want to address?\nWhat are the issues both candidates disagree on, but is regardless an unpopular stance?\n\nSingular focus on any issue cannot be good in the long run. \n\nWhat is you guys' take on it?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-133457", "score": 0.7105509042739868, "text": "These debates are as much of a back and forwards narrative between the question asker and candidates as it is between the candidates. If they gave that much power to the question asker it would come off as shallow. It would be like rigging a fight.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-116300", "score": 0.70932537317276, "text": "Debates are a microcosm of what is wrong in politics. There are rules, which some candidates feel they are free to ignore. There is common courtesy (read: morality) which some candidates display much more than others. There is an agreed upon format, though it is poorly conceived yet everyone pretends it isn't. It is supposedly for everyone's education, though not everyone can watch it (if it's on cable, of if they miss it it's not rerun a lot). Finally it is supposed to answer the questions 'folks' have, though the questions aren't voted on and audience participation is extremely limited or scripted through the nature of who is allowed in the building.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-738", "score": 0.7728063464164734, "text": "Last names didn't always exist. So when they did start existing, sometimes unrelated people chose the same last name. (It's also been long enough since the development of last names that you might be related really far back.)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-140137", "score": 0.7335990071296692, "text": "For the same reason that your great great great great great great grandmother on your mother's side and your great great grandfather on your father's side weren't a couple. They are both your ancestor, but they would have lived many years and very possibly many miles apart.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-234764", "score": 0.732686460018158, "text": "Once you get out past second or third cousin, there's a lot less general relationship between the people. I know I have several third and fourth cousins, but I've never once met them. As stated, a lot of those listed, especially close relatives (Second cousin, etc), are from the same geographical area. Social elite are going to marry social elite. Kind of like why Europe's nobility were all related to one another.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1205087", "score": 0.7310761213302612, "text": "My results are uploaded, and one of my maternal half-brothers is identified correctly. So thats my mom’s side - is there a way to show only relatives that he and I don’t have in common so I can see who might be on my dad’s side?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-640770", "score": 0.7304754257202148, "text": "My dad's brother is married to my mother's sister - how can i introduce my cousins without being inaccurate - are they just cousins or something like half-brother/half-sister? I think the relationship is more than just being cousins, right? I was wondering if there is any special term for kinships like this.\n\ni posted from r/relations, i was directed here.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-137353", "score": 0.7299615740776062, "text": "It's called the most recent common ancestor. Basically all other lines of decent have died out at some point so we're all related in some way. At the time they lived, there were other people about, but all other decedents died off or were married into, leaving us all decedents of one common ancestor.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2684689", "score": 0.7292112708091736, "text": "Hi! I've recently found a close unknown match on Ancestry which suggests we are 1st cousins or half uncle/niece (about 1000 cM shared). To me, based on this relationship suggestion and our shared matches, it would seem like this person and I share DNA from both of my paternal grandparents. Is there any reason why we might share this much DNA but *not* be this closely related? \n\n(I just want to make sure I explore all the options before keeping this discussion going, as it would imply that my grandparents had a child before they were married whom they likely gave up.)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-283321", "score": 0.7272918820381165, "text": "The idea is that there are a lot of 'bad' genes out there, and we each have our share of them. Genes come in pairs, so normally you are ok because you got a 'good' version of the gene from one parent. If someone is closely related to you, then they are more likely to have some of the same bad gene versions as you. If you two have a child together, there is a much higher probability that offspring will get two bad copies of a gene, and the results can be quite injurious or even fatal. There are sound genetic reasons not to hook up with your immediate family or even first cousins.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-186145", "score": 0.7260881662368774, "text": "Those 2^n people are not all unique - one person can take up many \"slots\". Let's say your parents were third cousins. That would mean they share 2 of their great-great grandparents. Those 2 people are 4 of your great-great-great grandparents, appearing once on your mother's side and once on your father's side. The general term for it is [pedigree collapse](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2100089", "score": 0.7229164242744446, "text": "Ancestry puts us at first cousins but could that also be a half sibling?\n\nCurious...", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1173757", "score": 0.7223836779594421, "text": "Don’t know about anyone else but I’m tired of hearing people saying ‘He/she don’t look like me so I’m not the dad’ or ‘surprised he/she is yours, she looks nothing like either of you’. \nI don’t look like either of my parents, to which I’m told all the time. Does this mean I’m not biologically related to my mother and father? \nCan a father really deny their own child just on the basis of them not looking alike? (Watch Maury as an example, usually one on every episode where a child is denied by their father just because they don’t look like them, and have still turned out to be the child’s biological father)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-56938", "score": 0.7196441292762756, "text": "That one trillion ancestors is not one trillion *unique* ancestors. Go back far enough and you'll start to find common ancestors for people (see: Ghengis Khan and the approximation that 0.5% of the male population of the entire world can trace ancestry back to him; or how about the fact that all but one of the US presidents [up to Obama] are descendants of King John of England). Do you have European ancestry, like I do? Then we're both likely related to Charlemagne the Frank. You've had relatives breeding into your family tree again and again and again, sometimes deliberate but most times accidental and unknown. There's still a massive ancestral difference between (say) a native Icelandic person and a Han Chinese person and you'd have to go back much further in time to find a common ancestor than you would two ethnically similar people who lived in the same area. But, yes. You and I and everyone else are all related in some way.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2683540", "score": 0.7194225788116455, "text": "Ever since I took my AncestryDNA test, I've had some lingering questions about my biological father's side of the family tree. My mother took the test and there has been no issue matching her people to the people written in our family tree.\n\nHowever, when I look at the DNA matches from my father's side, the surnames do not match to any name in his family tree, which has also been well-documented. \n\nI have a brother who is most certainly my father's son, based on shared characteristics and voices. He took a DNA test last month and are waiting on the results. My father passes years ago and my mother and I do not have a close relationship. We know my mother cheated on our father when we were both children, but are unaware of any cheating before we were born. Without evidence, I feel uncomfortable asking if my father is my biological father. \n\nToday I logged into AncestryDNA and noticed a new match, the closest match I've had (after my mother) that has been designated \"Close family-1st cousins\". I've messaged the user but have not yet heard anything. I understand \"close family\" could also mean aunt/uncles, nieces/nephews. The match's name is not familiar to me and it is not shared with my mother. \n\nDoes anyone have any insight on this? I am not aware of any philandering on my father's side. They are Irish Catholic, were married until my grandfather died and had 7 kids altogether. \n\nI'm really freaked out right now and am worried my father isn't who my mother said he is.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-327613", "score": 0.7190642952919006, "text": "I don't have a great knowledge of family history and don't want to have the convo with my family about it. I am very good looking and well educated.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2686149", "score": 0.7181853652000427, "text": "Both my parents did 23andme as did I. Today my newest relative is someone born in ireland (mostly irish) who lives in florida who apparently is related to both my parents - it says 3/4th cousin for my mom and distant cousin for dad. My parents are from different areas of the midwest and their ancestry doesnt really overlap; my dads half irish and my mom scottish/english but otherwise there is no proximity between their other nationalities (my dad is otherwise italian and my mom is a little scandinavian). I would maybe expect that to happen with people whose parents ancestral countries/regions were similar or those whose ancestors have been living in the same area in the past several decades, but this one really surprised me!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-189688", "score": 0.7181609869003296, "text": "Just social standards. Depends where you live, I call certain relatives by their first name and others by their relation", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-18626", "score": 0.7180320620536804, "text": "Your last name is your father's first name plus \"son\" or \"dottir\" as might be appropriate. And yes, this does make tracing lineage beyond a generation or two more difficult. So Anders Thorbjornsen and Annie Thorisdottir probably aren't siblings (or maybe they have the same mother and are half siblings), but Anders Thorbjornsen and Annie Thorbjornsdottir would likely be siblings (or at least have the same father, Thorbjorn). Add on: This is also why Iceland (not sure if other Scandinavian countries do this) requires approval for first names that haven't been previously approved. If you can't make it into the \"+son\" or \"+dottir\" formation then it would mess things up. There may be other reasons I don't know about as well. Edit: As /u/mugenhunt pointed out, only Iceland still follows this naming convention.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1262592", "score": 0.7156794667243958, "text": "I’m a donor sperm baby and I haven’t found any matches for a father or any siblings on 23andMe or GEDmatch at the moment. Someone told me to try out ancestry as they have the biggest database but I don’t have the money to buy a kit although I’m desperate to find new close relatives. I was wondering if I can view someone that I’d be related to’s DNA Relatives. The only thing is, how could I find someone on ancestry related to me if I don’t have ancestry and if I did find a match how could I tell if it is a close relationship to me. Let me know what you think.... or maybe you could just buy me the kit 😆", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-19191", "score": 0.7154480814933777, "text": "It depends on your last name. Most often it either came from a job that your ancestor had, or another relationship that they had. Names like Smith, Carpenter, Hunter, etc. came from jobs. Names like Johnson literally meant \"this guy is John's son.\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-123005", "score": 0.7142510414123535, "text": "For Xth cousin, Y removed, it means * the nearest common ancestor is X generations back. * There are Y generations difference between you and your cousin. So if you and your cousin share grandparents, you are 1st cousins (nearest shared ancestor is 1 generation back: parents - > grandparents), not removed at all (you are the same generation). If you and your cousin share great-grandparents, you are 2nd cousins (nearest shared ancestor is 2 generations back), not removed (same generation). If your cousin's grandparents are your great-grandparents, you are 1st cousins (nearest shared ancestor is one generation back- you always use the lower number for this), once removed (there is one generation difference between you and your cousin). The [wikipedia article](_URL_0_) has charts if seeing it visually helps you.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-11779", "score": 0.7141634225845337, "text": "Because last names are a more recent development. Back in the day, people were largely known as ______, son of _______. In a small village, that was enough to identify who's who. But then, when populations grew, you needed a better way to identify people, especially through generations. So instead of being John, son of Michael, they started using their job, or some other descriptor. \"I'm John the Smith.\" \"I'm Peter the Farmer.\" In other areas, like Scotland and Ireland, the \"son of William\" thing became multi-generational. Peter McWilliams passed along the McWilliams to his son, despite being the son of Peter. In an indirect way, we are, of course, all related, but not all Smiths are more closely related than a random Smith and Brown.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-739", "score": 0.7354748845100403, "text": "Yes, you are combatting inflation, but the amount of new currency that is added to the economy everyday is so massive that unless you were to orchestrate a huge money burn, you couldn’t make any sort of difference" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2507815", "score": 0.6985775828361511, "text": "A penny saved is a penny earned? Have you heard this saying before? Well it couldn’t be further from the truth. The fact is what you save never holds it value compared to when you earned that money. \n\nHow is this possible when I see the same amount I saved in my bank account still? As you may or may not know, money inflates at 1%-2%. That means each year the money you hold becomes less and less valuable. \n\nTo give you an example to wrap around your head; $100,000 in 1987 would cost in today’s dollars almost $190,000. That means your money is about 50% less valuable. So much for saving! You are basically giving up half your money in a 30 year span. \nThis is why I stress about why new money is so important because it holds the full current value at that moment but in just a year’s time it will be about 2% cheaper. \n\nWealth creation is far more important than having money in the bank. This will keep bringing in more money that can then be applied to make future income. You need that new money always! \nAnother problem with saving is that when you have an amount of money sitting in the bank and try to preserve it. You destroy your abilities to create more in life and do almost anything. You become a preserver, a money manager of your own cash, and most importantly a stressor that you have to be careful with how you spend because it is only dwindling. \n\nNow you say you are making some interest as your money sits in the bank, right? Well most banks pay well under 1% nowadays in interest, so even if you are making 2% a year, your still breaking even and that is as good as a lose.\n\nMoney is just a means of exchange. Real wealth is building up as many assets as possible, like the game monopoly. You want to increase your overall cash flow at all times. Cash sitting is as good as a liability, it depreciates and it a losing asset.\n\nI am all for building and holding cash for the right opportunities. I use to put my cash into assets as soon as possible but that caused many mistakes by jumping the gun. So waiting for the right asset to strike is beneficial. Also creating the discipline to not spend and save instead is a great beneficial as well. Just don’t get too caught up on not spending when it is the time to do it. Even for yourself, education, motivation or whatever it may be to get you to where you need to be. \n\nWhatever it is, make sure it makes money from it. If it’s spending on yourself, make sure you bring home that bacon because of it. \nYou want to use money, not save it. That will get you to grow more and more in your life. It will create the 8th wonder of the world with your money already, compound interest. You’re money is just like your life, if it is not growing you are dying, slowing but surely. What doesn’t grow is shrinking and it is just a matter of time before nature takes its course. That could happen a lot faster than what you think. \n\nMany think a million dollars is a lot of money. That is nothing in this day and age. Believe me you can spend that in the blink of an eye. \n\nContinue to earn money at all times with your own skills or within investments and assets. Make sure not to lose money ever. Then re-invest that money to create the compounding effect. The money one day will be growing so fast it will be coming out your ears and it will become very hard for you to ever be broke again.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-77635", "score": 0.6983941197395325, "text": "Money is lost or destroyed all the time. It's not a big impact, but governments try and get an accurate measure of the rate at which money leaves the economy (including when it gets shoved in drawers and forgotten) when deciding how many new bills to print.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-154938", "score": 0.6980432868003845, "text": "Inflation does not take these things into account. Inflation is just the changes in the relative value of $1. $1 in the fifties bought a lot more than $1 does today. It's true that there has been a significant increase in average wealth but it's been matched by an even greater increase in the money supply. There are a lot more dollars.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2156189", "score": 0.6979456543922424, "text": "I know this has been discussed in the past, just wanted to throw my experience in. \n\nI have been doing $500 each week of Half Dollars. I mark the edge of the coins I dump. I usually get 1 or two of mine back, but rarely. Kinda neat when I see them. I use the two local casinos, and credit union as dump banks. \n\nI just searched a box I picked up last Wed., and got 95 of my marked coins back. I was shocked. The only thing I've changed recently, is I found out the grocery store near my house must not have the Coinstar hooked up to the network- five times in a row I was able to select an Amazon e-gift card, only to have the machine error out, and get a cash voucher with no fee. I've only put about $200 through that Coinstar in the past few weeks. So I'm not sure if that has anything to do with it. \n\nEDIT: Sorry folks, not going to stop marking. I'm in it for the silver. Every third or fourth box I won't mark, mainly out of laziness. I do only mark the edges though, three lines.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2592272", "score": 0.6978954672813416, "text": "You aren't taking into account the rate of inflation when it comes to the U.S. Dollar.\n\nIf you bought something for $20 in 1994, that same item would cost you $31.44 ... and a cumulative rate of inflation of 57.2%\n\nIf you purchased something for $20 in 1984, that same item would cost you $44.84 ... and a cumulative rate of inflation of 124.2%\n\nTruth be told, every fiat currency out there has an inflation rate. The U.S. Dollar seems to have an inflation rate of roughly 1.5 to 4% annually.\n\nDid you know that the cumulative rate of inflation from 1913 to 2013 has been 2253.1%\n\nSupposing that dogecoin becomes a viable currency and sticks around for 100 years, our cumulative rate of inflation from 2015 - 2115 will be 500%, less than 1/4th that of the U.S. dollar; and furthermore it'll be constant we'll know that the currency will expand by 5 billion every year. This is something that's unpredictable when it comes to any fiat. Take a look at 1916 - 1917; the dollar had an annual inflation of 17.4%! Or the years after WWII from 1945 to 1950 when the dollar inflated 33.9%!\n\nBottom line... believe in the community, believe in the currency. There's 7 billion people on this planet, and doge is only 2 months old. Don't panic sell when so many things are unknown.\n\n\n-Pickle", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-166510", "score": 0.6976680755615234, "text": "We do that. The problem with printing large quantities of currency is rapid inflation; once it's more available, it's less valuable. But you don't want zero or negative inflation either. So we have the federal reserve to carefully control how much currency is in circulation so that inflation happens at a gradual rate. Whether they do a good job or should be the ones responsible is the subject of intense debate, but that's what they do", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-68550", "score": 0.6976460814476013, "text": "Inflation is neither generally considered a bad thing nor caused solely by the printing of money. Someone's been telling you false things about it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-248479", "score": 0.697512149810791, "text": "Looking around, there are various estimates online of the total circulating US money supply, [this](_URL_0_) source estimates about $3.5 trillion in bills and coins, which would indicate the inflation caused by adding $15 trillion to the money supply should be around 500%. That's definitely just an order-of-magnitude estimate, since inflation is affected by other factors besides just number of bills actually circulating, and estimates of the total money supply vary considerably, but I think 500% is a reasonable ballpark figure. edit: from [wikipedia](_URL_1_), it appears that by broad measures of the money supply there are more like $10 trillion in circulation, which would give a slightly more reasonable inflation figure of about 150%. Still, as I said before these are just order-of-magnitude estimates, the actual observed inflation could be dramatically different.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-530508", "score": 0.6970759630203247, "text": "Wouldn't it cost the government more money to produce a penny, worth 1 cent, from copper which is a relatively expensive metal, than the penny's value? Why do they keep making pennies if this is true?\n\nAlso: Couldn't someone make a LOT more money by melting down a bunch of pennies and selling the copper? If so, why hasn't anyone done this?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2592419", "score": 0.697031557559967, "text": "I don't mean like physical money. I mean all kinds of spendable money. And are there any way that amount rises or falls? because lets say if a country starts printing more money there would be inflation and the total spendable money wouldn't change because that currency's value changes. right?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-49288", "score": 0.6967639327049255, "text": "Just stop making 'em. Then, after a while, declare that in < x > more months they won't be legal tender any more. That process was done in England with the ha'penny back in the 1980s -- when ha'pennies were worth quite a bit more than U.S. cents are now.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2591059", "score": 0.6962934732437134, "text": "Wikipedia is a bit dense for me in this subject, and ELI5 doesn't seem to have dealt with hyperinflation before. I understand, somewhat, how inflation can potentially be a boon to an economy, but how does a government allow hyperinflation to occur? Who thinks its a good idea to keep printing off larger and larger bills, until you're printing 1 Trillion Marks, or 100 Trillion Zimbabwean Dollars?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-101988", "score": 0.6962363123893738, "text": "Actually the US should get rid of both pennies and nickles, since they cost more than 1 cent and 5 cents to make, respectively. [Obligatory CGP grey](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1961903", "score": 0.6960917115211487, "text": "I think think there is a *possibility* that the US government, in my lifetime, will print itself into hyperinflation. I'm not saying it's a big chance, but simply a *non-zero* chance.\n\nThe fact that we printed 50% of all money in the past year, and are printing even more, frankly worries me. I hope it accomplishes what they say, but the 20th century is littered with countries that thought they could get away with it. \n\nAlso seeing asset prices and housing skyrocket, yet the fed still clownishly claims inflation is still under 2%.... it's absurd.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-143553", "score": 0.6959612369537354, "text": "That is deflation, not inflation. The 'currency' is becoming worth more and more relative to everything else. It is happening because demand for Bitcoins is rising faster than the supply.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1326002", "score": 0.6959066390991211, "text": "Honest question. I haven't kept up since auxpow, etc so I don't even know how this currency works anymore :p\n\nThoughts?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2593241", "score": 0.6958994269371033, "text": "I know this is dangerous to say, especially for a 65 year-old stacker like me, but there are BIG differences between the '60s and '70s that affect the timing of this WSS movement. I highly doubt we are in for another 50 years of fiat manipulation and theft (since Nixon closed the gold window in 1971.) Indeed, I believe we are near the END of this dollar fiat currency, not the beginning.\n\nI understand that the average life of a fiat currency is 27 years. The U.S. dollar has almost doubled that. I think this was possible because other fiats didn't have the COMEX and futures markets with which TPTB (The Powers That Be) could manipulate the bejabbers out of gold and silver prices.\n\nThis time, too--unlike in all of recorded history--there is no national currency backed by precious metal for the world to fall back on when the brown stuff hits the air-moving oscillating device. The whole (frank)ing world is fiat.\n\nAs others have pointed out, we now have the internet and its ability to spread truth EXTREMELY quickly. Us long-time stackers coped with the eviscerating, nauseating price smashing that could work more easily and longer back then. We had individuals who tried to buck the system (the Hunt brothers, Buffett, etc) but TPTB could deal with them one-by-one (or two). Can't do that with WSS; we are too many, already, IMO.\n\nAll this new \"stacking\" has also come at the weakest time in terms of silver supply. Prices have been rigged so artificially low for so long, that previous above-ground supplies have been wiped out; the silver mining industry has been shuttered (the number of primary silver miners--i.e., over 50% of their results comes from mining silver--can be counted on one hand); the 1980 CPI shows that silver is DOWN 95%+ from its 1980 high; industry is CONSUMING over 50% of silver mined each year; etc etc etc.\n\nSure, the desperate, cornered bankster rats are going to do some vicious things to profit from what's happening now... We can expect that. But they are fighting a rear-guard action this time.\n\nIMNSVHO (In My Not So Very Humble Opinion), our RESOLVE will set us free. Ivan and everyone here has done--and are doing--a miraculous job. The circumstances ARE different this time, both in terms of supply and demand. As we keep growing our numbers and stacking, we THE PEOPLE will win and probably much quicker than some expect.\n\nBlessings to all you wonderful Apes. We are fighting for freedom and truth and--with our RESOLVE--we will win. Stack on!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-153587", "score": 0.695861279964447, "text": "I read somewhere that only about 11% of the money is physical. Meaning there won't be enough money to cash out everybody. Causing a great depression of the sorts. Then again, I'm not an expert in great depressions.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-102738", "score": 0.6956126689910889, "text": "In general, yes. However, if everyone in the U.S. lit a dollar on fire, it would be a tiny drop in the ocean of dollars, and the effect would be insignificant. (If this was some big political thing where people were symbolically expressing distrust of and disregard for the dollar, then the demonstration itself could have a significant effect, but that's another matter.) Along the same line, it would affect the value of the dollar more substantially if Americans worried about the economy and put an average of $1000 each under their mattress. If you're committed to not spend a certain dollar, you may as well have lit it on fire from an economic standpoint. Of course, when you feel optimistic and take it out from under your mattress, that's adding a dollar to the money supply. This is a simplistic example, but this kind of thing really does shape the economy.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-105083", "score": 0.6955536007881165, "text": "Basic income is not about printing new money to give to people, which would obviously cause inflation. Basic income is about transferring already existing money to people in a different way than we currently already do. Keep in mind we already fund a great deal of social assistance programs through taxation and other means.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-740", "score": 0.7246384024620056, "text": "Quantum computers are good at following several \"paths\" to a solution at once, essentially doing calculations in parallel rather than sequentially. One of the applications for this quantum superposition simultaneous search power is finding prime numbers, which is normally super difficult: if you want to find out if 277 is a prime number, you need to divide by *every* other number less than it and see if any of them go through. If I picked a number with 30 digits, it would take your computer *years* to determine whether it's prime or not. And the difficulty of performing a prime factorization of a number is the fundamental key to the security of every modern cryptosystem. If quantum computers can efficiently factorize a prime number, then all of our most sophisticated coding mechanisms are out the window. For an explanation of *why* prime numbers are important in cryptography, check out [my comment running through an example of RSA encryption and decryption](_URL_0_)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-309786", "score": 0.6882930994033813, "text": "RSA would break. AES256 will remain strong. There are other public key cryptos that would still work.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-741794", "score": 0.6882714033126831, "text": "If the NSA developed the SHA-1 and SHA-2 encryption algorithms, would it not have been logical for the agency to also include method for circumventing the encryption? \n\nAnd in that case, or the mere possibility thereof, why are those encryption methods still trusted?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-247208", "score": 0.6881664991378784, "text": "(This is probably quasi besides the point, but for the sake of completness...) Quantum noise can be used to produce the purest random numbers that we know of. We don't know if \"random\" Quantum events are actually really random, but so far, we have not found a reason to assume that they are *not* actually random. In computation, random number generation is tricky business, and a quantum noise source is a wonderful thing to have for this. _URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-276374", "score": 0.6881313920021057, "text": "Not in the way you're thinking of, know. It is possible to use quantum entanglement as part of a communication system, for security purposes, for example. However, it is not possible to send information through entangled particles alone, and it is not possible to use them to communicate faster than the speed of light.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-288299", "score": 0.6881107091903687, "text": "Mostly, it won't. I've answered a question before about [What advancements could quantum computing provide for future videogames?](_URL_1_) The short answer is nothing directly, because quantum computers will, for any even remotely foreseeable future, be specialized research devices. They will not be in your computers. That said, somebody has to program the specialized devices. Right now they're so small that they get programmed directly: the quantum circuits are constructed for a specific purpose (i.e. not a programmable computer, even if it's doing quantum computation). At some point they will probably get more programmable, but we'll likely follow a similar path as normal computation: people will write directly in the machine language of the quantum CPU, at first. But of course, we do actually have research in quantum programming languages. Here's a handy scholar link: _URL_0_ From that, you'll see [Quipper](_URL_2_) for trying to make an actually-useful quantum programming language.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1127764", "score": 0.6880831122398376, "text": "So I understand, roughly speaking, that a Quantum Computer is better at reducing the number of operations required to solve a problem, but it takes longer to accomplish any one individual operation.\n\nI want to understand what that means in the context of solving problems. What kind of problems, other than complex calculations, could you put in for solutions? It seems to me that the only real use people have found for it is to run a bunch of simulations or scenarios and have the computer find the most optimal results. It's a really good number cruncher essentially?\n\nThe more I think about it, the less I understand. I'm also coming from a perspective outside the scientific community, so any ability to contextually relate it to actual quantum mechanics and the implications are over my head. As in if something is obvious because it is similar to some formula or use from quantum mechanics, I really have no idea and would love an explanation.\n\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-241597", "score": 0.6880015730857849, "text": "[The 'collapse' of entangled particles' wavefunction is instantaneous](_URL_0_), but the key is that no information can be transmitted this way.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-321142", "score": 0.6878271698951721, "text": "Turning Machines can surely simulate quantum computers. Quantum computing is really nothing more than multiplying big matrices which classical computers certainly can do. [You can even download quantum computer simulators.](_URL_0_). We can probably not do so efficiently. The idea that classical computers cannot simulate quantum dynamics efficiently motivated Feynman to suggest the idea of quantum computers. This is a problem of complexity theory. And as so many things in complexity theory we don't have a proof either way. A proof that we cannot would be very interesting. It would be similar to Bell's theorem in that it would strongly indicate that classical attempts to explain quantum mechanics is a fool's errand.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-250074", "score": 0.6873951554298401, "text": "Electrons behave quantum mechanically, so yes (with a certain reservation for how it's implemented). As opposed to what that article says, getting random numbers from quantum events isn't that hard. Even doing it with a digital camera isn't a new idea. See for instance [these people](_URL_0_), who glued the radiation source from a smoke detector to a web-camera and used it to detect alpha particle emissions (also a quantum-mechanically random event).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-314133", "score": 0.6872948408126831, "text": "Very, very far. You my have a quantum computer one day if you stay healthy but I would not expect consumer level quantum computation in less than 30 years. Most demonstrated quantum computations thus far have only been a few bits and have required physics lab tech such as high vacuum and liquid helium like temperature.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-157613", "score": 0.6871759295463562, "text": "Quantum computing works because, if you're very careful about what you're doing, you can maintain small particles in a state called \"superposition\" where they're in multiple states at the same time. For quantum computing, you maintain the qubit in the \"0\" and \"1\" states at the same time while you do the calculation. Effectively, you do all possible calculations at the same time. The qubits only settle down to the final state (the answer) at the end.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2757257", "score": 0.686995267868042, "text": "^15th ^January ^2017\n\n**People's Daily, Beijing**\n\n******\n\nThe qubit is known as the quantum computing analogue to the classical bit – in that it is a representation and measurement of stored data. It is a two-state quantum-mechanical system, for example the polarisation of a single photon. In this situation the photon can either be polarised horizontally or vertically, similar to the classical bits 1 or 0. In short, in a quantum computer, it is theoretically possible for a bit to be both 1 *AND* 0, allowing for super fast computing and problem solving which will be great to the People's Republic of China.\n\nTsinghua University has been graced with the oppotunity to study the theoretical capabilities of quantum computing and the physical problems which currently limit the capability of such computers. In order to better understand our universe and allow for quantum computing to reach a better level of understanding and application, the university will be granted with $3,000,000,000 USD equivalent in Renminbi (yuan).\n\nUniversity students and professors alike will be tasked with investigation of various forms and states of matter, as well as their chemical and physical properties, especially relating to photons and other very small particles/waves that are sub-atomic. Hopefully with this research, China will be able to excel in understanding of string theory, particle physics and the basis of quantum computing. Once achieved, this should greatly speed up the time required to produce prototypes of quantum computing machines. \n\nOnce a successful candidate for the Qubit is discovered and thoroughly researched, we will begin to apply proper uses to the particles, and along with a nano-transimitor, attempt to construct the foundations of a prototype. After suitable experimentation, the go ahead to research the stability of the Qubit will be issued.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-132613", "score": 0.6869903802871704, "text": "The only information system that is unhackable is a black hole - information goes in, and never comes out again. If you can get information out through any valid method, there exists the ability to extract information through an illegal method. Take the magic box - the ultimate, \"unhackable\" computer. For me to hack it, I con it's user out of their password and then use my computer to pretend to be the user and supply the valid key. According to the magic box, I did everything correctly, and thus I am allowed in. Or, assuming that I don't have the password, I can have my computer brute force attempt every password, starting with simple ones that a human could remember. Either of those would eventually get me in given enough time, and that's not even counting the fact that there is no such thing as a magic box with no imperfections. Every system has its vulnerabilities because every system is made by humans.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-87623", "score": 0.6868243217468262, "text": "I think you have to be more specific as to what you want to know. Quantum mechanics is a HUGE field of study. It'd be like asking \"can you explain the internet to me?\"", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-144903", "score": 0.6865431070327759, "text": "We use that computer to make more complex and incalculable encryption. Cat and mouse. The ability to crack my encryption got better, so I just build better encryption", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-256300", "score": 0.686382532119751, "text": "There's no such thing as \"quantum communication\" in the sense that you're thinking about. It is impossible to manipulate entangled particles in a way that would enable communication.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-645172", "score": 0.6860052347183228, "text": "is there anything beyond Quantum computing ? \nHow about combining Exascale and Quantum technologies \nOr implanting Quantum computing technologies to Artificial general intelligence ?\n\nWould that allow us to find the causes of the most complex things ? Including Weather , Space, biological traits and the individual biological interactions etc that cause a Phenotype(personality,IQ,Large scale morphology of humans etc) or how a gene expresses differently in each individual ? \n\nPardon my ignorance as I'm new to this topic", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2385245", "score": 0.6859489679336548, "text": "Quantum entanglement is a correlation between two systems that are \"stronger than classically possible\". This correlation means that when you measure one side, you know what the state of the other must be. But the value on each side you measure is \"random\". You do not control it, so can't send information this way.\n\nIt **cannot** be used to transmit information faster than light.\n\nIt can be used for:\n\n1. Teleporting quantum information. This relies on also sending 2 bits of classical information and using a pre-existing entangled pair to transmit the information about a qubit.\n2. Superdense coding. This is pretty much the reverse scenario of teleportation. We use up one pre-existing entangled pair, and send a qubit in order to transmit two classical bits.\n\nIn addition, if a system has no quantum entanglement, there are ways to efficiently simulate it. Therefore quantum algorithmic speedups depend on entanglement in some way, but the exact characterization of how is not yet clear.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-315983", "score": 0.6859455704689026, "text": "A digital computer will factor using an iterative algorithm - something like: while i lessThan square_root(number) if number dividedBy i has no remainder return false A quantum computer can (potentially) put all possible values into a \"quantum register\". Programming it is much different, more like: if there exists a dividedBy b, such that there is no remainer return false", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-167358", "score": 0.6854257583618164, "text": "Regular computers store the values of 0 and 1. To represent a series of numbers, they must store them all, like this. 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Quantum computers store numbers as 0, 1, or 'superposition', which is 0 and 1 at the same time (Q). This means that they can save the same range of numbers as QQQ. This not only saves memory storage, it dramatically speeds up some math problems. Imagine needing the answers to all of the above numbers multiplied by 00, 01, 10, and 11. In a standard computer, you need to do each math operation, with a quantum computer you do one operation. QQQQ x QQ.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-742", "score": 0.7629668712615967, "text": "Your monitor has a grid of tiny little boxes called pixels (short for picture element). Each one of these can be controlled independently to display a certain color and brightness. Your computer figures out how to draw your screen by filling in each pixel and sending that information to the monitor. It does this usually around 60 times each second, so for instance, if you move your mouse, each time the screen gets re-painted, the mouse pointer is just the tiniest bit further along its path, creating an illusion of movement." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-139660", "score": 0.7243233919143677, "text": "There's different kind of touch screens that work and are made, differently. Some are made with two layers that when pressed together, create a connection.. some work by needing a conductor (like your finger, or metallic things) to touch it and interfere with its electrostatic field... some use optic technology.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-172429", "score": 0.7239716649055481, "text": "These are \"LCD\" screens, which stands for liquid crystal display. Light waves come from a source behind the screen and go through a layer of liquid: when exposed to electricity, the liquid changes how the light waves wave (\"polarization\"). The light then goes through a filter that cuts out one kind of polarization, then a filter that gives it color, before it goes out to your eyes. Squishing the screen makes the liquid layer thinner, so it can't do its job as well, which changes the brightness and color of the screen.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-147502", "score": 0.7233632802963257, "text": "The older CRT-style televisions converted the analog signal coming from the cable to directly control the image on the screen. In contrast, most modern flat screens essentially have a miniature computer to process the image before displaying it. Many flat screens do things such as connect to your home network, load profiles, and a myriad of other features you may or may not use and all take a little time to load.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-97448", "score": 0.7216999530792236, "text": "Basically most touchscreens consist of a few basic parts. 1)The glass, or sometimes plastic top layer, this is just a nice surface it by design does not do much of anything. 2)The display, this is the screen it shows stuff. This is more or less like any screen, again not real touchy function here. 3) The digitizer. The digitizer is where all the magic happens and the technology to accurately measure and collect multiple touch points at once is pretty complex. However the basic premise is pretty simple. A uniform current of electricity is sent across the digitizer. When you touch the digitizer your finger disrupts this a causes that otherwise uniform flow not to be uniform in the place where it is touched. This raw information on the state of this electrical current across the digitizer is sent a computer which takes this info and tries to turn it into touches and gestures.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-160625", "score": 0.7210690379142761, "text": "many screens display their images by drawing each line one by one. When you take a picture you get to see it in mid-drawing. This happens so fast normally that our brains just ignores it, but the picture can see it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-86679", "score": 0.7205553650856018, "text": "LCD screens (which includes LED monitors or TVs, but doesn't include plasmas) work on the basis of **blocking** a white backlight. So, what you have is a white light, that covers the whole screen. There's a liquid crystal in front of it that works to block certain colours. If I want a red pixel, the liquid crystal will block the green and blue light that's coming through, just leaving white. If I want black, then I'll block all three primary colours. Except, this isn't perfect, some light gets let through. I never turn the backlight off, I only block it, and I'm not blocking it completely - and that's what you see.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-60748", "score": 0.7204310894012451, "text": "Back in the old days, CRT TVs would sweep an electron beam across the screen, line by line,, with the amplitude of the video signal translating to the intensity of the beam. Things got a little more complicated when colour was added, but it largely works in the same way. Just with a few more parts. Digital video signals are a bit different in that they're a series of 1s and 0s. With a digital LCD or OLED display, you can control each individual sub pixel with precession, with an intensity value anywhere from 0 (off/black) to 256 (full intensity). By varying the intensity of each sub pixel, you can mix red, green, and blue to make various colours. Millions in fact. A computer inside your TV or monitor processes all this data. The video signal though may not actually contain all the information the TV needs, in order to save bandwidth. So the display does some fudging that exploits limitations with human vision.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-69091", "score": 0.7201058268547058, "text": "There are 2 main types of touch screens - resistive and capacitive. Resitive screens can sense a touch by the touch causing a (very tiny) flexing of the screen, which presses the top layer of the screen against another layer of the screen, somewhat like a button getting pressed. Depending on which parts of the layers touch each other, the device can determine exactly where the screen was touched. Capacitive screens work by sensing the tiny bit of electrical charge given off by your body (through your fingers, usually). You don't actually have to touch the screen, technically, you just have to get close enough that electricity passes from your fingers to the screen.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-118741", "score": 0.7198376655578613, "text": "The computer models the scene, where you have a bunch of objects arranged in a 3D world. It then models, the light- where it hits and illuminates things, how much it bounces off those objects and so on. Actually calculating the light exactly takes way too long for a modern computer to figure out in real time, so we usually just use approximations. Then the computer puts a camera somewhere and models how the screen should look. Think of the screen like a screen door, with about 2 million holes in it. The computer draws a line from the camera (which represents where your eyes are) through each hole in the screen, and keeps going until it hits something, then records the color of what that particular line hit. If it hits something translucent, it keeps going but modifies the color of that pixel.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-291225", "score": 0.7182796597480774, "text": "Because it *is* liquidy. The screen uses something called a \"liquid crystal\", which is a layer of a special liquid sandwiched between two pieces of glass or plastic (or one piece of glass and one piece of plastic). This liquid is what forms the image, by changing how it interacts with polarized light depending on the electric field applied.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-168245", "score": 0.7175662517547607, "text": "The only real difference between a touchscreen and regular screen is the glass on top. You can even buy just the glass (called a \"digitizer\" when it's touchscreen) to make a normal screen into a touch screen. Most touchscreens today are \"capacitative\", it's what's on almost all cell phones (Galaxy, iPhone, etc), tablets, etc. Basically, there are electrodes on the edge of the screen. They form a grid, just like graph paper. A small current is run through these electrodes. When your finger touches the screen, the capacitance of your body changes the voltage from the electrodes. The computer that controls the touchscreen sees this voltage change, knows which electrodes are effected, (Say, row 15, column 20), and uses it as an \"X-Y\" coordinate (like you'd do on a graph) to know exactly where your finger is on the screen. No bending, no flexing, no crushing, no magic, just an electrified grid that monitors where voltage is changed, and knows your finger must be in that spot.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-25704", "score": 0.7172842025756836, "text": "ELI5 why you are putting your fingers on the computer's screen.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-188862", "score": 0.7169069051742554, "text": "Conductivity. There's an electric field across the whole screen. Your fingers are conductive, so when you touch the screen, some of that electricity drains away. The device has sensors all around and so can tell how far across and how far up that screen that happened. That tells the computer exactly where the touch happened.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-298807", "score": 0.7158274054527283, "text": "Underneath the glass is a transparent conductive layer with a small electric charge creating a static electric field. When your finger gets near the glass, the conductivity of your skin changes that field every so slightly, forming what's called a capacitor. The device measures the capacitance between the four corners of the screen, which allows you to sense where the screen was touched. This can be done a number of ways, I'm not an expert on this but iirc they use an oscillator to create a varying electric field across one direction of the screen and a second oscillator creating a field perpendicular to it across the other direction, and then measure the change in amplitudes across the screen to get a 2D coordinate.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-132821", "score": 0.7157614827156067, "text": "so depending on the monitor technology it works something like this... side view ~ | -- > ~ | -- > ~ | -- > Where the ~ is white light the | is the screen and the -- > is the colored light you see What the screen | does is it sends any light waves you don't want to see in other directions, and it lets the waves you do want to see straight through. Kinda like a prism the monitor can control So if you have a pixel that should show blue you have white light coming in, the screen splits it into several colors, but makes sure the blue come straight out, and the other colors come out the side. green/red light / white light | - blue light O.O YOU \\ green/red light o.o if you look from here you get the inverse When you look at your monitor from the side you're seeing all of the other colors besides the color you're meant to see (aka the inverted color)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-127309", "score": 0.715728759765625, "text": "I can't give you a proper ELI5 answer (hopefully that comes along, because I'm curious as well) but to get a good idea of what's happening on the screen I recommend you watch [this video](_URL_0_) of both a CRT and an LCD, close up and in slow motion. One thing to keep in mind is that the entire screen doesn't update at the same time. Each pixel is updated individually, one at a time, in lines from left to right, top to bottom. (That's for a progressive scan TV in landscape orientation.) This happens incredibly fast. In a 1080p, 60Hz TV there are 2,073,600 pixels drawn each 1/60th of a second. But how a TV manages to do that is beyond me.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-129344", "score": 0.7153730988502502, "text": "There are several different way a touchscreen or touchpad can work. The most common way for touchscreen is Capacitive screen. A piece of non conductive material (In Ipads it's a type of glass) is covered with something that conduct electricity such as indium tin oxide and electricity is send through the conductor. Since your body conducts electricity when you place you finger on the screen you change how the electricity flow through the screen. The screen measure this change and uses it to determine where your finger is. Anything that will conduct electricity will also effect the screen if your holding it (The foam that computer parts come in is a good example of something you could make a pen out of) but gloves will not as they block electricity. The difference between to a touchpad and a tablet is usually that a touchpad doesn't include a screen.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-24466", "score": 0.7151444554328918, "text": "Old CRT (cathode ray tube) displays work by firing a beam of electrons through a large vacuum tube at a screen with phosphors that glow when struck by an electron. The electron beam is aimed by electromagnets in the TV, since electrons are, themselves, essentially tiny magnets. Bringing another magnet near the TV can disrupt its ability to properly aim electrons at the screen, and can push/pull the electron beam to the wrong target locations.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-8926", "score": 0.7142776846885681, "text": "Most touchscreens work using something called capacitive sensing. Basically, the touchscreen uses a conductor to detect when something is nearby. The human body is also a conductor, and therefore it can interfere with the electrical field of the touchscreen. The screen uses this to detect how a human is interacting with it. Fabric does not conduct electricity, so it doesn't interfere with the electric field.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-87246", "score": 0.7142412066459656, "text": "CRT monitors are huge lightbulbs. On the back there is electron cannon that shoots electrons and around it are magnetic coils that generate magnetic field which directs electrons to the proper cell on the front. On the front of a screen there is a layer of \"magical\" substance which glows when electron hits it. The front is also divided into small sections, three colours each (Red, Green and Blue). Together they can simulate almost every colour our eyes are capable of seeing. When you put magnet next to it, it disturbs the path of electrons making them hit parts of the screen where they shouldn't. Here's a link to simple demonstration on how that works: [link](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-743", "score": 0.8072349429130554, "text": "After the French Revolution western men (including American men) rapidly abandoned the frilly flamboyant fashion characteristic of the Rococo era and adapted a much more conservative fashion of England. The modern suit was developed in the 19th century by an Englishman named [Beau Brummell](_URL_0_). He wore well tailored jacket, white shirt with neckcloth that eventually became a standard tie or bowtie, and fitted pants. The Great Britain also became the most powerful nation in the 19th and early 20th century, thus influenced formal attires around the world." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-55625", "score": 0.7653555274009705, "text": "Because of World War II. Millions of men got used to wearing cotton khaki uniform pants overseas, and then came back and started buying houses in the suburbs and joining the middle class. When they wanted to look casual (i.e. not wearing a suit) they wore the khaki-colored style of pants they'd worn in the army, because it reminded them of when they were younger, and it was the pants they associated with \"getting stuff done.\" Over the years, things got less formal all over. People stopped wearing suits to work as often, and people started wearing jeans for casual wear. So khakis really had nowhere to go, and clothing companies started marketing them as \"business casual.\" Everyone was pretty comfortable with them in general, because they'd been around for decades, and they felt a little dressier than jeans, but a lot more casual than suits, so they caught on. Since they're so easy to find and look fairly nice, a lot of places adopted it as sortof a uniform.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-86830", "score": 0.7629122138023376, "text": "I often wonder why there are suits, so so many suits, what is a tie? what is it's purpose? why a collar?. I spent many years working in sales / business and ALWAYS had to wear a suit + tie ect, I made a career change into software development where everyone just wears what they like to some extent which I think obviously makes perfect sense. Where does the need to wear a suit come from and who does it impress these days?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-51145", "score": 0.7527196407318115, "text": "They probably evolved from a \"nicer\" version of the normal clothes and suits people wore in the 1800's. People put their nice coat on to do business, the people who looked *really* nice had matching pants, and soon everybody needed \"nice\" clothes for business, so they were sold as a nice \"business\" set.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-226968", "score": 0.752275824546814, "text": "I have a related question: Why did people stop wearing suits as everyday wear? I would imagine comfort being an issue, but then why did this fashion start in the first place?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-82491", "score": 0.7512670755386353, "text": "Jeans were traditionally cowboy attire and therefore representitve of a lower working class. This is because denim is a tough material. The suit and tie look evolved from dinner jackets worn by the English aristocracy. Overall it comes down to a difference between indoor and outdoor clothing.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-66003", "score": 0.741320013999939, "text": "In the 18th century, there was thing that's come to be called The Great Male Renunciation. Up until that point, men's clothing and appearance was more varied, brilliantly colored, and luxurious. Wealthy men often wore high heels, makeup, wigs, and silks/satins. After the GMR, the neutral colored suit became the only acceptable way for men to dress, and heels and makeup were out. Why? At the time, it was a part of a conversation about how men were the tough, no-nonsense sex, while women were fragile and flighty. Fashion and appearance were suddenly seen as topics inappropriate for men to be interested in. It was also a time when the industrial revolution was moving power from titled elites to a newly-emerging professional class of commoners - the neutral suit was a way to look like you \"meant business\" and separate yourself from useless aristocracy.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-215033", "score": 0.7390076518058777, "text": "Not to discourage future answers, but the [FAQ has an extensive section on the history of fashion,](_URL_1_) including the supposed universality of suits and ties as business wear. Similarly, for your last question, if you search the /r/AskHistorians archive for [questions about hats](_URL_0_), quite a few results show up.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-207841", "score": 0.7377158403396606, "text": "FYI, there was a similar question recently, so you'll find several responses here: [How did the suit as we know it become the de-facto uniform of politics and business today?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-45187", "score": 0.7338089346885681, "text": "Our culture does not contain formal attire for men that isn't restrictive and hot. For a man, format attire is essentially a suit and tie. Other cultures in hotter countries have [formal attire](_URL_0_) for men that's less restrictive.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-142244", "score": 0.7331557273864746, "text": "Because they are traditional, descended from shirts going back to the 13th century. In clothing, traditional almost always equals professional/dressy/fancy. Just like suits, ties, top hats, long dresses, etc.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-230348", "score": 0.7328932285308838, "text": "In addition to this, when did royal families (specifically the English one) stop wearing ornate garments and move to suits? Was it a conscious transition to keep with the times and be more like the common people to stay on their side?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-162091", "score": 0.7301749587059021, "text": "Male formal attire has definitely changed, I'm bit an expert but I know that our formal wear has gotten a bit less complicated than it used to be. Do a Google search, you can probably find a lot on the history of men's formalwear", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-132358", "score": 0.7248468995094299, "text": "I wouldn't say that men's formal wear hasn't changed. Although the basic components are the same, the standards have changed dramatically--you can wear much less formal wear in social situations. What used to be mainstays for a gentleman, such as a pocket watch or a hat, have now all but disappeared. As for why there haven't been any drastic revolution, it's because we've been moving in more or less the same social direction since that time. Formal fashion is normally set by the upper class; a major difference between the 18th and 19th centuries is the relative decline of the aristocrat and the rise of captains of industry and other \"new money.\" Hence we see the abandonment of silk stockings, wigs and other foppish items that were seen as antiquated and unmanly. That trend has essentially continued, although the growth of the middle class has driven a decrease in formality.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-77643", "score": 0.7241615056991577, "text": "It's simply the way culture moves. What was once a fad becomes a permanent fixture in society, and what was once permanent fixture simply fades away. The way I see it, teenagers find some new way to dress, which is released into the public somehow. Then it picks up steam. But for this specific one, it's probably due to the lessened importance of status. Having a suit meant you were important or wanted to look important, and people just stopped caring. I'm sure if I told my friend I was above him he'd just laugh. But, cool fact: jeans were actually invented in the 1873. They were mostly worn by cowboys and miners starting in the 1950s, but it was (unsurprisingly) teenagers who made it a normal look.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-94455", "score": 0.7227693200111389, "text": "Basically because that's what others think is fancy. It's just a social construct. It's like the question what makes a country a country. It's really if other countries recognize it as one. Same thing. The only thing that makes a tuxedo \"fancy\" is that that's what everyone in the world has been trained since birth to recognize as fancy attire.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-225667", "score": 0.7208312749862671, "text": "As a follow-up, when did suits and ties become common in non-western societies? I see pictures of leaders in non-Western societies (Xi Jinping, Shinzo Abe, etc) wearing suits and ties.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2450175", "score": 0.720705509185791, "text": "Formal suits have many superfluous elements like buttons on cuffs which can't be unfastened, a fake button hole on a left lapel, the bottom button which shouldn't be fastened, lapels which can't be raised…\n\nHow socially acceptable in European or North-American society would it be to wear a suit without such elements as formal clothing? I'm thinking about two variants: The first a suit completely without unnecessary elements, almost like this]( The second a suit with most such elements retained bud made functional, for example the lapels could be raised and buttoned up to the neck, like on a [Nehru jacket.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-233864", "score": 0.7203755378723145, "text": "The modern suit is a product of the 20s. (In the teens, people were still wearing what would look rather old-timey today. Men's fashions in the 20s included lots of stuff that could easily be seen on the street today.) The 20s also saw the introduction of athleticwear as casualwear for men. The 50s saw an explosion of options. Plaid, corduroy, chinos...even shorts for grown men. I was then that jeans started to work their way in as casualwear, although they did not have the adult appeal of these other options. The youth of the 60s didn't throw out their jeans as they got older, and eventually gave them a certain air of respectability.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-77452", "score": 0.7203046083450317, "text": "I know what you are saying, about the clothing being uncomfortable. However, after whoring it every day for work (going on 2 years) I no longer am uncomfortably in it. Sure, I prefer Jeans and a T shirt. But formal clothing just moves differently and once I got accustomed to it I no longer even feel it. What clothing shows respect and what clothing does not is entirely cultural. There is no rule that this is respectful because X. In this case, a more traditional outfit is considered to be respectful, and the traditional outfit for men who were not doing manual labor is the suit.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-91098", "score": 0.7201458811759949, "text": "There are lots of kinds of suits. One type of suit is called a Tuxedo. The Tuxedo is characterized by colored or black flat lapels that don't connect, bow ties, a waistcoat/low cut vest, trousers with a stripe down the side that match the lapels, diagonal buttons and a handkerchief in the pocket. The Tuxedo is the traditional clothing for a man at a 'black tie' event or for people who work at places that host such events, like hotels. Other types of suits are suited for other purposes. So, in short, asking what the difference is between a Tuxedo and a Suit is alike asking the difference between cargo pants and pants. A Tuxedo is a suit, and what differences it has with other suits depends on the suit.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-744", "score": 0.6811045408248901, "text": "Look, man, pay your student loans. If you can only afford $5 a month, send them $5 each and every month to stay current. At some point, they will want income verification, but if you keep sending them whatever you can afford you won't go into default. Even though they are not calling you every day, they still want their money. Penalties, interest, and collection charges are being built up. At some point either you will have to die or begin repayment. Trust me, the student loan people won't let you die until you pay off your loans. The collection charges and penalties can be written off if you can make payments for about a year, but the interest is still building up." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2806208", "score": 0.6469938158988953, "text": "And if so, would it be best to consolidate now or wait until the current 0% interest deal on federal student loans ends?\n\nBackground: incoming intern with about 117,000 in unsubsidized federal student loans. Planning to pursue IBR through residency then aggressively paying of loans within first few years of being an attending.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1165194", "score": 0.646957516670227, "text": "As of today, my payment finally cleared and I am DEBT FREE! It still doesn't feel real, but this community has been a real inspiration for me, so I wanted to share my experience while it's fresh.\n\n**My story**\n\nI went to an expensive liberal arts college and grew up in a lower class family. I was raised with zero knowledge of personal finance, as well as the idea that if I worked hard, I could go to college anywhere I wanted, and do anything I wanted! /s\n\nBy the time I graduated in 2012, I had about $87,000 in private loans plus an additional $13,000 in federal loans. Over the 6 years that have passed since, that debt accumulated another $30,000 in interest. In total, I have paid off $134,363.36.\n\n**My biggest learnings**\n\n* **There is no shortcut or easy way out**. There are programs that will pay off SOME debt, but taking a year off to do AmeriCorps isn’t worth it when they’re only going to pay off $6K.\n* **The secret of paying off your loans sooner is putting more money toward paying them off**. I’m not pretending this is a revolutionary idea, but it was an ‘aha’ moment for me.\n* **Do what you can to make more money... so you can put more money toward your debt**. When I first graduated, I was working at a nonprofit making $40K a year. I relocated to a high paying city (I sold out and went to a for-profit company), and am now making $134K. I budgeted carefully through that time and (mostly) avoided lifestyle inflation, so these last few months, I’ve been putting 50% of my take-home pay toward my debt. A couple things that worked for me:\n * If you can, move to a place that pays more, but settle for a less-nice place to live or a longer commute. It will suck short term, but pay off long term.\n * Negotiate a higher salary. I was quite transparent with my managers during salary conversations that that extra money would go toward my debt, and I suspect it helped psychologically, because they knew it was a true need.\n* **Don’t underestimate the power of the snowball method**. I did a ton of research when I started paying my loans off and started with the avalanche method because it made more sense financially. However, my highest interest loan was also one of my largest, at $29,000 and 8.6% interest. It took me five years to pay it off and it was really hard to stay motivated or see the light at the end of the tunnel. After that, I changed to the snowball method and next knocked off my federal loans (which were all \\~$3,500). They were gone within months. It felt great and helped motivate me to get through paying off my last big loan over the last two years.\n\nI hope these will resonate with some of you. I’m happy to answer any questions you might have. \n\n\nBest of luck and I look forward to seeing all your payoff posts one day! YOU CAN DO THIS.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2806331", "score": 0.6469551920890808, "text": "Hi.\n\nLet's say I have a balance of $20,000 in federal loans.\n\nMonthly payments are roughly $200 a month.\n\nIf I paid $5,000 toward it today, would I not have to make monthly payments for ~25 months, or would I still have monthly minimum payments?\n\nJust hypothetically.\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2805300", "score": 0.6469486951828003, "text": "[See picture attached at bottom]\nI am starting to pay back my student loans in the next month. I have a large ammount of student loans (300,000+ from undergraduate and medical school)\n\nA little background: I am currently an optometrist making 100,000 a year (this is my first job). After 2 years, My salary will jump to 120,000 a year if i stay at my current job. I have to potential to make more after that but this is what is in my current 3 year contract. Working for someone else i cant imagine making more that 140K a year. If I owned my own optometry practice the sky is the limit on the ammount of money I can potentially make.\n\nI have no other current debt other than student loans (might have to get a cheap car in a couple months if my current car dies); 9% of my income goes towards retirement (i know i know, pay debts first then retirement, but i will be paying this debt for a while and i want to start saving for retirement early; its a personal decision and makes me feel better knowing i am putting money away for the future)\n\nWhat is my best option here? obviously I want to pay off my loans as fast as possible, but it seems the best option for me is to pay the minimum on the \"Pay As You Earn Plan\" and prepare for the tax bomb at the end of forgiveness (projected forgiveness under PAYE is 430,000 which I would pay tax on at year 20). Any of the other ways show me paying back almost double of what I would pay back compared to the pay as you earn plan (even with the tax bomb included).\n\nIm not looking for pity. I willingly took these loans on myself. I just want to know what my best option would be in the next coming months. To me it seems that waiting for forgiveness is my best option. \n\n\n\n", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2804308", "score": 0.646931529045105, "text": "Hey PF, I have roughly 2500 in my savings account and I am trying to figure out my plan for when my loans come due. They come due in June or July (Late June or Early July, one of those). So my question and search for advice begins with these questions:\n\n1. Should I take that 2.5k and put it towards one of my loans that has a 6.8% interest rate and a balance of roughly 2.3k owed on it?\n\n2. Or should I keep that same amount for the start of an emergency fund? \n\n3. For an emergency fund, should I keep money set aside in there to keep up with my student loans? I have looked up my repayment amount under the standard plan is roughly 560 a month.\n\nThanks for any advice, PF.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2803941", "score": 0.6469303369522095, "text": "I have various student loans from my undergrad totaling $13.8K at varying rates. 4 Federal Direct Loans (sub and unsub) totaling $9.5K accrue at a weighted average of 3.89%. These loans are in forbearance (no payment due, no interest accrued) due to the provisions of the CARES Act. I also have a Federal Perkins Loan at $4.3K accruing at 5.00%. This loan is still accruing interest and I've stopped making payments on the other loans to feed the principal on this one.\n\nAnyhow, I'll be starting grad school in the fall (part-time) and will be taking out additional student loans to pay for it. I've been offered an Unsubsidized Federal Direct Loan of $20,500 for the first year. I haven't seen the loan agreement, but I'm expecting an interest rate of 4.30% (per the CARES Act). Tuition, fees, and an estimate of $500 for books, means I'll only need about $8,000. I'll still be working full time and continue to make my other loan payments.\n\nMy question is, should I accept more than the $8K I need to pay off the Perkins Loan? It's still accruing interest during the pandemic, whereas, my new loan won't until September 30th (potentially later). Once my new loan does begin to accrue, it'll be at a lower rate. So I think it's the smart choice, but I'm wary I might be missing something. The rule of thumb is to never take out more than you need. Could this be an exception?\n\nBeyond that, I'd also like to take advantage of the extremely low 4.30% interest rate set by the CARES Act. I'll need 2 years to finish my Master's and I'm wondering if it's a good idea to take out enough to cover my second year of school and lock in the 4.30%, because who knows what the interest rate will be for 2021/22. It could shoot back up to 6.6%.\n\nAny advice would be much appreciated.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2366737", "score": 0.6469038724899292, "text": "This subreddit was created out of a need to have a supportive, empathetic, and practical space on Reddit for users struggling with student loan debt and all the difficulties that come with student loan debt. Unfortunately the other subreddit dedicated to this issue has allowed their community to devolve into debt shaming, personal attacks, and other unbecoming behaviors. So a few of us have decided that we and you deserve better; thus r/StudentLoanSupport is now the replacement for r/StudentLoans. \n\nWhether you're just looking for some tips on how to optimize your monthly payments or you're feeling overwhelmed and unsure of where to turn, you've come to the right place. You won't be judged or shamed for your debts here, you'll be heard and acknowledged. \n\nA little about me: I work in the mental health field and consider myself a strong advocate for improved access to mental health services. I strongly support and advocate for a better understanding of financial stressors (such as student loan debt) and their role in psychological functioning and mental health. I hold a B.S. in the sciences, a Masters in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, and am nearing completion of my doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology. And like many of you, I have quite a large amount of student loan debt and am working alongside you all in navigating the ever evolving landscape of college education and funding said education. I understand and want to help others better understand the intricate relationships and intersections between financial stressors and emotional wellbeing. \n\nWe hope to provide a community that can provide both an element of emapthetic support to this often difficult journey along with practical financial information.\n\nWe're open to tips and suggestions here on how to improve the community experience and also open to hearing your student loan debt experiences and stories. \n\nWelcome and remember that you are not alone in this journey!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-418652", "score": 0.6468811631202698, "text": "I've put off school for far too long, mainly because I couldn't afford it and didn't want to get buried under a mountain of debt. Currently, my only debts are an $800 medical debt and about $2000 altogether left on a car loan and a small personal loan that I'm ahead by 6 months on the payments for. I don't really have much in way of savings, close to $3000. \n\nI have a job where I make about $400 give or take every week after taxes, but I absolutely hate it. It's easy money considering I'm only working two days a week, but I don't trust the company I work for and have no idea how safe my job is. \n\nI'm technically an Ohio resident, but living with roommates in WV where I'm paying $400 a month for rent. Another situation that I'd really love to get out of. \n\nI'm currently attending some online classes for a Computer Science degree through University of the People. It's certainly affordable, but I'm really not a fan of the online environment and feel like I could benefit a lot more from an actual campus, which is why I'm trying to figure out if it's something I can actually make happen without screwing myself. \n\nThe closest college that I can pay in-state tuition and offers a computer science degree is WVUP. It's not my first choice, I would definitely love to move somewhere else to go to school, but in reality it's probably my best option. \n\nI don't really know a whole lot about financial aid for school. My job and living situation are definitely concerns that I'm worried about because I don't know how long they'll last, but I think I'm probably a little too old to be attempting living on campus somewhere. I'd like to get some more info or advice on loans too. Is it possible or advisable to get loans large to cover school and living expenses? I have no problem working while going to school, but I'll almost certainly need to find another job and my options are really shitty where I'm currently living. In terms of loans as well, last time I checked I had a decent credit score over 700. \n\nI don't really know what I'm doing currently, but I know it needs to change. I'm tired of barely getting by and living in this shit hole town, which is why I want to get a degree and get the fuck out. \n\nI appreciate any and all tips or advice!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1408999", "score": 0.6468415856361389, "text": "In terms of student debt, the housing market, wage stagnation, decreasing luxury time, low savings. It seems we are fucked? Is there hope?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-75577", "score": 0.6468214988708496, "text": "If they defaulted and got foreclosed on, the house and the debt (and for a while, their credit score) are gone. If they continued to pay or restructured the mortgage, the house and the debt remain. The house may still be worth less than the loan amount if it was in a particularly hard hit area.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-662796", "score": 0.6468126177787781, "text": "I don't know what happens if you simply stop paying off a credit card and where the line is drawn between bad credit and losing your home. Might as well ask this too.. How seriously does bad credit affect you personally? \n\nNot because I'm considering it, but when I tried to research it, all the search results are either advertising, scare tactics, or outdated garbage. America's school systems and my parents advice have left a lot of gaps in my economics and personal finance knowledge. All I've done so far is to avoid credit cards like the plague (The few loans and credit I have pulled out, I paid off.)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1730138", "score": 0.6467941999435425, "text": "I expect to be approved for the EIDL loan however I have not yet accepted the loan. In the theoretical scenario that things continue to go downwards in terms of demand/revenue and I have to close the doors in 3-6 months; what would happen to the EIDL loan? Would I personally be liable for a federal loan? \nBackground: the business is structured as an LLC and by 'closing the doors' I mean either dissolving the LLC or going for bankruptcy.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1516070", "score": 0.6467882394790649, "text": "So I signed my tenancy agreement a few months ago for next year but I’m way out of my depth at uni. I put zero input to uni in terms of going to lectures, catching up on them and even revising for exams but I’ve been doing this my whole life and I think it’s time I just quit. No point of taking on student finance for a chemical engineering degree that would be impossible for me to even get 2:2 at this rate. Wasn’t expecting it to be this hard (well hard to last minute revise 80+ hours of lectures for this exam coming up) and I definitely don’t have the work ethic in an academic environment. Summer exams will be a whole lot worse since there’s many more exams compared to the one now. \n\n\nCan’t see any point of carrying on if a 2:2 is the best case scenario at the end of it. I’m going to a top 2 uni and even then I hear 2:1 is absolute minimum for employment but not sure what to make of that. Spending time getting drunk and high morning and night with mates since there’s only so much to do here. At home though, I am a lot more productive when it comes to making money at least. Lifestyle I live at home is much healthier from my mental health’s point of view even though I don’t enjoy home as much now. Managed to make a fair bit of money last year working 20 hours+ a week at a Tesco’s and then moved into full time during the middle of the school year. Think doing this or joining the army would be best for me even though earning potential from my degree will be much much higher. Who knows, I might come to regret it in the future but I’d say the same if I waste a few years on a meaningless degree result too. \n\n\n\nWith regards to the tenancy, rent comes to around £6000. I have really good credit for someone my age or at least I think I do. Been given 20k credit limit across 2 AMEX cards and also a charge card too which I use to churn Avios across the three of them. Really don’t want to affect my credit rating since churning lets me travel a lot more than I usually could and I would also like to have a good credit report anyway. Don’t know how to approach this really. As bad as it sounds, should I just default and not pay? Sorry if this goes down badly here but an extra £6000 in my pocket over a bad mark on my credit report which eventually is removed I believe? Perhaps they have very aggressive methods of trying to get the money from me so trying to ‘run’ from it won’t work? Would love some advice please. Thanks", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1514298", "score": 0.6465493440628052, "text": "So, I'm very fortunate and my mother financed most of my education. I have three loans that total 10,569.98 ($3000 subsidized @ 4.66%; 5,500 subsidized @ 4.29%; 2069.98 UNsubsidized @ 4.29%). I have no other debts. I have a 710 FICO with one credit card, and just opened a Chase Saphire Preferred to hopefully boost it a bit more, long term. I have minimal savings (around 1.2k-- I just started my job), but also no \"out-come\" i.e. no car payment, children, pets, etc.\n\nShould be noted that I turn 21 in a few weeks. I know there are probably some laws that involve that age. \n\nI graduated this past April with two degrees and landed a nice job that pays 45,000 dollars per year. The housing market I'm in is great-- one of the cheapest in the country, but still in a great city. I have found a awesome townhouse within walking distance to the city university (largest city in my state). It's a townhouse with two units (Double rental income in the future?). It cost just under 90k. Using online calculators the payment is about 300-400 dollars a month, but I intend on paying that much more aggressively. Should I loose my job for some reason (which, I certainly don't intend on) I think I can cover 300-400 plus living comfortably for a while.\n\nAm I in a place where I can be considering buying a home? What do I need to know? What are the next steps? I really want to set myself up for success. \n\nEDIT: I guess I was a bit unclear... I want to live in this place, pay it off completely, and THEN rent the place out. This will not immediately be a rental property.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2804191", "score": 0.6465463042259216, "text": "I haven't really told anyone about this but I just called last week and paid off over $35k in student loans. I'm about to take a leave from school that would cause the loans to go into repayment and decided I didn't want to pay a cent of interest. These loans are from my undergrad (went on to grad studies) but have been sitting interest-free for about 6 years as I have been slowly saving up what little I could. I can't believe that they are finally gone.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2805799", "score": 0.6465309262275696, "text": "I've read the wiki here --&gt; \n\nBut I still have some lingering questions about how to handle my money in a particular situation.\n\nI'm trying to figure out whether I should start paying off my student loans (even though they're not yet accruing interest) or whether I should invest in some form of financial product.\n\nPersonal situation: \n\nI'm currently a university student with student debt.\n\nFinancial situation:\n\nI currently have 5 student loans. The loans are the following:\n\n* Loan 1: $3,500 -- 4.66% APR, \n* Loan 2: $4,500 -- 4.29% APR,\n* Loan 3: $5,500 -- 3.76% APR,\n* Loan 4: $5,500 -- 3.76% APR,\n* Loan 5: $20,520 -- 5% APR\n\nThese loans are subsidized for now and will have a grace period after I graduate. Interest will not accrue on any of these loans until October 2018.\n\nBased on my income this summer and budgeting, I'll be able to save ~$5k by the Fall. \n\nMy question is:\n\nShould I begin paying off these loans with the ~$5k I'm able to save? Or should I invest in some sort of financial product like a CD or even put it in a high-interest savings account until the grace period ends (October 2018) and THEN pay it toward the loans? If the latter, then what financial product or account would you suggest? \n\nFurthermore (slightly different topic), I've also read that if a loan is ~4% APR or lower (which most of mine are) then it's more beneficial to pay the minimum loan amounts each month (to pay off the loan eventually) and invest the rest of my savings in a IRA / 401k etc. The purpose being because the IRA / 401k will yield returns greater than ~4% and give me a net gain in capital. Is this true? What would you recommend and why?\n\nThank you! Students in debt thank you everywhere.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-73273", "score": 0.6465231776237488, "text": "I live in the U.S. so I can only speak from that perspective, but my experience as an undergraduate and graduate student here has been that the government has been able to provide me with loans. These have been enough cover my tuition costs and living expenses. That being said, unless loans taken out are subsidized (the government pays the interest while in college) there is an interest rate which increases the amount of money owed by a certain percent per year (anywhere between 5-10%). Since school costs in the tens of thousands per year and the interest rate causes it to grow, a lot of people end up with huge amounts of debt when they graduate. Huge piles of debt are hard to keep under control using most starting salaries. Thus, many people find out they couldn't afford to go to college after they already did.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2084775", "score": 0.6465085744857788, "text": "I've recently run into a bout of bad luck. My car finally kicked the bucket and I'm in need of a new vehicle for commuting to school and to my clinical sites over 2 and 1/2 hours away (both directions). I am currently an unemployed student, but I have job offerings for after I graduate in almost exactly one year, so in a years time, I will be able to continue paying my loan without help. As for now, I need to purchase a new vehicle. I will hopefully have help from a family member for this first year until I can secure my own income to pay the remainder of the amount owed on the car. \n\nIs there any way I can finance the payments for this first year as low as possible and increase them after I can repay the loan on my own? Is this even something that is possible? If there are any other suggestions or options I am more than happy to hear what y'all think. Thank you all for the input in advance.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2805137", "score": 0.6464685201644897, "text": "I'm a senior in high school and looking at about 72k in debt for undergrad, and I do plan to get a master's in environmental engineering. I have received mixed advice about college debt. Some people tell me to choose a school that I'm actually excited for even though it'll probably leave me in 100k+ debt. Others tell me to never get into debt for undergrad. They say to keep it as close to zero, even if that means going to a school I'm not too excited for. I'm sure this is an oversimplification, but those are the two general sides. \n\nWhat makes it worse is that I can't really trust any of the advice my family gives to go to a school I like. They tell me that debt isn't that big of a deal and that student loans won't hold me back. However, my dad has made 6 figures or close to it in Alabama for over 30 years and we still live paycheck to paycheck. He got an associate's so he didn't even have student debt. He won't have enough savings to retire when he wants to and he hasn't been able to finish renovating the house after almost 10 years. He is considered one of the most financially stable members of my slightly extended family.\n\nMy family says I can make my payments what's manageable for me but it will just take me longer than 10 years to pay off. What are the actual consequences of a lot student loan debt? How much is too much?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2804991", "score": 0.6464566588401794, "text": "I have two unsubsidized loans - the first loan is from 2018 and the other is for 2019 school year. Currently, until 12/31/2020 the interest rate is fixed at 0%.\n\nLoan from 2018 - $13,644 principal @ 6.6% APR\n\nLoan from 2019 - $14,986 principal @ 6.08% APR\n\nI have reached out to the service provider for the federal loan because I could not find what my repayment plan is so I do not know how to calculate my monthly payments. Assuming mine is the standard payment plan (10 years) - would I be able to make extra payments towards principal? Is there any benefit if I consolidate these two federal loans into one so I have one payment? If I treat and pay monthly payments to two separate loans how should I tackle repayment?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-745", "score": 0.7952908873558044, "text": "Because in much of modern history the people with tattoos have been people very often associated with unsavory organizations, crime, and violence. I think you can understand why companies wishing to present a professional and safe environment would shy away from hiring those with tattoos. That general attitude has been passed down, even though it may not be as applicable nowadays as it was in the past, since many people with tattoos are in no way associated with violence or crime." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1764615", "score": 0.7477786540985107, "text": "Companies aren’t being the bad guy for not hiring people due to tattoos, piercings, unnatural hair color, &amp; other alternative looks. Companies all have a certain image and there is nothing wrong with them not hiring people that don’t fit the image if it’s a changeable or coverable thing (obviously skin color, disabilities, etc aren’t included in this). No matter what anyone says some things stand out and if a company doesn’t want the first person someone sees and associates with their company to be a certain look - that should be ok. This especially applies to things that many people especially their customers find taboo like face tattoos, obscene tattoos, etc. \nI see people complain about this all the time but there is nothing wrong with wanting people to look a certain way at work - it’s just like a work uniform and no one argues with that.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-24635", "score": 0.7427979111671448, "text": "It's a running in-joke for the industry. There is nothing \"unprofessional\" about it - many creators like to put little secrets (aka easter eggs) and nods to other works in their creations.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-112011", "score": 0.7411853671073914, "text": "General historical stereotyping and stigmatizing. Tattoos and piercings were seen as something that criminals, freaks and generally bad people put on their bodies and these are not the type of people that most employers want to hire. Additionally even if some employers don't hold those stereotypes themselves they may fear their customers do and that the tattoos will \"scare away\" their customers and give into their perceived fears. Outside of stereotyping there's no good reason to be against tattoos and very few reasons why piercings wouldn't be allowed (mostly safety concerns for a very select number of jobs).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1183289", "score": 0.7398747801780701, "text": "Throwaway for professional reasons.\n\nI (24m) am a tattoo artist with quite a large following online. For those of you who aren't really into tattoo culture, a big issue in the community is tattoo copying. This is essentially when someone takes a tattoo someone has, and gets another artist to trace the design and get it on them. This is seen as stealing within the community (as designs for us are sold) and is incredibly disrespectful. Any decent artist will not copy a tattoo. I've spoken a lot about this online, as it happens to me a lot, as well as other artists I know.\n\nLast week I had a woman come in for an appointment with me. She was heavily tattooed (I mention this because I think it makes it less likely that she didn't know that tattoo copying is wrong) and two of those were stolen designs I had done on another client. One of them was meaningful to the client, the other was a flash design I did. She showed me the tattoos after I finished designing the tattoo for her that she was getting that day. The conversation went something like:\n\n\"I saw these two tattoos on your instagram and had to have them. They're actually done really well and were a good way to tide me over until I could get to you\"\n\n\"Uh, thanks? Just for the future, most artists don't appreciate it when you copy their work. Those tattoos are supposed to be one-offs.\"\n\n\"It's a compliment though, really\"\n\n\"Haven't you ever heard of this issue?\"\n\n\"Yeah I've heard all the drama about copying tattoos, but I don't see why it's an issue. I wouldn't care if someone copied mine so, who cares.\"\n\nThat's when I got quite mad. I told her that not only is she acting very ignorant, she is disrespectful and essentially stealing my artwork (she hadn't changed either of the designs at all). I told her to get out of my shop and not to return, as we don't tattoo people who don't respect the industry. I also didn't refund her £100 deposit as she still spent time in the studio getting a design drawn when I could have had another client.\n\nShe left a review saying I'm an asshole. The rest of my studio agreed with me on the issue, but we all agree we can see how someone outside the industry might not agree. AITA?\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nUpdate: just to clarify, the deposit was for the design itself. It was a large design that was going to take up her whole thigh, so it took a long time to draw up. I could have had another client in that time.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nEdit: Thank you so much for the feedback. There's a lot of debate in the comments so I just wanted to give a brief, general overview of what is generally seen as stealing when it comes to tattoos:\n\nStealing:\n\n\\- Taking a picture of another tattoo to an artist and asking for the exact same thing, with no changes.\n\nNot stealing:\n\n\\- Getting a pop culture tattoo. A large corporation cannot tattoo you and you are therefore not taking away potential income from anyone by taking a picture of Mickey Mouse to a tattoo artist.\n\n\\- Taking inspiration from other tattoos. Taking pictures of tattoos to your artist and saying 'I like this, can I get something similar/with a few changes?' is fine.\n\n\\- Buying a design from an artist (tattoo or otherwise) and asking an artist to tattoo it on you.\n\n\\- Getting permission from the original artist AND the client with the tattoo (although finding an artist who will copy another's tattoo is generally an indication of their quality).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1120939", "score": 0.7393248677253723, "text": "I have a chest/body piece in progress, and I have to cover it up for one of crappy, minimum-wage jobs. I don't feel like it's fair but it's company policy, even though my tattoos are not offensive. My co-workers with small unhideable tattoos don't get scolded but I'm required to cover mine. How do you feel about tattoo acceptance in the workplace as a customer or employee?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2138559", "score": 0.7342159748077393, "text": "I am currently in college and in the process of finding myself so to speak. I am at the beginning stages of gauging my ears and I have also thought about tattoos. But as much as I want to express myself in these ways, I am torn between whether or not it would be a good decision to get tattoos, based upon what is expected in the professional realm of things. I know a lot of the decision would depend on the career choice, but I am still hesitant. What is your opinion?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-52090", "score": 0.72728031873703, "text": "Technically they can't draw tattoos with copyright images. The reason it's done more, is because most tattoos people get are in spots that aren't visible to your everyday high level executive or owner of the image. If the owner of the image somehow did see it, they would have to prove that the tattoo somehow has a negative effect on the work's value or potential market. Kinda hard to do.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2092139", "score": 0.7261173725128174, "text": "Hi Reddit,\n\nI wanted to get your take on getting visible tattoos (ones that can’t be covered by clothing - e.g. neck and hands) whilst involved in a corporate job.\n\nExamples:\n\n\n\nDoes anybody here have extreme tattoos and work in a professional corporate line of work, if so, what has been your experience before and after?\n\nCheers\n\nEdit: I currently work in Enterprise Software Sales, I’m 23 and have no tattoos as it stands.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2654278", "score": 0.7222078442573547, "text": "I understand that they are \"artist\" and I respect them like crazy. But often you hear artist saying they absolutely won't do face or neck tattoos. Yes, it's smart to warn them that it's a very serious thing and shouldn't be done on a whim. But if they've been told and they still want it and are willing to pay it should solely their choice. Others are against doing certain symbols such as anchors, infinity symbols, ect. because they think they're overdone or stupid. If you're that snobbish about what a client wants when they're paying you for your work than you should be an appt only, original art only tattooist. Unfortunately some tattoo artist who work in walk-in tattoo shop think they should have a say when they aren't the one who will be wearing it forever. Before downvoting please remember that this sub is for unpopular opinions which I'm certain this is.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2599134", "score": 0.7211518883705139, "text": "Mobile post. I’m currently a college student considering going into Urban Design and getting my MUD. I’m also considering getting tattoos. Nothing intense, just two smaller pieces on my arms. I know however that some professions are still not too accepting of tats in the workplace, so I was wondering if anyone in the field would be able to give their input. Would my tattoos drastically lower my chances of employment? Of advancement? For context: I am on the west coast of the US, and the tattoos would be my grandmothers ring and a bouquet.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1267801", "score": 0.7188370227813721, "text": "I am considering getting tattoos on my hands. Nothing offensive, both are drawings of faces but I can't stop thinking whether it will have any influence on my hire-ability.\n\nIn future I will be looking for a position as a front-end developer / designer so there is a chance that I might have to work with clients.\n\nPersonally I think that a tattoo makes you look more interesting but I believe that in the eyes of some people I might look unprofessional.\n\nI mentioned Europe / Amsterdam because it is my current location and knowing that there are international developers on this sub I aim to get opinions from European developers / interviewers on this topic.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-182891", "score": 0.714611291885376, "text": "It can have to do with the type of needle that was used, how deep it was used/pressure, combined with your particular skin. Some artists’/types of tattoos get raised for me when I’m stressed or hot, but most of mine never raise. The one that is most annoying for me was done by an apprentice, and I later learned a lot of people who got tattooed by him at that time also had that issue. It’s not harmful or bad, just annoying.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2058211", "score": 0.7134639024734497, "text": "I see this done a lot in the graphic design world and I have always found it to be a little lazy and unprofessional. Am I in the minority here?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-984368", "score": 0.7101760506629944, "text": "Does it hurt your chances or have no impact at all? \n\nI feel like since most devs dont work in a public / openly seen workspace it wouldn't be perceived as negatively as like a receptionist having tattoos, but I want your take on it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-124959", "score": 0.7099315524101257, "text": "It's like when you colored your people in with crayons when you drew as a child. Apricot was close, but still didn't look very real. It's hard to match colors, to match a skin tone is very difficult. And if they came close, but not exactly the right color, then you'd be left with a tattoo shaped blotchy skin section. Basically, it's easier to remove it completely rather than attempt to match the tone of the client's skin.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2306954", "score": 0.7095056772232056, "text": "Random tattoos all over the place look ridiculous. So do finger tattoos and I mean face tattoos are just absurd. The only thing that ever looks slightly good is a well done sleeve that has a balanced color palette and a theme of some kind. When people start putting crap all over the place like a little kid on a chalk board I just don't get it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2199161", "score": 0.7089167833328247, "text": "The tattoo industry may appear as somewhere you can go and get anything you want no questions asked for just some money, however this is not true. Tattoo artists know the stigma behind tattoos and what it can do to affect your future. If a artist denies giving you a tattoo because you want a tattoo above your eyebrow and you’re 18 years old because you think it looks cool, they’re doing you a favor and you should thank them, not being upset with them. They’re looking out for your future, some artists will even to as far as to tattoo something better for the same price at a different location just so you won’t hurt your future opportunities. I wish I would have listened to my artist when I was 18, I got my mother’s name tattooed on the inside of my finger for $100. Here I am, 21 years old, $1000 dollars later trying to get it removed so I can move on with my career. Listen first , then act.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1234768", "score": 0.7080323100090027, "text": "Is there still a stigma surrounding tattoos? I have a quite a few tats and this is something I’ve wondered for awhile now. (btw, I’m not talking about anything ridiculous, like face tattoos)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2359354", "score": 0.7058228850364685, "text": "I am going to work in IT. I am wanting to get a tattoo on my shoulder and bicep but I don't know if tattoos are still looked down at like they used to.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-498675", "score": 0.7056117653846741, "text": "So I'm planning on moving to Munich soon and I was wondering how tattoos are usually perceived compared to here in the US. I only have upper-arm tattoos with nothing offensive on my skin. As a software engineer, I would like to be able to work in that kind of environment and I wanted to know how, or if having tattoos could effect employment opportunities or my day-to-day life. Sorry for the poorly worded question, hopefully someone can decipher what I'm saying lol", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-746", "score": 0.7142803072929382, "text": "We just talked about this in my psychology class today. There's a case study about this guy who, as a high school student, wanted to break the record of longest number of days without sleep (which was 11 days at the time). He made it 12 days, probably with some \"micro sleeps\" here and there. He suffered all kinds of side effects, from headaches to irritability to hallucinations and more. When he finished, he slept about 12 hours a night for three or four nights and was right back to normal with no lasting effects and was able to go back to a regular sleep schedule. So really the idea of your body having to catch up isn't completely accurate. Your body just needs sleep in general to function properly and consolidate memories/repair itself. If you have one sleepless night you'll probably have a rough day, but if you get the recommended amount of sleep the following night you should be right back on track." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-590552", "score": 0.6776884198188782, "text": "I find that the more I sleep, the more grogginess, brain fog (including poor memory and concentration) and even pessimism I feel the following day. Here are a few facts of my situation: \n\n1. I am very physically active, and I find I will sleep soundly for about 9 hours _most nights_.\n\n2. Most often, when I wake after 9 hours of sleep, I still feel groggy; I can probably get another sleep cycle in – and sometimes I do – for a total of 10.5 - 12 hours. On these days, I typically feel even more brain fog than on the 9 hour nights.\n\n3. I feel the best when I don't sleep enough. I know it's not _\"enough\"_ because it's the day after drinking a lot, or going to bed very late and waking after 5-6 hours of sleep, or sleeping with a chick and having restless sleep, etc. I suspect that I feel _better_ on these days because of stress hormones, like epinephrine and cortisol, but that's just a theory.\n\n4. I don't have a sleep disorder. I've had a sleep study done, and also own an EEG that I've slept with, which reports normal sleep.\n\nMy doctor suspects that I'm experiencing sleep drunkenness on the days that I'm recovering from a weekend out (lack of sleep, alcohol), i.e., M-F. By the time I'm close to recovering the sleep debt, it starts over again.\n\nI'm curious how likely this is, and if you have any other theories. I've tried going 4 days, sleeping for as long as my body wants, and still felt the negatives of sleep drunkenness. Of course I can try to go for even more days, but am curious if anyone has any perspective on this, since I don't like going to bed at 9pm and feeling groggy at work, only to find that my experiment is useless!\n\n(BTW, some might ask why I don't stick with less sleep if it feels better. The reason is that I feel it after a couple days – poor memory &amp; focus, a need to take an afternoon nap, etc.)\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-727748", "score": 0.6774904727935791, "text": "Often times, if it starts hitting the 5.a.m mark and I know I HAVE to be somewhere at 8-9 (work for example), I'll consciously decide I cannot afford to sleep in and or come in late so I just pull a 36 hour day. \n\nI'll do this 1 time a month probably. Other times, I'll just get by with the 2-3 hours of sleep. Wondering what you guys do ?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-729637", "score": 0.6772679090499878, "text": "So yesterday I took a four hour nap, then I slept from 5AM-1PM. I am very frustrated because I've been trying to get on a normal schedule forever and I can't seem to do so! \n\nI dream vividly and constantly- I can't recall a time where I just had a blank night of sleep. \n\nI'm trying to shoot for a 12AM-8AM sleep, but right now I just won't fall asleep before 3AM. Yes I'm getting rid of electronics before bed and stuff. \n\nIf I don't have anything to do for a period of time, my \"normal\" sleeping hours seem to be 5AM-2PM, which is really awful. \n\nHow do I fix this? Thanks for the help!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-727761", "score": 0.6771105527877808, "text": "Set my alarm for 7.07 this morning, woke up at 7.05. I don't regularly wake up at this time and would have had just less than 7 hours sleep, not exactly the same amount of sleep I'd usually get. Was doing a presentation for the entire Outpatients Department so would have had that on my mind before I was going to sleep.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-45523", "score": 0.6770741939544678, "text": "It's based in the REM-cycle sleep pattern, specifically where in that cycle do you wake up. When you're sleeping for 4 or 5 hours and feeling better than when you sleep 8 or 9, you're likely waking up not in the deepest-sleeping portion of the cycle. This leads you to feel more awake and alert.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-187032", "score": 0.6770539283752441, "text": "Duration of sleep intervals is relevant. Your body goes through different stages of sleep, each associated with particular patterns of brain activity, brain chemistry and peripheral nervous system behaviour. A full cycle takes roughly three to four hours, and you'll usually do two cycles a night. Being awakened in the middle of a cycle means that you're trying to function while all of your brain chemistry is optimised for deep sleep and repairs. As such, it's normal to feel fine if awakened after four hours, like garbage if awakened after six, comfortable after eight, and if you sleep in, will naturally sleep an extra four hours.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2384854", "score": 0.6769208312034607, "text": "I work weird and unpredictable hours, which sometimes means less sleep than I'd like. The other morning I got up, went about my job and realized about mid-morning that I literally could not stay awake any longer. I crashed, determined to let my body soak up as much sleep as it needed.\n\nI slept like the dead, like I dropped into a hole. I woke up and felt fine, refreshed. I looked at my watch: I had been asleep a grant total of 20 minutes.\n\nHow does this work? What takes place during that 20 minutes that didn't happen during my previou six hours of rest?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-727741", "score": 0.6766181588172913, "text": "Over the past 4 days I seem to have developed some kind of insomnia. I can get into bed and get to the brink of falling asleep but can't quite fall into unconsciousness. I went from getting 8-10 hours a night to 3-4 and am not suffering from anxiety. Is this normal for insomniacs? I was always under the impression that insomnia was caused by a lack of sleepiness. Has anyone experienced what I'm going though? Thanks.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-80138", "score": 0.6756423711776733, "text": "My understanding of the sleep research is that short naps (no more than 25 minutes) put you in one phase of sleep, but sleeping longer than that puts you in a deeper sleep cycle that takes 1.5 hours. Interrupting that 1.5 hour cycle can leave you feeling groggy and less rested. So ideally you want to sleep for no more than 25 minutes or some multiple of 1.5 hours.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-728351", "score": 0.6754131317138672, "text": "No idea what’s happening to me. I have been trying to sleep for 4 hours. I need to wake up for work in just over two hours. I’m totally screwed. I’m facing an intense 12+ hour shift on no sleep. This has never happened to me before.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-730059", "score": 0.6744943261146545, "text": "For the past 3 days I’ve been going to bed at 4 and having to wake up at 10:30, which is around 6 1/2 hours of sleep. Now last night I went to bed at 11:30 and woke up at 5, still having 6 1/2 hours of sleep. I can’t go back to sleep, and have been trying for 1 1/2 hours now.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-729424", "score": 0.6742187738418579, "text": "I never sleep at night because of chronic pain. It's always worse at night. I am trying to force myself to stay up all day when I do not sleep during the night in hopes of a new sleep habit. I can go two to three days without sleep. I am at a lost I have tried so many things and nothing is helping. If I do get sleep its only 3 or 4 hours at most. If this doesn't belong here I am sorry", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-730102", "score": 0.6741666197776794, "text": "I read somewhere that they only recommend sleeping 12 hours a day with POTS. What is the reason for that? Is it very bad to sleep more every once in a while? How much do you sleep?\n\nWhen I’m feeling relatively good, I sleep 9 to 10 hours a night and I don’t nap (17 years old, so it’s towards the upper recommendation for my age but still good). However on a bad day, I sleep 11 hours during the night easily, plus about 2 to 4 hours during the day in napping (usually 30 minute naps). Thats only once every month or so though.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-26609", "score": 0.6739453077316284, "text": "Sleep cycle varies so you can't really set a magic number... basically between 1-2hrs. I've heard the suggestion on naps that they should either be short enough to avoid entering deep sleep (30min) or long enough to ensure you get a full cycle (2hrs). The former helps with alertness, but doesn't reduce the amount of sleep you need later at night. Everyone has their own cycle and overall amount of sleep needed. If naps aren't helping, or waking up groggy, change their length. If you go without alarm clock, all the better. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-191214", "score": 0.6739223003387451, "text": "You needed the sleep, so your body took the opportunity to fully rest. Short term sleep deficits (like if your 36-38 hours) if very occasional can be overcome with a lengthy sleep. The issue is more complex with longer, more frequent sleep deficits. For example if you are only able to get 4 hours of sleep per night during the week, a much longer 'sleep time' on Saturday/Sunday won't erase the effects of the sleep deficit. & #x200B; The long term implications of not enough sleep are not reversible simply by occasionally taking 'a long nap'.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-170958", "score": 0.6739016771316528, "text": "As you sleep you go through cycles of about 90 mins, though the exact number may differ. In the middle of these cycles you are in the deepest part of sleep, so waking up around this time is difficult and usually leads to morning exhaustion. If you received 3 or 4 cycles of sleep you should feel rested after about an hour or so. Experiment with different sleeping times such as 7.5 hours, 8 hrs, 8.5, etc. Consistency is also key, waking up at the same time every day gets your brain/body ready right before your alarm goes off. Sporadic sleeping times throws this out of whack since your body can't predict when it needs to \"boot up\".", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-728709", "score": 0.6736683249473572, "text": "As a teen, I was always told 8 hrs, but as of late I have been functioning perfectly fine off of the 6-7 range. Is that too little? I do go to bed earlier like 9:30ish compared to 10:30 when I was waking up later and getting more sleep. Should I be concerned at all? I’m not crashing mid day or anything.. I just battle mental illness (not too bad, but to an extent), so I want to give my body what it needs. How much sleep do y’all get?\n\nI use to think I could never function on less than 8 hrs and would count my hours of sleep and psych myself out if I ever went under 8 hrs. Now that I’ve stopped counting and waking up with my one alarm, it’s not such a struggle. Sure I feel like I wanna go back to bed when I get up at the buttcrack of dawn, but I push through and by my yoga (the first thing I do every day), I’m not even yawning! If I’m fine should I even worry??", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-56946", "score": 0.67325758934021, "text": "Not really our sleep cycle works in distinct stages and in order to recieve the full benefit of some extra sleep you typically need to wait for the cycle to complete itself. A single cycle typically takes about 90 minutes to complete itself. Infact as long as you are not sleep deprived you might even notice an increase in energy and alertness if you time your sleep so that it is divisible evenly into 90 minute incrimates even if it means you'll sleep 20 to 30 minutes less.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2379484", "score": 0.6732319593429565, "text": "I've been sleeping too late the past week and right now (6:30 am) I plan to stay up till later today to get back on schedule, and also I want to go to the gym today aswell. Is it worse for recovery to workout while sleep deprived or not get enough sleep after a workout?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-727536", "score": 0.6731855869293213, "text": "To give more context, I'm 19 years old and I'm working full-time. I've had sleepless nights since I was very little, but the interesting thing is that I don't experience any negative effects; I have a lot of energy, I'm never moody and I actually don't feel tired at all. I sleep 2-4 hours a night, but pulling all nighters is a regular thing for me. \n\nWhen I'm awake for longer than 30 hours I do notice some changes to my body. They're not drastic, but it's noticeable. My reactions are a bit slower sometimes and my hand eye coordination is a a bit off. After a longer period of time I get insomnia based hallucinations, which can be... quite the experience. My longest period of time without sleeping used to be 78 hours, which was a couple of years ago. However, I'm already up for 91 hours as of writing this post. Which is quite surprisingly to me. \n\nTo give a conclusion, it's not like I can't sleep. I don't feel the need to sleep. I've been to several doctors but they don't understand why I don't have any negative effects (both mental and physical).\n\nMy question is: **What are the dangers of not sleeping?**\n\nAnd if you have any questions for me, feel free to ask!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-747", "score": 0.6241912841796875, "text": "Back before refrigeration, food either went bad or had to be preserved somehow. Meat and milk would quickly go bad. France is known for its sauces as a way to cover up the rancid meat. Cheese was a way to preserve milk so it wouldn't spoil as quickly." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-149593", "score": 0.5925344824790955, "text": "In the early 19th century, intellectuals and those well-traveled would often drop French words into the conversation to show how clever they were. They would then point out that the word they had just used was French, often to embarrass someone nearby who was less fluent in the language. To counter this, the less well-traveled (often poorer) people would, after swearing, loudly proclaim, towards those that had previously used French in the conversation, \"Pardon *my* French.\" The latter stuck.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-58913", "score": 0.5918586850166321, "text": "Because they tax the shit out of gasoline there. In certain European countries taxes account for more than half the price of gasoline at the pump. France is apparently up around 70%.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-195010", "score": 0.5916818380355835, "text": "The Man in there is of all men, it isn't specific to just the French. At the time, the French had thrown off the King and there was an interest in exporting Revolution, thus the Declaration would serve all men, not just Frenchmen. I wish there was more to say but perhaps the food is getting to me.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-17740", "score": 0.5911510586738586, "text": "Probably because we are neighbours. And because of British humour. We bash *all* our neighbours, equally - it isn't just the French. The English bash the Scots and the Welsh. The Scots and the Welsh bash the English. Within England, Londoners bash everyone else. People from Manchester and people from Liverpool go at each other hammer and tongs. Those cities are 30 miles apart. Heck, in the countryside, neighbouring villages tell jokes about each other. There is a lot of actual ill-feeling towards the French by actually prejudiced people. But most of it is just pure and simple friendly banter, which we do to people we actually quite like.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-951066", "score": 0.5911216139793396, "text": "Why in the world do we tell people to \"say cheese\" before taking their picture? Where did that start?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-95901", "score": 0.5905824303627014, "text": "Most people I know are not okay with eating moldy cheese unless it's specifically cultured mold such as is found in blue cheese. Molds used in blue cheese are safe for human consumption and enhance the flavor, but they are a specific type of mold. The fuzzy stuff that eventually appears on both cheese and bread tastes horrible and has a risk of triggering an allergic reaction or some other negative reaction. Edit: I can't grammar.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1499798", "score": 0.5895317792892456, "text": "I’m not American and I am not France’s nor am I the French people’s biggest fan by any stretch of the imagination, but I see a lot of distain for them coming from US Americans. Be it in meme form, chatting with random Americans or even in popular American TV shows, there seems to be some long running hatred for/mocking of people from France. \n\nI don’t get it. Shouldn’t you lads be counting the French as your closest friends? They stood up for you when you weren’t even a legitimate country yet, they gave military and diplomatic support during the revolutionary war and at the time they were weird as fuck but cool as fuck. They helped the USA become the USA. \n\nThere are long winded articles about it that seem very sterile so if someone can dumb this down for me I’d appreciate it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-5733", "score": 0.5894486904144287, "text": "I don't have anything to back this up but for the North American audience stuff in French sounds more sophisticated and refined as shown by the use of French to refer to more refined versions of stuff like eateries are called restaurants, underwear is called lingerie, perfume, cologne, rotisserie and so forth", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2009308", "score": 0.5892964005470276, "text": "All of the media that i see seem to put the whole wheel on the plate and people just cut wedges off, but its nasty! And its so much harder than the actual cheese, so the cheese will melt but the mould will still be one hard section like mushroom flavoured plastic.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-120220", "score": 0.589106559753418, "text": "Bulk cheese is made by big companies like Leprino Foods in big factories. It is more like a factory and less like a kitchen. Pizza cheese for big pizza chains, string cheese for cheap snacks, and the like are made this way. It is a much larger operation than artisan cheesemakers like Beecher's (Seattle) or even regional brands like Cabot (Vermont) or Tillamook (Oregon). However, even big-company cheese is made from real milk. The difference is that big-company cheese is made to be *consistent* (always the same), *inoffensive* (bland, but not gross) and to have useful mechanical properties (like always melting at the same temperature, for pizza) … whereas artisan cheese is made to be *interesting* even if that means it isn't always the same from batch to batch.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-277497", "score": 0.5890887379646301, "text": "Cheese doesn't get its \"structure\" from casein per se, but rather from chemical transformations and coagulation of protein suspensions (mostly casein) in water that eventually gives you a solid water-insoluble material. The same thing happens in tofu-making but AFAIK the coagulation is purely chemical (no enzymes are involved, to my knowledge) and there isn't a single protein that dominates.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-3234", "score": 0.5888233184814453, "text": "The crunchiness is caused by crystals of various substances that form as the cheese dries. They start out dissolved in water in the cheese, but as the water evaporates, they start to crystallize. Usually, the crystals are made of calcium lactate. But sometimes, for some cheeses, there are crystals of amino acids like tyrosine, leucine, or isoleucine. Fun fact: tyrosine is named after cheese. *Tyros* is Greek for cheese. Tyrosine was first discovered in the protein casein, found in cheese, by Justus von Liebig.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-210562", "score": 0.5887633562088013, "text": "Check the FAQs section for more answers. Essentially it came about as a result of the Fall of France. The Simpsons has Willie the Groundskeeper calling the French \"Cheese Eating Surrender Monkeys\" in c. 1995, so somewhere between 1945 and 1995 the stereotype, a blatantly wrong and horribly simplistic stereotype, came to be.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-21606", "score": 0.5883032083511353, "text": "It's a play on its original meaning. Originally it was said as an actual apology for someone using a french word or expression (as they know most of the people wouldn't understand it). _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-26506", "score": 0.5882047414779663, "text": "Probably because there is so much sugar in it. You can leave meringue oit for a while and it won't change. Same thing.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-222761", "score": 0.5879078507423401, "text": "Hey OP. If nobody replies, /u/butter_milk gives a great answer [here](_URL_1_). And in this [thread](_URL_0_) /u/DonaldFDraper outlines why France has always been a great power.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-142647", "score": 0.5876485705375671, "text": "It's not something they were raised with as a part of their culture. It's as foreign to them as something like stinky tofu or chicken feet are to those of us raised in a more Western culture.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-166003", "score": 0.5874727368354797, "text": "Swiss cheese has holes because of [bacteria](_URL_0_) that release carbon dioxide during the cheese making process. This creates little spherical bubbles of gas throughout the cheese; when the cheese is sliced, these bubbles become the holes. It's kind of like how yeasts cause bread to rise. Yeasts also release carbon dioxide, which causes gas bubbles to form throughout the bread, making the bread fluff up. And if you look closely, a slice of bread has holes in it, too.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-107603", "score": 0.587439239025116, "text": "Wine and cheese are pretty common and basic items so the demand for them is pretty stable through time. They look at their previous sales and current demand, look at population growth, and then predict how much wine will be in demand in say 10 years. Unless something major happens there is no reason for wine and cheese demand to suddenly plummet.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-92178", "score": 0.5873568654060364, "text": "When making cheese a lot of the lactose is separated in the whey that is pressed out of the solid curd that makes the cheese. What lactose that is left in the cheese is often consumed by bacteria and fungi during the maturation process of the cheese. So there are many varieties that can be eaten by people who are lactose intolerant and only those with the most severe intolerance reactions will have problems with it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-748", "score": 0.7831643223762512, "text": "Energy companies HAVE invested in 'green energy' and are doing so right now. However, the necessary capital to get green energy is too much and the profit margins from them are too slim. The main reasons Green Energy is attempted at the moment is due to the government forcing it and also the publicity these companies receive. This is not to say there will be a point on time when green energy becomes a more lucrative investment (either when it becomes cheaper to do or alternatives become too expensive due to low supply). Concluding: You will always hear people calling the energy companies evil (and in many cases they are). However, when people complain companies should drop fossil fuels it is necessary in keep in mind the extra cost YOU will be paying extra for it due to the extra cost the energy companies must pay." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-37848", "score": 0.733553409576416, "text": "Oil companies do invest in alternative energy (whether it be biofuel, wind or solar). The issue is that they already have so much money and infrastructure tied up in fossil fuel technology and research, and currently prices for alternative energy just aren't high enough to convince them to switch. For the prices for alternative energy to change a lot of the world's current infrastructure would need to change to create a demand for alternative energy.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-685668", "score": 0.7250352501869202, "text": "Apparently it is much less harmful to mine natural gas from the earth or even just to use coal to produce electricity itself rather than the producing synthetic natural gas. Does it come down to cost? They are already the number one producer of greenhouse gasses.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-128252", "score": 0.7222779393196106, "text": "It's more expensive to install these new things than to just keep reusing the existing infrastructure that uses fossil fuels. Additionally since electric companies are regulated by the state (usually), there'd be political back lash if people that kept using fossil fuels were believing they were subsidizing green energy, so this may be a contributing factor.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1961160", "score": 0.7210776805877686, "text": "I always see energy companies pushing energy conservation initiatives. Is it not in their best interest for their customers to use more energy thus making them more money?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-99339", "score": 0.7194851636886597, "text": "For one, electricity *can* be produced in a green way. And as time progresses, I hope that the amount of green energy will continue to rise. But even if it never happens, big industrial plants can be outfitted with way better filters to make energy production from fossil fuels cleaner. Many such filters are too big to fit into a car. And lastly, we're working on technology to essentially \"burry\" the CO2 from big coal-plants and such underground so it doesn't harm the environment.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-42754", "score": 0.713453471660614, "text": "Put a tax on coal, use that money to subsidize solar. Coal is now more expensive than solar. People switch to solar because solar is now less expensive. Because less people use coal, less coal is being burned. Less coal being burned means less green house gases.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2610404", "score": 0.7131903767585754, "text": "I do believe that action is needed to combat climate change. \n\nHowever, I'm just wondering given the government push for more green initiatives, would this create a situation where major fossil fuel companies are simply 'exchanged' for major green companies who aggressively lobby for more funds/projects, to serve self-interests of investors rather than about 'tackling climate change'. Would this still be acceptable?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-46673", "score": 0.704836368560791, "text": "People with the coal and oil want to keep making money from the coal and oil. They go to Congress and say how it is necessary for our economy and if we don't keep supporting it, thousands will lose jobs, whether or not it is true. Also, most of our infrastructure is already set up for fossil fuel use, the power plants are already built, so keep using them as long as the energy is cheap. Not all is lost, we have reached the point where solar power is now cheaper than fossil fuels, so new solar plants will become more common. Developing countries are also considering skipping over the fossil fuel portion of their development and going straight to renewables. It may not be going as fast as you'd like, but it is happening.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-90974", "score": 0.6994912624359131, "text": "Because they are *oil companies*. They have billions of dollars in infrastructure around the world, thousands of staff members, all that surround the extraction and production of oil. Leading the innovation on alternative energy is just hastening their obsolescence, when all that infrastructure becomes extraordinarily expensive paperweights.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1130078", "score": 0.6977226138114929, "text": "Cable companies, gas companies, electric companies, etc., doesn't this hold back progress and innovation (google fiber, arizona power companies charging people more money for conserving/using less power)?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-109279", "score": 0.6971917748451233, "text": "Many politicians are personally invested in industries that would be negatively impacted if we migrated away from oil. Further, they get funding from and are lobbied by such industries. Investing in newer, cleaner energy is a financial gamble they're not willing to take.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-319038", "score": 0.6970787048339844, "text": "Well the whole reason to use Carbon Capture to to reduce the CO2 emissions of fossil fuels, so there's no reason for the private sector to do it unless they're trying to earn good PR. It's not good business to voluntarily deal with your own externalities, that's why they're externalities in the first place. So then you'd need some sort of government regulation pushing it which runs into the problems associated with the energy lobby and all that. But the real reason is that it's really expensive, both in the capital you need use that has nothing to do with the actual production of energy, and in energy itself. My opinion is that it's not a solution. It's going to just be easier to just find other sources of energy than to dig the carbon out of the ground, burn it for energy and then use a good portion of that energy to pump the carbon back underground. But in the meantime, people stand to make more money if they convince people that clean coal is feasible so that's going on.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-179261", "score": 0.6967065334320068, "text": "Many of the oil giants are in fact investing heavily in renewables! However, retrofitting existing offshore rigs etc is probably not economically or structurally feasible. & #x200B; The big oil companies know that theirs is a dying product, and want to remain competitive profitable companies in the future.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-45816", "score": 0.6966642141342163, "text": "1. Powerful companies that make money right now would lose money doing R & D and producing environmentally friendly technologies 2. The results aren't immediate enough to instigate a response, i.e. reading about a hundred years in the future isn't as motivating as gas prices going up $1 now. 3. People believe according to emotion, which is wrapped up with media produced by #1. They even get [math wrong if it conflicts with these beliefs](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-82164", "score": 0.6963927745819092, "text": "The amount of power that coal plan produces can be easily controlled by the people running the plant. Need more power, burn more coal. Need less power, burn less coal. Wind and Solar on the other hand depend on nature. It's easy to scale down (cover your panels), but you can't make wind power if the wind isn't blowing. So, this brings us to the question of power storage. While I'm sure you've heard that wind / solar is cheaper than coal, that's only when the wind is blowing or the sun is shining. Once you factor in power storage (compressed air, gravity storage, battery, etc...) to power your city when on a calm windless night, it becomes a lot more expensive. So, until we solve the storage problem, coal / oil / gas plants will always have a place. Then, you have to bring in geography. A train / truck will move coal from one place to another easily. You can't move sunshine up to Alaska for example. You get what you get. *edit: typo", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-292542", "score": 0.6958809494972229, "text": "Energy has to come from somewhere. And BTW, the burning of coal releases more radioactivity into the environment than nuclear power plants (to say nothing of air pollution, lung cancer, or global warming).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2675398", "score": 0.6956827640533447, "text": "These “activist investors” can think of their monetary contributions as a donation that has the secondary benefit of potentially coming back to them with interest. These individuals want the world to move away from fossil fuels, so they support corporations that are doing that. They also take other actions to address corporations that support the continued use of fossil fuels and oppose the transition to green energy.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-44607", "score": 0.6944982409477234, "text": "They don't want you to use less energy, they want you to use less energy during peak hours. Each company is different, but generally they produce a steady stream of cheap energy to power their areas, like from coal or hydroelectric. Then during peak hours, they need to fire up expensive forms, like natural gas, to meet the higher demand.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-98742", "score": 0.6927192807197571, "text": "A) The majority of new electric generating capacity in the US has come from renewable sources, not fossil fuels. B) Even if the electricity is coming from a coal or oil plant, its still more efficient/less environmentally bad than burning gas in an automobile.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-144383", "score": 0.692464292049408, "text": "Because America depends on oil for more than just energy and fuel. Brobdingnagian amounts of money and power are involved with US oil companies, stocks, and even the economy itself in many other ways. Solar means a huge loss for the oil industry (\"Big Oil\") just as hemp threatened the paper industry many years ago, leading to the beginning of marijuana prohibition. A lot of countries are trying to move away from oil dependencies due to both dwindling supply, and the costs involved. But America at this point is far too dependent on it to fully adopt solar.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-749", "score": 0.7761434316635132, "text": "Here's how it works. You wrap your food in plastic and put it in a water bath set to a precise temperature. It turns out that for protein foods, it's not how long they cook that determines how done they are, but the maximum temperature reached. So sous-vide lets you control precisely whether a steak is rare, medium, or wherever *exactly* you want it. If you want a medium rare steak, put it in water at 130F. After an hour or so that temperature will be reached all through the steak, but you can leave it in for another hour if you want and it barely changes. This makes it very flexible for cooking when you aren't quite sure when you will be serving dinner." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2740918", "score": 0.7305392622947693, "text": "The more I search about fat rendering the more confused I get. It seems the Wikipedia page talks about something completely different than this sub. They say it's about liquifying and purifying the fat. Here it sound more like making the fat soft? Or crispy? What does fat rendering mean for sous vide?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1273735", "score": 0.7302300930023193, "text": "I bought a sous vide this year, and am loving it.\n\nBut from more than one person, I've heard concerns raised about food safety or botulism, etc etc. And there is something oddly nebulous about the information out there. \n\nWhat is the no-brainer rule of thumb? If you aren't going to sear right away, you need to shock it with cold? \n\nExample: I sous vide packs of bacon. I want to sear half the pack to eat, then save half the pack to sear the morning. First of all, I'm assuming this is okay. But what would my process be? Am I okay to just put the pack in the fridge (with half of the sous vide bacon), or do I have to put it in the freezer or cold water bath? \n\nIs it okay to sous vide meat, then refrigerate and sear later on?\n\nIs it okay to sous vide, then freeze (and sear later on, after defrosting)\n\nIt sounds like you just want to avoid letting meat rest at room temp, the way you might with something that's off the grill or out of the oven. Am I on the right track here?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2057604", "score": 0.7297679781913757, "text": "I've been experimenting with it a bit and have come to really love using sous vide to defrost frozen steak and chicken. I usually set the \"cook temp\" to the 60s, and then come back in 30 minutes to find everything ready for whatever other prep I plan on doing. No more fidgeting with the defrost function on the microwave and getting some parts cooked and other parts still rock hard. No more running water continuously in the sink.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2353849", "score": 0.7289843559265137, "text": "We’ve been on the fence for both a sous vide and an instapot, and were thinking they could help us up our cheese/yogurt game. Do people use either of these?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2379717", "score": 0.7282890677452087, "text": "Hi, I'm going camping as a result of all this covid business and I had the thought of pre-cooking a bunch of meals sous vide. That way I can minimise the fuss of cooking and still eat well. I would ensure the food is heated to pasteurizing temperatures/times twice (I read somewhere that doing it twice would kill off more pathogens/bacteria). But then I read that elsewhere that you still need to refrigerate sous vided foods. Is that right?\n\nIf so I can't get my head around what's different about canned foods and why they can survive without the need for refrigeration.\n\nthanks for your thoughts!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2301273", "score": 0.7268043756484985, "text": "I've started cooking a lot more at home, but sometimes won't because I'm tired or don't feel like cleaning up a huge mess. I read the foodlab blog and they really like sous vide cooking. It seems nice because I can throw something in there, forget about it for a few hours and then 20 minutes before its done quickly roast some veggies. Would you say sous vide cooking can be easier than traditional methods?\n\nAlso, I have cats, and I worry that if I leave something slow cooking out all day, they might get a little too curious. This is a weird question, but can I leave a sous vide cooker in a pot in my bedroom all day so I can lock them out? Or should I really be leaving it on a stove for safety reasons?\n\nFinally, is it worth it to get a wifi sous vide cooker?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1480183", "score": 0.7245187163352966, "text": "Are their different nutritional values of meat prepared via sous vide compared to other cooking methods. Cooking at a lower temperature for a longer time would create different chemical reactions and the fact more liquids stay within the food would bring changes as well. I'm curious how drastic it is. Does anyone know if a comprehensive list of nutritional values of foods prepared via sous vide exist or have any insights on this subject?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1428928", "score": 0.7213108539581299, "text": "Wondering if anyone has any experience with meal prepping and reheating via microwave.\n\nBasically I was thinking of cooking up a bunch of chicken, and searing it off, then packaging it up for the week. I'm not resealing it, I'm going to toss in in a container with rice/veggies and reheating it through the week for meals. \n\nSO I'm wondering if it's worth the extra prep to sous vide the chicken versus just cooking it on the stove/grill and doing the same thing, I would think the sous vide chicken would be juicier and reheat better, but it's uncharted territory for me, the few things I've reheated was still sealed and still amazing. I'm not sure if or how much difference it'll make for meal prepping.\n\nAny insight or tips?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-786975", "score": 0.7205095887184143, "text": "I just got a sous vide for Christmas and I’ve already done a prime rib (got it early) and I’m doing a venison steak for lunch. I’m loving the ease of using it and of cleanup and I’m wondering what else I can be using it for. I typically cook 1-2 meals a week in the crock pot and wanted to see about options to replace that occasionally. A lot of the recipes I’m seeing here are 2-5 hours to cook then sear but not many all day cooks except for prime rib and such. \n\nDo you have any suggestions for single temperature (could use one or multiple bags) meals that I could do for 7-9 hours while I’m at work? Could do a quick sear in the pan or broiler if needed but I’m just wondering if ready to go meals are a thing in the sous vide or if the crock pot is just a better tool for the job.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1694129", "score": 0.7198134064674377, "text": "Made the jump from the DorkFood Slow-Cooker Sous Vide method and decided to finally order an Anova Precision.\n \nI'm just wondering... Some people mention how it can take upwards of 20 minutes for some units to heat up the water bath. So my question is, is there anything wrong with using a mix of boiling water and tap water to bring the water closer to the desired temperature to speed the process along?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1273793", "score": 0.7191766500473022, "text": "All, \n\nI have really enjoyed cooking sous vide, and recently I was diagnosed with cancer (localized Ewing’s Sarcoma so pretty good prognosis) and I just started chemo the day before yesterday. My doctor recommended for all meats to be fully cooked, which is just blasphemy for someone who loves medium rare steak. I mentioned sous vide to him and how it cooks to FDA safety because it cooks at a lower temp at a longer time and he seemed to be ok with it, but I was wondering if anyone has had any experience or what yalls opinions might be? An additional use would be pasteurize eggs so that I could eat fried eggs (can’t eat runny yolks on chemo apparently). Thank y’all in advance!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-255639", "score": 0.7181382179260254, "text": "It takes time for heat to penetrate food; if you cook at a higher temperature, the outside can be overdone while the inside isn't done yet. So, you generally pick a temperature that is a compromise to get an acceptable result. There are techniques that cook at low or high temps... Stir frying uses very small pieces of food so it can cook fast at high heat. Sous vide uses very low temperatures but cooks for a long time.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2355883", "score": 0.7161685824394226, "text": "Hey all, I received an instant pot with a sous vide feature as a Christmas present this year. I was wondering if anyone had experience using this. Is it different than other sous vides? What is holding time? I have never used a sous vide but would love to start so any general advice is appreciated! Thank you!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-559642", "score": 0.7125240564346313, "text": "I am going camping this weekend and cooking for 6 people. I want to sous vide my steaks for everyone today then put on ice in the cooler and seat in my cast iron on the fire tomorrow night. I just want to make sure I’m doing this safely and that I’ll be able to do this without over cooking. \nThought? Ice bath? Straight in the cooler?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1429262", "score": 0.7110558152198792, "text": "We have this food truck here in Denver that does a sous vide chicken sandwich that is one of the best things I've ever eaten. I want to try to recreate it and I'm assuming that they don't just have chicken breasts sitting in a hot tub on their truck but who knows. My guess is they do all their sous vide at their commissary, refrigerate, then deep fry on the truck but I don't know if thats safe or the right way to do it. All of the sous vide fried chicken recipes I can find have you take the meat right from the water to the oil. Does anyone have any experience with this?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1428889", "score": 0.7087746858596802, "text": "Does anyone regularly purchase meats or veggies from stores or online that are pre-vacuum sealed to use for sous vide? \n\nI've looked online and read many posts about glue sealed packaging vs heat sealed packaging vs packaging yourself, but what I'm after is a good list of where people get pre-packaged foods that can go straight from the store to the cooker successfully.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-942907", "score": 0.7073916792869568, "text": "Hi Everyone!\n\nI'm a little confused with sous vide timings since they're a lot of variance regarding this, however, what really \"stamped\" my confusion is between \"normal\" timings in recipes we common see online vs pasteurized timings such as this one from Amazing Food Made Easy]( and [this one from Douglas Baldwin.\n\nIs there a big difference in safety, texture, and taste? If so, why would one go for the normal ones over the pasteurized ones?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1081012", "score": 0.7065101265907288, "text": "So long time straight up gas griller. I like to grill, I'm good at it.\n\nI have been using my sous vide for a couple months to get me through winter. Probably around separate 10 steaks meals. While I've had 2 amazing steaks with this method, the times it fell flat make me want to just go back to grilling. \n\nI use the same butcher I have always used, same 3 cuts. Ribeye, NY strip, and large sirloin. Typically cook a ribeye and a strip together because the wife like strips better.\n\nTried different Temps and cook times but the past few times I am getting a really tough steak. Literally would never happen when I grill. The temp is spot on all the way through but damn the middle is tough. \n\nI use water displacement for sealing. The past few times I have sous vide I went from freezer to pot and added on an hour or hour and a half to the cook time. I also seasoned with salt and paper before freezing.. I'm guessing taking the frozen meet and going to the pot is part of the reason for the toughness... but I've seen people say its fine to do.\n\nTried 129 and 137 for 90 mins (+ time of fozen) as well as 129 and 137 for 2+ hours.\n\nSearing is a whole other issue but I think I finally got that down with a torch.\n\nAny tips? Tough meat was the last thing I was excepting cooking this way.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-561798", "score": 0.7060356140136719, "text": "Would it make sense at all to try do this without a tool like the ANOVA?\nJust using a thermometer to check the water temperature, perhaps using a double boiler? \n\nThoughts? I can’t really justify 100 bucks between Sous vide machine + circulator just to get high xD", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1079856", "score": 0.7037277221679688, "text": "My wife just asked me to search for an answer to a sous vide question she has, and I decided I'd ask you people instead.\n\nFor a dinner party tomorrow night, my wife wants to sous vide a 2.5# beef tenderloin ahead of time tomorrow afternoon, then heat/sear it for serving later at the party site. Once she cooks the meat for the desired amount of time at the selected temperature, what do you recommend she do as the meat is held between removing from the sous vide bath and searing? I seem to recall reading something about using an ice bath under such circumstances, but didn't pay close attention and don't recall the details.\n\nGuidance would be appreciated!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-750", "score": 0.7357586026191711, "text": "There's sufficient genetic difference between various human races to create different reactions to certain drugs, or increase the possibility of certain reactions in certain races. An example of one such difference is a genetic switch in some Asians that floors them completely when they have one drink because their metabolism very rapidly turns the alcohol they ingest into acetaldehyde, which is poisonous when in larger doses and gives them wicked hangovers. Some drugs are metabolized or take effect in different ways as programmed by race-specific genetics, and that can lead to bad side-effects such as cancer or a drug that just doesn't work at all." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2810585", "score": 0.6928598880767822, "text": "Lately the medical field has been more open about this issue. The American Medical Association's ethics code bars doctors from refusing to treat people based on race, gender and other criteria, but there are no specific policies for handling race-based requests from patients. Even in extreme cases where patients have been traumatized by a person of a different race (rape, combat, etc.), should they have no say in the nationality or race of the health professional treating them?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-322892", "score": 0.6796665191650391, "text": "It varies. Some groups do fall into to some degree of genetic distinctiveness. So for example it turns out that Ashkenazic Jews are genetically distinct enough from other Eastern Europeans that one can tell with near certainty if someone in the US has Ashkenazic ancestry. [Source](_URL_0_). At this point this seems to matter more for medicine (different diseases are more common among different racial groups and some medicines are more likely to help people of different racial groups) than to have any ev psych implication.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-36420", "score": 0.6795908808708191, "text": "It all goes back to genetics. As humans, we all share 99.99% of DNA, but look at how different that percentage of a percentage point makes in us. Different skin colors, hair, eye color, etc. These are just major outwardly appearances. Now think of how different we are in the micro level. The proteins our bodies produce in both type and rate, enzymes, rate we metabolize anything. Since drugs directly react with our bodies at this level, any minor difference can create huge differences in what a particular drug will do to our body. Our lack of knowledge on how our genetics relate to our physical make up make it hard for us to make drugs...nay impossible to make drugs that will work on everyone. Eventually, with better genetic information we can predict with better accuracy how each person will react to a specific drug and create drugs that are more targeted and more safe.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-116734", "score": 0.679010272026062, "text": "Because race is a thing. Socially it should not be important. Every one should be treated equally, by the government and by fellow citizens. Medically however, there are many differences between races due to evolution. This means that certain things need to be checked for or considered when treating different races. This does not mean it's ok to socially interact differently with a person just because of their skin colour or facial features.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-60736", "score": 0.6743605136871338, "text": "The United States has a long and ugly history of racial discrimination. By keeping tabs on how different racial groups are using services, we can see if certain groups are being disproportionately effected by something, compare how they're doing over periods of time, and just generally assess the efficacy of various programs. As for Latinos, that is categorized as an ethnicity and not a race. Since you can be black, white, mixed, native, etc. and still be Latino.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1123597", "score": 0.671078622341156, "text": "A feminist friend of mine told me that when medicine is being tested there is a bias towards more man being subjects, which results in product and recommendations less suitable for woman. Is that really an issue? If so, is that a result of gender discrimination or e.g. less woman applying for being subjects? Is there a similar bias with race?\n\n**Please don't make it a political discussion.**", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-142991", "score": 0.667818009853363, "text": "Humans are, when you get right down to it, chemically-based creatures. Our unique body chemistry makes us who we are. Medicines are also chemicals. So, let's say we each take a medicine called Metformin. Metformin is Metformin: it contains the same chemicals no matter what pharmacy you get it from; it doesn't change. The difference is in the two people taking it. No two people have the exact same identical chemical make up. So basically you are adding this medicine/chemical to two different pools of unknown chemicals. You may take it and be perfectly fine. I may take it and it causes me to have terrible chest pains (full disclosure: this is a true story). My chemical makeup is simply not the same as yours; something that makes me who I am is simply incompatible with this chemical.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-24855", "score": 0.666634738445282, "text": "There is a long, and rigorous, process for approval of new drugs. They have to have proven efficacy and safety in a variety of people, populations, ages, sexes, etc. This has to be done in such a way as to eliminate any bias and to show statistically that there is an effect. The substances you're talking about have not been through this process and thus have not been show to have any real effect.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-103915", "score": 0.6657264828681946, "text": "Setting aside the terminology of \"race\", it's entirely down to selective pressures of the different environments. In equatorial regions where the sun is plentiful, having a lot of melanin is useful in protecting against cancer. The further north/south you go from there, the less sun there is, so having less melanin is useful in absorbing vitamin D from the sun. In high altitude regions where the atmosphere is more rarefied, having a more efficient respiratory system is useful.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-304515", "score": 0.6653753519058228, "text": "It's hard to say because apart from skin colour they tend to be one race is more likely to have a difference than the other, opposed to complete differences. That said one of the more well known ones are that black people have significantly higher rates of sickle cell anaemia, this is because carrying the recessive allele is beneficial in the liklehood of getting malaria. Similarly there are higher rates of beta-thalassemia in Mediterraneans. Blood groups also appear at different rates in different races. Lactose intolerance is much higher in non-european races. Also Tay-Sachs disease appears in very high rates in Ashkenazi Jews, which is quite pronounced because of their small population.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-291282", "score": 0.6653329133987427, "text": "Races is a pretty poorly defined term. However, between certain groups of humans there are some differences in how diseases affect us. For instance the genetic traits which lead to sickle cell anaemia also advantageous when [dealing with malaria.](_URL_1_) Here's a study on the prevalence of the trait in [Sicilians](_URL_0_) for instance, the important finding is that the prevalence is partly due to selective pressure from malaria infecting the region and not necessarily interbreeding.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-688303", "score": 0.665233850479126, "text": "How does it not discriminate against Caucasians and Asians? How does AA promote \"equality\" when certain groups have advantages over others (based on skin-tone)? Admission to Universities should be based on merit, not racial background", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-324098", "score": 0.6594441533088684, "text": "There are certain health conditions that are more prevalent in black people than white, such as certain blood conditions IIRC. I believe there are other examples of this, but outside of that the difference is just skin color, no different than extremely pale people from certain parts of europe.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-134830", "score": 0.6590569019317627, "text": "Because white people like to believe that they're solving problems. That said, only a total mongo would get up in arms about it. If black people en masse started calling for people to stop using it, then cool. Whiny South Park Libertarians on reddit? Not so much.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-296738", "score": 0.6571513414382935, "text": "Most pharmacogenomics have to deal with mutations in receptors. In this case other people may have a slight variation in the receptor that causes decreased binding affinity. I actually developed a pharmacogenomic test for metformin because 20% of hispanic patients have a mutation that does not allow for them to uptake the drug to be used. They have serum levels but receive no benefit. This is possibly also similar for caffeine where some may receive no effect due to a change that no longer allows it to bind or simply be resistant to its effects by decreasing the binding ability of caffeine.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1229707", "score": 0.6567390561103821, "text": "I know there are systemic factors at play that affect oral health such as lack of access to insurance, quality foods, proximity to care facilities, and general care bias from practitioners.\n\nBut I was wondering if there are other ways that racism perpetuates itself specifically for dentistry? I would say one way could be lack of fluoridated water in communities of color.\n\nI ask because medical racism has been a popular topic recently. One example I heard was the difference between eGFR for African Americans versus whites.\n\n\"For African American patients in particular, the separate results can lead to underdiagnosis of chronic kidney disease, longer transplant wait times, and ill-advised treatment plans. Giving them different results was intended to make the test better for everyone. In reality, though, it exacerbates problems they already face in getting quality care.\" (\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nEDIT: A lot of people in the comments are upset that racism can be a part of dentistry. Whether you want to call it inequality, disparity, bias, etc, these all stem from institutional racism. Also, I am completely aware there are many other factors that affect one's ability to obtain dental care, such as cost or location (which I've already mentioned), but I wanted to know about racism specifically. Those that are trying to take the topic away from race are actively contributing to the issue. Thank you to those who answered my question and have provided more insight.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-67992", "score": 0.6563184857368469, "text": "Social class. When a drug is associated with the poor, like crack and heroin, then society places a stigma to it. When a drug is associated with the rich/well off/middle class not so much, cannabis and cocaine come to mind. With cannabis it's interesting. It was far more demonized in the past when it was associated with the \"wrong\" social classes. Now that it's mostly middle class college students not so much. I put \"wrong\" in scare quotes because it's not always about rich and poor. It can be about any marginalized segment of society. Most of the time it's the poor, but it can be based on race or ethnicity.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-185941", "score": 0.6536045074462891, "text": "There aren't. \"Race\" is a social construct that has no basis in biology. Humans come in a variety of colors due to evolutionary adaptation. For populations from places with lots of direct sunlight darker skin helps protect them from UV exposure. For populations from places without a lot of sun lighter skin helps them produce a sufficient amount of Vitamin D from the low light levels.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-117163", "score": 0.6531146168708801, "text": "Because it's not really about race. It's about poverty. Poor people are more likely to be driving crappy cars or not have the proper training. Because ethnic minorities are disproportionately poor the data makes it look like it has to do with race, but it's really about class. Poor people already face price disparity when buying insurence, as rates rise in urban areas.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-272089", "score": 0.6523649096488953, "text": "Just that there's no proof for anything racist. There are differences sure, but in some finer, largely pointless anatomy, and maybe in how they react to drugs. Black people are black because it allows them to lose heat faster. It also protects them against UV light so that they don't get cancer. White people live further north so have less UV light and colder temperatures, so they want to lose heat less and don't care as much about skin cancer. That's all there is to it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-751", "score": 0.6297690868377686, "text": "The store doesn't fund those sales - the manufacturer does. The manufacturer then uses this marketing expense as a tax write-off. Source: used to work in the industry." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1360249", "score": 0.5982422828674316, "text": "Hi! I'm currently evaluating a couple of offers and wanted to learn more about it. One company allows you to participate in an ESPP where you can buy stock at a 10-15% discount over a fixed period of time. I've never worked at a place that had this, so I'm struggling to evaluate it really. It sounds great on paper, but would tax not eat up any gains you make?\n\nCurious to hear any insight people might have on this.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1417438", "score": 0.5982216000556946, "text": "I know the technical answer of course being the earning table are skewed highly to the left and 95-99% of distributors end up losing money, but is this inherent in the system or a case of the system creators in-building high-priced goods and slim commission margins?\n\nIf there was a more benevolent MLM founder who would offer at least 30% of distributor make their money back in the long run and instead of him earning $5m a year he cut the top earning bracket to $300K or something by using better redistributive commission rates and incentive programs, as well as decreasing margins with cheaper product, could this work?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-175576", "score": 0.5982179641723633, "text": "1 - If an item is \"on sale\" 100% of the time, then it's not on sale. That's just it's regular retail price. So a business can't lure people in with \"on sale\" when it's not an actual special reduced sale price. That's considered bait and switch. & #x200B; 2 - Prices are increased to cover the cost of sales and rebates. & #x200B;", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-658067", "score": 0.5981631875038147, "text": "I live in a suburb. I go to the grocery store once a week/once every two weeks, and buy a ton of stuff that requires many bags, including things like milk or toilet paper or whatnot. This means multiple trips from the car to the house.\n\nI have no idea what life is like in big cities, but I do know that a lot of people take subways/taxis/ubers/bikes? Possibly to the grocery store? Does that mean you have all your groceries with you on the subway? What if you want a lot of things? How about when it's time to go up to the 700th floor of your apartment; do you just carry everything into the elevator, balanced like some sort of cartoon and hope for the best? Do you leave the items sitting in the car/floor and make separate trips? Do people just not buy a lot of things and go to grocery stores more often throughout the week?\n\nAm I just over thinking this? Thanks so much!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1358763", "score": 0.5981467962265015, "text": "I recently got a chance to sign a lease at a restaurant that is at a corner with two universities within walking distance in the area. As well as corporate offices around. Some things I should mention 3 tenants have gone in and failed. The first guy I can see why he did zero marketing to the universities and sold horrible food. I studied at one of the colleges there and know what they like. The rent is $3700.00 a month. I never been involved in the food biz before so is there room for a profit considering the rent being this much?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-132468", "score": 0.5980308651924133, "text": "Possibility 1: more stores than you think are fronts for laundering illegal money. #2. could be a specialty store with a loyal local customer base. #3. Best buy may have made a series of bad decisions.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-69352", "score": 0.597981870174408, "text": "I worked at a major retailer in highschool. Roughly 2% of the purchase price on a swiped credit card transactions goes to the merchant in fees. Debit cards is lower, .5% I believe. So I spend $100 at your store. You cut VISA a $2 check. Our store did roughly $80,000 in sales a month. $1,600 in merchant fees. Now American Express and discover have higher rates. 3-4%. If you pull out that card to pay, over a month, that's an extra $800-900. Most merchants bet on the fact that 9/10 customers using said card have others like VISA. So they take a small hit in sales, that is less than the fees they would have lost. Fun fact:. This is why some places charge extra to buy gas with a card, or a $5 min credit card purchase", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-6586", "score": 0.5979447960853577, "text": "There are two sides to the businesses. The products, and the MLM. Many of the companies sell actual products that people want to buy and will even pay a premium for. My wife buys the lip-sense stuff and swears by it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2419229", "score": 0.5979025959968567, "text": "Bargaining and negotiating at the African and Asian markets seems like so much work when all you want is fresh food, for example. If I can afford the prices, why should I waste 20 minutes arguing to make it 20 cents cheapers? But then I feel like the seller may make it even cheaper for the next customer and I'm the one getting ripped off.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-129227", "score": 0.5978350043296814, "text": "To do so would require collusion between several companies, agreeing to fix prices. That's illegal in most countries. If you tried it only in countries where price fixing is legal, and I can't think of any, it would stick out like a sore thumb.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2369009", "score": 0.5978330373764038, "text": "It's crazy how well Kmart Australia is doing compared to its former American parent. \n\nThree new stores in Melbourne opened over the past month. One new store is opening in Queensland in August, too.\n\nUp to 90 Target stores will be converted to Kmart over the next year. Target is doing very poorly because it has been cannibalised by Kmart.\n\nAround 10 years ago, Kmart Australia changed direction by moving towards stocking mostly high volume, store-brand merchandise, and removing many low volume specialty products. For example, Kmart here no longer sells TVs, video games, DVDs, garden plants, car batteries or paint products. Aside from their confectionery section, you would be hard pressed to find a name brand in the store. \n\nOnly a few name brand items come to mind that they still sell - Hard drives, mobile phones, USB flash drives, Shell motor oil and Kodak photo printing. \n\nThe store brand model means that they sell stuff really, *really* cheap. And the stuff is pretty good value for the price, too. They pay influencers (targeting \"Kmart mums\") to promote their new products online, which has worked well to build up this image that Kmart isn't downmarket despite being really cheap.\n\nKmart stores in Australia currently have stock shortages due to the pandemic causing a huge increase in demand. Word on the street is that Kmart has done one year's worth of sales in the past three months, while Target has actually dropped sales compared to last year. \n\nMany Kmart stores are normally open 24 hours a day, but due to the shortages restricted trading hours continue even as coronavirus restrictions have eased.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-51364", "score": 0.5978001356124878, "text": "Uber signs up restaurants and gets them to agree to a revenue share. This means that for every order the restaurant gets from Uber eats, Uber takes about 20%. The restaurant doesn't have to pay for delivery drivers, and can theoretically reach a much larger customer base, so it can make fiscal sense for the restaurant to agree to these terms. I have also heard that Uber eats is testing out a pricing model where the restaurant pays a per mile delivery charge, based on how far away the customer is located. I am not sure if this is their future model or just a test but it's another way to potentially make money.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2314306", "score": 0.5977907776832581, "text": "Is Amazon going to leverage their Whole Foods facilities to run a door delivery grocery service? \n\nI know they already exist, but what are some public companies that have some growing segments providing this service? \n\nIMO this is a massively untapped market. There are scores of people that probably already have it in some form, and it won't take much to convince people who have little time to grocery shop to just use these services. They will be strong even on the other side of the virus, which might also change consumer habits.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-175421", "score": 0.5977516770362854, "text": "It's basically to get people to go to different parts of the store, instead of just beelining to the exact thing thing they're after they now have to hunt for it and will end up being exposed to new stuff.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-96877", "score": 0.5977150201797485, "text": "I'll do my best, though I have a somewhat ameturish knowledgebase myself. Explaining it **like you're five**. Lets say that you own a store. You want to have customers, so you set nice and low prices. It works and people come and buy your stuff. This is great but you need to make some money. You want to find out: If you raise the price by a little bit, will your customers still want to buy it? So you do some asking around. For some things, like bottled water, people are OK with paying a little more. On paper clips, people are totally against it and won't buy from you. To wrap up the analogy, the demand for the bottled water would be \"inelastic,\" because people still wanted it after the price went up. The demand for paper clips would be \"elastic\" because people weren't as willing to pay the higher price. We use those terms because if someone wants something less because the price is higher, they're flexible. Elastic. They want it, but not *that* bad. And vice versa.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2392092", "score": 0.5977051258087158, "text": "For their Black Friday promotion, they made it so that you could give them $5, and then check a box acknowledging that you understood that you were just giving them $5, and getting nothing in return. Over 14,000 people \"purchased\" absolutely nothing for $5 each. \n \nI'm in the wrong business. \n \n", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-892759", "score": 0.5976959466934204, "text": "He purchased it in secret in the hopes of generating more income. He's waiting to tell his family about it until he can come up with an idea that doesn't immediately flop. This would explain why every new store name happens to be a play on words as Bob loves a good pun.\n\nEdit: So, as a very casual browser of this sub, I'm a little intimidated by the the seriousness of these responses. This was kind of just something I posted as a whim. I didn't really put any thought or research into this beyond \"huh, that would be neat\".", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2389639", "score": 0.5976796746253967, "text": "At this point its ridiculous. Its been close to two years since they started closing down stores and running out of stock. Last time i checked they are still holding onto the \"vendor switch\" story for dear life. What reason do they have to keep denying it?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-55690", "score": 0.5976430773735046, "text": "The mere fact that you know that fly Emirate exists as a brand is proof that their advertising worked. Advertising increases future sales through brand recognition. People is more likely to buy something they recognize regardless of value or quality.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-28761", "score": 0.5976390242576599, "text": "In some cases it devalues their product. It makes since they can't give it to would be customers or else the customers would just wait till closing and take free food. That said I have no clue why they can't donate to homeless shelters etc.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-752", "score": 0.782423198223114, "text": "There are a couple of reasons I can think of. 1. A lease is nearly a 100% write off as it is an expense. If a company gets a loan on the building only the interest would be a write off. 2. Buying a building with cash locks in a lot of capital to a single asset. Capital that could be used for other ways of increasing productivity. 3. Selling a building can be a long drawn out process depending on the market. So if a business decided to move they would have a difficult time scheduling that when compared to a lease where they know when the lease is up and can plan accordingly." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-7058", "score": 0.7386940121650696, "text": "Commercial real estate often deals with long-term leases - 5 years rather than the 6-12mo leases you see with residential. There is often a significant amount of work that will be done, often by the land lord, customizing the space for the needs of a new client. Also, in business, you seldom want to deal with the customer that insists on the cheapest price. They're generally entitled pains in the ass that start expecting every last thing for free. Not to mention that a business that's got a problem with a few hundred dollars per month in rent doesn't appear to be on sound footing - no property owner wants to have a tenant go out of business half way through a 5 year lease, leaving the property owner to clean up all the mess.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-77313", "score": 0.7243637442588806, "text": "Most cities have zoning laws that dictate what sorts of uses are allowed in certain areas. But on the other hand I don't think it's unusual for big cities to have buildings that combine office and residential, or office with hotel. And people often renovate old warehouses or other industrial buildings for use as condos or apartments.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-154212", "score": 0.7233314514160156, "text": "It's usually the only time they can raise rent - rates are typically set for the term of the lease. As for loyalty... corporations don't have feelings, only profits and losses.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-117694", "score": 0.7209927439689636, "text": "Because big business is out to make money and profits, not to make places \"attractive\" for people to live. If there's no profit or cost savings for companies in moving into those cities, there's no reason for big business to move there.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-64933", "score": 0.7192792892456055, "text": "Big cities have more people so it's easier to find skilled workers. Cheap rent is meaningless if you can't find people to use the space. Big cities have a bunch of other businesses so it's easy to find customers and business partners. Cheap rent is meaningless if you can't make business deals.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-135413", "score": 0.718508780002594, "text": "Most churches own their buildings outright. Most retail stores pay rent. When you own a building that was paid for by previous congregations, cost to operate it are largely independent of attendance. When you rent retail space, the rent doesn't go down because you have fewer customers, so you fold and a new store takes over.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2613521", "score": 0.7107828855514526, "text": "Greetings,\n\nIn my area I have noticed a few large retailers go under and their properties being put up for lease/sale. This appears to be a trend in other areas as well, so that brings up my question. What are some businesses that can prosper in old, massive retail space? \n\nThank-you", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-181388", "score": 0.7057237029075623, "text": "Business owners just pay rent for the building space (very rarely they might have ownership in the mall but that's not common). So if the mall closes they close too, simple as that in most cases. Employees and owner need to find something else to do.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-72747", "score": 0.7018437385559082, "text": "Proximity to employees and clients alike. Downtown areas are typically within close driving distance of most housing areas in a city and if all of your clients have offices in the same buildings or same neighborhood block, it makes that building / block infinitely more valuable for you. You'll notice though that typically only businesses like accounting firms, law firms, insurance companies, financial companies, banks, etc keep offices in downtown locales. Tech and industry usually goes to the suburbs because they don't require as close proximity to clients and customers.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-103055", "score": 0.7017161846160889, "text": "Ultimately, because there's only so much demand for office space in lower Manhattan right now. There's no sense building a building that's twice as big as the amount of floor space you can rent out.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-41488", "score": 0.699557363986969, "text": "Low commercial rent doesn't attract retail / storefronts nearly as much as low residential rent attracts tenants. What business would want to save $1000/month on rent but move from an upscale shopping plaza to a run-down strip mall a mile away? They could easily lose more than $1000/month in business.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1564842", "score": 0.6994836330413818, "text": "I'm in a little bit of a bind here. I secured some office space and a showroom for a consumer electronics store I have had planned. I have been selling and servicing satellite television and internet for a few years and decided I could use a show room to carry other consumer electronics and provide PC service graphic design and web development services as well. As it turned out, my contracts with some of my distributors fell through. Roughly around the same time, the guy who wanted to run the web dev/graphic design/PC repair decided he didn't want to give up the security of his full-time job to pursue his own business (understandable). \n\nSo here I am, with 1000 square ft. I don't need. It's really draining my cashflow and making sustainability seem pretty unlikely. I have a few ideas of other possible ventures for the space, but I don't want to risk what I have now by diverting my time and attention to another venture out of desperation.\n\nI'm in a three year lease that will probably cost me quite a bit to break. Should I try to sub-lease (which will likely take months and add to my responsibilities)? Any suggestions will be greatly appreciated. \n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-8471", "score": 0.6980609893798828, "text": "Lease payments are deductible business expenses. Leasing property or equipment reduces a company's taxable income dollar-for-dollar. A building owned by the company is an asset. Depreciation reduces taxable income, as well as does interest on loans taken to acquire business assets, but in general leasing is the better option for tax purposes. Of course, there is less risk involved with leasing than with ownership. Ask anyone who has moved to a new house while being unable to sell the old one.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-507146", "score": 0.695370078086853, "text": "Form what I've heard, in order for a chosen store to become SOF, their leasers have to pay for about a quarter to a half of the cost. Problem is that there is no way our leasers are gonna do that because there are about literally 200 other stores in the outdoor complex. We've been there almost since the beginning but it wouldn't be fair to give one store 250K while the others don't. The most I guess they could do is give us a little mercy on the rent whenever businesses might get low.\n\nThis is a problem OD might not have thought of...", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-47030", "score": 0.6915359497070312, "text": "Because they are the targets of a lot of crime and fraud. Theft rings, employee fraud, these things can cost a company millions. Having their own crime lab is a pretty easy business decision.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-39226", "score": 0.691231369972229, "text": "You save money on taxes because now it is a business deductible. You usually dont save money immediately on the lease, but later when your taxes are due.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-122544", "score": 0.6903644800186157, "text": "So basically, if you ran a company and wanted to store a lot of, say, sales data or whatever, you had to build your own data center full of servers to host that data. However, since data storage and transferring data over the internet is becoming cheaper and safer, some companies have begun to rent space on their servers out. It turns out it's way cheaper and offers you way more flexibility to store your data on someone else's servers rather than to build your own. It's no different than how companies will use UPS to ship stuff because hiring their own drivers and buying their own trucks is less cost effective. Many top CIOs say that the largest cloud providers (Amazon, Microsoft's Azure, etc.) are actually more secure than their own internal data centers since they have much more money to invest in security.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1359990", "score": 0.686848521232605, "text": "I've been renting space for my business for the last 10 years and I'm now in a financial spot where I could buy a building for my business and give up renting. I've tried to do some googling into the tax implications of this and whether or not it would be good financial investment long term but I'm having a hard time figuring it out. I would appreciate any advice people could give.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-119765", "score": 0.6852366328239441, "text": "I believe it result as an engineering/building cost versus business projection maximisation/minimisation problem of some sort. You have some land, you want to build both the biggest and cheapest building you can get, taking into account both possible growth in the future and even possible belt-tightening ( so the capital growth of the building itself matters if you have to sell up). And these are the heights that result. Because up to a point, getting the extra height doesn't cost \"much more\". And you want the freedom to be able to turn it into a storage facility with much higher storage racks, or to sell it to a developer who can see how they can cheaply turn it into multiple floors of office space. The bank evaluation and resale value is also a consideration when burrowing to build and in looking to the future (as you can burrow against the value of your building assets).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1137666", "score": 0.6851434111595154, "text": "The idea is intriguing: office/warehouse space is generally cheaper than a similarly-sized apartment/house. If you've done this or know someone who has, what are the benefits and drawbacks? Is the idea worth further exploration?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-753", "score": 0.7431856393814087, "text": "Muhammad is considered by Muslims to be the final prophet in a long like of prophets beginning with the roots of Judaism, moving through Christianity and ending with the final updates from the Almighty coming through Muhammad. Muslims view Jesus much like how Christianity views Jewish prophets like Moses or Elijah, important but not most important." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-121868", "score": 0.7021065354347229, "text": "From _URL_0_: > The prohibition again illustrating the Prophet Mohammed began as a attempt to ward off idol worship, which was widespread in Islam's Arabian birthplace. But in recent years, that prohibition has taken on a deadly edge. > A central tenet of Islam is that Mohammed was a man, not God, and that portraying him could lead to revering a human in lieu of Allah. > \"It's all rooted in the notion of idol worship,\" says Akbar Ahmed, who chairs the Islamic Studies department at American University. \"In Islam, the notion of God versus any depiction of God or any sacred figure is very strong.\"", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1634321", "score": 0.7018772959709167, "text": "As I understand, the prophets of Islam, Judaism and Christianity are revered by Baha'is. What does this mean, and how does the Baha'i view of them differ from Muslim or Christian views of their prophets?\n\nOne thing that got me intrigued was something I read on Iranica about Baha'u'llah: \n&gt;\"In his youth Mīrzā Ḥosayn-ʿAlī demonstrated pacifist tendencies, and was disturbed when he read an account of the early Muslim execution of the Banū Qorayẓa in Medina (Bahāʾ-Allāh, in Ešrāq Ḵāvarī, ed., Māʾeda-ye āsmānī VII, p. 136).\"\n\nIf you don't know, the Banu Qurayza were a tribe that the prophet Muhammad's army defeated in a war. After their defeat, Muhammad had all the men of the tribe beheaded, then the women and children were taken as slaves (many were married off to men from the Muslim army). \n\nJudging by Baha'u'llah being disturbed by reading about Banu Qurayza, I take it to mean Baha'is view Muhammad differently from how Muslims view Muhammad, right? How exactly do Baha'is revere or respect Muhammad?\n\nI am just curious because Baha'i teachings and ethics seem very 'pure' and even modern. They seem to be in stark contrast to many of the teachings by prophets in the Bible, or of Muhammad. What I mean to get at is, how do Baha'is respect and revere such figures as prophets, if they also find accounts of their lives disturbing or immoral (e.g. Muhammad's treatment of the Banu Qurayza tribe)?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-234117", "score": 0.6992062926292419, "text": "Yes and no. Early Muslims did make depictions of Muhammad. The belief that he should not be drawn predated the depictions and is based on his own statements. In short, there were many depictions despite the prohibition. Which isn't too surprising, people simply reinterpreted the command to prohibit depictions made to worship him and carried on with their cultural practice.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1789025", "score": 0.6986090540885925, "text": "I know all the levels on which this could be taken as an insult, and I'm not meaning any of them. I'm not suggesting that the One God is **actually** a djinn or that the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was **intentionally** lying. \n\nI mean this to be an actual question of epistemology. \n\nCould all of Muhammad's miracles have been performed by a smart, proud djinn? He would have supernatural power needed to fool many people, the ability to torment Muhammad with continual visions, the ability to create the Quran over the course of a man's life, and the motives for doing all of this (worldly and spiritual power with a following). It also seems completely feasible as long as you accept such supernatural entities.\n\nDisclaimer: \"Because I am a Muslim this is what I believe\" is an irrelevant answer. I'm asking how you come to accept the truth of a claim *specifically that the prophet Muhammad was speaking to Allah and not just a proud djinn*. Telling me \"I believe because I am a believer (of this specific kind)\" just avoids the answer. \n\nEdited in Second Disclaimer: If something I said *is* offensive, please point it out. I'd rather know I made a mistake than do it again.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-76363", "score": 0.6982653141021729, "text": "One of the central tenets of Islam is the idea that \"there is no god but god.\" Many Muslims believe that pictures of Muhammad serve to deify him by creating an idol that people will worship instead of god. Naming a kid Muhammad doesn't have that effect.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1634577", "score": 0.6952618956565857, "text": "EDIT- Okay, so Muslims and Christians have different views regarding Jesus/Isa 's life and his resurrection, but Jesus/Isa is still one person. What are they going to do when he returns? Will only one group side with him, what'll the other one do?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-80998", "score": 0.6949891448020935, "text": "Abraham was the first prophet, hence Abrahamic religions. Yahweh, God, and Allah are all the same deity. Judaism was the first established religion following Abraham (I'm pretty sure). Jesus was a Jew that claimed to be the son of Yahweh and savior of man, like the person the Jews were supposed to be waiting for. Jews didn't like that, crucifixion, etc. So Jesus' followers broke off from Judaism and called themselves Christians, followers of Christ. A couple hundred years later there is this guy named Mohammad who doesn't like how people fell away from the Abrahamic God. He goes out during Ramadan to fast and pray and is revealed a whole bunch from Yahweh/God/Allah. Rides his flying horse hybrid beast from Mecca to Jerusalem and back in 5 minutes (not really but super fast). Gets elected to lead a bunch of tribes in Medina, starts conquering non-Abrahamic tribes and engulfing them into Allah's will. Islam starts.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-74565", "score": 0.6941633224487305, "text": "OK, so , Muslims believe that their god sent a prophet with his true message. That was Mohammed. So, after Mohammed died, the church couldn't decide who should take over, who would carry on the only real message from god on how to live, etc. There were two front runners, Mohammed's brother, and Mohammed's uncle. And there is the first rift in their religious beliefs. Sunni, or shi'ite. Brother, or uncle. That's not literal translation, its just the basic idea behind it. There you have it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-149701", "score": 0.6927634477615356, "text": "It really comes down to the idea of idolatry. \"You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth\" If you think about Christianity and almost every Church you have been to, they have, in some form or another, a \"graven idol\" of Christ. Whether this be a cross or artwork of him is no different. It is a graven idol. This is one of the 10 commandments and Muslims feel that depictions of Muhammad promote idol worship, where it is explicitly forbidden. They are not \"scared\" per se, it is simply against the commandment of God. At least that is what I have been informed of.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-229967", "score": 0.692603349685669, "text": "Prohibitions on depicting Muhammad arose as a reaction to perceived idolatry; other religious traditions in the Near East were accused of worshiping graven images of their gods, and an Islamic taboo was developed to prevent such practices from creeping in to the religion and to underline the distinction between monotheistic and pre-Islamic practices. Since there was no such custom related to naming people after gods or prophets, there never arose a taboo against the practice.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-207675", "score": 0.692254364490509, "text": "Adding on to Potterarchy's fine explanation, allow me to pointlessly add that Arabic has two words for Jesus. One, Yasu', is used solely by Arabic-speaking Christians of the Syriac, Maronite, Chaldean, and Coptic communities to refer to Jesus as Christian savior. This is clearly a version of the Greek Iesou. The other, 'Isa, is used by Muslims and appears over fifty times in the Qur'an to refer to the Muslim conception of Jesus as the second-to-last prophet chosen by God to communicate His word to mankind. The word emerges from the Arabian Peninsula in this form, derived from the Greek in some way that is perhaps more complicated. Both words are understood by Arabic (and Persian) speakers to refer to the same person, but the usage of one or the other marks one as an adherent of a particular religion.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1634822", "score": 0.6917896270751953, "text": "I mean, let's be honest here. Christians used to be intolerant as well, if someone drew a cartoon insulting Jesus during, 15th-16th century, the church would have burned them alive. But later Christians learned to become tolerant, &amp; today if you make a portrait of gay Jesus, they won’t do anything to you. However, most muslims are still intolerant, to this day if someone insults Muhammad or draw his cartoon, there will be protests, riots &amp; attacks.\n\nWhy is that? Why have today’s christians become tolerant but muslims haven’t? What were the factors that made Christians tolerant? &amp; how long will it take for muslims to become more tolerant?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1633610", "score": 0.6917111277580261, "text": "\n\n&gt;By consequence, it is now widely recognized in Western scholarship on Islamic origins that almost nothing conveyed by the early Islamic sources can\nbe taken at face value, and indeed, most of what these narratives relate concerning Muhammad and his earliest followers must be regarded with deep suspicion.1 As no less of an authority than Marshall Hodgson concludes, \"On the face of it, the documentation transmitted among Muslims about his life is rich and detailed; but we have learned to mistrust most of it; indeed, the most respected early Muslim scholars themselves pointed out its untrustworthiness\" (Hodgson 1974, 160). Yet despite this widely held recognition, it is peculiar that so many modern scholars have continued to write as if nothing has changed. Any number of introductory works on Islam or biographies of Muhammad\npresent only a very lightly edited, more or less uncritical version of the traditional Islamic narratives of Muhammad's life, the sīra traditions.2\n\n&gt;Such passages are understood as Muhammad's\ndirect cancellation of his earlier focus on eschatological immediacy. In this way, the Qur'ān's ethical teaching and its program for the early Islamic community are made to emerge as the true core of Muhammad's message. Admittedly, this hypothesis effectively resolves an apparent tension within the Qur'ān: its frequent warnings of impending eschatological doom can seem difficult to reconcile with the parallel concern to define the nature and structure of the early community. Such attention to details of social and political order would appear\nto be contradicted by the belief that the world itself would soon pass away, a dissonance that Bell, Watt, and others have chosen to resolve by determining the priority of the former. Yet a comparison with formative Christianity suggests that any such conflict may be more imagined than real: the writings of the New Testament often show concern for defining and maintaining a well-ordered community, even in the face of the world's impending judgment and destruction.18 One would assume such ideas could similarly coexist in earliest Islam.\n\n\n&gt;Perspectives from New Testament studies are also helpful for understanding the different shades of urgency with which certain passages from the Qur'ān proclaim the Hour's impending arrival. The sayings of Jesus occasionally exhibit similar ambivalence regarding the Kingdom's immediacy: although most statements about the Kingdom proclaim its immediacy, a minority tradition suggests\nthat its coming should be expected further into the future. Innumerable studies have examined this eschatological tension in the Gospels, with the clear majority concluding that the historical Jesus preached the world's imminent judgment, heralding the eschaton's arrival within the lifespan of his earliest followers.19 By applying the same principles to analysis of the Qur'ān, one finds that Muhammad and his earliest followers seem to have similarly believed that their generation would live to see the end of the world.20", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-32317", "score": 0.6886352896690369, "text": "Not going in-depth with the religion, but the idea behind the picture of Muhammad is that it would be an idol, and the religion prohibits worshipping idols. Naming your child Muhammad isn't creating an idol.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1636176", "score": 0.6884169578552246, "text": "i've read that muhammad did beheadings ,massacres,amputations, torture ,rape ,child molesation and assasinations that would be considered evil and inspite of this why muslims love so much or love more themselves or their family and ready to give life for his honour?\n\nwhat is psychology behind it \n\nare most muslims aware of his bad things he done? as i see in many youtube videos of muhammad were muslims call him he is best man ,best husband ,best father ,the liberator of women's right ,best leader etc \n\nand is muslim's devotion similar to kim jong un,mao zedong like cult personalities ?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-47552", "score": 0.6877221465110779, "text": "Islam is an Abrahamic religion, which means it's based on the same mythos as Judaism, Christianity, and a few others. Much of it tells the same basic story as the Old Testament--it has the same prophets and such--and it recognizes Jesus as a prophet, though not as the son of god. Mary (mother of Jesus, not the other one) is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran, and she is quite revered. On top of that, they added stuff about Muhammad. You can think of it in movie terms: Judaism is the original, Christianity is the feel-good sequel, Islam is the gritty reboot...and Mormonism is fan fiction ;-) And as noted, there are indeed \"love everyone\" parts and \"kill everyone who isn't you\" parts, just like every other religious text, and as in all other religions, followers cherry-pick the parts they like.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1633850", "score": 0.6858676671981812, "text": "I know there isn't one 'Islam' from one perspective, but in another there is. Sunni's and Shiites split pretty early on, but one thing they all agree on is that Mohammed was The Prophet. Regardless of what views or opposition Muslim groups hold towards each other, they are united in their belief in Mohammed. Islam is thus the **Religion of Mohammed**, and all Muslims are **Followers of Mohammad's Teachings and Examples**. This is not good, as I'll explain why\n\nMohammed was a conqueror. Quick wikipedia searches show he put men, women and children to the sword, beheaded people who wouldnt convert and join him, and personally spread and facilitated mans worst calamity, War. He started battles to spread his empire which *killed people*. Regardless of what later hadiths say, what the theologians from 900-1200AD say, all of that can be dismissed as later interpertations. What unites all Muslims is their love and reverence for Mohammed and his actions, The Prophet. \n\nSo, cultural relativism? We shouldn't judge those in the 6th century by the standards of today? Sure. But we also then shouldn't worship them and their teachings. Ultimately regardless of what the Quran says, hadiths say, Mohammeds personal teachings by example are above all. And someone who attempts to create their own empire by war, leads armies and beheads non believers, will always be the truest Muslims, as they are simply following in The Prophet's footsteps. \n_____\n\n&gt; *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki]( *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1634403", "score": 0.6853795051574707, "text": "Muhammad was from Mecca, a city whose main industry was pilgrimage (and obviously it still is now). Everyone in the city basically made money by providing lodgings to the pilgrims selling little trinkets of whatever god or prophet they were into.\n\nMuhammad was from the L. Ron Hubbard school of \"if you want to really make some money, start a religion\". And so he did.\n\nBut he didn't want any podunk merchant to be able to make money selling trinkets with his likenesses (i.e. like every single shop in Rome today sells Jesus junk).\n\nThis was his racket, and his alone. So what he did is he wrote right into the Koran that anyone who made a likeness of him should be put to death (paraphrase).\n\nIt was the world's first example of trademarking. Pretty smart.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-212886", "score": 0.6837191581726074, "text": "It was a relatively common term in the early 20th century, both popularly and in academia (e.g. Schacht's *On the Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence*). It has fallen into disfavor on the grounds that: 1. It is misleading (as it suggests a falsely analogous role of Muhammad in \"Muhammadanism\" as Christ in Christianity) 2. It is not what practitioners of this religion call themselves 3. Combining 1 and 2 it is both patronizing (an example of orientalism) as well potentially offensive, and needlessly so. Moreover, outside of a historical reference or quotation I can't really think of any useful reason to use Muhammadan rather than Muslim. This is in contrast to other terms that might trip all three issues I raised above but that nonetheless continue to serve some descriptive or other purpose.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-174320", "score": 0.6837005615234375, "text": "There is an inescapable problem with Islam, and that is that the Prophet was a very violent man. He had to be, as the warlord of a community that was fighting for its survival, but that still makes him a very poor moral figure by modern Western standards. His sexual behaviour is also extremely worrying, again by modern standards. According to the Hadith, he consummated his marriage to Aisha when she was nine, having married her when she was six. The obvious conclusion to draw from this was that Muhammad was waiting for her to begin menstruation, which in a medieval worldview was the moment a girl became a woman. Any way you look at it, it's still a fifty-year-old man putting his penis in a nine-year-old girl, and this is the man a billion people hail as the perfect human being.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-755", "score": 0.7657036185264587, "text": "I'm afraid that there's no really satisfying answer to this. The brain is incredibly hard to study, for a variety of reasons -- you can't just go poking around in it at will, you can't raise human beings in ideal experimental conditions because it's cruel, studies on animals will never take into account the complexity of human emotion and thought, we haven't even been studying it for very long, etc etc. We're still totally in the dark about a *lot* of things regarding mental illness and behaviour. So there is no way anyone today can sit down and explain the simple direct causes of depression uncontroversially. What we do know is that yes, there are biological changes in the brains of people who suffer from it, and yes, there are a number of genetic and environmental factors that make a person more likely to suffer from it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-183371", "score": 0.7272587418556213, "text": "Serotonin and norepinephrine are the chemicals in the body used to keep your mood \"normal\" they also play a role in pain. When someomes depressed these chemicals are out of wack and the body and mind act in a negative way.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-191896", "score": 0.7272420525550842, "text": "From an article on Medical News Today: \"People with depression are more likely to experience fatigue, and people with chronic fatigue are more likely to become depressed, creating a cycle that can be hard to break. Potential causes of depression fatigue include sleep problems, diet, stress, and even the medications used to treat depression.\" Because depression messes with the chemicals in your brain, it can not only affect your thinking but your other nervous system functions as well. Think about when you were super tired, like maybe pulled an all-nighter or had the flu and could barely make yourself move. Depression can sap your energy with the same effect, by interfering with your brain's ability to regulate energy in the body. It can cause flu-like body aches, for instance.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2436557", "score": 0.7270860075950623, "text": "How can you tell the difference between depression &amp; if you are just unhappy with your life? If you know you’d be happy living a different life, are you actually depressed &amp; need medication or just need to pack a bag &amp; go?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-273656", "score": 0.7270324230194092, "text": "I think the honest answer is that from a neurochemical perspective, nobody knows. Depression is still incredibly poorly understood. It's very possible that depressive states coincide with some sort of neurotransmitter imbalance that causes that tired feeling, but we just can't say for sure yet. From a psychological perspective, I think it's just a kind of negative feedback loop. You feel sad and therefore not exactly enthusiastic about doing anything, so you lie in bed or sit on the couch for hours, so your body goes into rest mode, which makes you less interested in doing things, which makes you more depressed.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1411017", "score": 0.7269450426101685, "text": "Sadness is a feeling, you feel sadness when something you don't like is happening in your life. Sadness never lasts for long, but depression.... depression is something much more serious.\n\nMost people assume that there is a specific cause to depression and sometimes there is a cause... maybe someone important in your life passed away, or maybe you have had your heart broken, or abused, and other things, this and that, but most of the time there isn't a specific cause to depression. Even if someone has a perfect life they can STILL be depressed.\n\nSometimes it's genetic and other things like that BUT most of the time, those very unfortunate, select few are chosen to have depression.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-101041", "score": 0.7263728380203247, "text": "I guess being sad in a way would be a lack of happiness. For example, if your body doesn't produce enough serotonin or dopamine (happiness chemicals). So I suppose it takes effort and stimulation to produce more of these chemicals. This would be a simple explanation. Your brain is very complex. Nothing in your brain is that simple.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2532477", "score": 0.7257960438728333, "text": "So I know that you can commit suicide if you have the \"Depressed\" trait.\n\nWhat's the easiest way of obtaining that trait? I know it seems to trigger naturally, but are there other ways (like going from Stressed-&gt;Depressed or something)?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1948718", "score": 0.7253757119178772, "text": "I think it's worth having a conversation about the way we use \"depression\" to describe things, how we mean it, how others mean it, how we take it, how it relates to suicide, and thoes sorts of things.\n\nIn no particular order, there is the clinical kind and the existential kind.\n\nThe clinical kind would be that your brain's chemistry is literally not tuned to provide the \"normal\" human experience. As far as I understand, this is the kind all the doctors and psychiatrists are trying to battle.\n\nThen there's the existential kind, that is super nebulous because it's extremely varied in kind, but seems to arise from reasoning about things rather than wonky brain chemistry.\n\nThe two are not always mutually exclusive and the trouble seems to be overlapping symptoms that people tend to lump all into one category or another.\n\nI'm curious about how each of you sees yourself with regards to depression, whether you might use that label for yourself, or not, and how you might apply it to others? How might the two be distinguished, if you think there is a distinction to be made.\n\nI think it's important to have this conversation when deciding what kind of help people might want or need, or not want or reject, when contimplating suicide and if it's right for them or if it's moral for others to assist or prevent.\n\nSo I'm very interested in all your views - thanks!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-183020", "score": 0.7247689962387085, "text": "When it does start affecting mood you stop been numb. When your depression is making everything seem muted then when your emotions start coming back you feel like shit. Also a big problem with them and the reason they increase risk of suicide is because for the first few days/weeks they start to give you energy back but don't affect your mood yet. Problem is if you give a suicidally depressed person lots of energy they are more likely to go find a tall building to jump off instead of continue laying in bed like they were pre energy boost. If you think about it though it's not exactly rare that treatments for illnesses can be dangerous. Chemo is the most obvious example but there are also people who die from what we consider very minor stuff like getting thier tonsils removed.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-18047", "score": 0.7244121432304382, "text": "I explain it scientifically as a chemical imbalance in the brain. Causes problems with mood, interferes with how you feel or just give you nasty headaches. Most of the time OK, but sometimes don't do so well. Exactly like diabetes. I find people understand this very quickly, and separate the stigma from the illness. YMMV", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-12209", "score": 0.7243916988372803, "text": "In order to make that statement, you have to first prove conclusively that we know exactly where depression comes from. We don't. At best, we can say that a constellation of factors determines depression, and genetics are one factor of many. Before people go nuts on genetics, remember that: - \"Family\" factors like poverty, poor access to educational opportunities, poor access to good food, poor access to green spaces, poor access to employment opportunities, poor access to recreational and social activities, and other community-level concerns correlate significantly with mental illnesses and effect everyone, not just one or two people here and there. - Children learn how to cope with problems and set-backs from parents and other important adults. Sorry to be blunt, but a lot of adults unintentionally pass on some pretty unhelpful coping skills.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-53185", "score": 0.7242214679718018, "text": "One effect of depression is a lack of motivation or ability to accomplish things. Often, when you start antidepressants, your motivation starts to come back before your actual depression starts to get better. So, you're still just as depressed, but you finally have enough motivation and energy to do something about it, ergo, a spike in suicides in people who have recently started antidepressants.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-79558", "score": 0.7242196798324585, "text": "These medications affect your brain. Anything that alters the chemistry in your brain causes significant change to mood and psychology. These changes are very unpleasant until you get used to it. Especially with things like anti-anxiety, anti-depression, and bipolar medications. You've lived with these conditions for a long time. Any changes to them can be very disruptive and upsetting.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-109548", "score": 0.7236551642417908, "text": "Because your brain is sick, so it makes you sad when there is no reason to be sad. So you try and you try and you try to be happy but it does not work because your brain is sick. Just like if you have the flu, you can try and try and try to feel better but it won't work, because you're sick. So people with depression go and see a special doctor and sometimes take pills if the doctor orders. It can sometimes takes years and years to get better. Then you tell her that if she ever feels very very sad, and can't seem to get happy she can come talk to you. It's important to talk to people when you get super sad because your brain might be sick and playing tricks on you. She can talk to you about it because you understand and might be able to help her.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-57071", "score": 0.722784161567688, "text": "The same way a successful human can come down with cancer or heart-disease. The brain is physical; depression is a physical condition. It is better to think of it as brain disease rather than a problem of attitude and outlook.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-83196", "score": 0.7224052548408508, "text": "Depression is one of those things that creeps up on ya and kills your ability to realise that you are depressed. A few ways to tell if you may be clinically depressed: You are bored all of the time, nothing is interesting or exciting. Things that you typically enjoy are no longer fun and you can't tell why. You are lethargic. It can even be a struggle to get out of bed. There are many more symptoms than that, those are the symptoms I get when i'm getting depressed.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-302387", "score": 0.722306489944458, "text": "Depression is hereditary in the sense that a family history of depression also increases your risk of depression. However, this is a correlation, not a causation. It's not like hair colour or colour blindness or other \"biological characteristics\" in the sense that there's a specific gene for it that we can trace.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1410073", "score": 0.721113383769989, "text": "There has to be a reason that we get depressed. \nIs it a cultural thing? \nDo some countries experience more depression than others? \nDo people is cities have more depression that people in the country? \nIs diet involved? \nDoes it have something to do with being around so many people all day, but not being connected to them in any way? \nDoes it have something to do with having some many unrealistic examples to compare ourselves to, and always falling short? \nDoes it have anything to do with never being able to be really and truly free, some form of authority always watching and judging? \nHow can this be a selected evolutionary trait? How could someone like me, who can barely get out of bed some days, have survived when being eaten by something else was a real possibility?\nNone of this makes any sense, but there must be some logic to it, some reason.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1357513", "score": 0.7205826044082642, "text": "I made this post but it got taken down so I’m going to reword in a different way so I can hear opinions because as a science major (not psychology) I’d love to hear what you guys think. This is mainly for chemically based depression or depression not caused by an outer source , situation or person.\n\n1. Serotonin , with the drugs prescribed mainly for depression it would lead you to believe serotonin is a main factor in depression but a lot have study’s have proved this wrong for a majority of people. In other words new evidence shows that starving someone of nutrients needed to make serotonin have showed results that there is not much is at all a connection with serotonin and depression. Higher serotonin can make some people more depressed by hijacking dopamine and some people respond good to higher levels but levels of it in the brain doesn’t necessarily correspond with mood .\n\n2. Dopamine , the molecule known for goal focused behavior concentration and pleasure is Rarely looked at as being the first line assumption of what causes depression when depression usually (not every time ) causes apathy, loss of concentration , loss of sex drive , no goal focused behaviors , fatigue all symptoms of low dopamine levels and SSRIs given to people with dopamine deficiency can make someone worse in those aspects by the serotonin reuptake Essentially hijack dopamine receptors . Possibly the reason why suicide and worsening depression is a big black label on SSRIs? Not stating this asking for opinions.\n\n3. Hormones , boy this one hits home the worst depression I’ve ever encountered was by messing with hormones and testosterone it brought me to level I didn’t know I could possibly get that low , do you think hormones have a place in psychiatry ? I know if I don’t take my supplements now for low testosterone and higher estrogen prolactin issues ECT. I Can get really down more so than the drop from any dopamine or serotonin reup take inhibitor discontinuation . Thoughts ? \n\n4 . BDNF, being looked at by new ketamine therapy’s for depression directly correlated with BDNF levels in the brain . Example , most people get a about a week or 2 of relief from a single infusion and that’s the same amount of time that BDNF is raised from such chemicals . I have chronic pain and can attest to Memantine a cheaper medication that works in similar ways to ketamine Definitely helps pain and mood .\n\nI’d love to hear other thoughts and opinions on this considering it’s such a huge problem everywhere. I researched pretty heavily but if anything seems off here please correct me I’m tryin to learn more from professionals in this matter. \n\nThank you !", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-69256", "score": 0.7196313738822937, "text": "Depression causes you to feel sad or numb. Eating can give you a feeling of being \"happy\", but it's very short lived. We have a term for it - \"comfort food\". So people eat more, and generally unhealthy food. Or, depression can make you uninterested in normal activities, like eating. It just takes too much effort to make a meal and consume it. I've experienced both.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-756", "score": 0.7310829162597656, "text": "As the short-tempered, sleep-deprived parent of a new 10-week-old, I am honestly not sure it is possible to function on only a few hours sleep." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-110704", "score": 0.6944512724876404, "text": "Some people need more sleep, and some people need less sleep. So it would vary from person to person. That being said, assuming that 8 hours is enough for you, no, you wouldn't. Your body would try to save the energy it couldn't get from sleep by working more slowly—which is why you are more sluggish when tired—and even not working when you don't need it—which is why people who are really tired can space out—so any sleep deficit would be gone after a few days unless you were to not sleep again. It still generates stress, though, so obviously doing it is not recommended.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-49615", "score": 0.6940069198608398, "text": "The human body would simply adapt. Case in point: Before the advent of modern lighting and the standardized workday, people didn't even sleep in single 8-hour stretches. They'd work from sun-up to sun-down, sleep from approximately 8 PM to 12 MN, wake up, socialize for a couple of hours, and then sleep another 4 hours from 2 AM to sun-up. And this was considered entirely normal.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-316296", "score": 0.6933311223983765, "text": "Really? no one has an answer. It is a really good question. So not only different people need more or less sleep, the same person do as well within months, you may now need 8 hours of sleep but in a few months you may need 6, then you'll get back to 8..........", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-162045", "score": 0.6926412582397461, "text": "They are required to get up for work and school and so do not actually sleep as much as they want/need to sleep. But they do sleep to the natural point of waking when they have nothing forcing them to get up.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-162078", "score": 0.6919219493865967, "text": "My uneducated guess is a healthy person's natural day night cycle. Humans are naturally inclined to sleep when it's dark and stay awake when it's light out. With that in place for most people, if they fight sleep off enough during the night then when the sun rises it gives them a second wind in a way that tricks the body that it should be waking up. The body tries to stay awake but obviously the exhaustion will still compound and you won't actually be more rested. People with non-24 hour sleep disorders experience this regularly on a smaller level because their bodies don't properly trigger the night-time tiredness/day-time awakeness. /amateuranswer", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-269752", "score": 0.691055953502655, "text": "Per _URL_0_ it would appear that the brain switches into a different form of functionality when sleep deprived. Certain parts of the brain stop reacting normally(as compared to being wide awake), and other parts start over-reacting. The prefrontal cortex tends to become over-active and that could explain why our behaviors become more irratic and irrational as we become more and more exhausted. What I personally find most interesting though is the act of microsleep. Where the brain basically says 'fuck it' and just forces you into sleep for small moments of time, no matter what.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-269078", "score": 0.6907643675804138, "text": "In terms of simply transitioning from what we consider \"sleep\" to what we consider \"wake\", it can be very quick, on the order of milliseconds. As most people are aware, an alarm or disturbance can wake you very quickly. However, people experience grogginess upon first awakening (usually called \"sleep inertia\"), and this lasts considerably longer. On cognitive tests, people perform extraordinarily poorly if you test them immediately upon awakening -- worse even than when they are sleep deprived. Over the course of about 2 hours, sleep inertia asymptotically dissipates. _URL_1_ _URL_0_ Why sleep inertia occurs, we don't fully understand. One hypothesis is that it takes different brain regions different amounts of time to transition from sleep to wakefulness.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-76830", "score": 0.6904765963554382, "text": "When I was a kid sometimes I would have a night where I couldn't sleep or whatever, but then I eventually fall asleep and get like 2-3 hours, and I would wake get up and feel completely fine. I'm 22, which to most is still a time where you can get minimal sleep, but I already feel like I'm hitting a point where I need a lot more sleep. 6 hours doesn't even nearly cut it, 7 is decent but still not enough sometimes.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-161880", "score": 0.6891818642616272, "text": "Typing this from my head: Basically there's this thing called circadian rhythms that dictate when we sleep, eat and wake up, and so on. They vary from person to person. Oh and there are sleep cycles, 90-minute cycles where we cycle from light sleep to deep sleep and to light sleep. We need 2 hours of deep sleep each day, and with each 90-minute cycle we get something like 20 or 30 minutes of deep sleep.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-115841", "score": 0.68826824426651, "text": "There are two mechanisms your body uses for regulating sleep: circadian (you want to sleep at a certain time each day) and homeostatic (you want to sleep when you haven't slept for a while). Short naps probably won't do anything to your circadian cycle, but if you don't normally take them, your homeostatic mechanism will get confused.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-41200", "score": 0.6879881024360657, "text": "Everybody's body functions differently, if this works for you go for it. I personally sleep about 5-6 hours a night, 6.5 on a really good night. Back in the day before electricity many people went to sleep when the sun when down, slept about 3-4 hours, woke for an hour or two then slept another 3-4 hours waking up with the sun. That is called segmented sleep.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-57293", "score": 0.6872692704200745, "text": "There's no magic # of hours awake. It's not like there's this exact amount of hours that causes damage. That said, sleep is incredibly important for mind and body. Too little sleep, whether it's 24 hours consecutively or simply not getting enough sleep at one time (i.e. 8 hours awake, then 30m of sleep, then 8 awake then 30 alseep), can be damaging. There can be hallucinations, soreness, wear-and-tear on vital organs, etc. Your body can \"make up\" for sleep. For instance if Monday-Friday you only get 4-5 hrs a night then on the weekend you sleep 10-12 hrs, you can start to recover. But never giving yourself that make up sleep, and consistently getting too little rest, can over a long period of time drastically reduce your life span. It's also important to note though that every body is different and some can function with less sleep than others", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-124512", "score": 0.6872255206108093, "text": "It's not so much that we can't average it, it's that we can't store it. Sleeping 10 hours, when you only need 8 hours, doesn't make you more well-rested than the 8 hours (and in fact may make you feel worse). Think of it like a bucket of water; if you need 8 gallons to fill it put but you put in 10, the extra 2 just overflow and are wasted. If you sleep 10 hours then 6, you'll be tired. However, you can sometimes sleep 6 hours then 10 and feel good; you incurred more a deficit with the 6, but made up for it the next night so you're back to normal.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-730252", "score": 0.6870931386947632, "text": "Hey, I'm new here. I've always struggled with sleep but never did anything about it because it just seemed to be the norm, especially with me being in the military. Guys that I work with boast about getting a few hours of sleep and being \"just fine\"...meanwhile they're chugging energy drinks like they own stock in monster and look like someone used permanent marker to draw the dark circles under their eyes.\n\nThat's not me, I strive to feel energized and level headed throughout my days, something that only sleep seems to be able to provide me. The question is though, how much?\n\nEvery motivational speech about productivity or story about millionaire/billionaire schedules seems to promote sacrificing sleep in order to meet your goals. What is the best balance between using all of the time in your day and devoting the time to repair your body and ensure that you are actually coherent and stable enough to use that extra time efficiently?\n\nI wake up at 5am every day, I can't change that because of work. This usually means that I'm in bed around 10 and nets me 6-7 hours of sleep. I need more, I just don't know where to draw the line. I think shooting for 8 is a safe bet, but a lot of people here push for more than that even.\n\nProductive Bed Bros, what say you?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-135142", "score": 0.6865622401237488, "text": "The reading that I've done says that if you have short-term sleep deprivation such as skipping one or two nights of full sleep you can indeed make it up by sleeping longer later. However, long-term sleep deprivation such as sleeping 5-6 hours for weeks or months at a time is much harder to simply \"catch up\" on.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-303215", "score": 0.6864174008369446, "text": "Circadian rhythm. It prefers to go to bed and wake up at a routine time because your body is more efficient that way. It's also effected by the amount of light around you, which is why some people can stay up really late starring at a computer screen or their cell phone, because they are simulating light. Also there was a study shown that if someone anticipating waking up early the next day they would start making stress hormones an hour or two before they woke up which allowed them to wake up less groggy. Those who didn't expect to wake up didn't produce those hormones and woke up very tired.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-130835", "score": 0.6857005953788757, "text": "Well, the first thing that you have to understand is that everybody is different which means that everybody requires a different amount of time to sleep than others. This is because our bodies are controlled by sleep/wake homeostasis as well as the circadian rhythms that develop within the first few months of life. Some people require more sleep while others require less. The reason why doctors and physicians recommend 8 hours of sleep is because that is the *average* amount of time that people need to function at their best. There's still a lot that we don't know, but at this point, it's been theorized that [there is a specific inhereted gene that tells your body how much sleep you need] (_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-8931", "score": 0.6854072213172913, "text": "Everyone's brain is a little bit different. Sometimes it's the physical structures, sometimes it's the chemicals the brain makes, and how it uses or responds to them. There are at least 2 chemicals that play a big role in being awake versus sleeping, and how we go from one state to another: GABA and histamine. Some people may make more of one chemical and less of another. Someone else might have more or less physical structures that interact with the chemicals. That's pretty simplified though. Try searching the neuroscience of sleep. Start with Wikipedia and work up to the link below. Hope this helps. 🙂 [cognitive neuroscience of sleep](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-132052", "score": 0.6853514313697815, "text": "Not all sleep is created equal. There are plenty of people who don't feel well rested after 8 hours of sleep. These people take a nap during the day so they don't spend the whole day tired. You sleep when you're tired, simple as that. So, it's subjective. Some days, yes, you'd be fine with 3 hours less nightly sleep and some days you won't be.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-26622", "score": 0.6847495436668396, "text": "No your body can function without being awake. All your organs are all needed to stay alive. Take being asleep, your organs can't shut down or you'd die, but for the most part your brain shuts down.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-757", "score": 0.8163332343101501, "text": "It varies from patient to patient. But the general rule is to try and avoid exposure to general anesthesia for ~~unnecessary~~ procedures *that do not really need GA*. It is advised to remove wisdom teeth one at a time under local anesthesia (several weeks to months apart) instead of removing them all at once which requires the patient to go under general anesthesia. Unless there are some factors that suggest removing them all at once. Like 4 badly impacted wisdom teeth (quite unlikely). EDIT: phrasing. EDIT 2: When I mentioned/hinted that 4 wisdom teeth removal might require general anesthesia, I did not say that it cannot be done under a local one. It really depends on the patient, how badly the teeth are impacted (depth, angle; they have grades of impaction @dental diagnostic criteria) and dental centers preference (or school of thought)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1219170", "score": 0.7605443000793457, "text": "How do surgeons decide whether to use a local anesthetic (Novacaine) vs a general anesthetic to completely knock you out for the procedure? I remember when I got my wisdom teeth removed, I wasn't asked which treatment I wanted. I assumed a local anesthetic (which I got) was just standard for the procedure, but after talking to some friends I found out they were completely knocked out for their procedure. What do the surgeons base their choice of anesthesia on? Is it a personal preference?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2559609", "score": 0.7553399801254272, "text": "Particularly for a really impacted wisdom tooth extraction requiring surgery and both local/general anesthesia are fine. I’m curious as to how your experience was and if able to, how much was the removal? \n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2559981", "score": 0.752806544303894, "text": "Hi, as suggested in the title above I am getting my wisdom tooth removed one side at a time by General Anesthesia with an interval of 3 months. (I chose to do two at a time instead of four at one go for comfort)\n\nMy friend and family are all recommending me to the Local Anesthesia to remove two at a time instead, but my fear of needles and sharp pain makes me want to avoid this option.\n\nSo /r/Dentistry, please help me make a decision, I'm now super paranoid that going under GA twice for wisdom tooth would give me some other weird side effects and such.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1664330", "score": 0.7513624429702759, "text": "I saw so many videos of children talking rubbish after their wisdom-teeth surgery. Where I am living they only use local anesthesia but why are they not doing this in the USA?\n\nWhy would you drug the whole body when the pain is only in your mouth/jaw?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-61072", "score": 0.7463240027427673, "text": "Yeah, you don't *need* to be, it's just more comfortable. (because cavities often go to the nerves and you just Do.Not.Want. a drill coming anywhere near your nerves. My dentist growing up never used novocaine, the first time I had it (in my 20's) it was a revelation. My latest dentist visit was also a revelation, they now use thingy's to keep your mouth open. What a difference between trying to *hold* your mouth open for that long!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-14336", "score": 0.7378109097480774, "text": "Dentist here, pulling wisdom teeth is not necessary. It's usually extracted in the following cases: 1. The tooth is infected 2. The tooth is impacted (only half erupted). Those almost always get infected in the future. 3. The tooth is affecting neighboring teeth (the crown of the wisdom tooth is touching the root of the one next to it and causing its resorption) If the tooth is normally erupted or completely covered with bone, there is no need to pull it. **Common myth:** wisdom teeth overcrowd the rest of the dentition. They don't, if they have no space, wisdom teeth simply don't erupt. The crowding of teeth with time is the result of a physiological process, it'll happen with or without wisdom teeth.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-116081", "score": 0.7369334101676941, "text": "Because it's not 'just about knocking a patient out'. Most general anaesthetics will kill you if you have too much, and every patient's requirement is different, depending on sex, age, weight etc. Different surgeries also may require different anaesthetics that don't adversely affect the bodily system being operating on. It's a careful balancing act with people's lives at stake.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2560143", "score": 0.7355661988258362, "text": "I've been prone to panic attacks and extended anxiety spells for several years. During this time, I did have one wisdom tooth extracted; local anesthesia, took a mere 10 minutes, and I reacted fine. Despite my worries\n\nHowever, I'm due to remove the remaining three. When I had several fillings just a few months ago, they used two different local anesthesias - one I reacted badly to, and later they told me it's because it can elevate one's heartbeat. (Thanks for the pre-warning??) I asked for an alternative, and they used a slightly-weaker one that I reacted better to.\n\nI've never been under a drug that actually puts me under. And I react strongly to many narcotics - 10 days on benzos gave me withdrawal symptoms - alcohol either makes me slightly tipsy or I black out, no inbetween - one hit off of weed was what gave me panic disorder in the first place.\n\nSo I'm very averse to mind-altering drugs in general nowadays, even if people insist they're okay. Because my reactions are rare and can't be easily predicted.\n\nNone of my wisdom teeth are impacted, so my hope is that my oral surgery won't require me to go under. Do you think that's an option for me? What were your experiences with wisdom teeth extraction?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-180832", "score": 0.7303345203399658, "text": "Just to add that there is sometimes a misconception that the anaesthetic dose is one-shot, i.e., we give all the anaesthetic you need at once. This is only true for very minor and short procedures. Major operations require continuous titration (read: adjustment) of anaesthetic drugs to keep you asleep and alive (at the same time). So the next time you need an op, just remember that telling the anaesthetist to \"give me ‘less’ drugs\" doesn't make sense in that context.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-42592", "score": 0.7302268147468567, "text": "Wisdom teeth are used for chewing just like any other tooth. They frequently need to be removed because back in the days before modern dentistry, you probably lost a couple of teeth as you aged. They either rotted out, got knocked out, whatever. When it came time for your wisdom teeth to come out, there was enough empty space in your mouth for them to fit. Now with modern dentistry, most people have most if not all of their teeth, and there's not much free space for your new teeth to come in. They need to be removed because they're impacting on your current teeth and there's no room for them to come out without causing problems.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-64578", "score": 0.7264726758003235, "text": "It's generally the healing process that hurts It takes longer to heal than the amount of time that the anaesthesia covers. Also, certain operations cannot fully be anaesthetised for. Taking out an abscessed tooth for example", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-33063", "score": 0.7262811064720154, "text": "You don't have to have your wisdom teeth taken out and many people don't. Others have to have them taken out because they grow through in odd angles, or painfully, or impact on the teeth around them. A number of people also have them out before having braces to avoid altering the shape of their jaw/tooth arrangement if/when they come through. No sense spending thousands on orthodontics just to have it all messed up by some pesky third molars.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-250102", "score": 0.7242013812065125, "text": "Local anesthetics are often used in conjunction with general anesthesia. The local anesthetic helps reduce the amount of stimulation (pain) reaching the brain, which makes it easier to keep someone under, and reduces the necessary dose of general anesthetic. In many cases, the answer to your question is probably related to the need to keep the patient from moving. For many procedures, even a very small movement at the wrong moment could cause a serious problem. For this reason, even when using general anesthetic, muscle relaxants are usually given in addition. Additionally, if a patient were conscious, there would always be a risk that they might freak out and move, injuring themselves.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-233995", "score": 0.7234106063842773, "text": "This question was already asked some time ago _URL_0_. Annedoctically, i recently underwent wisdom teeth removal and the process is brutal and does not require a high level of technology to be performed. My dentist told me that he spent some time in Africa when he was younger, volunteering for some medical NGO, and he used to remove wisdom teeth with little or not anesthetic (most of the time they did not have any), by breaking them with a chisel he had to make himself and then prying them out with pliers. If someone has pubmed access and is fluent in german, there is also this paper _URL_1_.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-157324", "score": 0.7232643961906433, "text": "Anaesthesia isn't necessary to survive surgery, it's mainly there to prevent pain. They're simply in extraordinary pain.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-191196", "score": 0.7217510342597961, "text": "Because of the general anesthesia. General anesthesia and the intubation process can make people vomit or regurgitate, and since you're unconscious and your normal reflexes are suppressed, you could aspirate stomach contents into your lungs, which can be fatal. Also for surgery on part of the digestive system itself, obviously you don't want food in there while surgeons are operating. As for emergency surgery, doctors will determine the risk of performing the surgery right away vs the benefit of waiting. Usually if it's that serious that you need emergency surgery right away, they're just going to do it. Aspiration is pretty rare anyway, so if you can avoid it, fine, but if you're gonna die without surgery, they don't really have a choice.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-80265", "score": 0.7189198136329651, "text": "Because it increases your heart rate and depending on the surgery, could be life threatening. We have much safer anaesthetics now.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-101279", "score": 0.7176828980445862, "text": "This whole explanation is going to come from my wisdom teeth removal surgery, where I was only given the latter drug as you've explained. During my surgery, I was only given the drug that \"makes you forget everything instantly\" as they explained it. As they were shattering my teeth with hammers and cutting through my gums, I was apparently awake, but instantly forgetting any pain was like I never felt it at all. As with any surgery, there's a chance that anesthetics don't work 100% effectively at any given moment or might wear off sooner than wanted. Sometimes people \"wake up\" in the middle and then go back under even though the dosage didn't change. Maybe in your case, they were just ensuring with multiple methods that you would really not be affected by pain.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2557765", "score": 0.7169039249420166, "text": "My 4 year old daughter has a tooth that's broken, and a few cavities. She is scheduled for 8 crowns, some preventative) under general anesthesia. She is cooperative and can communicate and understands, but she is afraid of certain noises and movements, so I understand the need for general anesthesia, but I'm not certain I'm comfortable with putting crowns on teeth that do not have cavities as a preventive measure. the dentist said this would be a good way to prevent having to do it again, since she is prone. \nWould less crowns and increased oral care suffice? She eats healthy and I brush her teeth daily, but I can improve this to avoid additional crowns, floss, mouthwash, etc. Thank you so very much for your feedback. \n\nMy friend uploaded this for me, sorry about the title! \n\nEdit : in case the first link doesn't work: ", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2558492", "score": 0.7166038751602173, "text": "Roughly 3 months ago I had my first proper filling. I was given the regular dose of local anaesthetic and despite my cheek going numb I still felt some sharp pain when my dentist drilled my tooth. Because of this she didn't remove all the decay from my tooth as it was very deep and she feared she may slip and accidentally hit a nerve or something similar. She warned me that my tooth may continue to decay into the root and if that happens I'll need a root canal. \n\nFast forward to now and I started to get toothache in that same tooth 3 days ago. The pain isn't always there and when it does appear it can usually be combatted using some paracetamol. However, the pain is getting gradually worse. Today I went a full day with no pain whatsoever, but when I brushed my teeth and came to bed it began aching and I can still feel the pain after 2 paracetamol. \n\nWill I likely need a root canal? If so is it likely that the anaesthetic will fail again? I'm rather nervous at the dentist anyway Nevermind the fear that it will be extremely painful. \n\nI was wondering if general anaesthetic may be an alternative (NHS), or if that is reserved for more major surgeries. \n\nAny reassurance surrounding root canals will also be greatly appreciated, thanks.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-758", "score": 0.7198018431663513, "text": "It is not just 1 number, it's the sum of a transaction history that is cross-referenced to the various accounts that put money in or took it out of your account. If you just made one number bigger, the whole thing wouldn't balance and that would be picked up by the auditors/accountants." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2624265", "score": 0.6835536360740662, "text": "i keep getting bankrobbed over and over in a server and it's getting annoying now, ive lost basically all my money \nis there someway to prevent this, like an item in the shop", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-67705", "score": 0.6835108399391174, "text": "There are audit trails. Every time money is added to an account, there **must** be a corresponding removal from another account somewhere, and every step has to be recorded. If government auditors find that there was fraud committed, and money just materialized out of nowhere, someone is going to federal prison for a very long time.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-347085", "score": 0.6831508278846741, "text": "Hey guys I work at a bank and our customers have been calling in to information that someone has set up a mass automated call saying some thing to the effect of \"Hello this is (Insert Bank) and we're calling to inform you that your debit card may have been deactivated. In order to reactive your card please enter in your card number, expiration date, and security code.\" Then they have you. No bank will call you out of the blue to ask for your account or card information this way. The scam is mainly to target the elderly but stay on the look out.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2224839", "score": 0.6831279397010803, "text": "Bank informed me today that they had to block my debit card (checking account) as 4 fradulent transactions of $100 each were made from my checking account, wiping it entirely. They were all iTunes transactions. I'm an Android user.\n\nIt will take a few days for the false transactions to appear on the statement. On my end, I have to call the bank to claim fraud as soon as they appear.\n\nI'm a stickler for not carrying much cash around (I'm afraid I'll misplace my cash + chances of robbery). Hence, for the next week, I will have to make use of my emergency fund. I never realized how important one is until such things happen - especially needing one weeks' cash on such short notice. I've close to $1,500 saved up, so it will tide me through the week.\n \nI'm clearly upset but not too badly shaken about this.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1163576", "score": 0.68284672498703, "text": "I live in Anacortes, WA. I live with my grandmother and am almost 16 years old. Every time I check my bank account, it has less and less money, despite me earning large amounts on my birthday or Christmas. My grandmother is the one who set up my bank account and she won't even tell me any of the information, not even where the registered bank is. We live in a low income home and I value all the money I receive. Even when I got $10 from petsitting for my neighbor, my grandmother demanded I hand it over to her. She said it was because she was worried I would spend it on drugs, something I legitimately have never done in my entire life. And today, I asked for money to buy a birthday present for my friend, Estella, who's birthday is today (Happy Birthday, Estella). She said no because she's using the money in my savings to pay for her own bills and fees. I just want to know how I can keep my money safe and to myself and away from my witch of a grandmother.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2227381", "score": 0.6824811697006226, "text": "I have my cards and bank and everything and I get this showing up again and again help ", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-187882", "score": 0.6824715733528137, "text": "You can use a mag strip reader/encoder. They're dirt cheap and easy to get. The person who used it probably wasn't the same person who actually stole your numbers. Thankfully merchants see fraud as a cost of doing business and are pretty good about getting your money back.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1575225", "score": 0.6824097037315369, "text": "A person I know is supposed to pay me, and now they want the 4 last digits of my phone number. Is it required by venmo, or is the person trying to steal my info?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-53409", "score": 0.6822353005409241, "text": "Let's do a quick headcount, in your pocket you probably have: * A phone (~$500) * A wallet (Credit cards and identification that could easily be exploited for much $$ + ~$40 cash) * House key (House worth ~$100k-$300k, contents worth ~10k) * Car key (Car worth ~$1k-$20k) All told that is a lot of money you carry in your pocket, so making sure you have it is basically a self-preservation measure", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1453271", "score": 0.6819943189620972, "text": "I have a friend who had reached out to me earlier today to speak to me in regards of someone he had been talking to through Grindr. \n\nThey have not been talking long term, nor ever spoke in person. The man asked my friend if he would be his sugar baby - my friends response was yes. The conversation went on and the first transaction was $400 that he wanted my friend to put on two Sephora gift cards. \nHe then asks my friend for his bank information. Not his routing number or his account number, but his actual information to get into his account. The man stated that he was in a different state but was in Australia for a business trip. As the day went on my friend and this man spoke very vaguely - he was short, pushy, and controlling in the few hours my friend had spoke with him. \n\nFast forward to where we are now - this man had deposited $50k into my friends bank account. He did it in $10k increments, and was wanting my friend to Immediately start distributing the money onto several different gift cards. Before this all happened I had warned my friend about how I don’t feel comfortable with what was going on, and I then told him he needed to return this mans money as fast as possible. This man is texting him horrible messages saying how he is going to hurt him, have the FBI after him, and so on. I’m not sure what to do at this point. We’ve already called the cops, filled out a report with the FBI and we have proof of everything. We are going to his bank in the morning, but until then I’m not sure how to calm his nerves or what to expect. \n\nAlso, I apologize for any grammatical errors. I’m typing this on my phone very fast.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-348664", "score": 0.6819567680358887, "text": "So while at work I answered my phone to a lady who's voice was familiar (and I had answered \"Hello?\" last time, not \"yes\") and I didn't realize it was a scam (again) till after I had said it. \n\nI've already reported the call to BBB scam tracker. And now I'm worried about what's to come. I keep a close eye on my credit cards and my bank accounts, but is there any way I can warn my banks to give me a call or at least have a conversation with me rather than a \"press 1 if this was authorized\" system?\n\nAny and all help is appreciated. Thanks Reddit!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-348581", "score": 0.6815992593765259, "text": "I got a call from a local 206 number and there was a 2.5 minute long voicemail with the person being on a call with someone else, so obviously a robocall. They ask for personal info and card numbers. more here #.VduRr0aVkUM\n\nedit: removed phone number\n\nedit 2 for visibility: via /u/xarune \n&gt;Good rule of thumb is if your bank calls you tell them you will call them back at their number. Then dial their public number and go through the menus (yes, it is a pain) but whoever you end up with should be able to see the same issue.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-55168", "score": 0.681547999382019, "text": "The bank would figure it out and remove the money. If the person already spent it then they would owe the bank 1 million plus fees", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1840027", "score": 0.6812326312065125, "text": "The account I'm curious about is GDP3J3NCR4MVB6QBQAYDOMWUYV53CAJ43YQIIFQSCU5ITIGESY2ONAUT. Since, a random 41 XLM were sent from the inflation address to this one. \n\nThank you if you could answer.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-29200", "score": 0.6812072992324829, "text": "This is just one possibility, but it could be a business you shop at that you trust. When the security of a company is breached, they aren't required to tell you. They let the banks know to look out, but you'll never be told \"This company is the reason your card info is getting stolen.\" I had this happen with two cards and I'm pretty sure I know which business it was. How long of a timespan are you talking about? Do they change the numbers each time?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-104649", "score": 0.681124210357666, "text": "Having access to your name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, and maybe credit data makes it much easier for someone to attempt to open a line of credit in your name or make charges against existing accounts. If I can get my hands on everything I need to fill out a credit card application in your name, there's a decent chance I could actually get a card and max it out before anyone notices. For the most part banks offer protection and insurance against this activity so there's not much you can or should do right now (except watch your credit and debit transactions, which you should always do), but that kind of identity theft crime is a major hassle for everyone involved. Whether you think you were impacted or not, you should also check and see what kind of identity theft protection and insurance you have on all your open accounts. If you have received a credit report recently, read it closely to make sure all the lines are things you actually did.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1837061", "score": 0.680908203125, "text": "Today I found out that someone logged into my online banking and had added their own credit cards to my payees and paid an amount from my savings account onto both cards they had added. The thing is to access the account, they require the branch location, member number, security question answer and password. The only thing they could think of was that I had a key logger on my pc. This was confusing as it would have been someone locally I believe due to the type of credit card added. No one has access to my account and I have only accessed it using my personal computer at home and my personal computer at work. \n\nAt work (Windows 7) I use Microsoft security essentials and firewall. I did run a full scan after using security essentials, spybot and malwarebytes. They came up with nothing like this. \n\nAt home (Windows 7), I am currently scanning using malwarebytes and spybot. I use avast for my antivirus and use comodo as internet security. \n\nMy question is, what else could I be doing or what other programs could I be using to further secure myself as I had always thought of myself as fairly knowledgeable in this regard. \n\nedit: Some more details. Website for the bank is secure with https and proper certificates and both computers are wired.\n\nAny help would be greatly appreciated.\n\ntl;dr possibly have a key logger, how do I lock down my PC?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-14839", "score": 0.6807563900947571, "text": "I am in loss prevention. Or was. Currently out. Anyway.. The bank calls the store and says 'You had a $100 counterfeit bill on whatever date, and we have confiscated it.\" Then usually the store calls me, and I go watch all of the cash transactions and try and find who did it. 100% of the time its a dude, late 20s to mid 30s, ball cap, sunglasses. No way to know who he is, and we never see him again.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1452982", "score": 0.6807048320770264, "text": "I really don't know for sure but i imagine with routing and account numbers its possible for someone to take advantage of him. He doesn't believe so. Reddit?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2227202", "score": 0.6803558468818665, "text": "I am new to USA and received my SSN a month back. I got a call today from someone saying they’re calling from SSA and my account is getting suspended. They asked me to verify the last 4 digits of my SSN, my address ( Without the apt no.) and bank balance. I panicked and them the details. Soon I realised it’s a scam as they won’t let me hang up and told me I can’t speak to anyone about it. They asked me to withdraw all money from my bank account and visit a target store immediately. That seemed fishy. So I hung up. I can see now that this is quite common in USA and feel horrible that I fell in the trap. \nI have reported the event my bank and activated fraud alert on the credit sites. Will going to the police or SSN office help? What else can I do now and how big of a trouble am I in? Did anyone face any aftermath when something like this happened to them? \nI stay alone and have no friends here. I am freaking out right now. Please help me.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-760", "score": 0.7555448412895203, "text": "Latino here, In my opinion Morrissey's style of singing is very similar to Mariachi style, including song lyrics and such. Having grown up with maricahi music, listening to Morrissey just feels very similar." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1395735", "score": 0.6480802893638611, "text": "Besides Despacito of course, Spanish music is actually underrated. Many songs are addictively catchy and have good beats. Their vocals are sometimes good, but not outstanding.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1396078", "score": 0.6253210306167603, "text": "I've always loved their music, but I wouldn't call myself a \"Knowledgeable\" fan, since I don't usually research artists that I like. But being mexican I've noticed The Offspring constantly have at least one song with a heavy latino influence, or a random spanish word thrown here and there, and as far as I know the lead singer owns a Hot sauce company with a pretty latino name on it.\n\nI was just wondering where does it come from? Is he part latino? i find it very cool and interesting and was hoping to find out more.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-24808", "score": 0.6244571208953857, "text": "I think there are two reasons. The first is simple -- Americans mostly like their pop music to be sung in English. That's why the second-largest nationality of successful pop stars has been the British. Of course there have been plenty of breakthrough Latino singers in the US but it's still rare that their biggest hits are completely in Spanish, usually they have English lyrics with some Spanish phrases added. The second is that the American record industry still to a large extent controls what's successful and what's not. By controlling promotional releases to record stations and music TV channels they can influence what gets heard and what doesn't. Of course as the internet becomes ever-more important for music distribution the above can change. Gangnam Style could well be the start of quite literally a whole world of music, and if an equally popular Russian tune comes along, I see no particular reason why it shouldn't enjoy the same success.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2073686", "score": 0.6163535118103027, "text": "I'm not from the US and basically know nothing about them except for a few songs which I actually quite like. How did they become such a meme?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-123877", "score": 0.6116053462028503, "text": "Speaking for myself it's because a lot of my favorite bands and singers are American. The pop/rock genre doesn't sound quite right if you assume an Irish accent.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1395820", "score": 0.6087138056755066, "text": "Genuine question. I’ve been living in the Bronx for a while now and I’ve realized that Latino/Spanish people party way more than any other group of people. Every day there’s always a party going on in my apartment building which is 90% Latino and pretty much the same thing in every single building in my area. Is there like a cultural thing going on cause I don’t understand why or how my next door neighbors party 4/7 days of the week. I live in pretty decent neighborhood too, not the ghetto.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-45940", "score": 0.6063635349273682, "text": "I'm guessing that more people in the world know English so it works to transcend borders and make a whole lot more money. Edit: There are plenty of English-speaking stars who have albums in other languages. Beyonce and Justin Beiber to name two. Second edit: It's all about the $.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1395079", "score": 0.6039320230484009, "text": "I might be wrong, but it seems like the only reason Spanish is famous is because almost all countries in LA speak it, and that's also why a lot of people speak it. Because of that a lot of people from other countries learn Spanish because they were told it's one of the most famous and important languages in the world, but very few people from other places seems to actually care about Latin America culture, politics, etc. Besides, LA is NEVER mentioned in the mainstream, Venezuela and Argentina are on a huge economic crisis and no one cares, there were huge ammount of flames in Pantanal in 2020 and no one cares. Why is that?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2126228", "score": 0.6016494035720825, "text": "I know I should be posting this elsewhere but considering the music tastes of you guys I thought it'd be appropriate. \n\nAfter years of wondering why the strokes would always perform in Mexico/South America and not in the states. It was also loosely related in one of my other favorite bands, Megadeth, had an extremely strong following down there as well. I'd always assumed it was because maybe they were late in musical trends or something. Never really thought much of it.\n\nAfter discovering Rey Pila at a concert by complete chance (Didn't know who they were, just decided to go to a show) I was absolutely fucking amazed how amazing it was and wondered what other things Mexicans were doing musically. Over the last three years I've continued to build my music library and about 30-40% of what I listen to now comes from Mexico with a couple of other spanish speaking countries. I've really fallen in love with their musical sound and aesthetic of the accent. A lot of the sound falls under garage, post-punk, new wave, and some indie stuff.\n\nThese bands include Young Tender, Villa Lobos, Technicolor Fabricas, Puequeno Phoenix, Little Jesus, Enjambre,Communion, Clubz, and soo much more. Listing these because I really thing y'all would like some of them. I've been really happy to find all this music.\n\nA few days ago I decided to go through all the artists I follow on spotify and check out where the people who listen to the music most live. Excluding the Mexican bands, Apparently 95% except like one or two bands the top 2 listeners are from either Los Angeles, or Mexico City. As a life long New Yorker I was actually really surprised to see that New York wasn't on any of the top 5 outside of a very very small handful and the obvious super local bands. Considering the market for music here and the fact that I've seen like half of these bands with most have a pretty decent audience size it was just pretty surprising.\n\nSo this got me thinking, what's going on culturally in Mexico City that's bringing out such good freaking music and has so many people with my tastes in music. It's also making me wan't to go move to Los Angeles or Mexico City (Fluent in Spanish here) for a few years just to feel it out and see if I like the culture and music scene over there.\n\nAny thoughts on this?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-102304", "score": 0.5995878577232361, "text": "Part of it is, you assume the English language artists are American. They quite commonly are not. Also, you're only listening to English language artists, so you don't get the rest of the world in your mix. The rest of the world study English as well as their native language, tho, so what is popular in the us is approachable elsewhere.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-66201", "score": 0.5943794250488281, "text": "They have huge crossover appeal, and got big really really fast. They are rock, poo, and country, and while some are complaining all their songs sounds the same, news flash, welcome to Top40 people.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-333462", "score": 0.5930299162864685, "text": "Inspired on a post about the opposite (people who think they have a better taste because they don't like popular things) i immediately thought about the inverse situation. I was born in a small town in the middle of nowhere, where everyone hear what is popular in the main stream.\n\nUntil my 15 (when i move out) people of my age look at me with horror when i didn't know what the fuck is that artist everyone was hearing (that month, because they came and die quickly) and his new music. \n\nI'm from Brasil. Funk is popular, but make my ears bleed, a lot of people hear and don't understand how i don't like, so i become the asshole of \"i have better taste\" for a while, you can see why.\n\nThere's Sertanejo Universitário, for americans, this is basically a shit version of our country music. Sertanejo is farm man music, of the sertão, a area of a somoe states northeast of the country. Sertanejo Universitário is this, but bad and with young people. Everybody hear and like it, i don't. So i'm the stranger and they are offended when i don't know who are who in the conversation (the artists usually are duos in sertanejo, they're all the same to me, i don't get it) and didn't know the musics or don't have the slightest desire of going to a show everyone will go\n\nAnd finally, there's K-pop. It's basically my town people, but in the internet. You don't like? How the fuck, they're complet artists, they dance, they sing, they are handsome, sexy, they're music change the world, etc etc etc...well, i don't like their music, i don't think any man without a beard is handsome, and the exceptions i think are Chris Evans or people on that level, so can you stop pushing the music that you and \"everyone\" like in my face like it's some kind of great revelation and let me hear the shit i like?\n\nI will appreciate.\n\nAnd if you don't think this is a unpopular opnion, try explain to those people that you don't like any of the things \"everyone\" likes, you will be crucified, i was, i know how it is.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-53867", "score": 0.59028160572052, "text": "In my experience, it's just a fun way to spice up the lyrics. They have their own words for most of that stuff (though they use 'poker face' in normal conversation too), it's just cool to sing some of it in English. Just like how people think it's cool to put foreign words in English music.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-207991", "score": 0.5892245173454285, "text": "Partly, I think this is because Brits could listen to blues without the racial or cultural prejudice that many Americans had at the time. For a bunch of white kids in Liverpool, Birmingham or London, blues didn't carry connotations of segregation but was just exotic and cool. Also, as with all of Europe, the birthrate shot up after the war. By the 1960 around 50% of the population was under 30. Suddenly, there is a massive target audience for gigs, records and popular music.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-37357", "score": 0.5882959365844727, "text": "Everyone just loved him. I've heard people say that back when Seinfeld was on, no one missed it, everyone was at their TVs when a new episode aired. My dad said the same thing about El Chavo del Ocho, no one would miss it. In a way, El Chapulin Colorado is Mexico's Superman. When people go watch the Mexican football team play, they'll dress up as him. His shows just had the type of comedy that you can watch decades later and still laugh. And people did, I remember growing up watching El Chapulin Colorado and El Chavo Del Ocho every single day", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-175391", "score": 0.5869058966636658, "text": "Generally speaking, other countries (particularly non English speaking) have a wider breadth of contemporary popular music in circulation than the US. This is because, aside from the US and UK music, these countries listen to local music, regional music, foreign music in their language and foreign music in other languages. This means that the distribution of listeners is far more sparce, so the peak song will usually have only marginally more plays than the second ranked, top 5 and so on. Another reason: lyric is a very important part of most music. Many countries (populations really) will put more emphasis on the lyrics from their native language than English lyrics, but they may all converge on a catchy, rhythmic song and cause it to peak. US and UK can think the lyric of that song is lackluster, or not as relatable, and listen to other songs instead.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-388686", "score": 0.5856133699417114, "text": "I never thought of this song as really a popular one and there were plenty of really great ones during the tour so why did everyone like it so much? Don't get me wrong, I loved it too but I'm just curious!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1938286", "score": 0.5846322774887085, "text": "I don't have much more detail. I think they're pretty popular in Spain or at least their juice is. They might start with an \"L\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-107098", "score": 0.5844563245773315, "text": "Their songs are repetitive and formulaic, in terms of lyrics and instruments. So basically, they're the Justin Bieber of rock. Also, their songs usually have country vocals, which is unpopular in today's society.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2751461", "score": 0.5836034417152405, "text": "Take despacito and all those other things.\nIt's really overrated and not even that good if you ask me. I think fans only like it because it's different so they must jump on it.\nOn Spotify there is always at least one of those in top 50.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-761", "score": 0.7791052460670471, "text": "Because spacetime behaves like it's curved by the presence of mass and energy. What does curvature mean? Let's say we have two points and we draw a straight line between them. Now let's say we want to increase the length of the line while keeping the endpoints fixed. How do we do that? We curve it so that it's no longer straight. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line, so to increase the distance, we make the line no longer straight. If you have two points in empty space, there is some distance between them. Now put the same two points near a black hole, and you'll measure the distance between the points to be larger. The way physicists interpret this is that the space in between the two points near the black hole is curved (there is a larger distance between the two fixed points). > Why would an empty space have any shape at all either flat or curved? A completely empty universe would just have the Minkowski metric of Special Relativity, which is globally flat." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-255869", "score": 0.737907886505127, "text": "Not in the same way that gravity does, because gravity **is** the curvature of spacetime. However, other forces contribute energy density to a system, which in turn increase the strength of its gravitational field (or the bending of spacetime, if you will). For example, a charged capacitor or a nuclear isomer will gravitate more than the uncharged/stable counterparts.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-263091", "score": 0.737578809261322, "text": "It's the difference between a map of your city and a globe of the world. One is nice and flat and only relevant to your immediate vicinity, geometry is easy, the other is curved and relevant to everything, but the geometry is a bit harder. Particularly, General Relativity tells us how energy and mass affect the larger shape of spacetime.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-66549", "score": 0.7372747659683228, "text": "I wonder if maybe you're confusing \"Orbit\" with \"Curved path\" through spacetime. If it's the latter then you're on the right track, but an orbit is a special kind of curved path through spacetime.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-287824", "score": 0.7371776103973389, "text": "[Gravitational Lensing](_URL_0_) is an example of evidence for space-time curvature. While space is not empty - it is not the contents of space that are changing but the geometry of space-time itself. No, they do not mean a fabric like the aether - there is no aether. That was ancient and medieval thinking, not modern science.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-292881", "score": 0.7371025085449219, "text": "If they just curved space light could escape, but they curve space time. They do it in such a way that a path that stays the same distance from the center and only varies on the time coordinate is a path that moves faster than light.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-19972", "score": 0.7365878820419312, "text": "A lot of the words we use to describe these processes are kind of crude approximations of what actually happens, because the core processes are very difficult to conceptualize and happen in ways that we can't easily perceive except in very very extreme cases. Ergo, because we can't actively perceive this behavior, we can't accurately describe it except through math, and when we try to describe it in English we end up fumbling through words because there just aren't any words to describe what's going on. Space doesn't need to bend into a 4th dimension; it just bends. We use the word \"bend\" because it most closely approximates what is happening, but that doesn't mean that all of the normal \"rules\" that apply to bending as we understand it apply to what's actually going on.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-164611", "score": 0.7364047169685364, "text": "Objects deform space around them. Imagine for a second a big watermelon resting on a stretched out bedsheet that is hung on its 4 corners. The watermelon deformes the sheet around it in a curvature. The sheet will accomodate itself around the watermelon. Spacetime is curved in a similar way, all objects do this, but it is much more easy to appreciate it in huge objects like planets and stars. This curvature of spacetime affects the trayectory of everything traveling through it. Imagine now that an ant is walking on a straight line before you let that big watermelon rest on the bedsheet. After you let the watermelon rest on the bedsheet, the fabric is deformed. The ant will continue it's straight path, not noticing anything different, but now the trayectory of the ant will follow that new curvature. The same happens with spacetime, it affects everything that needs to travel through it, even light itself.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-294428", "score": 0.7345170974731445, "text": "As Einstein showed us with general relativity, gravity is curved geometry. The presence of matter/energy results curves spacetime. Particles (both massive, and then massless) then follow the shortest paths in this curved spacetime, which results in what we think of as gravity.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-271018", "score": 0.7330727577209473, "text": "Speaking (very) loosely when we are talking about curvature we need to talk about some kind of set of spaces which exist at each point. For gravity, at each point we have a space of tangent vectors to that point and the curvature at a given point tells us how a vector will be changed if you move it around a small loop starting and ending at that point. So the curvature in this instance belongs to the \"tangent bundle\", i.e. the set of tangent spaces. For electromagnetism we have some charged field which has a phase at each point and electromagnetic field strength tells you how much the phase changes if you transport it around a similar closed loop. So it can be called the curvature of this set of spaces which are individually the phase at a point. You needn't make any near/far -field distinction. This is probably a fairly poor explanation which will cause some wincing so please correct or embellish anything I've said.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-312281", "score": 0.7321496605873108, "text": "Light travels along paths that minimize its time of flight. In many cases, this path is a straight line. However, massive objects tend to distort spacetime in such a way that the shortest time of flight path is no longer a line but is rather a curve. So if light passes near an object with mass, its path can be bent. This process is called [Gravatational lensing](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-29712", "score": 0.7317426800727844, "text": "Well that's a pretty tough question to ELI5. The answer on that level would be mass bends space-time. The curvature of space-time is essentially what we call gravity. Light has to travel along the curves because space and time are basically related to make space-time by the speed of light itself. Light is basically the thing that measures space-time. You can push something against the curvature of space-time, but light always takes the shortest path through space-time and that's not always the shortest path through space. When space-time's shortest path and space's shortest path are different then light looks to bend when we view it in space. If you look at gravity from the general relativity perspective then its not really a force at all, its just a landscape that things move along. Gravity is just the path that inertia takes things the force is what we see when we're not looking at it in space-time but only in space.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-167615", "score": 0.731734573841095, "text": "It just means that two parallel lines will stay forever parallel and never touch or diverge. If space was curved, parallel lines could eventually converge or diverge.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-135994", "score": 0.7314891219139099, "text": "It means that space is \"stretching\", but things that are held together by gravity or other forces, like you, me, an atom, a rock, the planet, the galaxy, and even some large groupings of galaxies aren't changing size (at least, not because of the universe expanding).", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-303009", "score": 0.7313717007637024, "text": "My usual response to this is from [xkcd](_URL_1_). \"Bending\" (in a technical, mathematical sense) isn't something which needs to be embedded in a higher-dimensional space. A surface can be curved on its own, and that's that. (The reason is that we can describe such surfaces mathematically, and since that description matches our observations very well, we find it trustworthy.) Take the surface of a sphere for example. That's a 2-D curved space. We *visualize it* embedded within a higher-dimensional space (usual flat 3-D space) but that's not a physical or mathematical necessity, it's just a result of how we as 3-D beings happen to be able to see. And as we've learned in physics, applying our everyday intuitions to strange physical situations is a recipe for disaster!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-253550", "score": 0.7311082482337952, "text": "Astrophysicist here - it is not really correct to say there are no straight lines. It is very possible to have a line go radially out with zero curvature for as long as the human heart could desire. However space time is curved and thus even photons will curve their trajectories (according to the least action principle) but this doesn't really mean straight lines don't exist. Space is weird but it isn't that weird. Things are just very huge.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-114570", "score": 0.7310160994529724, "text": "The universe is probably \"flat\" in the sense that it is not \"curved.\" Imagine compressing the three spacial dimensions into two --- then a \"flat\" universe corresponds to a flat plane (zero curvature), while a \"curved\" universe corresponds to either the surface of a sphere (if the curvature is positive) or like a hyperbolic paraboloid (if the curvature is negative). One can determine what kind of surface one lives on by considering the possible angles a large triangle can have. In three dimensions, \"flat\" corresponds to the typical Euclidean space (an infinite \"box\" shape), while the \"curved\" variants are also higher dimensional forms, e.g. a hypersphere.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-302755", "score": 0.7306694984436035, "text": "> Is it space time curving which causes this and the photon \"thinks\" it is going in a straight line? I think you have it.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-165563", "score": 0.7295487523078918, "text": "When someone says that the universe is flat, they don't mean flat like a piece of paper or a slab like thing. It is not our everyday conception of flat. It is referring to the 'shape' of the universe. It means that a pair of parallel lines won't cross each other. The universe doesn't curve in on itself. Locally, we see things aren't necessarily flat. Spacetime can be curved due to our planet. But on a large scale, the universe becomes this flat thing, extending outwards in all directions. So the old nugget you may have been told about starting at one point in the universe and ending up where you started isn't necessarily true, it is more unlikely (although there's nothing that says that a flat universe can't fold upon itself). **Edit**: As CaptainObvious below points out, a good way to think of it is whether a triangle's angles will add up to 180 degrees. It is illustrated in [this image](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-246088", "score": 0.7294790744781494, "text": "The waves aren't curving spacetime. They are curved spacetime. Sort of like how electromagnetic waves are electromagnetic fields. We knew this before gravitational waves were detected. They followed our predictions. On the one hand, it's nice to be vindicated. On the other, it means we're not going to be learning anything new. Except possibly the frequency of black hole collisions.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-304840", "score": 0.7275598645210266, "text": "Yes, in the Einstein field equations, the gravity (spacetime curvature) is related not to the mass, but the stress-energy-momentum tensor which is non-0 even for massless stuff like light. So spacetime gets bent.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-762", "score": 0.72438645362854, "text": "I'm not sure what 'stresses' you are taking about, but I'm going to take a guess at what you mean and work from there. You are at your most vulnerable when you are asleep. You are effectively unconscious and many of your senses are non-responsive or at least sort of 'muted' as it were. This means that when you wake up at 2:30 in the morning because you heard a bump downstairs, or a loud howl of wind, your mind goes into overdrive because the 'threat' could be quite a lot closer due to your unconscious state. You need to be ready for a fight just in case. Your brain isn't perfect and it can sometimes relay that fear to other, non threatening but still stressful situations." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1409796", "score": 0.6876739859580994, "text": "Two bad things happen in a row? My brain is struggling. *Three* bad things? (even minor, small mistakes or embarrassments) I might as well be on the edge of a panic attack. And this is a day after feeling on top of the world because things *were* going alright. \n\nI have to talk myself down from all the negative thoughts swirling in my head. It snowballs until I feel completely lost and like my life is a mess that can't be put back together. \n\nFrom literally the smallest mistakes/embarrassments. \n\nHas anyone found a way to grow more resilient to these frequent emotional setbacks?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-107808", "score": 0.687460720539093, "text": "This happens to me every so often, it's the weirdest thing. I'm trying to sleep but these stressful thoughts keep passing through my mind over and over again (and often they don't make much sense), and I can't tell if I'm awake or asleep. I have to force myself to get up and turn the light on/go to the bathroom/etc. in order to wake up fully. Then I can usually fall back asleep afterwards.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-277892", "score": 0.6872717142105103, "text": "So, in the process of waking up, would alarms be a bad way to wake up since it happens so abruptly?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2547880", "score": 0.6865115761756897, "text": "When boss forces you to do what you dont want to do, where there is stupid workplace drama, where there is arguing with partner, where comes out family issues and so on. It seems like everything around you goes wrong suddenly and stress you out. and you cannot find the hope for life.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-729195", "score": 0.6862987875938416, "text": "I sleep really well at night and I sleep a lot, 8-9 hours a night. However, as soon as I wake up in the morning and open my eyes, I get immediately anxious, almost close to a panic attack. Within 10 seconds of waking my heart is racing and my brain is flooding me with worries: Will today be a good day? Will I have flare up? etc. \n\nI don't have this as much throughout the day - sometimes in the afternoon, but I am very rarely anxious in the evenings. I feel very chilled in the evenings, really not sure why. I am just extremely anxious in the mornings. Can anyone relate?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2467624", "score": 0.6852706670761108, "text": "My life is great, on paper, nothing is wrong from an objective POV. I come from OK money, I'm holding a decent job with good hours, I have a vibrant and alive social life. I have hobbies, I work out and generally in shape, I have opinions about things in the world.\n\nI wake in the morning and every step of the way is hard, it's hard to start something new on Netflix, to make something to eat, to get to the bus, to walk up stairs. Music is dull, I'm less patient to myself and my family. Nothing is exciting. \n\nWhat's going on? This is the last 6 months I'd say?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-132176", "score": 0.6846845149993896, "text": "It could be a lot of things. It could be stress, it could be lack of sleep, it could be a poor diet, it could be that it is now the dawn of the third day and 24 hours remain.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-21505", "score": 0.6845636367797852, "text": "There are various causes, but I'd link them to one of three: 1. You may have some type of sleeping issue/disorder, whether it's something like needing a better mattress/pillow or your posture or sleep apnea. Something like sleep apnea is very serious and definitely affects your ability to be rested as well as your overall health. 2. You might be waking up during a deeper sleep. Your body goes through REM cycles during sleep, which typically last about 90 mins each. If your alarm goes off while you're in a deeper sleep (which is when we dream and stuff), it's much harder to wake up than if you're in a lighter portion of your sleep. 3. Motivation. Some people just don't want to go to class or go to work and dread it, so the idea of putting it off and sleeping is much better than getting up and preparing for the day. Think about having to wake up and go to a 12 hour session on something boring in comparison to waking up and knowing you're going to do something really awesome that day.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-116581", "score": 0.684386670589447, "text": "During morning hours your body goes through a number of processes to wake you up and get itself ready for daily activities. If you normally spend all your day sitting and not doing much (as old people and terminal patients tend to), then this is normally the most straining activity your body does all day. Therefore it has a higher probability of straining to breaking point.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-286058", "score": 0.6840687394142151, "text": "It's probably a memory bias in many cases. Waking up just before the alarm is a striking coincidence and therefore much more memorable than waking up well before the alarm. It's natural to then overestimate how often that happens, and conclude that it's more frequent than it would be by chance. Edit: In response to some comments - I'm not saying the memory bias explains all cases, just that it's something to take into account.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1758888", "score": 0.6833371520042419, "text": "I've been anxious lately. This is new for me -- I'm generally a pretty placid person, not given to getting upset over things, but over the last couple of months I've noticed anxiety creeping up. It wakes me at night, keeps me up for a couple of hours, and then subsides. It took me a while to realize what was going on, but it didn't seem to be a big issue.\n\nThe last couple of days, though, it's gotten worse. Last night I woke up with my heart absolutely racing, which is something of a trigger for me -- I was alone in the house with my grandfather as a young teenager the afternoon he had his first stroke, and for years afterwards, even as a 16-year-old girl, I was terrified of having one myself. As I've gotten a bit older, the fear has shifted to my heart -- I'm already prone to palpitations and occasional SVTs, and I've known for a long time that it can become a self-exacerbating loop. My heart races, I get scared of a heart attack, the adrenaline keeps my heart racing. For the record, I've been checked out, and been assured more than once that it's all benign and that my heart is just fine and not to worry about it. I do my best to follow that advice, and usually I can. But when I wake up at 3 AM and my heart is going *bangbangbangbangbangbangbang*, it can be hard to resist the underlying fear.\n\nAnyway, last night I woke up with this happening, and ended up spending about half an hour lying very still and breathing deeply, telling myself I was fine. It subsided, but after I got up this morning, the anxiety was still there. I'm tense everywhere, to the point of being slightly shaky; I find myself frequently on the verge of tears for no apparent reason; and I just have this persistent sense of unease. I wouldn't classify it as a full-blown panic attack -- I've seen those, and this is not that severe -- but it has turned this into a rough day.\n\nWhat might be behind it? Well, there's stuff going on, sort of. I've been unemployed for months, with the attendant financial stresses though I've been scraping by okay and there are no urgent problems. I'm going back to school in a few weeks, and there are various bureaucratic issues involved with that that have been bugging me, but nothing I can do anything about. And my current roommate has just moved out -- as in, just finished getting her stuff out and her space cleaned today -- but my new roommate isn't going to be resident here for a couple of weeks, so I find myself alone in a mostly empty, no longer comfortable home. \n\nThe argument I have with myself is that none of this sort of thing has ever had this effect on me before -- I enjoy having the place to myself; I've been poor for half my life; I've done the whole return-to-school thing. And while there are a few low-level, slow-moving life changes going on, I'm honestly doing okay -- no impending problems, no unpaid bills keeping me up, no threat of sudden disaster. Everything is okay. But apparently, somewhere down there, I'm scared of something.\n\nI went for a walk this evening -- it's a lovely night here -- and that helped a bit. I'm thinking maybe I should just go ahead and cry, too -- maybe that would help release some tension. But I don't know what to make of it, 2X; it's unlike me to get this wound up, and I'm not sure what to do to help myself calm down. I'm sure others of you have had to deal with this... can anybody give me any useful tips?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-150838", "score": 0.6816406846046448, "text": "When you're awoken by something loud, your brain doesn't know what it is. It could just be thunder, or it could be a gun shot, or an explosion, or someone bashing down your door. Part of your brain acts quickly to get your body alert and ready in case something bad is going on and you need to be ready to act right away. It's only much later (relatively) that another part of your brain tells your body that there's no danger.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-110299", "score": 0.6815785765647888, "text": "Stress happens when too much is happening. Fidgeting with stuff makes it feel like you're doing stuff, which your body can interpret as you fixing the stress. Also, it gives you something other than stress to focus on.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-578466", "score": 0.6813525557518005, "text": "This is unfortunately something I learned much later in life than I would have liked to.\n\nI see posts and comments all the time about people constantly worrying about things going on around them. Whether it be family troubles, job insecurities, or even (and this is a big one) troubles happening in other countries, to other people, that don't directly affect that individual. I don't think people are fully aware of the strain that they are placing upon themselves in stressing over situations that not only don't involve us personally, but that are completely and entirely out of our control. You are hurting your mind and your body more than you realize, maybe even hurting the people around you in doing so.\n\nI'm not saying \"stop caring about these issues,\" believe me I'm not. I think the best way to I can think of saying this is - You need to pick your battles throughout life. You can't go on through life carrying the world on your shoulders because I can guarantee it's gonna end up crushing you. Often you won't realize till it's too late.\n\nSo I tend to ask myself when my stress levels rise, *\"Can I do anything, within reason, to solve the issue? To make things better?\"* If I can, than hell, I'm gonna work toward it.\n\nBut if I can't, then screw it. If I can't change how things play out, then what's the point in stressing over it? It's gonna happen anyway, isn't it? Me killing myself with stress and worry won't change anything for the better, but rather will just end up eating you up and hurting YOU.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nTake care of your body and mind. You only have one.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-872346", "score": 0.6812363862991333, "text": "Hello I didn't know if this would be a correct sub to post it but here it goes: \n\nI'm a senior in high school and don't consider myself stressful at all, I keep busy and usually look forward to every day! But my problem I'm dealing with and have been for a coup years occurs during the night..\n\nMaybe once every couple months or so for the past few years, I have woken from being asleep and got out of my bed fully in control and aware. I am freaking out and can't pinpoint why or what I'm actually upset about. \n\nThe best way I can explain it is that something terrible is happening or had happened and I cannot control the outcome of it. Something so gut wrenching that I feel sick and almost as you might imagine a sudden loss of close one. Also I am the one responsible for whatever happened. \n\nThe worst one I can think of happened sometime last year. I woke up in a scared, anxious mood and was pacing in my hallway trying to wrap my head around this terrible uncertainty that I am responsible for. I start really going nuts and crying and begin banging on my parents door (that was unlocked) looking for a source of comfort. My mother opens the door confused but calm and I tell her while crying saying, \"in the living room, it's in there\". She walked and opened the door and I leaned in to take a look myself to make sure it was safe. \n\nI calmed down very quickly and began telling her I don't know why that happened, and apologized for causing such commotion. \n\nI have slept walked in the past, but this is different because I remember everything and didn't have panic attacks either. This has happened infrequently enough to not see anyone but I'm still interested in why this might happen. \n\nIt's a little unsettling typing this before bed, but I would like to know if any of you had anything somewhat relevant to share with me that may help with this issue. I greatly appreciate any feedback :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2325890", "score": 0.6808028221130371, "text": "I get these random moods where I feel as though something unavoidable and awful is going to happen soon and I don't know why nor how to cope with it. Does anyone have any suggestions? I've tried reasoning my way through it and relaxing but the feeling can persist for days sometimes. Thank you.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1649514", "score": 0.6806122064590454, "text": "Stress might arise out of either personal or professional complexities and may manifest in a number of health issues like anxiety, fatigue, unhealthy sleep, headaches. The only way to overcome stress is incorporating healthy habits in one’s lifestyle.\n\n", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2289760", "score": 0.6805490851402283, "text": "I always wake up think that maybe something will happen that will make my day. Nope. It seems like when i think about the positives, i get the negatives instead. It just feels like the world is against me. It feels like im fighting a fight that simply can't be won. I genuinely don't know why i think something good will happen to me, because so far positive thoughts have brought me nowhere.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2468631", "score": 0.6799289584159851, "text": "I have suffered from anger issues my entire life and generally I can keep it under control, but for some reason I wake up angry on certain days, no reason, it's not down to sleep or anything, just an uncontrollable rage is burning within me from the second I wake up and yes... You guessed it, the day has already started off badly and I've been out of bed for only 1 hour. I don't want to ruin this day but on days like this I can't even begin to still my mind. I could literally smash up my room from the minute I woke up for absolutely no reason.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2242303", "score": 0.6788060665130615, "text": "Happens to me all the time. I’ll be sitting on my couch, minding my own business then out of nowhere I’ll start panicking over anything and everything, which completely ruins my day because now I simply can’t stop my mind from racing and my heartbeat elevating and it just makes me want to curl up in bed and not be productive for the rest of the day.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-763", "score": 0.7286405563354492, "text": "Because our personalities relate in some manner. I figured this out by looking into it and wondering my friends were my friends. It really just came down to being weird, funny, spontaneous, talkitive and stuff like that. My brain just likes these people and gets a 'high' off of them. Sorta like a drug" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-183471", "score": 0.6917778253555298, "text": "Going only by my own memories of high school, I would make a guess that there's a subconscious awareness of 'otherness' or not fitting in. Even when you are a young child you can perceive whether or not you are 'normal' compared to the rest of the kids you socialize with. Those that feel less 'normal' would be more likely to relate to each other for this reason and gravitate together", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2297561", "score": 0.6917163729667664, "text": "I seem to never go from the acquaintance stage to real friendship. As a result, there are people I know but who are just work colleagues, people I volunteer with who already seem to have their own friends. They are not people I can just call to say hello or hang out with.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-9862", "score": 0.6910203695297241, "text": "It's a formula that is, as you've stated, based on your interaction. You like their stuff, they like your stuff, Instagram realises this and makes you see more of each other. Facebook does this too and so will almost every social media site.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-127555", "score": 0.6905129551887512, "text": "not sure entirely myself, but I would imagine it has to do with interest. If something interests or excites a person, they are more likely to remember even if unintentionally.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-148568", "score": 0.6904323101043701, "text": "The theory is that we have cognitive dissonance (I don't like this person, yet I am doing them a favor, something is wrong here) and we resolve it by looking for reasons to like them, and thus justify our actions. As an aside, I've totally used this to win people over. It works - might not make you the best friends ever, but helps take the edge off a bad workplace relationship.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-514732", "score": 0.6896214485168457, "text": "I've identified that this is the single most important precondition for having effective social interactions. \n\nIf you've already decided that you don't really care for somebody, or they're too predictable or dull - then you're not going to care for what they have to say - then you're not going to listen attentively - then you're not going to ask appropriate questions - then you're going to end up speaking about yourself most the time because you deem yourself to be more interesting than them - then it's going to be a rather shit interaction.\n\nThis is all well and good but I honestly find it easier said than done. Not in a sociopathic complexion but more of just habitually being bored by many people I meet. \n\nI'm not some paragon of esotericism but unfortunately oftentimes people who I suspect of being dull end up proving themselves to be pretty predictable with all their opinions and such - in this regard I don't feel like I actually have very much to learn from speaking with them and that taints the interaction. Especially if they've really aligned themselves with a particular stereotype. \n\nNow you could say ok just date and hang out with people who you find more interesting - but it's not always so simple, or possible in the case of work etc plus I don't like to think of myself as being arrogant to that degree - plus I should know that still waters can run deep. I mean I look like a bodybuilder and I do enjoy bodybuilding but my real passion is toward obscure music, literature, psychology, science, and hobbies like cocktail making. If everyone were to write me off as a meathead they'd never get to experience the more interesting sides of me. \n\nWith that said, does anyone else struggle with this issue?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2308593", "score": 0.6891297698020935, "text": "I've been dating a lot since my last breakup (3ish years ago) and I can't seem to... *click* with guys. Some I have liked and they dumped me, or they liked me and I ended it, and I know it takes time...\n\nBut it seems like other people do this more easily. I go to dinner parties with friends who are couples, and they disagree a lot. Don't seem to challenge each other or complement each other. But they're together. And I'm single. Are my standards too high? Or is it that my standards are screwy? (Like I don't know what I'm looking for?)\n\nI've been in a relationship where I thought we actually were a perfect fit, so it's not like I have a warped view. But then, he dumped me citing numerous compatibility issues...so maybe that's proof of a warped view.\n\nJust not sure. Maybe I'm being selective and finding someone I want to be my best friend &amp; life partner. Or maybe I'm being foolish and it's okay for couples to be out of sync on some things.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-73323", "score": 0.6881833672523499, "text": "I think it's because for some people -including me- a crowd that you are presenting or performing to is just a \"mass of people\". they are too crowded for you to imagine them as individuals at that moment, so you don't feel the anxiety of what do they feel or think about you. When you are talking to a person (or a few people), it takes too much effort to keep track if they are interested, if they are listening, how do they fell about you etc.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-996090", "score": 0.6879691481590271, "text": "I’ve had soo many crushes on people in my life . A lot of simple “I dig that person” or “he’s so cute” kind of crushes. \nLike that guy I sat across from in marketing 101 that made the class worthwhile. Or my high school boyfriend’s friend I always thought was cute. Some I didn’t even know, but passed them going to class every T/TH Sophomore year and then never saw again. \nThese would be people that you have no crush interest in any more and I don’t have any interest in wanting to start something. \nJust a little, hey someone noticed you. I think people would be surprised about who had these kind of crushes on them and give them a little extra confidence.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-673626", "score": 0.6879540085792542, "text": "Sometimes when a person pays attention to us we automatically create feelings for them without knowing much about them. \n\nBut there are points when our deep longing for love/attention, isn't as strong (for whatever reason) and we can look at our surroundings with a more rational eye. Many times I look at the other person and realize how little we have in common, how petty they may be, how much of a stranger they are to me. You realize how much you prioritized them liking you without even considering whether you even like them. You realize how much of your energy is devoted to adapting to this person, to give them what you think they want, rather than allowing yourself to be yourself. \n\nAnd then it hits you: why? Why am I giving you so much attention? Why are you in my life when I find you so annoying? Why is so much of my attention being devoted to someone who doesn't fulfill any of my needs past being just a warm body to cling to? \n\nYou get angry, you feel lied to and the liar is yourself. You lied to yourself in a time of great emotional need. You gave your love and attention to people who didn't deserve it. But this is a tough pill to swallow. You doubt yourself. If I felt so much for this person before why have I turned on them? There must be something wrong with how I feel and I can't trust myself. But what if you're not wrong? What if splitting is you coming to your senses after being infatuated with people you don't really like in the first place?\n\nWhat if you legitimately don't like your friends or your boyfriend or your wife but have been with them purely to make a lonely feeling go away? \n\nI'm starting to believe this is true bcs there are ppl I never split on and I believe it's bcs I legitimately like them.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-59211", "score": 0.6874778866767883, "text": "Because humans crave connection with other humans. That urge isn't so strong if the person you share the secret with is present, but as soon as you're the only one in the room who knows the secret, you want to be connected again. Telling someone else will satiate that connection desire", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-187377", "score": 0.68717360496521, "text": "Community. Most people want to be around people like them, so it makes sense to go where there are people that you can communicate with and help you integrate into your new community.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2310376", "score": 0.6868609189987183, "text": "You've become a rare breed. \n\nPerhaps the temporal resolution of our attention span has been diminished and fragmented vis-à-vis constant distraction and rapidly changing inputs. Perhaps people would rather tune in vicariously to digital simulacra rather than tuning into each other. Perhaps to be unabashedly focused and dialed in to another human is too vulnerable for most. \n\nIf you inquire intimately into the heart and mind of another person with earnest interest in their response, if you devote the time to listen and perchance respond with: praise, appreciation, recognition, acknowledgement, respect, admiration, adoration, kindness, warmth, or compassion... then bless you. \n\nWith grace we may receive love, but with grace we may also learn better how to give love in ever more profound and unique expressions. \n\nThank you for hugging your friends, normalizing affection, listening with interest, for holding eye contact and daring to connect with someone beyond the pragmatic, the commonplace, the predictably banal. \n\nThe fuel, the food, the source, the energy, the spark, the zest, the zeal *is love*.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2254757", "score": 0.686693549156189, "text": "This has been bothering me for some time. I'm sure most people who read this won't have anything to respond because you've never met me. But does have ANYONE have any advice/response/experience/anysortofinput to this?\n\nI have a large amount of acquaintances. But just that- acquaintances. Many of my close friends call me popular because in public I often run into people I \"know\" and exchange hellos. However, I feel that the vast majority of people are not interested in me whatsoever upon meeting me. It's cordial- they're friendly, I'm friendly, but NOTHING MORE. In the cases that I have tried to pursue something further, I feel like people are turned off, and/or I make a fool of myself. (Though the whole making-a-fool-of-myself thing might be a fabrication of my anxious, sensitive mind). Regardless, my efforts are always fruitless and backfire.\n\nFurther, the people I have close relationships/friendships with have almost always been coworkers. People who are exposed to and obligated to work with me for long periods of time inevitably end up loving me. I am humble, friendly, open-minded and super laid back. Though for people to realize this and warm up to me usually seems to take at least a few months. I sit and watch others' new relationships start and end before people even notice I'm there.\n\nAm I just really bad at initial impressions? I do have social anxiety... \n\nWHY THE FUCK CAN'T I MAKE INSTA-FRIENDS!? \n\n\nTLDR I'm lonely, and suck at making friends.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-643355", "score": 0.6866140961647034, "text": "We all need connection with others, especially in business and personal relationships. We are always looking for love and connection with others. This is our human need to feel love and to be touched by others. It is our survival instincts to desire to be part of a tribe.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2257090", "score": 0.6860412359237671, "text": "\"It's not what you know or how hard you work, it's who you know\" has been said to everybody in the western world at least once. And it makes me mad every time I hear it.\n\nHuman relationships- talking to people for the sake of talking to them and not for the sake of using them- is regarded as strange, silly, and useless. Why is it that all relationships in life must come with the underlying understanding that you're just using one-another? Why can't I hang out with my professors, my former bosses, my acquaintances, etc. just because they're interesting people, rather than because they have more \"cOnNeCtIoNs\" than I do? Why can't I befriend coworkers because it's human nature to be social, not so we can use each other for career purposes in the future?\n\nI miss talking to people without the underlying understanding that we're using one-another.\n\nEven people I thought agreed with this ended up just wanting to use me to access connections, once I no longer had connections different from them I got ghosted. Want to go get sushi like we've planned for months? ghosted. Want to grab a coffee and catch up? ghosted. Want to have a simple goddamn phone call? ghosted. Oh but the second people need a connection to the industry I'm in? All the sudden I'm their \"favorite person\" and they \"miss me\" and \"oh we should hang out soon! Right after you put in a good word for me with your boss.\" Why is this normal?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1856452", "score": 0.6859706044197083, "text": "I feel like it was a lot easier for me to develop a crush when I was younger, but now, I find that most people don’t interest me or ignite a ‘spark’ in me. Sure, I can feel a momentary infatuation or attraction towards someone I find attractive, but it’s not like I genuinely like them. \n\nI also have a hard time distinguishing between liking someone as a friend and liking someone as more than a friend. For both of these cases, you would genuinely like who they are as a person, enjoy spending time with them and want to be around them, so what makes them different?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-150946", "score": 0.685838520526886, "text": "You can't tell. You're always looking around you and it's natural for humans to make eye contact with someone if they see that they be might looking at them. As we're all doing it, from time-to-time through probability alone two people will do it at the same time, remember it, and then forget the thousand times before when they looked up and nothing happened.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-179356", "score": 0.6855034232139587, "text": "Your brain has specialized regions designed to mimic people and figuring out how to mimic them. Running on the assumption that other people around you know what they're doing and are doing it for a reason, your brain tries to learn from them every moment it can. If you see someone sitting a certain way or saying a certain thing, you're much more likely to do it yourself. Spend *years* with a person, and you'll pick up a lot of their mannerisms while they'll pick up yours.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-136827", "score": 0.685333251953125, "text": "In psychology it is often called \"the familiarity principle\" or the mere-exposure effect. It basically says the more we experience or expose ourselves to something, the more likable that thing becomes.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-764", "score": 0.6566387414932251, "text": "Because it's simply a math problem involving physics equations. Consider a math problem from your school text book where there are a pair of train tracks leading from Chicago to St. Louis which is 250 miles away. A train leave Chicago at noon going at 50 mph while at the same time a train leaves St. Louis traveling at 75 mph. Where along the route would you need to be waiting to watch the trains cross each others path (an *eclipse*) and at what time would that happen? Solving such a problem isn't too hard, and since the planets follow a predictable path with a predictable speed too (as dictated by [Newton](_URL_0_)) you can solve for them too if you gather all the numbers about where they are and how fast they orbit." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-321588", "score": 0.6230881214141846, "text": "[Solar telescopes](_URL_0_) have existed in one form or another for a long time. The simplest way to observe the Sun with a telescope is to project the image onto some surface, e.g. paper or a wall, and view it there. For more complex arrangements, filters are indeed used. Many amateur astronomical societies have solar telescopes with special filters (often the [H-alpha](_URL_1_) emission line, which brings out many features in the Sun), which are often made available for viewing during solar eclipses. There are also several research telescopes built specifically for looking at the Sun, which are mentioned in the article linked at the start of my comment.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-25988", "score": 0.6229982972145081, "text": "By measuring shadows. Imagine you put a stick in the ground, and marked the tip of shadow's location at the same time every day for a year. On day 366, the shadow will be in the (almost) exact same place as your initial mark, telling you that there are 365 days in a year. This is how ancient man figured out there were 365 day in a year. It took more advanced astronomy to figure out exactly what a \"year\" was though.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-698629", "score": 0.622514009475708, "text": "Especially when it comes to cosmic entities? Like say can a cosmic being that's around hundred to thousands of years old be vastly more powerful than one that predates time itself and be omniscient?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-145037", "score": 0.6223669648170471, "text": "Trigonometry, basic geometry and some astronomy were known since before ancient Greece. That's all you need for astonishing precision. As for moving heavy blocks - it's surprisingly easy. Here's a video of a single guy moving massive concrete blocks without using any modern tools: [link](_URL_0_). Imagine having a whole community of that guys working towards a single goal.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-253563", "score": 0.6222770810127258, "text": "It comes from Mesopotamian mathematics along with sundials and many astronomical units. The sun takes roughly 360 days to complete a full circle in the sky and it's based on that. They used a base 12 system (duodecimal), as opposed to our base 10 system. Bonus fact: You get to 10 by counting fingers and 12 by counting the knuckles on your fingers with your thumb. Correction: They actually used a sexagesimal system (base 60), the Egyptians used the duodecimal system.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-309981", "score": 0.6220651865005493, "text": "The waning and waxing of the Moon is not caused by the shadow of the Earth (though that happens during Lunar eclipses), but by the angles of the triangle made between the Earth-Moon-Sun system. To show this for yourself, draw and X on a tennis ball and go outside. Now hold the ball up in air in front of you and begin rotating while keeping the X facing you. You'll see the waxing and waning of the Lunar cycle on the tennis ball even during the times the Sun is behind you. For added accuracy, swivel your arm too.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-314294", "score": 0.6218597888946533, "text": "A few different ways; - [Lasers](_URL_0_) for really close things like the moon. - [Parallax](_URL_2_) used for nearby planets and stars. - [Standard candles](_URL_1_), the brightness of a specific type of supernova which gives a good range. - [Red Shift](_URL_3_) for things very far away. For more detail on how astronomers measure distance this Wiki page has a good list of techniques; - _URL_4_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-271697", "score": 0.621666431427002, "text": "It depends entirely on the precision of your measurement. In principle, if you have two highly precise measurements of position & distance, you can calculate the orbit of a body to a high degree of precision (provided it's in a simple elliptical orbit and isn't interacting too strongly with any planets). The \"once in a million years\" is a pretty simple calculation based on its position and velocity. The [Wikipedia article on Comet Siding Spring](_URL_0_) has a great table which illustrates how the precision of an orbital prediction is increased over a long period of observation. The more observations you have, the more tightly you can constrain its motion.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-315923", "score": 0.621544599533081, "text": "Based only on *our* solar system, solar eclipses extremely common. **Five** moons: Almathea, Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede regularly cast umbral shadows onto Jupiter's cloud tops. **Seven** of Saturn's moons are large enough and near enough Saturn to eclipse the Sun. **Twelve** of Uranus' moons can eclipse the Sun during 2 brief periods in the planet's 84 year orbit. Neptune has **seven** moons large enough to eclipse the Sun. Mercury and Venus have no moons, and Mars' two temporarily captured satellites are too small to cast a shadow all the way down to its surface. In summary, that's 5 out of 8 planets, with a total of 32 moons capable of eclipsing the Sun. (And if you're old school, it's 6 out of 9, and 33 with the addition of Pluto and Charon.)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-24810", "score": 0.6214887499809265, "text": "It's called parallax. The basic idea is that if you look at a star during one point of the earth's orbit and check it's position relative to something you know to be much further away than it (a galaxy, for example) then 6 months later do the same measurement and see how its position has changed, you can use the angle of this change to draw a triangle with the star in question and the two measurement points in the earth's orbit as the corners. Then it's just a matter of simple trigonometry to calculate how far the star is from the earth, since we know the radius of the earth's orbit. [This](_URL_0_) image illustrates it fairly well.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-65701", "score": 0.6214351058006287, "text": "Yep, crazy happenstance. The moon is about 400 times closer to us than the sun, and is also about 1/400th the size of the sun. So things work out pretty well. Of course, this is only for a few million more years, as the moon is slowly moving farther away from the Earth. Once it's backed off a bit more, it won't be able to totally cover the sun, leaving us with only partial eclipses from then on. But I doubt we'll be around to be disappointed by that.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-243634", "score": 0.6209830641746521, "text": "Maths. They did lots of maths. NASA did have computers pretty early on, but they also hired people to do the maths. The Apollo 11 mission, as well as project Mercury was calculated for the most part by Katherine Johnson, with the aid of a computer.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-259609", "score": 0.6208244562149048, "text": "There are a few ways. Today we can do it by measuring distant stars parallax that changes slightly as we make a circle around the sun. We can look at other plants since we know their orbits and speeds. Finally, we can do what ancient people did, look at a pattern the sun makes in the sky. Each week exactly at the same time it's in a slightly different place in the sky. If you take a photo each week and combine them, you will get an 8 figure pattern. The sun returns to a starting position after a year. A picture: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-176936", "score": 0.6204137802124023, "text": "Math. Basically, stars have a burn rate of their hydrogen that's pretty easy to calculate, given their luminosity and mass. From there, it's just a matter of extrapolating out. We have, of course, not observed any trillion-year-old stars, since they can't exist yet. But we can run the clock forward and predict that red dwarfs, say, will last that long.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-201433", "score": 0.6203768253326416, "text": "Generally mythologically. The moon is the damaged eye of Ra that heals, the moon is a shapechanger, eclipses are when the sky has eaten the moon, etc. It's important to note that in Europe at least, the knowledge that the Earth is round goes all the way back to the 1st millenium BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans well knew the world was round.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-832820", "score": 0.62027907371521, "text": "By this, I mean celestial objects that are so far away you would have to travel faster than the speed of light to reach it (eg. Andromeda? im not sure on this but its an entirely different galaxy so it should be right?). so then what kind of methods do scientists use to gain such precise knowledge of planets and galaaxies so far away?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-90457", "score": 0.6201903820037842, "text": "Originally, by looking at things that are really, really far away, specifically Jupiter's moons. _URL_0_ Rømer observed that lunar eclipses of Jupiter's moons, Io in particular. He noticed that the intervals between Io's eclipses become shorter when the Earth moves closer to Jupiter, and become longer when Earth moves away from Jupiter. He realized that this is because light has a finite speed - when Earth moves away from Jupiter, it takes light longer to reach it. He calculated that it takes the light about 22 minutes to travel the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun, which results in the velocity of about 220,000 km/s (today we know it's closer to 300,000 km/s, but the result is impressive nonetheless).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-88087", "score": 0.6201406121253967, "text": "Yes. The moon just happens to be at the right distance from the earth such that its size blocks out the almost completely (almost all the time). There are times when it is a bit further than optimal and you get an annular solar eclipse.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-166882", "score": 0.6200783252716064, "text": "Here's a real basic article about it: _URL_0_ Here's one from NASA that goes into more detail (including subsections that go further in depth): _URL_1_ The short version... there are a couple of different methods they use, depending on the object they are measuring and its distance from us. The most basic method is parallax. You note where an object's at. Then about 6 months later (when the Earth is on the opposite side of its orbit) you note it again. Then you can do some math to those figures and generate an approximate distance.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-41887", "score": 0.6195369958877563, "text": "The reason we experience a solar eclipse is because of something called \"The Solar Eclipse Coincidence\" The Moon happens to be about 400 times smaller than the Sun, but the Sun happens to be about 400 times further from the Earth than the Moon is.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-765", "score": 0.6458861231803894, "text": "I looked this up because I was curious. Basically it's gunk (phlegm?) that builds up in your throat overnight from your horizontal position, then goes away once you're upright." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-729704", "score": 0.6135672330856323, "text": "For the past 1-2 months I've consistently woken up around 5am with waves of worry, fear, and anxiety. My alarm doesn't ring until 7am, so I'm only 5 or 6 hours into my rest. It's usually as the first glimmer of sun passes through the window (we have our windows blacked out, and I wear a headband to keep it out, but my body still knows).\n\nBecause it's so early, and because I'm half-asleep, I feel like in a weak and defenseless state against this anxiety. I try focusing my thoughts, deep breathing, saying positive things. Sometimes it works and I'm only awake for 30 minutes, other times it doesn't work and I toss and turn for 1-2 hours. Sometimes I'll fall into a deep sleep with only 30 minutes until my alarm goes off.\n\nThe anxieties and worries are about many things... work that's past due, relationship worries with my wife, hypochondria (chronic sense \"somethings wrong with me\"), at-home chores/responsibilities, paying bills, money problems, not saving enough money, thinking about \"What If\" scenarios, and so on. The root of the anxiety seems to have this common thread: I feel like I have no control over things, that my life is slowly being compressed and squeezed, putting me into a tight corner.\n\nAnother cause of it may be stress... I have a hard time keeping stress under control. I try deep breathing every day throughout the day but my restlessness and lack of patience makes it difficult to reach that completely clear-headedness that comes with a successful deep breathing session.\n\nTherefore, the early morning anxiety 'attacks' (sometimes full blown panic attack, other times restless monkey mind) starts my day off on a negative foot, because the early mornings are kind of what give you momentum into the coming day. So of course I have fear about not getting enough sleep the next night and anxiety will creep into my evenings as well.\n\n**The Question** \n\nDoes anyone have the issue of early morning (before-waking) anxiety? Fortunately I have no problem falling asleep. (I use Valerian root. Rarely, melatonin.) It's that dreaded early morning anxiety... I wanted to see if anyone could relate, had methods they use to overcome, and most of all I wanted to type it out so that this \"anxiety about having anxiety\" is not stuck in my head. It's therapeutic to type stuff out :)\n\nThanks! And have a peaceful &amp; productive day!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2653098", "score": 0.6135616302490234, "text": "I feel really drowsy and have these huge puss-filled swellings under my jaw/ behind my ear (that's the extent of their size).\n\nWhat can I do? I honestly dont want to over react, but this is really having a huge effect on my life. \n\nI feel like I have narcolepsy or something.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-155310", "score": 0.6135562062263489, "text": "Snoring happens when your throat closes or nearly closes while sleeping. This can happen for a number of reasons, the most common chronic reason being sleep apnea. But it can happen erratically too, usually when the muscles controlling your throat relax. Alcohol is a muscle relaxant, so it can indeed cause snoring - and [Wikipedia's list of causes](_URL_0_) explicitly lists alcohol.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-88438", "score": 0.6135351657867432, "text": "I read a great article on that a while back. I'm trying to find it again... Basically, during the night you wake up (or semi conscious) for seconds - minutes between cycles, but you have no memory of it in the morning. As the night passes, those moments come more often. So in the morning, say you start one of those wake up phase, and then the alarm clock rings ; obviously you're gonna remember it. It will look like you woke up before the alarm, but you would have woken up anyway, you just would not have remembered it and gone back to sleep. EDIT: derpy English", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2641830", "score": 0.6135315895080566, "text": "This may be the loudest I've ever heard it, so I'm guessing that stress aggravates the Tinnitus like it will bother many other parts of the body. You think this could be true?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-56509", "score": 0.6135095357894897, "text": "Imagine a long thin blanket hanging from a clothesline. When the wind blows it, the entire blanket is pushed by the wind and shakes. That is your normal speaking voice. Imagine this as 100% shaking. Now, imagine a strong, fast gust of wind blows the blanket so that only the bottom half of the blanket shakes. That is your “light voice”, and try to imagine this as 50% shaking. So, the wind is like your breath, and the blankets are like two flaps in your throat. When the flaps change from 100% shaking to 50% shaking, it will sound like a voice cracking. This is my first ever reply to an ELI5. That was challenging, but I hope it worked?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-43410", "score": 0.613509476184845, "text": "i think that it may be because of our natural tendency to turn repetitive sounds into melodies. So a repetitive sound gets given different pitches by our brains. Its called the speech to song illusion.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-102367", "score": 0.6134994626045227, "text": "From what I understand, as you fall asleep, your heart rate drops. If it drops too quickly, your brain sends a jolt to make sure you're still alive. Because it cares about you and whatnot, the nag.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-188805", "score": 0.6134346723556519, "text": "Since sound is just vibration, so is your voice. When you speak, the air you exhale isn't the only thing that vibrates. The bones in your head, your skull, vibrate as well. This vibration of your skull makes the air in your ears move too, but since bones are a lot denser and harder than air, what you speak sounds a good tad lower. When you hear your own voice on a speaker, you don't have that effect and it sounds kind of awkward because that's not what you're used to.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-69750", "score": 0.613430917263031, "text": "Good question. The shape of your ear canal and inner ear change when you yawn, which changes our perception of a sound. We're super familiar with how things normally sound to us, so those slight changes in shape can be very startling.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-169983", "score": 0.6134074330329895, "text": "Variety of things. Sometimes it’s due to faulty wiring of the brain. Sometimes it’s due to weak muscles of the tongue or other oral muscles. Could be a combination of both.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-318974", "score": 0.6133751273155212, "text": "They have accents because they speak different languages or dialects. Our vocal chords are not biologically different; it's all about the speech community that we grew up in. If you'd like a more in-depth answer, I would be happy to give it. Perhaps you can elaborate on why you suspected our vocal chords are biologically different, to show that this is a serious question?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-113467", "score": 0.6133612394332886, "text": "I've never heard that closing your eyes while nodding or shaking your head somehow adds emphasis. Do you have a source?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-171626", "score": 0.6132843494415283, "text": "Your body stores glucose in your liver and kidneys. If your levels get too low over night, your body will release some of that store to stabilize it. This can lead to some phenomena in diabetics where bs when waking up is super high even though they were fasting and it was normal when they went to bed. Some are called the Samiagi (sp) or sunrise effect. This is the premise of how some diabetes meds work; it keeps your body from releasing this extra storage. This effect can _URL_0_ combatted by having a small snack before bed to help stabilize bs.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-142679", "score": 0.6132638454437256, "text": "It's for two reasons: 1. You're yawning is quite loud to you since it's in your head and 2. Yawing opens up the tubes that connect your ear to your throat, so your eardrums are expanding which temporarily deafens you", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2110803", "score": 0.613227367401123, "text": "Not sure if this is normal or a bipolar thing, but sometimes when I'm depressed I can't sleep because I literally hear screams when I close my eyes. Not words or sentences, just screams, short and sharp.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-27785", "score": 0.613196849822998, "text": "It's basically a hormone that causes a \"stress\" or \"wake up!\" response. Coffee increases cortisol levels.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-859106", "score": 0.6131569743156433, "text": "Mine hardly does the trick, even loud breathing seeps through. I know the sound isn’t consistent so it’s not exactly designed for it but would be nice.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-190337", "score": 0.6131533980369568, "text": "As the phone broadcasts your voice, it add a inverse sound wave of your voice to the recording of the person you are calling to cancel your voice out. Like noise cancellation technology.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-856531", "score": 0.6131449341773987, "text": "I smoke weed with the shower on everyday. 8 mins of cold water while I smoke, 4 mins of hot water/steam/soap to flush out the weed scent, and 8 mins of actual shower time. (Works great every time!)\n\nAnyway, when I switch the water from cold to hot, the sound of the shower hitting the floor goes from a high pitch sound to a low pitch bass-y sound. Why does this happen?\n\n\nTheories: \n\n-Hipster hot water was dub step before it was popular\n\n-The steam muffles the water noise. BUT the pitch changes before the bathroom is steamy?!\n\n\nI'm sure there's a simple scientific answer. I need to know for when I see the water tonight so I can laugh in its dumb face.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-766", "score": 0.6574450135231018, "text": "Window period of HIV testing: this is the time between when you acquire HIV and when an HIV test becomes positive. If you donate blood between those two time points, that unit of blood may transmit HIV. Imperfect testing: the tests used to screen the blood supply for communicable diseases are very good, but not perfect. A population with a higher rate of infection with a disease has a higher rate of false negative test results. Using medical terminology, I am referring to the dependence of negative predictive value on pre-test probability for a test with a given sensitivity." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-312088", "score": 0.6244562268257141, "text": "**Edit**: My answer sounds weird after re-reading the question. Blood can't be kept indefinitely. & nbsp; LPN here. Yes. Blood degrades incredibly fast. Red blood cells have a life cycle of about 120 days and that's while in the body doing their thing. Blood isn't kept for more than 42 days but even now, there's a growing body of research that suggests even *that* is too long. In the hospital, blood must be infused within a few hours from when it leaves the blood bank or else it is considered unsafe to be given. & nbsp; Blood donations are constantly needed, not because there's a bunch of people who need it, but because it expires so quickly. ^(Unfortunately, I can't donate blood because of a condition that keeps my heart rate above the acceptable range.)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-265567", "score": 0.6243374347686768, "text": "First off, Daraprim is not an HIV drug, it's an antiprotozoal. However, it most often finds use in AIDS patients, because healthy patients generally don't contract problematic toxoplasmosis. To answer your question, it wouldn't be hard at all to synthesize the compound. [The 60-year-old synthesis is on the wikipedia page](_URL_0_). There's no problem with the science. The reason others aren't selling it will be related to patents and regulation, not science. This might be a question more appropriate for /r/legaladvice or another policy-related forum.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-84638", "score": 0.6242539286613464, "text": "It is a virus that exists in the blood, usually unprotected anal sex would damage the colon and if your infected fluids (semen, blood) comes into contact the virus has been transferred, if you use protection, you're not going to see the wrong side of HIV/AIDS so it's best just to play it safe. For more information refer to sexual health materials from your local GP or clinic. Any medical professional would be absolutely fine with explaining it as it's one of the most serious health epidemics that affects many countries, and the only way to fight it is to provide materials and knowledge on how to combat the spread of it. If you're worried, get an STD check. They're usually cheap and certainly help calm yourself. Remember: the earlier you catch it the better it can be controlled. Better safe than sorry. :)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-28821", "score": 0.624247670173645, "text": "Imagine a company named Mothersoft. Every one of the cells (workers) has identifiers like an ID badge that tell the immune system (security) that they belong to the company. The security will respond to anything foreign that doesn't belong in the company. Now imagine that the company wants to spin off a smaller company based on a partnership with Fathercorp. The new company has workers with different ID characteristics compared to both Mothersoft and Fathercorp. Neither parent company wants the new start-up's workers to go running around their company. Likewise, it doesn't make sense for either company's security workers to go to the new company and harass the new company's workers so everything remains separate. You can see this issue with blood donations. Depending on the parents' blood types, it's possible to have a child where one or both parents cannot donate blood to the child because the immune system will classify the donated blood as foreign. EDIT: Clarified blood donations", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-321504", "score": 0.6240739226341248, "text": "Well, some insects can spread certain specific blood born diseases. [Malaria](_URL_0_) is spread this way as is [Yellow fever](_URL_1_). The problem is that if a pathogen hasn't specifically evolved to survive or reproduce in a specific host, survival is highly unlikely. In the case of say HIV, the virus itself has a short lifespan is fairly unstable so even if it were picked up by a mosquito, the virus would likely die before it got to anywhere.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-284433", "score": 0.6238540410995483, "text": "They do, in fact. There's a currently - hot thread on r/science about HIV evolving to be less likely to cause AIDS. The TLDR seems to be that these recent diseases (HIV/Ebola) just haven't had time to fully adapt to the human environment and stop killing hosts; apparently, bats carry ebola without any major detriment.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-657541", "score": 0.6237971782684326, "text": "I was thinking about this last night. \n\n1. If you can only spread the disease when you are symptomatic it has to be a fluid that spreads the disease.\n\n2. The disease isn't airborne.\n\n3. The average situation won't be one person throwing-up or bleeding on other people to spread it. It's just not going to happen often.\n\n4. It's been said over and over that the chance of getting it off surfaces is slim, and blood is the most conductive fluid.\n\nSo how is it spreading?\nPoor sanitation and cramped living quarters surly. But something else has to be doing it that we can't account for or isn't being discussed.\n\nBut what is one thing that always spreads fluids directly into the body, that everybody does? And what's one thing that African nations haven't traditionally been a leader on as far as public health?\n\nUnprotected sex.\n\nSemen and vaginal fluid has to have a fairly high concentration of the virus, not to mention tons of other fluids are spread during sex including saliva, sweat, and maybe even fecal matter if you're not clean.\n\nAlso rough sex causes bleeding or rips in the vaginal wall.\n\nI've seen a few mentions of men being told to wear condoms if they survive, and a few stories connected to this, but nobody in the mainstream media seems to be talking about it at all.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1263222", "score": 0.6235179305076599, "text": "I accidentally stepped in a fire and was in the blinking red in blood. My friend, who tested O negative gave me a blood transfusion. My health immediately went back down to blinking and I got sick, and I died in about 30 seconds. Is O negative not the universal donor? Why would My health start immediately dropping.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-67278", "score": 0.6234329342842102, "text": "Usually because its a trade-off for defense against other diseases. For example if you have sickle cell anaemia you are defended against West Nile syndrome. Its all about the environment you are in.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-281650", "score": 0.6233896613121033, "text": "It depends on the combination of blood types. If you are type AB, nothing much will happen. If you are type A and receive B blood, or type O and receive any type but O, you sill experience destruction of the transfused rbcs ([hemolysis](_URL_1_)), due to antibody recognition of ABO markers on the foreign cells. This will lead to jaundice from the increased bilirubin, and may also have other more serious effects such as [renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation \\(DIC\\)](_URL_0_), which may be fatal. This is because people with type O blood have antibodies vs A and B, while type A people will have antibodies vs B (and vice versa). Type AB is commonly called the universal recipient, because they have no antibodies ABO markers and can thus receive any kind of blood (excluding other factors such as Rh).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-60413", "score": 0.6233342289924622, "text": "[Arthur Ashe](_URL_0_) was a well known pro tennis player who contracted HIV from a blood transfusion during heart surgery.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-264528", "score": 0.6233004927635193, "text": "That sounds like it would map to 'AB' 'rhesus positive' but I am not an expert and might be totally wrong. If you did donate blood they will take their own tests, most likely.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2738857", "score": 0.623123824596405, "text": "Why do JW say that you can have blood fractions but blood transfusions are a no-no?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1984019", "score": 0.623091459274292, "text": "If I can't sell my Kidney to a rich diabetic, or can't buy sex from a woman who wants to sell it, why am I allowed to buy semen from a man? More importantly, why are we allowed to shop through a catalogue and evaluate the sperm based on the size, appearance, and economic success of the donor, then after getting the five or six zygotes matching the traits the patronizer has shopped for murder the zygotes that do not match what you wanted to purchase. It just seems like the worst variety of human rights violation.\n\nEdit 1: ~~this is the post and my comment that got me angry enough to seek a CMV~~\n\nDeleted comment, was too emotional and called for violence. I do not think my opinions are valid scientific facts, but would still appreciate someone who can make me see Artificial Insemnination as something other than a Eugenics program\n\nEdit 2: As I responded to someone, I think this summarizes my view: I don't hate anybody, I just think that human life must be deliberate and chosen and agreed. It can't become utilitarian, anonymous, and commercial or we will truly be worthless\n\n_____\n\n&gt; *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than just downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki]( *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-655904", "score": 0.6230791807174683, "text": "I'm a regular blood donor and have recently recovered from covid. My local blood bank collects convalescent plasma for use in seriously ill covid patients. Will donating plasma dilute my antibodies to the point that I could be subject to easier re-infection.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-643231", "score": 0.6229962110519409, "text": "The direct link between homosexual men and HIV has been disputed since Bruce Voeller's research on HIV/AIDS in the 80s. Why is this practice still done and with modern research to back up those claims, why is this not discrimination?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-128789", "score": 0.6229012608528137, "text": "Seeing as the highest rating comment is removed, let me restate what it said in a way I'd tell a five year old. Sometimes doctors need to open people up to fix them, and to do that, they have to cut them. There are tiny tubes that carry blood throughout your body. Blood carries air, and if you lose too much, you die, so your doctor has to make sure you don't bleed. Your doctor knows where these tubes are, and does all that's possible so that they don't cut them when they cut into your body. But when you have to cut the tubes, they use clamps that stop the blood from leaving, like if you squeezed a lawn hose, or they 'cauterize' it (think of it like caught-'er-eyes'), meaning they burn the little tubes closed. But even through this, blood will still be lost. So they suck out the blood that's in the way of the surgery, and they replace what is lost with blood that people donate. When you get big and strong, you can donate blood and save peoples lives, and they even give you a cookie afterwards!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-248228", "score": 0.6228921413421631, "text": "One major problem is that there is something called [blood-brain barrier](_URL_1_) - and [once the virus gets beyond that the immune cells are ineffective on it](_URL_0_). The other problem is of course that the virus is causing major damage once in the CNS - generally even with the [Milwaukee protocol](_URL_2_) the survival rate seems to be very small (and seems to depend more on the aggressiveness of the virus and on the amount of antibodies that the body was already producing before the virus got into CNS).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-270113", "score": 0.6227065920829773, "text": "When one donates blood, the blood is processed from its raw form to filter out all the parts they need into separate containers. This way, blood transfusions are only RBCs. Platelets transfusions are just platelets. And a number of other useful chemicals and substances can be extracted from the rest.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-105548", "score": 0.6226970553398132, "text": "It's difficult to design a pump that's not too rough on the blood cells. Artificial hearts (which do exist) tend to rough them up a little, which causes clotting and can lead to heart attacks/strokes as well as immune responses.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-767", "score": 0.7142758965492249, "text": "Your solar plexus is a bundle of nerves. If you are hit there, the nerves are shocked for a while, and cause your diaphragm to be paralyzed. This keeps you from breathing." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-306501", "score": 0.6785081624984741, "text": "I would say that the answer lies in [the mammalian diving reflex](_URL_0_). Also, I wouldn't characterise it so much as a loss of breath as much as holding your breath, and your heart rate changing instantly... where your heart probably skips a beat. I wouldn't rule out a reflex fight response in addition either - where your muscles tense up, ready to swim.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-141731", "score": 0.6781575679779053, "text": "Your ears and throatare connected by a tube. When you blow in hard through your nose, air pressure rises, which gives you that feeling.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-153016", "score": 0.6780195832252502, "text": "That's the adrenalin. It gets released to mobilize strength reserves in your muscles that you might need to avoid a fall and possible injury.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-52962", "score": 0.677810549736023, "text": "When you're in danger, a different part of your nervous system becomes much more active than normal. It controls the \"flight or fight\" response. When this happens, you go into full survival mode. Tunnel vision, rapid heartrate, fast breathing, blood diverted to the more essential areas for confronting a threat, shaking, etc. One of those things is the contraction of smooth muscles. The most noticeable effect is relaxation of the bladder. All of these thigns are done to increase the energy available to you, in preparation for a potential violent muscular action; running or fighting.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-185633", "score": 0.677804708480835, "text": "One reason is that basically the brain is floating in water inside our skulls and if the the blow is strong enough to push the brain with enough momentum to bounce on part of the skull to another and the brain gets short circuited. Another reason is that a certain amount of pain and/stress is too much to handle and our hearts are beating too fast because its in fight/flight mode and our brain shuts off to prevent us from dying via heart attack.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-168960", "score": 0.6777797341346741, "text": "You mostly exhale it. Your body combines fats and carbs and proteins with oxygen, resulting in energy, water, and carbon dioxide...the last two you exhale.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-180648", "score": 0.6777462363243103, "text": "Well, ELI5 version, your body doesn’t know how to fix itself so it keeps trying to get everything out. That “chest kicked in by a horse” feeling (or fell-ing, no judge I’m bad at spell check too) is your lack of anything to push out. So all you’re doing is pushing with no substance. Think lifting up a box you thought was going to be heavy, but then is empty. It throws you off and can really hurt, except instead of throwing the box to kingdom come with all your force going out the force goes to you. Which hurts! Sounds like you may be experiencing this now, if you keep getting sick with nothing coming out (or bile coming out) for over 12 hours please go see a doctor.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-166733", "score": 0.677456796169281, "text": "Its your body reacting to the burn trying to stop it getting into your breathing system.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-183779", "score": 0.6773048043251038, "text": "There is nothing special about the back of the head. Any sufficient blow to the head can render you unconscious. There are a few mechanisms at work. First, the physical act of your brain jostling around inside your skull basically disrupts the operation of the brain, causing you to lose consciousness. Secondly, is you can affect how the blood flows into the brain, and a sudden reduction in blood/oxygen flow can result in consciousness.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1926523", "score": 0.6770933270454407, "text": "I do boxing as a sport and I came to wonder how come you get physically exhausted when getting beat up in training. What kind of mechanisms are behind this? I'd assume that'd it make more sense for your body to release adrenaline or some type of other agent to actually make you more fresh and alert than before.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-106861", "score": 0.6768588423728943, "text": "My best guess is a sort of vasovagal response. Vasovagal syncope is fainting, but as the vagal nerve delivers the parasympathetic neurotransmitters that mediate the fight or flight response, I'd lay my dollar here. If you were five, I'd say that when you get a big surprise your brain has to decide whether it's a big deal and you need to run, like from a lion! (sympathetic) Or it's a big deal and your brain accidently sends more than one response at once, Run! and Chill! and the chemicals make a mixed up feeling in your chest for a second. The chemical response has to happen so much faster than you can process the information, especially when you have a strong emotional reaction, that the messages sent to your body can be skewed.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-267979", "score": 0.6767786741256714, "text": "There's a muscle under your lungs called the diaphragm. When you inhale, it pulls down toward your pelvis, lowering the pressure in your lungs and allowing air to flow in. When it relaxes, your lungs squish back up and push the air out. Your tummy is below the diaphragm, so it gets squished and loosened in the movement as well.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-250969", "score": 0.676634669303894, "text": "Many people here talk about grabbing onto stuff etc. but there's a much simpler view. Bracing for impact does help. You basically do this by contracting mucles and breathing out, anything else is optional or rather situational. contracting muscles prevents impact from deforming your organs and helps muscles absorb the shock. breathing out prevents compression of your diaphragm/lungs during impact, thereby prevents getting the \"wind knocked out of you\" and more serious lung damage. while you probably refer to accidents and such, this can also be observed in martial arts, where an impact is absorbed with less damage by contracting mucles and exhaling.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-274434", "score": 0.6763989329338074, "text": "Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the neuroendocrine stress response. This puts the body in what is termed \"fight or flight\" mode by diverting blood flow away from the internal organs and more towards the skeletal muscles, and by causing pupillary and bronchial dilatation as well as other effects.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1093454", "score": 0.6763870120048523, "text": "If a boxer gets knocked out, or a person gets knocked unconscious. Does that mean you will have a concussion?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-75370", "score": 0.6762447953224182, "text": "this is due to your \"fight or flight\" responce from your body, when your frightened your body immediately inhales air to extract the oxygen needed incase you needed run away asap.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-29093", "score": 0.6762347221374512, "text": "Adrenaline dump. Your body no longer needs the adrenaline but it's still in there. You're describing the physiological effects.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-90359", "score": 0.6761137247085571, "text": "It's a fight or flight response. You fill your lungs with air quickly because your brain thinks you will face a life threatening danger. You will fight or run for life. Either way you would need more oxygen.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-93258", "score": 0.6760784983634949, "text": "It's called a [Hypnic Jerk](_URL_0_) As you begin fall asleep, you begin to breathe deeper with longer intervals and your pulse also drops to below your awake resting rate (~60bpm). Your brain sometimes goes \"HOLY FUCK YOU MUST BE DYING\" and sends a signal to all your muscles and thus, the jump. Edit: Apparently I don't know how to spell.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-57015", "score": 0.6760771870613098, "text": "You normally breathe in by relaxing a muscle called the diaphram which moves down towards your tummy allowing the lungs to expand. When the lungs expand this creates \"suction\" that draws air into the lungs. When the air is moving very quickly it doesn't want to go into your lungs as it's easier for the air to go other places, making it more difficult to breathe.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-768", "score": 0.691967785358429, "text": "There is absolutely nothing at all hypocritical about the position. The difference is that police are agents of the state whose word and direction represent the will of the state. The more militarized a police force the more the state is able to control the populace. There is also NO Constitutional provision protecting the right of agents of the state to carry a firearm. An individual, by contrast, is not an agent of the state. They are a private individual citizen with a protected Constitutional right to protect their liberty, property, and family from force whether it be from another private individual or the unjust actions of the state." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2738154", "score": 0.6571652889251709, "text": "&gt;Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. ...\\[I\\]n order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun.\n\n\\-Mao Zedong \n\n\n&gt;We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\n\n \\-United States Declaration of Independence \n\n\nIt's time for the people to make a choice. Which of these ideals do we hold above all? We've heard about reforming the existing system for decades, but it's obviously never going to happen. The problem has existed since police were formed in this country, initially to protect businessmen's goods and to hunt down slaves. They have always been used by those in power to enforce the laws that those in power put in place. The lie is that the law is fair and just, it's not. There is no direct connection between the common good and the law. The law is whatever those in power can effect and enforce. The police have lobbied for and received unequaled discretion in the performance of their duties and then betrayed that trust over and over again. \n\nNot only do you have police killing people for no reason (both black and white), now, as protests break out, you have police attacking reporters for no reason, attacking protesters for no reason. This demonstrates what we have known for a long time. What we have now is an inward-looking and insular gangland culture of police that no longer consider themselves part of the populace. This allows them to dehumanize, degrade and kill people like George Floyd. This culture also allows them to do the same to any of their own that attempt to change it. If you are not with them, you're against them.\n\nThis has gone on for decades, the only difference is that now we all have cameras that take high definition video that exposes their vile culture of dishonesty and inhumanity. When is it going to become clear that taking away the powers invested in the military force known as the police is the only way to start resolving this conflict? It's time for the police and those in power above them to realize that they are us and they can't hold themselves above us using force or there will be a revolution in this country.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2471181", "score": 0.6562456488609314, "text": "My biggest problems with libertarian communities online, and libertarian talking heads is the almost cult like culture behind being opposed to everything the left has does, or has done, under the flag ship of \"oh well I'm not a left or right. I'm libertarian\" when clearly there are strong right-wing sectarian \"anti pc culture, anti liberal\" So many libertarians fall into. \n\nFor example: the anti-war sentiment was largely growing during the bush administration; I acknowledge it's all partisan BS, and once Obama was in office, much of the anti-war left disappeared. BUT I think it's untimely more harmful to not support these campaigns as they're happening. And even MORE hurtful to instead of attempting to convince someone to be anti-war for libertarian reasons... instead just shame them for being a brainless flip-flopping liberal. Same for gun-control. A lot of left libertarian-anarchists are super anti-gun control, and even though the collectivist ideals of those people have may run contrary to what you believe in. Pushing aside, or even pandering to the right, so you sound/look more reasonable is ridiculous. EQ) antfia, are super anti-gun Control. So to strictly just say there are stupid evil leftists with no good ideas is stepping in your own toes \n\nSo many libertarians that came over in 2012 with Ron Paul use to be liberals, and I feel like that inviting community that once existed just isn't there because of how hostile libertarians have became towards the left now-a-days (understandably) \n\nTL;DR I feel a trend in popular public libertarians and online forums... purposely having sectarian bias' against every single thing considered left-wing, and sometimes even comprising on core libertarians values simply to oppose the left and win favour with right wing populists", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2737928", "score": 0.6560212969779968, "text": "Why do the people of authority in our country think that the same laws that they impose on the population don't apply to them? If they want to take away from the people AR-15's and the like, then they should also be taken away from our government and politicians and police. There's an article that reads: \"Why are AR-15's 'Personal Defense' Weapons for the DHS but 'Assault Rifles' for citizens?\" Why do people allow such travesty to rule over them? Do people like it? Why aren't there more people that want to speak for what is right? Is there really nobody that believes in the constitutional rights our founding forefathers so graciously built this country on? Where did things go wrong? Who did this start with? When? And when will people wake up and realize that this isn't that wonderful \"free\" country they learned about in grade school? And why don't people care to dig around and become freely willed and not just take what they see on the tv and in the news as truth? The media are the biggest perpetrators in the world and they know that the masses will believe any bull shit they feed them. For example when hurricane Katrina happened, did they show on the news how the army national guard was going door to door kicking them in asking if they \"need assistance\" while taking everyone's guns and using lethal force if they refused? I bet not. \n\nInvestigate questionable ethics of all authority figures. After all, if you watch the videos I share then you would know that the second amendment was given to us to defend against our own government in the event it became tyrannical. Here's the definition of tyranny for those who don't know: ", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-752971", "score": 0.6556518077850342, "text": "To explain further, as I understand libertarianism, one of it's main tenets, is the unregulated thoughts of ideas in which anyone has a right for there voice to be heard. How does/would a libertarian world work if you have people who are diametrically opposed to the idea of liberty? (I.e., hardline communists, fascists, authoritarians)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2471954", "score": 0.6549480557441711, "text": "Edit: The replies here are overwhelming! Thank you all, I feel really empowered and strongly consider myself a libertarian. I'm excited to learn more, I just got home and am really tired but wow these posts really opened up my eyes!\n\nI realize I am pretty much stuck in the middle without representation. I am a vegan atheist, and basically like to think of myself as a libertarian with a heart (a bleeding heart republicans love to say and joke about). \n\nI strongly feel government is one of the worst most in-efficient entity in any business, I mean just the DMV alone is an infuriating travesty. I think this 3D gun printing debate is ridiculous given how easy it is to get and make guns already, especially for the bad guys. Tougher gun laws only make it harder for law abiding citizens to have guns, and mainly the most vulnerable in our society. Those that are less fortunate living in the worst neighborhoods are being pounded by new laws and regulations limiting their ability to self defend themselves from the most horrendous kinds of evil. \n\nI am a firm supporter of bitcoin because of it's decentralized nature that is squarely out of the control of the Fed and any money printing machine that devalues a populations savings with yet another hidden tax, again on the most vulnerable. \n\nBut I'm also a believer in the scientific method! I trust science and it's findings on climate change, evolution, etc. I can't understand why people hate Tesla and Elon Musk so much, especially libertarians that complain about so called subsidies but not a word about the outrageous oil subsidies that continue today. \n\nI can go on and on but my question is, am I alone? Am I the only left leaning libertarian there is? If not who represents us? I can't stand the thought of voting for a republican because, among many other things, I believe it's a women's choice to abort and it's fucking crazy to think that they would have to do backyard abortions or late stage abortions because pro-lifers (clearly majority republican) want to get rid of local providers or worse, overturn Roe V. Wade. \n\nI also believe investing in our states and our country through taxation is not a bad thing, and I wonder how we ever created our highway system when now we can't even replace our light sensors to not be stupid and stay red when no car is around, in 2018 when there are sensors and camera's everywhere these days, we can't update our traffic lights to better move traffic. We were about to invest in another old turbo diesel electric train that wouldn't get finished for decades while other countries such as China, Japan, or Germany have Maglevs, electric magnetic levitating train that go over 200mph and continue to get faster, right now...not decades from now, while here we are with shit public transport and so called libertarians complaining about Tesla, and electric cars. \n\nIs there such a thing as a left leaning libertarian or am I in the wrong place?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-754420", "score": 0.6544783115386963, "text": "The Left attempts to make everything seem like a social issue. The Right attempts to make everything seem like an economic issue. Part of the reason Libertarianism is hard to gain support for is the same reason it's hard to gain support for the Right, we make many issues sound like an economic issue.\n\nI just wonder why Libertarians push abolishing regulation more so than, letting ex and present convicts vote, for example. It just seems to me that we would be more successful arguing from the social side - After all we are liberals, and this subreddit does a pretty good job in, for example, police brutality posts, pushing the social view. \n\nSo how come we associate ourselves more with Republicans than the Left, where we originated from?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-13909", "score": 0.6543943881988525, "text": "You're pretty much right but I think its also kind of a cop out answer that we get. The wars are winding down so yeah there is a lot of surplus equipment but why not just keep it for the next war? Because then defense contractors would cease to create profit. And there are so many voting districts with defense companies in them and Senators want to get reelected and they at all cost don't want to lose those jobs so they support police militarization to keep the goods flowing. Also with the \"threat of terror\" that can happen anywhere unexpectedly, no Govenor wants to be caught in a crises without looking tough and scary. So they support it even if they know it is ridiculous.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-506835", "score": 0.6538111567497253, "text": "If you think the only people who should have guns are government personnel (i.e. police), you are not truly anti-gun.\n\nYou are fully aware of and okay with the fact that the state will need guns (possibly even the \"assault weapons\" that politicians continually whine about) to enforce a ban on your neighbor's AK47 and your uncle's 15-round Glock magazine. Despite the fact that you're more likely to be murdered by a cop than a legal gun owner, you are okay with agents of the state who have little to no accountability carrying the same lethal weapons you want to take from the average Joe, and using them to serve that end.\n\nSomehow, whether by ignorance or brainwashing, you've been convinced that humans are violent animals and can't be trusted with weapons, so we need other humans with weapons to take their weapons. Because somehow working for the all-powerful and all-knowing state absolves you of the same violent nature that you believe justifies putting white-out on the Constitution.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-157708", "score": 0.6533561944961548, "text": "The police are getting a lot of surplus military hardware, and can get easy funding by saying it's for \"antiterrorism\", and once you have that gear, you want to use it. \"When all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\" Plus, they are cultivating a public image that's kind of like the military, and want to live up to it. Let me direct you to this _URL_1_ article which sums it up really nicely: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2740470", "score": 0.6526381373405457, "text": "I think this is one of the last reservations I have for libertarianism, hope that you guys can help me understand this like my past questions.\n\nSovereignty, borders, and military. Each one of these things is required by the thing preceding it in the list. Military to maintain a border, border to maintain sovereignty, and sovereignty to maintain and preserve our freedom. I don't see how a borderless nation can stay a nation. I doubt any family moving to the US in order to enjoy freedom is any harm, but as soon as a foreign military, cartel, terrorist group, or any other organized group decides to enter, they can do as they please. \n\nThis might sound a little out there, and I'm sure if it is a baseless fear you will tell me why. I hope for a productive conversation.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-22235", "score": 0.6523981690406799, "text": "A lot of Americans see having firearms as the right that protects all other rights. It stems from the idea that as long as we have a means to resist the government, they can't take away our freedoms.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-202878", "score": 0.6519508957862854, "text": "Many modern-day small government people don't like Lincoln, not necessarily because of the secession issue, but because he suspended habeas corpus, instituted a draft, issued fiat currency, and many other actions they find morally repgunant. Some of these people argue for a right to secession, some against it, but most 'libertarian'-type thinkers are not big fans of suspending civil rights or enslaving individuals to the military.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-163560", "score": 0.6519424915313721, "text": "The are a remnant of an earlier time. The truth is they aren't all that important, but many states feel strongly about maintaining their right to have one (Which is the true point of the 2nd Amendment). In theory, in the event of an invasion or the like they would join the fight. The thing is, that is also what the National Guard and the regular military is for.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-754412", "score": 0.6518970727920532, "text": "If people have an objective right against violence on them or their property, what is then the issue with minarchism. \nMinarchism as in a state protecting only against violence with voluntary donations from its citizens. The state would have a constitution that does not enable the state to change its role.\nI don't see how this violates those rights.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-506405", "score": 0.6518913507461548, "text": "This seems so simple to me that I don't understand it. Why don't gun control activists push for a constitutional amendment either repealing the second amendment or a new one allowing Congress to regulate fire arms? It would be a single solution that people could get behind. Same for Pro Life people. They could draft an amendment then start working on legislatures. \n\nYes it is hard but it gives you a single position that you can advocate step by step and draw support for. I have no clue what gun control activists are advocating right now other than banning people on the terror watch list from owning fire arms which is COMPLETELY unconstitutional.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1507709", "score": 0.6518514752388, "text": "I've been wondering about this. I'm a pro-gun leftist (there are dozens of us; dozens!) who is highly opposed to the NFA, later import bans, and all of the bullshit piecemeal rights erosions over the last 80 or so years, and I'd really like to know why after two years of controlling the executive and legislative branches the GOP hasn't repealed it all, or even *introduced legislation* to do so. What's the damn point if they're never going to *act* on anything? \"I support your gun rights\", then GIVE THEM BACK. They literally have the power to, but they aren't doing it! I'm beginning to think they never will, but are merely dangling the threats to our rights over our heads and will do so forever as long as it helps cement the voter base in their favor, and I still have to pay a $200 tax on a metal tube with baffles I could make in my damn basement, and can't buy machine guns for anything less than a small car loan.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2739429", "score": 0.6516466736793518, "text": "In an ancap society, there are no rights and there is no property and there is nobody you can turn to. \nAggression doesn't simply vanish; it is privatized instead of being democratized. To preserve our freedoms, government simply must use violence in some cases. \nCan't believe some people don't get this simple idea.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1499198", "score": 0.6509447693824768, "text": "To many of these idiots, the idea of individual liberty can be separated from being a libertarian. And a feudal oligarchy is ok as long as it doesn't tax you.\n\nWell if you believe that you're not a libertarian just a conservative who doesn't want to pay taxes (all the while you increase the debt into perpetuity).\n\nWhen Bastiat spoke of right to life liberty and property - the property part wasn't referring to merely real estate, it was referring to the individual and ones own body primarily. When the state infringes on life and property, dissent is a perfectly acceptable response, even if the dissent be violent.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2609888", "score": 0.6509218215942383, "text": "Many people and protesters are calling for the abolishment of the police in the United States, and are instead wanting other alternatives that are safer and are more focused on social welfare (for example, MPD150 have been proposing new ideas). Even some of my more liberal friends are calling for it. What’s your opinion on it from a Communist/Marxist/Marxist-Leninist POV?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-86617", "score": 0.650781512260437, "text": "Conservatives in the us are not like conservatives in the rest of the world. The Republican Party supports \"traditional values.\" This is often one in the same with either Christian values or family values. This can largely encompass respect for authority and therefore they support the police officers. Also, all conservatives support stability and so they would be against revolting. Finally, conservatives stand firm that the ferguson case was self defense and not supporting wilsons right to protect himself is bad for guns rights.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-769", "score": 0.7266635298728943, "text": "There *ARE* 30 packs of soda. Walmart sells them. [Here's a link for 30 cans of Diet Mt Dew](_URL_0_) If you want to see other examples you can google 30 pack of soda, thats how I found that link." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1592822", "score": 0.6902586817741394, "text": "Ok, I will admit that I am not a huge beer fan. I know that might be sacrilege to some, but I can't help that I don't like it. Always been a Liquor guy myself, but it just isn't as convenient as beer when you are out to a party or whatnot. What are your go to beer alternatives when a beer just isn't your thing?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1592949", "score": 0.6901906728744507, "text": "Does anyone know if this beer is availible in the US? Specifically the NYC/NJ area? Google isn't turning up much helpful information, other than the fact that I am definitely not the only person trying to find the stuff on US shelves.\n\nEdit- I think it's usually just referred to as Park Perminator here in America. I think a lot of GI's stationed in Germany back in the day know about it. My dad's been searching for years and after a lot of unsuccessful searching for him online I figured I'd just throw it on here as a last shot.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1078505", "score": 0.6900572180747986, "text": "*to your knowledge or in your experience* \n \n\n\nHow are beers stored once they reach the competition site? And how cold do they typically serve these beers to the judges? \n\nI have a comp where we must deliver on the 5th but the beer won't be judged until the 20th. \n\n\nI have a beer dry hopped at two different levels (one less/one more) and right now the one that is less is slightly better but I think 2-3 weeks at *room temperature* the one that is hopped more will be at the perfect level... But if it's in cold storage I'm tempted to send the one that's perfect now. \n\nI doubt they store the beer cold once it gets on site but I thought I'd ask anyway.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1591972", "score": 0.6900097727775574, "text": "It's no longer offered at the Slaughter location, at any rate--found that out this weekend. Nobody there could offer any explanation. Is it the same for all of them?\n\nI just experienced the new, smaller, more expensive menu for the first time--as everybody's been saying, it's *really* not worth it--and if they're going to decimate their beer menu now too (especially of local craft), I think I'm done.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1591787", "score": 0.6899173855781555, "text": "After doing some searching, there's an apparent ban on single beer sales in D.C. that's been broiling over the past few years, but I saw that there were some exceptions. Does anyone know where you can still buy some cheap 40 oz. beers for stoop-sippin', without having to venture into VA? I haven't had the luxury in a while.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1593091", "score": 0.6898122429847717, "text": "A local liquor store decided to sell the bottle individually and are selling them at 20 a pop... Capitalizing of the rarity of the beer. I know the us isn't suppose to be making a profit off of these really, but now I just feel bad, like the whole point is missed.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-83571", "score": 0.6895774602890015, "text": "Just because you have the knowledge to make a good beer doesn't mean you have the knowledge to run a distribution system. Drivers, warehouses, meeting exacting delivery schedules... yeah, if you have the expertise to do it, that's great, but you're probably better at making beer.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1591939", "score": 0.6894891262054443, "text": "Can anyone help me out? The only places I've found are mighty ape and Countdown. Was wondering if I could by it more than a 12 pack at a time. Cheers.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-21065", "score": 0.6894753575325012, "text": "Glass bottles are more expensive to make than plastic...*but* in Mexico, incomes are low enough that people generally find returning the glass bottles worth their time in order to receive the deposit. So, in Mexico, Coke is sold in heavy-duty reusable glass bottles which are simply washed and refilled upon being returned to the plant (not recycled; in fact, recycling glass is economically senseless). In the U.S., this wouldn't make economic sense because people would not return them. It is even common among low-income people in Mexico to request a Coke \"in a bag\". This doesn't mean they want the bottle placed inside a bag to carry around. Rather, the shopkeeper will open the bottle, pour the drink into a ziploc bag, and put a straw in the bag. That way, you get the bottle deposit back immediately. [Source: an ELI5 thread I posted on this very subject.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2719907", "score": 0.6892648339271545, "text": "My fiance has been shopping at Target for about a year now, and over that period of time she has found a few different ways to save money here and there. She may have saved around $300 over that period of a year, but hey that's $300 I could use for quality beer elsewhere. \n\nToday, I drew the short stick and had to go with her grocery shopping. She said \"Go look at beer because I have a coupon for 20% off ALL 6 or 4 packs of beer.\" Thinking to myself that there was no way Target carried a beer I would drink, I amused her and went down the beer aisle. That's when it all happened.\n\nO'Dell IPA, one of my favorites, sitting there amongst the other beer peasants with a price tag of $9.49 for a 6 pack. I grabbed both they had and walked back to her like a kid on Christmas morning. Because we have a Target card, we also get 5% off everything at the end of our transaction. So $15.61 tax included dollars later, and TWO 6-packs, I am the happiest Target customer there is.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-97080", "score": 0.6892142295837402, "text": "Beer goes skunky because there are certain flavor compounds from hops that break down when exposed to UV light, from sunlight or even in-store fluorescent lights. Even some beers age in the bottle. Sierra Nevada beers are often bottled early, and finish aging as they make their way from the brewery to distributor and eventually retailer. I assume some other brands do that as well. Whiskey's aging needs a barrel, because the flavor compounds come from the charred wood in the barrels. Once it's bottled, there are no flavor compounds in glass.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-76376", "score": 0.6891162395477295, "text": "In the USA, alcoholic drinks are exempt from nutritional labeling laws, because they are not considered foods. Some people say beer is a food, but the government disagrees.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-87377", "score": 0.6890174150466919, "text": "They purchase these 5 gallon boxes of the coke product. There is a different box for each drink (one for Mello Yello, one for Coke, one for Diet Coke, etc.). These boxes are essentially just the syrup, the machine adds the carbonated water as it is going into your cup. It's really simple, the restaurant orders how ever many boxes they need and pay up front and make their money back on it in sales.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-305489", "score": 0.6890153884887695, "text": "I don't think the pressure difference would really be that huge as you guys are making it out to be. Most sodas, when shaken, have probably around 1.5 bar or more (compare their resistance to poking with a bike tire). They will not simply explode if you increase the pressure difference by half a bar. After some reading, typical maximum pressures (differences?) for bottles seem to be around 5 bar. So bringing them into space should not make a huge difference. After opening, things look a bit different though.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-27269", "score": 0.6887713074684143, "text": "When you buy a bottle of Coke, it comes from a local bottling plant. Coke only has to ship a very highly concentrated syrup containing the flavor across the country & somebody adds water to it locally & then distributes it to stores. Many bottled waters come out of the same factories - they just don't bother adding anything to the water. If you want a 'special' bottled water those have to be bottled at a single location and then shipped all around the world. Shipping is expensive, water is heavy & Evian has to come all the way from France. Then there's always the idiot factor. If you put a fancy label & a high price tag on some tap water, you can probably get people to buy it because they just assume that the more expensive product is higher quality.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-177580", "score": 0.6887034773826599, "text": "Different Varieties of grains, different ways to prep the grains. Different varieties of hopes. You can also add different ingredients to it. There is an insane amount of ways to brew beer. I know someone has more information. Temperature and many other things. The way it's carbonated, CO2 vs nitrogen (Guinness). There is sooooo much stuff. Example to this would be pizza. Many pizza's with varying taste. Why is LA different than NYC? Ingredients, preparation, ect.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1549554", "score": 0.6885974407196045, "text": "My coworker is going back to New Hampshire for the holidays and I'm thinking about making her be a beer mule for me. That said, I don't want to burden her excessively, in terms of either weight or hassle to find.\n\nI'm in CA - what bomber should I send her after? Ideally it'll be something widely available there, but not at all here. I'm thinking one of DFH's offerings, since 60/90 Min and Midas Touch are about their only ones I see out here.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-119432", "score": 0.6883642673492432, "text": "This is a marketing thing. Not really for chemistry. They do this to make the product more attractive (adding the snob effect) to what is a middle range alcohol. In many countries you will find alcohol in the 15-25 dollar range sold in individual boxes.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-483977", "score": 0.6883619427680969, "text": "Got stuck covering Deli last night (lucky me). An elderly couple were asking about deals just shortly after I arrived and my head hadn't fully transitioned to deli dept. yet. They were pointing at the large overhead sign and asking what size of pop comes with it. I remembered we used to have a sign that said something like \"you buy this and get this for $x amount. But I remembered that there wasn't any type of a discount, it was just retail price added together to make it look like a deal. My mistake for not looking up at the sign they were pointing at.\n\nSo I told them, it's just a two liter but it's the regular price, there is nothing special about it. So the older man walked away while his wife waited, then it dawned on me. I looked at the sign and in each of the three pictures, there are two glasses of coke next to the product with a price to the right of the pictures. He thought the price included pop as well.... sigh...f'ing great...\n\nSo when he arrived I explained that it wasn't a deal, it was just a picture. I could tell he was pissed, he left the 2 liter and they went on their way. I guess technically they could've complained and got a free 2 liter since the sign has a couple glasses of coke pictured next to the chicken. Perhaps they should be more clear and include the obligatory \"price doesn't include pop\" warning?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-140467", "score": 0.6883192658424377, "text": "It is not the standard everywhere. For instance in Europe the 40% batches were common, so they put a tax on 35% and higher liquors. Now here they sell 33% liquors.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-770", "score": 0.6687015891075134, "text": "When you visit websites that link to pages of interest, they send your pseudo identity and your interest profile to central ad servers. When you visit another page that has an ad spot for a remarketing ad, they pull your identity and interest profile and select those ads that are best matched to you. Your pseudoidentity is an id number that's generated and kept on your browser as a cookie." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-134160", "score": 0.6352550983428955, "text": "Many apps that do this are being taken down by YouTube right now. My understanding of it it that they don't want you to have the benefits of say, listening to music for free, and not actually watching the ads. It's a calculated move, not just laziness. If you're on android, firetube works great.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2027894", "score": 0.6352061629295349, "text": "For the past couple of days, I've been getting a considerable uptick in traffic, mainly from my most popular video which has always done well. The traffic is spread out across geographies, devices and operating systems. I'm getting the comments and subscribers that go along with it, so from my amateur eyes, the views appear to be legitimate. \n\nI guess what's confusing me is that the view surge is coming solely from the \"home\" browsing features, and the attracting video is 6 months old. Why does the youtube algorithm suddenly love me? It seems very random. Has anybody had a similar surge like this? How long did it last?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-122429", "score": 0.6351990103721619, "text": "Blocking the browser extension will encourage people like myself to block ads at the router level which takes my whole household of five people off their ad network", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2029040", "score": 0.6351826786994934, "text": "Right now I have a problem where I create an ad and it does well for 24-48 hours then fizzles out, and I'm not sure why. It's like Facebook is picking the low hanging fruit in the first couple of days to show my ads to and then they dip out.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1188595", "score": 0.6351789832115173, "text": "Web domains such as http:// awbp-mg534237.graces. band/accutane-online-reddit.pharmacy?accutaneonlinereddit=32485 (added some spaces there so the link won't load) are hijacking search results on DDG for me when I want someone's opinion on Reddit about whatever I'm searching for.\n\nIn this case, my search query was about that new \"business social network\", Alignable: ", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2361898", "score": 0.6351521611213684, "text": "You know those sites that will ask you a bunch of questions in order to give you targeted search results? Is there a technical term for this kind of result filtering?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2026604", "score": 0.635115385055542, "text": "Would like to turn my adblocker off to support the site but not while this popup shit is still around.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-109981", "score": 0.6351056098937988, "text": "Iirc, the more someone clicks on something, the higher it ends up in search results. And a lot of people search \" < thing > Wikipedia.\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1452204", "score": 0.6350696682929993, "text": "Hello more help. again, I am on websites to be shown advertising. home helping Land scraping company it said. Well the picture is my apartment that I live in. So ive thought Wow I am famous! hahah.But then i look closer and see me in the window. (It is me looking out the window) Not a good picture of me. So maybe i really am famous.. If they use picture of my home I should take down advertimeint. And I see me, That is stalking. My pictures of myself do not belong to the internet..little bit creepy of them. I don't know what to do. I never have heard of this landscaping people .\n\nThat is some days before. Now these people are mean. Because, in the parking lot there is grass. i wake up to be met with no grass. It has been pulled all out. To this date(this is a week ago) now all grass around the aparte,ments is gone. Im thinking this: \"ok how could this be, who did this, it looks ugly\" Then it hits me.. Oooh the addvertisment. Landscaping does grass. Company pulled out all the grass, to make me and other who lives in the apartments to buy landscaping. That is bad marketing, probably illegal. \n\nSo I don't want picture of me looking out window, and get these people to stop messing up the yards. WE Won't do business from you. Thanks so much for the help that I would appreciate!Edit fixed words", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-60082", "score": 0.6350606083869934, "text": "Correct me if I'm wrong, but this is how previous projects that were similar worked. They have bots (automated software) that crawl the web looking at different webpages and archiving them. Every time it takes a snapshot of a webpage (usually including its source code and, if I remember right, copies of images as well), it stores it and you can view it later. More trafficked websites will have visits from those boots quite a lot more often.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2360197", "score": 0.6350423693656921, "text": "In terms of visitors/pageviews, I'm the number one site on my area. But as for google rankings, I'm past 70 when searching the major keyword for my niche.\n\nIs it possible I'm being penalized by Google for any reason? How do I know that and mostly, how to know what I'm being penalized for so that I can fix it?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-174884", "score": 0.6350420117378235, "text": "People who upload images add descriptions to tell search engines what the image is. The image filename itself is one indicator. Whoever uploaded the image may have called it red-car.jpg. In HTML, img tags also have an alt attribute that describes the content of the image, so the HTML img tag might be < img src=\"red-car.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of a red car parked on the side of the road.\"/ > The content around the image may also be taken into account. If you have a page that talks about red cars a lot, then search engines can infer that pictures on that page are related to red cars in some way. I believe Google also tracks how users responded to past search results. Lots of people probably Googled \"red car\" before you, and Google will keep tracking of what links they ultimately used, then make those links higher for other people searching for \"red car.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2359803", "score": 0.635033905506134, "text": "The \"auto\\-completion\" of previously visited URL's is really, really bad.\n\nWhat I mean is, if I start typing \"web.whatsapp.com](\" into the URL bar, a site I use ALL the time, it's autocompleting \"[webmoney.ru](\" for some ridiculous reason. A site I've literally never, ever visited that I remember. It's in my history so maybe it was some kind of spam linked I clicked literally one time for some reason? And of course, I just type w\\-e\\-b\\-ENTER and it keeps sending me to [webmoney.ru instead.\n\nAlso, why is there no easy way to nuke this result from my history? Nothing in the search bar is right\\-clickable, or removable, or anything like that\n\nAnyways, the auto\\-completion is really not very intelligent and most browsers would autocomplete by most visited", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-144667", "score": 0.6350234746932983, "text": "Not at all. The blurb you see with Google search results is just a small snippet of information regarding whatever your search terms were. Yes, sometimes that is all you need... However, more often than not, you're probably going to want to click on through to the actual site itself in order to see what else the site has to say/offer, as well as to verify their credibility in some cases. As long as SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is set up properly, it will actually increase traffic tremendously.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-43106", "score": 0.6350228786468506, "text": "This is a European rule which give everyone the right to request that Google remove certain web pages from their search results. You fill in an on-line form, Google assess your application, and, if they agree with it, the pages are removed from search results. How effective is it? Well, the same pages can still be found from non-European Google homepages, or by using any search engine except Google. It can still be linked to by other websites. So if someone is actually looking for the thing you want removed, it's not effective at all. Although it might just prevent someone stumbling across it by accident, so long as that someone is European and uses Google.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2246376", "score": 0.6349372863769531, "text": "I realize this is more of an Assistant feature but I had to post...\n\nMy pixel notified me that my bank was investigating fraud. I visit my bank website regularly, and my bank made an update to their site today with a fraud warning.\n\nMy phone simply told me \"Your bank is investigating potential fraud\", with a link to my banks announcement.\n\nI did not tell pixel to watch for updates to that website, or notify me of activity with my bank. It just told me about it. Otherwise, I would not have known.\n\nBlew my mind.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1540000", "score": 0.6349231004714966, "text": "I have some embarrassing facebook searches(nsfw stuff) that I'd rather not have friends and family see. I've already tried blocking the pages and clearing my history but they're still automatically on my search suggestions the second I type the first letter of their names. Any way I can remove this stuff?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-89457", "score": 0.6349071860313416, "text": "YouTube uses automated programs that scan through videos and look for images/audio that matches copyrighted material. By distorting the image/audio you can fool the bots, at least temporarily.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1451268", "score": 0.634895920753479, "text": "Destinytracker.com has a banner ad that asks you to disable Adblock to help them generate revenue. \n\n[This One] (\n\nI like the site, so I disabled it. What I found was Ghostery (a Firefox add-on that detects and disables trackers ([Developer Link] ( detected **94** separate trackers active on the site ([Evidence] ( [Another View] ( With Adblock enabled, there were only 3.\n\nThis, in my opinion, is an absurdly high number. It collects a lot of data about their users, and slows down your browser (probably, not 100% sure on that). Most websites I visit will have 10 to 20 trackers active, and the really bad ones will have up to 50 ([Here] ( is a really good post over at /r/Geek that complains about a site having 50 trackers, with some good comments explaining what trackers are and what they do).\n\nPLEASE NOTE: I definitely do not want people to brigade the site, I only want to encourage people to be aware of this, and encourage everyone to check out Ghostery. I also may be way off the mark here, and if someone knows why this is necessary, and not malicious, please let me know.\n\n**EDIT**: Site owner /u/htr_xorth is looking into it. It may be ads that are bringing in their own trackers? I would have messaged him directly about this, but wasn't aware the site owner was a redditor.\n\n**EDIT 2**: /u/htr_xorth said he's disabled the more intrusive ad's. The number of trackers (at least for me) seems to be about half of what it was.\n\n**EDIT 3**: Deleting this post as /u/htr_xorth is actively trying to fix this problem, and I don't want this post driving traffic away. Thanks for everyone's input, and I would say to continue using his awesome site, but always be aware of data gathering that apparently can happen with or without a site creator's awareness.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-53201", "score": 0.6348945498466492, "text": "Tinfoil hat on. It's an easy way to guarantee advertisers time on the front page and therefore a wider viewing audience.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-772", "score": 0.7763051390647888, "text": "No, there was never a point in human history where we could use wooden tools but not stone tools. The \"stone age\" is just a term used to describe when we used tools that were naturally occurring. We used fire hardened spears and flint knapped with stone. Edit- Flint knapping not flint mapping." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-209777", "score": 0.7352710366249084, "text": "I'd question your belief that wood could not be precisely fashioned in antiquity. Most of our methods of shaping and finishing wood are exactly the same as those used in antiquity, except that we have machines to do it more efficiently and faster. To fashion a smooth beam or pole all that's really needed is something to smooth the wood--whether sandpaper or polishing stones it does the same job. We have no reason to believe that such shafts would have been any rougher or knottier than any other piece of woodwork, and we know that high-quality pieces of carpentry existed in the ancient world since at least the Bronze Age", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-216737", "score": 0.7302692532539368, "text": "Along with using Flint and steel or select other rocks, wood friction tools were used. Bow drills were popular in the American Southwest (IIRC from museum trips as a kid). A Bow drill is where you spin a sharpened wooden shaft into a softer flat piece of wood until the friction causes enough heat to light a piece of tinder. It's a pain but very doable and wouldn't have required special rocks that could be rare in some areas. [Here's a video of someone doing it](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-295000", "score": 0.7251873016357422, "text": "It is mentioned in [this](_URL_0_) BBC documentary that fungi were unable to decompose wood for some time. If I remember correctly, that documentary was posted in /r/todayilearned some time ago.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-193189", "score": 0.7218608856201172, "text": "There's a couple of flint fish-hooks in the national museum in Copenhagen. They're terribly hard to make, and are outperformed in every way by fish-hooks of bone or wood. They're right next to a flint sword, made to look like a bronze one; I imagine Denmark during the Bronze Age being full of expert flint knappers with too much time on their hands.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-88057", "score": 0.7217612266540527, "text": "Lots of stuff. The earliest was as a simple crusher. Put the nut or the clam on a rock and bash it with another rock. Woo! Food! Pounding eventually moved into bladed points that could be used to chop meats, and from there, bladed flints or obsidian (volcanic glass) that held a sharp edge and could be used to slice animal flesh and pelts, or to scrape the hair off of a hide to get leather. Then there was decoration. Sharpen a rock to a drill point, use it to punch a hole through a pretty rock, and tie that one on a leather thong to make a necklace. By the way, an important use for rocks was as heat sinks. Place them around a campfire and you could build a smaller fire that would keep you warm through the night, rather than a bigger fire that you'd have to keep feeding and would go through all of the gathered fuel.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-298368", "score": 0.7204373478889465, "text": "People in the New Guinea Highlands used [polished stone axes](_URL_2_) up until the early 20th century. [Townsend (1969)](_URL_0_) reports them felling trees of up to 49 inches in diameter with no problems. He also did experiments comparing stone axes to imported steel axes, finding essentially that both are used in the same way and can cut trees just as fast, but that stone needs to be sharpened a lot more frequently and therefore is less efficient in the long run. New Guinea stone axes actually bear a striking resemblance to [polished stone tools](_URL_1_) that were common in Europe in the Neolithic period (c. 7,000–2,000 BCE). This is probably because both societies were small-scale farmers living in a heavily wooded landscape; felling trees to clear space for fields was a basic everyday chore. In prehistoric Europe, that would have involved chewing through old-growth forest dominated by hefty oaks and alder.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-228154", "score": 0.7187976241111755, "text": "You've got the right idea. The way archaeologists date stone tools and the like is through their context. So, for example, if a stone tool is found in situ with something organic like charcoal or bone, it can be carbon dated. The margin of error can be as tight as 30-50 [years](_URL_1_), though 100+ is not unheard of. We also use stylistic differences to help us get approximate dates. This is called [seriation](_URL_0_). When you get enough of a particular artifact from a particular context, you can get a good median age for that style.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-198647", "score": 0.7167366147041321, "text": "When it became easy and cheap to manufacture nails (by cutting from a roll of wire and mechanically flattening one side). If you need to hammer them out into shape by hand, this will take time and cost money, so it was mostly used for high-tension connections that didn't have much wood to work with (wooden nail and other connections like the slots you mentioned would be used there), e.g. a ship's plank (nails, or, for example for the Vikings, [rivets](_URL_1_) ). Nevertheless there is [archaelogical evidence](_URL_0_) (warning, .pdf, in German) for relatively early mass-production of nails, in the linked .pdf they tell of an excavation of \"seven or eight\" similarly built blacksmith's shops/living quarters that mainly produced nails from the 13th century (pp. 99 - 104). I have little knowledge of nail usage in Roman/Greece/Egyotian/Minoan/Whatever times, so maybe wait for someone to come round for that?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1792010", "score": 0.7167046070098877, "text": "So this is going to be different from most posts here, but I think it still fits here. I am working on a project that has to do with the technological progression of humanity. I have worked it out up to the iron age, but I feel like I am missing a lot before and after that. I have it so that in the beginning the main progression was fire and flint tools. Then after that they heated stones to make them malleable enough to make tools, and there was the stone age. After this is where I begin to loose track. All I can find in the stone age was that they learned to make crucibles and how to melt metal, then they made bronze. I have even less in the Bronze Age. All I have is that they made steel and now they were in the iron age. It then seems that there is a massive gap between the iron age and the next big step, using mechanical power, a millennia later... What am I missing? (I have not done a lot of small details, I am just concerned with the major steps. Any advice would be helpful.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-202467", "score": 0.7162744402885437, "text": "Romans definitely had metal, and in some archaeological sites the nails are all that remain of wooden structures. [Here's a paper](_URL_0_) analyzing the nails found at a dig at Inchtuthill in Scotland, where the Romans had a fort during the time of Agricola. It's pretty dry reading, but it does give some good information about the manufacture of such nails, as well as placing the nails within the larger archaeological context, giving a good overview of the amount of iron used to make nails, that kind of thing.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-202184", "score": 0.715187668800354, "text": "Probably a better question for /r/askanthropology - pre-tools is by definition pre-history. In the meantime, I'd suggest reading about [persistence hunting](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-266831", "score": 0.7145977020263672, "text": "Also, depending on how the tool was found, it can be dated by what layer of sediment it's under. If it's buried at the same depth in the same area as bones that can be dated, then usually the tool will be assumed to be from the same period. Obviously, not as accurate as carbon dating, but at least it gives a general idea.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-210767", "score": 0.7137793302536011, "text": "Natives of the Pacific Northwest Coast developed sophisticated woodworking technologies. In order to split redwood or western red cedar they used [elk antler wedges](_URL_1_) in conjunction with [stone mauls](_URL_0_). They also used the wedges along with adzes and chopping tools (large cobble choppers) and in some areas celts (hand axes) to fell and shape large soft wood trees. Edit: added maul link.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-198857", "score": 0.7137301564216614, "text": "_URL_0_ Here's an answer from a slightly later time period. It might be of interest, although metallurgy techniques and trade changed a bit between the periods. Edit: also, it's from /u/waritter", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-199728", "score": 0.7131792306900024, "text": "Vikings and early medieval Scandinavians used wooden wedges and hammers to split tree trunks and then [broad-bladed axes](_URL_1_) called \"timmerbila\" or \"skrädyxa\" to spliter off planks or smoothen existing planks. \"Kulturen\" in Lund, Sweden is an association that uses experimental archeology to recreate medieval and early modern carpentry. Among other things they have constructed a wooden stave church with early medieval methods and tools. [Here you can see them in action splintering a log](_URL_0_). [Here you can see them making staves for the church (speech is in Swedish, but it is mostly action](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-195898", "score": 0.7117893099784851, "text": "I don't know about all these fictional examples, but check out the [Mesoamerican Cultures](_URL_4_), namely the [Aztec](_URL_1_), the [Maya](_URL_3_), and the [Inca](_URL_0_). They did have access only to soft metals - gold, silver, copper, but not to harder ones, such as iron. Therefore, their weapons and tools consisted mostly of wood (hardened by fire), and, if needed (for example for the swords) inlays of [obsidian](_URL_2_), a very sharp, but also very fragile, vulcanic glass. That should give you a good idea of what to expect, civilisation-wise.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-205304", "score": 0.7114837169647217, "text": "I know short answers are frowned upon here, but the simple answer is that hand drills and augers were invented tens of thousands of years ago, and so have been readily available for pretty much all of human history.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-627122", "score": 0.7106796503067017, "text": "Obviously shaving must be a relatively new thing-- obviously tools for hunting, harvesting and structure came first. Is this something that's been studied? Was it closer to \"caveman\" type humans, neanderthals, or just a couple thousand years ago?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-228411", "score": 0.7094613909721375, "text": "This is a well-loved question on AskHistorians! Fortunately, there's some really nifty material/archaeological evidence from the ancient world. Here's my take on it from a little while ago: * [How did people cut their nails before the invention of clippers?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-202830", "score": 0.7088433504104614, "text": "Im a history fan and no paleo anthropologist, But I do have a fairly easy idea of the first metal workers. I base \"my idea\" on the pre-Colombian North American east coast. There the people found a raw copper, it was soft enough to cut and shape with stone tools but could be cold worked to a useful hardness. They made arrow and spearpoints, ornaments, and tools like celts and needles with it. Those people mostly found the metal washed up on riverbanks, eventually got wise, walked upriver and found a source coming from the great lakes region eventually forming some monopoly on it. I imagine the most ancient metal experiences for man have a similar backstory, smelting and for many cultures producing alloys and casting came about a while later if at all. _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-773", "score": 0.5716013312339783, "text": "People care less about obeying rules when they are about to die. At this point what do they have to lose? Did Jerry over in cell D12 make a rude comment about your mother? Maybe Jerry should get stabbed 12 times with a sharpened tooth brush. What are the guards going to do about it? Kill you? lol!" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2304635", "score": 0.5430065393447876, "text": "If they do have outlets, how are cords for non-contraband electronics suicide-proof / strangle-proof? \n\nAnd how do inmates keep the guards from seeing that an outlet is charging a phone?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2197509", "score": 0.5430060029029846, "text": "Seems like a weird inconsistency. I'm all for equipment staying behind after a character is dead, but either way it should work the same for all characters.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1510356", "score": 0.5429980158805847, "text": "I was reading a post on another subreddit, and the subject of felony disenfranchisement came up.\n\nI want to know why it is legal within the confines of the constitution to permanently strip freed prisoners of rights that they once had, like voting.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-5151", "score": 0.5429694652557373, "text": "Because countries have to agree to it just like war laws and the Geneva convention. Why would a country that stones people to death agree to a law that says not to do so?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2443084", "score": 0.5429633259773254, "text": "Like what happens if a sed offender can't live close to a school and they live an appropriate distance away from one but then for whatever reason one is built too close to them? Are they made to move? Are they given some compensation if they are? Or are they allowed to stay living there?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-202862", "score": 0.5428204536437988, "text": "Follow up question: What would the process be for determining if someone went to jail or not? Say I committed homicide, what might my future be?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2579", "score": 0.5427733659744263, "text": "Offering prisoners the chance to study in prison lowers their chances of returning to a life of crime afterwards and improves their behaviour while inside. That said it is not the same degree. Do you really think prospective employers are going to look at a harvard degree and a prison degree and are going to go 'yes, these degrees are exactly the same in terms of worth'.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-144736", "score": 0.5427722930908203, "text": "For the most part disabled lavatories are single occupant, so it makes little difference whether they're gender-separated. Conventional male and female toilets are facilities where several people can use them at the same time, with the gents loos having urinals out in the open.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-122460", "score": 0.5427719354629517, "text": "Because the result is different. Even though you wanted to, you have not removed someone from society. They still exist. So the damage you have done is not as serious, even though you intended to do much worse damage.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1509908", "score": 0.542759895324707, "text": "Title says all, I don't see a reason for him to do it. I read something about making sure they wouldn't screw up the plan but, what plan? And how would he manage to hang them?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-487287", "score": 0.5427482724189758, "text": "**Let's put the seniors in jail and the criminals in nursing homes. This would correct two things in one motion:**\n\n* Seniors would have access to showers, hobbies and walks. \n\n* They would receive unlimited free prescriptions, dental and medical treatment, wheel chairs, etc.\n\n* They would receive money instead of having to pay it out.\n\n* They would have constant video monitoring, so they would be helped\ninstantly... If they fell or needed assistance.\n\n* Bedding would be washed twice a week and all clothing would be ironed and returned to them.\n\n* A guard would check on them every 20 minutes.\n\n* All meals and snacks would be brought to them.\n\n* They would have family visits in a suite built for that purpose.\n\n* They would have access to a library, weight/fitness room, spiritual\ncounseling, a pool and education...and free admission to in-house concerts by nationally recognized entertainment artists.\n\n* Simple clothing - i.e.. Shoes, slippers, pj's - and legal aid would be free, upon request.\n\n* There would be private, secure rooms provided for all with an outdoor\nexercise yard complete with gardens.\n\n* Each senior would have a P.C., T.V., phone and radio in their room at no cost.\n\n* They would receive daily phone calls.\n\n* There would be a board of directors to hear any complaints and the ACLU would fight for their rights and protection.\n\n* The guards would have a code of conduct to be strictly adhered to, with attorneys available, at no charge, to protect the seniors and their families from abuse or neglect.\n\n**As for the criminals:**\n\n* They would receive cold food.\n\n* They would be left alone and unsupervised.\n\n* They would receive showers once a week.\n\n* They would live in tiny rooms, for which they would have to pay $6,000 per month.\n\n* They would have no hope of ever getting out.\n\n**Sounds like justice to me!**", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-147742", "score": 0.5427418351173401, "text": "Well, first off, you cancel everything you can. Terminate the lease, sell the house, let them repossess the car. As for student loans, a prisoner can apply for the income based repayment schedule, and with the zero income, they won't be paying on the loan. But yes, there may well be a lot of debt and collections, just one of the many problems that someone has to deal with as a consequence of being unwise enough to commit a felony.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1340704", "score": 0.5426872968673706, "text": "I'm thinking the winner gets a more humane death, but for the runner ups the deaths just get more and more gruesome, so they have a reason to try and win. I also wouldn't object to mercy being the top prize, where the winner is spared. Let your imagination run wild!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-87001", "score": 0.5426814556121826, "text": "I think its partially psychological anyway. It makes us feel safer. As if a murderer would come into your bedroom like, \"I'm so going to kill y... aw fuck, they're under a blanket!\"", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-106112", "score": 0.5426750183105469, "text": "They basically just prioritize. So when those fugitives are caught they will be replaced. If they're never caught they'll also be bumped eventually for a higher priority fugitive.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-206463", "score": 0.5426532626152039, "text": "You may be interested in these earlier posts which touch on the purposes of public execution * /u/idjet in [During medieval times public torture and execution was commonplace, how did this effect the general population, did they become desensitized to gruesome death?](_URL_2_) * /u/TheFairyGuineaPig in [Are there \"national styles\" of execution? I.e. hanging in Britain and it's empire, guillotine or strangulation in France, electric chair in the USA? How did these develop, and did people in the past associate these unique forms of death with their respective national settings?](_URL_1_) * see comments by /u/Whoosier in [What is this wheel on a pole with corpse that I see occasionally in medieval/renaissance art?](_URL_0_) continued ...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-57117", "score": 0.5425974130630493, "text": "Put **very** simply, the drug laws in place target drug users as opposed to drug dealers in a way that most countries don't, and this leads to a lot more arrests. The laws stay in place due to the fact that they are actually making a huge sum of money for very powerful people; the people who run prisons and the people who fill them up. The drug laws are of course not the only reason but they are certainly a major factor.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1924581", "score": 0.5425321459770203, "text": "Why don't Witchers travel in pairs or groups after leaving training? Would seem much safer and less lonely. There's the argument that splitting coin isn't desirable but if there's multiple Witchers in one area they either split the coin anyway or one goes away penniless.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-488587", "score": 0.5425066351890564, "text": "It's a common trend, like in American Horror Story: House Invasion where the 3 goons tried to replicate the murder. Or like how some people idolize Jeffrey Dahmer or Elliot Rodgers. What's the psychology behind this?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-9920", "score": 0.5424864292144775, "text": "In Texas you are sent to the prison of your birth gender and usually put into a special cell block where you don't have a roommate. I was a guard in the early nineties, and one person came in with male anatomy and breast implants. He identified himself as a woman but still had a penis, so there was no way he was going to a woman's prison. They kept him in the same cell block as the other men who identified themselves as women or just pretended to so as to be safely kept by themselves. fun fact - kool aid powder was the defacto make-up used for those guys.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-774", "score": 0.6497325897216797, "text": "The NSC is just a group of people, with other government jobs, to whom the President turns for national security advice and recommendations. They read the analysis (facts) written by experts and help the President evaluate public opinion and political factors (not facts)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-10364", "score": 0.6172199249267578, "text": "The DOJ is a cabinet-level agency which is responsible for enforcing US federal law. The FBI is an agency which operates under that (along with many other agencies and departments). A full breakdown is here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-91293", "score": 0.6155586838722229, "text": "The United Nations is an international intergovernmental organization, that was originally designed to prevent another large-scale war like World War Two. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military alliance made up of several European and North American nations, that was originally designed to be a united force against the rapidly rising threat of the Soviet Union. Most countries that are in the UN are not in NATO, but all NATO nations are also in the UN.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1616", "score": 0.6154769659042358, "text": "That National Transportation Safety Board regularly assists state authorities with highway accident investigations. This is usually in the form of technical assistance, and is very different from if an agency like the FBI got involved.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-93592", "score": 0.6149603128433228, "text": "There are similarities, but in some ways it's more like the USA was under the articles of the confederation than the USA under its current constitution. The biggest difference is that the members of the EU are still in theory sovereign states. They have their own representation in the UN, they have their own independent armed forces, they can enter into treaties with other sovereign states and they are free to leave the EU if they want. There are also differences in how EU law is applied compared to US federal law. When the U.S. Federal government passes a law, it immediately takes effect in every state and federal agencies can enforce that law (provided the law is constitutional). The EU is different. When the EU passes a law, each member is then meant to pass their own laws to comply with it. The EU is not normally responsible for directly enforcing that law.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-90030", "score": 0.6149121522903442, "text": "Main agencies and their primary focus. CIA - foreign intelligence operations. FBI - National investigative agency. NSA - Technological and computer-based operations. Homeland Security - National infrastructure and operational security. DIA - military intelligence and investigations.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-124744", "score": 0.6134126782417297, "text": "The Constitution defines the purpose of the Federal Government. It certainly doesn't \"hold together a global superpower\", but is one of thousands of documents that restrict and define parts of the government.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-51933", "score": 0.6127832531929016, "text": "There is a difference between Fox and Fox News (although they *occasionally* show FNC programming on network).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-139992", "score": 0.6112475395202637, "text": "The FBI's main duty is to investigate crimes, while the US Marshalls' duty is to apprehend people. The FBI can arrest too, but that's not their main duty. The US Marshalls does things like track down fugitives, serve warrants, etc. The FBI (hence; Federal Bureau of *investigation*) is to investigate federal crimes. EDIT: spelling", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-100150", "score": 0.6110644340515137, "text": "DHS was restructured in 2005 so that the various branches of intelligence and law enforcement are all now under its umbrella. It's not so much a standalone thing, rather than the thing that encompasses other things the same way the Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy are all under the umbrella of the Department of Defense. If DHS doesn't get funded, then that causes problems for the FBI, CIA, TSA, US Marshals, customs, ATF, FEMA, etc.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-145797", "score": 0.6110587120056152, "text": "Certainly after 9/11 there was a lot of criticism over the lack of information shared between agencies. This is one of the reasons the Department of Homeland security was formed, was to try to umbrella different agencies. Why there are so many is because they each work in their own field (spy, foreign, domestic, military, counter-terrorism) Should there be combined into a larger more efficient machine? Probably. . Another thing you have to remember is that due to national security a lot of plots that are foiled are kept as top secret. Therefore you rarely hear about these groups when they do their job right. Except for close calls and publicity.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-48080", "score": 0.6105374097824097, "text": "Constitutionally, (although not really in practice any more), Congress is the sole authority on declarations of war or authorizations of the use of military force, but the President is the commander in chief of the armed forces. Congress can't tell generals what to do and it can't give or veto military orders. A nuclear attack is a military order and as such only the President has the authority to initiate it. On a more practical note, if nuclear missiles have already be launched at the US, there would be only a few minutes to authorize a retaliatory strike, and even a functional congress is not capable of acting that quickly. No country in the world with nuclear weapons has that authority given to their legislatures. In every case it's the head of government or the head of state.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-161964", "score": 0.6103805303573608, "text": "The easiest and shortest explanation is: FBI is local (inside the USA), CIA is external (outside the USA). Both cooperate on cases that involve matters/actors that are in and out of the USA, at times.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-144901", "score": 0.6102154850959778, "text": "The FBI has a domestic portfolio; its primary job is to investigate crimes and pursue criminals in the United States. The CIA has an international portfolio; its primary job is to acquire intelligence about foreign governments and organizations. To put it pithily: **The FBI are police; the CIA are spies.**", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-40246", "score": 0.6091780066490173, "text": "The states are separate entities, which pooled some of their sovereignty to form a Federal government which governs trade & relations between them, and foreign policy. Other matters are reserved to the states to govern as their residents see fit.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-121226", "score": 0.6083786487579346, "text": "The National Guard are a security and emergency service arm of the military structure that is allowed to operate on US soil. They are by default under the control of the Governors of each State but can be federalized by the President when there is a big enough emergency/reason. They are functionally a standing militia that is better equipped and trained. But States can also have militias still, and several do. Some States also have a State Guard which is functionally the same as the National Guard but is not able to be federalized.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-140696", "score": 0.6078605055809021, "text": "For the UN - it's effectively a world government, but is primarily controlled by the US, UK, China, France, and Russia. Other nations are still at the mercy of those five. If other nations break the rules, they get punished. If the US breaks the rules, they look the other way because no one is gonna fuck with the US.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2070915", "score": 0.606794536113739, "text": "Just curious as to why we have both and why they are different. A casual googling of both just gave me vague buzzword-heavy mission statement stuff.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-95847", "score": 0.6066274046897888, "text": "There are about four primary levels. Federal jurisdiction, state, county, and then local. The federal is supposed to deal with any crime or matter that either crosses state boundaries or on federally mandated lands. Then from the state level down state troops used to just patrol the highways, but their roaming has increased I some cases to town and city roads also. County sheriff's are the same idea just in the county roads. Then the local police maintain the the smaller portions of city ,town of village. There can be major over lap and egos that determine who gets the lead on certain cases and incidences.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-211488", "score": 0.6065139174461365, "text": "When it was founded (ironically the day of Lincoln's assasination), It was one of the only real federal law enforcement agencies and it took on a lot of duties besides the original counterfeiting. Most of these were taken over later by orginizations such as the FBI. As for why didn't the military do it, I don't think the military is allowed to operate within our borders. Note: I am not a historian but I have done some research over the last half hour. If I am wrong on anything, please correct me ASAP.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-89120", "score": 0.6062329411506653, "text": "When Washington DC was established it was specifically set apart from any of the States so that no one State had the responsibility to maintain the capitol, nor had more power by housing it. It was also not intended to have a civilian population permanently living there. Those reasons still hold true and there is almost no way to restrict things to just Capitol hill as federal operations are scattered about the entire city.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-775", "score": 0.7836960554122925, "text": "Transcendental equations usually lack analytical solutions. But a simple way to solve them numerically is to plot both sides of the equation and look where the lines intersect. For example * tan (x) = e^x You cannot solve this analytically, but plot both functions (see link) and you'll see that solutions still exist since the plots intersect each other at multiple places (for example at x ≈ 1.3). _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-6639", "score": 0.7352182269096375, "text": "All transcendental numbers are irrational, but not the other way around. Irrational numbers are simply numbers that cannot be represented as ratios of two integers. Transcendental numbers are numbers which are not algebraic. All rational numbers are algebraic, but also many irrational numbers are algebraic. Algebraic numbers are such that they're a solution to some polynomial equations with integer coefficients. Polynomials on the other hand are like 2 + 5x + 2x^3 = 0. Basically, you have x to some power(a positive integer), multiplied by some coefficient, some number of times, which then equals 0. Like, square root of 2 is algebraic, it's a solution to x^2 - 2 = 0. Transcendental numbers form the vast majority of the real numbers.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-136302", "score": 0.7188591361045837, "text": "No, because every rational number x = a/b is a root of bx - a = 0. Thus, the rational numbers are algebraic, and so by definition, cannot be transcendental.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-314738", "score": 0.7118620276451111, "text": "/u/nijiiro's answer gives specific reasons why we know that π and e are transcendental. More generally, proving that a number is transcendental is really hard. You have to show that it can't be the root of *any* polynomial with rational coefficients. Since there are a lot of polynomials, this sort of proof is hard, and we really don't have that many tools for it, although the other answer has one. Somewhat paradoxically, it's fairly easy to show that in a certain technical sense, most real numbers are transcendental. It's also very easy to cook up examples of numbers that are obviously transcendental, like [Liouville's constant](_URL_2_). However, if you have some real number whose definition doesn't obviously have anything to do with not being the root of a polynomial (which describes lots of real numbers we care about, like π, e, the [Euler-Mascheroni constant](_URL_3_), and so on), then it's pretty hard to prove it's transcendental.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-266441", "score": 0.7072452902793884, "text": "As far as I know the equation is transcendental and has no closed form solution in terms of elementary functions. Some special cases you can find roots for equations like this, but this doesn't seem like one. You can show solutions exist with calculus, and approximate them with Newton-Ralphson iteration.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2059803", "score": 0.7064662575721741, "text": "Hello , i got the equation \nT^2 = ( ( 4π^2 / g ) * x ) + ( ( 4π^2 * a ) / g ) , the unkown variables are a and g . So i got a table that says when T^2=2.92 , x=68.6 and when T^2=2.78 , x=63.5 .. in order to find a and g should i create 2 equations with the numbers of the table ;", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-313893", "score": 0.7031984329223633, "text": "Kepler's equation is trascendental. A couple numerical methods are described in the wiki article for Kepler's equation, including a Taylor series. I think the best bet for simplicity and speed however is Newton's method.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2354043", "score": 0.6936020851135254, "text": "I'm looking for the book in the title. There have been numerous links to the Early Transcendentals version of the book, but I cannot find this version to save my life. Any help would be most appreciated. \n\nHere's a link to the book on amazon:\n\n\nThank you for any help!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-306854", "score": 0.6912283897399902, "text": "There are several ways to construct families of transcendental numbers : For example you can use [Gelfond-Schneider theorem](_URL_0_). So for example 2^(sqrt(3)) is transcendental. But the downside is that you first need an irrational number to be able to construct such number. Another way is to use [Liouville numbers](_URL_1_) which are all transcendental. But note that these are only very particular cases of transcendental numbers. (for example, pi and e are not Liouville numbers) To conclude, it is in general very difficult to know if a given number is transcendental or not. The usual example is that we don't know if (pi+e) is transcendental or not.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-292887", "score": 0.6871361136436462, "text": "A number is algebraic if there's some polynomial with integer coefficients that that number is a root of. So sqrt(2) is algebraic because it's a root of x^2 - 2 = 0. So are the roots of x^5 - x + 1, even though there's no closed form for them in terms of the usual arithmetic operations (a special case of [Abel's impossibility theorem](_URL_0_)). A number is transcendental if and only if it's not algebraic. This definition obviously doesn't depend on the base of the number. You can construct base-x for irrational and transcendental x, but it's not terribly useful. In particular, it means that 1 will have an infinite non-repeating expansion!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2354841", "score": 0.6828956007957458, "text": "So, as per my previous post, I've decided to read the whole Critique of Pure Reason, and give the Transcendental Deduction another shot. \n\nI was wondering if anyone had any resources that give a thorough explanation of the deduction? I'm currently reading the Cambridge Companion but it goes through the deduction a bit too quickly, and my searches haven't turned up anything helpful. I'm looking for something very thorough, if anyone has any help that'd be great.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-495603", "score": 0.6794496178627014, "text": "If anyone has or can find the textbook pdf version of Early Transcendental, 9th Edition, written by James Stewart could you please send me it. Thank you I really appreciate it :).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-235583", "score": 0.6776847839355469, "text": "Just maximize I with respect to the wavelength. Then you'll get a transcendental equation which can only be solved numerically. You can do a Taylor series expansion to get Wien's law. [Here](_URL_0_) is it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2060257", "score": 0.6755790710449219, "text": "I recently learned how to solve equation of the form `[; a_{n+2}=a_{n+1}-2\\, a_n ;]` (by assuming the solution sequence has the form `[; a_n = n^k ;]`) this took me by surprise because I had never heard of this method. I want to learn more about this and basically where can I fing the whole basic theory.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-188783", "score": 0.6751444935798645, "text": "The exact proof for either is about a full page of math. But the general gist is: If pi/e wasn't transcendental, then there would be this way of representing pi/e in a not-transcendental way, and that it would have to match this other way of representing pi/e in a not-transcendental way. And making them match is impossible.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-302119", "score": 0.674525260925293, "text": "A mathematician can better answer the more pure notions you've asked about, but: > Is a transcendental number representable somehow? If so, how exactly is it representable? When you need an exact representation, they're typically represented as infinite sums. For example, [e is the sum 1/n! from n=0 to infinity.](_URL_1_) All irrational numbers, [for example pi can be expressed as a continued fraction.](_URL_0_) Here is [an infinite series for pi.](_URL_2_) As far as what pi \"actually stands for\", it's just some number that comes up as the result of the ratio between a circle's circumference and its diameter (and it comes up in a lot of other things for similar reasons). > What is sqrt(2) exactly? That's kind of easy -- sqrt(2) is a number (+/- 1.414...) that when multiplied by itself gives you 2.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-314737", "score": 0.6744359135627747, "text": "No. In fact, trascendentality is an inherent property of the numbers themselves, and independent of the (arbitrary) base we use to represent those numbers. EDIT: To expand a bit, a number is called *algebraic* if it's a root of some polynomial with rational coefficients. If it's not algebraic it's transcendental. Numbers like pi and e being transcendental is therefore not subject to what base we write their value in. Different bases don't change the values or properties of numbers, just their superficial appearance.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-276937", "score": 0.6740724444389343, "text": "First of all, almost all real (*edit: and complex*) numbers are transcendental numbers. π and e are not the only transcendental numbers. Second, it's better to to think of *i* as representing a *unit* rather than a specific *value*. So think of the real numbers as having a unit *u* which is defined as *1*. Therefore any real number, such as 4, would be 4*u*, or 4 * 1. Similarly, any complex number, such as 4*i*, is 4 * √-1.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-272008", "score": 0.6735983490943909, "text": "Definitely not... Quintic equations over the rationals have no analytic solutions in terms of radicals = Abel-Ruffini theorem. Some antiderivatives can't be expressed in terms of elementary functions = Liouville's theorem. I might be wrong about this, but I don't think Bessel functions, solutions to x^2 y'' + xy' + y*(x^2 - a^2 ), have analytic, closed forms.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2061316", "score": 0.6721913814544678, "text": "I've been working on this for a day and a half and I can't solve it. Driving myself mad. It's for a personal project of mine. Anyway... \n \nWhat I am trying to do, is generalize an equation of the form e^b(t-m). I want to parameterize it with two variables defined as follows... \n \nA Maximum: At this maximum, the equation equals 1. Pretty simple and setting m to that max accomplishes this. \n \nA mean value μ such that the integral from zero to μ of the above equation is equal to 1/2. \n \nWhat this basically means, is that I have to find a value for b as a function of m such that the integral of the above equation is equal to 1/2 when t = μ. I cannot for the life of me figure out how to do this, or if it's even possible. \n \nAny ideas?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-291241", "score": 0.6713228821754456, "text": "I'd probably set up an equation of nested terms similar to the Drake Equation. This is a really good homework question.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-776", "score": 0.7810078859329224, "text": "Convention, at heart. It used to be that writers capitalized all letters. Then, some time passed, and they capitalized only nouns and beginnings of sentences. Then, more time passed, and they started capitalizing only proper nouns. It's gotten to the point that we only capitalize more meaningful words in general and in titles. For instance, \"the\" isn't as meaningful as nouns and verbs are. EDIT: Teotwaki69 correctly says in the below post that the convention is based on parts of speech." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-128641", "score": 0.7387925386428833, "text": "until at one point of the history of english language every noun used to be capitalized. I believe it was one of the quirky things of unregulated languages that only I remained capitalized when things changed.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-219920", "score": 0.7349994778633118, "text": "hi! you may also be interested in these related posts * [When did writers of English stop capitalizing all their nouns? And why?](_URL_2_) * [Why were words capitalized in the middle of sentences in various 18th century US documents, such as the Declaration of Independence, and why did 19th century documents put periods in titles?](_URL_1_) * [When did English stop capitalizing all nouns?](_URL_0_) * [When did people stop capitalizing nouns in English?](_URL_3_) * [Why did Enlightenment- and Victorian-era writers capitalize words in a seemingly arbitrary manner?](_URL_4_)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1124939", "score": 0.7339279651641846, "text": "I thought capitalization in title is the rule when writing article. Is there a rule change I'm not aware of?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-72927", "score": 0.7312749028205872, "text": "It is the way it is because a lot of people agreed to do it that way. That's the actual, academic answer — it's called \"language is arbitrary\". Written German capitalises Nouns, which is helpful when distinguishing between someone is naming a Thing and when they are doing what's called \"denominalising\", where, for example, One could interact with the \"Surf\" or one could interact with the \"surf\" — the verb \"to surf\" is the denominalised form of the noun \"Surf\", being the collective of breaking waves and foam and unbroken but swelling waves and undertow and wind that occurs at a beach. The capitalisation rules probably make German easier to read, but are mostly retained by tradition. MODERN WRITTEN ENGLISH CONSIDERS THIS TO BE SHOUTING. modern written english considers this to be softer, meeker, less assertive. Modern written English considers this to be normative, confident — but not aggressive. Modern Written English considers This to be Emphatic, Assertive and possibly even Condescending.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-143058", "score": 0.7312394380569458, "text": "It's easier to read that way. I'm possessed of the bad habit of not capitalizing my sentences. makes it harder to tell where they start. notice: its easier to read that way. i'm possessed of the bad habit of not capitalizing my sentences. makes it harder to tell where they start. plus, it lends emphasis to proper nouns. It's the difference between seeing a seal show and seeing a Seal show. One is a smelly, fish eating mammal that makes horrible noises. The other is an intelligent and interesting sea creature. also, when not using letters as words, it turns our 26 letter alphabet into 52 distinct symbols. That's useful for all kinds of things. You can multiply X*x and know they're different. You can have lists like A: uses of capital letters a: proper nouns b: emphasis If writing in cursive, the delineation of capitals is even more important. I can't write here in cursive script, but believe me, it makes reading it much easier.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-748041", "score": 0.7308605313301086, "text": "For example, this blog has the first word of every post capitalized, sometimes two words. Is there a difference between the two? Why do it in the first place?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-88205", "score": 0.729882538318634, "text": "Also, things written in \"sentence case\" are easier to read because there is more variation between letters. With more variation, it's easier to distinguish the letters and thus quickly read them. Many studies show that readers only acknowledge a small part of the word, then fill in from context and experience what the word must be. This is why road signs have all moved to sentence case or title case (title case is when the first letters of significant words are capitalized, like in book titles or movie titles.) When you write things in ALL CAPS, the letters are all the same height, and thus are difficult to distinguish from one another. C and G in caps, for instance, look a lot closer than c and g in lower case.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-106465", "score": 0.7269647121429443, "text": "Because we read word shapes. Having all words starting with a capitalized letter or having the words written in all caps makes the word shape different than what we are used to, and therefor harder to read.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-210256", "score": 0.7266685366630554, "text": "Hi, not discouraging others from answering, but you may be interested in some previous discussions on conventions around the capitalization of nouns in English. Check out this thread, which includes links to a few more * [Why are documents like the US Declaration of Independence capitalized differently from modern writing?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2088204", "score": 0.7249370813369751, "text": "For example, we capitalize the name of a day of the week, but not day or week and we capitalize the name of the month but not month. If we follow that logic, we should capitalize the name of the seasons, but not seasons, but I have never seen summer, winter, spring or fall or autumn capitalized", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-54403", "score": 0.7224578261375427, "text": "True ELI5 response: People used to write in all capitals. Over time people got lazy and found alternative ways to write letters, which we call lowercase. However, for important words and the beginning of a passage of writing, people still liked to make those parts stand out with capital letters. After enough time, it became conventional to have rules regarding what is capitalized and what isn't. In the end, we decided, as a community, on certain rules that we should all follow when writing.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-574565", "score": 0.718645453453064, "text": "i dunno why but it’s true\n\nEdit: I’m talking about using proper lowercase/uppercase versus all lowercase. Of course using *all caps* is aggressive...", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1006958", "score": 0.7147505879402161, "text": "Also what's with the auto-capitalizing of every word when writing the title of a post? It doesn't actually auto-capitalize when posting, so it just messes up typing, hence the IS in this title.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-209509", "score": 0.7132529020309448, "text": "Just to clarify, I'm pretty sure that \"a\" is not always capitalized. \"Does anyone know a good restaurant?\" Maybe a similar but different question -- how did we get one-letter words like \"a\" and \"I?\"", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-57949", "score": 0.6985946893692017, "text": "The AP Stylebook (or your reading of it, I don't know the full context) is wrong in this case. When you say \"The Earth revolves around the Sun\", you need to capitalize \"Sun\" because it's being used as a proper noun. When you say \"The Moon causes our tides\", ditto. But not when you're saying \"Planets have moons and suns have planets, but suns don't have moons\".", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-82604", "score": 0.6966623663902283, "text": "As a follow-up question, ELI5 why I get so angry when I see every first letter capitalized in a sentence? (I'm just kidding, but still.)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-210957", "score": 0.6948045492172241, "text": "The people of the eighteenth century were less concerned about a uniform mode of grammar, and more concerned with the core meaning of their words. Unless it was a highly formalized government document, words were written phonetically, which is one of the ways that linguistic historians can determine the accents with which people spoke at the time. English takes much of its inspiration from German (a language I've always struggled with, but have some experience in). In German, nouns are capitalized. In eighteenth century English language documents, you'll find this is also the case. For some reason, though I'm not entirely sure why or at what point, capitalization was also used for emphasis. If a writer wanted you to emphasize a particular word in a sentence as you read it, they might capitalize the first letter.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-30703", "score": 0.6943538188934326, "text": "Most languages originally wrote in all-caps, but they're cumbersome. Scribes expected to take notes at speed invented cursive writing, which is much faster but doesn't use capitals, instead using another form of the letters adapted for speed. Capitals were reserved for important letters, such as proper nouns and to mark the beginning of a sentence. As for the Upper and Lower - that was a printers' term - capital letters were in the top rack, because they were used less frequently, small letters in the lower case because they were nearer to hand.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-5896", "score": 0.6926820278167725, "text": "According to [_URL_0_](http://www._URL_0_/e/whycapitali/) it used to be lowercase. Then, people started writing it a little bigger likely because it looked funny all on its own. Eventually, people started to capitalize it.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-282979", "score": 0.688404381275177, "text": "Linguist here. (Well, master's degree in Linguistics here.) It seems like they often form from prepositions (or postpositions, if that's what you're into), or other modifiers that are used so often they become affixes. For example, let's say you don't have a dative case. You use \"to X\" in each and every place you would otherwise use the dative. After centuries and millenia of people does this in large numbers, eventually the \"to-\" sticks to each and every \"X\" it sees in the dative case. Remember that language is the original social medium. Sometimes grammatical (and other) features fail to \"go viral\" where we would expect them to. Also, features tend to die out after long periods of disuse. English did, in fact, have a robust case marking system back when it was Old English. It eventually died because people stopped using it. (edit: one solitary comma)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-778", "score": 0.7582702040672302, "text": "There's a bunch of variations, but a lot of them look like this: The computer is given four things: 1. A bunch of pre-defined inputs that look like what it has to do (whether it's a medical diagnosis, the screen of an Atari game, or a Go board) 2. A program that processes the inputs 3. A bunch of knobs it can tweak on that program to change it's behavior. 4. A program that judges it and gives it a score based on the output. The computer will then run millions of simulations, and tweak the knobs to try to get the best score overall for all of the inputs it gets. There's a bunch of strategies the computer uses to try to figure out how to tweak the knobs. Sometimes, it does get stuck in a corner where tweaking any one knob makes the score get worse but tweaking multiple will make it get better. There are strategies to help the computer get out of that corner, but none of them are really \"cognitive dissonance\" because the computer still isn't really a brain." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-821746", "score": 0.7148436307907104, "text": "I just wrote a tutorial about *Information Theory for Machine Learning*. Because of the audience, I tried to strike a balance between intuition and mathematical rigor.\n\nI'm not a mathematician and all the derivations in the tutorial are my own, so let me know if you find any mistakes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-96640", "score": 0.7145279049873352, "text": "Machine learning is not that complex. The issue is that you need endless tricks to make it work well at a large scale. If you used Excel \"add a trendline\", aka \"linear regression\" curve fitting on a graph, you used machine learning. You want a line y=ax+b. You have several data points (x, y) and you want to find a and b to get the line the closest to the points. We say that you \"learn\" a and b. (x, y) are your training examples. Then, when you get a new x and you can compute the unknown y. Deep Mind does the same thing. But instead of having 2 parameters to learn, state of the art vision systems have 50 billion parameters.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1455294", "score": 0.7144447565078735, "text": "Hey guys,\n\n\nI have to, as part of this semester's computer science, make a decision on a class I will go to (I cannot attend both, just one of them). I have been talking to professors, reading wiki and talking to other students. Ultimately, I think I grasp the fundamental difference between the two classes, where Machine Learning is about constructing agents that can automatize a given task - like seeing a pattern in huge data sheets, and RTS involving programming that revolves around the wall-clock. My brother has given me some examples on what this could be.\n\n\nHowever, what I want to talk to you about, is the more theoretical aspect of things. When I think about AI's and machine intelligence, I think about trees, I think about Dijkstra's pathfinding algorithms (for robots on wheels!).. I also think about DFA's or NFA's - anything involving states and transitioning between them in that way... But that is pretty much it. Basically, I have no clue what \"theoretical\" aspects of Computer Science would be touched on if I chose MI or RTS. I find mutual exclusion incredibly interesting (threads and parallelism - throughput is hot!!!) - but I cannot make a choice yet until I know more about what theoretical topics would be probably gone over in either of the courses.\n\n\nSo if you have any ideas on a good ol' guess what my professors would want me to learn - can you give me a head's up? It would make it tentimes easier for me, I think, to get a better idea of what interest me the most.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-36268", "score": 0.7121507525444031, "text": "Terms to look for: Science: Computer Science Field: Artificial Intelligence Subject: Neuron Networks Topic: Machine Learning I'm oversymplifiing here, buy basically: The AI is programmed to evaluate data examine a position, ranking it. Then either it randomizes input data, or gets sensor data, examining each new position, ranking it, and making adjustments to make the best ones more common. Let me give you a couple of examples: You have the \"brain\" of your car, monitoring fuel consumption. It controls how much fuel goes into your engine, at each point in time, even in simillar speeds. Then evaluates the fuel consumption/result ratio each time, based on your settings (sports/city/etc). It can actually adjust to your most used roads to be efficient that way. An AI with machine learning, plays rock paper scissors with you. At first it is random, but then it can learn the probability of you picking papper after rock, or rock after rock etc etc", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1230642", "score": 0.7115409970283508, "text": "Machine Learning is an application of artificial intelligence which is the technology that replicates human behaviors conventionally regarded as ‘intelligent’ in machines. To gain a deeper understanding of the concept, we shall discuss some examples of machine learning which we come across in our day to day lives.\n ", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-418176", "score": 0.7111269235610962, "text": "Using machine learning (AI)\nHumans might not be able to, but if Karma is calculated by a machine, a machine can figure it out too.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-172229", "score": 0.7108120918273926, "text": "Smart question. The latter case is called *overfitting the data* or *overlearning,* and you can test for it by seeing how the computer responds to new test inputs. If it's great at the original training inputs, but useless at the new inputs, that shows overfitting.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-33719", "score": 0.7103551030158997, "text": "There are many research directions in AI. Some of them, most notably the Cyc project, are specifically looking at encoding truth (human knowledge of truth) for flawless reasoning. After 30-ish years, they have a pretty convincing first grader math student. It's harder than they'd like it to be to do.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2592552", "score": 0.708461344242096, "text": "We all love machine learning (ML) , AI and new innovations in technology. Can we go full steam on AI and Algorithmic predictions? Can we ignore the importance of intuition and human judgement? \n\nI have summarized my thoughts on the relevance of striking a balance between Human and Artificial Intelligence in the case of sensitive financial and investment decision making.\n\n* ML models are based on historical data. In today’s fast-changing and volatile environments, the limitations are bigger as historical data is not a true representative of the future. The world changes, new regulations come up, especially crypto world right now is moving much faster with the rapidly changing landscape. Historical data can be very limiting for a reliable prediction. \n\n* Deep learning and other adaptive models suffer from a big problem of not being explainable. For a new model, which has not been running in the wild, lack of explainability makes it much harder to trust. Also, even when it works, theoretically we don’t understand much why it worked. Explainable yet complex machine learning models is a big research topic, we should see some innovation in perhaps next few years.\n\n* Mathematical models for simulations are limited by statistical assumptions. For example, the most common assumption in the statistical world is - a bell curve. This doesn’t work anymore for financial markets unlike for rest of the world problems. There is a very thorough analysis of the role of Gaussian distribution in financial markets prediction mistakes by Samuel Watts of Oxford University here. Gaussian model permeates our real world where extremes are much less probable, however, in financial markets, extremes are much more likely. To understand this better, let’s consider the below example:\nIn a Gaussian world, the probability of an event, which is 3 standard deviations away from the mean, is less than 0.3%. If we take the example of female shoe sizes, the average is 8 and the standard deviation is 1.4. The probability of a woman with a shoe size greater than (8 + 3*1.4) i.e. greater than 12.2, is less than 0.3%. The probability of an event, being farther away from average, reduces rapidly. However, in financial markets, the probability of rare/extreme events (like a recession) is much higher than what it would be in an ideal Gaussian world. \n\nOverall, AI and ML predictions are very useful and can offer us opportunities in the investment market, however, their limitations must be kept in mind.\n*I am very happy that we, at SwissBorg, have a balanced team with experience and intuition of financial markets, also, that we can leverage the technology to make these decisions.*", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-159524", "score": 0.7083829641342163, "text": "People tend to seek consistency in their beliefs and perceptions. So what happens when one of our beliefs conflicts with another previously held belief? The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the feeling of discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs. When there is a discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate or reduce the dissonance. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1229943", "score": 0.7069317698478699, "text": "TLDR: Survey to get data to see if Machine Learning Program has bias. Fill out this survey to contribute to the dataset. \n\nHello,\n\nI am working on a procedure to try and detect bias in Machine Learning Programs. The program I am currently checking for bias finds the intent of a statement. I am hoping to get a diverse dataset to see if the program repeatedly fails with any demographics. Please contribute to the dataset.\n\nHere's the link: ", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-172619", "score": 0.7055076360702515, "text": "Traditionally, when you are programming a computer, a programmer will write out very specific instructions on what the computer should do in different situations. This works well for some tasks like doing arithmetic or searching for information, but can be incredibly complicated for things like recognizing photos. If you had to write a program to tell if a photo has a dog in it, it’s almost impossible to think of what instructions you’d write or how to describe what a dog looks like to a computer in a programming language. So instead, you can use machine learning. With this technique, you find thousands of photos of dogs and feed them into the computer, and the computer will figure out what details it thinks are important and build its own algorithm. If you show it enough pictures, it will get a pretty good idea what a dog looks like and will be able to tell if new pictures are of dogs.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1228694", "score": 0.7036424279212952, "text": "I am beginner at this Machine Learning stuff so i would like to know.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-968947", "score": 0.7036247849464417, "text": "Hello everyone,\n\nI have created a small YouTube channel aimed at teaching machine learning in simple terms. Do have a look at the videos in the given link below. I have included a lot of examples in Python.\n\nLink - \n\nIf you enjoy these tutorials &amp; would like to support them then the easiest way is to simply like the video &amp; give it a thumbs up &amp; also it's a huge help to share these videos with anyone who you think would find them useful. Be sure to subscribe for future videos.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-15904", "score": 0.7032047510147095, "text": "It is known as [confirmation bias](_URL_0_). It's not the machine, it's the observer's tendency to not properly organize outcomes statistically.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-859398", "score": 0.7028231620788574, "text": "Deep learning-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have a history of generating overconfident predictions, even when they are inaccurate, which can have significant repercussions. If a self-driving car firmly misidentifies the side of a tractor as a brightly illuminated sky and refuses to brake or alert the human driver, would you prefer to travel in that? I doubt it. Self-driving cars aren’t the only issue. There is a slew of additional applications where AI’s ability to convey doubt is essential. For example, if a chatbot is uncertain when a pharmacy shuts and gives a false answer, a patient may not receive the medicines they require.\n\nHere’s where IBM’s Uncertainty Quantification 360 (UQ360) comes in to rescue the day. UQ360 allows the AI to communicate its uncertainty, making it more intellectually humble and increasing the safety of its deployment. Its goal is to provide data scientists and developers with cutting-edge algorithms for quantifying, analyzing, enhancing, and exposing the uncertainty of machine learning models.\n\nArticle: \n\nIBM Blog: ", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-970241", "score": 0.7023333311080933, "text": "I'm trying to do an AI with Machine Learning, so I started to learn how to do Machine Learning, but I don't think I understand enough of it to do one. I tried learning by watching some courses, but what they say doesn't seem to be related with what I'm trying to do.\nIf anyone could help me, I'm trying to do it with PyBrain and Python 3.4 at the moment. I'm currently trying to code the Environment class.\nI am doing this just for fun and to learn how it works.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-968523", "score": 0.7022003531455994, "text": "\n\n**Abstract**: Neural networks have great success in many machine learning applications, but the fundamental learning theory behind them remains largely unsolved. Learning neural networks is NP-hard, but in practice, simple algorithms like stochastic gradient descent (SGD) often produce good solutions. Moreover, it is observed that overparameterization -- designing networks whose number of parameters is larger than statistically needed to perfectly fit the data -- improves both optimization and generalization, appearing to contradict traditional learning theory. \nIn this work, we extend the theoretical understanding of two and three-layer neural networks in the overparameterized regime. We prove that, using overparameterized neural networks, one can (improperly) learn some notable hypothesis classes, including two and three-layer neural networks with fewer parameters. Moreover, the learning process can be simply done by SGD or its variants in polynomial time using polynomially many samples. We also show that for a fixed sample size, the generalization error of the solution found by some SGD variant can be made almost independent of the number of parameters in the overparameterized network.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-36863", "score": 0.7019599080085754, "text": "You could, and they are. But machine learning isn't magic. It's just statistics. And the bot makers are pretty good about finding out what features the machine learning is checking to identify bots and making their bots not do those things. Machine learning is not able to come up with additional checks on the fly, so it becomes a cat-and-mouse game between the bot makers and the team at twitter trying to figure out what new things to check for.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-182715", "score": 0.7009501457214355, "text": "As Dan Ariely said: \"Machine learning is like teenage sex. Everybody talks about it. Only some really know how to do it. Everyone thinks everyone else is doing it. So, everyone claims they’re doing it.\" The truth is to get to the state of using machine learning effectively, a sophisticated data infrastructure is required and thus there is a ramp up time while you build out the system. You also, generally, need a large amount of data to realize the value, which may add to that. Because of this, and other reasons that have been stated, the quote above is very applicable.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-779", "score": 0.683550238609314, "text": "> Twitter was just for teens and young adults When reputable sources starting using it to disseminate information, that is no longer the case. Twitter is an easy way to reach a massive number of people, be it to share a major headline, or a photo of your dinner plate." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-61312", "score": 0.6486029028892517, "text": "Any organization, whether it's a news network or not, is made of people. All people have opinions/biases. The people at the top, providing funding and direction, have a major influence over what stories are told, how they're told, and by whom they're told.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-182373", "score": 0.6479377746582031, "text": "They aren't big news. They are news that are a) cheap, because there is no journalistic work required. Unicode consortium says so, therefore it is so. No fact-checking required. and b) its something that lots of people can relate to and are affected by, even if just in a very minute way. Unfortunately, the times when big newspapers were proud of sending journalists out to research and uncovering big, important stuff seems to be long over.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-40201", "score": 0.6473972797393799, "text": "The control room most likely has a person at a computer that has a program connected to the current shows twitter account. The person would then sit there and read tweets as they come in, looks for ones that are relevant/appropriate to show, then clicks a button that accepts them and puts it in a queue to display onscreen.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2148018", "score": 0.6468392014503479, "text": "Hi there, guys. I just recently started using Twitter. Never was interested in the site until a few months ago. I wanted to know what the big fuss is all about.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1938229", "score": 0.6461993455886841, "text": "I often find the best sources of real news are from places around the globe that don't care about the outcome and need to write a story about a country to fill a quota. Places like Indonesia and Thailand are great for Americain news as they don’t care, Africa is great for Australian News etc. \n\nI wonder if it gets onto other countries MSM this could then show how bias our media outlets are, plus more likely to be used as all the work is already done for these places?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-162306", "score": 0.6460782885551453, "text": "First, look at the reputability of the source. The source may be a *biased* source (every source is biased in its own way), but if it's reputable, then you can typically trust the facts. If the source has a print edition or was around 30 years ago, its reputability increases. If the source's headlines are typically sensationalized or \"click-bait\", its reputability decreases. If the headlines are written in a way such as to make you feel angry, jubilant, or prideful, its reputability decreases. Also, look for multiple reputable sources reporting the same facts. If nobody else is reporting it, wait a day and see. You don't always have to be up-to-the-second with whatever the news cycle is telling you.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1556884", "score": 0.6459065079689026, "text": "Pretty self-explanatory. I don't want an actual political debate at all, but just an answer. I only hear about Twitter for politicians, especially Trump. Why not Facebook or Instagram?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-62756", "score": 0.6459020972251892, "text": "\"Everything's fine, nothing happened\" isn't really exciting or interesting. Disaster and mayhem draw attention much more readily and thus increases a news station's viewership. More views, more revenue, and thus more negative news.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1996516", "score": 0.6455042362213135, "text": "I always get stumped on this one. I've heard Destiny talk briefly about it before. Is CNN credible, if so then why and why isn't Fox news? I don't really read CNN that much but conservatives always assume that's where I get my news from and just attack on that assumption. Even if I say I don't read CNN they're just gonna assume my other sources are fake news so maybe it's worth trying to defend CNN.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1451567", "score": 0.6454002261161804, "text": "Yea sure they are useful to social media platforms for dealing with spammer, and other stuff like that, but in my opinion they can easily be abused to push a political agenda and suppress freedom of speech in a very malicious manner. Also, let's not forget that mistakes happen, so even if they were used only for good purposes, some people are still gonna be undeservedly banned, and they won't even know it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1557009", "score": 0.6453647613525391, "text": "I'm NOT looking for a channel speculation for 20 minutes based on copmletely useless sources, but speculation is fine. I just want a channel with maybe daily updates with relevant content and info from RELIABLE sources .", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-46589", "score": 0.6449984908103943, "text": "Per Wikipedia: RSS (Rich Site Summary; originally RDF Site Summary; often called Really Simple Syndication) uses a family of standard web feed formats[2] to publish frequently updated information: blog entries, news headlines, audio, video. An RSS document (called \"feed\", \"web feed\",[3] or \"channel\") includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date and author's name. In layman's terms, from a consumer standpoint, you can subscribe to several site's RSS feeds and get notifications when each of them update. Personally, I use this for webcomics. So instead of checking each site to see if there's a new comic, I can view them all from my feed when they update in one convenient location.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-51541", "score": 0.6448550820350647, "text": "Because there already is pretty much everything. For something new to break through, it has to be original. Which is hard nowadays, considering the amount of different social networks there are. There is Facebook, Twitter which has the 140 character feature, Instagram which lets you share pictures and short videos, YouTube which let's you share videos in general and so on...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2247868", "score": 0.6445909738540649, "text": "I know that the major media outlets (CNN, Fox News, etc.) are going to put their own spin on news and publish the news stories that further their agenda. Because of this, I have a hard time trusting ANY news source. Isn't it feasible that every news outlet is going to spin a story to fit their views?\n\nMy question is this: which news outlets can be trusted to publish news without bias?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-272060", "score": 0.6444603204727173, "text": "Yes. Literally any riot, concert, election, or thing trending on twitter is proof of these *en masse* behaviors at work. [Here is the wiki page on the bandwagon effect](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1474623", "score": 0.6421991586685181, "text": "I see it all the time on Twitter but can't find thr meaning. Please don't troll.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-17321", "score": 0.642189621925354, "text": "Typically it's pretty easy to tell when a story is presenting an opinion. They'll gloss over details, use emotionally charged language, provide few if any citations, present only one side of the argument, etc. Factual news articles tend to be detailed and make efforts to contact the people involved in the story to get their take on the issue if they want to try to explain, say, a negative story about them.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2198973", "score": 0.6421058773994446, "text": "One of the things the internet is good and in the same time bad for is how you can know what’s currently happening in the world and can get filled with negativity.\n\nI’m not saying you can’t look news anymore \nFor some people it’s interesting what’s happening in the world and that’s ok but if you can’t handle it well then I think you should look less at negative news for example a explosion in a city or what crimes currently happening. \n\nPeople become more sadder because of that. \n\nThat’s why I have tipps\n\n-Don’t take those news that seriously. Joke about it if you want.\n\n-Look less at those “negative news“\n\nI know I can’t force people to do this and if you don’t care then you don’t care because it’s your choice but it’s something I found on Reddit and it sounds kind of true.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1752920", "score": 0.6420374512672424, "text": "Flynn and Trump has been permanently banned from Twitter which is good, however why the same rule doesn't apply to foreign entities.\n\nI know it's unrealistic for Twitter to ban foreign embassies and leaders. But Ayatollah and CCP official accounts spread disinformation without any \"disputed\" fact check and tweet deactivation. It's very hypocritical for CCP especially since they have internet firewall blocking Twitter.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1961545", "score": 0.6414476633071899, "text": "Driving traffic to their site helps to finance them. If a story is interesting may I suggest locating it from another source and instead linking from there?\n\nAlso, it's helpful if you tag **fn;dr** in the comments of a Fox News article.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-780", "score": 0.7988743782043457, "text": "Most mice prefer to feed on grains and nuts rather than cheese, but when they're hungry, they'll eat whatever they can find that is edible. Cheese tends to smell very strongly, especially when not refrigerated, and that makes it easier to find by mice, so when they're hungry, they'll go for whatever's easiest to find, i.e. cheese. Over time, this created the (incorrect) assumption that mice like cheese, and this in turn was used in cartoons and other media so often that some people assume that mice are inordinately fond of cheese." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-262357", "score": 0.7199689149856567, "text": "Part of it probably has to do with associating taste with the effects of the substance, such as alcohol. Rodents can be conditioned to prefer tastes over others (taste conditioning) if they have been paired with a rewarding drug like ethanol. For example, the mice will be given two bottles, one with grape and the other with orange flavoring. The orange flavoring also has ethanol in it. After a while (week or so) the mice are then given a break and then again presented with two bottles with the two different flavors but no ethanol is either and the mice will prefer the flavor that previously had the ethanol. I'm sure there is much more to acquiring a taste in regards to simply becoming accustomed to it for things like strong cheeses and the sort.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-96974", "score": 0.7034730315208435, "text": "So you've got a building full of all the grain you've been farming. The local mice catch on to this and all move in, eating and breeding. Suddenly there's a huge family of mice eating all your food. Disaster! However, the local cats catch on to there being a whole bunch of mice around your grain store too. They climb in and start eating the mice. They keep the mouse population down, maximising your grain. So you realise \"Hey. I've gotta make sure these cats stick around so the mice don't overpopulate around here again\" and you start leaving scraps out. The friendlier cats eat the scraps and stick around for more. Eventually this breeds more social and human-loving (kitten-like, in fact) instincts in these cats, so that they'll keep getting free food. Meanwhile, you keep feeding them because they're killing mice for you.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-133976", "score": 0.6971973776817322, "text": "Mice die if they don't eat. So if mice are kicking around, they're getting into *someone's* food.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-87647", "score": 0.6909449100494385, "text": "Here you go: _URL_0_ TL;DR: \"Cheese happens to be especially addictive because of an ingredient called casein, a protein found in all milk products. During digestion, casein releases opiates called casomorphins. \"[Casomorphins] really play with the dopamine receptors and trigger that addictive element,\" registered dietitian Cameron Wells.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-82733", "score": 0.6886854767799377, "text": "PETA protests pretty much any use of any animal anywhere. Mice are used because genetically they are actually pretty close to humans, and they reproduce very quickly. This helps scientists complete genetic experiments faster.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-259015", "score": 0.679866373538971, "text": "I have heard the same thing about cheese. Apparently it is because they contain Tyrosine which can cause enhanced dreaming.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-188521", "score": 0.6795821189880371, "text": "The little critters that make cheese have different biologic processes. Some of them, to be a little crude, fart. The result of using those critters is that the gas they release can consolidate into bubbles, leaving holes in the final cheese.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-5047", "score": 0.6709755063056946, "text": "Basically: Cheese is milk that has gone bad because bacteria breed in it. The bacteria fart while breeding. The farts make up the holes and the stink of the cheese.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-795240", "score": 0.6674309968948364, "text": "I have never been to a residence where there are mouse traps with cheese placed on the floor or any mouse holes for that matter. Were mouse traps in American homes more common when shows like Tom and Jerry were first produced in 1940?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-42682", "score": 0.6638262867927551, "text": "Mice are anatomically similar to humans and reproduce quickly. This means you can easily have a large test group and the outcomes of the experiments will be similar if not identical in humans.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2364222", "score": 0.6615149974822998, "text": "For once a cat doesn't belong to r/aww. My friend sees a dead mouse at his door every once a while. It seems that a wild cat loves him. Reddit, what does this actually mean and how can we stop it? My friend saw one dead mouse in the morning then another this afternoon. It wasn't pleasant for him.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-255212", "score": 0.660065770149231, "text": "They are small mammals and have a relatively fast life history. This gives a good middle ground of being biologically and biochemically similar enough to humans to draw analogies AND able to raise in the lab with high turnover of individuals and small resources (food/space) spent. Edit: a little googling turned up this site which may help with your questions on similarities between cravings in mice and men _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1496006", "score": 0.6582992076873779, "text": "I loooooooove soft cheeses like Brie, Camembert, blue cheese, goat (when paired with something to cut the funk), and feta. \n\nHowever I was told by a coworker that folks with compromised immune systems should not eat them because something something active bacteria. Which makes sense I guess, but I’ve never made the correlation between eating those types of cheese and any symptoms. Too much cheddar (and other - I’m assuming - high lactose cheeses) can give me tummy issues, but none of the other cheeses bother me that much.\n\nAll I’m finding is anecdotal blogs on the internets but nothing scientific. I want to make sure I’m not setting myself up for failure by eating the wrong foods. Anyone know anything I don’t?\n\nEdit: We all seem to agree that this myth (pause) is BUSTED!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-177927", "score": 0.656531572341919, "text": "It's often a biological response to creatures that pose a threat to us. Mice and other rodents carry disease, bugs are often poisonous, etc. In addition, small creatures can sneak up on us more easily, and we distrust them for that; we don't like something in the vicinity that could potentially get on us without us realizing. Tl;dr: instinct from our ancestors", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-67815", "score": 0.655986487865448, "text": "Because it tastes nice. This is because cheese has a lot of fat in it which makes things more flavourful and salt which does the same.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-177142", "score": 0.6532175540924072, "text": "Different types of cheeses are a result of a lot of sifferent factors. These factors include things such as age, certain molds, humidity, temperature,and I think air ratio but don't allo quote me on that.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-87878", "score": 0.6520968675613403, "text": "For the same reason that ball pythons and rattlesnakes are different. Those molds are different species, and one of them as part of its metabolism makes delicious cheese, and the other makes poison that will kill your lungs.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-166003", "score": 0.6495956778526306, "text": "Swiss cheese has holes because of [bacteria](_URL_0_) that release carbon dioxide during the cheese making process. This creates little spherical bubbles of gas throughout the cheese; when the cheese is sliced, these bubbles become the holes. It's kind of like how yeasts cause bread to rise. Yeasts also release carbon dioxide, which causes gas bubbles to form throughout the bread, making the bread fluff up. And if you look closely, a slice of bread has holes in it, too.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-319188", "score": 0.6480221748352051, "text": "The blue cheese molds are similar to bad mold in their basic physiology, but exhibit 2 convenient characteristics: 1) they thrive in the environment of cheese 2) the waste they produce doesn't make us sick or kill us, and can even impart desirable flavors. I don't remember if it was intentionally added for the following reason, but it is now known to add to the safety and longevity of the food. A bonus function of having a single strain dominate an environment is you don't have to worry about any riff raff (spoilers and pathogenic strains) moving in and establishing themselves. It's the concept of eugenics at its best application.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-15154", "score": 0.64799565076828, "text": "When they make cheese it's in a cozy bath with all the right bacteria to make cheesy goodness. People control that bath so that bacteria that makes things gross doesn't get in there. You and I have all sorts of gross making bacteria hanging about our places. When the cheese is exposed to that bacteria it goes bad. The softer the cheese, the worse it is. Hard cheese like Parmesan gets dry if you leave it out, but only a little bit of the surface goes bad.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-781", "score": 0.6118855476379395, "text": "In academic writing, the assumption is that uncited ideas are a new contribution to the field, even if it was your idea in the first place. It's just a report for a class, but they want you to get used to the style. (And if you quoted and cited an entire paper, you didn't do any work for that class.)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-155793", "score": 0.5812722444534302, "text": "Because typically these people sell there own rights in exchange for royalty percentages or in some cases a fixed number. They still get credit, but not as much as they would if they done it on there own. A good example is NeYo. Hes written for so many people. One more notable case was Beyonces Irreplaceable. He is still to this day recieving royalties for this song. Sorry this was so long. I just wanted to explain it well. Lol.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-197637", "score": 0.5812584161758423, "text": "There is a /r/askacademia sub that you might find useful! Are you doing the translation yourself? If not, site the book you found the translation in.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2661728", "score": 0.5812186002731323, "text": "i wrote a depression story for class and given i dont think i did a good job at writing the story, the professors comment was \"its a self serving story that doesnt serve a purpose. i dont see what the reader is supposed to take out of it. its depressing to read\" and i feel like shit. and i want to get mad but im just feeling sorta defeated. like this is how society sees us. unempathetically.\n\nnot to mention, just cause i wrote it in first person doesnt mean the author is the narrator. and he didnt even give me a grade so i have to do a rewrite -_-\n\ni just sort of feel like no one will ever realize the struggle we have go thru everyday. i didnt write a story where the narrator contemplated suicide or outright said i hate the world. i wrote an everyday story of the numb that doesnt keep us in bed, but still lingers over our movement and our thoughts. like sure i might be able to get outta bed but that took all my effort and id gladly give up a grade to get back into bed. but logic says i should get the grade because life after depression would probs need the grade. and the world doesnt see that or acknowledge that, and apparently my professor doesnt think its worth reading about.\n\nim just so upset and frustrated", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1365611", "score": 0.5812143087387085, "text": "I'm struggling with self esteem issues and being around people(not even interacting with them) makes me anxious and uncomfortable. \n\nI have been visiting a library for a few months to prepare for an entrance exam. There are people all preparing for different exams and just being around them makes me uncomfortable. I also realised that I've been comparing myself with those people who have already achieved something in life/graduated/have covered more syllabus than me and are confident. \n\nI can't study at home because there's frequent fights and the environment is not good.\n\nI wake up at 3.45am and reach the library till 4.15-4.30 when there's no one and study with maximum concentration and comfort. \nThen during the peek hours 10am-6pm, it's most crowded and people are all moving around, discussing in the dining hall, laughing and eating. \n\nSince my exam is going to take place at 2-5pm, I try to stay awake during that time and not study at night. Also, my concentration is maximum early in the morning after waking up. \n\nI have this paranoid feeling that people are talking behind my back, judging me even if they're not or that they only talk to me for their own work. \n\nAnd i can't stop overthinking about my past or future, things I have no control over. \n\nSo due to this, I study from 4.30- 10, then go back home to get fresh and return at around 12. Then I do unproductive study till 6 and stay there till 10pm, this has started affecting my sleep and health. I get physically and mentally exhausted and either oversleep the next day or deprive myself of sleep. And when I can't wake up on time, my whole day gets ruined. Everything I study goes in vain. \n\nI understand that I shouldn't focus on others but on myself and shouldn't get bothered by others because it doesn't matter and won't matter after 5 years and all but I feel like I have no control over my thoughts. It's affecting me a lot, making me suicidal. \n\nFew days ago while I was with my bf(23), he was laughing while talking and I mentioned to him that he's laughing very loudly. He said \"I know and I don't care, that's how I laugh\" \nI know it was a stupid statement but I can never laugh or speak audibly. I feel intimidated by others.\n\nMost of the time, I don't even eat due to my social anxiety and also because I'm overweight and a clumsy eater. So I eat my breakfast/lunch on the way back to home at night. It's also affecting my digestive sytem, abnormal/irregular bowel movements.\n\nThen I consume 5 cups of coffee and 5-6 cigarettes per day to feel okay but that doesn't help either. Now my whole body aches and have constant headaches. \n\nIt's like i feel lonely but also wanna stay alone. I am having this regular existential crises. Sometimes I also act like a psychopath and think about hurting myself or others. I may have acted on these thoughts many times. I don't trust anyone or myself. I wanna get rid of myself.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2778618", "score": 0.5812044143676758, "text": "Any PhD students willing to share their CV with me? \nMine is in need of an overhaul now that I actually have real content to go on it (a paper, posters, invited lectures, etc). I know there are many formats that can be appropriate for a CV. I'm just looking for examples that look better and are better organized than mine currently is, but are more in line with what a graduate student would be expected to have on theirs (versus what my advisor has on his).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-204768", "score": 0.5812007188796997, "text": "You could go on Google Scholar, type in the name of the book, and you'll see \"Cited x Times\". If you click that it will show you who has cited the work.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2660828", "score": 0.5811908841133118, "text": "Hello,\n\nSo the story goes like this:\n\nI consider myself \"smarter\" than my colleagues in high school, and they also consider me as one of the \"smartest people in class\" (I know this sounds arrogant but its true).\n\nI'm new to this high school, so when I see that they have a WhatsApp group were they record audio tracks to help each other study I give it a go.\n\nI record audio tracks for a science exam, and apparently they were really good, so they ask me to make audio tracks for the next one too. I accept and instead of audio tracks I record videos for them using a whiteboard, they loved it.\n\nThen a history exam rolls around, but I tell them I won't be able to do audio tracks or videos because we had too many projects due and I didn't have time.\n\nThat's when they said that I was \"letting them down\". So I promised I would do audio tracks for the next 2 science exams.\n\nI do the audio track for one of them, but Im unable for the other one.\n\nIts 1 month from this and they still say I'm letting them down, which makes me mad, as in my mind it was a favor to even do videos.\n\nAITA for promising I would do more videos?\n\nEdit: I told them I wouldn't be able to do the video in advance (4 days).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-632564", "score": 0.5811892747879028, "text": "I've been working on a manuscript based on my (former) advisor's research (so making it a single-author paper won't work). I tried to break a way a little bit from an accepted (but incorrect) analysis that the advisor wants to do (and has based a lot of previous articles on). Advisor is saying it is a bad idea. \n\nI feel like my choices are either: 1) do what advisor says but know better and not repeat the mistake with my own data, or 2) re-prioritize other projects and put the manuscript on the back burner (possibly indefinitely).\n\nI'd imagine others have encountered this problem before - wondering if there are other options I'm not considering.\n\nEdit: The main sticking point is comparing Group A to Group B, finding no differences, and then comparing Group A and B to a control group and claiming that differences between Group A and controls, or Group B and controls, are indicative of differences between Groups A and B. I am confident this is not kosher but this method has been used in other studies of these groups. So my problem is not wanting to do the analysis in the present study and also wanting to omit such findings from previous studies from the background section (because they are invalid). \n\nAlso advisor wants Group A and B divided into subgroups and analyses re-run to look for within-group differences but the sample sizes are definitely not big enough to justify doing so.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-792306", "score": 0.5811746120452881, "text": "I hope this is the right place for this question. \nThis happened to me today during a 1 on 1 discussion with a superior. I couldn't pinpoint exactly what was wrong with the question (except that it was more or less about my personal life), but it didn't sit quite right.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1502336", "score": 0.5811269879341125, "text": "There's an effort on campus to organize the faculty. (There were many AAUP members in the past, but participation has declined in recent years.) Does an AAUP chapter really make a difference at your school?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2779341", "score": 0.5811241865158081, "text": "My boyfriend says that I am not developed mentally because I want to quit my research group since I did not get a scholarship. I am the only one in the group who is not getting funded year round...Everyone else there is a minority so they can get scholarships easily. But since I'm white, there's only one scholarship that can fund me year round, and thats the most prestigious one there is. Earlier on in the year my advisor promised me that I would get it through email but then he brought someone else in later on, and she actually has it now. This is just a fucked up thing for him to do, and I don't want to be apart of the group anymore. I don't actually enjoy research in the first place and I've wasted an incredible amount of time on it....And I'm also looking to switch fields where doing research is not a requirement. I just think there's no point in me staying there anymore. Especially after not getting funding. Don't expect me to be a fucking indentured servant in your prison lab anymore if I'm not getting paid. I've been there for a year and I've had no compensation while everyone else has everything covered.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1113790", "score": 0.5811091661453247, "text": "I used to write in high school. I had a blog for my school newspaper, of which I was the editor-in-chief. Most of my 70 something posts got under 5 views, most views came from refreshing my page. That was fine when I was getting a class credit to create, as I wasn't leaning on external validation as much as I was trying to get a good grade. I told myself I'd keep writing after high school, and I did for a month or two, but shouting into the void (incidentally the title of one of my posts) was too demoralizing.\n\nI think it's that I want to be heard. I now get that fix from reddit, posting and commenting and eagerly waiting for the envelope to turn orange. I've considered every media medium I can think of: comic strips, youtube videos, podcasting, music, newsletters, etc. But then I look at the talent of the world and I feel inadequate. I genuinely cannot see a world where people would be interested in what I have to say. I almost pursued a career in higher education to fulfill my ego, but I knew that would be destructive.\n\nEven if I were to start making content, I don't know what it would be about. I'm a jack of all trades, master of none. I have a basic knowledge and interest in philosophy, science, math, computer science, business, comedy, animals, nature, politics, and relationships. But I can't see myself writing about just one of those week in and week out, and unfortunately, successful content creators usually must carve out a niche.\n\nI think this is a self esteem issue. I want people to think highly of me. I want people to care about my thoughts. I'm shallow and egotistical. I've been fighting off that disease for as long as I can remember. I don't know if it's healthier to pursue creation as a fulfilling habit or to give up on this dream of being praised. Maybe there is something to be said in favor of creating without an audience, but I did that for 3 years, and it's fucking depressing after a certain point. Even if I just had 1 regular reader. None of my friends read any of my posts. My parents didn't read every post. My teacher even stopped reading after a bit. I cannot come to terms with the fact in a world with an abundance of talent that I have nothing creative to offer.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2468848", "score": 0.5811068415641785, "text": "I've been looking over events that have changed me and challenged me in the last few years - a common theme in all of my PS prompts - and the one that's really standing out is my time studying abroad.\n\nI've always been very much a homebody, and called my parents nearly everyday of Freshmen year. For some reason, I thought it would be a good idea to study abroad the summer after. I spent three months in another country and really learned to push my comfort zone when I couldn't rely on them any more. I already knew the language fairly well, but it offered me a chance to challenge myself more than I knew possible.\n\nIs this too cliche of a topic? I'm confidant in my creative writing and writing in general, but I don't want it to fall behind for being a cliche.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2477578", "score": 0.5811060667037964, "text": "Perhaps this isn't the right place to ask this but I figure I would receive the most helpful advice from those who are on the other side of the admissions process.\n\nI am struggling with the personal statement. I have from the library a few books that contain actual essays and they all seem to be written by fascinating people that have done all sorts of unique activities with their lives. I consider my life story \"average\". I graduated after 5 years in May from a public university in Chicago with a degree in political science and I have been working at a background check company for about a year now as well. I did not study abroad due to financial reasons, I never interned because I needed to work to pay for school, I never volunteered or did extracurriculars for the same reason, etc. The advice I am looking for is how to turn an \"average\" life story into an essay that is worth consideration. Thank you for your time.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2018015", "score": 0.5811051726341248, "text": "My parents were strict before, but relaxed when they saw how studious I was. I began to study for tests two weeks in advance. I reread chapters until I had them memorized. I felt guilty when I was out with friends and not home studying. People just thought I was a big nerd. \n\nTurns out I have clinical depression and my school studies and grades were the only thing I felt that I had control of at the time. I shut the world out when I read the same chapters over and over again. After years of therapy, I don't study as a form of coping with depression anymore.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2174210", "score": 0.5810865759849548, "text": "Is there a reason a handful of professors don't publish this tab? It's an easy way to realize you have friends in big classes, or even just to recognize some old names, like people from your floor freshman year. I feel like publishing this tab is very helpful especially during COVID when it's more difficult to meet study friends in class. Am I missing something?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-660630", "score": 0.581078052520752, "text": "Doing this for college and idk if I'd need to cite every reference it because it was already done in the journal article?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1365967", "score": 0.5810742378234863, "text": "I currently go to a community college (I’m a freshman) and attend full time. I don’t have a job but I feel like I get so much homework that I don’t have time for myself, if anything 20 minutes a day. The professors probably think that all we do is attend their class and just go on about our life, so that’s probably why they give so much homework.\n\n Anyways, do you guys feel the same? I feel like a machine that just does schoolwork all the time.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1229937", "score": 0.5810701251029968, "text": "Second year (just finished first year) PhD student here, in physiology.\n\nI've been attending a number of defences, and I'm becoming increasingly anxious. The expectation seems to be that that you really know all the major papers in the field and even many minor ones, all the textbook knowledge pertinent to your thesis, all the possible concepts surrounding your thesis (potential and tested therapeutic approaches for example) and of course, your actual thesis and everything you did (design, logic, methods, etc). This seems so.. Daunting. I've been trying to read, I barely get time, and even when I do, barely anything sticks. How do people go about learning such a gigantic ocean of knowledge? Candidates often respond to questions in the defence by citing papers by author, year and journal then going on to discuss the intricate details of what went on in that study even if it was published decades ago. My brain just goes wtf. My PhD program is 3.5 to 4 years, and time is flying at an alarming rate. I'm terrified I'll get to my defence or committee exam without being ready at all.\n\nSo my questions are, down to technical detail, how do you guys approach this task of garnering knowledge? Do you just grab the major reviews from the past 10 years and read them while also taking a million jumps back and forth to the cited primary papers and reading those deeply and critically too? Do you go from the latest reviews to the earlier ones? Do you have a regular designated time every week that you spend reading? Do you also grab a Bible (commonly read book) or two of your field and read them too? And how do you quality control you knowledge confirming you're actually retaining and integrating information?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2779291", "score": 0.5810571908950806, "text": "Many results from the internet says there should only be one page.But my professor insists on submitting a two page resume.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-782", "score": 0.7303044199943542, "text": "Adhesives and other sticky substances contain protein molecules that bond with the molecules of the surface they are spread upon by entering the pores and spaces of the material. Therefore, smooth surfaces such as glass are hard to attach to because there aren't any pores for molecules to enter." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-72629", "score": 0.6937389373779297, "text": "Water [has both *cohesion* -- wants to stick to itself -- and *adhesion* -- wants to stick to other things](_URL_0_). So, water is a fluid, and wants to stick to itself as a single object, which makes it somewhat slippery. But, it also wants to stick to you, and anything else it touches, on a small scale, It's how drops stick to the wall in the shower, and you can press something light and smooth against something else smooth with just a little water in between and it will stick. So, on a large scale your tires can slip on a wet road because the water is forming a barrier between the tire and the road through cohesion, but on a small scale like rubbing skin together, the water is trying to stick and causes friction.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-176498", "score": 0.6932021975517273, "text": "Water has \"sticky\" properties called Cohesion (when water sticks to itself) and Adhesion (when water sticks to other materials). There is a lot of chemistry and electricity that goes into the reasons behind those properties, but essentially the individual water particles use less energy by using other water particles or other objects as support. When you try to pour a glass or pitcher, the water is doing it's best to conserve energy and stick to everything on its way out. You can avoid this by pouring faster causing the momentum of the water to pull it off the glass and pour cleanly.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-110819", "score": 0.6922892928123474, "text": "Moderators can put a post at the top of the subreddit and make it stay there regardless of how old it is or the number of votes on it. That's what they mean by \"sticky.\" [This post, for example, is stickied to the top of ELI5 now](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-41368", "score": 0.6921640038490295, "text": "Glue does stick to the lid, but glue doesn't get *really* sticky until it dries. For it to dry, it needs to be exposed to air and that doesn't happen inside the bottle.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-111546", "score": 0.6917580366134644, "text": "The ink doesn't stick per se. At a smaller scale, the paper is a bunch of wood fibers that are matted together in a sheet, almost like cloth! Here's an image of paper under a microscope: _URL_0_ & nbsp; When the ink touches the paper, the paper absorbs the ink into the gaps between the fibers, much like cloth absorbs water. After the ink dries, the water disappears, but the pigment remains trapped between the fibers.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2788883", "score": 0.6911363005638123, "text": "Do I have to manually unsticky the top 1 and then re-sticky it so that it goes in slot 2? \n\nAnd how do I sticky a new post so that it goes into slot 1 and not slot 2? Or would I have to manually unsticky and then re-sticky the 2nd one to make sure it's in the correct order\n\nReason: So our daily thread is always in slot 2", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2144586", "score": 0.6909250617027283, "text": "Haven't seen any sticky's in a while, I remember them being removed the last time in a scuffle between reddit and the moderators.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-14764", "score": 0.6908640265464783, "text": "Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why does sand only stick together when wet? ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: How does water make sand stick together so well? ](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-188154", "score": 0.6907265782356262, "text": "Velcro works by having two strips of material, one with lots of tiny hooks, and one with lots of thinner loops that the hooks can cling to when the strips are pressed together. [Here's a close up picture](_URL_0_) [Here's more pictures](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-192866", "score": 0.6906207799911499, "text": "Water likes to stick to some things more than others. The amount of water that sticks to something is determined mainly by three factors: How much it wants to stick to that thing, the amount of surface area of that thing, and the amount that water wants to stick to the other thing (in the case of a beach towel, the other thing is you). Water is rather attracted to most things, including towel fibers. Towels have a lot of surface area due to their shaggy and fibrous nature, leading to them being able to attract and hold a lot of water.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-170593", "score": 0.6904929876327515, "text": "Think of it like static electricity pulling hair to a balloon. There's an additional force involved other than a mechanical grip from hooks on their feet. Size helps too. The smaller the bug the easier it is for them to \"stick\" and grip.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-108552", "score": 0.6900181174278259, "text": "flies tend to be high-touch animals; they'll touch anything to investigate it. Flypaper is sticky enough that when a fly touches it, it stays stuck. That's all there is to it; place the flypaper where a fly will fly, and it'll get stuck to it. Put flypaper where a fly wouldn't normally be, and no flies will stick to it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-320619", "score": 0.689326286315918, "text": "(Layman answer) When you smell something, what you're experiencing is some airborne substance getting into your nose and triggering your olfactory neurons. A scent is a collection of molecules that escape from a substance and spread through the air. As to how a scent sticks: those airborne molecules settle upon a surface, and then they dislodge and become airborne again over time. I don't know the mechanics of how stuff sticks to a person's skin, clothing, etc., but hopefully this sheds a little bit of light on your question.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2012887", "score": 0.6888841986656189, "text": "This happened yesterday on the bus, and let me tell you, that shit starts to be super sticky.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-143783", "score": 0.688422679901123, "text": "When the object is pushed through the film, it pulls the rest down with it, and it doesnt want to go down so it wraps around the object and sticks to it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-304333", "score": 0.6883736848831177, "text": "[Spiders are able to generate two kinds of silk](_URL_1_)—one sticky, one not. The spokes of the web are made from the non-sticky silk, and spiders carefully traverse their own web. In addition, [tiny hairs and oils](_URL_0_) on their leg, as well as how they grasp and release their web with each step, prevent them from sticking.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-170803", "score": 0.6883365511894226, "text": "Adhesives start out in the liquid state, and then once they're applied, they dry out and become a solid. On a chemical level, this means that the molecules that make up the adhesive are disordered (i.e. not fixed in any particular pattern) and can move around relative to each other fairly easily. Once they become dry (how this happens depends on the type of adhesive), the molecules become \"stuck\" to each other and can't move around anymore. When you increase their temperature, you're adding heat energy to those molecules, which allows some of them to break free from the forces holding them still, and thus weakening their ability to hold things together.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-78431", "score": 0.687370777130127, "text": "Because the other secretions of the lips will come into contact with each another and dry up, leaving a thin glue-like layer that you have to pull apart. Usually this is constantly diluted and cleared off by your more watery salivary glands, which also lessens friction, but if your lips are dried out by the cold, dehydration, medications or other reasons, the results is stickiness.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1792305", "score": 0.6873284578323364, "text": "\n\nSo I've got this sticky stuff in my cooling unit, what can I do with that?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-298277", "score": 0.6866347789764404, "text": "Water has a property called *adhesion* which means that it sticks not only to itself (cohesion) but also to other surrounding materials. This is due to water's polar nature. Because the charges on the molecule are not evenly distributed, the molecular has an overall charge (dipole) and acts like a small magnet. The water molecules are then able to stick to a surface, kind of like a magnet sticking to your fridge. So when your feet or socks are wet, all that extra water is present, making everything extra sticky. Adhesion is one of the properties that allows a material to have capillary action. For example, if you place a narrow tube vertically into a dish of water, some water will flow up into the tube. The same would not happen with, say, liquid mercury, which has cohesion, but not adhesion. This capillary action is what allows trees to draw water up from their roots into the trunk and leaves, etc.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-783", "score": 0.7759888172149658, "text": "Its acidity, the lack of water, and the presence of hydrogen peroxide are the factors that cause honey to be so incredibly shelf-stable for pretty much eternity. Here's some reading on it: _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-39153", "score": 0.733527660369873, "text": "Honey pretty much never goes bad. Bacteria and stuff cant survive in or on it, so honey left sitting in a tomb 6,000 years ago is just as safe to eat as honey harvested today. Although the dust wont be great for you and any toxic substances on the surface still fuck you up pretty good.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-321356", "score": 0.7322506904602051, "text": "Also, it does not mean that honey has gone bad after expiration date. They put that meaning that it is the date the guarantee it to be in the same format that you bought. Sometimes, after it has expired, it becomes more clear and solid. However, you can just boil it bain-marie and it will come back to its original format.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-13454", "score": 0.7214820384979248, "text": "The reason pure honey stays fresh for so long is that it has almost zero water. A bacteria landing on the honey has its water drawn out of it by osmosis. This kills the bacteria. This is why food can be preserved in honey. A side note Alexander the great's body was preserved after his death in honey. I assume when honey is allowed to coat the throat it kills some of the bacteria causing the problem, thus helping with the sore throat.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-72998", "score": 0.7174832820892334, "text": "Sometimes its just required by law to have a date. Other times, like water and honey, the expiration date is more or less in regards to the container", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-47511", "score": 0.7173018455505371, "text": "The tl;dr on this is blame New Jersey. A law from 1987 from New Jersey said that (unless I'm remembering it wrong) that all things sold as a food or beverage must have an expiration date of 2 years or less. So manufacturers of things like honey or water or other things that don't ever really go bad just slap a 2 year expiration date on the bottles and ship them out nation wide. Why nation wide? Because it's easier to just do it to all of the product than it is to do a specific bottling/canning/boxing for New Jersey.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-5277", "score": 0.7118552923202515, "text": "Honey doesnt normally spoil because its dry. It has almost no water in it at all, and if any bacteria attach to it, due to osmosis it sucks the water out of it and kills it off. Its also incredibly acidic which kills off lots of bacteria. If humans add lots of water to it, suddenly the bacteria can feed off of its sugars and then ferment. We can also add things to reduce its acidity.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-153781", "score": 0.7115786671638489, "text": "Honey is hygroscopic, meaning that it will absorb water from everything around it. Imagine honey like a really, really thirsty guy that steals water from everything he can touch. It is among other things this property that makes honey so long-lasting: Any bacteria that might normally spoil food will land on the honey, the honey starts attracting all the moisture from the bacteria, the bacteria shrivels up and dies from dehydration. So what happens when you put honey on bread? Obviously it tries to take all the water out of the bread. There is a lot of water in bread. In my preferred recipe water makes up 40% of the dough by weight (give or take). The honey gobbles it up, and you're left with what remains: a dry shell of a bread that's lacking some of the water it used to have, and that makes it crunchy.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-186324", "score": 0.7112550735473633, "text": "Honey contains more sugar than saturated water. This means that if you drop some water on it, it will be absorbed. For fungi/bacteria, it means there is no water available... So honey basically has the same properties as dried up food. Besides, it contains some components that actively destroy bacterias; the most important is glucose oxydase, an enzyme which used to be called penicillin A (but was renamed to avoid confusion). This enzyme produces hydrogen peroxyde, which will f\\*\\*ck any bacteria up in no time. & #x200B; Finally, it is very acidic, and bacterias hate that. & #x200B; But be careful: if you leave honey unsealed in a humid environnement, it will go bad eventually.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-45012", "score": 0.7056829333305359, "text": "_URL_0_ TL;DR: Honey is severly lacking in moisture. this inhibits microbial growth as there is no water for microbes to survive in. granulated sugar has the same advantage as well. There is also some enzymes put in by bees that inhibits microbes from spoiling it as well. It will readily absorb moisture, so storing in in an airtight vessel is necessary to keep it good for a long time.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-322057", "score": 0.7033203840255737, "text": "Oddly enough, it's the sugar. Honey is so concentrated that it exerts tremendous osmotic pressure, essentially meaning that it sucks the water right out of micro-organisms. In addition, it's fairly acidic, and contains some hydrogen peroxide. You do have to keep honey sealed, or it will absorb moisture and eventually spoil.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-38933", "score": 0.7032737731933594, "text": "Most food rots because bacteria, fungi and other microbes are able to live and grow on the surface, where they eat and excrete. Honey, on the other hand, is different. There is water in honey, but it's all \"locked in\" to the sugars - there's no way for microbes to get at it. So for any bacteria that land on honey, it's like landing on salt - it's impossible for them to live because they dry out.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-171976", "score": 0.7024012804031372, "text": "The primary factor in preservation is lack of water. Bees store nectar and dehydrate it to roughly 18% moisture. Then it is sealed with a wax cap. If too much uncapped honey is extracted, it may spoil.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-33737", "score": 0.6978264451026917, "text": "\"Going bad\" is simply bacteria ruining an item of food. The problem with honey is that it is so sugary that few bacteria can actually live in it. You need water to process sugar and there is simply not enough in honey to do so, to the point where water will actually be \"sucked out\" of the bacteria, effectively killing it.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-58107", "score": 0.6963527202606201, "text": "Varies depending on the food, but basically we store it as intended and watch it/taste it. Mostly you only have to do this for parts. So while a cake will last a long time, cream won't so we don't test a cream cake since we know it will be off when the cream will be off, and the dates for typical cakes and creams are widely known. In some cases there is no method and it is simply a case of \"We are legally required to put a date on this food, so here is a date.\" Tinned food for example will last indefinitely without spoiling yet has a date printed on it for legal reasons. Other times it is an extrapolation. Bottled water for example *does* expire because the plastic leeches into the water. We can take a few samples and then extrapolate that the water will no longer be fit for consumption by a certain date.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2011204", "score": 0.6924521923065186, "text": "I asked this before, but without qualifying \"food\" and got a whole spectrum of answers.\n\n\nHow are food expiration dates calculated? Do two items packaged on the same day received the same date? Why can two different products (companies), with effectively the same ingredients (e.g., salsa) have different dates?\n\n\nWould produce grown in one part of the world have a different expiration than another, i.e., are there environmental differences in inherent in the product(s)?\n\n\nWhy do some things take so long to expire (Sriracha!), some things go really fast (milk) and some things *never* expire (honey)?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-45035", "score": 0.6887748837471008, "text": "It's for quality. Even if it doesn't spoil when stored properly, honey can develop an off flavor over time. The date is a conservative estimate for when it might start to go off - not in the sense of being unsafe/spoiled, but in the sense of not tasting as good anymore. It also helps stores and warehouses with stock rotation.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-70771", "score": 0.6872532963752747, "text": "Honey is mostly made of sugar, plus some protein and a tiny bit of water. Sugars like to stick together, and this is what happens with honey in the bottle. As honey ages it can squeeze out the little bit of water in its structure, and this forms the crystals. Warming up the honey lets the water reenter the solution.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-322056", "score": 0.6869252920150757, "text": "One of the more clearly understood aspects of honey is that it's very hygroscopic, due to its high sugar content. Most bacteria can't survive for very long in honey, because the honey will pull all the water out of the bacteria and kill it. Edit: [Here's a link](_URL_1_) that gives a basic overview of five different antibacterial / antibiotic properties that honey has. (High sugar concentration is the only one I've heard multiple times, which is why I mentioned it without a source.) The article is a condensed, easier to read form of [this research article](_URL_0_), which has been published in the journal for the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-67320", "score": 0.6817994117736816, "text": "I learned one reason, but I'm sure there are more. Honey is naturally antimicrobial because of it's low moisture content. Different honeys range between 16%-21% moisture, which is relatively low for a liquid substance. It's really hard for bacteria to survive, especially when concealed so that no new moisture is added, it's most likely that any microorganisms that land on the honey will die. If it were maple syrup, the chances would be much moreso in favor of the bacteria.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-75632", "score": 0.6817818880081177, "text": "A couple reasons. First, it's low in water. Bees process the nectar they collect in flowers by extracting a whole lot of the water in it. This makes it thick - so bacteria and yeasts (more likely than rot) can't get through its viscous surface to get into it - and with very low available water (i.e it's dry enough to resist bacterial growth, even though it's a liquid). In fact, honey sucks the water out of bacteria rather than the opposite, killing them before they can really get started. Second, bees actually add a few antibacterial chemicals into it that they produce when processing it. Fun bonus fact: You can water it way down and throw yeast into it to make a drink called mead.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-786", "score": 0.6041014790534973, "text": "It's not worth it. At this point, KFC could probably publish the exact recipe on the walls of their restaurants and it wouldn't make a difference. No one is going to create a chain restaurant to make the exact same thing that another chain restaurant does with no changes at all. If someone wanted to make money selling KFC fried chicken, it would be far easier and more cost efficient to just franchise a KFC." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-529485", "score": 0.5738810896873474, "text": "I am trying to find a summary/collection of information (book/website) that breaks down spices and flavor profiles and which spices and flavors work well together and why.\n\nDoes anybody here know of good material that could get me started, or point me in the right direction? Thank you!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1428499", "score": 0.5738375782966614, "text": "Here's a few of mine:\n\n- Mrs. Dash seasoning, especially the original and the garlic &amp; herb one. I sprinkle it on my salad, or on bagels spread with cream cheese, and it COMPLETELY transforms the taste. I've dried my own herbs before but this stuff is absolutely magical. \n\n- Vinegar in sauces or soups, you'd be surprised how much flavor vinegar adds to something you think is missing an ingredient. It's probably vinegar and it's something a lot of professional chefs use. \n\n- Whenever I'm making something very spicy, I add a little lemon juice and a pinch of sugar to it, it makes it absolutely addictive. \n\n- Caramelized onions. If you have a lot of onions, I suggest making a huge batch of it, and keeping it in the fridge. Use it whenever you want that extra savory/sweet flavor. Especially in grilled cheese sandwiches made with gruyere, oh god. Or on burgers. Or in any sandwich. Or in an omelet.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-177590", "score": 0.5736855268478394, "text": "Companies are required to list ingredients by order of amount used. They are not required to list how much of each ingredient there is. Plus there are certain listed things they don't have have to go into detail on, particularly things like \"natural flavoring\" or \"artificial flavoring\".", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2369393", "score": 0.5732381343841553, "text": "I visited an Indian grocer and encouraged by the prices I bought several spices. After leaving, I realised that several of them had a tiny disclaimer \"made in a facility that processes ingredients containing gluten\". This was a bit depressing. I know I technically shouldn't use the spices but I don't want to throw them out. Anyone have any experience/advice to share?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-560880", "score": 0.5728874206542969, "text": "Salt ties everything together. And without it, all the spices would not be able to bring it in. Also, how easily were spices accessible?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1252802", "score": 0.5724213719367981, "text": "Since obviously eating chicken can get boring or tasteless, like most people I put spices on my chicken. At the moment my favorite is garlic powder and lemon pepper. Do you guys have any good combinations that you would recommend?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-560920", "score": 0.5723161101341248, "text": "I just recently discovered this when I put some steak powdered flavoring over some french fries and it made them delicious! I've been doing it ever since. The flavor's in the spice, not the meat!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2256311", "score": 0.5718975067138672, "text": "My husband and I were chatting about this the other day. I've never liked black pepper. I don't like the smell or the flavor. And every time someone (looking at YOU, Dad) adds \"just a bit\" it's all I can taste. Does it bring something specific to meals? It's in damn near every recipe! I usually just leave it out, but we were wondering if we're missing out on some aspect. Should we be looking to sub something else in? Or do we just keep leaving it out of things?\n\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1188458", "score": 0.571702241897583, "text": "I'm sure by now most people know about the links hidden in the image of the navigation bar.\n\nOne is located here:\n\n\nAnother here:\n\n\nThe links take you to a story regarding a trip Blair took with Danny to the south of France, and a dissectional-like page respectively. \n\nI often check them to see if anything has been updated, and as far as I can see, nothing has. \n\nAnother weird thing I've noticed is that if you enter the URL toolband.com/secrets it takes you to a page that says \"(secrets)\"\n\nNow I know there has always been a lot of far-reaching regarding secrets being imbedded in this-and-that, but this is curious is it not?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1684617", "score": 0.5715556144714355, "text": "Hello, I moved from San Antonio a few years ago and have been CRAVING the dry rub chicken drumsticks they sell. They have a paprika, garlic and red pepper flake taste and I cannot figure out how to replicate the spice rub... or locate it online. It tasted like a bbq rub but had a kick from the red pepper (and maybe cayenne). They sell the drumsticks at the meat counter if that helps. I cannot remember the name of them, but the flavor is what I miss. The chicken always came out really tasty with that rub on it. \n\nAnyone know the dry rub name or a similar dry rub recipe? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-552206", "score": 0.5713226795196533, "text": "Pat said on the bonus show that it has potatoes and lentils. Cool.\n\nBut we want more details! What lentils? How are they prepared? What dough? What spices? What other ingredients?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-95008", "score": 0.5712667107582092, "text": "I cynically suspect it's declared in the ingredients to avoid fully cleaning the equipment every time they switch between making different kind of sausage. So sausage maker saves a lot of time that machines would be stopped, some meat leftovers from previous batch of beef sausage can end up in chicken sausages while maker pretends that was the intention all along.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2762241", "score": 0.5711062550544739, "text": "Why are cinnamon twists constantly lacking cinnamon? This seems like a simple problem to solve but I constantly see then lacking cinnamon.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1968926", "score": 0.5708159804344177, "text": "Normally I just buy the spice mix that comes in the packet but I must've forgotten to pick one up. I've got most spices in my cabinet does anyone have a mixture that I can make up on my own to use", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-401645", "score": 0.5707854628562927, "text": "Is it really hard to get that +5 for your skill with spicy stews?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2291729", "score": 0.5702092051506042, "text": "I’ve found an old recipe for Mustard Pickles that my family loved.... my great grandma always made the recipe by memory. Fast forward to last year and we found the recipe!!!! However, she has “ 2-10 cent boxes of saccharin”. \n\nI cannot find anything online and I can only find saccharin in the stores as tablets :( whomp whomp..... does anyone have a modern recipe for Mustard Pickles or know what 21st century term is for this mystery ingredient? Thanks y’all", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-191074", "score": 0.5701432228088379, "text": "A recipe isnt just a list of ingredients. Or even, the quantity of those ingredients. It's preparation, cooking time and temp, tools used etc. Anyone with the right equipment can tell you what's in coke. They can't tell you how it's made though. And that's the kicker.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1313133", "score": 0.5699379444122314, "text": "Noticed the other day while doing a recipe for chicken that the seasoning for it was quite a bit different than anything I normally do, and actually pretty simplistic. It got me to thinking how some of the people I have worked for/with, they sometimes would have a go-to spice mix that they sadly used for multiple items. Sometimes it made sense, sometimes you just wanted to say \"seriously? this again?\". One chef had what was essentially a homemade old bay, with less salt and a few different herbs, and no bay leaf, another chef loved to use fat man spice but always added another herb and spice usually. \n\nI know a few times I suggested using a little vinegar as a seasoning for vegetables and getting the crazy eye for that. Otherwise been a fan of just S+P on most things with sometimes some garlic thrown in. \n\nBut besides what you personally use or whatever, what have you seen people use that just make you get the ole crazy eye?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1426989", "score": 0.5697339177131653, "text": "I can't find Kaffir lime leaves or regular lime leaves anywhere where I live. I'd love to try authentic Thai cooking. Kaffir lime leaves seem to be an important ingredient. Dilema! Dilema!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-65847", "score": 0.5696250796318054, "text": "> I'm assuming the water in the broth was cooked out, but then what remained? Chicken essence? Ghost of chicken? Various oils and chemicals from the chicken which make up much of the flavor of the chicken's meat. Animals are extremely chemically complex so what precisely those chemicals are is bound to be a massive, variable list. Of course you can see and measure what chicken flavor remains because if you had just been doing it with clear water you would see that it was cloudy and a little oily.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-787", "score": 0.6710216403007507, "text": "Educational shows no longer draw enough viewers to pay the bills for the upkeep of the channel." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-103050", "score": 0.6374447345733643, "text": "Reality shows are really cheap to make. They're not necessarily wildly popular, but they don't have to be to turn a profit. Real documentaries and research pieces cost money and time to make, but strapping a camera to a hillbilly is basically free. That's why TLC, Discovery, and the History Channel are filled with unwatchable garbage these days.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1639124", "score": 0.637202262878418, "text": "Hey, I posted this last week but got buried: I've been interested since a kid but I've finally dabbled in space research more seriously for the past year - I'm looking for some more \"practical\" documentaries/series/channels on astronomy lately with no luck.\n\nMostly I've found documentaries that generally scrape the surface of the history of astronomy, focus on launches and astronauts, or those cheesy entry-level special fx overload documentaries about the wonders of space.\n\nWhat I'd like to find more about is modern observatories, how optical and radio telescopes function, generally what the daily work of \"ordinary\" researchers looks like, more focus on the technology for measuring and imaging etc. I've really enjoyed the DeepSkyVideos channel but they've been slower lately, and for example I recently saw something that dealt a little with Gran Sasso's dark matter project and it was rather interesting.\n\nAny tips?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-687646", "score": 0.6370697021484375, "text": "By scientifically literate, I don't mean PhDs, I mean the folks who paid attention and did well in high school or who read stuff like Scientific America by their own volition.\n\nSeems every time that I watch a scientific documentary, I learn very little and half of the time is spent informing the viewer what a carbon nanotube is or what causes an earthquake or how nothing can go faster than light and the other half is spent doing basic yet overly dramatic science experiments showing that, yep, Newton was right.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1981103", "score": 0.6369133591651917, "text": "I think it was on the History channel, the episode was about evolution. The they didn't show people talking for that episode, just graphics as the narrator explained everything. I believe it was an hour long show, they showed the evolution of things through time lapses. A scene i remember is when the fish first evolved out of the water their predator evolved too, think it was scorpion looking.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-699376", "score": 0.6367620825767517, "text": "It's bugging the hell out of me. here's why:\nBefore these channels started hank announced Scishow was his new channel, to post about science.\nAnd John announced Crashcourse was his new channel, to post about (at least currently) world history. \nSo why then is Hank posting science videos ocassionally on Crashcourse?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-29053", "score": 0.6366080641746521, "text": "Those channels are breaking viewership records thanks to their reality shows. As many people as there are who say they like the high quality, educational shows, it turns out more people actually want the cheaply produced reality stuff, which is a win-win for the channels.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-467845", "score": 0.6361194849014282, "text": "Just the other day a teacher was showing my class a video and when she wanted to replay it, rather than pressing the replay button that appears where the play button used to be, she goes to the home page, searches for the CHANNEL'S name, finds the channel then searches for the video on the channel. I just sat there dumbfounded.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2192798", "score": 0.6358517408370972, "text": "Does anybody know of any in-depth, general american History documentaries. I'm looking for something to reinforce what I am learning in A.P. History class, and I always seem to learn best through movies. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2073280", "score": 0.635631263256073, "text": "I find it strange 50 years of sports entertainment history of wwe isn't on the network . I understand waiting awhile to put brand new DVDs on there but this one has been out awhile now . Could they be making a whole new show for the network on WWE history ? I just think it's strange most all documentary DVDs are on there by now .", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1556454", "score": 0.6353669166564941, "text": "There could be a different channel for every category that repeats a certain programme all day. It might bring you across an interesting show that you wouldn't have seen otherwise. And sometimes you just want to flick through channels, anyway.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1543912", "score": 0.6351006627082825, "text": "I could have sworn this show was on Nickelodeon in the 90's. I guess you could say there would be mini nature documentaries, but they'd be for kids. They'd talk about birds, and various different animals and what not.\n\nI know that's not a lot to go off, but it's all I can remember", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2447085", "score": 0.6350820660591125, "text": "I am looking for learning resources, but I can't find anything that is streamed online. Everything worth owning is on a DVD, and I can't remember the last time I used a DVD player.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-626592", "score": 0.6347015500068665, "text": "Did anyone else attend primary and secondary schools whose history courses only ever seemed to cover ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Rome... then a bit of medieval Europe that really only consisted of England, France, Italy and Spain... then the Age of Exploration and then the two World Wars? Even taking European history courses in uni, it hardly expanded beyond the west. To learn anything of northern and eastern Europe, I had to do it with outside reading on my own. Is this common and, if so, any ideas why is so much of European history just ignored?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-222359", "score": 0.6346660256385803, "text": "I'd say this is largely the fault of K-12 history education emphasizing clear-cut beginnings and ends, rather than the complicated and gradual processes of change that surround most historical events. It's easier to teach the drama of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire than it is to teach the rise and fall of Rome and then the additional rising and falling of the Byzantines. It's only in college that I've started to learn about the ways cultures coalesce and amalgamate around historical events, as opposed to one battle deciding it all.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2755638", "score": 0.6342936754226685, "text": "Some time ago, I used to have an app called Curiosity. It gave you 5 science / general knowledge articles every day, which you could vote on and build up your personal collection of interesting facts. It also had beautiful UI. I wanted to reinstall it today only to discover that the app has gone - according to my google search the app was replaced by a new app called Discovery which is not available in my country. \n\nDoes anyone know of an app similar to what Curiosity used to be? I found a bunch of \"daily facts\" apps but those only give you random facts, not articles (which I don't want). I want an app to give me a feed of interesting articles, doesn't have current politics/covid/whatever on it (so no news apps) and preferably has a beautiful UI. \n\nThanks for your tips", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-107987", "score": 0.6337937116622925, "text": "Well, if the point of history is to prevent it from repeating itself - I don't think anyone is going to 'rediscover the americas'. From that perspective, I disagree with that being the reason history is taught. History, IMO, is taught because it represents why many decisions are made, culturally, politically, etc. As for why some things are left out of school - some things are just not meant to be taught to 8 and 9 year olds. In high school, that is a different story, but not little kids. Obviously, it depends on the subject itself...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2144153", "score": 0.6336336135864258, "text": "I've noticed on nearly any video related to kid cartoons, whether that be theme songs or full episodes, commnets have been disabled, why?\n\nThese are all seperate channels that have little to do with eachother, for example:\n\nI am weasle theme song\n \nRecess - weekend at marials \n\nFat dog theme song\n\nThis is me revisting these videos, so I know what the comments were like before, and they were fine, mostly adults like myself going throught a nostalgia trip and reminicing together. I'm so confused.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1582694", "score": 0.6336179375648499, "text": "Vue is the only OTT service with Discovery Networks. Had Vue for 2 yrs now, but would like to try something else. Wife won't give up Investigation Discovery though, but no other OTT has it.\n\nIs Discovery in talks with Sling, DirectvNow, YoutubeTV, and/or Hulu Live? Seems odd that this set of channels is *only* on Vue.\n\nEdit: DirectvNow has it. My bad. What about talks with the others??", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1086482", "score": 0.633179247379303, "text": "The oldest videos on it are from the Obama administration, and since I'm guessing since the Bush administration would've used it as well, does that mean they wipe the channel when a new president takes office? Or does the old material gets archived somewhere?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-84649", "score": 0.6328580975532532, "text": "1998-1999. With slumping ratings for TLC and Discovery, reality TV was a cheap way to add new programming and it just took over. Sad thing is it could have been good, but they went for the schlocky, soap opera angles with poorly scripted \"reality\". Deadliest Job in the World was great (which lead to Deadliest Catch a few years later). The Baby/Wedding Story shows just kind of followed people who were getting married or having a baby and weren't terribly interesting. A lot of the decline was pushed by Discovery. Discovery bought TLC in the early 90s, so once Discovery started pushing drama-centric reality TV shows hard in the early 2000s (American Choppers, West Coast Choppers, Monster Garage, Monster House) a lot of that carried over to TLC. It was downhill from there.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-788", "score": 0.764505922794342, "text": "CDs and DVDs are types of *optical discs*. The CD/DVD is covered with a large number of little holes, called pits. A tightly focused laser shines onto the surface of the CD, and depending on whether it hits a pit or a flat part, the intensity changes. A sensor reads that intensity change, and translates it into a 1 or a 0. That stream of 1's and 0's is then turned into music or video." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1464388", "score": 0.7261061668395996, "text": "Wasn't starting up.\n\nChecked disc bottom. Many long thin scratches moving outwards from center of disk.\n\nSo...fuck.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-148404", "score": 0.7246898412704468, "text": "In case OP didn't realize: Physical CDs are better quality than those digital downloads, and that's how we're able to create lossless encodes of them.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-182092", "score": 0.7229092717170715, "text": "I don't know all the tricks, but a couple are... 1. Printed CDs that contain intentional errors. If the error is there, the disk is considered legit. If it is not (i.e., fixed when the disk is copied) then it is not legit. 2. Special instructions written into the empty parts of the 'table of contents' on the disk. You can kind of imagine it as having something on the jacket of a book. You can copy the whole contents of the book, but if you don't copy the book jacket as well it is assumed to be stolen.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-320016", "score": 0.7216038703918457, "text": "\"Blank\" CDs (CD-R/RWs) have a special alloy (mixture of metals) that can be in a crystalline state that is reflective or an amorphous state that is not reflective. When writing to the disk, the drive uses the laser to heat spots on the disc to about 700ºC. This changes the alloy to its amorphous (non-reflective) state and it will be read as \"0.\" The reflective areas are read as \"1.\" Heating the areas to a lower temperature of 200ºC melts the alloy, but allows it to reform its crystalline reflective state. So by variously heating the tiny spots on the disc, the laser can write 0s and 1s to the disc. :)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-37477", "score": 0.7213357090950012, "text": "Generally, Data is being loaded from the harddisc into the ram memory. RAM is a lot faster than your harddisc, even if its a SSD, it just has the handicap of losing all data when its unpowered. So we store data on harddisc's that are slower and cheaper, but retain data without power. Then when we need it, we load the data from the harddisc into the ram memory, and use it. When game devs can get away with it, they hide loading screens these days, for example, by placing the character in a slow ass elevator (Think Mass effect)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-272848", "score": 0.7208519577980042, "text": "With a sufficient amount of energy, any EM radiation can damage a CD. Have you heard of sticking a CD in a microwave? Using less concentrated higher energy EM radiation, microwaves cook food for you.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-125830", "score": 0.719866931438446, "text": "It works very similar to an old record, actually. But, instead of bumps and a needle, it uses a reflector and a laser. The reflective part isn't completely solid though , but rather contains TRILLIONS of little divots that don't reflect the laser back. Thus, while spinning, the lens that reads the reflected laser beam receives a series of returns and no-returns on the light, which get interpreted as 1s and 0s, standard binary information bits. Those bits get read as video, sound, or whatever was encoded onto the disc originally.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-88285", "score": 0.7197624444961548, "text": "No. For CD-R, it burns dye which makes a pattern of darkened areas of the disk to represent data when it is read. For CD-RW, it uses a material which turns liquid briefly when hit with a laser and changes its reflectivity, creating areas of reduced reflectivity to represent data. Data can be erased from a CD-RW disc by hitting it with a less powerful laser beam, returning the material to its original state of reflectivity. Wikipedia has some info on it, but the [CD-R](_URL_0_) article is almost completely uncited and the [CD-RW](_URL_1_) article has dead links. I trust it, though, I've read something similar elsewhere (I think HowStuffWorks or a science lesson or something).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-177868", "score": 0.7195566892623901, "text": "Two ways, the professional method and the home-user method. Home-user I'm sure you're familiar with, you use a disc burner drive, which pulses the \"burning\" laser to write data to a blank disc. Professional, well, they do it the same way they've done vinyl records for decades: pressing. Except unlike vinyl They have to digitize the audio and video to the specific format needed first. So They encode the media to the digital format required, and put it on a master copy. This is the ultimate original disc, and they use this master copy and make negatives of it that'll be used in the presses, and from here they literally stamp blank discs. So unlike a burned CD where a laser interacts with some dyes on the top coating, the pits and lands are actually microscopic little mountains and valleys stamped onto the plastic. Then they apply the top coat that has the fancy artwork and title, put it in a case, and ship it out.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-323047", "score": 0.7195088863372803, "text": "Annoyingly, modern versions of Windows mark removable drives as \"dirty\" when they're plugged in and only remove the mark when you \"safely remove\" the drive. When you plug in a drive with the \"dirty\" mark, Windows pops up that \"Do you want to Scan & Fix?\" dialog box. Clicking the \"Scan & Fix\" button *should* be harmless, but seems to be buggy enough to have a reputation for ruining seemly-good filesystems and eating all your data. It's probably worth getting into the habit of doing the \"Safely Remove\" dance just to avoid any potential problems with the \"Scan & Fix\" misfeature.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-132337", "score": 0.718309760093689, "text": "Also, the way data is stored magnetically has changed, which has resulted in multi terabyte capacity. It's referred to as perpendicular recording, as the magnetic signal is \"injected\" down into the disk instead of \"laying\" flat on the surface. Much like with dominoes, you can pack alot more bits in a given surface if they all are standing up. This video explains it better than I can (and is strangely appropriate for this subreddit): _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1849147", "score": 0.7181580662727356, "text": "Whenever my cd becomes scratched (usually from knocking the xbox over by mistake before it turns off) I just rent the game from blockbuster, switch their cd with my scratched one, and then return it. I've done this at least 5 times and never been caught. I know I'm a huge asshole for doing this, but I have to say that it's no wonder why their company has been going out of the business for the past 10 years.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-77146", "score": 0.7181566953659058, "text": "The way a hard disk drive works is that it has tiny little sections on it. Those sections you can imagine as being little magnets that either face left or face right. A head can change which way the little sections or facing, or read which direction they are currently facing, and it uses this to create the ones and zeros that store information. When a large magnet is passed over the drive from an external source it causes all the little sections to face the same direction, which destroys the data. This is an oversimplification of how magnetics in a hard drive work, but it gets the right point across!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-65843", "score": 0.7172802686691284, "text": "The top layer is transparent, so by shifting the focus a bit you can read the lower layer instead of the top layer. Some discs read from the inside out for the first layer, then from the outside to the in for the second. Some skip back to the inside for the second layer, but this risks a longer lurch while swapping.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-286684", "score": 0.7170829176902771, "text": "CD lasers operate in the infrared :-) In principle you could make scratchproof CDs (as in not scratching as easily) but by far not as cheaply. So if you (and a lot of others) were willing to hand over much more for tougher CDs they could make them. Although remember that even scratch proof glass often is not really scratch proof (see for example my phone :-))", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-181660", "score": 0.7167686223983765, "text": "The CD just stores a representation of data, the drive shines a laser onto the CD and interprets the light reflected into binary (look up how a CD works for the hardware info). For a game it simply reads the files from the CD the same way it would read it from a harddrive with one important difference - read speed. CDs are *slow* compared to a hard drive or memory so the game will load as much as possible into RAM and will then stream data from the CD as needed *but* the game will usually be programmed with the fact it's running off CD in mind. Take the resident evil games on the PlayStation, when you went through a door it would play an animation showing the door opening because it couldn't load the next area quickly enough and so hid it behind that animation. It's also the reason older console games took so long to load. Any game designed to run from CD *has* to work around the slow reading speed of CDs.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2344305", "score": 0.7165777087211609, "text": "I can get my head around USBs that have wiring and stuff, but I have no idea how a CD may work. Maybe it's just me growing up to think that to store data you need some computery stuff, but it´s still pretty awesome how something doesn't. Help me understand it?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-146386", "score": 0.716413676738739, "text": "Harddrives and casettes are very different, so I'll just focus on hard drives(HDDs) In a HDD there are multiple platters, that look a bit like thick CDs. In between these platters are moving read/writeheads. They are very close to their respective platter, nowadays around 3 nanometers. The platters are made of a material that the read/writeheads can both manipulate to have two different \"states\", you can imagine it like oxidized and not oxidized, and it can also read the state of each cell. One state gets assigned the value 0, the other gets the value 1. Now the platters spin around and the read/writeheads move around to access the desired cells on the platters. The readheads get these instructions from a chipset on the HDD.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-288732", "score": 0.716261625289917, "text": "The data layer of the disk consists of a photo-sensitive chemical. During the \"burn\" phase, a laser shines on the relevant parts of the chemical which causes the chemical to undergo a physical change (its optical properties change). In a single laser device... the laser intensity must exceed a certain threshold to trigger the chemical to respond. Below this threshold, the material reflects the laser with different intensity depending on whether it was previously \"burned\" or not - this difference in reflection is then interpreted as the zeros and ones of raw data.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-147971", "score": 0.7161235213279724, "text": "> What is the difference between a CD/DVD and a platter found in a hard drive? A CD or DVD uses a foil with pits in it to store data and is read by bouncing a laser off its surface. In contrast a hard drive platter is coated in a material which can have its magnetic domain changed by read and write heads on the end of a mechanical arm. The CD/DVDs are optical and generally single use, while the hard drives are magnetic and a single area of the disk can be used many times.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-789", "score": 0.7019685506820679, "text": "The umbilical cord is connected to the placenta, the interface between the fetal and maternal bloodstreams, which is given the folksy name 'afterbirth' -- because the woman ejects it shortly after the birth, within the hour. Thing weighs about a pound too. Isn't giving birth beautiful? Once that's out, the baby is entirely detached. The umbilical cord will fall off the baby's end in a few days, leaving behind the navel, or 'belly button', assuming you don't cut it. Edit: Did I mention [you can eat it?](_URL_0_) Not Safe For...well...anything. The real question is, is it vegan?" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-258852", "score": 0.6661908030509949, "text": "No. The only structures in the umbilical cord are two arteries and a vein, unsurprisingly called the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein. The cord's not even made of muscle or skin. It's composed, apart from those blood vessels, of a substance called Wharton's jelly, which is the same kind of stuff that fills your eyeballs.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-204283", "score": 0.6661593914031982, "text": "[Here](_URL_0_) is a great article by anthropologists Anne Buchanan and Holly Dunsworth examining that exact question. They show that the knowledge of where babies come from is very ancient and argue that it is an important element of what makes humans unique.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-22194", "score": 0.6648176312446594, "text": "As a fetus, you had an umbilical cord, and your blood replenished its oxygen that way, via the mother's blood supply through her placenta. You didn't need to breathe, and you didn't have gills: you didn't respire at all. It's not until you're born and that cord breaks that breathing is necessary. An adult can't go back and \"breathe\" like that because their belly button doesn't lead anywhere anymore.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-18402", "score": 0.6639742255210876, "text": "They don't breathe while in their mother's womb. All their oxygenated blood and nutrients come from their mother via their umbilical cord.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-130811", "score": 0.6637106537818909, "text": "Because we needed to stand up. That meant the hole that the baby slips through is restricted in size, forcing human babies to be born much earlier and thus with much more limited capabilities. Animals on the other hand allow their youth to develop a lot further in the womb, and then plop out fairly functional. The downside for us is that babies need a lot more care, luckily we developed a lot mentally to get very good at that.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-218088", "score": 0.6633613109588623, "text": "The same way women in many developing countries still do it- wads of fabric or cotton between their legs. So basically, yes, ancient pads. I've also heard that medieval European women would roll cotton attached to a string and insert it as a tampon, but I am not sure how well-sourced that is.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-130009", "score": 0.6624743938446045, "text": "Yes, they do. When we evolved to walk upright, that caused the birth canal to narrow because narrower hips facilitated bipedal walking. Combine that with the increase in brain size, and that results in unusually high frequency of complications compared to other mammals.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-284309", "score": 0.6618384718894958, "text": "[Here's a link to the last time this question was posted](_URL_0_) Briefly, the leading hypothesis is related to what's known as the \"Obstetrical dilemma.\" This refers to two conflicting evolutionary trends in humans: as our skeletons changed in order to walk upright, the orientation of the bones of the birth canal became tighter, making birth difficult. At the same time, we were getting bigger, better brains, inside bigger skulls, making birth even more difficult. The evolutionary solution is that human babies are born \"unfinished\", so to speak. We can't walk, our skulls are soft, we're dumb and helpless, etc. This is because our brains are literally not finished being made yet. It takes several years for a human baby to reach a level of development equivalent to what some other animals have at birth. Other animals can walk, etc, soon after birth because they are born at a nearly \"complete\" level of development. Humans, it takes longer.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-210028", "score": 0.6616043448448181, "text": "Are you talking about innies vs. outies? These are actually not caused by any human intervention with how the umbilical cord is cut or treated after birth, that's a common misconception. So good news, you can time travel and not get clocked as a futurian because of your fancy navel. The innie shape just forms naturally, and outies can be caused by a tiny infection at the base of the cord, or a small hernia. As this should probably be kicked over to AskScience anyway, try this [AskScience thread from the archives.](_URL_1_) [And an old thread of ours too, hey!](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-133173", "score": 0.6615641713142395, "text": "We humans have huge craniums, so huge that childbirth is very dangerous for the mother as it is (thanks to modern medicine, not so much anymore), if it were allowed to develop any more in the womb, it would be physically impossible to have a vaginal birth. Roughly, human babies are about halfway done when hey're born, and are pretty much completely helpless for 9 more months after birth. Since humans are social animals, it wasn't a deal-killer even 100 000 years ago to be born helpless, even if mum died in childbirth, because there was a whole society to take care of babies around it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-277102", "score": 0.6614198684692383, "text": "The wiki article on [human vestigiality](_URL_0_) has a few examples of human behaviors that may have been useful for predecessors that had more hair. First, forming goosebumps in response to cold might have actually been useful with more hair, since it could have helped retain heat by raising the hair off the skin and creating an insulating layer of air. Second, the tendency for infants to grasp anything placed in their hands might be leftover from predecessors where infants held onto their mothers by clinging onto their body hair. Since modern humans don't have much body hair, both behaviors are not much use.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-247352", "score": 0.6612799167633057, "text": "This is a fantastic question. The rotation of the hips that allow us to walk upright also make childbirth especially difficult. We already see the selection pressure toward delivering smaller, less developed babies than closest cousins. Here are some sources on the matter: * [Why Humans Give Birth to Helpless Babies, Scientific American.](_URL_0_) * [Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth, PNAS.](_URL_1_) * [Birth, obstetrics, and evolution, BJOG.](_URL_3_) * [Evolution Offers Clues to Leading Cause of Death During Childbirth.](_URL_2_) I hope someone else will have more expertise will chime in!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1668", "score": 0.6611037850379944, "text": "Your belly button is where the umbilical cord connects when you're in the womb. That's what provides you with food and oxygen. It has no purpose as an adult, it's just a leftover.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-150713", "score": 0.6607850790023804, "text": "Babies get milk from their mothers. Humans (even ancient ones) weren't stupid. They could see that baby cows pretty much do the same thing with their mothers.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-627356", "score": 0.6603981256484985, "text": "Sorry for the broadness of the question. I sort of *assumed* there would be a midwife tradition, but that's based on a very eurocentric view of things, but I've never actually tried to track down to see what Native American birthing traditions are like. Do we have any records of such practices? How did they interact with European colonists?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-98544", "score": 0.6599513292312622, "text": "Outie belly buttons are formed if there is \"space\" or extra soft tissue between the skin and abdominal wall. This is actually pretty rare and most people get innies. It has nothing to do with the direction the umbilical cord is taped.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-134335", "score": 0.6599491238594055, "text": "Babies don't breathe in utero. They get oxygen via the mothers blood stream through the unbilical cord. When the baby is born, and it's airway is cleared it will start to breathe on it's own, but doesn't have to until the cord is cut.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-204803", "score": 0.6599152684211731, "text": "The umbilical cord will actually fall off fairly quickly (hours-days), as the circulation pattern within the child changes during and after birth. Usually, in the modern era, a portion of the umbilical cord is left connected to the neonate, maybe 2-3 cm, which then forms a stub which eventually falls off on its own. Actually, as an aside, failure of the umbilical cord remnant to fall of is one of the things that pediatricians look for as it may be a sign of an [immune disorder](Leukocyte adhesion deficiency). Hope this helps!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-192684", "score": 0.6598007082939148, "text": "In eggs the baby uses the yolk for nutrients. In placental animals the mother provides nutrition through the umbilical cord.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-288807", "score": 0.659555971622467, "text": "So yes, the umbilical cord isin't developed till week 5, but at around the 12th day after fertilization the utero-placental circulation is established between the maternal sinusoids and lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast. While maternal blood is not in contact with embryo proper(the part that is the baby) per say nutrients and things are diffusing across into the fetus. Excessive alcohol intake around the second week time, a time where the mother usually doesn't even realize she is pregnant, affects the cells in the caudal(towards the tail) of the embryo's germ layers. ~~~~this leads to a condition called caudal dysgenesis aka sirenomelia The above statement is incorrect. It puts fetuses more at risk to a variable range of defects, including caudal dysgenesis. It doesn't specifically cause anything. Sorry for the stupid wording. So in short, yes the embryo doesn't have a umbilical cord but that doesn't mean exchange isin't taking place.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-792", "score": 0.6684680581092834, "text": "The person who escaped tends to spend most of the time trying to get further from the prison while the police try and find them and then put them back in." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-183205", "score": 0.6350409388542175, "text": "It depends a bit on where you are in the world. Here in Belgium the person who now owes hundreds of thousands is essentially screwed for the rest of their live. All their non-essential items will be confiscated and sold by auction, their wages will be garnished down to minimum wage until the debt is paid off. Essentially the one who owes the money will never really own anything any more.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-104700", "score": 0.6350139379501343, "text": "Slim to none. In the US, we have a principle called double jeopardy. Once you have been tried for a crime once, you cannot be tried again. Lawyers would argue at her extradition hearing that trying her again would violate her rights under the US constitution - and they'll win. Same way countries who have abolished the death penalty will not extradite people to the US if they are to be charged with a capital crime. EDIT: No idea why this is getting downvoted. Butt hurt Europeans I guess. EDIT 2: Sorry for the first edit.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-510001", "score": 0.6349993944168091, "text": "Im confused and scared because im in a situation and dont know what to do. About 15 years ago my friend had old me about his sister losing her share of a house she had with her ex.\n\nI never speak to the friend any more but he told me that his sister was kicked out of her home by this ex while she was pregnant. This friend told me about their plans to retailiate against this man; the ex; when the son was born. I remember laughing because it all seemed so crazy that i thought he was joking.\n\nI now realise that the plans which this friend talked about in detail actually happened about 15 years ago and i dont know whether i should tell the police about what i know. It just seems too much to be a coincidence.\n\nHow i realised this was because a few weeks ago i started hearing rumours about this same friend commiting this same crime and never being arrested or charged. These rumours are what happens on a small island, we call it the guernsey rumour mill. I am certain this friend did this terrible crime though it all makes sense.\n\nI have so many questions in my head and dont know whether i should do something. It also turns out that i now know a close family member of the victim and this whole thing seems so unfair. I heard he survived the fire and moved to the mainland years ago. I really want to tell people what i know but am so scared. I have so many questions i ask myself every day now.\n\nShould i speak to the police or the victims family about this and betray this friend? What if he is guilty what would happen to his wife and daughter? If he knows it was me who spoke up how do i protect myself from similar retailiation? I dont want to put myself and my family in danger like the victim.\n\nDoes anybody have any advice about what i should do?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-628547", "score": 0.6349763870239258, "text": "Can someone give me the steps? I file a report at the station then what. Are they arrested? How are they notified? What if we are coworkers? How will it effect my job and life? Whats the worst that can happen? But mainly, I want to know all the steps involved.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-32927", "score": 0.6349732279777527, "text": "The state will step in (if you are in America) and the now young adult will be put on disability. or if the disabled person is not able to partially care for his/her self they will most likely be sent to a special needs nursing home.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-216349", "score": 0.6349480152130127, "text": "What is supposed to happen is that they are granted safe passage out of the country. Even the German ambassador to the USSR in 1941 was released and given passage to Turkey, though he was interned for a little while first. The Soviet ambassador and staff were also allowed to leave Berlin. There are many cases where this hasn't been observed, of course.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-485110", "score": 0.6349403858184814, "text": "Blame it on whatever: my love of police procedurals, movies like *The Shawshank Redemption*, or what's going on in Portland, the idea of being locked up for something I didn't do terrifies me. Yes I know it's a very rare occurrence, but it's incredibly sad that it happens at all, and it seems like the appeals process takes so long that by the time you'd be released you've already lost a portion of your life. Hell, even if you're found innocent at trial or the charges are dropped, your arrest records are still public, and if it's a high-profile case, your reputation is basically ruined. Not to mention legal fees\n\nThere are some nights where I'll just lay in bed in fear that the cops are going to bust down my door and arrest me for murdering somebody I've never met, in a place I've never been, and not being able to prove my innocence. This just happened last night, where I laid in bed for five hours before I finally fell asleep. \n\nI don't know how I can get rid of this, but it's something I've struggled with for a long time", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2441780", "score": 0.6348719000816345, "text": "Hello.\n\nI've been on jury service all week and it's not a high profile case but I'm interested enough to want to know the final outcome. We returned a guilty verdict but were ushered out immediately after delivering it.\n\nWill I get to find out what the sentence was? If so, how and when?\n\nThanks.\n\nOn a side note, I am so incredibly tired right now.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-58297", "score": 0.6348466873168945, "text": "You are innocent until proven guilty at trial. Bail--or lack thereof--is to ensure you get to trial", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-138694", "score": 0.6348249912261963, "text": "Security cameras. Stealing food is a crime. Generally the wait staff won't physically stop you, but they'll call the police on you. If they suspect you'll dash, they'll ask the other staff to keep an eye on you and confront you \"Hey are you looking for < waitress > ? I'll call her over.\" and make it seem like they don't know exactly what's up. Another tactic is to go ahead and bring you the check if they suspect you're about to dash. It kinda forces the play, so to speak.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-84421", "score": 0.6348191499710083, "text": "> they thought they were planning to have sex with a minor, but there never was a minor to begin with, how can you be charged with a crime if there is no victim? It is the same sort of idea behind if they were caught trying to buy drugs from an undercover officer who doesn't actually have drugs to sell. They were caught while attempting a crime; they don't need to complete the crime or even be able to complete the crime in order to be charged.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-16292", "score": 0.634742259979248, "text": "BAIL is money deposited with the court as a guarantee that you will appear. You (or the person who posts your bail) get it back when you show up. BOND is a smaller amount of money paid to a 3rd party - a bail bondsman - who then posts the full amount*. You don't get it back; it's pretty much interest on a short term loan. If you don't show up and your bail bondsman can't find you, they are out the full amount. But the courts give them a LOT of liberty in ways and means of tracking you down. - *Edit: due to their legal status they don't actually put up the full amount, but they owe it if you run.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-162348", "score": 0.6346826553344727, "text": "Once you execute someone you can't un-execute them. So they stay on death row for awhile until they've exhausted all of their appeals and their legal team has exhausted all efforts in proving their innocence or appealing the death sentence.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-162551", "score": 0.6346765756607056, "text": "Executors will be ordered to look in your case, and they, together with other state and justice emplyoes devise a payment plan for you. If you are homeless, etc..., and realisticaly those money are never to be seen again. They basically need to lick their losses.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1184277", "score": 0.6346762180328369, "text": "I’m actually really curious on what happens when a damned soul gets redeemed. I’m thinking maybe they go back to the overworld? Or maybe because their life ended they get to go to heaven because they have been redeemed? Lmk your thoughts!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-84360", "score": 0.6346694231033325, "text": "People are innocent until proven guilty. A long time can pass between arrest and trial date, it is kind of unfair to keep people locked up for all that time.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-39571", "score": 0.6346400380134583, "text": "yes. There is a defense, called \"duress\" that allows you to avoid conviction of a crime if your life, or another's life, was threatened, and that threat forced you to commit the crime. But, it never applies to ~~murder~~ homicide.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1091883", "score": 0.6346226334571838, "text": "I would like to know if this happened to somebody else...\nspoiler", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-96198", "score": 0.634592592716217, "text": "They could be charged with illegally only a gun. The authorities *might* choose to overlook it, if you go rough up, or if 911 put you on hold. But if they did not, the fact there were intruders would not make a difference.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1164935", "score": 0.6345326900482178, "text": "I am a college graduate with over 15 Years experience in the workforce. I've been convicted of theft by deception from 5 years ago and served 3 months with the DOC and the rest probation. I completed my probation early successfully with no infarction. I just lost my job of 4 years and truly struggling. This is my first time being in trouble with the law. How do other cope with this situation? I'm stress and it's affecting my family. I just had my second interview and it appeared that they liked me but when I send an email to the hiring personnel to contact me so I can explain my conviction, she hasn't called me back. I wanted to be given an opportunity to explain my background before she run a background check. The second interviewer was another individual from a different county with the same job that. What should I do next?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-793", "score": 0.5887296795845032, "text": "The founders were nervous that a foreign power would attempt to control the country by getting one of their own elected president. Hamilton wrote in the Federalist Papers: > Nothing was more to be desired than that every practicable obstacle should be opposed to cabal, intrigue, and corruption. These most deadly adversaries of republican government might naturally have been expected to make their approaches from more than one querter, but chiefly from the desire in foreign powers to gain an improper ascendant in our councils. How could they better gratify this, than by raising a creature of their own to the chief magistracy of the Union? Also, if we let, say, Arnold Schwarzenegger become president, and some Austrian rose to become a belligerent European dictator (unrealistic, I know), there'd be concern that he wouldn't necessarily act in the best interests of the United States." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1741101", "score": 0.55929034948349, "text": "I've been lurking here for a long time. I'm a Filipino and although i can't vote, I just want to get it out, world peace depends on you winning this election. Your country has enormous power and enormous responsibility as well. So please do not elect that warmongering, anti-russian, saudi-puppet into office. Do not let Hillary and her bunch of satanist pedophiles get into the White House. It is your responsibility to keep the whole world safe from WWIII. Please please please win this election. Get Trump into office. It is not just the western civilization that is at stake, it is not just the fate of Christianity that is on the line, it is world safety from a nuclear holocaust. Keep insane Hillary off the White House!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-81742", "score": 0.5592758655548096, "text": "The places you mention in the US have been populated for centuries. People in western Canada largely came from Ontario and comparatively very recently.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2476760", "score": 0.559272050857544, "text": "I'd like to go to a top school with a full-ride, possibly. I grew up in a war-torn country under debilitating circumstances and am currently living in the US undocumented (I entered the US last year). I've recently battled a tumor and am currently afflicted with heart disease (along with multiple surgeries).\n\nDemographics: African-American (Bahamian, but I'm of Haitian descent)\n\nFemale\n\nLower class (0 family income - weird situation, mom doesn't work and we're living with other family members, we were homeless for a couple months last year)\n\nPublic inner-city school, with 90% minority and low-income students. \n\nI have an interest in Sociology and International Affairs.\n\nGPA: 3.9 UW\n\nRank: Top 5% of 631 students (I wasn't here all four years, but if I were, I would easily be in the top 10)\n\nACT: (took in twelfth grade) 34C 36R 33S 36E 30M\n\nSenior Year Schedule: IB English, IB Math Studies, TOK, IB Spanish, IB French, IB French, IB History, IB Biology, AP Calc AB, AP Micro, AP Macro, AP Gov, Dual Enrollment: British Literature, Sociology, Government\n\nAP test scores: French Lang (5) English Literature (5), only one out of 90 students, Bio (4), Euro (4)\n\nSAT 2's: N/A because I was ill with a tumor and I had to get a couple surgeries during the time\n\nExtracurriculars:\n\nYouth Coordinator under a Caribbean President - work on passing legislation/enacted drafts for citizens/work with US city for minorities in the state\n\nBoard Member for the Mayor of a US City: run and maintain a $10,000 budget, host politicians, work to improve minority affairs\n\nEnvironmental Club: worked with President of Carribean nation to bring light, power, and electricity to 30,000 people. Worked with municipal leaders to create a solar-powered garden and received $3,000 in supplies/seed funding.\n\nInternship for Carribean Parliament: drafted legislation, worked in government, helped with re-election campaign (he didn't win).\n\nEnglish Honor Society (President/Founder): worked with local libraries to run and maintain a tutoring service for ~500 immigrants, organized book drives, yearbook editing, oversaw tutoring of ~300 students, set up a Q/A with Rick Ross\n\nPrincipal's Advisory Board: Executive Board Member, make decisions for 2400+ student body\n\nContributor - Newspaper in the Caribbean, personally selected by Carribean President, 18,000 print circulation\n\nNon-profit - work with a non-profit organization to shed light on domestic abuse.\n\nBabysitting - take care of 4 children, one of whom has a disability\n\n400 volunteer hours\n\nAwards/Honors: Harvard Book Award, Academic Awards, chosen for UN internship (trying to enter writing for Scholastic Awards)\n\nState: FL\n\nMy circumstances are extenuating, but private. PM if you want details.\n\nAdditional info: I had a few B's junior year (two per semester) because I was battling a tumor, financial hardship, and I have to work two jobs just to buy school supplies (and basic necessities). Since I'm undocumented, I get paid under the table. English is also my second language.\n\nI want to go to a school where people are smart and hardworking, as well as kind, somewhat mature, and passionate.\n\nI eventually want to become either a lawyer or clinical psychologist.\n\nThank you!\n\nEdit: Meant to say that I took my ACT in twelfth grade. not tenth. Lol.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1507803", "score": 0.5592705607414246, "text": "Rick Perry's latest ads have pretty blatantly shown his discrimination against homosexuals, and he isn't exactly hiding his dislike for them and non-Christians.\n\nWhy isn't there some sort of law that stops people who openly hate certain citizens of the country from running for such an important position?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-948805", "score": 0.5592356324195862, "text": "Hello, I am a college student in New Jersey that is working on a bachelors in Mechanical engineering. I came to the US in 2004 from india as a dependent of my mothers EB3 category visa. In 2006 we applied for permanent residence and have been in the waiting status for the past 11 years. We went through an interview roughly 5-6 years ago and everything checked out and am now just waiting in line for the EB3 priority date to be met. I am now 20 years old and have completed the first two years of my degree through county college. As I move to a four year school to complete my last two years I am facing paying out-of-state tution to complete my degree. As i am in the state of New Jersey I am aware that resudency is determined only if you have permanent legal residence in the US. Although my status is legal I am aware many colleges do not consider it permanent. As I have been in the state for the past 13 years legally it is extremely disheartneing having to hear I am considered out of state for tution purposes. I am wondering if anyone has any advice in maybe getting around this barrier or if there are any ways to cut the price tag as it is an extremely hefty amount. This topic is talked about very little and any advice and experiences would be greatly helpful! \nThank you!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1478", "score": 0.5592300891876221, "text": "It proves you were born here and are a citizen. Without one, and without a record of one, they could try and deport you as an illegal immigrant. It also, you know, proves your age. For age-related things like getting into public school and getting a drivers license.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1995306", "score": 0.5592184662818909, "text": "I'm from Alaska and people always forget about us in the primary it seems....I figured if bernie could take one day to come up here and give a speech it could land us 16 free delegates. Up here I believe Bernie has the potential to make Hillary non-viable. We have never had a candidate running for president take one day to fly up to Alaska and give a speech and I believe it would be worth it!!!\n\nedit: Yeah sorry I forgot its a little different on the democratic side", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-182028", "score": 0.5592077970504761, "text": "It is. The same is true for all of the other territories, and Washington DC. DC is so salty about they actually have \"Taxation Without Representation\" on their license plates. The thing is, this is exactly how it's supposed to work. Before a territory becomes a state it must fulfill certain requirements and request ascension to statehood. Puerto Rico in particular goes back and forth on the issue, and in current politics, the GOP has political incentive to block their bid if they tried, but they just haven't tried for a while. In terms of specific tax policy and Puerto Rico in particular, the current situation actually results in less taxes for Puerto Ricans.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-948491", "score": 0.5591974854469299, "text": "I need it to get my work visa, but it is not available where I live. Do you know if there is some country where foreigners could go and get it legally? I tried to get it in Serbia by registering in their government website, but I didn't receive any answer. \n\nI wish all the best to all of you, who like me, are facing the difficulties of being far from family for so long.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-946943", "score": 0.5591404438018799, "text": "I'm an international student living in Toronto from June. I was in Saskatchewan but recently moved to Toronto because of my summer break. Can i apply for the ohip? I really want to see a dermatologist.My hair is falling so badly.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1635512", "score": 0.5591227412223816, "text": "Hello,\n\nWelcome to part two of Ambassador Selection!\n\n#What countries can I claim?\n\nYou may claim any of the 193 UN member states, which can be found here\n\nThe following countries, however, may **not** be claimed because they are a part of the model world:\n\nThe US, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Australia\n\nThe following countries may be claimed but will require an application:\n\nThe UK, Japan, Brazil, Germany, China, Russia, France, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia.\n\n#How do I claim a country?\n\nWhat you'll do is go to this link and fill out your top 3 countries. *You must do this even if you are applying for an application country, it must be listed on your form to be considered.*\n\n#How do I apply for an application country?\n\nYou can apply for an application country by going to this link. You must fill this out for each application country you wish to represent.\n\n#Security Council Seats\n\nAll the application countries and unclaimable countries will be on the Security Council for the first term. P-5 seats will be announced the first day of PO and resolution debates. \n\n#Once you finish your country list and your application, if you choose to do one, you must confirm it in the comments below by saying \"Country Claimed\"", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1609803", "score": 0.559102475643158, "text": "Hello everyone! I joined the Yang Gang about 3 weeks ago and since then have liked this man more and more. My parents are largely Republican and don't like the idea of voting for a Democrat which is the reason I'm asking this question. I've heard that I need to go online and choose my party alignment so that I can vote for a specific person. Is this true? Is there a way I can go about this without having something go to my home mail and my parents making a big deal out of it?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1961588", "score": 0.5590687990188599, "text": "All of these politicians (IN THE UNITED STATES) can accept \"*campaign*\" money from corporations and lobbyists and there's no laws against it. This makes no sense to me.\n\nFor example, a federal judge cannot accept money from a corporation because it can lead to corruption in the court system.\n\nWhy can someone who makes decisions for thousands or even millions of people be allowed to accept money from corporations and lobbyists, especially since EVERYONE FREAKING KNOWS THEY'RE BEING BOUGHT OUT! I just can't see the upside to having a system that's so easily corruptible...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-200695", "score": 0.5590186715126038, "text": "I don't think this directly answers your question, but in [Decision in Philadelphia](_URL_0_) there is a short part about how Madison thought one of the hardest parts of the whole debate on the Constitution was about limiting the powers of the Presidency. Since everyone knew that Washington would be the first executive under the Constitution, it was difficult to reconcile their trust in him with the need to limit what a future President might do. Especially with Washington sitting right there in the room with them while they were debating. The implication I got from all that was that it didn't require any backroom politics to elect Washington. In the end, Washington took all 69 electoral votes in the 1788 election.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2738385", "score": 0.5590028166770935, "text": "Obligatory Disclaimers.\n1. I'm an idiot.\n2. I voted for Duterten, look for number 1.\n3. Canada fucked up by sending that garbage.\n4. Philippines fucked up by allowing that cargo arrive at our territory.\n\nAint Duterte a lawyer? Aint it written in our constitution that we can't declare war except for defensive purpose? Aint Canada's militart, albeit a small one, is still jacked and we will still be chokeslammed by them? Aint the administration had been stressing about diplomacy and tack in particularly to China, so why not also to Canada which has a sizable Filipino community and tourists to us?\n\nFor your pleasure.\n - Duterte's comments \n\n - canada military", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1890003", "score": 0.5590018630027771, "text": "I was in the Air Force active duty for six years. Before I joined I was staunchly Democratic. My father's in a union and so was my grandfather and great-grandfather. After enlisting though my views changed to libertarian. This happened because I saw, first-hand, the endless corruption, inefficiency and lethargy that plagues the federal government. Nothing will make you despise gigantic government bureaucracies like being in the military. It's probably why so many veterans are conservative. \r\n\r\nAnyway after I separated this year, I qualified for VA disability because I was diagnosed with sleep apnea. I also qualify for life insurance and the GI Bill. I bought my house with a VA loan. It required no down payment, and in fact I got a $15 check back from the realtor when I signed the mortgage. \r\n\r\nHaving been given so much for simply showing up to work, and now being a civilian again who qualifies for thousands of dollars in aid, I have come full circle. While I still can't stand the bloated, slow nature of federal government programs, I have come to appreciate what I was given. I'm basically not going to pay anything for my Master's degree, and I'm going to get extra money for the rest of my life just because I snore. Owning my house was made possible through a government program. To turn around, denounce the benefits given others and say they should be eliminated is simply hypocritical.\r\n\r\nSo my point is that while it would be nice if private enterprise could take care of everything, the reality is that it doesn't. America is a mixture of private and public institutions and for the most part it has worked well with this way. If you go back even to the colonial days there was plenty of government influence and action in people's daily lives. The idea that America was at some point a libertarian or conservative paradise is absolute garbage, especially during the much-fantasized Old West, when the US Army and the Homestead Act were the primary reasons anyone was able to go to the frontier and survive.\r\n\r\nI think it's important for people to be able to pursue their passions or simply come up with a way to live well and happily. If that means starting a business, being a working stiff or climbing the corporate ladder, so be it. That's what's great about this country. If someone happens to need some help along the way, then that's why we have social programs to do it. Is there laziness, corruption, and inefficieny, and are most of these programs not perfect? Yes. Are there people taking advantage of these benefits? Yes. But the solution isn't to simply cut them and leave everyone on their own. That's not right and that's frankly not how America does things.\r\n\r\nSo yeah I am a veteran, I was a libertarian, and now I am unashamed to be a liberal. Liberal isn't a dirty word, it doesn't make you a socialist, and it doesn't mean you hate your country. It just means you want to see people lend a helping hand, and that our country works through a combination of private and public efforts. I was happy to give six years serving this country and I look forward to spending the rest of my life helping it improve in any small way I can.\r\n\r\nThanks for your time and attention.\r\n\r\nEDIT: Thanks to all those responding. It's nice to see the upvotes but truly, I'd be happy with zero votes as long as there are still people here sharing and discussing. I admit that \"shame\" wasn't the best word to use but I was trying to convey a sentiment that resonated with others. This was very much an attempt to connect with people and not a \"look at me!\" post. Again thanks to those who've read and commented.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-228055", "score": 0.5589293241500854, "text": "[This answer](_URL_0_) by /u/bigslothonmyface explains why \"President\" was chosen over a more elevated title. They don't give a reason why \"President\" specifically was chosen though.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1610710", "score": 0.5589131116867065, "text": "(This might not be the best place to ask this, but I'm calling this province home again after a long time and the opinions on this sub fascinate me. So I figured I'd ask my own questions of my fellow Albertans for the first time. \n\nAlso quick disclaimer, I know how many people here feel about the NDP on a provincial level. I may disagree with most of what I hear, but I respect your opinions. Regardless, I'm asking about the NDP at a federal level in this post.)\n\nI've voted NDP in all but my very first election I was eligible for. Admittedly, that first one I voted conservative because that's what my family voted.\n\nI grew up in Alberta then spent a decade in Ontario. My Mom's side of the family is Newfie and my Dad's side is French despite all living in Alberta. I personally have traveled from coast to coast and the only parts of Canada I've yet to set foot in are our 3 Northern territories. I'd like to think I have a somewhat(though not perfect) grasp on the country as a whole.\n\nFor as long as I've been alive(or anyone for that matter) we've only ever had the Liberals or Conservatives (whatever brand) in power. As such, atleast in my opinion, they don't have to care about us. They know when they're in power they can do what they want and the worst thing that happens is the other will take power until they piss us off, then it will switch back again. \n\nThat's the main reason why I vote NDP. Don't get me wrong, I also agree with most of their policies, but the want for change was the initial driving force and will always drive me to vote for them even if I disagree with their leader. So, that leads me to my 2 questions for this post. \n\n1. Why don't more people vote NDP? They did when Layton was the leader. Every middle or lower class(like me) citizen I speak to shares my frustration that we always go back and forth. So why don't more people vote NDP?\n\n\n2. I'm a registered NDP voter and although I don't dislike Singh, from the moment he came to leadership I realized he wasn't the best choice and both his actions and the polls have shown that. For any fellow NDP voters here. How is he still in place? Why hasn't someone like Charlie Angus taken his place yet? I know the answer to this question is drenched in nuance and circumstance, but I'm curious to read your opinions. \n\n\nAnd kind of a bonus question...\n\n\n3. Seems to me the NDP would stand a chance (again) federally with a leader like Charlie Angus. Maybe we'll never reach what Layton did again, but I feel someone like Angus could bring us there. Do you agree or disagree and why?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1575172", "score": 0.5588943958282471, "text": "Greetings!\n\nI am a US citizen, currently in the UK for business purposes. I am on a visa and am in pursuit of gaining Czech/European Citizenship and have been approved by the embassy to pursue that application.\n\nIt is already a wonder to me that I was approved as it was my Great-Great-Grabdfather who was the last of my family line to be born in Czechoslovakia (in his time). He was Born in the current day Slovakian side of Czechoslovakia and I am warry whether that will affect the likelyhood of my citizenship request being approved. Would anyome have insight on this or have any personal experience with this? \n\nWould I be less likely to gain Czech citizenship because he was born in current day Slovakia?\n\nThanks for reading and any insight you guys have!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-12837", "score": 0.5588906407356262, "text": "It's much harder to get elected that way. If I'm running for office and you're not sure if you should vote for me, which sounds more convincing: \"Hey, vote for me or the other guy, we'll each tackle these problems in our own way and arrive at a reasonable solution.\" \"That other guy stands for everything you oppose and the only way to keep that maniac out of office is to pick me. Also, I believe in exactly what you want.\"", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-797", "score": 0.6528900861740112, "text": "when you say 'thinking', that is a big process, of which 'thinking in words' is a small part. kind of like confusing the commentator for the entire ball game." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-187600", "score": 0.6202278733253479, "text": "At one point we did speak it the same way. 200 of years of living apart has allowed the language to change independently over time. Even in the United States we have multiple dialects: think southern, country, hillbilly, New England, even city folk from different major cities have their own style of speech.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-92607", "score": 0.6201564073562622, "text": "It probably started from sounds that we made naturally - we scream when we are scared or hurt, we laugh when we are happy, we grunt when we want someone's attention. We recognize those sounds instinctually and just innately know what they mean. From there, it wouldn't have taken our hunter/gather ancestors too much effort to figure out that hunting was easier if Grog responded to a low grunt and Krik responded to a high grunt only - it would allow you to only get the attention of the person you were after. From there, it wouldn't take much effort to have a different kind of grunt to signify that you saw prey, perhaps even specific enough to tell them what type of prey they were hunting. Keep iterating this logic and, bam, you have language.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-172528", "score": 0.6201188564300537, "text": "There really isn't any easy way to ELI5. The going theory is that there is a structure in the brain that is specifically tasked with doing exactly this; figuring out a language. As to how it does this process is kind of like asking where or how is a memory stored, or what makes up a thought we don't know. Computational neuroscience has some possible answers but for the most part we just don't know. We can observe all the circuits functioning but we don't currently have a way to view the code or software except by proxy.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-118614", "score": 0.6200972199440002, "text": "There are conjugations in english it's just not as easily noticeable. A good example is ''to be''. Another example is that you would I say ''He sits'', not ''He sit'' (Unless you use the subjunctive, in which case it is ''he sit'').", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2178714", "score": 0.6200810074806213, "text": "Hi All\n\nLong time off-and-on meditator here... I had my first 3 day retreat a few weeks ago at a monastery - was much harder than I thought to be away from electronics/speech while being around others! Ultimately being alone with thoughts (and lots of them!) was good - to see that, while unpleasant, they were all in one theme, and probably not as 'bad' as they appear other times.\n\nI'm always a person who likes definite answers, even if they don't exist, so I welcome any comment/answer on the following!\n\nThe method of meditation we practiced at this stage - and please correct me if something here makes no sense!- just focusing on letting thoughts/perceptions/experiences be without any commentary/ review (including by analysing the past/future).\n\nA focus on the breath at this stage is difficult apparently because powers of concentration have not built to that stage. But we were also told walking meditation was good, because that object is less subtle than the breath - which makes sense.\n\nAnyway, my question is whether those thoughts/perceptions etc include physical perceptions like the breath/body/temperature/noises etc. These sensations weren't specifically mentioned, but I suppose awareness of them is a thought??\n\nAnd is the role of the walking meditation etc a form of 'focus on an object', different from the above, and completely separate, to build concentration to focus on perceptions without commentary / following them...?\n\nWould you do both, or even would you 'skip ahead' to the breath meditation!?\n\nThoughts much appreciated!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-186533", "score": 0.620060384273529, "text": "There are a whole bunch of techniques. Sometimes there are similar languages that we know well enough to use. Sometimes there's a \"rosetta stone\" situation, where we have a side by side translation. Sometimes it has to do with cultural context, or the context of where the writing was found (on a clay tablet in a barn as a opposed to in an armory, carved on a gravestone, etc) things like that. Sometimes there are still a small handful of native speakers or specialists. I'm sure there are many more ways but those are just ones I could think of off the top of my head.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-719871", "score": 0.6200598478317261, "text": "I wasn't sure how to properly explain my thought in the title, but if spelling, and grammar, keep getting neglected will it eventually lead to an offshoot of the English language in which regardless is replaced by irregardless? This is just one example, yes, but it is a thought that has been scratching at the back of my mind for a few days now.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-64324", "score": 0.6200351715087891, "text": "A lot of communication is non-verbal. That which is verbal, you can still pick up a lot from the context and inflections even if you don't know the words. Finally, if you know other languages that have similar roots, many words will appear to have some familiarity even if you don't know the word itself. Put these together within a context, and while you can't understand the words directly, you can form some idea of what they are talking about.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-114079", "score": 0.6199758648872375, "text": "English comes from a different language tree than the Romance languages (Spanish, French, etc.). English is a Germanic language; it was brought to Britain in the 9th Century as Anglo-Frisian which was spoken by the Germanic invaders and taken up as a dialect by the conquered populace. A better comparison would be German to English. I Love - Ich Liebe You love - Du liebst He/She loves - Er liebt They love - Sie lieben We love - Wir lieben You can see the same style of conjugation with the western Crimean languages and even the old Proto-Slavonic in some places.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-82142", "score": 0.6199651956558228, "text": "That was several orders of magnitude of years before the universe (and thus time) began. The answer is \"nothing\", but it's a little deeper than that. At that point, the concepts of \"things\", \"happening\", and \"concepts\" didn't exist in any meaningful way.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-214282", "score": 0.6199620366096497, "text": "There's always room for discussion, but perhaps the section [Cross-cultural communication and lingua francas](_URL_0_) in our FAQ will answer your inquiry.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2406260", "score": 0.6199483871459961, "text": "I'm a 20 year old college student with English being my first language. Let's say I go to a different country where I'm no longer exposed to English. How long would it take me to start forgetting the language if I dont speak, read, or write about it?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-12421", "score": 0.6199318766593933, "text": "A word written down is on its own just meaningless symbols to represent an idea, emotion, place etc. The longer you just stare at the word itself the meaning is peeled away leaving you with the symbols alone. The same can be experienced by repeating a word over and over again. After just a short time it will sound not only different but foreign and even hard to correctly pronounce. I hope this has helped. Edit: spelling and grammar (mobile app)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1758224", "score": 0.6199276447296143, "text": "Hope the title made sense. My question is, I for sure never get thoughts that \"talk\" to me, for example the distorted thought. \"My colleagues are so much better than me, I'm a fraud\" wouldn't be something that actually plays in my head like someone speaking to me, but it'll be like a whiff of emotion.\n\nSo my question is, is this how it is for everyone? And does this mean we need to really analyze our emotions and attitudes to things to be able to extract the negative thoughts?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-227698", "score": 0.6199062466621399, "text": "[This](_URL_2_) article confirms the statement. It is noteworthy that German was never *the* scientific language the way that English is today. Shortly before WWI English, French and German were equal in terms of number of published articles. The boycott of German scientists and the widespread movement to suppress German in America were a considerable factor in the decline of German as a scientific language and the brain drain before WWII contributed again. After WWII it was the enormous amount of money that was funneled into higher level education and R & D that made English and to be more specific American English *the* lingua franca of science that it is today.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2341882", "score": 0.619893491268158, "text": "Say you are dropped from the top of Earth's atmosphere. From the long free fall to your death, what thoughts would enter your mind? (obviously after the fear part?) but nearing the part where you are falling and relaxed? Sounds weird, but I want to know!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-97483", "score": 0.6198684573173523, "text": "For me it happens mostly at home. I don't like complete silence but I also like being alone, so I found that talking aloud keeps things light and helps me think through ideas. My brain tends to have several layers of thought going at the same time (music on one layer, random thoughts/connections from what I see on another, memories dropping in and out on a third, etc etc). It's like a tornado whirlpool river thing that never stops and never stays on one thing for too long, so by voicing my thoughts I find that I can structure them and make sense of what's going on. Otherwise the stream of thought takes me in and I start zoning out/day-dreaming/watching the \"film\" of my thoughts, and I lose focus on what I'm doing. Hope that makes sense.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-857285", "score": 0.6198247075080872, "text": "So for example, I'll be typing something out and then if someone talks to me I'll type what they just said.\n\nThis goes for thinking too - i.e. in class I'll be taking notes but then if a song pops in my head I'll accidentally write a few lyrics down before realizing what I'm doing.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-224521", "score": 0.6198183298110962, "text": "As others have said, it would depend on when exactly you mean. To give a practical example, if you look at *Beowulf* and *The Canterbury Tales*, both in the original, you can read Chaucer well enough. A few words are difficult and generally you want to read out loud since some words aren't spelled like their modern equivalent but sound pretty close. *Beowulf* however is almost incomprehensible to a speaker of modern day English. Chaucer lived in the 14th Century and *Beowulf* was written in the late 10th / early 11th. I'm not an historian but I studied English including both of the poems in the original.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-70391", "score": 0.6197909712791443, "text": "So, little Timmy, there's actually two types of memory. Do you remember what happened at your birthday party last year? Oh, you parents got you a magician! That's cool! That what some grown-ups call *declarative memory* or *explicit memory*, since this is stuff you can talk about. Yes, those are big words. Reading and talking belong to another kind of memory called *implicit memory*. that's where all the skills like reading, writing and putting on your clothes come from. Now some people hurt their heads in such a way that their explicit memory doesn't work so well. Yes, that's the one with the birthday party. But the reading and writing part isn't hurt, so they can still read and write.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-798", "score": 0.7248261570930481, "text": "They wanted a short, easy to remember number, but also one that was not as likely to be accidentally dialed. It also needed to be fast to dial during the era of rotary phones when the system was first designed. So a 3 digit number starting with 9 and then using the fastest to dial numbers of 1 was chosen." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-71455", "score": 0.6865851879119873, "text": "it's a special number that depending on where you are (ie which cell tower you're connected to or which landline company provides service) routes you to a different dispatch center. so no matter where you are, you'll get the local dispatch center.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1183309", "score": 0.6853823661804199, "text": "Get told it's not an emergency and get hung up on.\n\nCall back when you walk out of Meijer and the dangerous driver is parked right next to you: get hung up on.\n\nCall central dispatch business line and speak to a supervisor; who basically threatens you for calling an emergency line with a non-emergency, tells you to contact the police and fill out a complete report with law enforcement, and hangs up again.\n\nCall police department: nobody available, please call 911.\n\nBureaucracy. We pay for this level of service.\n\nEdit: wow. Zero support. \n\nTo all those who think you should not call 911 please read this \n\nNobody's going to convince me that a scared woman should be hung up on by 911 when confronted by a sketchy situation. **And with that, I'm done with this mess.**", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-349125", "score": 0.6847707033157349, "text": "That is all. :)\n\nJust thought to write that because I was talking to someone the other day and they said they didn't know that you could call 911 even if you don't have a service plan, then someone who was also in the conversation agreed and said they didn't know that either. Well, ... yep, as long as you can turn it on and it has some kind of sim, you can call 911, even if you haven't paid your bill and service got cut off.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-58160", "score": 0.6845666766166687, "text": "You have reception, just not in your network. If you don't have *any* reception, you won't be able to make emergency calls. Networks are required to accept emergency calls from all phones, not just phones with their SIM.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-66051", "score": 0.6839079856872559, "text": "They don't, for the most part. They assume the worst so they will treat it like an emergency and dispatch an officer to check if they can get a location.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1240580", "score": 0.6831636428833008, "text": "If you have extra cell phones, charge **ALL** of them. With newer phones, you can use them as backups by inserting your sim card and using it when your main phone runs out of power. And remember, even with old cell phones, you can dial 911 as long as it has service, even if it has no data plan.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-13791", "score": 0.6829145550727844, "text": "Yes, they'll send the cops to verify. It could be a person in distress, like sick, or a hostage situation. A few months ago a friend heard a knock on the doors, it were the cops. It turns out, his son was playing with the phone and somehow dialed 911. He had a looong conversation with a cop while his wife was talking with another cop in another room, just to be sure everything was okay with the family. And because it was their first time, nothing else happened. Next time, they'll have to pay a fine for misuse of the 911.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-510213", "score": 0.6828210949897766, "text": "Let's say you came across someone who looks like they're having health problems after doing acid, or an underage friend is extremely ill after drinking too much. Clearly, you should call 911, but would anyone get into trouble for getting into that position in the first place?\n\nI imagine people would be very reluctant to call for help if they thought there's a good chance everything will be fine if they wait it out, but then again you really shouldn't. I've wondered about this and seems like it's good to know for the future (not that I plan on anything anytime soon).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-347074", "score": 0.6828075051307678, "text": "I understand how calls get sent and how they're received and responded to as I volunteer at my local Rescue Squad. But how does the call get sent to a particular location? Like, if I call 911 in NJ, or VA, or wherever, how does the call get forwarded to the corresponding response squad in that area? Is the phones location figured out with satellites and the calls forwarded accordingly? ELI5!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-484863", "score": 0.6827957630157471, "text": "Yes I know there’s a non emergency number. What I don’t know is what that number is. Police should have a campaign to make the non emergency number more known. I don’t know a single person in real life that even knows the first 3 digits of the non emergency line let alone the rest of the 7. There should be ads on tv’s, or taught in school like when you learned 911 was for emergencies.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-140409", "score": 0.6825027465820312, "text": "Because phone operators allow mobiles from other networks to make emergency calls on their network. So while you may not have coverage, because you're a Vodafone customer, there still might be T Mobile coverage available, which you can use only for emergency calls.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-51898", "score": 0.681766152381897, "text": "We didn't always have dialtones. Previously you'd pick up the handset and be connected immediately to an operator who would ask you where/who you wanted to call. When the operator was removed and automated dialling introduced, a tone was needed to let the person know that it was okay to start dialling the number. What you hear is actually two frequencies being played at the same time. 350 Hz and 440 Hz.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1645400", "score": 0.68147873878479, "text": "Seriously... when people thought that 5 or whatever year old kid was “cute” for calling 911 for an unbelievably easy math problem, that pissed me off. Parents should teach kids what the proper meaning of 911 is, and when you need to call it. And I can’t believe the dispatcher decided to stay on the line. There are people who have real emergencies, and that’s just putting lives at risk when there’s no one on the line. The dispatcher honestly should’ve hang up.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1379998", "score": 0.6813052296638489, "text": "I'm a first time homeowner with no experience with 911. I was grilling some chicken and my neigbor called the police thinking my house was on fire. There wasn't an insane amount of smoke, but there was some. About what you expect from a barbeque. Anyway, 15 minutes into cooking I hear tons firetrucks come speeding towards my house. Sure enough I go out front and they are pulling into my house. The chief was pretty pissed off, but his men were joking with me asking if I had any chicken to share. The police car with him took down my information and looked around my backyard with the fire chief. \n\nDo I need to expect a bill for this or something? I've never dealt with 911 before. I didn't call them and don't know who did.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-71150", "score": 0.6811137795448303, "text": "It has to do with rotary phones. In 194 7 when ATT and Bell were assigning area codes they had a plan * State has one area code - x0x - such as 203 for Connecticut or 305 for Florida * State has more than one code - x1x Now you're asking me how the \"x\" 's in those nombers were chosen, right? Because you should be. \"x\" was a * low number for high population densities (such as 213 for some of California) and * high number for lower population densities (such as 916 for other bits of California) The rationale for this “low number/high population” scheme was based on the fact that phones had rotary dials in those days. Lower numbers resulted in shorter “dial pulls” so it was reasoned that the regions with the most people in them should require the least “work” to call. [source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-14907", "score": 0.680705189704895, "text": "\"No service\" on your phone actually means: \"There is no signal from a carrier that recognizes that you have an active, billable account allowed to make calls.\" However, since an active, billable account isn't required to make a 911 call, you can make a 911 call from a cell phone as long as there is any provider in range who has the technical ability to receive your phone's signal.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-96298", "score": 0.6804054379463196, "text": "Most states have laws decreeing 911 calls are public record. There's a few that say they're not public at all and a few others just place limits on who can access the recordings.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-86974", "score": 0.6795164346694946, "text": "Just because you do not have service with your particular carrier, it does not mean that you are not in the coverage of another service network. By law, all cell phone carriers are required to allow emergency calls to be made on their networks regardless of the phone's primary carrier. Edit: Gold for this? Seriously? This isn't even rocket science and somebody thinks this is gold worthy? Goddammit, this is not the sort of comment I wanted to lose my Gilded-Virginity with.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-88821", "score": 0.678980827331543, "text": "Try listening to a police scanner. There are apps for it. And generally if its a high emergency its a get your ass there anyone", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1579980", "score": 0.6787359714508057, "text": "Hello,\n\nSo I'm planning on moving out in the near future, and I cannot say for sure the extent my parents will take to \"prevent\" me from moving out. I posted not too long ago about a police escort, but I was wondering if it is possible to have 911 on the line in case my parents start to physically restrain me/physically prevent me from leaving? Thanks for the help.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]