Datasets:

---

seongil-dn

/

seongil-dn_mteb-eli5-with-reddit_perc

like 0

[ { "id": "corpus-567", "score": 0.8297724723815918, "text": "Songs are protected by copyright which protects the song from people copying it. Food on the other hand is a product that is composed of ingredients that are most likely not under patent protection. Also many of the generic brands you mention are actually made by the same company they are trying to imitate. The company just makes a lesser quality version of the name brand for stores to sell as a cheaper version." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-71646", "score": 0.7597799301147461, "text": "The answer to your question is probably not very satisfactory. How similar does the song have to be? Similar enough for a judge to think there is copyright infringement. That's it. There are no laws governing \"how much\", it is a judgement call by the judge that would preside over the case. Having said that there is a lot more to the case than just how similar they sound. Things like when the songs were made, who made them, how prolific the songs were, and dozens of other factors are involved in making the determination.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-131854", "score": 0.7518278956413269, "text": "I think this is a flawed question. You’ve started with the wrong assumption and then built it up from there. First, and most importantly, lots of songs sound /like/ other songs, but are different in specifics. Many artists even claim inspirations, saying they do want to sound like other artists, but with a new twist or a new feel. Secondly, most musicians and producers listen to A LOT of music, since it’s their job. They’re gonna know basically off the top of their head if something is even remotely similar to something else. And I imagine some of their decision making is based on that familiarity. Lastly, it’s not a science or perfect process. I’m sure you’ve heard of legal battles between stars, claiming a beat track or lyric was stolen. I know I’ve heard of several in the last 5 years. It happens. So, I know this didn’t really answer your question, but it answers what your question should have been.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-31824", "score": 0.7451262474060059, "text": "Most of the examples you cite are because *the two companies agreed in writing* to share the use of the name. Other examples happen because the companies are in different industries, such as Microsoft Excel software vs. Hyundai Excel automobiles -- the law says these are not \"confusingly similar\" since the products are so unrelated.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-84809", "score": 0.7431877255439758, "text": "It's all just a technicality of how these protections extend to the intellectual property it's covering. Copyright applies to \"copy\", which used to generically mean text, but has been expanded to protect everything from plays to blueprints to songs. The work itself, and it's derivatives, are protected. Trademarks are a word/symbol/name used to trade to indicate the source of goods and distinguish them. It's specifically to prevent others from using the same mark. This is what's used for a \"name\".", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-125259", "score": 0.7403748631477356, "text": "Quite often, they *are* the name brand products - they produce the two products in the same factory, but simply brand one differently. If you mean mimicking the packaging, it's simply a matter of riding that line where you're not quite illegal. Also, oftentimes the generic products are the store line of a major store - name brand products aren't likely to sue Wal-Mart, even if they're likely to win. It'd be a Pyrrhic victory.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-155035", "score": 0.7393643260002136, "text": "Copyright and trademark are different things. Copyright protects works of art, scholarship, and journalism from unauthorized duplication and sale. Trademark protects a business's name/logo from imitation and counterfeiting. So Alka-Seltzer is free to name-drop NyQuil as much as they like, as long as they're not telling people their product *is* NyQuil. Now, all of this is a fine line, so like all things in intellectual property law, disputes are handled on a case by case basis by lawyers and judges. If I think you've violated my trademark, I have to take you to court- but comparative advertising has long been considered fair use in the States.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-150812", "score": 0.736163318157196, "text": "I going to assume that you don't mean a store peeling off a label or repackaging something to rename it as their own. Grocery companies will contract with a processor, say a tomato cannery, to produce an item with their own label. This called co-packing. Many times the product isn't identical, sometimes it is. People pay more for brand names, and brand names cost more (there are reasons for this). This gives a shopper a choice, and increases the shelf space (i.e. sales) of a certain processor. It is very common, not just with food. It's really a marketing thing. edit: added word", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-15782", "score": 0.7358210682868958, "text": "Well, you can't patent \"a cinnamon sugary cereal that is made in squares.\" You can patent the specific formula they use, and the generic brands tend to not taste exactly like the brand name products. That being said, in many cases some companies actually use the same factories that the brand names use and just have a slightly different set of ingredients and packaging.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-176461", "score": 0.7292376756668091, "text": "Copyright: for whole creative works, like books, movies, music. Also the recognizable bits and pieces thereof: individual characters, quotations from books, movie clips, samples of music, etc. If you have a copyright, it gives you the **right** to make **copies** of a thing. Trademarks: for the little things that create the identity of a brand or company, etc. This will include logos, jingles (which can also be copyrighted), slogans, distinctive colors or patterns, and the brand names themselves. Trademarks are the **marks**/brands/images that you put on your products when you conduct **trade**.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-121947", "score": 0.7292150855064392, "text": "As others have mentioned, you can't patent recipes, etc. But in many cases, some generic and store brand products are literally the same product. The same factory produces both, just with different labels. Sometimes even two brand name products are the same. There are canneries in Samoa, for instance, that package tuna for both Sunkist and Chicken of the Sea. It's like alternate days different labels. edit: of course I meant starkist", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-84697", "score": 0.7272910475730896, "text": "In order to sue someone for making something like your product, one of several things needs to be true: 1) The other company needs to be using your logo, slogan, trademark, etc in an attempt yo deceive customers. 2) You need to own the protected right to produce the product, typically an unexpired patent on the product. In the case of Nutela knockoffs, neither of these two things are true.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-190708", "score": 0.7241512537002563, "text": "Sometimes the name brands use more expensive ingredients, proprietary recipes, or just have tighter quality control standards. Sometimes they're the exact same thing in a different wrapper. We are suckers for marketing though.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-57973", "score": 0.7206042408943176, "text": "First, a large portion of store brands are made by the same companies that make the name brand items. Second, the only way kellogs could sue over frosties is if they were to emulate trademarked elements of the packaging (ie character, font etc) in a way that creates a substantial similarity which could reasonably cause issues of differentiation by prospective purchasers.....or if kellogs had patented EVERY possible process to flake corn, and coat it in frosting. EVERY possible process...because a very small alteration in equipment and procedure can be sufficient to sidestep a patent.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-3858", "score": 0.7176916599273682, "text": "because they know when songs are similar and pay license/royalties before hand, it's only becoming a bigger problem now because those fees have gotten really really high and lawyers get involved (because profits!) also, if you're ripping off of a band who's on the same label, the label won't sue itself...", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-79159", "score": 0.7174477577209473, "text": "[They are legal protections for different things.](_URL_0_) Trademark - used to protect some word, symbol, or graphic that represents a business. Copyright - used to protect something that's been authored. Music, books, or poems are ~~usually~~ automatically copyrighted. Patents - used to protect something unique - usually some kind of invention, a new design, a new process to do something better, etc. Edit: Clarification as per /u/Twigs2013 that copyrights are automatic", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-49015", "score": 0.7170779705047607, "text": "This only happens on products that name the competitor (or the competitor's trademark) somewhere. They are trying to avoid getting sued on a claim that \"you used our name to confuse people into buying your product, which they now think came from us.\"", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-118935", "score": 0.7155708074569702, "text": "There is nothing illegal in just mentioning a competitor. If they are using the competitor's trademarks that is still perfectly legal. The point of a trademark is to avoid brand confusion. So as long as it's clear I'm selling you Kirkland Brand Crispy Rice and not Kellogs Rice Krispies it's perfectly legal to mention Rice Krispies on my packaging. I can't make false claims about Rice Krispies but \"Compares to\" isn't a false claim.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-118821", "score": 0.713674008846283, "text": "I can't speak for the UK, but in the US, food and fashion are two things that aren't patentable or copyrightable. You can copyright or trademark a label or brand name, respectively, but not the contents or appearance of the food stuff itself, even if it's a picture on a box (which you'd argue, if you could, would be part of copyright for the label).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-98170", "score": 0.7121639251708984, "text": "Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. In order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate cookies isn't novel, or non-obvious. You can patent processes, for example, the machine that builds the cookie, so all other generic oreo companies have to find their own way.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1124585", "score": 0.7087037563323975, "text": "Most people say that you can spot counterfeit goods by looking at the spelling but why would a criminal that wants to exactly copy an item do everything but fail at copying a word correctly? Someone told me it was to have the excuse of it not being an \"exact\" copy in court but I don't really believe that for obvious reasons. So is there a motive to it or are those criminals just plain idiots?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-568", "score": 0.775842010974884, "text": "It means \"actual\" in the sense that the thing is a permanent part of the world, as opposed to \"personal estate\" or \"personal property\" which comes an goes. _URL_0_ Yes that's not how we use the word \"real\" usually today, but it was a long time ago." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-108185", "score": 0.7360217571258545, "text": "Real Estate is a very visual business. They rely on name recognition from people looking at nice properties and think “they would be a good person to go with”. One of my earlier jobs was at a company that did commercial real estate and we relied pretty heavily on our signs that stated that we were the ones out there. Our company had a lot of visibility.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-17253", "score": 0.732305109500885, "text": "Real Estate is property that can be inherited, Titular Estate are titles that are inherited. So, for example, Patrick Stewart's son might inherit the title of Knight when he dies, but that's not 'real' estate. The properties and such that Patrick Stewart owns are his 'real' estate, and more likely to have an impact on his life.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1065726", "score": 0.7201496958732605, "text": "I have about a year of downtime ahead of me and I'm considering using that time investigating rental properties. My first thought was, \"I'll get a real estate license so I can do things myself instead of paying an agent.\" My second thought was, \"I don't know what that even means.\" Can someone explain to me, as if I were 5 years old, what exactly having a real estate license means?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-382488", "score": 0.6975691914558411, "text": "Hi! My husband and I are currently interested in a piece of land that is zoned LARE20. We'd like to eventually build a single family home on it and was wondering what it actually meant. We were also asking for a physical address to take a look at the lot and the realtor just told us that it was LARE20... Any help would be appreciated! Thank you :)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-84205", "score": 0.6880078315734863, "text": "I'm a real estate developer, we usually try to skip a number or two in case one of the properties ends up being split into two apartments. That way the new apartment can be given a real number address, instead of 1/2 or a letter.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-212085", "score": 0.6879872679710388, "text": "Do you have a time period in mind? There's a LOT of real estate law out there, and it varies dramatically by country and era.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1301622", "score": 0.6841448545455933, "text": "Hi, I just started taking an on-line course to get my license. The book (and instructor) said that the listing side of a real estate transaction is the seller's side - ok, makes sense got that. It/she also says that the buyer's side is called the \"selling side.\" That just doesn't make sense to me. I've purchased two homes and two investment properties and don't recall ever being referred to as selling anything. Wouldn't this get pretty confusing? What am I missing?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-179993", "score": 0.6812471151351929, "text": "The most important thing in real estate is location, location, location. Cities are just large real estate and they develop in areas with economic (roads, water access) and/or strategic (protective terrain, ship access) resources. If a city goes into ruins (enemy attack, disease/famine, etc), others may find the same area suitable for building a new city once they demolish and build over the older ruins. All the new \"ground\" comes from resources that they carry into the new city or waste generated from living in the city. Other ruins that do not get buried like the Akropolis or Pantheon often have significant cultural value and remain standing for long periods of time without being demolished and burried.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2866", "score": 0.6804476976394653, "text": "property value is just a guess at what an average consumer will be willing to pay. If you have a nice house, but it's surrounded by meth labs, no one will want to pay very much to buy it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-658099", "score": 0.6804432272911072, "text": "Hi folks, \nI'm writing an article promoting the use of realtors in the age of the internet. Any answers you can provide to the question I asked in the headline are greatly appreciated (as are any citations you might be able to provide). Thanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2280947", "score": 0.6797578930854797, "text": "Hej everyone\n\nI've been looking at potential plots to buy, and I'm a bit confused about the difference between Gård, Tomt, and Villa. \n\nTomt is just an empty piece of land, that much is clear to me. Whether its building land or not, I would have to clarify in each case, I believe.\n\nVilla is pretty clear too, I think. It's a house.\n\nWhat really confuses is me is \"Gård\". The google translation doesn't really help me, as in practice I see everything from a house on a small piece of land to huge empty plots of sometimes just forest labelled as Gård.\n\nIn general, the pieces of \"Gård\" land seem to be much bigger AND cheaper than \"Tomt\", even if they have a building on it, which also seems suspicious.\n\nCan someone shed some light on this for me? (I don't know if the real estate site I'm using has something to do with it, but it's booli.se)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1395690", "score": 0.6742895841598511, "text": "It's a term that seems to be ungoogleable, and I haven't been able to find out anywhere else.\n\nContext: *$285 / 1br - Large S/C 1/BR flat near Yarra River (Kew)*", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-115875", "score": 0.6720342040061951, "text": "You have an agreement that gives you a space in a building. This agreement means that the 'real' owner can't just demolish the building out from under you. How does that count as really owning the place? When you buy land from the government they still don't allow you to do illegal things on your land, all property purchases are just an agreement with a higher authority. A huge lot of people own condos, it's the same idea. You buy a unit under an agreement that provides you with a degree of power over the building as a whole, and the building's management with certain powers to disallow you being a danger or nuisance and obliging you to pay some amount for maintenance fees and services to the buildings.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-118414", "score": 0.6713988184928894, "text": "You presumably get \"fair market value\" and the list price is established when you sign the listing agreement. Typically, that price means you agree to accept an offer at that price. However, there are several auction websites out there that typically accept bids for bank-owned and REO properties. It's also not atypical for listing agents to ask for \"highest and best\" offer in a hot market or on a piece of property that generates a lot of interest.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-8927", "score": 0.6709257364273071, "text": "Properties in Britain tend to be either Leasehold or Freehold (or others that are less common). When you buy a property 'Freehold', you are buying the house and the land underneath it When you buy 'Leasehold' you are buying the house but only renting the land. This means you have to either pay 'ground rent' or have a long term lease on the land A 999year lease is as good as buying it outright but just means the developers want to keep the land in their portfolio. Probably more useful where land values are expected to rise and they would be able to sell the land at a later date for a great profit. I think it also restricts your own ability to do extensions and development", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-14205", "score": 0.6703450083732605, "text": "Buying a house isn't like buying a sandwich. There's a lot of paperwork involved, inspections, negotiations, escrow, yada yada yada. People pay real estate agents to take care of that stuff.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-130633", "score": 0.6697800755500793, "text": "I'm sure you know the three most important words in real estate: Location, location, and location. Nice areas have proximity to some desireable feature--be it parks, the waterfront, downtown, public transit, nice views, historical areas, nice looking bridges, any or all of these things. These desirable features drive up property values, which has the effect of inviting in the rich people and their amenities and pricing out the riff raff. Meanwhile, not nice features such as abandoned factories, power plants, highways, ugly bridges don't do anything good for property values. They stagnate or drop, and these parts of town become the \"bad part of town.\"", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-9984", "score": 0.6682035326957703, "text": "It's the land, not the house. the real estate the houses are build on are what rise in value. it's location relative to local services, schools, businesses, etc. houses do generally drop in value, you're right. that's why people remodel rooms or the entire thing. at least, that's the traditional wisdom. i'm not a real estate agent.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1213655", "score": 0.6678581833839417, "text": "Played for almost a week, 20 properties, slow return. I understand that is how it works in real", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-114680", "score": 0.666287899017334, "text": "Equity has several meanings. In finance, it is similar to what it is in real estate: > Assets – Liabilities In other words, it's what the stock is worth, minus the debt associated with it. Just like how in real estate, your equity is the value of the house minus your mortgage. You could also think of this as something called the *net worth* of a stock. If the stock is bought without any debt, then the stock itself *is* equity. Equity is also one of the terms for categorizing *securities*, equity securities generally just means you have some ownership of the company or investment. A security is a contract, or written agreement, that can be traded between people at rates. For instance, stocks are a type of security. The contract for a stock states that you have some sort of ownership of the company in which you invested. The more complicated securities you might have heard of are also securities, such as bonds, derivatives, options, etc.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-569", "score": 0.7277165651321411, "text": "For the same reason oral sex is not called throat sex." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-808396", "score": 0.6882731914520264, "text": "I noticed that quite a few of the comments that mock pron titles or make a comment referencing a joke-porn title it's almost always Backdoor Anal Slits or its sequels.\n\nWhy do most people choose this as the staple porn title rather than something else. I find the title funny...but why not create more interesting titles?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1182661", "score": 0.6868225336074829, "text": "Most people who call a glass pipe a bowl understand that the entire thing is not actually the bowl. To help you understand why people will call it this even though they know it's not the technical name, let me present to you an analogy: \nMost adults know that the entirety of the female genitalia is not called the vagina. The vagina is only the opening where you put the good stuff; however, people will understand you if you call the part where you put your lips the vagina as well. \nIn conclusion, I only use the technical terms at the doctor's office and at head shops, so would you please kindly stop being such Negative Nancys. Thank you.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1438771", "score": 0.6865760087966919, "text": "I know it literally translates to \"straight,\" but none of my googling has given me an answer. I have almost no use for this, it's just something I want to know. I know slang varies by region, but is there anywhere where \"recto\" is used to refer to somebody as heterosexual like the word \"straight\" is used in english?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-114755", "score": 0.68571537733078, "text": "You are basically correct, but it still needed a term for easy cataloging and searching. It's not very easy or exciting to search for \"Normal sex where the dude just does what you're supposed to do in sex\".", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-153526", "score": 0.6853923201560974, "text": "Women have just as many sensitive nerves around the entry to anus as men, the only thing they do not have is a prostrate. As far as why one enjoys it more then another ...is like asking why do you like Coke over Pepsi...it is just a preference. I am a gay male who enjoys giving and receiving, I have had partners who did not enjoy receiving at all and would not do it. Just all comes down to a preference. _URL_0_ explains it as good as anything.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-158633", "score": 0.682864785194397, "text": "Much of it came about due to sex being a sin in the middle ages. Many forms of pleasure where seen as sins because the various churches thought to be morally upright, you had to live a very stark lifestyle. Gradually people became more and more aware of sex as something to be done for reproduction and pleasure. Just about a century ago, oral and anal sex were absolutely unheard of and seen as vulgar, though now they are seen as perfectly acceptable. As human nature evolves their sexual acceptance of different things will as well.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-720310", "score": 0.6827854514122009, "text": "This question came up among friends earlier- why is the non-crude vocabulary for sex limited to indirect euphemisms (made love, slept with, etc.) Is it a holdover from more prudish times? All of the options I can think of (he *fucked* her, *did*, *screwed*, *boned*, *nailed*, etc) seem to suggest that the direct-object participant is passive and being demeaned. Does any word for the act just naturally pick up this kind of meaning? Is it common in other languages? It seems plausible that a neutral word would be used derogatorily and come to pick up that kind of connotation.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-133077", "score": 0.6822707653045654, "text": "Anal sex is just more likely to spread the disease, so it became associated with that community as they where the most concerned by it. HIV mutated from another similar disease that only infected monkeys, but some how it made the jump to humans. Likely from infected monkey blood, somewhere in Africa.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-133849", "score": 0.6822033524513245, "text": "The rectum is a tube of flesh. It isn't stretched tight all the time; it can expand to accommodate things leaving the excretory system, and although it wasn't the motivation for this design, it can likewise accommodate things entering that system. Lots and lots of use of the anal sphincter (or the \"asshole,\" as some call it) loosens it. This allows the rectum of loosen and spill out of the opening. Think of it as kind of like holding both ends of a Slinky, then releasing one end.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1598562", "score": 0.6820628046989441, "text": "Boyfriend (26) and I (26 F) have been together for almost 10 years. We’re super sexually active and because we dont live in the same city have a lot of phone and video sex too. When we are in the same city we have sex ALL the time, and are always all over eachother. \n\nMy BF has always been obsessed with anal, and while we tried a number of times I always back out because it’s so painful and uncomfortable (he has a thick big dick). We bought dildos to ease things up, and I am a full on anal slut now - anal with him still hurts but he fucked me with a dildo and found it incredibly sexy. I have also been suggesting rimming and pegging, and we recently tried it last time we were together. I LOVE it I find it so damn sexy and I know he does too. He was hesitant at first but Since that first time our sex involved pegging all the other times (initiated by him) until we separated ways again. \n\nRecently things were steaming up on the phone, and he was telling me about porn he watches, saying that he watched guys get fucked and it’s the idea of fucking the ass that gets him off. I find that kinda sexy, but a slight question mark popped up. A little bit more into the conversation, he said something about cumming in the ass is so sexy, I wonder what that feels like. \nThe conversation progressed in a sexy way and we had phone sex where I did anal play with the dildo and he watched. \n\nAfter that happened, he Said he couldn’t believe he told me what he watched, and I didn’t ask any questions In order not to make him uncomfortable. I jokingly Said “soo when are we going to have a threesome” when he made it clear this whole thing is kind of weirding him out and told me to cut it out with me encouraging him to explore it. \n\nLet me clarify, I have no problem with him being bisexual at all, but he emphasises that he’s not attracted to men. \n\nSo what’s going on? Do other straight men watch this kind of porn (im not sure what kind of porn but I presume hard gay/anal porn) or wonder what it feels like to have cum in your ass? Thing have been replaying in my mind - should I ask questions or let it go with time?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-44230", "score": 0.6811940670013428, "text": "The anal sphincter is not just skin, it also contains a muscle used to either open or close; in this regard it serves a very similar function to the lips on your face (although the lips are more versatile and also play a role in speaking) and you will note that lips *also* have a deeper color than the rest of the skin on your face (although the actual color of lips is often concealed by lipstick which is used to exaggerate the natural color). The muscle has a richer blood supply than the skin, which affects the color.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1599418", "score": 0.6811522245407104, "text": "Porn has promoted this brand of sex of pleasure, self-gratification, and being \"satisfied\". This is some pretty vulgar stuff, but the supposed better type of sex is with your partner is one where you feel connected to each other. What does the difference in pleasure feel like? Exploring sexually and trying out different positions and stuff seems like the first type of sex, but can you still do this in intimate sex? I'm just really confused on what intimate sex even is really.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-108466", "score": 0.6801788806915283, "text": "Basically the idea is that because gay bros have alot of anal sex (its pretty much the main view that the defining sex act for homosexual men is to have anal sex) and the anus is more susceptible to anal fissures, that HIV/AIDS will be transmitted between individuals far quicker than any other gender or sexual orientation. Also the lower use of condoms and greater use of drug use (I think that's the reasoning that some groups use) increase the transmission rates. This is also the reason why for a long time gay men weren't allowed to donate blood or what not.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-687596", "score": 0.6797180771827698, "text": "Dose long term anal plays make you have big shits easier/faster? I never seen this brought up anywhere but for me it would be logical since your a hole adapts to handle bigger objects more frequently.\nNo it wouldnt be a hommade solution to a problem. \nYes im sickened but curious.\nOnce again: sorry and have a nice day.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-867898", "score": 0.6795124411582947, "text": "So sexxit, I did my first anal not last night but the night before. It felt *really good*. Only there was poop. Not loads of it, but some of it, and I was embarrassed because I thought I took enough countermeasures for there to not be poop. \n\nCan there ever not be poop? I long for an anal without poop. It is my dream. Sexxit, how do you prepare for it? Give me your helps!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-86618", "score": 0.6794908046722412, "text": "A butt plug will fill the rectum thus pushing on the thin wall between the vagina and rectum. This provides less room for the penis thus resulting in a more full feeling for her and a tighter feel for him. In addition. If In doggy position and playing with the toy at the same time as intercourse the double sensations can send her wild with sensory overload", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1439156", "score": 0.679158091545105, "text": "More information.\n\n\nI've heard a lot of guys say that they don't like to wear a traditional condom. I was just wondering if this would make safe(r) sex any easier, or more comfortable for him, or for her. These are also being promoted for receptive gay men to use during anal sex, since they're at the highest risk of STD and HIV infection. So, if anyone has experience using the \"female condom\" for either form of sex, please let us know how it worked for you.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-641553", "score": 0.6790018677711487, "text": "Maybe this is unpopular but just unspoken among people; I don't know.\n\nAnal insertion for the purpose of stimulating the male G-spot is not a homosexual act. If something does not involve another man or involve thoughts of men (besides oneself), there is no gayness. This includes toyplay, fingering, and pegging. I actually believe destroying the stigma around these things would in all likelihood improve the sexual health of men.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-643359", "score": 0.6786925196647644, "text": "100% straight bro here. male gay sex is extremely superior to any kind of sex involving women and their reeking bacteriological warfare cunt canals. my goodness. woman: wondering if her \"discharge\" is normal as slimy grease oozes from her fetid pit. man: stately, elegant, shapely, tidy penis which contains the whole vigour of life.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-865738", "score": 0.6785061955451965, "text": "My SO and I are really into anal. It happens as often, if not more, than vaginal. During anal, he always asks \"How deep am I?\" and \"Is it in your ass?\". In answer to the first question, I usually say something like \"sooo deep\" and the second is usually an agreeing moan. Neither of those answers seem to be \"the right answer\". Guys, what answer do you want to those sorts of questions? I really don't know what else to say to him, but he's obviously looking for a specific answer. Ideas?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-570", "score": 0.6671567559242249, "text": "Evolutionarily, our whole purpose in life is to live long enough to raise children, our genes don’t really care what happens after that. Our entire pain/reward system has been tweaked to this purpose. You ate? Good job, here is some dopamine. You skinned your knee? Bad job, that could get infected and kill you have some pain. Based on this logic, pretty much the worst thing you could do is damage your ability to reproduce, so your balls are absolutely packed with nerve endings that will send intense pain signals to your brain if they sense injury, because losing your reproductive ability is equally as bad as death." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2642714", "score": 0.6337273120880127, "text": "Every time I ovulate it hurts to sit down or use the bathroom or even Poot because my butthole feels like it is cramping like my uterus. No, I’m not trying to be funny. I am dead ass serious, although, I wish I wasn’t.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-28071", "score": 0.6335698366165161, "text": "There's nothing at the injury site itself that hurts. It's all in your brain. Nerves at the site of the injury send signals up about what's going on, and then the brain sorts it out. The brain actually integrates a ton of information very quickly, including memories of past \"pain\" signals in particular locations and the consequences (severe injury, major illness, nothing particularly bad). It also integrates what you're doing at the time, and in the instant, it seems to dampen pain perception so you can make sure you're not in further danger. It also changes over time and can hurt later, when you're reliably out of danger, so that you take care of the area and don't use it so it can heal and avoid further injury. Pain is essentially your brain's opinion about what's going on with your body. It can be seriously out of step with the actual state of damage of a particular area.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-124294", "score": 0.6335036158561707, "text": "The size of the needle isn't what causes the pain. Most shots involve injecting an fluid most into a muscle (intra muscular) which causes some swelling within the tissue.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-122751", "score": 0.6332429051399231, "text": "Hits to bony areas usually cause large swelling very quickly. There is no fat/muscle to blunt the force. The piece you see is actually an \"eye iron.\" It is simply a cold piece of metal. That piece is applied and pressed into the swelling to minimize/reduce it. It literally \"pushes\" the swelling down. The cold helps, but the force is what really does the trick. Yes, it hurts like hell. Side note: the method of pushing in swelling isn't just for fighters. A doctor once did it for my niece, in the ER, after she fell and hit her head on the corner of a table. We rushed her to the ER because it swelled up to the size of a softball in under 5 minutes. It was intense to watch.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2481500", "score": 0.6329674124717712, "text": "When I was a freshman in high school, I injured my testicle while running on our treadmill at home. My dad took me to the doctor's office where they determined I slightly twisted my nut. Not a big deal. However, I ended up getting an ultrasound on my testicle in order to rule out other possible causes of my pain. \n\nThe ultrasound was administered by a very nice older lady probably in her early 60s. After she was done rubbing the slimy ultrasound instrument all over my ball sack, my dad walks in (I'm still trying to put my pants on), shakes her hand and says \"You were his first.\" \n\nMortifying.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-107506", "score": 0.6329558491706848, "text": "Here is an article explaining it in detail - _URL_0_ tl;dr version. Endorphins. We get the small amount of pain, brain is like awww dude, leme help you with that. awww yissss muffugin endorphins", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-67792", "score": 0.6329043507575989, "text": "They're really really important to the continuation of the human species, and before the days of clothes our biology unfortunately evolved to keep them cool (for optimum sperm growth) by keeping them outside our body. Because they were in such a risky spot, they incented us to be wary of inflicting trauma on them by being very painful when, for example, the psycho ex-girlfriend has FINALLY had enough of your shit. That's why a swift boot to the nads makes the top of our head come off, and also why it causes us to curl up and try to protect our future progeny from harm when we do.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2344402", "score": 0.6328015923500061, "text": "It's obviously a psychological pain caused by external stimuli. Is there even a word to describe such a feeling? It's a quick, sharp pain that just leaves you feeling a little weird. Sorry for the vagueness. \n\nEDIT: Thanks for the help!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-125524", "score": 0.63271564245224, "text": "How much strength do you think a baby in the womb has? They're floating in water in there, which makes movement harder in the first place. There wouldn't be enough strength in a kick to hurt the other baby even if they were trying to hurt each other. Basically, nothing happens.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-145806", "score": 0.6324065327644348, "text": "You're not actually hitting something, your muscles are not moving. The brain has to emulate muscle movement, which is harder than it sounds like.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1896472", "score": 0.6322608590126038, "text": "Usually when I kick the opponent the kicks are just like an ordinary strike. Sometimes, the kicks stop the opponent in their tracks, and lifts their leg off the ground briefly. I presume this latter kick does more damage. Is it completely random or is there way of landing these latter kicks consistently?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-11814", "score": 0.6322358846664429, "text": "I was told by a martial artist that it is the same reason they scream when they throw a punch or kick. It tightens up your core and gives you \"extra strength\". Why your body would do this instinctually is, when you hit the ground you are not a flimsy noodle that gets squashed. Not sure how true, just what I was told.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-97510", "score": 0.6320552229881287, "text": "Go see a doctor. You might have a urinary tract infection (UTI). You shouldn't have burning or pressure when you urinate.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2233851", "score": 0.6317617297172546, "text": "Ow\n\nOuch ouch ouch\n\nAhh it hurts like hell\n\nEvery muscle is cramping up\n\nSHITFUCK!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-170389", "score": 0.6314704418182373, "text": "Frequently sensations like that are caused by pinched nerves. A nerve somewhere got caught between shifting bones/muscles/tendons and the pinch mechanically activates the nerve, the same way hitting your \"funny bone\" creates that shooting pain down your arm.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-80816", "score": 0.6314582228660583, "text": "Often this depends on the type of injury and the location of the injury, because different physical sensations travel via different types of nerve fibres. Sharp pain travels via 'fast fibres', which convey pressure and sharp sensations to the brain, and more dull types of pain and cramping will travel via similar, but 'slower fibres'. The thing that makes them different is that these type of fibres have varying degrees of what is known as a 'myelin sheath' surrounding them; the more myelin you have the faster the signal will travel. So, simply put this is what produces differences in sensation: if it's sharp it travels on a fast fibre, but if it's a dull, achy pain it's likely traveling on a slower fibre (also why you feel achy, crampy pain for longer too). I hope this is helpful :)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-955294", "score": 0.6313453316688538, "text": "This happened to me when I was 13...\n\nIn school, my friends liked to play this stupid game called \"Nut Check\" in which they would punch you in the balls sack when you weren't expecting it. \n\nOne day, I'm with some friends in the hallways talking. My \"best friend\" came from behind me, wrapped around, and uppercutted my balls. Needless to say, i was in excruciating pain. I stayed on the floor for 10+ minutes crying. When I was finally able to get up, I proceeded with \nY day as he laughed the whole afternoon. \n\nFast forward to that night at home.... I go to take a shower, look at my testicles and my left one is the size of a baseball. I kid you not. \n\nI rush to the hospital, and it turns out i have a testicular contortion. This is where the most embarrassing moment of my LIFE will occur....\n\nI get there and after a few test, they decide to give me an ultra sound. I'm in the empty room with just a robe on. In comes a BEAUTIFUL asian nurse. I didn't know exactly what an ultra sound consisted of but I found out really quick. She comes in with the ultra sound lube, or whatever they call it. (If you've never had one, this lube is warm.) She pours it on my testicles and proceeds for the next 2 minutes to maneuver her hands around my genitalia. I stayed calm for all but 10 seconds after it started. Then I realized that my penis was getting erect so I started to panic. I tried not thinking about it and had my eyes closed. Before I knew it, she lifted up my penis to go under my shaft to put the lube there. Bad idea. My penis was in the trajectory of her face, and not long after I EXPLODED. My semen hit her mostly on the shoulder, but some of it got on her chin. She just looked at me with a blank face. (Remember: I was 13, and had never had semen come out of me, so the load was large.)\n\nI literally got up, left my clothes there, grabbed my dad and ran butt naked with just the gown to my car. Me and my dad have never spoken about it again. \n\nTL;DR - Punched in groin. Went to hospital. Had ultra sound by hot nurse. Got too excited, and exploded semen on her :(\n\nEdit: Grammar and NSFW tag. (i don't know how to put it on Alien Blue)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-96360", "score": 0.6313360333442688, "text": "Its because when you work out, you damage your muscles (working out is essentially breaking your muscles and regrowing them, stronger than how they were before.) Like bruises, they dont hurt while it is damaged but as you heal.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-132862", "score": 0.6312676668167114, "text": "When you hurt part of your body, the blood flow to that part increases to speed up recovery. So there's more blood, which often leads to you feeling your heartbeat there.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-141440", "score": 0.631229043006897, "text": "Your testicles are used to gravity pulling down on them, when falling faster that gravity - approx 9.81ms, your balls basically are floating and you feel a tingly sensation", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-571", "score": 0.71220463514328, "text": "Most everything has chemical reactions as they age. Some medications get weaker so the medicine simply stops working correctly. Some become more powerful so you risk overdose. And some completely change and can either lose their effect or become toxic." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-181919", "score": 0.6764766573905945, "text": "It’s *good* for four months. It’s *sterile* until some aspect of the packaging degrades (plastic lasts a long time, but not forever) or is breached. You’ll notice that lots of foods have dates on them, but the vast majority are not “use or freeze by” but instead are “best before”. Dried herbs don’t taste nearly as good after five years, but they’re not harmful.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-34892", "score": 0.6762456893920898, "text": "While our regulations may seem like a bad thing, since people are getting sick when they could be getting a new medication, it can often be valuable to be sure it is safe before distributing it. Check out the history of Thalidomide, insufficient regulations had tragic results.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-317105", "score": 0.6759920716285706, "text": "the expiration date realistically means the safety features are at the beginning of the end of their expected life cycle. these dates are set heavily in favor of \"replace it before it's an issue\" because pressure vessel failure can easily kill someone.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-159683", "score": 0.6758913397789001, "text": "Over the counter products aren't required to be anything but non-harmful in order to be sold on shelves in the US, unlike medicines, which are required to be efficacious. It's illegal to misbrand make false claims as well, I.e. to sell pills that don't contain the ingredient the box claims, or to claim it does things that it doesn't do. USP, the United States Pharmacopeia, is a voluntary certification where the product is examined by a third party and found to contain the amount of drug that it advertises. If they meet the standards, they can put \"USP\" on their packaging and consumers know they can trust it. That's not to say that your pills don't contain what they advertise - they might contain it, and don't think it's worth their money to have it certified. So really, it's up to you to decide what you want as a consumer.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1844590", "score": 0.6751123666763306, "text": "I'm reading about the Palantir lockup expiration but I don't understand whether is a good thing for those who bought it or a good thing for the company.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-328329", "score": 0.6750276684761047, "text": "So I was going through the medicine cabinet as I do every year or two and checking exp dates and looking for the drugs we no longer use and I had found old Vicodin and Percocet amongst a couple of other non scheduled drugs. \n\nWell I was talking to a buddy when I started to pour the bottles in the toilet and he about flipped his noodle saying that the police would come for me and how illegal it was for me to do that. Illegal ? Really? Throwing them away seems wrong and more dangerous if you ask me. Any thoughts ? How do you dispose of all the extras ?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2703992", "score": 0.6743464469909668, "text": "Ok, so last Thursday I was prescribed a new medication - Zonisamide - for my diagnosed epilepsy by a very knowledgeable doctor in the Neurology department. I didn't like the sound of taking the other drugs they previously prescribed because they work on Bipolar disorder and were only recently synthesized (~1990) and because I only recently became concerned about this disease. My seizures only occur when I'm sleeping, or just waking up, and I never remember them, therefore it didn't worry me at all until I recently started doing research on seizures.\n\nSo I agreed to give this medicine a try and filled the prescription/took the first dose on Friday. Since then, I've had a host of symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, increased anxiety, ZERO attention span, big decline in mood, and ironically enough it actually caused me to start having conscious episodes of shaking/seizures (which are incredibly annoying). I haven't been able to contact the doctor because the hospital is closed on Saturday and Sunday and they were closed today for Memorial Day when I called. Well I just turned 21 today (tonight? May 31st) and I can't even celebrate because supposedly there is a very serious interaction between alcohol and Zonisamide, and I also don't want these newly-acquired symptoms to worsen. \n\nAnyways, I stopped taking this medicine about 48 hours ago because I felt these effects early on and decided that the misery this pill was causing me outweighed any benefits I would get from it, even if I continued to take the pill for atleast a week like my doctor instructed. I did a little research on it and apparently the half-life is ~63 hours. My question is, is it safe to drink alcohol about 48 hours after my last dose? Some sources say it is only moderately dangerous and okay to drink a little occasionally (even for those still taking the drug), while Google says \"Alcohol: Avoid. Very serious interactions can occur.\" I understand the definition of half-life is the time it takes to excrete only half of the drug, but if I only took it for a couple days and haven't taken it in 48 hours, how long until the drug is fully out of my system? Is it even possible to determine this? I would love to celebrate with a glass of Champagne but I'm not going to put my health at a huge risk just because of a birthday. Thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-41931", "score": 0.6739733219146729, "text": "Water and the like are regulated by the FDA, while alcohol is regulated by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. The FDA requires expiration dates, while the ATTTB does not.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-296110", "score": 0.6737380027770996, "text": "The expiration date doesn´t say that it stops working at that point. It only defines a period of time where the producer of that product kind of garanties a certain effectiveness. I would say that the loss of this effectiveness comes from more reactive and/or volatile components (alcohol for example), that are slowly \"lost\" over time. Don´t take this as an absolute, but the more aggressive a chemical that you use to reduce the numbers of germs is, the more reactiv it tends to be, and so it will desintegrate quicker, because it really \"wants\" react with something at some point making it useless for your application. After that expiration date, the disinfectant it will still do something, but the results will be below the quality threshold the producer defined. Tried to keep it simple, but someone will definitely have a more accurate explanation.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-119259", "score": 0.6734224557876587, "text": "Expiration date is the date up to which the manufacture will stand by its quality. Its not like once expiration date hits it goes from GOOD GOOD GOOD to BAM BAD DONT TOUCH. At expiration date the quality of the product declines at a much more significant rate afterwards.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-46523", "score": 0.6733267307281494, "text": "That's not an expiry / best before date. It's a lot number. In case of complaints etc. it allows the company to know which production batch the pack is from. This allows them to investigate any problems more easily and trace where units have gone if they need to recall a batch due to e.g. finding out there was a problem with one of the ingredients.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-559100", "score": 0.6732462048530579, "text": "My prescription expires today 1/13/20 and was wondering if I’m able to buy things today My medical card expires until June.\nUpdate: Yes I was able to get my medicine today", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-310592", "score": 0.6726359724998474, "text": "Distilled water might not have a shelf-life, but the container around it certainly does. In the case of plastic bottles, these slowly leach compounds into the water (plasticisers and additives, rather than polymer). Over a long time, the build up of these compounds could become enough to make the water exceed contamination levels. Even then, it probably wouldn't be toxic, but to ensure that it stays within the legal limits manufacturers will place an expiration date that occurs well beforehand. This is also the reason why it's usually suggested to not reuse cheap soft-drink bottles as water bottles.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-623062", "score": 0.6722073554992676, "text": "I just found like 10 packs of Ortho Cyclen that I got for free from college last year and never took. But damnit! It all expired in Feb of '10.\n\nWould it be terrible to start taking this next month? I am not in a relationship and only have sex sporadically, and I always use condoms anyway. I'm not in college anymore, so I couldn't easily get that much BC again for free.\n\nWhat does the expiration date even mean? Would it just reduce effectiveness, or would it actually harm me? Like I said, I always use condoms regardless.\n\nWhat would you do?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-29845", "score": 0.6719153523445129, "text": "Two reasons; firstly by federal law anything produced that's consumable must have an expiration date. Secondly the bottle that water is contained in is usually very slightly porous, so the water can pick up smells and tastes from the outside world and the taste will decrease in quality over time.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-257060", "score": 0.6717227101325989, "text": "Essentially, light can carry enough energy to break down some drug compounds. I would suggest looking over this [review article](_URL_0_) to get a more complete picture on the how and why. The biggest fear is that compounds left out in under strong lights will break down into potentially harmful products. Potentially photoreactive compounds are stored in dark brown glass containers or opaque plastic containers to avoid unwanted breakdown. Of course, regulatory agencies like the FDA much prefer that any drugs sold in the US remain safe and effective for their entire shelf life. Your drug manufacturer is likely taking extra precautions to make sure that their drug remains stable in order to keep you and the FDA happy.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-135727", "score": 0.6715755462646484, "text": "They aren't accurate. The date is completely dependent on the date of manufacture. If the milk is produced/bottled on Feb. 3. And the FDA says it is only good for 2 weeks, the exp date will be marked Feb 17. It is often way off. And it just took me way too long to figure out that math.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-272875", "score": 0.6715011596679688, "text": "Since over-the-counter medicine is sold directly to the consumer, certain safeguards must be put in place to avoid/deter any tampering that could lead to over-doses or abuse. Using a large amount of binder in a pill is one way to avoid someone accidentally taking too much.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-148066", "score": 0.6712127327919006, "text": "Mostly legal reasons: just like foods, for all we know they are fine past the expiration date, but eventually they will fail. Given that a failed condom is worth eighteen to life, it is best to mark the expiration far earlier than it might actually be -- even if a condom had a near indefinite lifespan, the stakes are far too high to take that risk and so expiration dates, regardless of whether they are practically needed, are important. But yeah, like everything else in reality, it breaks down in the presence of heat, light and atmosphere.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-172700", "score": 0.6710222363471985, "text": "It depends on the type of medication. However, typically half the medicine will dissolve very quickly while the other half has a coating of material on it that it takes your body a certain amount of time to break down. An example would be half the dose now and the other half in four hours. For reference, the form of medication that this would pertain to is a caplet which when you open will contain many tiny beads half of which are coated and half of which aren't.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-572", "score": 0.7720624804496765, "text": "The computer (the operating system) keeps a list (index) of the files, the name and the location on the disk. When you \"delete\" the file, the computer marks that entry as no-longer-needed. It doesn't delete the entry, nor does it alter the actual file at all. Next time it needs to store something on the disk, it looks for available space; if it find an entry that says \"deleted\", it will overwrite the entry and overwrite as much of the file space as it needs. The recycle bin is simply another \"list\" that points back to all the files that say \"deleted\" in the real file list. When you \"empty\" the recycle bin, you're deleting this extra list, but not changing anything in the real list. For bonus complexity: disk space is assigned in \"clusters\". A file that takes only 100 bytes will actually take (perhaps) 4,000 bytes on the disk. But the computer will only actually write the first 100 bytes - the other 3900 byes will still be the original, deleted, file." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-55874", "score": 0.7324473857879639, "text": "Yikes , the explanations here are a bit lengthy. It's really quite simple, a file system is like a book with each page listed in the table of contents. Files are stored on multiple pages with a little entry in the table of contents for each page, when you open a file the computer looks it up in the table of contents which helps it determine which pages to read. When a file is deleted instead of blanking out all its pages (which would take a long time) the corresponding entries in the table of contents are marked to signify that the pages are blank. So if the pages need to be used by the compute to store another file they can be overwritten.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-316354", "score": 0.7316084504127502, "text": "Computers are never more or less full of data; if you read what's stored at a memory location, you always get some value. The OS just notes that certain locations in memory have been initialized to hold *useful* data. A computer deletes things simply by amending that note to say \"never mind this location doesn't hold anything useful\".", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-398171", "score": 0.7313305735588074, "text": "I deleted some files on my pc. Deleted the whole WOW folder in programs. Its not in the bin. Can it be recovered from somewhere or do I have to download again?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-324935", "score": 0.7297986149787903, "text": "Data is merely a series of bits (1s and 0s) and bytes (8 bits..more efficient in a lot of ways). So...you have this device which stores that information. Well, you also have to store **where** you stored that information. Let's say that you want to store a 2MB song on an 8GB device. There are somewhere near 4,000 places it could be put. How can you tell where it is? The same way you tell where a book in a library is. You create an index. So..what you do is you store the data then you tell the device where the data is. When you \"delete\" the file, you are just removing the references that that space is used: the index. Whatever was written is still there until something writes over it.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-50494", "score": 0.7294785976409912, "text": "If I understood you correctly: You had some file (avi mov) and opened it in the program. Then you have deleted the file while the program was opened and the player is still playing the movie, right? On linux system, the unlink function deletes the file from directory entry but not the file itself. It decreases the number of hard links to the file. The file on device is deleted if there is no more hard links and no program have file descriptor pointing at that file Edit: that means the file will be deleted permanently once you close the file in the player. That also means no program can reopen the file because it is not longer seen in the file system.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1540002", "score": 0.7288915514945984, "text": "I remember there used to be an option of deleting from library or deleting the file altogether. That option no longer exists (at least for me). I can only delete from library.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-398580", "score": 0.7285454273223877, "text": "as title says i deleted some files like .iso and some folders from work pc and they were from a coworker is there any posible way i can get deleted files back?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-3795", "score": 0.72844398021698, "text": "it doesn't go anywhere. imagine a hard disk as a tiny record(yeah, like the one your dad listens to kiss on) the pieces on a drive are arranged to signify certain code that the computer reads and provides you with data. when you delete something that part of the drive is now free to be written over. the thing is it's not always wiped immediately, that's why the FBI can come find all of your CP even after you deleted it, there may still be some sort of physical trace on the disk. but even if the data was deleted completely it wouldn't go anywhere. the arrangement of the disk would simply read something else, or nothing. the data simply ceases to be.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-309029", "score": 0.7281379103660583, "text": "Data on hard drives is represented by 1's and 0's. All grouped data (files), are accompanied by a delete flag. For data in use, this is set to 0, so that it won't be overwritten. When you delete something, in almost all cases, the only thing that happens is changing this flag to 1, which is simply indicating that the data that this flag accompanies can be overwritten. This is why data-recovery often works. When you delete something, it is not really deleted until it is overwritten by other data. So as long as it is still there, it can be recovered.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-4286", "score": 0.7276683449745178, "text": "So when you delete something from your hard drive, really all you've done is removed a pointer in the computer that tells it \"hey there is something here.\" Subsequently, when new files are added, it sees that space as available, and writes into it. Sometimes, the space being written into does not match the space of what is being written. For instance, you delete a 1kb file, and are creating a 2 mb file. So the system writes 1kb to that spot. Then it writes the remaining in other spots. This slows the read time down as now the computer has to look in several different places to put together this one file. Defragging says \"ok, look at the files I have, and arrange them so they're all together in one piece as much as possible\"", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-184350", "score": 0.7276642918586731, "text": "If you overwrite the disk once, nothing remains. If you just format the drive, all it does is overwrite the beginning of the drive, which tells operating system what file system is being used, where them files at etc. All the files and their data is still there, but the index that described where to find them is lost. Still, if you were to actually browse through the disk, you'd still be able to figure out what files there were. Overwriting a 1TB disk requires you to write 1TB of data. Most disks only write like 100MB/s, so you'd have to spene 10,000 seconds, or 3 hours, overwriting things. Most users would never bother with that. Deleting files works similarly. Afaik no commonly used operating system actually overwrites the file upon deletion, they only remove it from the address book and mark that area as free space available for new files.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-135099", "score": 0.727471113204956, "text": "When you install something you have to write all the code to a spot on the disk. I'm talking about the physical location on the physical disk. There is also a directory which lists which areas on the disk have code written to them and which areas are free. When you delete something, rather than writing over all of the data you wrote when you installed it with all zeros or gibberish, the computer just makes a log in the directory saying that area is now free to use to write new stuff too. This is how it may be possible to recovery files after they have been deleted (especially if you shut down and remove the drive right away so that nothing can be written to the space the file used to occupy). It is also why there are options such as zeroing a drive (which writes all 0s over the old code to inhibit recovering deleted files) and these processes take about as long as an file write during install.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-61197", "score": 0.7261378169059753, "text": "It moves it to a different directory so that it won't be executed or opened. It doesn't delete it because a virus scanner can have false-positives. If it deletes a file that you actually need (like an OS file) for no good reason, your system will be busted. At least if it's moved to quarantine you might be able to boot into safe mode and move it back.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-60878", "score": 0.7260587215423584, "text": "It's still there on the hard drive, but hidden from regular access. Over time, it may get overwritten (or you can perform that operation yourself), but it can often be retrieved.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-398092", "score": 0.7252932190895081, "text": "I'm on Windows Vista, if that really helps. I'm honestly baffled by this, and have not a clue where to start. There's no doubt I could reach and delete the folder from Command Prompt, but I don't like the idea of that being my only way to see it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-103938", "score": 0.7241732478141785, "text": "\"Data is never really deleted from a harddisk and can be recovered.\" This isn't true. It works like this: Let's say you have ten blocks of storage, you store an 8 there. Your harddrive is like this now: There is an 8 at slot 6. (9 blocks free!) 0000080000 You don't need that 8 anymore, so you delete it. All that happens is the index is removed: There is nothing stored (10 blocks free!) 0000080000 Next time you go to save something it might get saved somewhere else: There is a 4 in slot 2 (9 blocks free!) 0400080000 OR it might not: There is a 4 in slot 6 (9 blocks free!) 0000040000 If it saves it somewhere else, you can recover the 8, if it saves it in the spot the 8 used to be, you can't. There's no real way of knowing where it will be saved. So anything you delete (out of the recycling bin) you should treat as something you don't want to keep. But SOMETIMES you can pull it back, if you're lucky and you do it quickly after.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-5738", "score": 0.7239716053009033, "text": "The answer is pretty simple: When you install, you have to write all of the files in their entirety and decompress them from how they're stored in the installer, then make records of all the files and potentially entries in common places to tell the operating system how to reference specific files. When you uninstall, you delete the files from disk, *which doesn't actually remove any data from the drive*, simply the file system pointer to that file - a VERY quick process. The most complicated uninstalls require reversing specific common entries that can take a little while, but many modern companies simply ignore that and leave orphaned entries in system registries or libraries.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-399828", "score": 0.7238957285881042, "text": "Hi, i want to remove it but i can't find the original file can someone link me and/or tell me how to do it?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-153893", "score": 0.7231428027153015, "text": "Technically it doesn't go anywhere. The phone just forgets to look there. No really, this is how data recovery from borked hard drives and stuff works and why paranoid security types \"wipe\" drives and devices to make sure the info is unrecoverable. In any filesystem there's the bits and bytes that make up your data. These are organized into equal sized chunks called blocks. If a file doesn't fit entirely into one block, the last part of the previous block is a pointer to the next.. and so on. And the pointer to the _first_ block is held in a special index called the file table. It would say the first block of file C:\\folder\\foo.jpg is block #293847. Now, when you delete foo.jpg, its not actually erasing the bits and bytes in all the blocks. It simply deletes the listing in the file table... so the operating system thinks block #293847 (and all the other blocks of foo.jpg) are available. I mean they must be, there's no file in my file table that uses it!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-190084", "score": 0.7226726412773132, "text": "Computer storage is designed to be stable for a long period of time. Some technologies, like flash memory, have a limited number of changes and a long storage life. When you \"delete\" something, the storage is just marked as \"unused\". Actually erasing it is bad for 2 reasons: a) it takes more time, and slow is annoying; and b) it might shorten the life of some storage. When you fill the storage back up again, those storage blocks are filled with something new. Until then, they just sit there with their old information. Recovery programs read through this \"unused\" storage, looking for the patterns that define file structures it recognizes. When it finds storage blocks matching the pattern, it can restore, at least part, of the file. You can get a \"security erase\" program that erases the blocks before it deletes the file, it's just not the default behavior.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-573", "score": 0.7396246194839478, "text": "Basically, when everyone is aware they must be married by 21, people compromise and settle quickly. Some of the prettiest or most socially dominant people in highschool (or equivalent age) would have first pick, then their friends would feel the need to catch up, and so on, until very nearly everyone had someone just because it's not fashionable not to. Imagine if you could only ever sleep with your highschool prom date ever again, and if you didn't have one, that was it, you would have to go become a monk. You would imagine that a lot of people would make do with a decent prom date, and that sometimes people would marry only out of fear of being alone." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-473554", "score": 0.6998165249824524, "text": "I feel that marriage is a very outdated concept for the modern day and age. I understand that technology made communication and information easy. Similarly, it’s also easy to find people to mess around with as well compared to a day n age when phones and finding people to be with was difficult. \n\nHowever, recently I see more and more people looking to hook up and spend time focusing on their happiness versus trying to start a family or her self down. And this varies across various ages ranging from 20 till about 45 (my experiences) while traveling.\n\nPersonally, I think it’s good that they’re focusing on their own interest and pursuing their goals, I also think that hooking up is fine, just be honest. People may have sexual feelings for someone for a few days or weeks, and eventually it will fade out. Then though I have feelings for someone else.\n\nI just think that it’s bullshit how society treats people who are openly honest about not wanting to get married but instead would rather focus on their own personal development and happiness.\nIn today’s day and age, it’s so easy to cheat on someone and people are always checking out others even when they’re dating someone. There’s absolutely no reason to believe that marriage is a concept that needs to be continuously pushed.\n\nEDIT: std argument is weak as Fk.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-112744", "score": 0.6971164345741272, "text": "It's not everywhere and wasn't always. It's just about people going 'that sounds about right' for when most people are emotionally mature enough to handle most adult things and you need a cutoff at some point. Some places it's 16, some it's 21 etc, some places gradually give you more responsibilities as with several cutoff points. A large part is also likely to do with the age you finish school.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1374832", "score": 0.6963533759117126, "text": "Is it genuinely possible to find a long term relationship in college or at least in your early 20's", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-474880", "score": 0.6962612867355347, "text": "I'm surprised people think (mostly my female friends) that because everyone around them is getting in a relationship or getting married that means they have to. Some people are luckier than others and find a partner early, sometimes you need to prioritize other thing's before finding someone. That's ok. People ask me now because I'm turning 28 soon if I'm thinking of marrying my boyfriend in the near future. I'm honestly not sure not because I don't love my boyfriend but because we're both not in a place to think about it. We're both in great programs and won't graduate for a couple years and more focused on being successful in our field. I'm enjoying my time with him and I'm happy for my friends who are getting married. If I get married to him one day it'll be nice, but I dont want to compare myself to other people since I live a different life and have different priorities. \n\nI think it's ok if other people want to get married, but I've also seen people who get depressed because they are not married when everyone else is. I've seen many people get divorced at my age already. Anyways my 2 cents, I think it's unpopular but maybe not.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-204125", "score": 0.696249783039093, "text": "The norm among the upper classes at least up to the late 1800s was arranged marriages. These were unions arranged for economical and political reasons rather than love, and while some couples did find love in these relationships, it was an open secret that you sired children and arranged your affairs with your spouse and found love with a mistress or a lover. The counter-culture against the French revolution (which allowed divorce, among many other things) and the emerging burgeoise rejected both the debauchery of the older upper classes and the sexual liberty of the revolution. The romantic idea of marriage for love as a standard (rather than a sad tale of elopement and perhaps death) came to be during this age and the new burgeoise took to it to distance itself from both the old elite and the revolutionary ideas.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1944430", "score": 0.6944648623466492, "text": "I grew up very conservative for another culture, where people were virgins and married young. My mother was 16 when she got married, and one of my cousins was 18 when she got married two years ago. \n\n\n\nI heavily considered getting married at age 22 to my then boyfriend of two years, but then I went to a four year college as a transfer student, he moved in with me, but it did not work out. Since then I finally did the \"dating\" thing for the first time.\n\n\n\n I am still kind of confused by the sex / fwb/ one night stand culture. What are the norms, expectations? I've tried it a bit, but I have no idea what I am doing, or if I even like it. Or maybe it's my conservative former ideals getting in the way? \n\n\nSome people have had sex with 0-3 people based on Reddit search results, and some over 50 or over 100. That seems like a strange norm to me. What is typical or the median? Is everyone either a virgin or a notch collector? \n\n\nAbout me: \n\nAge 23\n\nFirst kiss age 19\n\nLoss of virginity 19 \n\nSecond ever sex partner age 21 \n\nAnd in the last 8 months I've kissed 21 people, hooked up with 9, had sex with 8. Before that almost nothing. I've had dates from over 40 people mostly from OKC and the like, but most did not lead anywhere.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-474914", "score": 0.6941771507263184, "text": "I feel like a lot of people's lives get shaped in their twenties by meeting someone, marrying, and raising/providing for kids. They're kinda just trying to handle what gets thrown at them in that context of working with a spouse's preferences/needs and the demands of raising kids, based on choices they made by their mid-twenties.\n\nMy long-term goals right now are pretty much limited to my financial goals. I don't know what I'm going to do about my career (that I don't particularly like). I don't know what I'm going to contribute to the world, other than through my career that I don't particularly like. I don't have a clue where I want to see myself 10-20 years from now.\n\nI'm really curious to find out what other people over 30, people who think we're not likely to end up with someone, are planning for the next few decades!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2310653", "score": 0.6938037872314453, "text": "I hate this for so many reasons. First, people change throughout their lives. If you marry someone at 30, you'll both be different at 40. Second, any relationship can break up at any time, even a marriage. That's how relationships are. It's common knowledge and seems incredibly condescending to point out to anyone specific that it could happen to them.\n\nI get that it's annoying to see 15-17-year-olds acting like they'll marry someone when they probably won't, but as long as they aren't hurting anyone, being preyed upon, or having unprotected or illegal (depending on the consent laws where they live) sex, why not just let them be happy teenagers in love instead of shitting all over their parades? This pisses me off even worse when both partners are adults. You can be in college, have a decent job, an apartment, etc. but if you're under 25 or so it seems like there's always that one asshole who gets off on telling you all about how you'll break up.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-474642", "score": 0.6935194730758667, "text": "Basically, the article says that women miss out on finding a good mate because they have high expectations. They postpone settling in their 20s because they want to have a good career, and assume that they'll get an amazing man once they achieve their goals. However, in their 30s they find out that men their age are more interested younger women, and 30+ women may eventually have to settle for a 5, when they could have easily gotten an 8 when they were younger. \n\n", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1943889", "score": 0.6927067637443542, "text": "it is very hard to figure out what you want in life. the truth is i see other people having fun and i dont. i have became very wise and mature as growing up with my experiences. i see how street girls are having fun at parties but i also wish that i lost my virginity. at the same time you have to be careful who you lose it to. maybe people might not find true love. would not blame this but tik tok and megan thee stallion changed this entire generation and now everybody want to copy them. the point is that although waiting for marriage would be sad because teen years are the best age to have sex. why wait when testosterone levels go lower once people reach to there mid 30s. i am not sure if i am asexual or straight. i know i find women attractive but also i am looking signs for a keeper. i think relationships are pretty tough so i would stick to casual dating instead. i dont like wearing condoms which is the fact but passing stds on is very common. i think kids my age are sick when they gangbang and do threesomes with two guys and one girl. i am very confused when it comes to dating, hooking up and relationships. i never had a girlfriend and i am 18 years old. i did not develop feelings for a girl which is why i am a virgin. sure i can get what i want i just wouldn't be serious so i have to stay positive and i act uninterested once they seem to care for me even though i am interested. i never had sex i do not know what it is like i am not sure if i like it or not. i know for a fact i do not have time for relationships because i have a job. i think going to the mall is a best place to meet. start off by asking for their instagrams they do not like small talks. go to the gym and say hey. girls are busy at the gym wearing airpods which makes me think they are uniterested. i definitely need to smoke with a female. genuinley.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-473973", "score": 0.6922107338905334, "text": "Title, when should one start looking for a wife? I'm 18 but I just feel like getting married soon, I don't know why, I feel like showing affection to someone, is it viable at the age range of 18-20?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-53834", "score": 0.691770613193512, "text": "In a lot of Western cultures, feminist movements fought hard for the right for women to be independent and not be defined by marriage. Certainly if you go back even just a few decades ago, women here in the US would be considered odd if they weren't married by their mid-20s too. China has not had this same kind of societal change on a wider scale, so while many young women do not think they need to be married, older generations still pressure them because their beliefs have not changed.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-154875", "score": 0.6912766695022583, "text": "According to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_), the average age for the first marriage in the US is 29 for men and 27 for women. In Germany is 33.3 for men and 30.5 for women. I don't know what accounts for the 3 to 4 year difference (perhaps culture, perhaps there are more tax breaks for married couples in the US, perhaps worse sex education in the US leads to more unexpected pregnancies which leads to earlier marriages), but it's not that typical for Americans to marry in their early 20s. It's not unusual or seen as weird, but not typical.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1374161", "score": 0.6910791397094727, "text": "It seems like people are super excited about dating and having fun in their teens/early 20s. But then once they hit their mid-late 20's, they become super jaded. And in the case of women they become super selective and judgmental and treat dates like job interviews. And if you don't make a certain minimum amount of money, you're SOL. This really pisses me off. I'm almost 27 and I never dated. Because of my lack of experience, I relate a lot more to people in their early 20's. I do not want to get married anytime soon, if at all. I want to experience the fun youthful dating life that everyone else got to have. I REFUSE TO DATE some jaded woman who \"got all the fun out of her system\". If I date a girl, I want her to be excited to date me, who doesn't care how much money I make. I want to really experience that youthful spark.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-472712", "score": 0.6883233785629272, "text": "I just can't wrap my head around this.\n\nThere's so many things WRONG (by my opinion) with getting married at such a young age.\n\n3 of my female classmates got married once they turned 18, and I'm just wondering why in the world would you think you found true love at such an unexperienced stage of your life?\n\nIf they get pregnant too, then that's over for them. They'll have to be stay at home wifes taking care of their kids, and they'll be missing out on their lives. \n\nJesus christ man. It's their life, **I'm not going intervene**, but it just brings me this huge pain that they're GETTING MARRIED at SUCH A YOUNG AGE.\n\nThat's such a huge commitment, and I'm almost certain that making huge commitments when you're still a TEENAGER (eight*teen*, nine*teen*) is not the best idea.\n\nwhat do you think.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-473974", "score": 0.6877954602241516, "text": "Hi, i have had some SO's in the past whom i grew very attached to but every time commitment comes up we get distanced. I want to marry someone asap and do not want to be stuck in a stupid dating game well into my 30's. But I cannot find people who value marriage. What should I do?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1945288", "score": 0.6873092651367188, "text": "Here in the States we do something a bit odd. We take a bunch of intelligent, attractive young adults in the prime of their life and group them together in the guise of education, introduce enough alcohol to drown an Irishman (which is saying something) and quietly go, \"Okay, now fuck\".\n\n\nNow, the system isn't perfect, there's some who get through the cracks (like me, who's neither smart or attractive) but anecdotally it seems to be pretty effective.\n\n\nAs I walk down the street seeing attractive girls and guys walk from bar to bar in the most revealing clothes they own I'm left thinking about where I am in my life. Now, I'm not looking to fuck anyone (personally I want to wait till marriage because of trust issues), but it got me thinking about how I'm literally in a region densely populated with beautiful, intelligent women. I'm also in the prime of my life (which is sad, considering how I look and what I'm doing with my life).\n\n\nIn other words, statistically speaking this is my best chance at forming a relationship with a woman (based on the number of women my age in such a small area, with that age being ideal for dating and forming meaningful relationships). Now, I'm nearing graduation and I feel like I've completely wasted the best opportunity I'll ever have to find love.\n\n\nIdk what the point of this post is, I'm just sort of venting and being sad.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1855580", "score": 0.6871776580810547, "text": "I've heard lots of people saying younger generations started dating earlier and earlier nowadays (13-14). What would be a recommended age to start dating?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-473607", "score": 0.6863629221916199, "text": "?I'm noticing a TON of people around my age (23) are seemingly rushing to get married and/or have kids. Perhaps I don't understand the issue, but what is the big rush? Contrary to popular belief, high school/college is NOT the peak of your life. Your time is now, during the early-mid 20's. GO OUT AND ENJOY IT!\n\nI'm not against marriage or kids at all, but it seems some people have made it their goal in life to get tied down to one person or become a breeder as soon as possible. That's just sad to me.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1373177", "score": 0.685136616230011, "text": "It might be a common question in here but here’s my situation, the ladies are all over me. I am complimented on my looks and features literally ALL THE TIME, always called handsome from the ladies and what not, I dress well, take pride in my grooming, but nothing ever happens. I have a few friends that don’t get as much attention as me, but yet they find themselves in their own relationships, one of them turning out to be long term, then there’s me being all left out. I try my absolute hardest to keep a girl without “simping”, but it still gets me nowhere. I am told by the majority of men my age that it is impossible to find love nowadays, and that they’ve had similar experiences. And I believe it because I see men older than me finding love with lesser effort(late 20s and older, obviously from a different generation however). Is this really the truth? If so what can I do about it?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-574", "score": 0.5609655380249023, "text": "Since the subreddit ban wave (Fatpeople hate ect.) reddit decided she was satan, and never really came back from that. Some people believe she's commercializing reddit and steering it away from its roots. Personally I don't think we have the information to read her character one way or the other." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1622595", "score": 0.5329005122184753, "text": "She always brings up the story about how she was called \"Christkiller\" as an elementary school student by her classmates because she was Jewish. If I mention antiSemitism on the internet or elsewhere she always talks about that. \n\nBut if I mention that I don't want to be alone in cars with Nsis due to events that started when I was a small child, she invalidates me and all but tells me I should forgive and forget because it was in the past. It makes me mad.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2198737", "score": 0.5328971743583679, "text": "It seems everyone hate them, “oh they’re greedy” and other rubbish like that. “They should pay their fair share of taxes” which if was the case a flat tax should make everyone shut up. \n\nWhy call them greedy when you haven’t gotten to that level. I’m sure if you were rich like them, you’d not bitch and moan about it. You’d not make yourself broke by giving it all to the government. \n\nI get some people such as the IRL barbies make money over nothing however most companies started low, they started without much, build themselves out of very little after years of hard work. Why do they have to be vilified for being successful? Why be all pissy and want hand outs just because you want money for not working. They work, and hard at it. Sometimes 60 hours per week, sometimes even more. For the first few years is the hardest. Yet only some persist, and are successful. Why bitch at them over it", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-961891", "score": 0.532859742641449, "text": "We've all got \"haters\", but why? What reason has someone come up with to make you their sworn enemy?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-332380", "score": 0.5327765345573425, "text": "I'll just cut straight to the chase :)\n\nMy Until Dawn episode is being disliked heavily by a single dude who's making multiple accounts or has a bot to do it for him/her. I tried uploading the video many times. Soon as it's uploaded, instant dislike and that will continue for almost every hour. The first upload was 12 dislikes before I pulled it down. I tried ignoring it but my watch time is pretty much non-existent because they are just logging into the first 2seconds and leaving a dislike throughout the day. \n\nThe idea of putting this much work into disliking somebody because of a video game choice is insane to me, but I dunno, it's the internet I guess, lol.\n\nDoes anyone have any advice? I tried pulling it down and leaving it for a week. Didn't work because I just re-uploaded it and instant dislike. I have a vlog uploaded that explains my situation, I might just leave that there and work on something else. \n\nSucks but I'm unsure why this people is so angry. If they left a comment then I could work on fixing something.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1006681", "score": 0.5327164530754089, "text": "For me, Denna (sry to the Denna fans), Felurian, and/or the Maer. I found the Maer's political manipulation and lack of gratefulness incredibly infuriating. I hated Felurian and that whole section of the book. As a being, she is supremely selfish, lacks the most basic empathy, and is infuriatingly coy/mysterious for no clear reason. As a character she is unoriginal, reads as a desperate teen boys fantasy (a supremely attractive woman who's down to fuck any man she comes across, is really good at sex, and is conquered by our main character), adds to the already-overpowered arsenal of Kvothe, and is relatively one-dimensional. Basically she's a killer sex machine without any depth of character or motivation other than sex drive and vanity. Why Denna sucks has been discussed in detail in this sub, though I will admit I found her more tolerable in my second read through and in the first book.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1483638", "score": 0.5326858758926392, "text": "The reason I'm pushing myself here with difficult questions is not just because the Octomom post was downvoted to zero. It's to try to unpack how privileged, educated middle class white women in Amerikkka like me who are not big city rich types are being drawn into and scandalized by sexed up Octomom flasher pictures. How, sociologically speaking, we've created a multi-billion dollar a year Celebrity Worship Culture, the ways we find it acceptable to destroy other women, and our values. Is this disgusting exploitation queen actually creating art? What is the purpose of art? In what ways are her kids harmed by Hillary being an artist perhaps ahead of her time? A painful relic of our sins, internalized misogyny, fear of abusive men, destruction/erasure of POC, our entitlement and obliviousness while we ignore real child molesters and rapists because confronting abusive men like Alec is scary and it's easy to shame a little sexy flasher Mom nobody?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-105885", "score": 0.5326651334762573, "text": "As far as I can tell, the issue is that the advertisement for the Netflix series was made to sound much more controversial and get people talking about the show more than accurately represent what it's about, and a lot of people took offense at what they perceived to be hatred aimed at white people.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2275450", "score": 0.532646119594574, "text": "Looking back, I think COVID reveals a lot of bad stuff about our government and amplifies. The corruption, double standards, inefficiency of civil servants , etc is very evident for many years but COVID certainly amplifies it.\n\nMy question is, will ppl hate PN so badly if we don't have a pandemic crisis in our country? PN corruption might not be so obvious and the hate might not so strong.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1654111", "score": 0.5326056480407715, "text": "Im curious about two things: \n1. Why people hate her so much? \n2. Why is she so damn buggy? \n\nDont get me wrong, i accept every kind of opinions, feel free to express yourself in the comment section, lol. I hate several characters too. \n\n\n1. She has two autoaim attacks, which deals only 400 damage. Thats the main reason? I play Lian, and never feel she is too much or anything, or if im against Lian, she never feels OP or too much. There are much better abilities in this game which cant melt you in 2 seconds, or its almost impossible to avoid. \n2. Why is she so goddamn buggy? I use Eminence for the 800+ damage from the distance, but half of the time, its only casues 800 dmg. Grace misses a lot (great autoaim!), and her second autoaim ability (Valor) sometimes doesnt hit the targets either. There are times when i have to spam Presence to activate, if i press it only once, nothing happens.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2176256", "score": 0.5325920581817627, "text": "She lwft because 6 people had their mikes unmuted and were yelling over her and playing stereotypical indian music. People also sent links to join the class to people who wernt in it and the fucked around aswel.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1486325", "score": 0.5325517654418945, "text": "I don’t know why but it seems like Andy / Bravo / the Production Company are really trying to shove Jen down our throats. I get she is a dramatic person who provides entertainment for RHOSLC but normally the people who bravo put front and centre are fan or group favourites, she is neither. \n\nIt seems like from the get go she was intended to be Queen Bee, with her tagline and all her promotion work prior the show. As a fan base we all thought that Jen would be the breakout star because that’s what Bravo was intending. In the WWHL episode after Season 1 I noticed Andy really focused his attention on Jen and her responses during the games played. At the reunion this theme continued I felt, with Jen leading the toast and not truly being held accountable for her incredible fits of rage.\n\nIt just seems curious, because she certainly is not a group favourite and isolated except for Lisa (who I believe is using Jen for personal advantage next season), and she isn’t likeable or possess the charisma of Bravo usual breakdown stars (Bethenny, LVP, Karen, Nene and Teresa at one point). From what I have seen fans have not taken to her and she is perceived more as an unhinged villain. Heather and Lisa are far more funny and charismatic and received far less attention from Bravo imo. \n\nHas anyone else noticed this or can provide an explanation?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1007370", "score": 0.5325498580932617, "text": "I just don’t understand this. I mean BP wouldn’t be BP if you lose one of them. It’s okay to have a bias and all but why hate on one, two or three members?? I mean if you talk about mistreatment or whatever, hate on the company why hate on the girls?\n\nThese girls have been together for a decade. We don’t know them personally so why would other people make up rumours that the other member is hating on the other one? They know each other best and obviously they love each other as sisters. \n\nI just want the fandoms to unite and support them as a whole. Like Jennie said “There’s no such thing as last or least for us.” You can have your bias but don’t hate on the other members. \n\nBlackpink wouldn’t be Blackpink if there’s no Jisoo or Jennie or Lisa or Rosé. 🙂🙂🙂", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2147334", "score": 0.5324972867965698, "text": "I get that there's already a post somewhat related to this on Circlebroke Prime, but I felt like a separate post was necessary just to compile all the fucking times this has been reposted on this site and show how astronomically bitter Reddit is. Was 2 or 3 threads not enough?\n\nOne\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd another\n\nAnd last but not least, a positive post about her on r/AsianAmerican got brigaded to hell and had to be locked\n\nRegardless of how you feel about her, this is fucking ridiculous. Some of these posts are **from the same fucking subreddit and posted just a few hours apart**.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1634554", "score": 0.5323889851570129, "text": "My family is shia and at family events I’ve heard some of my aunts say how they absolutely hate all Sunni people that they are monsters and scum etc. One of them even distributed a flyer (!) on a wedding saying that Sunni people are the worst people on this planet. I was just perplexed. I mean they’re people, you’re literally hating on random people that you don’t even know.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1500317", "score": 0.53220534324646, "text": "Personally, I don't mind him at all. I know he occasionally spouts some wildly inappropriate comments about other religions or races. However , for the most part I find him to be one of the few figures in mainstream media speaking the truth about the flaws in Americas foreign policy and the dangers of big government.\n\nI ask you (libertarians) simply because I know Reddit as whole hates him (although they never can explain why) but I'm interested if any of you share similar opinions with Mr Beck?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-806897", "score": 0.5321897268295288, "text": "I already asked who everyone’s favorites were so I was also wondering who y’all hate. Personally the sight of Jambette makes me barf she is a s i n", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2309615", "score": 0.5320637226104736, "text": "Those who want to fuck Billie Eilish and those who hate her", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1476558", "score": 0.5320444703102112, "text": "Why is it that people who have trust funds or more broadly have wealthy families are made fun of and hated? I simply don’t understand why this is. If someone’s parents or grandparents work hard and make themselves a good amount of money why do people not like them?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2148422", "score": 0.531989574432373, "text": "Didn't he complain he hates having to constantly do PR, and he spends a lot of time dealing with criticism? \n\nI have minimal knowledge about the community, sorry if I'm misinformed.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1485411", "score": 0.531919538974762, "text": "Regarding the events in Episode 5\n\nWhy does she have to force her values on Yuudai? Why does she drink seven beers by herself and can't control her anger? Why does she insist to Ami that Yuudai did something bad by asking Ami about her work when Ami herself said she was just sensitive about the topic? Why does she talk about Yuudai behind his back and try to get others to think like her? Why isn't her lingerie line in all the stores in the world since she's already 26? I've never been so turned off by anyone on TV!\n\nedit: just saw episode 7 and 8, lol she has no moral authority after that", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-575", "score": 0.6786742210388184, "text": "In a diamond, the carbon atoms are all neatly lined up in a crystaline structure. Photons entering the lattice work from the right angles will pass right through it virtually unimpeded. In graphite and other forms of carbon, the lattice work isn't there, and the atoms are in what you'd call a pile. So photons encounter resistance no matter where they hit it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-266503", "score": 0.6443923711776733, "text": "They do form covalent bonds, but the conductivity comes from the band structures of the solids. The band gap of diamond is too large to allow for conductivity.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-56148", "score": 0.6441071629524231, "text": "Yes, with little effort. Diamond's complex carbon structure makes it extremely hard and can be used to cut other diamonds, steel, and scratch saphire and other gems but it is still a very fragile gem that can be cracked very easily (people break diamond earings all the time)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1588858", "score": 0.6435018181800842, "text": "Remember this bit?\n\nYellow Diamond: \"How is... the Earth?\"\n\nPeridot: \"It's full of... life.\"\n\nYD: (condescendingly) \"Organic life.\"\n\nAnything organic contains carbon. Diamonds are entirely carbon!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-258951", "score": 0.6433581113815308, "text": "Density. The atoms in diamond are very closely packed. O2 in the air is very spread out.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-114722", "score": 0.6426328420639038, "text": "They're made of carbon, just like natural diamonds. The most common process involves large presses that can weigh hundreds of tons to put carbon under tremendous pressure and high temperatures, essentially mimicking the process by which they naturally form. There's also another method called chemical vapor deposition, which creates a carbon plasma over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form a diamond.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-305712", "score": 0.6426159739494324, "text": "Anthracite coal is mainly amorphous (glassy) carbon, but the properties of graphite aren't due to its purity as much as its molecular structure. Amorphous carbon is full of carbon atoms making 4 bonds any which way they can, but graphite has the atoms arranged into sheets made up of a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. If you get a pure enough sample of amorphous carbon and heat it up enough in an inert atmosphere, you will begin to convert it into graphite. This is where naturally occurring graphite comes from. Give carbon enough time, heat, and pressure, and you'll get graphite (or diamond if P and T are really high).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-309314", "score": 0.6422498822212219, "text": "It works mechanically. The graphite molecules stick to the rubber of an eraser, creating a bond stronger than the bond of the paper and mechanically separates the graphite from the paper when pressure is applied.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-307507", "score": 0.6415004730224609, "text": "There are materials harder than diamonds, but most of those are quite specific combinations of elements which are difficult to create or maintain outside a lab. Industrial grade diamonds are cheap and easy to make, so diamonds will remain the go-to material for industrial needs.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-174907", "score": 0.6410133242607117, "text": "Heat in solids is primarily transferred by atoms vibrating the atoms around them. Diamond is significantly closer packed than graphite so an atom vibrating has more of an influence on the atoms around it and therefore heat transfers faster.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-321288", "score": 0.6407909393310547, "text": "Diamond is hard, but it's strength is middling, as other people here say. However, I like my way of describing it better: Imagine there's a wall in front of your of steel. You head-butt the steel. You've got a hard head, and hit it really hard. The steel deforms, but it doesn't break. Steel can deform but not easily break - it is strong but not that hard (relative to diamond). Then, you headbutt a wall of diamond. The diamond wall will shatter, but not deform, because diamonds are hard, not strong.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-243741", "score": 0.640244722366333, "text": "In [this](_URL_0_) image, the dark square in the middle is a one-atom thick layer of carbon.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-81763", "score": 0.639255940914154, "text": "Despite being very *hard*, diamonds will break along planes. Finding those will allow you to \"shear\" them into the shapes you want. It's not easy, though, and requires a delicate hand.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-281028", "score": 0.639154851436615, "text": "Hardness is a substance's resistance to scratching. Try scratching a diamond - you won't have much success with (essentially) everything else. Brittleness or toughness is a substance's resistance (or lack thereof) to impact. This is an entirely different mechanical phenomenon. Diamond resists scratching because it has a very regular, rigid molecular structure of tetrahedral carbon units. To create a scratch groove in the diamond surface you'd have to disrupt this very strong chemical structure. On the other hand, since the structure is so regular, it can typically fracture relatively cleanly - the impact imparts enough energy to break an entire layer of bonds at once, separating one crystal into two new ones. Neither crystal structure has to undergo any real rearrangement - from the atoms' perspective, it's as if a chunk of carbon atoms have simply been pulled cleanly away.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1658270", "score": 0.6390959024429321, "text": "This isn't homework but personal question. How the carbon atoms in graphite satisfy the tetravalence? I know it's sp2 hibridation and it's triangular, but is there a double bound? Or the remaining p orbital keep joined the layers without bound? Idk if is a silly question but I tried to read and understand myself and help is well received", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-275760", "score": 0.6390811800956726, "text": "I think you are talking about a situation where a natural diamond is on the surface of a riverbed. I don't have any answers for you there, but a study in 1993 investigated rain-like erosion properties of diamond. Here is a link to the publication: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-317186", "score": 0.6389095187187195, "text": "See [synthetic diamond](_URL_0_). The first inventor was [Tracy Hall](_URL_1_), who did it with a press.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-294123", "score": 0.6380168795585632, "text": "Glass being transparent isn't about the physical location of the atoms as much as the band structure of the solid. Solids are made up of countless atoms, and their individual atomic orbitals combine, in and out of phase, to make electronic bands. These bands are analogous to the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, with the valence band being lower in energy than the conduction band. The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap. Insulators, like glass have a very large band gap, large enough that visible light cannot interact with the electrons, promoting one to the conduction band. Since these photons aren't absorbed, they pass right through the material. This means that glass isn't transparent to all wavelengths, higher energy UV light is absorbed because it is of sufficient energy to promote electrons.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-5093", "score": 0.6380091309547424, "text": "You know that a cubic zirconia is not an artificial diamond, right? It's just that in jewelry it can be cut to resemble a diamond, even though it doesn't have the exact same properties (eg. lower refractive index).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1659468", "score": 0.6376739740371704, "text": "Q-Carbon is an allatrope of carbon that is harder than naturally-occurring diamond.\n\n> The process uses a high-powered laser pulse, similar to that used in eye surgery, lasting approximately 200 nanoseconds. This raises the temperature of the carbon to approximately 4,000 K (3,700 °C; 6,700 °F) at atmospheric pressure. The resulting liquid is then quenched (rapidly cooled); it is this stage that is the source of the \"Q\" in the material's name. The degree of supercooling below the melting temperature determines the new phase of carbon, whether Q-carbon or diamond. Higher degrees of cooling result in Q-carbon, whereas diamond tends to form when the free energy of the carbon liquid equals that of diamond.\n\nIt seems to me that it could be printed on an SLS printer that had the ability to \"quench\" the material fast enough.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-170122", "score": 0.6376736164093018, "text": "Pencils lay down a thin layer of graphite over top of a mat of wood pulp. Erasers are a slightly sticky, very elastic substance that, when rubbed over the graphite and wood pulp, stretches and contracts, sticking to the graphite, but releasing from the paper. Graphite lifts off anything relatively easily, as it mostly just clings to itself. Erasers get around that by disintegrating as they go over it, causing bits of the graphite to get caught up on the different bits of eraser.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-576", "score": 0.7262994647026062, "text": "Other repetitive patterns, such as loudness of notes, in pop music, bass and snare drum hits are closely synced to the meter. Listen for arpeggios on bass, guitars or pianos that are multiples of the meter. If music is less rhythmic, like just long slow legato notes on violins or synth pads, it will be harder to recognize. There is a less emphasized \"downbeat\" for you to find" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-14393", "score": 0.6896947026252747, "text": "Let's talk about the literal meaning of the words first: \"Iambic\" means to 'have feet' (or, in the case of poetry, rhythm/beat). \"Pentameter\" means 'in measures of 5'. So put them together and you get: \"Measures with 5 feet\". You can think of a 'foot' a bit like a heartbeat: ba-BOM, ba-BOM, ba-BOM, etc. There's a small off-beat, and then the main on-beat. Apply this concept to one of Shakespeare's famous sonnets (I've bolded the 'feet'): When **I** do **count** the **clock** that **tells** the **time**.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-988480", "score": 0.6896581649780273, "text": "Hey everyone, I'm currently scoring an orchestral piece i recently finished, but realized I'm not sure how to notate a tempo in 6/8 time. \nThe piece has a slow 2-count feel to it, so it feels wrong to notate the tempo as \"1/8 note= 164\" would it be better to notate it as \"1/4 note = 82\"? Or is there a better way to do it? So sorry if this question is worded funny.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-740851", "score": 0.6887329816818237, "text": "I came up with the part originally thinking it was in 6/4, but it didn’t sound right when I played it with a metronome. I think it would be counted as 1+2+3+4+5+6++ but I’m not quite sure what the time signature for that would be?\n\nThank you! :)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-183142", "score": 0.688378632068634, "text": "My understanding is that most music is written if 4/4 time (Four beats per bar), so the music (And more specifically, the rhytm) is separated into these 4 pulse units. Since 4 beats are rarely enough to complete a given \"step\", dancers will instead spread each movement over 8 pulses, or two bars. You'll find when practising a Waltz, instructors will count to Three, as waltz movements are quick and the rhytm is set to 3/4 time (3 beats per bar)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1833718", "score": 0.6873952150344849, "text": "How would I go about sensing the beat of my conducting? (Just a traditional arrow pattern)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-822042", "score": 0.6869555711746216, "text": "I'm still a bit confused on how to determine what type of harmonic sequence an example is in and especially how to find the LIP (linear intervallic pattern)\n\nI think I am starting to see how they are labled as 5ths or 3rds but the one type that I can never remember is when the bas goes down by step but holds a common note for a beat (ex. E, D, D, C, B, B, etc.)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-61902", "score": 0.686619758605957, "text": "They describe how many beats are in a measure. 4/4 and 3/4 are the most common. Each 4 is a quarter note, so one beat. 4/4 would be counted 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4. 3/4 would be counted 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3. There are others, like 2/4, or 6/8, which may help in organizing a piece, but to an untrained ear almost everything will sound like 4/4 or 3/4, depending on whether it's counted in groups of 2, 4, or 3.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-143699", "score": 0.6847133040428162, "text": "I'm going to go ahead and assume you're referring to \"time signature\" in music, if not ignore what follows. The time signature in music tells you how many beats there are in a measure. For example; Johnny begins to count to 4 over and over again. Every time he gets to 4 he starts over. \"1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4\". Every time Johnny says \"1\" Bobby claps his hands. In this case the \"time signature\" would be \"four-four time\" usually written \"4/4\". Each number Johnny says aloud is a \"beat\" and each time Bobby claps his hands is the start of a new \"measure\". In 4/4 time there are 4 beats in a measure. In 3/4 time, Johnny would count to 3 and then start over, \"1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 ... etc\". But Bobby still claps his hands every time Johnny says \"1\". In 3/4 time there is three beats in a measure. 4/4 and 3/4 are the simplest time signatures. There are many more, but most of them would be fairly difficult to explain to a 5 year old.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1986306", "score": 0.684368371963501, "text": "Hey guys\nI've been revisiting intervals lately because i realized i didn't understand them as well as I should. I was wondering what the best way to identify specific intervals is. Is it counting out the number of steps in your head, or is there an easier way? Thanks =D!\nEDIT: Sorry I wasn't specific, I meant how to identify intervals on staff or on the fretboard, not through ear training.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-26922", "score": 0.6834689974784851, "text": "Basically, Iambic refers to the the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called \"feet\" - in this case an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Pentameter refers to the fact that this happens 5 times. It basically follows a pattern like this: > da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM Or, to quote one of Shakespears verses: > When I do count the clock that tells the time Which is read like this (with the bold being stressed sylables): > When **I** do **count** the **clock** that **tells** the **time**", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-124292", "score": 0.6831668615341187, "text": "There is a system of pulses in music. In common time (4/4) it goes strong weak medium weak (as in: \"OLD mac-Don-ald | HAD a Farm\"). Any sort of duple time is strong weak (as in: TWINK-le | TWINK-le | LIT-tle | STAR)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-164722", "score": 0.6829711198806763, "text": "There are a bunch of different ways of doing this, but I'll explain the simplest... When it's 'collecting' the sound, it listens for 'beats' and the change between quiet/loud parts. It then measures the amount of time between each beat. It then takes the times between the 'beats', and find which songs have the most similar timing.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2097594", "score": 0.6825138926506042, "text": "Okay, so i've looked at quite a few youtube videos explaining time signatures and i think i've grasped it quite well, however i do have one question still that i couldn't really find the answer to. So here it is:\n\n Say for example, the time signature is 4/4, from what i understand, this means that the first 4 (the top number) is the number of beats per bar, and the second 4 (the bottom number) represents how long the beat should be held for, in this case, each note is a quarter note, (if i'm already wrong which i hope i'm not, please correct me lol). And so this would sound like 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 etc etc. Now with a 2/4 time signature i assume it would go like 1,2 1,2 1,2 etc. But i fail to see how this is different to the 4/4, as in of course the number of beats per BAR is different, but would this actually SOUND different? as surely two bars in 2/4 would sound identical to one bar in 4/4? I would do a TL;DR but i really can't shorten this anymore than i already have. Any help from someone who knows what they're talking about would he HUGELY appreciated.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-806824", "score": 0.6824691891670227, "text": "Not sure but im counting the beats as \n\n1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 | 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2\n\nSeems like a common beat but I can’t wrap my head around it", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1984723", "score": 0.6822486519813538, "text": "I remember a link being posted here about a website which was basically a normal metronome, but you had the option to make it turn itself off after a few bars, then it would turn itself on again. That way you could check how good your rythm was and if you were rushing or going too slow.\n\nThanks :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2383462", "score": 0.6816267371177673, "text": "That's my first question, the second is, how can i then get the pattern length in the playlist to match the end of that note. I'm working with alot of samples, and since the sample never seems to match a certain bpm for me, i just end up linking patterns by event. That works good until you need to turn a sample into a piano roll note.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-133654", "score": 0.6814311146736145, "text": "So, obviously there's quite a bit of speculative theory going on here, but let me throw out one approach that I heard at music school and that made sense to me. Beat patterns are usually about 'strong-vs-weak', or 'call-and-respons'. For example, complex meters like 7/8 or 5/4 are usually broken up (for example, into S-w-w-w-S-w-w for 7/8, or S-w-w-S-w for 5/4). Now, 4/4, is actually a simple *fractal* version of this feeling. It can be seen as being two sets (a strong set, followed by a weak set) of two beats (a strong beat, followed by a weak beat). This makes it nicely symmetrical, which we usually associate with stability and comfort (that's why 3/4, 5/4, and 7/8 beats often feel driving, energized, or \"off-kilter\", a little).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1606443", "score": 0.681294858455658, "text": "I’ve transposed the key to the c major scale and I’m doing that for songs now so that I get better at recognizing intervals but how did you learn to recognize these intervals like just when you’re listening to music? you tubers act like this is so easy.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2058471", "score": 0.679269015789032, "text": "is there an easier way to time songs with inconsistent bpm other that manually going through every beat and ajusting the bpm", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2797550", "score": 0.6792649626731873, "text": "Hi there,\n\nI understand that:\n\n9/8: 9 notes per bar, split into eighth notes\n\n3/4: 3 notes per bar, split into quarter notes\n\nBut couldn't a song in 3/4, or a section of it, be written with in 9/8? Or is the point that, if the pulse changed, the time signature would change? What about an atonal / arhythmic song without a pulse or a varying pulse ... do time signatures ever change within a piece, or are rhythms tend to be written with the pulse explicitly spelled out if it doesn't adhere to the time signature?\n\nI'm not particularly up on music theory, so be gentle with me if this is a dumb question! I'm just very curious about time signatures.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-577", "score": 0.7950541973114014, "text": "That is just what happens when you cram a bunch of circles together. Bees make circular/cylindrical containers for their honey and eggs, since those have the most volume to wall material ratio. When these are all smushed together you get hexagons." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-283248", "score": 0.7529717087745667, "text": "Look at bubbles. When you get a lot of bubbles together in a sink (but only 1 layer thick) you'll see that they pack into hexagons. That fundamental \"rule\" is what drives both the hexagonal packing of honeycomb cells and the compound eyes of the bees, and so many other things in nature. Many circles packed as closely together as possible - > Hexagons.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-291675", "score": 0.7414692640304565, "text": "/u/NeonNintendo wrote a good answer, but there's one key thing to add. If you really look closely at the cells of the wax comb, the interiors are actually rounded. As bees build the cells from the inside, they are making them round; but as many bees work together to make cells right next to each other, the cells press against one another and the wax stays very warm, so that the exteriors naturally take on a hexagonal shape--the shape that allows them to fit together best.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-311266", "score": 0.7394316792488098, "text": "Honeycombs are organized in hexagons [because that the natural shape circles form under surface tension from all sides](_URL_0_). Soap bubbles end up forming [octahedrons](_URL_1_) in 3 dimensions for the same reason. Its not about efficiency its about physics. The bees actually build circular cells.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-192255", "score": 0.7264872193336487, "text": "All cells start out circular when the bee draws it out with her wax. Once it has been joined with an adjacent circular cell, the wax is heated and it melts into a flattened shape, becoming hexagonal. [Study done on this subject](_URL_0_) The cells on the open edges of honeycomb are rounded. I'm a beekeeper and a while back, I wondered about this too.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-262991", "score": 0.7239212393760681, "text": "Imagine some flat, thin pieces of wood, like paint stirrers. Now imagine that you have 3 of them, all connected to each other at the ends with hinges. You also have another 4 sided assembly like this, and another 6 sided one. The 3 sided one would be the only one able to keep its exact shape if pressure is put on it. Hexagons are often found in nature because they are the only regular polygon that can fit together, overlapping for strength, in pairs of 3. A 4 sided shape would meet 4 to a corner, but are used as the cell structure in plants overlapping like bricks. For larger structures, the lattice of a hexagon is stronger because it meets in pairs of 3, connected at 3 sides, bringing us back to the triangle thing.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-64336", "score": 0.7232531905174255, "text": "They make the cells in circles. It just so happens that the closest *packing order* (this is a neat thing to look up) for circles is hexagons, so the walls deflect. If you get a chance to see a beehive with clear sides, you can see this. The cells on the edges are round where they aren't next to anything.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-278921", "score": 0.718785285949707, "text": "Hexagons represent the shape with the lowest possible energy when nested / packed. If you imagine a soap bubble, it pulls itself into a sphere for the same reason - the sphere is the least possible surface area which contains the maximum volume - the lowest energy shape. If you subsequently nest soap bubbles together, the membranes between cells pull themselves into straight walls forming hexagons, as this is the lowest energy configuration. Similarly, this is why bees evolved to construct honeycomb cells in their hives. The close packed hexagons use the least amount of wax in their construction than any other possible shape, conserving energy.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-179182", "score": 0.7168666124343872, "text": "It's all geometry. Assuming equal radii between all circles, if you place them in a way that they don't intersect but touch each other at exactly one point (tessellating) and you start with just 3 circles, those circles form a triangle shape. If you connect the centerpoints of those circles, it forms an equilateral triangle (equal length sides, each corner is 60°). So if you continue placing circles the same way around that center circle, you can do that a total of 6 times because 360°/60°=6. A hexagon has 6 sides. Hope this helps.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1034322", "score": 0.7138058543205261, "text": "The hexagon is a pretty common shape in nature, with slime moulds, bee hives, crystal close packed structures, etc. almost as common as the natural logarithm. Why?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-42921", "score": 0.711507260799408, "text": "The hexagon is a very spatially efficient shape which uses less material. Try this experiment: wash your hands with soap, and spread the lather out on a flat surface. The bubbles will spontaneously acquire hexagon-like shapes and arrange themselves neatly. You see the same patterns in basalt columns and mudcracks because it fills the space using little energy.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-120499", "score": 0.7113583087921143, "text": "It's actually a mathematical principle known as the [honeycomb conjecture](_URL_0_). Basically, a repeating hexagonal pattern is the most efficient way to divide a plane into regions of regular area using the least amount of material.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-169193", "score": 0.7090110778808594, "text": "Honey is simply nectar modified (primarily regurgitated and dried) by the bees to be used as a non-spoiling food source. Honeycomb is made of beeswax, which is secreted by glands on the abdomen of the workers. the wax is then formed into the comb. there are a couple different theories as to the hexagonal shape, but its really not known for certain. pretty much the answer is \"because it happens that way\" *shrugs * small cell comb is used for honey storage and workers, large cell comb is for drones, and specialized cells are made for queens.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-265575", "score": 0.6964417695999146, "text": "The hexagon pattern is the most efficient way to tesselate a surface using the minimum amount of material for the dividers. That efficiency is why it's found in honeycombs and such. A triangular tesselation is less *efficient*, but it is *stronger*. As a simple proof, any hexagon can be divided into six triangles by adding three cross-braces. These braces use additional material, so we know that pattern is less *efficient*. However, they add additional support between the connected vertices, so we know it's *stronger*. With larger structures, the added stability is more important than the decrease in material efficiency.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2061860", "score": 0.6956152319908142, "text": "First, I know it can't be done with regular hexagons, but how would I come to the formula to know what the angle of the hexagons would have to be given a specific number of hexagons?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-318105", "score": 0.6903589367866516, "text": "Because combs when built are actual packed circles, but due to surface tension at the joints, get pulled into hexagonal shapes. If you pack a bunch of circles, the centers don't line up with the centers of square or triangles when tessellated. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-8003", "score": 0.6885826587677002, "text": "Ease of design, mostly. If you stack 7 circles in as close a shape possible, you get an hexagon with 2 on top, 3 in the middle, and 2 at the bottom. Use the centre as a rotating part, and you get 6 holes in a symmetrical way, without having to do weird complicated math.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-281246", "score": 0.683899462223053, "text": "It is a purely geometric problem. The fewest number of vertices that can make an enclosed polygon is three. If you have a series of identical circles, each representing a vertex, then the distance between the vertices will be 2R, where R is the radius of a single of the objects. A triangle with three identical side lengths must be an equilateral triangle - 60 degrees to each angle. And equilateral triangles naturally fit into a haxagon when they share vertices/sides. So really, the issue is that the circles form equilateral triangles because they have equal side lengths, and a hexagon is a consequence of that.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-139551", "score": 0.6820228099822998, "text": "Maximum internal volume with minimum length of wall. EDIT: For example: If honeycombe was made up of lots of little square wells, the bee's would require more wax walls to hold the same volume as hexagonal honeycombe. The same is true for all other interlocking geometric shapes. Hexagonal honeycombes achieve optimum honey-well volume to wax wall length ratio..", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-144806", "score": 0.6801153421401978, "text": "Because hexagons are the most efficient shape that can be arranged with no space in-between them. Using squares would require more materials for the wall, and although circles are the most efficient possible shape, space is lost between them. This phenomenon appears a lot in nature, although my favourite is tiling in bubbles, like the attached picture. Here there isn’t even a consciousness behind it, it’s just the best possible way to align things. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-182550", "score": 0.6722664833068848, "text": "Well, I'm not a bee doctor but I love nature shows. They puke it up. Bees are able to process nectar into a few forms. One of those forms is beeswax. They make it extra thick and sticky, and it becomes a structural element. They basically digest it and spew out the wax into honeycombs. Yep, it's spit up and formed by worker bees. They often do this inside of or attached to more permanent structures. Eaves of houses, tree trunks, anything stable. Just like wasps are able to process wood fibers into paper for their nests. They also make honey by passing it from bee to bee, each digesting it a little more, until it's honey and they store it inside the wax combs. How their bodies do that? Dunno.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-578", "score": 0.681823194026947, "text": "It's just a very, very rare form of cancer so it's not heavily talked about. _URL_0_ Apparently the drummer of Kiss died from it, though." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-207682", "score": 0.6477254629135132, "text": "As a follow-up, I have read that lung cancer was extremely rare prior to the twentieth century. In light of the King's observation on the state of dead smokers' lungs (in 1604), is the infrequency of lung cancer definitively known, or is it a case of the medical profession not recognizing it for a long time?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-41435", "score": 0.6476558446884155, "text": "They often do. It's fairly common to have a breast, lung, prostate or other survivable part removed. The problem is that the cancer isn't always discovered before it has spread to other parts of the body. Removing the tumor may still leave some cancerous cells behind.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1997481", "score": 0.6467960476875305, "text": "40F, white\nI have health anxiety and silent reflux. I am currently taking vitamins only.\n\nFor over a month I have had a weird feeling like something is stuck in my heart. I don't think it is from the reflux as it is where my heart is, not in the center. \nIt is very dull. Most of the time it feels like something is in my heart. Sometimes it moves, but is always in the same general area.\n\nApproximately one month ago I went to the ER because of it and had the following tests:\n\n2 EKGs \nX-Ray \nCT Scan with contrast. \n\nI have had a lot of CBCs and other blood tests this year. All normal besides slightly elevated MCV. \n\nAll came back clear. ER doctor told me I should have a mammogram because the breast is so close to the heart.\nMammogram came back clear.\n\nI have Googled this and can't find anything similar. I do sometimes get weird feelings in my left arm. It doesn't get better, or worse, with the position of my body. Exercise doesn't make it worse (I run and do other cardio). \n\nJust hoping for some kind of answer here. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-309218", "score": 0.6464532613754272, "text": "I don't have the evidence you're looking for, but the things you should keep in mind: 1. Diagnosis is improving by the day, and we're catching cancers much earlier than we used to. 2. Of these cancers, it's not a certainty that most of them would develop into being problematic. I've been told that when autopsies are done on elderly folk, multiple benign cancer growths can be found. 3. Some cancers are inextricably linked to certain environmental cues. The best example is smoking and lung cancer. The most prevalent one today would probably be skin cancer, which is a direct response to our sun's rays. Probably the most interesting one to investigate would be how our changing diets (high in refined sugars and other carbs) are impacting cancer incidence rates.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-192032", "score": 0.646022617816925, "text": "Usually this is because your heart is simply put, just beating faster because you were doing something that required your heart to increase in speed to keep the blood flow through your body to keep up with whatever is happening around you. For example, short runs up your stairs, maybe picking up a heavy object that requires some extra blood flow to be needed or an emotional reaction like being scared, a surge of adrenaline, anxiety or something shocking. Nothing to be concerned about often are common and don’t mean there’s underlying heart disease just a heart being a heart.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-171808", "score": 0.6459687948226929, "text": "100 years ago, you didn't die of cancer. You died of \"the sick\". Some unknown illness. You don't see lung cancer, organ tumors, lukemia, ovarian, etcetc when you examine a patient externally.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-142653", "score": 0.6456798911094666, "text": "Certain cancers are far more common, particularly given certain factors like age, gender, and family history. Many of these common cancers are also fairly asymptomatic until they get to the point where they are much more dangerous/difficult to treat", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-117822", "score": 0.6452231407165527, "text": "Not really. usually heart diseases are caused by obstructions of the coronary arteries or other blood vessel as well, but mainly the coronary arteries. if your diet is very rich in certain kind of fat (saturated fat and cholesterol) and very low in other better fats (unsaturated ones) you are in danger *because* it can cause obstruction of the coronary arteries but it can be not related to \"obesity\" at all. My mother for example did have high cholesterol but she was absolutely normal in term of weight and her calories intake was normal. Of course if one is obese *by definition* has an inadequate intake of fat/cholesterol/calories and is in danger of heart diseases.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-276014", "score": 0.6450322866439819, "text": "MrTapir has it. To expand, some conditions, for instance von Hippel Lindau or tuberous sclerosis produce benign tumors and also put you at risk for cancers. Many others, for instance neurofibromatosis, uterine fibroids, or neuromas, have a very small risk of cancer. These risks, however, are never 0. The short is that cell division creates mistakes (mutations). Mutations can lead to cancer. Therefore, while many benign tumors do not have a higher risk of cancer, there's more tissue and more cell division so there is still more risk than the non-tumor that it is sitting right next to. However, this risk is probably pretty close to 0 unless you have a bunch of these growths. So have \"a benign tumor\" (as per the OP) probably doesn't put you at a significantly increased risk. But some benign tumors may be indicative of a cancer-prone syndrome. Usually these aren't solitary tumors though (think of genital warts and HPV as an easy example).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-64875", "score": 0.6450207829475403, "text": "Organs from cancer patients are often automatically set as unusable for transplant. So it is somewhat rare that it would happen, but if it did happen it would spread quickly due to the anti-rejection drugs suppressing the immune system of the person getting a transplant.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-64252", "score": 0.6441994905471802, "text": "They don't, not really. Most people have never had a heart attack, they can only imagine what they symptoms are. When they have shortness of breath and a constricted feeling in the chest, they *think* that must be what a heart attack is like.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1758764", "score": 0.643864631652832, "text": "My friend had a heart attack at the age of 42. He explained to me recently that he neglected the warning signs for about a month, and then it happened.\n\nI've experienced all sorts of left arm pain, chest fluttering and cramping in the left shoulder in my many years of anxiety. I consider myself very self-aware. I knew it was nothing.\n\nBut lately it's been eerily consistent. I'm in a constant state of low-grade anxiety, with subtle warning signs of an oncoming heart attack. I passed the EKG no problem, so back to square one.\n\nAnxiety? Or should the doctors be notified (again)?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-316264", "score": 0.6437243223190308, "text": "Two factors make it seem more prevalent today. We are much better at detecting cancer, especially less apparent ones that don't form obvious masses. Secondly, people are less likely to die from other things. Cancer is pretty much inevitable if you live long enough, so if you aren't dying from infectious diseases, accidents, etc. there's a good chance it'll be what finally gets you.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-543098", "score": 0.6436489224433899, "text": "I have nothing against raising awareness of breast cancer. It just seems weird to me that it gets so much more publicity than everything else. There are marathons, and ribbons, and commercials, and just a ton of different things devoted to it. Whereas other diseases don't get nearly as much attention. Is there any particular reason for this? Is it just that people like breasts?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1998131", "score": 0.6431160569190979, "text": "It’s my lungs. \n\nI’m honestly not surprised. I had clotting issues when I was younger and have had nearly 30 ct scans of my chest. Talk about a lot of radiation. Also I’m a smoker. Which I know, terrible and I need to quit. \n\nI’ve been through some shit in this lifetime. I always thought I wasn’t afraid of death. I’ve never cared about myself enough to be worried about dying. Or cancer. \n\nDoc found some nodules on an X-ray. I had the xray because of pleurisy, in a different location of my chest than the nodules. So, we’re treating the pleurisy with a steroid and we’ll check on the nodules in a month to see if they’ve grown (potentially cancer) or if they go away. \n\nI’ve got kids, 15yr, 10yr, 9yr. This isn’t a cancer diagnosis but, it’s fucking scary. I don’t know if I should tell anybody or if I should just keep it to myself for the next month. \n\nI’m engaged to be married. My wedding was postponed because of covid. \n\nI don’t want to leave my kids or my fiancé. I know I won’t tell my kids anything until I know for sure. I don’t know if I want my fiancé worrying about this, I feel like it could be an excess of burden. He already has such a full plate. He is so good to me. \n\nI don’t know what to do or think right now. \nExcept that I need to quit smoking and hope it’s soon enough. \n\nI’m scared.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-272108", "score": 0.6430656313896179, "text": "No, a study was conducted in December which showed that just being overweight brings a higher risk of cardiovascular issues, with other conditions being untested. _URL_0_ I'm having trouble finding the actual original data but it's repeated quite a lot over various news sites and blogs, basically 60,000 people were studied over 10 years, and even obese people with healthy cholesterol/BP/sugar levels were still at greater risk of heart disease.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-160704", "score": 0.6430336236953735, "text": "Because smoking isn't a 100% guarentee of getting cancer, it only increases your chance. You can smoke a pack a day your entire life and not get cancer.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-296880", "score": 0.6421689987182617, "text": "The thing about the emergent popularity of cancer is that it's not about our diets and lifestyles. Sure, they don't help, but the reason we're finding so many cancers is for two main reasons: 1. We're living long enough to develop them (accumulated wear and tear to our DNA) 2. We're actively looking for them. A lot of people will develop small tumorous growths that become benign without ever imposing harm. It's not a recent issue. Though the pro-inflammatory effects of our diets don't help either.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-296355", "score": 0.6421316862106323, "text": "I did not know of any instances of cancers being transmitted between humans.... Until I looked up something for this post, *However,* I did know of [this](_URL_0_) and [this](_URL_2_), both transmissible cancers in animals called [Parasitic Cancers](_URL_1_), which has a list of instances of cancers that have jumped hosts, so to speak. So, thank you. I learned something new today.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2500507", "score": 0.6418688893318176, "text": "Evidence suggests that vegan diets prevent heart disease and cancer. What do vegans die of then? \\(statistically speaking\\)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-579", "score": 0.7353387475013733, "text": "This is how I've been told to think about it: it's not that the power plug is PUSHING power out to the device, it's that the device battery is PULLING power from the plug. When the battery is 'full', it stops PULLING thereby eliminating any further flow of electrons. Can anyone confirm?" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-21035", "score": 0.6984241604804993, "text": "No, it actually prolongs the life of the battery. Once the battery is full, the charge circuit will cut power to it and not charge it again until the battery voltage drops by some amount. However, while your phone is plugged in, modern phones will not draw any power from the battery and rely purely on the external power. This basically means your battery is not being drained for those remaining hours. Battery lifespans are typically measured in the number of full charge-discharge cycles, so by keeping your phone on charge for a few extra hours a day, you're saving those hours from the lifespan of the battery.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-279237", "score": 0.6973453164100647, "text": "It's because inside is some circuitry to convert alternating currently, the current time that comes from power stations to direct current, the current that is used to charge your phone and such. In that circuitry are capacitors which hold onto voltage. So after you unplug, the capacitors discharge the voltage through the circuitry which makes the LED stay on for a second or two.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2243785", "score": 0.6972959637641907, "text": "I was just wondering, because mine seems to full charge in 20-25 minutes when it reaches \"red\"...which is awesome.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-283895", "score": 0.6956598162651062, "text": "Every time you charge the battery you lose power, as compared to just powering the laptop off mains power. You lose energy rectifying the power into a usable DC voltage. (Of course you lose that power no matter what because you do that when your laptop's plugged in.) BUT BUT BUT You also lose energy going into the battery, (you can tell, 'cuz the battery gets warm). And you also lose energy going *out* of the battery, (you can tell, 'cuz the battery gets warm, again). Staying plugged in and not using your battery is vastly more efficient.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1731", "score": 0.6954536437988281, "text": "It is dissipated as heat. When an electric device fails to \"use\" more energy, generally it's because resistance is increasing -- often by design. Pumping more electricity through resistors causes them to turn it into heat, which then goes out into the atmosphere.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-99406", "score": 0.6954364776611328, "text": "It might. The transformers in chargers (used to change voltage) sometimes use energy without being plugged into their device; this energy is wasted and discharged as heat. There's an easy test: feel the transformer. If it's not warm, then any energy waste is minimal.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-22503", "score": 0.6952688694000244, "text": "Many electronics use capacitors which work like mini batteries. Capacitors hold a charge and can take a few seconds to fully discharge. If you unplug and plug something in right away, the power never stops flowing so it never actually turns off.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-875926", "score": 0.6950262784957886, "text": "I had an actual computer my whole life and now I got a laptop for college so I'm not sure if it's actually supposed to say all the time that it's fully charged. I play games quite often so I don't know if that drains the battery more than it charges.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-169372", "score": 0.6949127316474915, "text": "The charger has a circuit through which an AC current passes. When AC passes through a circuit it generates a magnetic field. If the frequency of the current is close to the resonating frequency of the phone's charging circuit the magnetic field will generate a current in it. The wireless transfer rapidly decreases with distance, so for maximum power transfer the phone should be as close as possible, and the charger should work with a frequency as close as possible to the phone's charging circuit. A funny video explaining this by [ElectroBOOM](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-251062", "score": 0.6946769952774048, "text": "What they are saying is that some of the energy is coming from heat. The device isn't putting out more than it takes in when all sources of power are combined; it takes a little bit of heat from the environment as well as the electrical energy.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2012807", "score": 0.6945705413818359, "text": "Cars powered by gas are small generators. I can plug my phone in and it charges, the car battery charges while the engine runs. Is there excess, usable energy that's being lost as the engine runs that could possibly be stored or used otherwise?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-805133", "score": 0.6944705247879028, "text": "I've noticed that my phone charges way faster when connected to the wall compared to when I charge it with the USB cable via my computer. Is there a way to increase the power the USB port can output to make my phone charge faster if that makes any sense?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-138175", "score": 0.6943585872650146, "text": "Yes it does. The charger isn't off, it's still draining power from the wall outlet. Part of the voltage transformer is still active. The USB connection sensor circuit is still active.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-119792", "score": 0.6942235231399536, "text": "There's a circuit in the phone which monitors the battery voltage. When it reaches the goal, it cuts off charging any more.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-174083", "score": 0.693873405456543, "text": "The charger base makes a varying electromagnetic field. A coil in the phone, or plugged into the phone, absorbs this electrical energy and produces voltage. The phone's battery charging circuit uses this voltage to fill up the battery.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-183999", "score": 0.693818986415863, "text": "Most phones are powered through the battery, even if it's plugged in, so if the battery is completely dead it need some charge before the phone will stay on. Laptops are usually powered straight from the cord and charge the battery on the side. Most laptops you can remove the battery and still function. Most phones will not be able to do this.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-75562", "score": 0.6933357119560242, "text": "Capacitors. The charger contains capacitors, which you can think of as being a bit like batteries (they're different in important ways, but the point is they store electrical energy). It uses them for things like smoothing over any irregularities in the mains power supply. When you disconnect mains power, the capacitors are still charged, and the status light runs on that charge. Eventually it uses it up, and the light fades out. Try turning off the charger while a device is still connected, as though to charge: you'll see that the light goes out much faster because the stored energy has somewhere to go beyond keeping the little light on.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-157213", "score": 0.693202018737793, "text": "Batteries work on chemical reactions. When they due the reaction is going too slow to maintain current. Leaving the phone off allows time for the slower reaction to build up a bit. You end up with a temporary boost.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-294034", "score": 0.6929311156272888, "text": "There is a lot of different things going on. Devices which charge from USB get up to 500mA as a basic source. The device can negotiate for more current by asking for it. From an electronic design standpoint, it is more effort to put that into a design that normally doesn't communicate with a computer. For a wall wart charger, you can simply supply as much current as the device will take. What the device does with the current and how the battery charging is controlled by the device is a different matter.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-22531", "score": 0.6919560432434082, "text": "Passthrough. When plugged in your laptop uses the power provided from the plug and the excess power charges the battery. Your cellphone uses the power from the battery and when plugged in the power goes to the battery first.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-580", "score": 0.806210458278656, "text": "It is herd mentality. I nature it goes like \"everyone else is terrified and running away so I should also be terrified and running away\". There for in an angry mob everyone around you is angry, shouting and swearing ect so subconsciously you also feel you should be doing just this. Such mentality, as you called it, causes angry crowds to do things that individuals wouldn't and riots emerge." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-43132", "score": 0.7503448128700256, "text": "Mob mentality really. Having been to a few sporting celebrations that turned ugly quickly, you have a large group of elated and usually intoxicated people who are having an anxiety release/ celebration. When this happens, people are highly suggestible to act according to those around them. Usually what happens is one or two people nearby escalate the problem by doing something reckless. (My experience was a beer bottle being thrown at a cop on horseback trying to maintain order). Once this happens, all hell brakes loose. People are not thinking, but rather acting irrationally on impulse because everyone around them is as well.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-17906", "score": 0.749981164932251, "text": "I'll take the down vote, but I've read a lot about this. People emulate others around them. The temperament and emotions of a group of people transmit easily because of an individual's need to fit in. If you take a very confident person and throw them in a mob, the confident person, who does not rely on the emotions of others, will not be affected by the \"mob\" mentality. Think of sports events: only reason why you're cheering is because you have money riding on the outcome, or other people are doing it and you don't want to feel like the odd person out. This is really a loaded question, though.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-15151", "score": 0.7256726026535034, "text": "The psychological influence of anonymity. People tend to think and behave differently when they believe there are no likely consequences from that because no one knows who they are. This also relates to what's considered 'mob behavior'. In a mob you become anonymous--like any animal in a school or herd--and subject to a collective tide of emotion in the group. Anonymity is both the greatest virtue and greatest curse of the Internet. Some architects refuse to design buildings over four storeys high because they fear that the sense of anonymity created by looking out windows and seeing people as masses of tiny creatures on the streets below can encourage a sociopathic mindset.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-131241", "score": 0.7231331467628479, "text": "Dangers: civil logical people become less so as tensions build causing people to do things they never normally would if on their own. The perpetuation of emotional response overshadows logical reason and herd mentality forced people to follow before fully evaluating the situation. Warning signs: there's a mob. But seriously, anytime there is a large group of people together you have the chance of mob mentality taking over; the less organized and more emotionally charged the reason for gathering the more likely that the situation devolved into a mob. Signs of aggression within the group whether it be changing of general attitude from calm and defiant to rowdy and angry are a good first indicator that things are likely to get worse. Fighting within the group either against themselves or those not in the group, generally starting with words and yelling is a huge second indicator that you probably should find the exit. Tear gas is a good indicator that things went too far somewhere along the way.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-72609", "score": 0.7220732569694519, "text": "It's similar to the reason we shitpost on the Internet. Being part of a mob gives people a partial sense of anonymity, allowing them to drop their inhibitions and behave with less fear of being held accountable.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-107758", "score": 0.7103845477104187, "text": "Because you're dealing with mass psychology. It's always hard to predict how a big group will react to certain things and interact with itself", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-159", "score": 0.7092581987380981, "text": "Human nature to belong and conform to social groups, empathy, and natural fear of exclusion. It's kind of instinctual, that's why the weak minded are susceptible to group mentality. Case in point: Reddit.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-89876", "score": 0.7033069729804993, "text": "This phenomenon is common but hasn't been studied very much by scientists yet. To state it simply, however, most humans have a built-in capacity to become \"unified\" and motivated when in a large crowd so we can act together as an army, if needed. The effect seems to be magnified by music. This psychological phenomenon is harmless or even pleasurable at sports games and music concerts. It can cause problems during riots, where people no longer feel individually responsible for their part in the violence of the crowd. [Here is more information about this phenomenon](_URL_0_), which is called \"deindividuation\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-155833", "score": 0.6980119943618774, "text": "Emergent norm theory is a way of explaining crowd behaviour and why people in a crowd act collectively. When a crowd forms, people interact with one another and create the social norms for the crowd. People look at each other for social cues - what to do, how to act - and get this idea of mob mentality like 'if everyone is doing it, i'll do it too'. So for example, a crowd is peacefully protesting labor rights. A couple people in the crowd starts getting rowdy, yelling, cursing, etc. Other people see this behaviour as acceptable and joins in with the shouting. Soon, the whole crowd is rowdy because this is now the norm for them. It doesn't just have to be violent behaviour, the norms created can be positive depending on the interactions between the individuals.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-144157", "score": 0.6947926878929138, "text": "A sociological phenomenon called collective effervescence explains such behavior. People experience collective emotions when they come together in groups that are organized around a single cause, like religious service, a social movement protest, or a boy band. Emotions experienced collectively lack the sort of behavioral social controls of individually experienced emotions. Concert goers attribute responsibility for their behavior to the crowd rather than to their person. This allows all sorts of behaviors that otherwise rational people would not engage in individually to arise in conducive collective social settings.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-134800", "score": 0.6878671050071716, "text": "Have you ever seen a swarm of birds, fish, insects, really any massive group of animals? They function as one at least somewhat cohesive unit. Humans are highly social apes, and when we \"swarm\" we also act as one group. You are \"hardwired\" to develop a compulsion to act as part of a group. Ever been in a large crowd at a concert, sports event, any other event, they start chanting and you get the urge to join in? That's the impulse, it's an evolutionary mechanism to make you function as a member of a group. If you have a group of monkeys or apes and one starts acting up, it is contagious and will work up all the other primates in the group in some capacity. We are apes, primates, and animals, subject to these same instincts.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-53548", "score": 0.6858001351356506, "text": "As has been said, when you join a large crowd you can lose your sense of self, your identity. You essentially become part of the machine rather than retaining individuality. People see crowds riot and destroy and do stupid things and judge them on an individual basis, however, many of these people would find the behaviour just as abhorrent as you had they not been apart of the group. Source (Psych Major) I realise this is ELI5 but here are some sources: _URL_2_ _URL_3_ _URL_4_ With all that being said, there are arguments against the role deindividualisation plays in group dynamics and behaviour: _URL_0_ If you're interested, use [google scholar](_URL_1_) and search \"Deindividualisation in crowds\" and other things along those lines", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-242116", "score": 0.6844781637191772, "text": "> Why do kids **group up** Herd mentality: _URL_0_ > to mock and make fun of other people Why people bully is an incredibly complex question. Outside of the convenience of herd mentality, much of the reasoning is personal. _URL_1_ > typically their teachers and their peers? I disagree with the assumption this part of the question makes, but let's pretend it's true that kids mostly pick on peers or teachers. These are one of the largest populations that kids will interact with on a daily basis. It's just statistically likely that ANY person a kid interacts with falls into this category. It follows that this group would be statistically most likely to be the target or aggression such as picking on someone.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2660892", "score": 0.6838349103927612, "text": "I have a mob mentality in my class where one student's complaints dominate everything. It has ruined my class. I've talked to her parents, her individually in the hallway, the principal, and an administrator. I need help in mitigating the damage she's done.\n\nShe actively complains about hating the subject I teach, she argues and complains all of the time, and other students start to echo her complaints. I've talked to her individually, tried avoiding and ignoring her, and I feel like she's rallied other students against me.\n\nShe even complains and argues over facts! She insisted that I told the class the wrong date for an upcoming test (I didn't). I put the responsibility back on her to see if she wrote it down, checked my website, etc. She has gotten everyone in my class begging for a study guide, even though I've told them over and over again other resources (quizlet, reviewing in class material, looking up topics in the textbook). I have a study guide for them, but she and others act like this is the only thing to help them study that I provide.\n\nI'm just fucking tired of this class. Today I counted down the minutes until I could cry. I sat at my desk instead of circling around. Students looked at me, and it took everything to not cry. My heart sunk into my stomach.\n\nHow can I fix this mob mentality?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-155057", "score": 0.6798271536827087, "text": "Attention, mostly. Another factor is when you convince yourself that you're constantly being victimized, being shitty and selfish is justifiable. Yknow, if you think everyone is out to get you, stealing or treating people like garbage(or whatever else) doesn't seem too bad. A few people in my extended circle are insufferable when they get together, especially if they start drinking. It turns into a big ol' Pain Contest, with them all one-upping each other about how oppressed they've been and all the trauma they've been through.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-171352", "score": 0.6794439554214478, "text": "Narcissism. I believe it has a lot to do with having that much control/power over others. yes, it’s one thing to lead a cult but to have that many individuals die for you has to an extraordinary high and a feeling that you can’t get from other tasks they might do for you (to said narcissist).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-65752", "score": 0.6791441440582275, "text": "Pack mentality. They see their human as their leader, and physical contact from the leader is like praise.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1340581", "score": 0.6784719824790955, "text": "It's not like people get together beforehand and plan out exactly how they'll start destroying things, so how does a riot suddenly spark from a gathering of people, with so many people instantly falling into the mob mentality of pure chaos and destruction?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-239273", "score": 0.677568256855011, "text": "Psychology has some answers that I think might satisfy you. The [Group Serving Bias](_URL_1_) explains our tendency to take on an \"us vs them\" attitude. For an explanation of why these attitudes sometimes become extreme I suggest reading about [Group Polarization](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-47384", "score": 0.6748440265655518, "text": "Human beings, like many species, are highly social animals. We are strongly driven to ensure we \"fit in\" with the larger group. This has advantages of course, which is why we do it, but it also has huge disadvantages, including the ability to stop thinking clearly and go along with the herd because of the misguided sense of, \"everybody thinks this way, or is doing it, so it must be right.\" When we're acting alone, this drive doesn't apply, so our brains are free to use other methods to ascertain what to do in a given situation.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-581", "score": 0.5893813371658325, "text": "As a Canadian, I think the word you're looking for is *affluent,* not powerful." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-146317", "score": 0.5598838925361633, "text": "Industrialization basically. Other nations required more people to farm to get food and sustain themselves. Industrialization made it possible for one person to be much more productive. This means more people could be things other than farmers. Led to urbanization, factories, faster technological progress. Everything that made them more efficient and competent than people who outnumbered them. The large countries also relied on agriculture, this meant lots of spread out communities so harder communication and mobilization against smaller and more mobile foes. These states also were decentralized and so able to be taken piece by piece (India for example was a conglomeration of smaller states).", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-201753", "score": 0.5598804950714111, "text": "To answer for Australia, the short answer is that no, there were no real \"revolutionary\" movements, and reason for this is there was no need for them... Australia saw itself as British, and maintained very close ties with the \"Motherland\" after Federation in 1901... The expert in this area is /u/Algernon_Asimov , specifically how Australia came to federate and he did an AMA on early Australia here: _URL_0_ He also gives a run down of Australian nationalism and identity here: _URL_1_ And answers the same question here: _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-753614", "score": 0.5598743557929993, "text": "Do Libertarians not know of the Articles of Confederation? We tried to be a libertarian country for 8 years and it turned out to be a spectacular disaster. Seriously, that idea failed, its not going to work\n\nedit: lol already downvoted", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-203458", "score": 0.5598709583282471, "text": "You may be interested in this topic which discusses populations in North and South America. * [Why were Native American populations in South America so much larger than North?](_URL_7_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-212264", "score": 0.5598698258399963, "text": "Think about it from a contemporary perspective. The treaty was a far off event recognizing something that was already fairly cemented in everyone's minds and news of only reached communities much later. Meanwhile, the Declaration was a big deal and announced in every state, if not every town. Also, it's when America became independent from the American perspective.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-214325", "score": 0.5598692893981934, "text": "According to Diego Duran, the Aztecs encountered a European ship prior to the arrival of Cortes which deeply upset the reigning Emperor and within the context of Duran's interpretation of the Conquest, laid the foundation for Moctezuma's groveling to Cortes. Conversely, the Spanish had encountered a few Maya ships and had heard rumors of great wealth on the mainlands of Mexico. Actual knowledge of both political entities wasn't gained until Cortes was already traveling across Mexico and even then information would seem to have been fairly limited. This is likely the best explanation as to why Moctezuma responded to Cortes as he did: knowing virtually nothing of Cortes, where he came from and what his intentions were, it would have been extremely difficult to make a sound decision.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-91044", "score": 0.5598549842834473, "text": "Nationalizing something does not mean that it will fail. Nor does privatizing something mean that it will succeed. The Saudi Arabian government was quite careful with how it managed its resources and wealth and has benefited from that. The country has many problems, but it functions pretty well. The Venezuelan government was not careful with how it managed its resources and wealth and was in no way prepared for a significant drop in the price of oil.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-165878", "score": 0.5598406791687012, "text": "Weaker countries allow stronger countries to build bases for protection, and for money. Stronger countries build bases to extent their military power. A foreign base in the US serves neither purpose. The US is suitably protected by its might and isolation, and that same isolation plus regional stability means there is little military purpose for other countries to have bases in the US.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-806715", "score": 0.5598374605178833, "text": "though probably extremely difficult, I'll put my faith in the genius' of reddit. Factoring in as many qualities (money, general public happiness, freedom, i dont know.. stuff) as you possibly can think of, what nation holds the crown for best country?\n\nthis is a serious question, and while i enjoy a good chuckle from things like \"we have the most bacon,\" I'd like to know really overall which country is doing really well with what they have.\n\nI also know it will be difficult to gage based on cultural bias as well but do the best you can.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-200069", "score": 0.5598033666610718, "text": "/u/Cozijo answered this question posited slightly differently (as in, why did the Mexican government offer Trotsky asylum and what was the history of Russian Socialist influence in Mexico) [here](_URL_0_) a couple of years ago. You might find their response informative.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-77539", "score": 0.5597673654556274, "text": "The United States' biggest competition is Europe and Asia, but if you look at the [absolute devastation](_URL_0_) that WW1 and WW2 brought to Europe (and Asia) it becomes obvious why America grew to be the sole hegemonic power. These two wars absolutely gutted the young adult population of much of Europe and Asia. Russia alone lost almost 30 million people in WW2!! Thats 14% of their population!!! Poland lost 17%!! The US largely has it's two oceans to thank, as we have been geographically isolated from these devastating wars, and swooped in to fill the vacuum left behind after the mass slaughter.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-4362", "score": 0.559757649898529, "text": "I agree with the other comments that most Americans don't know which countries participated in the War of 1812, much less who \"won\" it. While it is true that our capital was sacked and burned, the capital was only 12 years old at the time, and so the major effect of the sack was not economic or political -- but symbolic and administrative (more serious than the burning of the White House or Capitol was the burning of the Library of Congress, which was not possible to replace). But *at the time* the major reason why Americans thought they won the war was that the war concluded with the Americans decisively winning its major battle -- the Battle of New Orleans. Granted, this battle occurred after (and in ignorance of) the peace treaty ending the war, but it propelled the American general, Andrew Jackson, into the White House, which had a profound effect on American politics thereafter.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-214991", "score": 0.559747576713562, "text": "Not trying to answer or insinuate an answer but I am wondering if a response can also address the dynamics of organization in the native cultures. For example how did the Aztec and Incan empires play a role in this acceptance versus other tribal areas that were perhaps not as well organized/oppressed. I recognize that the Aztecs in particular were also in a severe \"down\" period when first contact occurred.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2610213", "score": 0.5597419738769531, "text": "So, imagine if Russia, for example, let Chechnya become a separate country, or is Spain did the same to the Basque country. Has such a thing ever happened before? And I don't mean stuff like when the Baltic countries seceded from the USSR and the USSR just let them do it - I'm talking about willingly releasing a piece of a country's own territory without much demand from the people living there.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-101701", "score": 0.5597375631332397, "text": "If your currency is weak, that means it isn't worth very much. That means that things your country makes, can be sold a lot cheaper on international markets. This, of course, gives your country income and helps it build jobs. As a simple example, let's say the US dollar suddenly dropped to 1/100 of its value as compared to Euros. Suddenly, things made in the USA are very cheap for European people.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-63551", "score": 0.559701681137085, "text": "You're pretty much right. America is relatively new, and it is a cultural melting pot. America is one of the most diverse nations in the world, so people like to be labelled as more than just an \"American.\"", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2325180", "score": 0.5596641898155212, "text": "Firstly, I get that small Island nations might not be studied much, but if anyone knows about what is required for a nation to become wealthy, please comment. My curiosity comes from the thought I had recently that there must be some countries that will *never* be able to have the capital and resources (I don't know if I'm using the right terminology here) required to gain the kind of wealth I see in Australia or other developed countries. \n\nI took my grandmother to Fiji last year to visit her siblings and I noticed Chinese money putting up lots of infrastructure, like hospitals and helping fix roads, which is great, whatever the advantage this gains for the Chinese. But I couldn't help but think that building a brand new hospital wouldn't have happened ever if foreign-aid did not bank-roll the project. The population there don't have the access to education that I have, or even access to the same quality education that I enjoy in Australia. I'm aware that progress can be always be made in all countries. But what I am talking about is if whether Fiji will ever become independent and self-sufficient enough to grow wealth proportionate to the wealth any given Australian citizen has access to, just by being born here. \n\nDo some countries just have no way to have their Human Development Index reach the numbers we have in Australia?\n\nI get that this is a broad question that probably encompasses a lot more things than I can think of.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-231473", "score": 0.5596610307693481, "text": "The Louisiana purchase was far, far more than modern Louisiana. Unlike the English, who mainly wanted to settle, the French Voyageurs (_URL_5_) mainly wanted to trap and trade. This map _URL_4_ shows the area of influence, including most tributaries of the Mississippi. I find it interesting that your AP History course ignore them, as they were the first European explorers of much of the Great Lakes and River south of the US, and opened trade with the native peoples. The cynic in me also says they improved the regional cooking in the US, but I have no source Bonus! A nicely detailed, if antiquated, source: _URL_3_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-753353", "score": 0.5596495270729065, "text": "So I get that slavery contributed to the secession. I also get that the civil war wasn't purely about slavery, and that a lot of Union leaders wanted to \"preserve the Union\".\n\nWhat I don't get is what's so special about having a Union of North and South. Why, abolitionism aside, would the North want the South to be in political Union with it? Why not just enjoy being the North, and enjoy being neighbors with the South, in the same way as being neighbors with Canada?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-197472", "score": 0.5596297383308411, "text": "As /u/callalilly77 noted most people actually associate the word \"nation\" with the concept of a \"nation-state\". A nation-state is a distinctly _political_ entity - in that it consists of a government that rules over a defined geographical area that is confirmed and respected by other nation-states by international treaty. This model is traditionally attributed as becoming the standard in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648; which spread / was imposed worldwide due to European Imperialism. It must also be noted that nation-states may have numerous distinct societies/cultures within its borders; which is why it's dangerous to assume that a nation-state automatically has a shared identity through culture, language, and history. This is particularly true in many former colonies whose borders were not defined by the people actually living in them.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-582", "score": 0.7936646938323975, "text": "Highways are sprayed with a salt solution in winter to prevent the formation of ice. Certain sections of highway are near water supplies and protected wilderness areas however. These sections are salted less in order not to contaminate the surrounding ecosystems. They put the signs up to warn you that because there's less salt, there will likely be more ice." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-146138", "score": 0.7048729658126831, "text": "from _URL_0_ \"An increasing number of lit NSL roads (for example the A556 between the M6 Junction 19 and Lostock near Northwich), are now being given \"60\" or \"70\" repeaters rather than NSL ones. Presumably the thinking is that this makes the speed limit clearer, as there is evidence that the NSL is not properly understood by drivers, but it must add another layer of confusion as they will wonder what is the difference between a single-carriageway 60 road and an NSL one. \" Basically people are too stupid to understand what the national speed limit signs mean, so they are being replaced with numbered signs.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-61117", "score": 0.7034855484962463, "text": "The new speed limit comes into effect at the point where the sign is. There is no buffer zone after the sign. When there is a significant decrease in speed limit, you'll often see \"reduced speed ahead\" signs. *That* is your buffer zone.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-176700", "score": 0.7021885514259338, "text": "the local municipality has lkaly already salted the road in the previous days. Since salt melts ice it makes the roads wet, when it gets really cold outside, its typically also very dry, meaning that all that water that dissolved the salt will evaporate. When all that water evaporates, it leaves behind all the salt in a uniformish layer on the road giving it a whitish color", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-161824", "score": 0.6949775815010071, "text": "Not sure why green specifically, but there is a color coding system. Green: Guide or directional information (Street names, cities, distances, etc) Red: Warnings/rules: (Stop signs, yield, do not enter, ec.) Blue: Motorist services guide (On a highway you'll see a sign that indicates gas stations, food, and lodging options at the next exit). Orange: Contruction and maintenance warnings. Yellow: General warnings (\"Speed bump\" or maybe \"reduce speed ahead\" White or black: Regulatory (\"One way\", \"no right turn on red after stop\") EDIT: Added examples [Here](_URL_1_) is a page with most of the colors in use. [Here](_URL_2_) is an example of a green sing. and [this](_URL_0_) is an example of a blue sign.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-150042", "score": 0.69331294298172, "text": "Depends on population density and proximity to city limits. If you're out in the middle of nowhere, chances are they will put those signs near highway mergers or mile markers on the exit of a town. If you're in a city they will have more signs for navigation through off ramps and to guide you to the correct route. The markers are essentially there to let people know where the road goes when they are exiting/entering the freeway, it's a design feature when the roads are planned and routed. The choice of city is also dependent on population, larger cities being more regular destinations so are more regularly chosen for mileage notices.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-278807", "score": 0.6931951642036438, "text": "Without a picture I cannot be completely certain what your refering to, but believe you are mostly likely referring to the salt residue after the snow melts. To help melt the ice and to add extra traction, municipalities will \"salt\" (a mixture of salt and sand) the roads before a snowstorm so the roads can still be driven. After the snow melts or evaporates/sublimates then the salt mixture is left behind. You can observe the same effect if you boil salty water away in a pot. Additionally snow is not always pure, just as rain is not always pure and some of the residue comes from pollution in the air. This is a much smaller percentage of the grime though.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2919", "score": 0.6925018429756165, "text": "You're on the right track of thinking. The reason areas near roads don't become too salty right away is because when it rains most of that water enters a drainage system and makes its way towards rivers and lakes. That's where the biggest issues occur as you often see fish, algae, pretty much any aquatic organism get affected. Another factor to note is the frequency at which salt is being deposited. Salting the roads one time for a single snow storm won't have as much of an effect as areas further north (or south, depending) which require salting roads once a week or more. Some municipalities have started switching to beet juice for just this reason.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-165492", "score": 0.6922878623008728, "text": "Salt water freezes at a lower temperature then regular water, so as the salt hits the ice, it lowers the freezing point. But sometimes it is so cold out that this won't matter, and road crews will often switch to a sand/ salt mix. Not to melt it completely, but to add traction.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-25669", "score": 0.6910740733146667, "text": "The freezing/melting point of salt water is lower than it is for water. So, adding ice to an icy road will cause it to melt at a lower temperature.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-237728", "score": 0.6874398589134216, "text": "Road salt increases the number of freeze/thaw cycles that you mentioned, which in turn causes faster deterioration. I would also think that the chloride ion in salt could cause corrosion in bridges reinforced with steel. Edit: [Gotta have sources](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-279934", "score": 0.6863194108009338, "text": "Normal road salt is NaCl, it is effective from 0 to -15. At lower temperatures, CaCl can be used down to about -23. At lower temperatures still, the priority is tire adherence rather than ridding the road of ice, so abrasives (sand) or sand/salt mixtures are used. In more northern communities, say around Kirkland Lake, the roads remain ice and snow covered and winter maintenance consists in maintaining a drivable abrasive layer on the topmost surface.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-312896", "score": 0.6843112111091614, "text": "Sure. The salt is corrosive to vehicles, making \"California cars\" desirable to collectors and used-car buyers (CA does not usually salt roads). Which leads to another reason, salting the roads is bad for the environment. For example, in the Lake Tahoe basin, salt is not used (or used in very limited amounts) because it would flow directly into the lake in the form of runoff, altering the chemistry of the water. Regular salting of roads can also allow salt to leach into groundwater, raising the salinity of the water at your tap. _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-155733", "score": 0.6839806437492371, "text": "When salt is introduced on the roads it increases the salinity of the water when the ice melts. If this water is absorbed by the plants on the sides of road, then the salinity of the water outside of the plants cells increases, messing up the homeostasis of the plant. This causes water from inside the cells of the plant to travel through the membrane in order to retain equilibrium, which can cause the plant to wilt and/or die. Hope this helps", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1298809", "score": 0.6836159825325012, "text": "So if it snows you can still see the sign, and they can also clean themselves to remove dirt. Nothing worse than missing your exit on the motorway because you can't read the signs.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-89766", "score": 0.682233452796936, "text": "The roads may be salted. The roads also get a lot more traffic, which warms them up and helps remove snow.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-279195", "score": 0.6789810657501221, "text": "As the description says adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of water. That means that salt water freezes at a lower temperature than distilled water. The challenge and salting roads work on the same principle - just to achieve different effects. In the case of the challenge you are producing colder \"Ice\". In the case of salting roads you are keeping water liquid at a lower temperature. The roads are kept clear of ice as the water that falls as rain / snow cannot freeze on the road to make ice - it stays liquid and can run off the road, meaning less ice.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1937134", "score": 0.6772632598876953, "text": "Hi, I drive up and down the M6 on a regular basis and keep noticing these random 'vote pies' and 'pies this is your time' signs painted in white on a few green bridges, what are they all about? I'm sure they've been there for ages.\nOh and why do majority of break downs happen in the roadwork area where there is no hard shoulder, is this just bad luck or are they put there just to mess with us?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-59319", "score": 0.6728651523590088, "text": "You drive small car. You don’t need the signs. I drive big truck. I see sign. I may have to readjust my steering. Or maybe not. It just nice to have a sign in case it’s an issue", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-149488", "score": 0.6714538335800171, "text": "It is my understanding that those signs are to keep people from filing a claims They actually don't have any real legal meaning. Technicaly they are not missleading because the driver isn't responsible for damage.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-120711", "score": 0.6698153614997864, "text": "Salt just lowers the freezing point of water, it doesn't negate the possibility of freezing. The ocean has an average salinity of 3.5%, which lowers the freezing point to -2°C / 28°F. Also ice on roads has one side facing the elements, the other side on the ground, so it is only subject to 'wind chill factor' - removal of heat by a large enough, cold enough fluid flow - on one side. Ice on the oceans is literally floating on an ocean of cold, as well as being exposed to cold winds.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-583", "score": 0.7353931665420532, "text": "Hey brohan, solving Differentials is just like integrating derivatives. Cake. So first, just look at my name. It is a differential equation by itself, dy/dx = e^x. 1st step you need to do is make sure all the y is one 1 side and all the x is on the other side. So my equation turns to dy = e^x dx. Now you can integrate to get rid of the dx, and you will get: y = e^x That's it. Now, there might be more complicated problems, but basically, just try to simply everything so that you can easily integrate, and make sure you group the terms on different sides." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-820712", "score": 0.6971036791801453, "text": "Hey guys, \nI'm hoping someone here can point me in the right direction. I am really struggling with solution by inspection method of solving ODE's. I am comfortable with every other method for solving ODE's but I just cannot wrap my head around by inspection. Cheers for any help in advance!\n\n", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2059946", "score": 0.6959725618362427, "text": "I don't know how to do the solve the equation e^y (2x^2 +4x+1) Dy/Dx =(x+1)(e^y +3). And then find the particular solution as y(0)=2. If someone can help that would be amazing.\n\nEdit: Solves ( I don't know how to change on the mobile app)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2061458", "score": 0.6939035058021545, "text": "Hi guys!\nI was hoping some of you may help me with getting the hang of something I should have learned YEARS ago! I'm very embarrassed about this, but I know you guys will point me in the right direction.\n\nI'm in differential equations right now.. and you won't believe this - But I do not know how to separate variables. Here's an example, please forgive my formatting:\n\ndy/dx = 2(1+y^(2))x \n\nand another:\n\n(x^(2)+1)dy/dx -x = 0 \n\nI'm not sure how to separate the x's and dx's from y's and dy's..as in put them on different sides of eachother. Can someone point me in the right direction for a Khan Academy video that can demonstrate how to do these in more in depth? After this step, I know I take the integrals - So I have that covered. \n\n\nEdit: I have worded this thread poorly. I'm not looking for information on how Separable Differential Equations works, just the process of the separation itself. It's just the bare algebra I need so that no matter what situation the equation is, I'm able to separate the y's and the x's. Thanks so much for your help, guys! \n\nHow unbelievable is it that I can take the integral and derivative of something pretty easily, but do not know middle school/high school level algebra that is seemingly the easiest step in these types of problems? So embarrassing. Regardless, thank you /r/learnmath!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2060083", "score": 0.6928344964981079, "text": "Does anyone know where I can find practice problems for differential equations? My professor doesn’t use a textbook", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2060353", "score": 0.6926443576812744, "text": "How do I solve this DE? Don't think I can just ln both sides... I was given an initial condition but I can handle that", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-97101", "score": 0.6903001666069031, "text": "Laplace transforms are a really cool trick that let you solve many differential equations much more easily than doing them the long way. You'll need to have a table of common Laplace transformations. There's probably one in your math book. You'll probably memorize the more common ones with time, but you don't have to - you're supposed to just look them up as needed. Solving a typical problem works like this: First, you start with a differential equation involving a function f(t). Use the table to transform that into a function F(s) where s is complex instead of real. Now solve your problem in terms of F(s). This is usually easier because it's simpler. It's often trivial to solve. Finally, take your solution and transform it back from F(s) to f(t) using the table again. That's it! It's almost like magic, you can take something that would have taken 20 steps and do it in 3 steps. Does that help?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2059894", "score": 0.6896243691444397, "text": "I tried asking the online tutors at my school this question but I didn't understand their process.\n\nHere's my work so far.\n\nI end up getting y = 5 for one of the four solutions that I created when there's only supposed to be 3 solutions that are (0, 0) & (-15/4, (-15sqrt(3))/4) & (-15/4, (15sqrt(3))/4) so i'm totally off.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2059818", "score": 0.6868126392364502, "text": "Greetings.\n\nI'm having trouble with this exercise:\n\n\n\nThese equations define Y1 and Y2.\n\nWhat should I do? Should I take the derivative of every single variable on each equation then try to substitute and find values for them?\n\nThanks in advance.\n\nEdit: typo.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2061725", "score": 0.6858627200126648, "text": "So, the problem is (1/x)dx - (1/y)dy = 0. I integrated the left side of the equation, and set equal to c. Which I think is ln(x) - ln(y) = c. Then using the parts as exponents of e I got x - y = e^c. Solving for y. y = x - e^c. The book says the answer is y = kx; k = + or - e^(-c). I don't know what I'm doing wrong. Bonus question why is e^ln(-x) = -x while e^-ln(x) = 1/x. Does the - make the x's exponent negative? Thanks.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2062008", "score": 0.6845141053199768, "text": "Hello there. I need some assistance with a homework problem. \n \nProblem\n \nI need to solve this a few ways. First, using \"classical ODE approach\" and then again using Laplace transform. \n \nMy issue is finding the f(t) in the system. I can get the homogeneous solution, but have issue with the particular since I don't have a function on the right side to use. Again this issue comes up with the laplace transform. I can follow the Khan Academy.\n \nWhat am I missing? Can I get any help with this?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2060254", "score": 0.6822291016578674, "text": "I'm trying to teach myself some ODEs, but am having trouble with the concept of linearization and equilibrium solutions.\n\nHere is the problem that I'm a little unsure about: \n\ndx / dt = e^x - 1\n\ndy / dt = ye^x\n\nNow, by setting dx / dt and dy / dt to 0, I can find the equilibrium solutions, correct? \n\nSo, for dx / dt, this would give me x = 0. For dy / dt, this would be me y = 0.\n\nTo linearize this ODE, I just deconstruct these non-linear systems to their Taylor series. \n\ndx/dt then becomes \n\n(e^x - 1) + xe^x + ye^x\n\nand dy/dt becomes\n\nye^x + xe^x + ye^x\n\nIs my solution correct, or am I doing everything wrong?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-249286", "score": 0.681367039680481, "text": "Taylor series expansions and linearizations of differential equations near equilibria.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-289852", "score": 0.6812444925308228, "text": "You're asking for the solutions to the differential equation dy/dx = y(x). The general solution to this is A*e^x, so that function is its own derivative for any number A. (Note: including for A=0; y(x) = 0 is also its own derivative.) There are no other solutions because there is a uniqueness theorem (the Picard–Lindelöf theorem) that proves that, for a given initial condition y(0) = B, there is only one solution to the differential equations (which is necessarily B*e^x because you can easily show that it solves the problem.)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2060709", "score": 0.6766115427017212, "text": "Can I get some help on how to solve this? Here is the question. Thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2059590", "score": 0.674690306186676, "text": "question:\n\ncos(x) + cos(y) + cos(z) = 0;\n\ncos(2x) + cos(2y) + cos(2z) = 0;\n\n cos(3x) + cos(3y) + cos(3z) = 0;\n\nsolve for sin(x) + sin(y) + sin(z)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2061496", "score": 0.6744993329048157, "text": "\n\nSo I can't seem to figure out how to begin this problem, could I get some hints or a guide?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-970041", "score": 0.6742632389068604, "text": "As the title says, I need some help with the above. It has been about 18 months since I had to (directly) work with derivatives, anti-derivatives, and ODEs. I'm in an EA class this term and I'm *really* rusty. I have looked at Kahn Academy and they have videos and practice problems for deriviatives, but I can't find anything the intergrals or ODEs (unless I'm using the wrong search terms). \n\nCan anyone reccomend an online resource where I get get some refresher training and a boat load of practice problems? I know that Wolfram will solve (and show the steps for) these sorts of equations, but I really just need to practice...a lot (I want to put in somewhere between six and eight hours on these topics this weekend).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2062488", "score": 0.6740069389343262, "text": "I'm having trouble solving a system of differential equations using ODE, here is the system:\nScreenshot\n\nand for a more visual view of the f(z) function : Screenshot\n\nnow I'm not sure what am I doing wrong when trying to solve, but the output gives me the following matrix:\n\nt (1st column) : [0 ... tspan] (everything ok here)\n\nz(t) (2nd column) : [0 (as specified by initial conditions) ... and the rest of the vector is all NaN] \n\nr(t) (3rd column) : [r_0 (as specified by initial conditions) ... and the rest of the vector is all NaN]\n\nif it helps you understand here the function I call to solve the system:\nScreenshot\n\n(tried to copy paste the code here directly but reddit auto-formating screws it up)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2060992", "score": 0.6738917827606201, "text": "Question here:\n\n\n\nI have got this much so far, where do I go from here?\n\n\n\nAny help would be great, I have until Tuesday to get this done.\n\n\nI chose to solve it with the reaction force perpendicular to the plane, as solving it normally in terms of X and Y got me an impossible equation.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2059716", "score": 0.6729303002357483, "text": "I need to find dy/dx in this equation:\n\n5x^3 = -3xy +2\n\nBut I can't figure out how to take the derivative of -3xy.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-586", "score": 0.7811625599861145, "text": "That would only work in the atmosphere, where the propellers have something to push: air. But the cable will experience the same amount of tension above the atmosphere, where there is no air for the propellers to push. The only real solution is to find a way to manufacture, in large quantity at reasonable cost, a material with the necessary tensile strength." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-152406", "score": 0.7398815751075745, "text": "We still can't make enough of a suitably high-tensile-strength material at low cost. Perhaps will will do it someday with Carbon nanotubes, but right now those are incredibly expensive. And yes, the space elevator (or as one Russian fellow called it, a \"cosmic funicular\") will make getting to orbit cheap and safe. Electric motors are so much less prone to catastrophic failure than rocket motors. The cost of lifting something to orbit becomes electricity and maintenance costs--and you get much of that electricity back from cargo coming down the space elevator.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-283759", "score": 0.7394132018089294, "text": "I think this is probably one of the (many) problems that currently makes space elevators impractical. My thought is to start by launching a rocket into geosync orbit carrying a spool of small cable and then using a projectile of some sort to launch the end of the cable back to Earth. Once it's back on Earth, you could use climbers to add additional strands to the cable, gradually building up the cable's cross section and using the spacecraft carrying the spool to adjust its altitude to keep the center of mass at geosync orbit. But even a small cable would be extremely heavy to initially lift because you need tens of thousands of miles worth of cable to get started, and the thinner your initial cable is, the longer it will take to build it up to a useful size.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-237077", "score": 0.7372168302536011, "text": "Well as one good example, you couldn't use a crane, as it relies on gravity to keep the cable taut and stop the item rising once the motor is off. You have to have a gripping and maneuvering device that can constrain and move the part along more directions, such as a robotic arm, which complicates matters. There's also the safety factor to consider. On Earth, materials are secured against the ground by gravity. In space, your construction materials are free floating, and if not secured by arms, ropes etc. there's a severe danger of something being set in motion, not stopping, and clobbering someone.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-100852", "score": 0.7369597554206848, "text": "Would you count a [space elevator](_URL_0_) as a tower for this purpose? If so, then it's probably quite possible, though it would require stronger materials than we're currently able to mass produce. There's a lot of hope being held out for carbon nanotubes, though nobody knows how to make them in the sizes and quantities required yet. That said, there's no real physical reason why a space elevator would be impossible that we know of.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1133997", "score": 0.7355268597602844, "text": "Those airships might either be independent with Zeppelin-like cabins underneath each, or work together in groups to hold aloft larger structures, and the space elevator would let people commute to the ground and back.\n\nDoes that sound like something which could be reasonably possible in a near future, or would weather, air traffic and so on be a constant enough problem to make it impractical?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-320359", "score": 0.7348476648330688, "text": "We *can't* build a space elevator. We just don't have any materials that would be fit for the purpose. It's possible that new developments like carbon nanotubes may eventually provide something, but it's a long way off. We also *won't* build a space elevator, because it would be incredibly incredibly expensive. We can't magically make it 'powered by the rotation of the Earth' and more than you can power your toaster that way just because it would be convenient.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-167399", "score": 0.7297541499137878, "text": "The top of the space elevator is actually somewhat *higher* than the altitude of geostationary orbit, with the extra force required to keep the top \"orbiting\" supplied by tension in the cable. If the max height is lower than geostationary orbit, it does not work.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-248860", "score": 0.7278984785079956, "text": "It can be done a number of ways. Chemical thrusters work just fine, especially small thrusters spinning up a big station. If you have two counterrotating sections, they can be driven by electric motors of any sort. Flywheels could also work, but it seems needlessly complex compared to simple exterior thrusters. If you had stationkeeping thrusters spaced around the exterior, they'd work for spin control as well. In short, it depends on what exactly you're building. But it's well within our current technical ability. A larger problem would be containing the outward force; you'd have to have some sturdy infrastructure.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-174939", "score": 0.7256326079368591, "text": "Yes. The notion of building a space elevator has been around since the pulp science fiction of the 40s. Problem is the material science hasn't been there. So lets suppose you want to want to build a space elevator. You need a space station at the other end to anchor the cable. No problem, we know how to do that, even get it to orbit at the same angular rate as the surface of the earth (geosynchronous) so the cable stays vertical. Problem is the weight of the cable would pull the station out of orbit real quick. So now we have to counter weight the cable between earth and station with an equal mass out beyond the cable. Ok, no problem, just make the cable twice as long and let it play out with the station halfway. So, geosynchronous orbit is 35k kms out there. So our cable needs to be 70k kms long. The stresses on a cable that length would be _tremendous_... and so far we don't have a material strong enough to make the cable out of.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-314996", "score": 0.7239428162574768, "text": "We can build a space elevator on Earth (to a useful altitude, probably not geostationary). The primary issue is one of tensile strength, specifically that we do not have any material which can be that long without breaking due to the forces it would experience. However engineering is not limited by materials on their own, what we can do on Earth is something called a space fountain. Which uses a stream of say water, engineered pellets, or simple steel cables that are moving inside a structure, giving it strength and support by kinetic energy. Roderick Hyde did the mechanical engineering calculations for the first proposal of such a device and built a prototype. The physics indicate it's doable. As for key concepts, in space elevators specifically, this video probably explains them better than I could: _URL_0_ Hope that helps.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-341032", "score": 0.7229810357093811, "text": "There are several canon examples of artificial gravity failing or being manipulated on a per-deck or per-section basis. If that is possible, what would be the advantage of having a gravity field in turboshafts, particularly *vertical* turboshafts?\n\nEach turbolift car should have its own independent gravity generation, similar to that installed in every other piece of deck plating upon which the crew would walk. I see no reason why that shouldn't be the case unless for some reason the plates cannot be allowed to *move* throughout the ship. Maybe that causes some undesirable interference and the only solution is to gravitize the *entire* turbolift network.\n\nI would rather believe this is just a detail Star Trek got wrong, and there should not have been gravity in turboshafts.\n\nPros of having gravity in a vertical turboshaft:\n\n* I literally cannot think of one good reason unless the ship is full of water or something\n\nPros of NOT having gravity in a vertical turboshaft:\n\n* Cars will not dangerously fall should braking clamps fail\n* Crew escaping a damaged car would not be susceptible to said falling cars or falling themselves\n* The system could be used as a high-capacity zero-g transport network, the exact thing a starship should have for when the turbolifts are down!\n\nIn fact, when the turbolift system goes down it seems many of us believe there should be *stairs* in place for that contingency, instead of just ladders. But this is *space.* Why fight gravity at all? You already have a cavernous space connecting all decks, just push the cars into their little side-cubbies and float around, right?\n\nIs there a better explanation for why turboshafts have gravity?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-272175", "score": 0.7216000556945801, "text": "You can look at [Nasa's site concerning space elevators](_URL_3_) and cross-reference it with tensile strengths achieved by current materials (carbon nano-tubes and the like) but the bottom line is that the material strength we will need to build a tether from the surface of the earth to a low orbit is almost 100,000 times that of what we can currently manufacture in labs.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-301013", "score": 0.7208184003829956, "text": "A lunar space elevator would need to be taller, because the moon rotates slower than the earth (once per month compared to once per day), but because of its lower gravity the tension in the tether (the 'elevator' part of the space elevator) would be lower, so the material used to build a lunar space elevator doesn't need to be as strong as the material used to build a terrestrial space elevator. [This video explains in a bit more detail.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-251723", "score": 0.71783447265625, "text": "If you crawl up the edge of a propeller blade, you are changing the moment of inertia of the propeller. It will slow down to conserve angular momentum. You would then need to put more energy in to speed it up again. It would in no way be more efficient than trying to directly accelerate to your chosen speed. Also if you tried to spin a propeller such that the outer edges were travelling at the speed of light, it would break. Simple as that, no material could resist the forces required to keep such a structure intact. Basically the reason your idea doesn't work out is because you can't get \"momentum\" for free. You always have to put some work in to get it. Climbing up the propeller blade won't change the total momentum of the system.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-147436", "score": 0.7168943881988525, "text": "What you're describing is a [space elevator](_URL_0_) which is well studied concept. While we're far from being able to make this possible, we largely understand how it could work. The biggest hurdle is developing a material that's strong enough. It would also have to have to be exactly on the equator and extend out to exactly the right altitude. The only difference from your scenario is that it has to built from the ground up to at least extend mostly beyond the atmosphere. For a number of reasons, you can't just attach one end to a rocket on the surface and launch it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-77842", "score": 0.7164528965950012, "text": "\"The reason it's hard to get to orbit isn't that space is high up. It's hard to get to orbit because you have to go so fast.\" XKCD's \"What if\" has a good explanation on why this doesn't work. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-592719", "score": 0.7159417271614075, "text": "I'd be willing to bet that most you of immediately thought of the proverbial Space Elevator after reading the title, but that's not mainly what I'm referring to. I already know the answer to THAT question: There is no material that we can mass produce efficiently and relatively cheaply enough that has enough tensile strength to reach the desired altitude. Carbon nanotubes are a possibility I think, but we haven't come close to perfecting that technology yet.\n\nNo. What I'm thinking about is more along the lines of a rail gun launch platform. Imagine a mile long rail, enclosed by a tunnel (possibly a vacuum), that slowly but surely bends toward the sky. At one end, a space ship with crew and cargo is loaded, and using magnetic propulsion, is accelerated to cosmic speeds capable of entering orbit. I'm not sure of the math behind it, but even if the G-forces required would crush a human, it could still be used to launch satellites and materials into orbit. This would at least turn the current rockets into a human-only method, greatly cutting fuel requirements for launch. Am I missing something that would make this impossible or impractical? Why haven't we already invested in this?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-305207", "score": 0.7154062986373901, "text": "You can. In fact, such a system would avoid the \"strange\" gravity that comes with a rotating system due to varying centrifugal and coriolis forces. However, a spacecraft that is rotating does not need to constantly provide power to keep it rotating. A spacecraft that uses your proposed method would require constant thrust and therefore constant fuel to maintain gravity. This would be a problem for very long spaceflights.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-270066", "score": 0.715314507484436, "text": "Provided your counterweight is far enough away from the Earth, and your rope is strong enough not to break, yes! This idea is the basis of the [Space Elevator](_URL_0_) concept, which would make it much easier to get into space. However, one major issue is that the rope/wire/tether must be very strong to prevent it snapping from its own weight, and preferably as light as possible to assist in avoiding that problem. To date, there is no proven material that could perform such a job, with e.g. steel wires snapping under their own weight after only a few tens of km.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-258497", "score": 0.7142055630683899, "text": "well, in theory, you could build a space elevator. Put a counterweight into orbit around the Earth, and drop down a 'ladder' to the Earth. This could work, only there isn't any material strong enough to withstand the strains of gravity pulling on it. Although carbon nanotubes theoretically do have the capacity to withstand the gravitational strain, but so far the longest carbon nanotube that's been created is still extremely tiny. Maybe someday though. I can't think of anything much higher than a space elevator....maybe an Earth-moon elevator O_o", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-587", "score": 0.6705356240272522, "text": "Just to add something extra to the excellent explanation already provided... Our color vision is usually a matter of our vision system interpolating between the colors detected by our three flavours of cones in our retina. Think of it like a triangle, with red, green and blue in the corners and all the other colors somewhere in the middle. But then consider that a small percentage of human females are \"tetrachromats\". For them, there are 4 types of color receptors in their retina. For them, the perceived color is interpolated between 4 different points. You have to imagine this in 3d now, like a 3 sided pyramid with 4 point of detected color, and some interpreted color point somewhere in the 3d space of the pyramid. Tetrachromats may be able to distinguish 100 million colors ... _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-275614", "score": 0.6370057463645935, "text": "The human eye doesn't really have an aspect ratio, since the rods and cones which detect light aren't arranged in a nice, neat rectangular grid. The main bulk of what we see in detail is arranged in a pretty regular shape that 4:3 would fit well, but we also have our peripheral vision which lets us see in low detail to the sides, as well as detect movement, making a wider screen preferable.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-286931", "score": 0.6369916200637817, "text": "No. It all moves at c (in a vacuum). Light does not zig-zag, by the way. It travels in a straight line.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-272069", "score": 0.6369588375091553, "text": "Yes. In the case of metals, for instance, there is a specific frequency called the plasma frequency. Light above this frequency is oscillating too fast for the electrons to respond and so the light passes through unperturbed (is transmitted). Below the plasma frequency the electrons can respond and thus the light is reflected, like a mirror. The plasma frequency is material dependent, so it can be above, within, or below the range we can see.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-63811", "score": 0.6369413733482361, "text": "We have two types of cells on our eyes: rods allow us to see light, cones allow us to see colors. dogs has two different types of cones, humans have three and mantis shrimp have sixteen, that's the reason they see so many colors. You can learn more in [this infography](_URL_0_) by the oatmeal.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-119135", "score": 0.6369412541389465, "text": "Because RGB are the primary colors for light where as RYB are the primary colors for pigment. You could also argue it's Magenta, Cyanz and yellow which is what printers use.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-168686", "score": 0.6369401812553406, "text": "I believe that it has something to do with sacred geometry. Beautiful mathematical sequences that we are attracted to on an atomic level. Fractals. Arpeggios. Fibonacci sequences. Major and minor chords like complementary wave lengths in the visible spectrum. Beautiful music translates into beautiful numbers into beautiful shapes and vice versa. Sorry, if that sounds kinda douchy... Just my humble opinion.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-309599", "score": 0.6369190812110901, "text": "You're correct, The way the light is refracted and reflected off the water is different depending on how many bubbles are in the water. Waterfalls and rapids have a large amount of small bubbles in them, causing the light to scatter and appear white. Whereas calm water has a smoother surface and relfects light alot clearer.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-139534", "score": 0.6369103789329529, "text": "I'd assume the tiny openings are working as a [camera obscura](_URL_0_), or pinhole camera. The hole is small enough that only relatively direct rays of light from the bulb pass through each one, allowing them to form an image when they strike an outside surface, instead of the image being obliterated by light freely escaping in all directions. The image of the bulb itself is inverted, the same way an image is when it goes into your eye (before your brain rights it).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-111975", "score": 0.6369101405143738, "text": "This is called a [moiré pattern](_URL_0_) or effect, caused by the fact that the monitor is a regular grid of pixels, and so is the digital camera sensor in your phone. When two such discrete regular grids overlap, they are unlikely to be perfectly aligned, resulting in the creation of the moiré pattern.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-303365", "score": 0.636894166469574, "text": "It's just silly to say pink isn't a 'real color'. What we consider 'colors' are perceptually defined, not defined as pure wavelengths on the spectrum. Certainly we had the idea of different colors a _long_ time before the spectrum was found! So they're all colors that 'exist' in that we can see them and distinguish them. They're just not _monochromatic_, and as such don't exist as a single pure wavelength. Mind you, most reds and blues and whatnot you see in the real world are far from monochromatic as well. You can make lots of stuff cease to be a 'real X' if you insist on a non-conventional definition of what makes something an 'X', but you're not really saying much. I mean, you could also decompose all sound into a mixture of sine waves of different frequencies - does that mean that only a [pure sine wave](_URL_1_) is a 'real sound'?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-150932", "score": 0.6368825435638428, "text": "You are confusing two different things here. The first effect is a chemical reaction that removes the sleepy drug (melatonin) from our bodies when our eyes are exposed to blue light. The second is a theatrical representation of night time that is culturally accepted as a substitution for darkness because plays and films would be pretty rubbish if you just turned off all the lights to represent a lack of light.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-250264", "score": 0.636875331401825, "text": "It's a trade-off with sensitivity. Pooling signal across many receptors means that you can have overall weaker signal and still be able to detect it. However, by combining across receptors you lose acuity (since a large area of receptors is stimulated). That's why it's easier to see stars and meteors out of the corner of your eye than in the fovea. There are also other tradeoffs such as with adaptation rate between rods and cones.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1916377", "score": 0.6368752121925354, "text": "it's hard to describe but basically it looks like long beams of light radiating off of any light source. It's distracting and why i do my best to avoid driving at night. but idk if everyone sees it like that and i'm just more sensitive to it or something", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-92896", "score": 0.6368736624717712, "text": "When light refracts, it doesn't get separated, it's still a single beam of light, the thing is the colors get evenly spread through the beam creating the perfect rainbow Don't think about the different colors being different entities altogether, think of them as parts of a single entity", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-305531", "score": 0.6368581652641296, "text": "Look at it from a different perspective: our eye are sensitive to light in the wavelengths whose electromagnetic interactions with atoms give us the most useful information. At much higher energies, photons just punch through things; at much lower energies what they do is more like soaking in or wandering through; in either case creatures with eyes sensitive to such photons would be getting less useful information from organs more difficult to construct.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-129160", "score": 0.636835515499115, "text": "Screens can't display all the colors we have now. Adding more isn't the problem. Color exists in a color space defined by all the possible frequencies of visible light. However, that's not how displays work. Displays use a few colors (usually 3, but sometimes 4) to reproduce a triangular subset of the whole color space. [Chromaticity diagrams](_URL_0_ ) cal illustrate this effect.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-288838", "score": 0.6368311047554016, "text": "This of course only happens in the quantum, single particle double-slit experiment. You will **not** observe such a behaviour in the normal double-slit setup, which is an experiment in classical optics. The waves in the experiment almost anyone can do at home are macroscopic classical waves.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-248852", "score": 0.6368032097816467, "text": "Fluorescent colors are essentially materials that reflect light that is invisible to the naked eye as light that is visible, giving the impression of there being more light. So things like highlighters and caution cones take frequencies of light which are out of the visible spectrum and reflect them as frequencies that are visible. Blacklights seem to make anything glow because they emit such a large amount of invisible light that more objects are able to appear fluorescent under them.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-17884", "score": 0.6367801427841187, "text": "Your eyes have two types of cell, rods and cones. Cones see color, are concentrated in the center of your eye, and see relatively bright light. Rods do not see color, are concentrated around the periphery of your eye, and see dimmer light. You're setting it up so that the dim light of the star falls on your rods.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-265904", "score": 0.6367323994636536, "text": "Probably you saw a *circumzenithal arc*, produced by a prism-like effect when light goes through atmospheric ice crystals. You can read more [here](_URL_1_) or [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-588", "score": 0.6802142858505249, "text": "Being both common and given value. Bronze is a mix of copper and... On mobile, but I want to say iron. Looks nice, but isnt all that valuable. Silver is more valuable, but tarnishes. Gold is a symbol of wealth and purity, and is the most valuable of the three. Other materials are not as common, harder to work with, or either too valuable to give up, or too cheap to mean anything." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-221026", "score": 0.6446622014045715, "text": "Dunno about why red and white, but I believe blue ribbon for first places comes from Le Cordon Bleu. Originally, this was a nickname for a bunch of French knights who wore the medal for their order from a blue ribbon. These knights were known for their awesome banquets, and eventually \"blue-ribbon\" worthy became an adjective for something which was particularly excellent, especially cooking. Later on in the 19th century Cordon Bleu became the name of a really famous cooking school and of a number of prizes and awards --- there was one for the fastest ocean liner, for example. So the association became cemented, and any event where people were awarding ribbons tended to go with blue for first place. The cooking school is still around today --- it's where Julia Child trained. [They explain a little about their history on their site.](_URL_0_) Edit: I am a terrible speller in many languages.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1416982", "score": 0.639829695224762, "text": "when you participate in a contest, it's widely known that the top 3 competitors are usually the ones honored with trophies, awards, and medals. 1st place gets the best prize, 2nd place gets the second best prize, 3rd place gets the third best prize, and so on. \n\nin most cases, the 3rd place winner still gets something. if the contest has different segments, chances are they will move on. they still got the honor of winning something.\n\nbut heres the actual reason: Jealousy. you get second place, and you think \"oh, if i had just worked a *little* harder i could have won\". you lose self confidence, and it hurts a lot. you may even have a harder time being proud of your self because you are so focused on the fact that if you had done just a little better, you would be in first place. in third place, the jealousy has died down. your just happy that you won something, and that you placed third. your proud of yourself. your happy that you made it. your pride and self confidence goes up.\n\nyes, there are exceptions. in some events, the 3rd place winners get nothing. sometime only the 1st and 2nd place winners move on, and sometimes only the first. if you get no benefit from third place but you do get a benefit in 2nd place than it IS better to place second.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-59634", "score": 0.6382368206977844, "text": "The exact origins are unknown, but it is hypothesized that they originated from either a form of tally system or hand motions. That is, the \"I\"s represented a tally mark, or a finger. In either case, you use repeated iterations of a symbol (I, II, III...) up to a certain point, then have to replace it with a new symbol representing a larger amount (V). And that is basically how the Roman Numerals work. You repeat a smaller value symbol until you get to a certain value, then swap it out with a higher value symbol: I, II, III, IIII, V and then repeat the pattern from there.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2662536", "score": 0.6372388005256653, "text": "I've received one bronze trophy so far for a North American tournament, and I'm waiting for two more tournaments to end but I was wondering how they are calculated? Is the top X% are bronze, the top Y% silver and Z% gold? They never really explained it in the game (unless I missed out on that part).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-66493", "score": 0.6339847445487976, "text": "Gold is a relatively soft metal and it used to be used as a currency. One way to test if a coin was actually gold or just gold plated on top of another metal was to bite the metal; gold would dent while other metals would not. An athlete \"biting\" their medal is reproducing that historical behavior which in this case conveys the idea \"See, it is gold!\" At this point it is purely traditional and many probably don't even know the origin of why they are doing to motion, just that it is what you are supposed to do.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-468069", "score": 0.6322283744812012, "text": "for me it was from Silver -> Gold = Darius, Gold -> Plat = Zac and Plat -> Diamond = Shen :D", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-89673", "score": 0.6318444609642029, "text": "It started in antiquity with military units. You had battle standards that designated specific armies and could even be used to signal for specific attacks or types of retreat. The tradition shifted to represent specific nobles when we entered feudal periods in society and then countries when we entered the Nation State periods of society. They also became very important when we began sailing ships as they identified the nationality of a vessel at a distance.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-216897", "score": 0.6296398043632507, "text": "The Army just didn't care about the value of gold vs. silver. \"In 1851, the colonel’s eagle was prescribed in silver only. Apparently when it was decided to use only one color, the silver eagle was selected based on the fact that there were more colonels with the silver eagle that those with gold\" The army thought more of logistics in making their ranks and less on the aesthetics. The Link I gave has everything you need to know. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2791539", "score": 0.62836092710495, "text": "We should split silver into Bronze (1, 2, 3) and then have Silver (1, 2, 3) . Get rid of the master and elite master.\nGold(1,2,3) then Guardian0 (These would substitue all the goldnovas)\nGuardian(1,2,3) then Elite0 (These would substitue all the master guardians)\nElite and Immortal (and these the eagles)\n\nthe gold 0 and elite 0 could be named recruit instead of 0, but that would kinda derail the naming easyness proposed!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1927330", "score": 0.6269441843032837, "text": "Why did title belts become the main prize in boxing and later mixed martial arts rather then a trophy or cup like most other professional sport?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2424731", "score": 0.6265636086463928, "text": "Most golds makes much more sense to me personally, but I'm seeing a lot of American ran websites using the most overall medals system. Maybe I'm biased because Canada does better in most golds, and maybe the websites are biased since America does better with overall medals, but I'm just curious as to which system is officially used.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-173068", "score": 0.6241874694824219, "text": "The best info I've found on the subject, though there's not much in the way of citations in this one-paragraph column: ESPN Magazine (_URL_1_). The gist: there are records of awarding prizes to fighters as early as the 8th century BCE, including a two-handled cup (which sounds a lot like a modern trophy). The first real \"modern\" belt appears to have been given to (or perhaps made by) John L. Sullivan (_URL_0_) in the 1880s when he wanted to cement his claim to being the world boxing champion. Why he went with a belt rather than a trophy isn't clear to me. The article's author speculates that the tradition of belts and boxing came from a practice of boxers wearing a belt or sash of their sponsors' colors, then taking the colors of the loser to wear as a sort of \"spoils of combat\" or something. The ornate trophy-belt would thus be the next logical step.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-686890", "score": 0.623533308506012, "text": "I'm curious if anyone knows (source?) about the history behind assignment of colors to the standard weights (green for 10kg, yellow for 15kg, etc).\n\nI noticed the standard colors of the discs correspond partially with the colors of the Olympic rings, with exception of white for 5 and 0.5kg instead of black. Perhaps these are not related, and primary colors were picked simply for being most distinctive? Or maybe are other practical reasons or meanings? Or maybe there's no reason at all (someone randomly picked these colors)?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2602892", "score": 0.6205335855484009, "text": "Other than bragging rights and a few extra kudos, there is no real reward for getting 1st place in a race. I'd love to see some sort of currency that rewards placing high, maybe for the first three places. Or an alternative would be something similar to crown ranks but for metals.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-100637", "score": 0.6204754710197449, "text": "Gold is a good stand-in for value because it's common, easy to work with because it's soft, and doesn't degrade like silver. If you put gold in a vault for a few years, or carry it across some mountains to trade, it stays gold. Do the same thing with silver, and you're polishing for a few hours to get it looking right again. From there, gold as money ~~lead~~ led to wearing gold as a status symbol.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-192116", "score": 0.6195184588432312, "text": "Pretty much what you said. Gold and silver are also valuable in their own right as components of manufactured goods.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-217810", "score": 0.6191020607948303, "text": "The origins of the Red Star are found in the Russian civil war and the end of the First World War. Those Russian troops fleeing from the Austrian and German fronts who found themselves in Moscow in 1917 mixed with the local Moscow garrison. To distinguish the Moscow troops from the influx of retreating Russians the officers gave out tin stars to the Moscow garrison soldiers, to wear on their hats. When those troops joined the Red army and the Bolsheviks they painted their tin stars red (for Communism), thus creating the original Red Star. Khvostov, Mikhail (1996), The Russian Civil War (1) The Red Army. Published by Men-At-Arms. ISBN 1-85532-608-6. Also, Wikipedia states: \"The five-pointed red star is a symbol of communism as well as broader socialism in general. It is sometimes understood to represent the five fingers of the worker's hand, which run the five continents; or it is understood to symbolize the five entities \"classes\" of socialist society: workers, farmers, intellectuals, soldiers, and youth.\"", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-575983", "score": 0.6184772849082947, "text": "In the military, if you get a medal, you can also get a V for valor to go with it, if Congress approves. It turns a good medal into an outstanding medal. \n\nIt only makes sense to put a gold coin on the MMM flair for getting gilded here.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-91969", "score": 0.6177908182144165, "text": "A perfect example of why it is a measurement of skill even though the competitors are only fractions of a second apart is the luge competition. The championship is decided over four runs but over those runs, the gold medalist was consistently faster than the silver medalist - by only something like three tenths of a second, but *consistently* three tenths of a second. That's not luck.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-219328", "score": 0.6174367666244507, "text": "Swiss here. This is the sash of a swiss gymnast and member of a gymnastics club. Medals were received for participation at gymnastics meetings. A gmynast wore the sash for representation like soldiers wear their medals on their parade uniform. The \"cross\" emblem in the middle is the \"gymnasts cross\". It depicts four Fs for the german words \"frisch, fromm, fröhlich, frei\" (quick, devotional, blithe, free). Many gymnast federations and clubs still use it in some form. Most medals were probably received at smaller regional meetings, but the medal in the middle on image 6 is from the \"Eidgenössisches Turnfest 1912\" in Basel, Switzerland which was the national event being held every 3 years (nowadays it's every 5-6 years). It's basically her grandfather's gymnast vitae.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-589", "score": 0.8119036555290222, "text": "The UK and the US have two different systems for broadcast TV signals. The US uses a system called NTSC, and the UK uses a system called PAL. PAL is slightly better than NTSC to start with, but converting an NTSC signal to PAL degrades it even further. All the major US networks now broadcast an HDTV signal as well. That should be directly compatible with an HDTV broadcast in the UK and the quality should be indistinguishable. But I have no idea what the agreements are between the US news outlets and the British news outlets to exchange video clips so it may be that whatever source you're using for news is limited to NTSC clips." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-16892", "score": 0.7364726662635803, "text": "It's partially a technical issue, America has always had a different TV system to most of the rest of the world. Traditionally it was 525 lines and 30 frames a second, whereas almost everywhere else was 625/25. Therefore American programmes have always looked a bit odd here in the UK and there's presumably the same issue the other way too. The difference is less now that so much is shot in HD, the line standards are the same everywhere (1080 or 720) but there is still a frame rate difference even with progressive formats, however most equipment can handle both without prior conversion", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2203205", "score": 0.7141745090484619, "text": "Watch any channel with clips from QI or Fawlty Towers and the sound is so quiet. You turn to video with clips from an American show and they're all loud.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1937901", "score": 0.70717853307724, "text": "This has been puzzling me lately, as it seems some of the most popular news broadcasts often have British people hosting them. Even America's got talent continues to have British hosts. Is it simply because we enjoy listening to them that much? For me it's mildly frustrating.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-106896", "score": 0.6999837756156921, "text": "I would assume a large part of it is because American media is much more common in Britain and Australia than the other way around. For that reason, British and Australian people are familiar with American accents, and grow up hearing them.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-112198", "score": 0.6990789771080017, "text": "The UK traditionally used the PAL broadcast system, which is 25 fps at 625 lines, while the US used NTSC, which is 30 fps at 525 lines. I suspect there's something in the conversion process that gives that feel you mention. Here in the UK, we had the reverse with US shows.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-143511", "score": 0.6927025318145752, "text": "I *think* the answer to this may actually have to do with the difference between PAL and NTSC. These are two systems used for encoding TV and video images for broadcast (there's a third, SECAM, although it's used in fewer countries). North America uses NTSC, which has a higher frame rate, but for standard definition TV it had a slightly lower resolution. Most of Europe uses PAL (except France, which uses SECAM). So when British shows are to be broadcast in the US, they have to be converted from PAL to NTSC; and vice versa. The two systems encode colour quite differently. In this respect, PAL is a bit better than NTSC, which is sometimes known as \"Never Twice the Same Colour\". But NTSC usually does a good enough job for most people not to notice anything amiss. However, converting from one system to the other is very difficult, and I suspect that this is partly what's causing the \"foggy\" look you're referring to. Converting NTSC to PAL also causes issues, such as white hair getting a weird \"blueish\" tinge.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1039396", "score": 0.6906226277351379, "text": "Seems like in the age of excellent streaming video tech, 90% of the news stories I see where there's security camera footage, it's horribly grainy even during the day, indoors, and the frame rate is horrible.\n\nA lot of places just never upgraded, or what?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2048160", "score": 0.6884758472442627, "text": "Every channel, including the national ones are standard definition - 480p. It looks awful when you're used to watching HD.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-90629", "score": 0.6869674921035767, "text": "A lot is also due to comparison. When one watches the news, they see footage from 10,000$ + studio cameras. These shoot full HD and are tripod mounted, so a shaky camera phone, which isn't the same quality as the studio will be noticed more.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-118972", "score": 0.6864839196205139, "text": "In the US at least, the news anchors traditionally speak with the [General American](_URL_0_) accent, or at least one that is tied to a specific geographical region as little as possible. Using that accent was pretty much required to get ahead anywhere except local stations. In Britain, for the longest time they insisted on [RP](_URL_1_), but a lot more regional accents are on the air these days than previously.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-27171", "score": 0.6862547993659973, "text": "It's because in the USA tv shows have a refresh rate of 24 Hz, where as its 25 Hz in the UK. When U.S. tv shows are aired on UK channels, they are sped up slightly. So it's not just the opening, it's the whole show. Everyone has slightly higher pitched voices too.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1028298", "score": 0.6838456392288208, "text": "Local news from blue city stations, I would surmise, has more impact on the views of average Americans. Dont overlook Fake local news either.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1199658", "score": 0.6830313801765442, "text": "It seems that a lot of Europeans are involved with or express interest in American politics/news, whereas we don't hear much of anything about the happenings in Europe unless it's something that shakes the world such as brexit or a terrorist attack. \n\nEdit: also in what light is the news portrayed: bad, unbiased/neutral or good", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-4914", "score": 0.6822261810302734, "text": "It's the Transatlantic accent; an artificial accent used by broadcasters meant to sound equally acceptable to Americans and British: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2264510", "score": 0.6808668971061707, "text": "It doesn't necessarily have to originate in the U.S., but it should report on U.S. news. Please explain why you think it is less biased than others.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-115599", "score": 0.6789752244949341, "text": "Bad programming, bad cueing, or someone hit the wrong button. Or, if the channel is a major network affiliate (CBS, ABC etc.), it could be a switch between the national and the local feed. Like cutting from the local 11 pm news to the national 11:30 pm news/affairs program. Usually they're well synchronized and there is a smooth seamless transition.... but the network feed always takes priority and if the local programming runs late, they may have to chop off the credits or a commercial.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1398899", "score": 0.6771368384361267, "text": "When it comes to fresh, new or experimental ideas - the British just do it better. A lot of american entertainment can seem really predigested whereas it always seems the British aren't afraid to try new things. \n\nEven the best american comedies aren't a touch on the cleverness and wit of the best British ones. When it comes to drama these days i think american stuff is a lot better than it used to be, but only because it is becoming more similar to a British style. British drama has always been grittier and grounded in reality. \n\nThough I love a lot of American music i was looking through my collection and noticed that it was far more British than anything else.\n\nBTW, I'm not British", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-174623", "score": 0.6768069267272949, "text": "By law, TV news in the UK has to be neutral. In reality it's not completely neutral, but broadcasting laws prevent them being blatantly biased. Newspapers have no such rule. So they can be as opinionated as they like. I don't know why US newspapers tend not to be like that. Maybe just because people who want that sort of content has it on TV instead.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-65658", "score": 0.6754285097122192, "text": "I would think it's just different cultures. The UK may not care as much about what is visually appealing, rather, they are more interested in the dialogue.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-173540", "score": 0.6751755475997925, "text": "It's simply down to different styles of editing and filming. Different cameras and settings affect how crisp the footage is and how much motion blur it has (that can also be done in editing). I've also noticed British shows tend to be more grey and American shows more colourful, likely as a result both of artistic choices in set and prop design and also colour grading (artificially altering the colours of recorded footage to be more or less vibrant, or even appear as other colours). Overall I think it's just choices by the crew of the show to have it look a certain way.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-591", "score": 0.6962941884994507, "text": "The hardware and software have to work together. The hardware never changes, but the software can change and evolve over time to offer better performance, more features, or in some cases even to fix minor errors in the hardware manufacturing process. Almost ever time there are new drivers released they increase performance. Sometimes the drivers include specific alterations to make a specific set of games run better, sometimes they just generally make all programs run better." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-942803", "score": 0.661462128162384, "text": "Like, is there a certain amount that will 99% be safe to set any GPU to? Just want to give my card a little more OC headroom, and I can't do it anymore without going near the volts.\n\nUsing a reference 970 if that helps. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-853848", "score": 0.6614404320716858, "text": "Hi, I am currently looking to upgrade my PCs GPU as I think that's what's holding it back, and I'm also going to be gettng a new monitor which I think will burn out my current GPU (as it'll need to run at higher resolution).\n\n​\n\nIdeally would like to spend \\~£250 on a GPU, and don't mind buying used. Just find it confusing looking at them all as for each card type there seems to be a thousand different brands and another thousand different variants of each which I'm not gonna pretend to understand. Is it generally a good idea to match the brand wwith the mobo or no?\n\n​\n\nNot a dedicated PC gamer, only really play pubg with mates and some civ so a monster build isn't needed but I'm hoping someone can recommend an affordable 10 series card\n\n​\n\nCurrent build is\n\ni5 4690k (OC @ 4.6)\n\n16gb ram \n\nGTX 750ti\n\nAsus Z87-A mobo\n\n​\n\nTIA :)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2134759", "score": 0.6614242792129517, "text": "So I wasn't feeling the amazing performance of the GTX 1070 since I got it, I don't know if its exaggerated on review sites or mines not working fine. Please share your experiences with me.\n\nLatest Drivers 3DMark Firestrike results \n\n11 920 Default Mode\n12 001 OC Mode \n12 352 Custom OC +80Core +400Mem\n\n368.81 Drivers 3Dmark Firestrike scores\n\n12 213 Default\n12 420 OC mode\n12 782 Custom OC\n\nAre these normal for the GTX 1070? I know the new drivers are faulty I am getting better scores with the older driver and I will keep that now. \n\nPC SPECS\ni5 4460 3.20 Ghz\n8GB Single Channel 1866Mhz \n550W Corsair PSU\n2TB HDD \n128GB SSD", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1584034", "score": 0.6613983511924744, "text": "The driver for the egpu keeps removing itself after i unplug it. If i try to replug it in, the driver appears in the device manager but has an error next to it. It's only resolved if I restart the computer. \n\n​\n\nThis is after i used DDU to uninstall all nvidia drivers and re-installed the egpu driver. I've omitted installing the mx150 driver. \n\n​\n\nIdeally i'd like it so that i'm able to plug and play - is there any way to do this or fix this?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1403498", "score": 0.6613913178443909, "text": "From what I understand, these technologies all serve a similar purpose of combining the graphical capabilities of two or more cards in order to increase their net performance. The question I have is this; does this work in a similar way to putting normal RAM in dual channel slots, or is it something else? I somewhat ELI5-like answer would be appreciated.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2137090", "score": 0.6613911390304565, "text": "Howdy Friends,\n\nI wanted to post real quick about an issue I was having with my new Gigabyte G1 R9 390. When I received it, I was excited to try it out immediately having upgraded from an R9 270x (which is an amazing card for the money for anyone considering it). I plugged it in and loaded up GTA V. \n\nAfter bumping my settings up, I immediately noticed a significant difference in visuals (8gbs of VRAM to play with now). But within a minute, I notice the fans CRANKING, harder than I would have expected. I opened GPU-Z to find the fans running at 90%, and the GPU temperature at 88 Celsius. \n\nThis was way too high I thought...my 270x never breached 70c. So I was a little concerned. After a little googling, the recommendation seemed to be to change the thermal paste. \n\nI went ahead and tackled my first GPU Thermal paste change today (shout out to Linustechtips for the tutorial I used). HERE is a picture of the thermal paste as I found it. As far as my untrained eye could tell, it was a little sloppy, and it looked like some spots had no thermal paste at all.\n\nAfter swapping it out, I received a 10 degree DECREASE in temperatures. HUGE difference, and I'm happy with where it is at now. \n\nSo as an FYI, if you're GPU seems to be running a little hot, try swapping the paste. It's an easy job, and certainly couldn't hurt (as long as you're careful).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2121201", "score": 0.6613807678222656, "text": "Earlier today I was playing some BF3 and my system locked up. I figured it was just a one-time thing but now every time a BF3 map loads, a SC2 game loads or I play a video, my entire screen turns a random color (yellow, green, blue, whatever) and my entire computer locks up. \n\nI figure this is a GPU problem but I'm not entirely sure. \n\nI have a Nvidia G570. I checked the temps using EVGA and it seemed fine (40 degrees.) My fans are all operating sufficiently and It's not a virus issue. \n\nAny ideas? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2122206", "score": 0.6613734364509583, "text": "Hello,\n\nas already described my Photoshop tends to crash and tells me there are problems with GPU Drivers. Photoshop is running the latest version and also my GPU (Nvidia RTX 2070) is running on the latest drivers. In the system information of Photshop the GPU is listed and the GPU is working well as tested in Task Manager and with Benchmark, Games, etc. \n\n\nDid anyone encounter a similar problem (maybe even with the same GPU) and do you know a solution. As the solution on the Adobe website doesn't seem to help me. \n\n\nAs I work with PS help would be really appreciated!!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-618037", "score": 0.6613535284996033, "text": "I am having a huge error with my graphics card and everywhere I look I keep seeing to update drivers and update drivers. I've done that about 30 times now and still nothing. Computer boots up fine and everything works as it should, it's when I try to utilize something graphics intensive that the real issue comes in. \n\nPCPartPicker part list]( / [Price breakdown by merchant]( / [Benchmarks\n\nType|Item|Price\n:----|:----|:----\n**CPU** | AMD Phenom II X4 965 Black 3.4GHz Quad-Core Processor | $89.99 @ NCIX US \n**Motherboard** | ASRock 970 Extreme3 ATX AM3+ Motherboard | $84.99 @ Newegg \n**Storage** | Seagate Barracuda 1TB 3.5\" 7200RPM Internal Hard Drive | $73.75 @ NCIX US \n**Video Card** | HIS Radeon HD 7770 1GB Video Card | $114.98 @ Newegg \n**Case** | Thermaltake VL80001W2Z ATX Mid Tower Case | $34.68 @ NCIX US \n**Power Supply** | Corsair Builder 430W 80 PLUS Certified ATX12V Power Supply | $16.99 @ Newegg \n**Optical Drive** | Lite-On iHAS124-04 DVD/CD Writer | $15.99 @ Newegg \n**Operating System** | Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium SP1 (64-bit) | $91.99 @ Amazon \n | | **Total**\n | Prices include shipping, taxes, and discounts when available. | $523.36\n\nEvery time I try to run any process that uses the graphics card (youtube, dota 2 etc.), it basically crashes (screen flickers and statics until it goes into a stationary color, usually gray) computer will go into BSOD and the STOP error code is 0x116 if anyone can please help me resolve this.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-616962", "score": 0.6613385081291199, "text": "Hey,\n\nBuilt a friend's pc the other night. Motherboard is the Asus Hero VIII and the gpu is the r9 390 nitro.\n\nCannot get video out of the gpu, only the motherboard.\n\nAMD drivers wont install as it cannot find the card.\n\nBios also lists no vga in both pcie lanes. We've tested with his old gpu that worked in his old pc.\n\nIs this a setting we've missed or is the motherboard DOA?\n\nSolved: cables were out of psu just a tad. \nI'm stupid. \n\nThanks all!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-854719", "score": 0.6613233089447021, "text": "Hi, I'm not in the market for a new GPU right now, but I'm just a little curious. People often recommend AMD cards at a similar price when people say they are looking at an Nvidia card, but I rarely see it the other way. When is it more appropriate to purchase an Nvidia and when is it more appropriate to purchase an AMD? Thanks guys!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2797505", "score": 0.6613156795501709, "text": "I have two highend laptops with switchable graphics(AMD Radeon HD cards) that I use to game. I am very very very impressed with the improvements with windows 10. Huge improvements with AMD 8970m, and a 8790m. Dying Light, Wolfenstein the old blood, and Witcher 3 all registered about 15 frames higher. With minimums being about + ~8-10 fps. I've been meaning to go and do some in-depth writing about this next week. One problem I did encounter was that Windows 10 installed the wrong display driver for my 8970m. It wasn't helpful that using AMD's autoselect tool downloaded Windows 8.1 drivers, so if you find yourself in a similar situation. Just download the Catalyst for Radeon HD mobility for Windows 10 64 bit and you will be good. It took me a few minutes to figure this out as the tutorials I read all said to download the Windows 8.1 drivers. \n\n Has anyone else noticed big improvements on laptops with dedicated GPU's?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-755134", "score": 0.6613118648529053, "text": "Hi! I have a PC with new parts running my old 1070 gfx card. I Just updated to the new 3080 gfx card and now I'm having issues with games crashing and Blue Screen of Death in windows 10. \n\nThis never happened before with the exact same parts except the gfx card. I updated the graphics card drivers and it seemed to fix one crash error while playing Call of Duty that had the Nvidia crash code in it; now that error code is gone and its BSOD or some other error code after updating drivers. \n\nOccasionally while playing a game the screen will completely freeze for a few seconds like its about to crash, but then it picks back up again and keeps going.\n\nI also play Factorio and got this error code on a crash:\n \"Factorio crashed due to video card reset or removal. DXGI error device removed. Reason: DXGI error device hung. This might be due to gfx driver, overclocking, or overheating.\"\n\nI have 2 monitors hooked up, when a game crashes the other monitor freezes for a sec while the game crashes and makes an error code or BSOD, but the second monitor is still lit up and the desktop is visible on the second screen throughout the crash. This leads me to believe that the video card itself is not actually unseated because the second monitor is not going black.\n\nOn the actual graphics card itself there is a \"Normal\" and \"OC\" switch. At first I had it on OC of course, but then switched it to normal to see if that helps. I think it did help a little bit but I'm still getting plenty of crashes, probably 1 crash every 2 games on COD.\n\nI switched to the latest Nvidia drivers v460.89, both studio and game ready, with game ready drivers working better for less crashes. \n\nParts:\n- Intel i7-10700 3.8ghz OCd to 4.9ghz\n- 64gb ram overclocked in BIOS with XMP Profile 1\n- PSU Corsair HX 850\n- Nvidia GeForce RTS 3080\n\nSo basically I think it has to be the graphics card or gfx drivers as the old graphics card with all the other parts being the same was working fine. Any tips or tricks to try I will appreciate. Thank you!\n\nEDIT*: I went into the windows event viewer and found this crash log from COD:\n\nEvent 1000, application error\nFaulting application name: ModernWarfare.exe, version: 1.0.0.0, time stamp: 0x5fdbcf18\nFaulting module name: ntdll.dll, version: 10.0.19041.662, time stamp: 0x27bfa5f0\nException code: 0xc0000005\nFault offset: 0x0000000000021a25\nFaulting process id: 0x3c18\nFaulting application start time: 0x01d6dfe7a9759b98\nFaulting application path: C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Call of Duty Modern Warfare\\ModernWarfare.exe\nFaulting module path: C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\ntdll.dll\nReport Id: f109b48e-dc24-40bc-95a8-12bbc6f9f1cc\nFaulting package full name: \nFaulting package-relative application ID:", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2094129", "score": 0.6613109707832336, "text": "I'm going to start purchasing new parts for a fresh build, and hand off my old PC to my sons. I have a GeForce 1070 right now paired with a Dell Gaming Monitor S2417DG, which has G-Sync. I'm looking at the $400 range for a new GPU, and the Radeon 5700XT is looking to be the best at that price point. However, if I get it, I lose the functionality of the Gsync, which bums me out because I paid a premium for it. On the other hand, the Geforce 2060 Super is about the same price, but apparently less powerful. Ray tracing doesn't mean anything so that's a non-issue. I just cant decide which way to go.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-364228", "score": 0.6613073348999023, "text": "Normally it like at 60-70c and almost always goes up to like 80 when gaming. Highest I recorded was 85. Is this normal, and if not, when should I expect to \"upgrade\" my GPU?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1448287", "score": 0.6612971425056458, "text": "I finally got my 5700 XT stable with the new Adrenalin 2020. Screen would randomly go black and lose signal. I could hear the game audio continue, but the only recourse was the force stop the vm. The error in my system log was \"vfio\\_bar\\_restore: reset recovery - restoring BARs\". I thought this was a virtualization glitch, but it's a somewhat documented issue with the new driver and, at the very least, the 5700 XT. The solution is to DISABLE Radeon Anti-Lag and Radeon Enhanced Sync. These default to on in the new driver. (Enhanced) Freesync still works fine. I've had zero crashes or black screens since making this change. I'm passing through the 5700 XT as the secondary gpu, no vbios needed, Q35-3.1 machine type. Card is running gen4 x16 on x570 Aorus Ultra, win10 installed on gen4 nvme also passed to vm. Host is unraid 6.8.0-rc5 running kernel with navi reset v1 patch.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2120370", "score": 0.661294162273407, "text": "I use an Asus ROG GL553VE laptop, with Windows 10 version 1803; a few weeks ago I let DriverBooster update several drivers (I do this twice a year for the sake of maintenance). Usually I've seen improvements or no change, but this time whenever I play Dark Souls 3 or League of Legends, I experience huge FPS drops at certain parts in the game (Usually in LoL it happens during teamfights, or when there are multiple players on the screen). My usual FPS was 150-200, but now it stays around 60-70 and drops to 1-20.\n\nI would have rolled back the updates but I uninstalled DriverBooster since then. I checked for System Restore points but the ones I created from months ago are no longer there. And the auto-generated points are from after the driver updates.\n\nIf there is a simple fix, I'll be glad to use it. Otherwise, I'd like help identifying which drivers are causing the issue, and I can rollback those manually.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2391086", "score": 0.6612813472747803, "text": "I don't know about you lot but I've been seeing quite a lot of contradictory articles, posts, reviews, etc, as to *such and such GPU* being 'mid-range' or *same gpu* being 'high-end. An example? An Engadget article : NVIDIA's GTX 1070 is a mid-range GPU that feels high-end. Which surprised me because I had thought it was high-end.\n\n\nCan we have have a discussion about what's really 'low-end', 'mid-range', and what's 'high-end'? Is it price, performance, price/performance, that decides it? It seems these days that it's hard for people to agree as to what fits where and I think it's getting a bit out of hand. I don't see this kind of confusion in too many other markets.\n\nP.S\nThis generation of GPUs from both AMD and Nvidia have been meant to make PC gaming more accessible to a wider market of people but how can it be when someone new to PC gaming is stuck in the middle of this trying to decide what meets their needs? I remember my confusion when I first looked into building my system, I can't imagine what it'd feel like if I were doing it now.\n\n\nEDIT : Thank you everyone for your input! As we can all see, it's definitely a divisive topic. Don't think I've ever seen such a dynamic fluctuation in upvotes/downvotes on both comments and the thread itself, in any thread here before! There's really no clear answer but it's been insightful to see everyone's two cents worth on the topic!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-617092", "score": 0.6612794399261475, "text": "I realize that this is gpu/display cable related most likely, not asking for help, just wanting to know if anyone else has. I'm left wondering what caused it.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1336786", "score": 0.6612675189971924, "text": "He currently has ASUS HD7770 installed and just purchased R9 380, will they run in crossfire ?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-592", "score": 0.9195874333381653, "text": "> How did we get metal to think? By: * building an electrical component (transistor) where a voltage on one line can act as a very fast switch on a different line. * finding a super-miniuaturized production process for these components. * wiring them together in increasingly complex systems to store numbers, do calculations on those numbers and come up with calculations we can interpret as \"thinking\". > How does it know what the 1's and 0's are? It doesn't. Even the 0 and 1 are human interpretation of electrical charges and voltages. > Is it at it's core mechanical? No, it is at its core electrical." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1053", "score": 0.755882740020752, "text": "What all that metal and plastic make are a huge amount of transistors which are then used to make what are called logic gates. A logic gate takes two inputs (electrical currents) and produces one output. The two most basic logic gates are the \"and gate\" and the \"or gate\". With \"and\" if both inputs are true (usually a certain voltage of electrical signal like +5v) you get a true output otherwise you get a alse output (usually 0v), with or if either one of the inputs is true you get a true output otherwise you get a false. Using this most basic logic you can build amazingly complex systems including memory. The key is you have a huge number of these gates and they work incredibly fast.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-69708", "score": 0.738571047782898, "text": "Maths basically. If the most basic element of a computer is a switch (transistor) it can either be on or off (or 1 or 0) from there you can teach a series of switched to compare two inputs (1's or 0\"s) and derive an output - i.e. make a decision. This means you can extend out to basic maths like addition and subtraction. If you ramp this up by a factor of billions you then have a machine that can do apparently complex things using very simple maths. But a computer cannot make decisions on its own; it can only respond to certain inputs in a finite number of ways, and these need to be programmed. Its responses may seem complex but every reaction has been programmed at some stage. So the answer is they don't \"know\" - they are just returning programmed responses.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-168060", "score": 0.7319406270980835, "text": "It doesn't \"know\" what to do with them - 0s and 1s exist in a computer as the literal presence or absence of electricity, and *directly* cause other things to happen. If you know how a [relay](_URL_0_) works, a transistor works almost exactly the same (effect-wise, not actually \"how\" they work). When you have a \"1\" on one side, that means you have a certain voltage, and that voltage *directly* causes the other side to open (or close, in some cases). Now just think of a computer as a few billion of those crammed into a space the size of a dime. By arranging those in special patterns called \"logic gates\", the electricity itself causes a chain of events that can do a class of very simple calculations that let us combine a pair of inputs (0s or 1s) to get a specific output. Then, we can chain a bunch of *those* together to get functional units that start to do things you might recognize, like adders.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2062004", "score": 0.7219833731651306, "text": "This may be out of the realm of ELI5 so please direct me to ELI18/25/40?\n\nBasically I know binary is the lowest level from a human to machine standpoint but how the hell does the machine know the 1=on 0=off? How did the first person start writing code that can interact with a man made machine?\n\nThis isn't really a question of how do we do it do it now but of how did it start 50+ years ago. How did someone start writing software that interacts with hardware at an atomic level. How did the first person do this and how do we still do it? How is it even possible that I can code in a HLE and my computer understands what I am doing? Hell I know that most of those languages are getting interpreted at an assembly level but how does the assembler talk to the hardware?\n\nIf necessary (and preferably) don't simplify the discussion. I have a degree in applied computational mathemtics and would rather have 2 discussions, one simplified and one not.\n\nThank you in advance. Also please recommend book s that cover this subject as I have been interested since sophomore year of high school but have found no definitive answer.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-12716", "score": 0.7215619087219238, "text": "[You should watch this lecture from Richard Buckland at UNSW](_URL_0_). I linked to the relevant part where he starts talking about the history of the computer. It's a long watch but it explains how transistors are put together to make gates and how 1s and 0s control them to perform logic.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-50958", "score": 0.7211886644363403, "text": "1s and 0s are simply how humans interpret some physical property inside of the computer. Internally, the computer sees things like \"voltage\" and \"no voltage\" or \"magnetized\" and \"not magnetized\".", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-32046", "score": 0.7183719873428345, "text": "im sure they figured it out the same way modern man would, throw stuff into a fire and see what happens to it. They threw a rock in and noticed that this shiny very hard material formed out of it. Then once they knew which rocks yeilded these metals they started mixing them together to figure out which mixture would be the hardest, most useful for their applications.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-185064", "score": 0.7153396010398865, "text": "We assign meaning to a specific state of matter. This can be a position, or an electric charge, or some other property that we can manipulate and measure without damaging it. A computer hard drive uses a powerful magnet to write your 1s and 0s to the disk by changing the magnetic direction of each designated space. A CD uses ridges burned into it by a laser. Imagine you had a pile of rocks and needed to make it \"remember\" 10110100. You can do this a numer of ways. Draw a line and have rocks on the line mean 0 and rocks above it mean 1. Have two rocks mean 1 and one rock mean 0. Any number of permutations will work, as long as you can remember what means 1 and what means 0. That's basically how we store data, using charge or magnetism or ridge height as our rocks.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-188629", "score": 0.7137933373451233, "text": "Computers always run on what is called \"machine code\", the actual values which make the computer components behave as desired. At this stage it is just like flipping electrical switches at the start of a long chain reaction. The secret is that computers *never changed from that.* Computers do not \"think\", they do not understand anything, they don't \"obey orders\" any more than an electric winch obeys an order to pull on something when it is turned on. Computer languages and code are just abstractions to allow people to more easily construct logical processes than putting the machine code together directly. Imagine a purely mechanical calculator, something that adds and subtracts numbers via gears and levers. The numbers to be calculated together are indicated by the positions of the gears at the start and that is in essence what computers are doing. The difference is that it is much faster, the parts are smaller, and it is done without moving parts using semiconductor switches.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-269304", "score": 0.7112763524055481, "text": "The CPU doesn't \"know\" anything. For example, does an abacus \"know\" what the number one means? The different levels of meaning are built up from very simple logic operations, which are combined through machine code and software into applications that mean something to human users. How the meaning is created by software from logic operations is a very difficult philosophical question that I'm not qualified to answer. But if I can ask you a similar question. How are the individual neurons in your brain making sense of this message?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-62786", "score": 0.7108345627784729, "text": "Everything that happens in a computer is really electricity flowing in a pattern. The computer is carefully constructed in a series of big and bigger patterns, but when people talk about the binary 1s and 0s in a computer, they are really just talking about little on/off switches like your light switch turns on and off the light, but at a microscopic level. The main way computers control things in the real world just boils down to magnets. Robotics are made of small motors sometimes called \"servos\". And since the computer is all just a pattern of turning current on and off, one of the things it can turn on and off is the motors in a robot. Do that in the right pattern, and you get motion that is useful and makes sense to us.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-246308", "score": 0.7103210687637329, "text": "I recommend reading [Code](_URL_5_) by Charles Petzold. It works through a sort of hierarchy: * With some wire and an electromagnet, you can make a switch * You can use one switch to open/close other switches * This network of switches can be used to make logic gates * These logic gates can be hooked together to do math * Once you can do math, you can do anything", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-184631", "score": 0.7102228403091431, "text": "Have you ever played with the toy with the hundreds of metal rods on one side and the other side has a glass square to prevent the rods from spilling off? When you pressed you hand on the rod side it would push the rods to the glass side revealing the imprint of your hand. We have machines that do that and reveal the image of the atomic structure.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-832639", "score": 0.7092082500457764, "text": "Is it simply based off valence electrons and polarity? Would we not have definitive proof of this without an electron microscope?\n\nWhen I was describing the arrangement of molecules in metals to someone, they asked me how they truly could know that, and I didn't have an answer.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-93165", "score": 0.7089902758598328, "text": "Computers use logic states to process data. A logic state can be represented by different voltages. A \"1\" might be represented by 3 volts. A \"0\" (zero) might be represented by a much lower voltage, closer to zero volts. The only way for the computer to know that it is looking at a \"1\" or a \"0\" is by the voltage level of the bit of information represented by that voltage. If you wanted to make a computer capable of processing in base 10, you would need to specify *ten different voltage levels*. The computer would have to be able to tell the difference between the 10 different voltage levels with great accuracy. And as the voltage we supply to computers goes down (so the battery will last longer) and as the components in the computer chip get ever smaller (voltages leaking from one point on the chip to the next becomes an ever thornier problem), the only reliable way we have for the computer to tell the difference between voltage states is to have *only* two of them: on/off. Yes/No. One/Zero.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-180413", "score": 0.7085486054420471, "text": "That silicon (along with some other stuff) is shaped into transistors. Transistors are essentially switches with no moving parts that run entirely on electricity. By organizing switches in complicated patterns you can construct engines capable of handling logical statements and doing arithmetic. You can google things like [logic gates](_URL_0_) and [adders](_URL_1_) to see (relatively) simple examples of this. You could theoretically accomplish the same things with comparatively giant mechanical switches (in fact, this is how some of the very earliest computers worked).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-255499", "score": 0.7083117365837097, "text": "At the absolutely most fundamental level, it's nothing more than lots and lots of switches. Millions and millions of them. The switches are called transistors. Hooking up a couple transistors in the right way give you logic functions with 1's and 0's, which are really just high or low voltages. With logic functions (aka gates), you can make anything - an adder or a memory slot. In a computer, there are lots and lots of memory slots (look up a gated D-latch). Every computer has a special set of instructions (assembly code) that take numbers from the memory slots, perform a calculation, and put the result somewhere else (or just move numbers around, etc). So that guy in Minecraft? He just put lots and lots of switches together. But, he probably did it at a higher level - he almost certaintly wrote a script that allowed him to place a whole series of gates in one place - he didn't put down every switch.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-37742", "score": 0.7078598141670227, "text": "Its circuts. 0 is off state and 1 is on state (regarding a transistor or a logic gate) depending on the combination of those states the computer works and shows you the screen, plays games etc. Basically (this is dumbed down to oblivion for obv. reasons). All programming is translated into machine code, via compiler, which computer understands and can translate into those 0s ans 1s in order to do the desired operation", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-82826", "score": 0.7077785134315491, "text": "metals are comprised of atoms which like to interact with charges. these atoms are basically assorted randomly in terms of their polarity so any given point could either push or pull on a like charge. Because they are assorted randomly they cancel each other out and the net magnetism is basically 0. In a magnet however they arent assorted randomly. They all line up in one direction so their magnetism is amplified instead of canceled out.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-238328", "score": 0.706332802772522, "text": "What keeps pieces of metal from bonding together is a thin layer of oxide that forms on their surface. If we scrape that layer off, in an environment with no oxygen, the pieces of metal will meld together, and we get [cold welding](_URL_0_). That's because of the way electrons are pretty much free in metals, and thus the boundaries of metal pieces are not very well defined without some change of material (like the oxide layer). Materials with other types of bonds (like covalent networks) don't have this interesting behavior, because the electrons are confined to some specific places (the bonds are set in place). I don't know specifically why metal pieces that have been held together for a long time get stuck, but I would think it is either because of friction removing the oxide layer in an airtight space (effectively cold welding) or because of [rust or oxide](_URL_1_) growing from piece to piece, essentially making them a single piece, and weakening the whole thing.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-593", "score": 0.7021563649177551, "text": "The carbonation helps to disperse remaining alcohol from the palate and tongue. Plus, it has a sugary taste." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-123514", "score": 0.6665357947349548, "text": "It doesn't sober you up. The boost in adrenaline helps offset the effects of the alcohol making you feel Cloe to as alert as you normally would be sober.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-95219", "score": 0.666480541229248, "text": "I don't think this is true for any soda. But flat ginger ale is good for your stomach because ginger is known as a nausea aide.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2036586", "score": 0.6653241515159607, "text": "Always say yes to a drink (non-alcoholic) when socializing. Not only does it give you something to do with your hands, but I’ve noticed it really does provide some relief for some people, especially hosts.\n\nExample: Last night we were on a friend’s patio (socially distancing) and was offered beer and wine. I declined and then was offered pop or water, which I declined as well. After awhile I was asked again if I needed anything and was offered whiskey. Once again declined and was met with the “are you sure you don’t need anything?” Was offered water or pop again and decided to say yes. \n\nFor some reason that really seemed to provide relief to the hosts for some reason. They got anxiety relief and I got to enjoy a Wild Cherry Pepsi, which I haven’t had in years...it was a win-win.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-29464", "score": 0.6652321219444275, "text": "In short: because alcohol is a Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) inhibitor. When ADH is secreted normally, it tells your kidneys to put some of the water it filters out from your blood to make pee back into your blood to maintain a good level of hydration. When you drink alcohol ADH is not secreted or secreted in much lower levels so your kidneys stop putting the extra water back.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-482445", "score": 0.6647091507911682, "text": "Coke? Makes me want to choke.\n\nSprite? No, I'm alright.\n\nFanta? Sorry, I can't-a.\n\nMountain dew? Ew.\n\nJuice? No use.\n\nSweet tea? Not for me.\n\nBeer? I'll stay clear. (also works for root beer)\n\nWine? No thanks, I'm fine.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-46996", "score": 0.6645655035972595, "text": "Lifelong alcoholic reporting in. The fabled \"kick\" is the alcoholic content of the beverage. If you mix a bottom shelf whisky and coke in the proper ratio, you'll get a nice, smooth drink with no \"kick\". When you take a shot of that same bottom shelf whisky, the strong taste of alcohol will provide a \"kick\". It's a burning sensation, followed typically by a difficulty swallowing and perhaps even a gag reflex. Top shelf liquors have a similar kick, the gag reflex and difficulty swallowing is reduced because the flavor isn't nearly as terrible as that bottom shelf bile that you use to mix drinks with.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-104941", "score": 0.6641205549240112, "text": "Alcoholic beverage developer here! The main reason is the solubility of sugar. Most of these flavored spirits have a large amount of sugar in them, and sugar is not very soluble in alcohol. Therefore, to get the sweetness they want, they have to dilute the strength of the spirit.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-316689", "score": 0.6640613675117493, "text": "Alchohol has a lower heat capacity than water, so it will evaporate quicker. This lets the scent get into the air more effectively.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-44083", "score": 0.6640130877494812, "text": "Your body is fighting off poison. I'm not getting preachy or anything. But it's that while you are drinking and partying or doing whatever you were doing, you're body is focused more on that, and less on the booze. Now that you are at rest, your body is saying \"OK, to get over this, we need to purge the system\" which involves vomiting, urinating and most likely the runs. It's also because alcohol messes with fine motor control, and your sense of balance, meaning that your body may be motionless but it thinks it's still moving, hence why you may lean and such while standing still and drinking. All in all, it's your body saying that drinking messes it up. Also, hangover cure, lot's of water, electrolytes and breakfast with lots of grease and carbs (bread, waffles, bacon, etc)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-93676", "score": 0.663694441318512, "text": "Soda is sweet enough that watering it down slightly doesn't necessarily make it unpleasant. Whereas the balance of flavor in beer/milk is negatively affected by adding additional water. I would assume it's because of the sweetness which is where most of the flavor comes from.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1660337", "score": 0.6633958220481873, "text": "There's usually an option for \"water\" and an option for \"soda\". The soda option just gives you carbonated water. But why? Does anybody actually drink it?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-136056", "score": 0.6632910966873169, "text": "The extra distillations of vodka has been proven to reduce hangovers if i remember correctly. More distillation = greater cost.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-158535", "score": 0.6630941033363342, "text": "placebo and conditioning. Firstly, you think you're supposed to act a certain way, so you do (without meaning to) secondly, you may have grown up drinking beer in friendly social settings with mates (chilling at a bar after uni or work.. watching a sports game), whereas you only drink vodka when you go out clubbing. Perhaps you only drink tequila when you want to get FUCKED UP You'll come to associate these drinks with those types of scenarios/attitudes (chilled/friendly, wild, fun etc)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-26682", "score": 0.6626579165458679, "text": "Well alcohol is a diuretic, which makes you pee. Combine that with the fact you are usually drinking a few beers at a time and there you have it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-87562", "score": 0.6621253490447998, "text": "I'm surprised no one has mentioned this so far: The explanation makes more sense the other way around. That is, why do cola drinks contain caffeine? The reason is that kola nuts, which were the original flavoring (or one of them), *contain* caffeine, so it was natural that these products would retain the caffeine present in the kola nuts. This became traditional, even though many colas now don't even have any kola nut flavoring. Lemon-lime drinks do not contain kola nuts, so there is no reason why they would originally have caffeine. It could, of course, be added, but products like Sprite and 7-Up are now well-established. There might be some niche producers that have caffeine, though.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-66386", "score": 0.6619791388511658, "text": "This is actually just a preference that changes person to person. There are people who prefer warm soda or beer as opposed to them being chilled.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-27348", "score": 0.6615003943443298, "text": "I'm Interested in this answer too. I'm guessing it's something that the alcohol does to the brain to numb parts that are associated with discomfort/unpleasentness. If this is true it would explain things feeling less harmful to you than normal, the want of people to smoke cigarettes without a problem, how good laying down feels, how good food tastes, anti-anxiety factors, etc. Damn I need a drink.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-107044", "score": 0.6614105105400085, "text": "There are parts of the brain containing juices which make memory work good. Alcohol makes the juices that do this not work good.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-177725", "score": 0.6614010334014893, "text": "In ELI5 terms, carbonated drinks have gas under pressure and bubbles. When the drink is shaken the big bubbles that are normally near the top of the bottle can now be found anywhere in the bottle. When the drink is opened, some of the gas escapes and the bubbles reach the opening of the bottle or can, this stirs up more of the gas dissolved in the soda making them want to escape the drink causing a chain reaction and a big burst of foam and liquid. I hope this explanation is clear, if not I can try to rephrase it.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-166142", "score": 0.6608363389968872, "text": "Hitting the bottle causes it to vibrate. This vibration causes cavitation - pockets of empty space - in the beer itself. The carbon dioxide in the beer comes out of solution to fill these cavities in the form of bubbles, and they want to rise to the top of the liquid. Because the liquid is in the way, out it comes. The same thing happens when you shake a can of soda. This is why tapping the sides of the can helps prevent the soda shooting out: you knock the bubbles to the top of the can so they don't push any liquid out when you open it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-594", "score": 0.835922122001648, "text": "> \"Development hell or development limbo is media industry jargon for a state during which a film or other project remains in development without progressing to production. A film, video game, television program, screenplay, computer program, concept, or idea stranded in development hell.\" TL;DR When a game/film is not making any progress/being scrapped and restarting, Example: completely starting from scratch over and over Source: Google/Being a developer." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2098956", "score": 0.6498239040374756, "text": "So, naturally, I decided to come up with the Circles of Software Office Hell, al Inferno.\n\n1. Virtuous pagans & interns (Limbo)\n2. Stack Overflow karma miners (Lust)\n3. People who take more than 2 donuts at team meetings (Gluttony)\n4. Swag goblins at cons (Greed)\n5. People who trash talk their computers after solving an annoying bug (Anger)\n6. People who only use COBOL (Heresy)\n7. Brute forcing your way to an O(n\\^3) solution (Violence)\n8. \"I'm a programmer!\" -Only knows HTML and CSS (Fraud)\n9. Users of \\`git blame\\` only to call out how much their coworkers suck (Treachery)\n\nObviously, a bit tongue in cheek.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1234308", "score": 0.6487110257148743, "text": "Hey all, I need some help.\n\nI am a mid-level software engineer in New York City, and I have worked two major software development jobs here over the past six years. Both of the places I have worked have exhibited every major industry worst practice that I have heard about, including:\n\n* Lack of clear project specs and goals\n* Lack of tests\n* No Dev environment (prod only)\n* Testing in prod\n* No QA\n* Serious data integrity issues\n* exploitable code knowingly left running in the wild\n* Compliance violations\n* Dead code\n* Lack of change management and version control\n* No comments\n* No documentation\n* No monitoring/alerting/tooling\n* No documented ops processes\n\nLately I have been getting very frustrated, because these issues are making my life a lot harder than it needs to be. I have been trying to channel my frustration to motivate me to gently and constructively guide them to empower me to fix some of these issues.\n\nOver the past year, I have learned a great deal and received outstanding performance reviews, but I am getting even more angry because my requests have fallen upon deaf ears.\n\nI am seriously considering therapy now because these things are really stressing me out, and I am so angry. When I am not angry, I border on apathy because it's starting to seem like this is just \"the state of the industry\" everywhere right now.\n\nI am actively interviewing at other places right now, but I expect that they will be facing similar issues.\n\nI really need your help Reddit. Is it like this everywhere in the industry, or have I just been unlucky? How do you deal with these challenges? I don't just mean during work hours, I'm also asking about how you deal with it emotionally, in the bigger picture.\n\nI would be eternally grateful for any advice you could give me here. I feel that I am approaching a crisis point.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1850642", "score": 0.6456989645957947, "text": "TD2's amazes me with its environment. What impresses most is the ... <searching for word> ... disorder. The helter-skelter paint can pile in the street, a pile of junk, debris that looks like an explosion hit it, hasty brick barricade with stuff fallen on it, boats throw about by tsunami; endless examples where disorder and ruin and physical forces and human interaction have left a mark.\n\nMy question is this: is there a specialist in AAA software development that creates this layer of disorder? Maybe this person would have software dev skills plus art talent, knowledge of the physical world, a box of software tools to wreck environments. I heard the term \"regression engineer\" years ago have no idea if that is remotely correct. Anyone know?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2589608", "score": 0.6440550088882446, "text": "I’m exploring this area as I contemplate my next career move within the development space. Is there a good resource I should check out? Thanks", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-46988", "score": 0.6367363929748535, "text": "It is hell. They collaborate by breaking the large project into several smaller ones. The CPU scheduler developers don't have to deal with the network stack developers. The graphics developers don't have to deal with the AI developers. The teams behind large projects are usually composed of smaller groups of maybe 2, 3 or even 10 developers that focus on a particular component or group of components. They have teams of people that guide the overall direction of the project and divvy up the work. They determine what the components do and how they interact, and tell the smaller teams to implement them.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1931676", "score": 0.6361318826675415, "text": "I'm trying to learn how other companies get new developers spun up on projects. Specifically, what does their dev environment look like, are they allowed to use their own tools or IDEs, and how do they switch between environments with conflicting dependencies. \n\nI'd prefer answers more relevant to C-based, compiled languages, but anything will do.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1448732", "score": 0.6353365182876587, "text": "Recently bump into this talk about Playground Driven Development, it seems interesting. Anyone try this before? What are your thoughts on this?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-790827", "score": 0.6300477981567383, "text": "In my opinion it’s setting up your dev environment. I’ve just started a new job and despite my team trying their best to help me we still haven’t gotten my dev environment to work correctly and I’m kind of getting worried now.\n\nEdit: I finally got it working 1 day after this post.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2431781", "score": 0.6275673508644104, "text": "I heard it can be really brutal. I'm not really the most thick-skinned person and I can get encumbered by stress pretty easily. I do love writing software but I can imagine the stress of dev work taking a huge toll on my mental health over the years. How do you handle that?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1354125", "score": 0.6267728209495544, "text": "Switched from place I didn't love, but development environment was pretty good and enjoyable to what I thought I would be better... And it isn't.\n\nMixture of incompetent devs and outsourced contractors means the process here has been built with a lot of hand holding in the process. The front end is 1500 line spaghetti jQuery code which they say they 'realize isn't ideal but right now thought the focus is on features and building a good foundation'. (How can spaghetti jQuery be a part of your good foundation? Ugggghhhh)\n\nI started out thinking maybe I could make headway fix things. I've got some branches which start out the process of cleaning up code but I don't have buy in and don't think other devs (especially outsourced work) will be helping me move this forward which will make it more one step forward 2 steps back.\n\nWhen do you cut ropes? I find myself so wishing right now I had never left previous job. On one hand if I turn this turd into something beautiful that will be incredible on the other hand... I kinda just want to cry myself to sleep.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-230203", "score": 0.6260040402412415, "text": "If may ask for a bit of clarification, what do you mean by “develop”?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1269295", "score": 0.6248958706855774, "text": "Our company has searched for the last 8 months for a development agency to build a scalable web application. Over time, we have found most teams are unqualified. \n\n​\n\n* How do I know if a development agency is qualified?\n* What should I look for?\n* Do you have any suggestions?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1411386", "score": 0.6248276233673096, "text": "We've all been there, in fact, I am there now. A deadline looming, a client thirsty for the sweat, tears and blood of your labour. Everything was going so well up to this point but now, dark clouds cast fear in your soul. An error, to be specific, an unknown one.\n\nI am well aware of the usual fixes, copy pasting into a new timeline, importing into a new project, exporting to a different codec. All to no avail, so I ask you wonderful people - what are your solutions to this all to common problem? What am I doing wrong?\n\nI get this pretty much EVERY project and I am so very tired of this.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2687701", "score": 0.6229002475738525, "text": "\"But the people working on X are not the same as the people working on Y. You don't understand game development.\"\n\nEdit:\nAdded link.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1132692", "score": 0.6225714087486267, "text": "So am I doing something wrong here? I can't figure out how to make it support development. There's a lock on all options, always.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-79909", "score": 0.6215540170669556, "text": "Former game dev here, I can't speak to many of these horrible decisions, but I can speak to releasing unfinished games: The budget ran out. They either ship, make some money, and desperately patch as much as possible, or they fold. Why did the budget run out? Poor project management. Straight up, plain and simple. Even a team of moderate to mediocre skill can complete a game on time and within budget if they're managed well.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1490075", "score": 0.6201351881027222, "text": "Hey all! I don't see much posted on random development games, curious to hear from anyone who's tried them how you enjoyed it, what the experience was like, etc.!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1353136", "score": 0.6196572184562683, "text": "I am literally losing my mind in my current job. I'm a junior dev with about a years experience. I am just tired of everything going on in my job. Every since about 6 months into this job, it has just been torture. Everything you do is used against you. Any little mistake you make is blown out of proportion. If you ask for help, it is used against you. If you don't ask for help, it is used against you. \n\nEverything is subjective based on the whims of management. Hell, even if you point out that you did as much work as another worker points wise from the Kanban board, it is just said \"well, maybe those stories weren't pointed correctly\".\n\nI'm just over it. Basically, I can tell they are basically trying to fire me (YEP, the word PIP has been brought up already in one meeting before anyone denies reality) or get me to quit.\n\nI am being set up to fail and don't enjoy this work environment at all. Also, I'm a junior dev still. So this is easy to do to me. I am still learning and don't know everything out there. That takes years of experience to gain. \n\nAll I want is a place to work where I can challenge myself and if I get stuck after trying to push it as far as I can, get help being unstuck, and plow ahead again. Not in a stressful way, just in a way to try to learn and grow manner. \n\nBut I can't have that. I was not given any onboarding or training in this job and no mentor really either. I feel they just expect me to be a senior dev after 6-8 months into the job. I mean, literally a senior dev.\n\nI'm trying to hunt for jobs right now, but with everything going on it is hard to find a job. Also, I only have a years experience. So this means I can't get the new grad roles, but I am also viewed as still a new developer.\n\nI literally just shut down today and passed out. I have enough stress going on in my life. Health concerns, a messed up relationship (which is being hurt by this job), my living situation isn't the greatest (and I have to work here too now), and I spend 8 hours a day walking on egg shells wondering when I'll hit the next landmine that blows up and gets used against me.\n\nI'm just tired of it all. I just want out of this. Can someone please help me? I just want out of this job and situation entirely. But thanks to everything that is going on, I don't think I can even quit.\n\nI don't know what to do anymore and I am literally just shutting down. Can someone please help?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2588667", "score": 0.6188646554946899, "text": "Hello,\nI'm currently working as a software developer in a telecom company, and I'm fed up with the profession. I want a change. I studied system administration but got distracted and entered in development, so I'm thinking in going 'back to my roots'.\n\n\nI just hate the stress that comes with the tight deadlines, all the bugs, things that go wrong, and that kind of things. Can't stand it anymore. For what I've heard from friends, most companies are like this, so it is not problem of the company. An besides that, I just don't enjoy web development anymore, but I'm fine and comfortable writing scripts.\n\n\nI never worked professionally as a system administrator, so I know I would have to start from the bottom, but I wanted to know how's the day and the work of sys admins. I know that there are peaks of work, downtimes, etc which can be stressful, but heck, I'm almost on fire every single day (I'm not very good at programming also). What kind of issues do you deal with? Do you have tight deadlines or you can work \"at your own pace\"? (meaning: a reasonable amount of time)\n\nThank you everyone for your time.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1131725", "score": 0.6186391711235046, "text": "Hi! I've been working as a tester on a company for almost 2 years. The company is good, the pay could be better but the hours and commodities balance well. However, a bad thing is that there are not enough employees to keep up with the sales team so developers double as support for 90% of the calls.\n\nOne day a client called saying there was a critic bug in the system that needed fix immediately. We log on the system and go to the page, when the client tells us there's a comma missing. F*cking assholes. But that began a conversation of the worst calls we've ever had and the team leader shared this.\n\nWhen he was a junior, barely 3 months in the company, he was given his first major development: a search page for documents with a few filters and what not. The change was pushed and everything was fine.\n\nThe next day the client calls at 3 am saying the new page is not working and they can't work! This sent red alerts and the developer was called to found and fix the mistake. He logs in on the productive site and everything works as expected, so he calls the client to try and reproduce the bug.\n\nD - Developer\n\nC - Client\n\nD - Hello C, I'm logged in the system and I can look for documents just right. Can you tell me exactly what you're doing?\n\nC - I write the name of the document and it doesn't show any results.\n\nD - I just looked [document] and it's showing [results]. Let's go step by step.\n\nC - Open [browser]. Go to [system], then [page]. Type [document] in the search bar. See? Nothing comes up.\n\n\nAt this point D mutes the mic, screams a few profanities and wishes he was dead.\n\n\nD - Could you please click on the big blue button that has the word \"SEARCH\" on it? Next to the search bar. \n\nC - Wow! You fixed it! Thanks, I can get to work.\n\n\n5 years later D is really good friends with C, but he can't help but tell that story with so much frustration, especially because C majored on computer science.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-595", "score": 0.748115062713623, "text": "Part of what allows Herbivores to grow as large as they do is that the Digestive Systems in Herbivores are optimized for extracting every bit of protein available from the food they eat. Their digestive tracts can also make some proteins from food that lack proteins. A good example is a a cow's Digestive Tract: It has four stomachs, all for getting the most nutrient possible out of every bite. Also, plants aren't necessarily devoid of protein. Plants have Keratin, which most predators, and humans, can't digest. Herbivores however, usually can digest it. This greater diversity to what a Herbivore can eat allows them to have access to a surprising amount of protein and nutrients." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-81363", "score": 0.7092254757881165, "text": "* many of them were...it is kind of a myth that dinosaurs were all huge, there were plenty of chicken sized dinosaurs as well * the environment has changed, presumably for a meteor strike and the ensuring mass extinction, and no longer favored large animals that needed a lot of food to keep going", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-302621", "score": 0.70730060338974, "text": "Neither temperature nor oxygen levels (which were actually lower than those today at various points) were the reason dinosaurs became so large. Instead, they became large because dinosaur physiology and life history was better suited to large size than mammal physiology and life history. Check out this flowchart (relating specifically to sauropods, but other parts of it apply to others) _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1229504", "score": 0.7058382034301758, "text": "This is something I've been wondering about. We know that in terms to maximum size, dinosaurs far exceed the largest land mammals to ever exist, although the majority of non-sauropod herbivores seem to be in roughly the same size range as large mammals from what I've read.\n\nWhat I'm wondering is number of individuals - if you took a census of of herbivores exceeding a ton from an average mesozoic ecosystem and compared it to the same from an average cenozoic ecosystem*, would we expect the population of such large herbivores to be much greater in the mesozoic? \n\n*not so much the modern ecosystem where human hunting and climate change wiped out most of the megafauna, so it may not be representative of cenozoic ecosystems overall.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-157848", "score": 0.701242983341217, "text": "The atmosphere and temperatures do not suit them. 1) It is assumed that the large dinosaurs were cold blooded. Since it was much warmer during that time period that means that they could devote far more energy to growing. It is too cold now for that. 2) CO2 levels are lower so plants do not get as big. This means that there is less food to support giant herbivores. 3) Oxygen levels are lower than they were then and so there is not enough oxygen to support giant land life.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-646447", "score": 0.7003831267356873, "text": "I was reading a wikipedia article (I know, I know) about megafuana, and it suggested that large flightless birds had a cap on the size of their eggs, and that meant they could only grow a certain size before the eggshells became too thick.\n\nIf that is the case, then why could non-avian dinosaurs grow to such large proportions?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-64453", "score": 0.6988738775253296, "text": "They have much larger intestinal systems, which let them break down cellulose in plant cells and use the proteins inside. There's still not massive amounts of protein, which is why they have to spend so much of their time eating", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-31057", "score": 0.6955833435058594, "text": "protein comes in vegetation form too. think cows. they only eat grass. they grow protein pretty well too.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-92067", "score": 0.6955822110176086, "text": "Herbivores had a lot more food, eating the leaves of trees is much easier than actively hunting. Their ease of gaining energy meant that less resources would be wasted on developing brain power and senses and more on growing larger. Also the air had more oxygen back then, so both plants and the animals that ate them had the potential to be much larger.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-120638", "score": 0.6946487426757812, "text": "* Some dinosaurs may have grown to huge sizes because of their efficient bird-like lungs and egg-laying. * Not all dinosaurs became bigger as they evolved, however. * Humans will likely never evolve to become gigantic due to our warm-blooded bodies that could overheat at much larger sizes. Several aspects of dinosaurian biology may have allowed them to obtain larger maximum sizes than any other land animals. For example, in many dinosaurs, parts of the skeleton contained air, and we think they had an efficient bird-like lung. These features helped them to support their weight on land more easily, and made their respiration and heat exchange more effective than in mammals. [*source*](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-296121", "score": 0.6936419010162354, "text": "Dinosaurs on average were not significantly larger than modern mammals. There were plenty of small and medium-sized dinosaurian elements of Mesozoic ecosystems, certainly more than large macropredators and megaherbivores (the more biased preservational environments, of course, tend to indicate otherwise). Though, at least during part of the Mesozoic, dinosaur dung was [sustaining cockroaches](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-107252", "score": 0.6914455890655518, "text": "No definitative answer however, theories are the enviroment was warmer, more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and plentiful vegetation/food allowed dinosaurs to grow large. Another theory was simply for self-defense.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-311221", "score": 0.6911471486091614, "text": "The important factor to consider here is something called [Trophic Levels](_URL_0_). The higher up an organism is in the food chain the less energy is available for it to grow and reproduce. In reality only about 10% of the energy from the organism consumed is actually available to the consumer, so it's very hard for the organsims higher up to reach high populations. Thus for a T-Rex, the mountain lion is a closer analogy than the field mouse. Smaller dinosaurs like a velociraptor would likely have had a higher population density because they require less energy to grow, and so more of them can be supported by the available food sources", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-33244", "score": 0.6907703876495361, "text": "> There's not as much oxygen on Earth as there was long ago. Things can't grow as big because they can't take in oxygen fast enough. The plants didn't grow to massive sizes to make more oxygen, either. It wasn't just atmospheric O2, but also the bird-like lungs on some animals. Bird lungs are very different than any other animal family. A couple of other factors too -- some dinosaurs may have been some intermediate not-warm- nor cold-blooded. So, their large bodies retained heat, but wouldn't overheat as a similarly large mammal would. And, another theory also holds about their body design. Dino's often had small heads and big bodies, relative to similar mammals. So, maybe unlike mammals, they bit food off and let their gizzards/body chew and process food. So their big bodies served as warm energy reservoirs and food processing plants.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-51752", "score": 0.690589964389801, "text": "Lots of plants died out. Dinosaurs were enormous and needed a LOT of food, so when it all died out they starved to death. Mammals were about the size of a rat, and needed much less food, so they didn't starve. Also, it's likely that mammals were better equipped for the colder temperatures that came from the sun being blocked out.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-188110", "score": 0.6869238018989563, "text": "No one really knows but there are a few theories. 1. Because the plant were big. It was warmer and there was more food. Animals grew bigger simply because they could and it was worthwhile. The bigger you were the higher you could reach the more food you could get. 2. Self-defence. Big animals eat little animals and get bigger. And big animals win the mating battles. And have bigger babies who are more likely to survive 3. Something to do with being cold blooded and not having to rely on warm temperatures to keep warm. I’m a bit fuzzy on this one. 4. Big was sexy. Animals with big displays (spikes etc) were more likely to mate. Essentially they all boil down to one thing: the environment could support bigger life forms than it can today, and life finds a way.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-176181", "score": 0.6863518357276917, "text": "Mass extinction events tend to be poor for large creatures, but not small ones, as larger creatures tend to be more specialized into specific ecological niches, and also require much larger nutrient pools to survive. The largest mammals at the time were, I believe, about the size of a rat, and scavengers, which have a much more generalized ecological niche than many dinosaurs would have. Short version is that they weren't subject to the same pressures the dinosaurs were to the nuclear winter, for many reasons, but most of all because they had a 'general' ecological role, where a T-rex obviously needs an enormous amount of nutrition to fuel its body, as do its prey animals.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-45139", "score": 0.6859360933303833, "text": "They don't eat \"no\" proteins, but their diet consists of food with only a small amount of protein in it (grasses, etc do still have a small amount of protein) So they eat a LOT of it. And have digestive systems (and muscles) that have evolved to extract the maximum benefit out of what they do eat.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-296835", "score": 0.6854852437973022, "text": "First off, the obligatory \"Giant marine reptiles were not technically dinosaurs\" (some were actually pretty closely related to certain lizard groups, others were in completely different groups, none were dinosaurs proper) Second: These marine reptiles tended to be large, active top predators. Life is always a bit more precarious for top predators. Blot out the sun for a few years and you'd see phytoplankton populations crash, leading to a crash in small fish. This would decrease populations of the larger fish that top predators eat. Lacking food, many would starve. And top predators usually have pretty low populations because their food supply is limited even during the best of times, and each individual needs to eat a lot. Fewer individuals mean lower chance of survival.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-646355", "score": 0.6842530965805054, "text": "Omnivores(like us) and carnivores obviously can easily build muscle by eating meat, beans, nuts, etc... to get their dietary protein and essential amino acids. \n\nHow do herbivores (that don't eat beans and nuts, such as cows that typically only eat grass) produce the necessary amino acids to build all of their muscle? \n\nHow are these animals able to synthesize all of the amino acids without relying on other sources, and why are we unable to synthesize the essential amino acids as they can?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-95160", "score": 0.6837454438209534, "text": "1) The large herbivores seem to have been cold blooded. This means they do not spend energy on keeping their bodies warm and so were able to spend more on growing. For example large Crocodiles and Snakes in modernity can survive off of one meal a month if needed. 2) There was more CO2 in the atmosphere meaning it was warmer (see point one) and that there were more plants. This meant they had more food. 3) There was more Oxygen in the atmosphere meaning they were able to grow larger more efficiently.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-596", "score": 0.6826238036155701, "text": "Your hard drive is a round plate, kind of like an old record. It's divided into thousands and thousands of \"sectors\", tiny little spots. Each one of those tiny spots is a byte... When you save a byte on your hard drive, the drive head makes a change in the magnetic charge in that spot. The computer turns these positive and negative magnetic charges into ones and zeroes." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-50805", "score": 0.6484451293945312, "text": "First, it depends on the type of hard drive. And it also depends on what you mean by \"full\" and \"empty\". Older hard disk drives (HDD) use metal platters that can be magnetized to store information. They do not change weight when they're \"full\". Newer solid state drives (SSD) use NAND flash memory, which is basically a way to use transistors to store electrons. When a specific bit on the SSD is a 1, it has electrons stored, and when it is a 0, it doesn't. So it technically weighs more the more 1s are stored. In much the same way that an aircraft carrier weighs more if you put a few grains of sand on it, but even less so.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-309048", "score": 0.6484436392784119, "text": "As you correctly found out, even within a relatively small set of data, you will find a lot of collisions. The point however is that, for a hash function that is well-designed, it is impossible to quickly calculate which two strings collide. So for a given string of 1 kb, you know that there exist a large number of other strings (the number you give) that have the same hash, but still that number is negligible compared to the size of the search space (the number of strings of 1kb). And (for a well-designed hash function) there is no way to search the space efficiently (trying all strings of 1kb is usually still the fastest way, I believe). Currently, nobody has ever found two strings with the same SHA-512 hash.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-245191", "score": 0.6483396887779236, "text": "[Bits of charged material transfer from one object to the other](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-29468", "score": 0.6483359932899475, "text": "The cables just carries patterns of electricity. The more important part is the stuff on the end that interprets the patterns. Newer standards can read shorter, more compressed signals. Think of it like writing on a piece of paper. With the same size paper, you could fit more data if the person writing could write very small letters and the person reading had a magnifying glass. You could fit even more data by overlapping different colors ([like this](_URL_0_)) as long as the reader can filter out one color at a time. It's all still the same sized paper, and it fits in the same envelope but one carries more data than the other.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-117533", "score": 0.6482083797454834, "text": "Computers store files in little boxes. When you delete a file, it isn't actually deleted, that is, the contents of the boxes aren't thrown away. Instead, there's a label stuck on each box to say \"not needed any more\". As long as nobody comes along, reads the label, throws away the old contents and fills the box with new stuff, everything is still there.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-84869", "score": 0.6481111645698547, "text": "1. The operating system on the iPod takes up space. 2. The storage is advertised as 160 Gigabytes, which is 1b bytes. But actual storage would be instead measured in Gibibytes, or 1b and a bit bytes. 160 GB = 149.01161993848 GiB.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-28784", "score": 0.6480834484100342, "text": "A and B used to be used for floppy disks. After they were no longer a thing, C stuck around because people were used to it. A very basic explanation, I'm sure others will correct me and you could also ask Google for much more information.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-96036", "score": 0.6479960680007935, "text": "A byte is 8 bits. or is it? In common usage a byte IS indeed 8 bits, but common usage isn't everything. The actual length of a byte in a given computer is defined from it's architecture, literally the amount and size of the physical pathways within the processor. in the VAST majority of computers in use at the present time, the processors work with 8 bit (or multiple of 8 bit) bytes. Theoretically, there is no reason why you couldn't create a computer with a byte size of 3 bits. It's unlikely that a consumer unit would use such a system, but in research and development environments or at some point in the future things can change. BUT, a bit is always 1 binary digit. A single 1 or 0. By stating data transmission speeds in bits and not bytes we ensure that we know exactly what the speed is.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-25313", "score": 0.6479846835136414, "text": "There are a few extra pieces of information that your computer stores, called registry entries. Uninstallation removes these, while deleting program files does not. The extraneous registry entries don't take up much space, but they make it harder for your computer to find a useful registry entry among all the junk.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-46879", "score": 0.6479418873786926, "text": "At home you have wires that have high bandwidth. They are like superhighways with 1000 lanes, each person gets a limited number of lanes their trucks can carry data in at a time. This is a speed cap since you can send out trucks as long as you want but only on a limited number of lanes. Wireless has low bandwidth, only 5 lanes. Since there aren't enough lanes to go around, they say well you can only have 100 trucks total that month, use them however you want. This prevents too many trucks from being in those lanes at the same time since not everyone wants to send all of their monthly trucks out at once. However, you can still load things really quickly because you can use all 5 lanes at once when you need to. That's a data cap. This is a gross simplification, but I hope its ELI5 worthy.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2522720", "score": 0.6478604674339294, "text": "I put it here: \n\nI made a int* and cast it to char* so I could do pointer arithmetic to look at all four bytes allotted to the int. Could someone verify for me that I am indeed doing what I think I am? It seems right but I have been certain before only to find out I'm a dummy. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-741512", "score": 0.6478545665740967, "text": "Let me rephrase. If I make a 1GB file on an encrypted hard drive. Then I duplicate it, and somehow make sure the metadata is identical, down to the date and size and everything. Then someone steals my HD and analyzes the 1's and 0's. Theoretically, in that stream of 1's and 0's would there be two identical strings 1's and 0's that are identical? Basically indicating that the encryption contains two identical files of the approximate size of 1GB?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-307773", "score": 0.64780592918396, "text": "Elementary particles have mass but don't take space.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-121638", "score": 0.6477712392807007, "text": "As time goes on, you install things on your computer that require more and more resources. Heavier payload = slower speed.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-240201", "score": 0.6477540135383606, "text": "Let's suppose that you have some method for compressing ALL n-bit strings. That means every n-bit string can be compressed into some m-bit string with m < n that can later be uncompressed. Now, there are 2^n n-bit strings, and there are 2^n - 1 bit strings with fewer than n bits. So lets say we take every one of those bit strings with fewer than n bits, and try to uncompress it. Even if all 2^n-1 of those numbers uncompress to n-bit strings, there must be at least one n-bit string that doesn't get uncompressed to. What result will I get if I try to compress that uncovered string?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-162523", "score": 0.6475985050201416, "text": "Historically, archives had the option to be split into equal segments to fit on a portable memory medium (Some of us will never forget the number 1.457, that is the capacity of a 3.5\" floppy disk). Nowadays they can be split for a similar reason, for example an on-line storage allowing max 100MB pieces. Or back when people liked to burn their movies on CDs, pirated movies used to come in two 700 MB segments. edit: And as xNIBx says, sometimes to add an extra layer of data protection when transferring in certain ways. Easier to replace 1 broken segment of 100 than doing it all over again.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-152281", "score": 0.6475636959075928, "text": "Files don't \"go\" anywhere. Your hard drive has a table telling it where to find all of the files throughout the hard drive. When you delete a file, all it does is clear the entry in that table, telling the operating system that it's free to overwrite the 1s and 0s making up the file. This is why files can be recovered after deletion - only their entry in that table has actually been removed unless another file has been written to that same space.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-313734", "score": 0.6474962830543518, "text": "> Is there any wasted space in the DNA code of living things? This doesn't really matter, because there's not a fixed amount of DNA in an organism which you have to work with. If you were storing information in living DNA, you wouldn't overwrite DNA that was already present, instead you would encode your message on new DNA and just add that in.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1149091", "score": 0.6474100947380066, "text": "I'm putting the ssbb wbfs on my micro sd card, but it says there isn't enough space when there clearly is. I've formatted my micro sd card several times but it just keeps saying there isn't enough space. Have any of you experienced this?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-81438", "score": 0.647409200668335, "text": "When stating drive size for sales, a GB is 1 billion bytes and actually on your computer a gigabyte is 1.07 billion bytes. This means, your \"8 gb\" flash drive actually only has ~7.2 GB as interpreted by your computer. Why this is, is because of the convention they originally chose when building and selling hard drives, I suppose it makes things simpler and rounder. This isn't false advertising because this is a known convention. Also, they only said that the size of the drive was 8gb, not that 8gb was usable. If you can, try reformatting the drive, that won't really help because it will still be too small even with nothing on it, but it should get rid of whatever software is taking up the missing gb. As a final note, when buying storage, never buy the bare minimum. Oh, I have an 8gb file? Better get an 8 gb container! No. Buy the next size up at least. If you're buying an xbox to play a game you can afford the fifteen bucks for a bigger flashdrive.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-597", "score": 0.7664988040924072, "text": "Relations between Russia and Finland had been strained since WWI. Russia felt that Finland was weak, and that they would be able to easily seize a decent chunk of territory. Most of the rest of Europe was distracted by Germany gearing up to start WWII, and so the Russians felt that nobody else would really do much to help Finland if they invaded." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-208882", "score": 0.7281297445297241, "text": "From the better replies, it seems like the VVS was - at least on paper - pretty strong in 1939. A follow-up relating to that - why did Winter War go so badly in the air (as well) for the Soviets then? The Finnish Air Force was in a sorry state, flying Bristol Bulldogs and Fokker D.XXXI's and numerically overwhelmed.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-175321", "score": 0.7269468307495117, "text": "They didn't. The invasion started on June 22nd. Which is probably later than you should be invading Russia, but still spring/summer. The problem was that the war wasn't won before winter.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-160119", "score": 0.7243474125862122, "text": "This is complicated and I'll try to simplify it. Before 1936 Russia had little to no relation with the US, during WWII different ideologies made them not allies but unite against the Nazis. At the ed of WWII there was a competition to see who could get the most scientist and research form the Nazis, so that became a direct confrontation. When WWII ended, there where only 2 strong countries, US and Soviet Union, since the rest were recovering from WWII, and both countries wanted as many other countries to follow their way of life since Soviet communism and US liberalism were not compatible. After that there were the wars of Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan where each chose a side and gave them money, weapons and military advisers with the hope that their side would win making it a friendly country towards them. So basically they were the only two players and they both wanted to win. I hope this helps a little a someone else can add to it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-220489", "score": 0.7243372201919556, "text": "A big part of Vasily Chuikov's new strategy nullified the effects of at least a slight majority of German artillery and air power. His reactive tactic of \"hugging the enemy\" kept his soldiers so close to the Germans that German forces risked friendly fire on their own troops. Additionally, as the Russian Winter set in, the amount of serviceable aircraft dropped considerably and thus reduced their effectiveness. To further hamper the situation, when Russian reinforcements arrived, Russian forces attacked airfields filled with parked aircraft (mostly transports). These are some of the big factors I pick up from most of the documentaries I have watched on Stalingrad. These include: Commanders at War - 20th Century Battlefields - Greatest Tank Battles Each episode specifically featuring Stalingrad, hope this helped!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-216469", "score": 0.7235883474349976, "text": "This is from a Swedish guy I knew. He told me his grandfather was in the Swedish army during WWII. Essentially, the Swedes were bullied by Germany into giving them natural resources they wanted. His grandfather would help the Nazis load up the trains/ships. The agreement was that the German soldiers could enter Sweden on trains/ships but couldn't disembark from the train/ship, so the Swedish soldiers had to help pass the resources to the German soldiers. His grandfather knew that if the Swedish government resisted helping the Germans, the Germans would invade. I know there is no citation to this but it was a pretty interesting story that r/AskHistorians might appreciate.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-209536", "score": 0.7231749296188354, "text": "The battles in August were not as decisive as hoped and the First Battle of the Marne in early September basically ended the war of maneuver for the Germans. We all know the story that offensive tactics had not yet caught up with defensive technologies, but the Germans were moving well in August. The French exploited a gap in the German lines that developed due to a poor handling of the Schlieffen Plan by the Germans and were able to halt their advance. In the East, the Russians mobilized far earlier than expected and were able to threaten East Prussia early, which distracted from the effort against the West enough to possibly be a contributing factor. This point is somewhat debatable.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-226660", "score": 0.7227843999862671, "text": "All of the answers on this thread (and the OP's question) assume that Germany went into this thing eyes wide open, but there is just as much reason to suggest the Kaiser was merely indulging in a little saber rattling and thought the Russians would back down. WW1 was not like WW2 where the main antagonists wanted it, planned for it, built their armies up specifically to attack their neighbors and then jumped in with both feet.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-219604", "score": 0.722729504108429, "text": "One important factor that hasn't been mentioned yet is simply because they could. The Dutch military wasn't modernised yet and could never stand up against the German warmachine. Flooding the polders was not sufficient thanks to the advent of paratroopers and the Germans had complete control over the skies. A small country with plenty of ports and good land for airfields right next to England that takes few resources to overwhelm sounds too good to be true to any commander. Sweden couldn't have resisted the Germans, but had the fortune of being too large to be taken in one fell swoop AND that fighting in winter time would simply cost too many resources for the stale mate that the Germans reached with them.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-225527", "score": 0.72272789478302, "text": "The Schlieffen Plan was based on the (accurate) assumption that France would be able to mobilize much faster than Russia. France was a simply geographically smaller country with a better infrastructure, which made mobilization much easier for the French Army than for the Russian Army. As a consequence, German war planning focused on rapidly defeating France *before* Russia had time to mobilize and attack Germany on its eastern flank. If I’m correct (I can check my sources this evening, but I’m on mobile right now), full Russian mobilization was expected to take about 6 weeks. If the Germans had directed their initial efforts towards capturing Moscow and knocking the Tsar out of the war, they would have had to either leave the west undefended and face an invasion by France and her allies unopposed, or divert enough troops to defend the west and attack in the east, which was an acknowledged unsustainable plan — hence the creation of the Schlieffen plan in the first place.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-221375", "score": 0.7224670648574829, "text": "Finland never considered itself as Axis power. Finland was co-belligerent of Germany only against the Soviet Union. When Finland had gained good [positions](_URL_1_) along the main rivers and big lakes that were easy to defend, it halted the attack and Marshal Mannerheim secretly instructed General Siilasvuo to break off the assault against the Murmansk Railway (very important goal for Germany), The threat against Murmansk railway was the major threat Finland had against Allied war efforts. Britain and U.S were not eager to declare war against Finland, but they eventually had to do that (edit: The United States never declared war against Finland). Their demands that Finland should stop hostilities and withdraw behind the 1939 borders would have left Finland into hard to defend position where they would have had nothing to use in negotiations. [Finnish objective in the war was to get areas lost in the Winter War back](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-211910", "score": 0.721174418926239, "text": "The invasion was not planned decades in advance, the order to begin planning and preparation was given in the second half of 1940. In December, that plan was deemed to be insufficient, and Hitler issued [Fuhrer Directive 21](_URL_0_) calling for a new plan. Certain aspects of your question have been asked before, especially the one about winter clothing. There is an answer [here](_URL_1_) by u/kieslowskifan will give you some insight there. But in general I think the thrust of your question is a bit off. The Germans were unprepared for a long campaign not because they were unaware of Russian weather, or the quality of Russian infrastructure, they were unprepared for a long campaign because they did not plan to fight one. The largest variable that was underestimated was not the weather or infrastructure of equipment, it was the ability of the Red Army to absorb massive shocks and the loss of enormous formations and still be able to continue fighting and regenerating it's strength.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-209603", "score": 0.7210286855697632, "text": "Russia did not want finnish people to revolt and turn back into swedish kingom, thats about it. Treat newly conquered Finns nicely so they wont revolt.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-227617", "score": 0.7204114198684692, "text": "It was a strategic decision based on the Schlieffen Plan. The plan disregarded the neutrality of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands in the hope France would be defeated before the Russian could get into the war. The German army was to sweep through Belgium and Northern France and march on Paris hoping for a quick victory. It almost worked, but almost didn't count in the new age of machine guns, barbed wire and trenches.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-489114", "score": 0.7203443050384521, "text": "\n\nI'm having a hard time understanding the Murmansk Legion, a group of Finnish Red Guards, who fought the White Army of Finland. They then were led and equipped by the British, to fight the oncoming White Army along with the Russians. \n\nDid they simply switch sides because the British needed the Murmansk Railway open? What would cause an army to switch sides? \n\nEdit: This is a bit confusing, so here's the battle they were involved in. \n\nTimeline: Viena Expedition]( with Murmansk Legion in March of 1918, [North Russia Intervention in June of 1918.\n\nIf you notice the Belligerents during the Viena Expedition, the British being on the side of the Reds, right before the Allied Intervention, seems kind of historically bizarre. \n\nEdit 2: To clarify, by \"switch sides\" I mean that they allowed themselves to be under the command of the British, when you'd expect them to instead be controlled by fellow Communists, like the Red Army.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-207919", "score": 0.7203152179718018, "text": "There is the mostly, but not entirely, tinfoil hat theory that the soviets were getting ready to attack the Germans. But mostly it was the purges, combined with the fact that all armies in ww2 needed time to learn modern warfare.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-220825", "score": 0.7200539112091064, "text": "If it was -40 and too cold for the Germans to fight would the Russians somehow be able to meaningfully attack? More a question for the experts than an answer, I don't imagine there are many to any scenarios where it was simultaneously too cold for the Germans to physically fight and resist but for the Russians to be okay. /u/BritainOPplsnerf?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-218694", "score": 0.7189548015594482, "text": "/u/vonadler gave a great answer to a similar question [here] (_URL_0_). In short it's not so much Swedens diplomatic efforts or military detarrance, it's the simple fact that Nazi Germany had no strategic or ideological reason to invade. Edit: I didn't notice at first you asked about both world wars but the link above does at least cover WW2.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-228300", "score": 0.7184762358665466, "text": "No, German troops attacking from the west and Finnish troops from the north did not meet on soviet ground. Mainly because the Fins did not advance beyond certain points, when they were satisfied with their gains. However there were German troops in Finland and attacking into Russia, mainly in the far north. So they fought side by side on the Soviet/Finland boarder, but never met with the Eastern front.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-205603", "score": 0.7183228135108948, "text": "No, not the only reason. After WWII, people had already lived through at least one war of tens of millions of dead, and Europe and the Soviet Union had both been devastated by it. The USSR sought to expand its power after 1945, but in a far different way than The Axis tried to do it. They preferred to support communist movements around the globe and gradually turn more of the map in their favor. To put it one way--they hoped to win the marathon, not the sprint. And the Soviets did this for good reason. They knew that they couldn't defeat the United States/NATO in a hot war, whether nuclear weapons were involved or not. Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev, for all their faults weren't complete idiots...The Soviets were quite masterful at pushing tension with The West almost to the breaking point, but going no further.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-795464", "score": 0.7175406813621521, "text": "During winter war soviet general hears someone shouting from wood - \"One finnish soldier is better than ten soviet\". Angry general sends ten man to deal with annoying Fin. After short period of shots and dying soviets screams, comes another shout - \"One finnish soldier is better than hundred soviet\". General sends hundred soldier and again none of them comes back. Then general hears third shout - \"One finnish soldier is better than thousand soviets\". Furious general sends thousand man to deal with him. This time one of his soldiers manage to survive and reports to general - \"Sir, please don't send more our troops, it's a trap, there's two of them\".", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-598", "score": 0.7576165795326233, "text": "When data is transmitted over a wire, the wire is turned on and off very quickly. Thousands of times per second, it checks if the wire is currently on. If the signal is off, that is interpreted as a 0. If it's on, that's a 1. Light travels through fiber optic cables. It's basically done the same way, but instead of electricity it uses flashes of light." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-45113", "score": 0.7169197201728821, "text": "Its not a solid beam of light, its lots of pulses of light and they can put many streams on one cable using different wavelengths. Edit: like using a flashlight to transmit morse code, but really really fast. On for 1, off for 0.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-264809", "score": 0.7157536149024963, "text": "They optically combine just like they are optically split, but in reverse. The key is to avoid data overlap. There are two ways to do that: Time Division Multiplexing and Wavelength Division Multiplexing. With TDM, each customer sends data only during their allocated time slot. With WDM, each customer sends data in a slightly different frequency range.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-155585", "score": 0.7132849097251892, "text": "given the shallow angle the light hits the edge, it gets reflected back into the glass, and propogates all the way to the other end of the glass. thin this rod out to hair thickness and surround it with an insulator and you have a fiber optic cable. shine a light on and off at one end to represent 1s and 0s and the other end will pick up the received data. Fiber optics are the backbone of the modern internet.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-174913", "score": 0.7131746411323547, "text": "Basically, instead of light traveling in a straight line, it moves kinda like a corkscrew (orbital angular momentum meaning it spins for the most part). So instead of sending data in straight lines of light, we can spin the shit out of them and packs in lots together. Imagine driving on the highway in rush hour, but cars keep constantly shift out of your lane in front of you so you can keep going forward - and actually you keep shifting as well so cars behind you can keep moving. Light is basically constantly shifting lanes to keep space behind it open for more light.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-144599", "score": 0.7124286890029907, "text": "It is internet that comes to your house through fiber optic cables. Regular cables are metal and transmit by an electrical signal. Fiber optic cables are made up of lots of thin glass [tubes] (_URL_0_) and transmit with light. Google is running their own fiber optic network in certain areas to provide internet service.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-266047", "score": 0.7078637480735779, "text": "Optical fibers have a core and a cladding. The key part is that the core has a higher index of refraction than the cladding. When light transits from an environment of a high index of refraction to a low one, it is bent away from the normal vector at the interface (high to low, away you go) and some of the light is reflected at the interface. The greater the difference in index of refraction and the greater the change in angle the light makes (and more gets reflected at the interface). If it's great enough, the light actually bends back into core (total internal reflection). This is how the optical cable keeps the light confined. Lasers don't diverge as quickly as flashlight light because laser beams are usually collimated, meaning all of the light rays are parallel to one another. This is not true with light coming from a point source, as a flashlight bulb.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-190296", "score": 0.7066699862480164, "text": "I have no specific knowledge about starlink sattelites, but I'm an electrical engineer and fiberoptic cables are not really complicated. You basically just put a Diode on both ends, one that can be used to create light (LED) and turn light back into electric current (Photodiode). Diodes are semiconductor technology, so they are really really fast, you can change it's state in nanoseconds, so billions of state changes are possible in one second. The limitation on data capacity comes from the cable itself, if bits are too fast they will \"smear\" into each other because glass has a property that different wavelength of light have a different speed of light. So length of the cable has a maximum for a specific dataspeed and you need to plan for repeater stations. As a general note light is just another form of electromagnetic radiation, so transmitting works just like a radio signal (but with other materials blocking it)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-321062", "score": 0.7059053182601929, "text": "RF signals at light frequencies IS light. You can communicate at those frequencies, examples would be FiOS, laser networking, and optical disks (though often these are infrared). Visible light certainly interferes, hence why you need fiber optic cable and or something as focused as a laser. Though technically, a blinking light counts as well.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-266719", "score": 0.7049703598022461, "text": "No. You would only see a spot of light from the other end (if there is a light source there). You need an array of fibers to carry an image. [Here is a picture](_URL_0_) of what an array of fibers will do.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-833490", "score": 0.7048912644386292, "text": "This morning I was thinking about fiber optic internet and somehow started thinking about whether or not bends in the fiber optic cable would distort the signal. Now I know that in fiber optic communications the light pulses are very short and that light travels very fast, so that distortions may be acceptable within a certain degree anyways. I also know that any bend in an optical cable would result in lower density of matter on the stretched side and higher density on the compressed side, which would result in light moving faster on one side and slower on the other but I have no idea what effect this would have on the signal. Anyways, ignoring the matter density light speed thing, I have designed a mathematical problem to test if any signal going through a bent cable is distorted or not.\n\nthe construct is:\n\n-there is a bent cylindrical tube with a diameter of 1\n\n-the radius from the inside edge of the tube is 1\n\n-the tube is mirrored on the inside\n\n-the tube is a 90 degree bend (quarter of a circle)\n\n-at one end of a tube is a pattern of lines in a grid, evenly spaced\n\n\npoorly drawn mspaint picture here: \n\nthe question is:\ncan you prove that from the opposite end of the tube where the grid pattern is, the signal is not distorted\n\nor\n\ncan you calculate what the an observer would see from the other end (from the grid pattern)\n\nFor me personally, I have no idea how to solve this problem. My highest math course was second year calculus from university. The reason I ask this is because I am really curious.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-156148", "score": 0.7047134637832642, "text": "Most data is transferred via optic fibre, so it travels literally at the speed of light. Still, even normal wires (obviously) move data faster than 1 metre per day. The individual electrons move back and forth, but they bump into each other so the chain reaction travels much easier than the electrons themselves can manage.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-285595", "score": 0.7036067843437195, "text": "Processing is still done with transistors which work by switching electron paths, so to speak. All current fiber transmissions work by translating electrical signals into light at the source and back to electrical bits at the destination. Fiber works very well for long range links because of very low energy loss, very thin cables, and tapping the line is both difficult and impossible to be undetectable (at least for now). These benefits are not all that useful when distances are measured in cm or even meters. That said, there are a few instances of short range fiber interfaces like enterprise routers and switches but even then it's done more often for distance and/or security rather than speed.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-271764", "score": 0.7034693360328674, "text": "Light travels through the EM field. Other particles travel through their respective particle fields.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-32974", "score": 0.7033627033233643, "text": "Fiber works on infra-red light, rather than visible light. The reason for this is that glass is more transparent in infra-red than visible. Visible light only has quite a short range in fiber, whereas infra-red can go 50 miles, and more importantly, infra-red can be boosted by erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (a special type of optical fiber energized by a laser which acts to boost optical signals) However, yes, you can have multiple different channels on different colors to increase bandwidth. This is called wavelength division multiplexing. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) can pack up to 160 channels onto a single fiber; with each channel carrying up to 40 Gigabits/second.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-179502", "score": 0.7026300430297852, "text": "There is a coil of fiber optic cable. A laser light is split into both ends. When they get back out again they get merged into a single beam again. You would expect the light going through the coil from either ends having the same phase and therefore you get constructive interference. However if the coil is spinning the distance in one direction is longer then the other direction. The light will therefore not have traveled the same distance and not be in the same phase. This means there will be destructive interference so the light output will be lower then when the coil was not rotating.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-154923", "score": 0.7026181221008301, "text": "It's basically a laser fired down a hair-thin glass cable. It travels at the speed of light, has very little signal degradation due to interference, and by using different freq of light multiple signals can be sent at the same time. If you have fiber internet there will be a special modem installed where it connects to your home network.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-298497", "score": 0.7012766003608704, "text": "They are called electromagnetic waves. So think about light transmission the same way as sound transmission where if you put enough crap in front of it the sound will get absorbed. So the light energy is transferred to the electrons and converted into other forms of energy. Thermal/infrared for example.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-833480", "score": 0.7005147933959961, "text": "Hi everyone\n\nStupid doubt really. \n\n\nIs it possible for a light particle to shatter the optical fibre when it is passing through? I remember reading about Total Internal Reflection, but at that speed, wouldn't it be like a bullet piercing a bullet proof glass at a high enough speed?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-311330", "score": 0.7000271677970886, "text": "No, in the same way that if you stare into the end of a fibre optic cable you won't see the youtube video being transmitted down it, you'll see light. You can see the wavelengths, you can't decode the information.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-102486", "score": 0.699790894985199, "text": "It's also noteworthy that the speed of light isn't the same in every material. Optical fibers lower the speed by a decent percentage (~30%), and many common copper data cables (cat 5/6) can be even worse. See _URL_1_ Interestingly, optical fibers _wouldn't work_ if the speed of light in them wasn't significantly lower than the speed of light in air/vacuum.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-599", "score": 0.7252828478813171, "text": "Per the [Outer Space Treaty](_URL_0_) of 1967, governments cannot stake a claim to territory in space—so yes, space is indeed borderless. However, to get to outer space, Spacex's rockets first have to pass through the airspace directly above the US, which the Federal Aviation Administration *does* have jurisdiction over, thus requiring their approval." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-44485", "score": 0.6882602572441101, "text": "No one owns the moon. So you could go there is you wanted to. However I would imagine you need to permits to build a rocket that powerful.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-121064", "score": 0.6877833604812622, "text": "No, they're not legitimate. There's an international treaty that says, basically, \"no country owns anything in space.\" So if it isn't the territory of a country... who are you buying it from? What's their claim, and who do you register the deed transfer with?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-341249", "score": 0.687018871307373, "text": "So just have a plan that would be awesome. But I don't know if it's legal so is it legal to lanch a rocket from a aircraft in canada?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-35405", "score": 0.6869240403175354, "text": "Who knows? Currently there are treaties which say that space belongs to all of humanity...... but that's between countries. If private companies get up there then they are probably not bound by the treaties unless their country says that they are.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-54758", "score": 0.6862527132034302, "text": "A country that invents a useful way to shoot guns in space could claim any portion of space they want to.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-291202", "score": 0.6856558918952942, "text": "As /u/Das_Mime said, launching something by yourself is nearly impossible, but there are other ways to get your projects into LEO. [CubeSats](_URL_2_) might be an avenue to launch a science project. NASA offers students and teachers the chance to propose projects and seems to schedule a few payloads per year, though you have to be prepared to plan many years in advance. _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-160880", "score": 0.6849666237831116, "text": "There's a UN treaty on the subject which holds that the Moon can't be claimed by any nation, or any citizen of a nation, and that nations are responsible for the actions of their citizens in space, meaning that if you tried, the Government would stop you for unsanctioned space travel.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-269758", "score": 0.6811914443969727, "text": "Let's assume you want an orbit similar to the international space station. About 450km up. To get a satellite into that orbit, you're going to have to lift it to 450km then fire it sideways accelerating it instantly from resting speed to over 7km/sec. Nothing is going to survive that. You need the constant steady acceleration of a rocket to put things in orbit, otherwise gforces will shred it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1169588", "score": 0.6803601980209351, "text": "The Southern Hemisphere's newest space program has begun its first mission: Launching a satellite. It's a simple enough mission, with the satellite being used for ~~the military~~ science. It will feature GPS capabilities, as well as numerous instruments for measuring various scientific things. It shall orbit in LEO and be visible with a flashing blue light over New Zealand, Hawaii, Cascadia, Canada, Europe, Africa, and Antarctica. \n\nGiven the simple nature of the mission, dubbed *Tutei*, launch is expected by year's end.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-157732", "score": 0.6793578863143921, "text": "There are treaties, and when your country signs them, and abides by their provisions, nobody gets mad when you launch a weather satellite. When you're not abiding by the rules, everybody is upset because your actions have the potential to hurt others, like if your satellite hits something and fills space with debris that will take years to clean up. Nobody is surprised when self-centered states don't follow the rules. Your national sovereignty extends to your borders, provided you maintain your rule, that's all the way back to the Treaty of Westphalia. However, when your stuff starts flying over other countries and into the shared space above the Earth, you have to follow the rules.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-141596", "score": 0.6792421936988831, "text": "If you had enough money to design and build a functional space ship, following all the safety regulations and permits and laws, the government (and many private companies) would probably contract you to deliver some of the satellites and supplies and science projects / scientists to space. That's what SpaceX and other private companies are doing.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-89090", "score": 0.6790876984596252, "text": "Space more or less works like ships on the Ocean. Spacecraft belong to the country that built them, and that countries laws apply onboard, just like it would if you were sailing on a ship that flew that countries flag. This is a little more complicated on the International Space Station, where each individual module remains the terriroty of the country that built it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-263494", "score": 0.6786363124847412, "text": "UNOOSA keeps a register of objects launched into space. Launching states are required to give notice in advance, including intended launch date and orbital parameters. _URL_1_ That said, a collision is very unlikely given the size of Earth and the relatively small number of satellites in orbit. [It has happened](_URL_0_), but it's not like traffic accidents happening everyday. This register is more related to ensuring peaceful uses of outer space.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-159832", "score": 0.6785756349563599, "text": "According to the European Space Agency's website: > The basic rule is that 'each partner shall retain jurisdiction and control over the elements it registers and over personnel in or on the Space Station who are its nationals' (Article 5 of the Intergovernmental Agreement). Essentially, America or Russia or Japan or Germany or ..... put you (and it) up there, so you're still responsible to the laws of their country while you're there.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-302697", "score": 0.6784242987632751, "text": "How hard? Very, very hard. There is rather a big difference between putting something in low earth orbit, and going to the moon. There isn't anyone to \"outsource\" this kind of launch to. Not to mention, designing a satellite with those capabilities (optics, attitude control, power, comms) from scratch would take a design team years, sitting in the same room. It's not going to happen on reddit, sorry.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1015401", "score": 0.6779467463493347, "text": "I keep thinking maybe there's a possibility for affordable miniature satellite launching by using a combination of high-altitude balloons and a contraption that would allow to propel a small computer (maybe the size of a cellphone) into space by shooting it from there, instead of launching a rocket from the ground.\n\nIf you managed to make your computer even smaller, maybe the size of a machine gun bullet, I was wondering if you could shoot it with a rifle. I wonder if the less dense atmosphere at 50 km of altitude would allow for the bullet to travel an even farther distance due to less wind resistance and perhaps make it into orbit if shot at the right angle. (bullet sized satelite)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-84903", "score": 0.6777194142341614, "text": "Fairly easy, they have already done it basically, or at least have the basic capability, they already put something in orbit. But now I am assuming you are talking about a nuclear ICBM. Far more difficult, the rocketry capability is there, you just need to build a nuke small enough to pull it off which isn't easy.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-163028", "score": 0.6754938960075378, "text": "> Why is it a big deal? It qualifies as a \"remote sensing space system\" which requires a license to operate. Presumably they could have obtained such a license but by the time they understood that one would be needed it was too late. > Also, why was this never an issue before? Perhaps they were in violation of the rule previously but nobody called them on it until now.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-121274", "score": 0.6754714250564575, "text": "Cleaning up satellite debris is a touchy subject because each country would have to be responsible for it. The most recent satellite debri issue was when a Chinese missile blew up an old satellite of theirs as a \"test\". Either it was legitimately a test or a show of \"hey, we can knock your spy satellites out!\" is debatable. No country would agree to allow anyone else to clean up their satellites regardless of who owned the cleanup process. For example, if Russia had a private company that offered to clean up a downed DirecTV satellite, the US government would put a HUGE stop to that. Without going to great details, the US government piggybacks off commercial satellites for security reasons. IIRC, some satellites have a slingshot-out-of-orbit protocol to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands as opposed to a controlled Earth reentry like most other satellites. Older ones just perpetually orbit the Earth near indefinitely.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-833511", "score": 0.674933910369873, "text": "I think the question is pretty straight forward. Basically, how many times have we used rockets which got something into space. I'm thinking about things like telecommunications satellites, spy satellites, NASA missions, all manned space flights, deep space probes and rovers and stuff like that, going all the way back to sputnik. Also I'm interested in the rate of launches currently. Is there anywhere online to easily track all space launches around the globe today? Also, for added bonus points, would it be possible for anyone (I'm thinking governments mostly) to be able to launch something into space without it being detectable by independent observers?\n\nOh, I suppose I should add the constraint of orbit or better, because I don't want to consider weather balloon launches and stuff like that.\n\nShow me what you've got, askscience!\n\nQuestion was inspired by this awesome BBC documentary about building satellites: ", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-600", "score": 0.7204728722572327, "text": "Police actively enforce the Child Pornography issues so its forced to go much much more underground and its generally illegal everywhere. Piracy is a copyright issue. A police officer cant arrest you for just being in possession of a digital copy of a movie. The owner of the copyright has to put a claim against you etc. Its more complicated and then they can charge you etc. It just being online isn't in and of itself illegal right off the bat." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-6561", "score": 0.6833696365356445, "text": "Information control. Australia's government tried to same thing a couple of years ago but it failed. Turned out that porn was just going to be the first step and then after that it was going to be everything the government didn't like. Whoever controls the information has the power. The idea is to get their foot in the door by saying it's about porn, specifically child porn (which it won't do anything to stop since you don't just find that with random searches) and then after that you just quietly expand it to cover everything else.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-20644", "score": 0.6813719272613525, "text": "Pirate bay has never actually had any illegal content on there servers. They only have had links to the content. This a various other loop holes have kept them clean.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-461718", "score": 0.6788214445114136, "text": "Nowadays, there is no 100% effective method to block porn on a computer, it is not normal than any kid have access to this kind of content.\n\nStrict regulation, ( facial recognition, real age verification) must be put in place,\n\nPorn culture is very harmful to our society, mostly because it give youngsters a false view of women, men and relationship. I am pretty sure than porn is the cause (for a fair percentage) of school shooting and higher teen suicide rate\n\nparents are not the problem, state law, and internet providers must act quickly,", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-172910", "score": 0.6761025786399841, "text": "Because there are no laws that govern the entirety of the internet. There are laws in countries that limit what the people living inside of its borders can do with the internet, but those laws dont apply if you arent in that country. All pirate bay has to do to stay operational is to find a country that doesn't care about copyright and doesn't care enough about the world stage to extradite them. Russia or SE Asian countries usually do the job quite well. The best part is that the owners dont even have to live in those countries, they just have to host the servers in those countries and the likely hood of an investigation finding anything is near zero.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-121402", "score": 0.6756501793861389, "text": "For sites like The Pirate Bay, they're usually hosted in countries where it's difficult to get them removed. As far as the downloading of torrents, after the whole Napster/Kazaa thing in the 90's, it was VERY bad PR to prosecute downloaders. They prefer to chase the uploaders now.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-16033", "score": 0.6738696098327637, "text": "There are a lot of points in your post, so I'll address them one by one 1. The NSA absolutely does not see everything, that'd be ridiculous. They wish they could, but there's just too much traffic 2. Paedophiles use some fairly inventive ways of hiding the fact that they're browsing child pornography, such as Tor, VPNs, direct connections to other pedos 3. There are a lot more paedophiles than the media thinks there are. There are a lot *less* child molesters than the media thinks there are. 4. The NSA doesn't give two fucks about child pornography because they're not actually interested in morality, they're just doing what they've been told to do which is \"stop the terrorism\".", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-45062", "score": 0.6726498007774353, "text": "The servers may be hosted in a country where the activity is not illegal, or which is otherwise uncooperative with foreign authorities. Even if they do get targeted, a website like the Pirate Bay is actually quite small--it does not store the files people want to download, but only short instructions for torrent software to connect to other users that have the file. This means it is comparatively easy to copy the entire database to different servers and bring the website back up even if the original servers are physically seized.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2028300", "score": 0.6720819473266602, "text": "I'm a morbidly curious person myself. I've decided to explore the deep web. I'm an idiot, I know. However, I'm not curious enough to go looking around for Child Pornography. I know it can be done but I want to be sure there's a way to do it. I want to stop all images from loading in my tor browser.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-102288", "score": 0.6716169118881226, "text": "It's a liability thing. Parents find their underage kid viewing a porn site, decide to try to sue the company for making the pornography available to underage people, company can simply point out that the child lied to gain access. Same thing occurs on alcohol related sites.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-118498", "score": 0.6713566184043884, "text": "The people who upload movies, music, games, ebooks, etc. are collectively known as \"The Scene\", short for \"The Warez Scene\". They are hackers and computer enthusiasts who do it mostly for fun. You're probably seen the names of some of their groups, like SKIDROW, Razor 1911, Axxo, etc. Obviously they hide their real names so the law enforcement agencies don't bust down their doors and prosecute them. The Scene groups have friendly competition with each other to be the first to release a particular piece of media. They do it for the challenge, they don't get any money out of it. In fact, the vast majority of the scene groups don't upload to bittorrent trackers. Instead, they upload to secret servers called \"topsites\" that have very limited access- other people reupload them to usenet, private trackers, and eventually public trackers like The Pirate Bay. [Here's an AMA by a former member of the scene.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-72832", "score": 0.6684368848800659, "text": "The Pirate Bay has servers in a lot of places and countries. IsoHunt was still just in Vancouver, making it more easily detected by American authorities and American media groups.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-63046", "score": 0.6678906679153442, "text": "Law is a pretty inefficient thing. These day The Pirate Bay is hosted in small island nations that don't care about most things. But when you look at their main legal battles they're fighting that the laws do not apply to them. Because of this they cannot be arrested until the governments can prove they are guilty of the laws as they were written at the time. In the mean time DMCA notices can be sent to the website to take down links. It's because they don't actually take down links that they get in so much trouble. Napster went through roughly the same thing, except they took down their links. This ended up making them uncompetitive in the market and inevitably lead to their failure. TPB is trying to avoid this... But are doing it in the most extreme was possible.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1451352", "score": 0.667370080947876, "text": "I’m just shocked at how easy it is to find things that are so illegal. Like CP. someone explain (for someone who’s pretty dumb) how they can’t lock into a website that has stuff like that on it and take it down. I’m just new at this and really confused.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-59961", "score": 0.6663486957550049, "text": "It's very very vague. And the only way to know if you're safe is to bring your porn collection to the local police station and ask the police to examine it with you to see what is and isn't illegal. I think it's deep down a conspiracy to embarass the police force to death.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-76573", "score": 0.6661827564239502, "text": "The Pirate Bay is merely a website hooked up to a database of available .torrent files and their alleged contents. In this capacity, it doesn't work all that well: it doesn't ensure that the contents of the file are what they claim to be, and it doesn't ensure that the actual file that the .torrent file points to is available. So, to a 5 year old, don't use The Pirate Bay, it sucks at what it does. Now, there's the bigger question of what .torrent files are. .torrent files are a small file that contains some text. They tell a program called a Bittorrent client how to locate and download a (presumably larger) file. Bittorrent clients are a kind of software that follow a set of instructions for sharing files also named Bittorrent. This set of instructions breaks up large files into smaller chunks and distributes them to people that want the whole file. People keep sharing the bits they have and requesting the bits they do not from everyone else connected until they have the whole file.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-137528", "score": 0.6660570502281189, "text": "There can be many reasons: - hiding behind a VPN or TOR or another proxy, or all of those; remember that there still are countries where piracy is not regulated by law - initial seeding from a remote server - actually living in a country with no laws against piracy - all of the above I also doubt that they are *that* heavily hunted for. The authorities have much bigger Internet problems like hacking, fraud, drug trade.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-117097", "score": 0.6656115651130676, "text": "The site can't be taken down due to matters stated above, but many attempts have been made at blocking it in certain countries. The problem, however, is that piratebay has so many proxies that it's virtually impossible to keep that ship from sailing. Pun intended.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-105010", "score": 0.6646309494972229, "text": "Youtube has a **lot** of video content (100 hours of video are uploaded every minute) and a lot of viewers (Over 6 billion hours of video are watched each month). [(stats)](_URL_0_) Youtube handles all this data by prioritising popular videos. Notice how the ads always play perfectly and the super popular videos also play without any problems? That's because Youtube keeps those videos ready to play while the millions of less popular videos are kept at a lower priority. What this means for you is that these lower priority videos often aren't given enough bandwidth by Youtube to play properly or Youtube has trouble even finding the files. Porn video sites have far less content and far less users, so it's easier for them to handle the traffic and keep files on hand.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-150602", "score": 0.6620699167251587, "text": "Youtube and DailyMotion have automated copyright claim systems. Basically the copyright holder uploads videos to the site which cannot be accessed by any user, the system then compares the videos in it's database to user uploads and takes them down. To my knowledge Pornhub doesn't have the same style copyright system meaning the videos have to be flagged by a user before it will be looked at as a copyright infringement. Another factor that may contribute is adverts; the ads on Pornhub are often for premium services which may pay more for the space, Pornhub is making money from the videos.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-144795", "score": 0.6617405414581299, "text": "Exactly how sophisticated the methods are varies, but the concept is pretty simple: The internet connections in and out of countries are usually only a few large \"backbone\" lines. These backbones are what cross major distances and undersea and whatnot, and then they reach the ISPs who spread it out into the many smaller connections that ultimately arrive at businesses and homes. This means that by going after either the ISP and it's connection to the backbone, or the backbone itself, you can force a lot to happen. It doesn't take a technical mind either, just have some government goons show up at the ISP's doorstep, look imposing, and tell them they're required to block this list of websites or the government will come in and shut them down from operating at all.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-601", "score": 0.7690579295158386, "text": "Hot water generally cleans better but ages the clothes faster. Unless it's stained, I wash cold/cold and hang all my good shirts, shorts, and pants to dry. Warm *should* wash fastest, since it should fill the washer faster. YMMV. If you follow the care labels on your clothing they will last a lot longer than if you warm wash everything and machine dry everything on normal or heavy settings." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-112165", "score": 0.7304995656013489, "text": "It does something called \"agitation\". The central spinning blades in a standard vertical washer or the spinning action of the sideways low-water models are specifically designed to force the clothes to move freely around in water and to force the water carrying detergent to and through anywhere it can. It's the equivalent of swishing a cloth around in the sink - water and soap gets into it and throughout it, the detergent molecules grab onto the oils that glue dirt onto your clothes, and the flushing action of more water added later ensures both the soap, the oils it's trapped, and the dirt that's been freed are all washed away. It doesn't take any sort of physical contact between two surfaces, all it takes is water and soap contacting the area, and the process is faster when the water/soap mixture is moving around. Even works inside your pant legs and other inside surfaces of clothes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-54293", "score": 0.7293545007705688, "text": "So if the laundry is wet, and the air dry (well more dry than the laundry anyway) the moisture will slowly evaporate into the less wet air even if the air is totally still. Having the wind blowing helps to speed up this process by constantly bringing drier air to the fabric. And a bit of sunshine helps to warm the clothes and speed up the evaporation.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-34164", "score": 0.7258920669555664, "text": "> I guess it's moisture related but don't know how? Nope. First of all, most solids don't expand or contract very much at all based on their temperatures. They certainly *do*, but not nearly to the extent that you see in clothes shrinking in the dryer. Liquids and gasses, whose molecules are not bound tightly to their neighbors, are far more subject to expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature. What happens to clothes in the dryer is a different phenomenon entirely. Basically, the combination of heat and friction in the dryer causes the fibers to stick together more. This causes them to thicken and shorten, resulting in \"shrinkage\". The other major thing is for heat to permit fibers to release some of the stress you put into them when you wear your clothes, again causing them to thicken and shorten. There's a great article [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-192228", "score": 0.7241718769073486, "text": "You do. Coloured fabrics can bleed the first times you wash them, and discolour whites. If everything in the machine is old and washed several times, no worries, mix them. Bit with new clothes, always separate, even one new sock can really ruin your day.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-236247", "score": 0.7240083813667297, "text": "The use of fuzzy logic in washing machines is probably mostly *Marketing Speak*™, as the problem of washing clothes clean can fairly easily be codified in traditional ways due to the few variables involved: You can measure temperature, water level, load, humidity, balance and time; and you can influence cold water intake, hot water intake, heater, drum speed, drum direction and drain pump plus maybe an extra pump for circulating water in the drum. Some ways of utilising the fuzzy logic could be extension of the washing cycle if the temperature is too low and running the centrifuge cycle for longer if the humidity is too high, *without set values for the extra time allocated*. Some washing machines also detect an unbalanced drum, which could literally break the washing machine if not rebalanced before starting a centrifuge cycle, but most modern washing machines automatically take measures to rebalance the drum whether required or not.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-267304", "score": 0.7219705581665039, "text": "In my understanding air circulation would be best. The clothes will get drier and drier until they match the ambient humidity. By constantly circulating the air you will make sure that the air around the clothes are as dry as possible (I am assuming that this isn't a closed system). Mildly interesting fact. Since clothes will dry until they match the ambient humidity you can actually dry clothes outside in minus 40'C. It will take a long time, but they will get incredibly dry.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1253996", "score": 0.7215568423271179, "text": "Hey, I was in a place with some green and black mold on the walls, and while neither I or anybody else touched the mold, and a dehumidifer had been running for a while before we got there, I was concerned that being in the room may have gotten some spores in my clothes (because that gets in the air right?).\n\nWould running the clothes in the washing machine get rid of anything that might have been on my clothes?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-303616", "score": 0.7211048007011414, "text": "No comment on whether it cleans better, *however* turning inside out is valuable for protection of certain elements of clothing, especially in the older style of washers (top load with the central agitating column). Cotton shirts with decals printed on them should be turned inside out to prevent the decal from rubbing against other clothes too much. Also, any clothes with velcro attachments (as a healthcare person, I have scrub pants with velcro closures), as it prevents the velcro from sticking to other clothes and either damaging the other clothes, or wearing out the velcro. Those cotton shirts with decals should also be ironed inside out to protect the design.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-5368", "score": 0.7204292416572571, "text": "thats true clothes shrink in the dryer not the washer. they shrink because the moisture leaving the cloth forces the weave of the cloth to tighten together.for natural fibers such as cotton, linen they will shrink when washed then heat dried for the first few washes only then they should wash with little or no shrinkage. but man-made fibres such as lycra and acrylic tend to be much weaker than natural fibres and cant handle high heat. so when you dry it at high heat you weaken the fibres and it will lose its shape, shrink or even disintegrate. some man-made wont shrink, such as polyester,nylon, vinyl, and rayon. if ever in doubt if something will shrink of not look at the label! if it is made out of man-made fibers or says to wash at low heat, then do. if your ever unsure wash on the lowest possible setting and be esp. careful with 'machine wash cold' synthetics.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1850285", "score": 0.7189873456954956, "text": "I'm a male in my early 20's who has never used a washing machine before. I recently moved out on my own and have no clue what I'm doing when trying to wash clothes, there are so many options on the machines that its confusing as hell. And it doesn't help that all the clothing tags say to wash each item in a different way.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-187116", "score": 0.7188825011253357, "text": "Put dirty clothes and soap into machine. Machine fills up with water. Machine swishes everything around for a bit to remove dirt from clothes. Machine drains dirty soap water. Machine fills up again with clean water. Machine swishes clothes around to remote left over soap. Machine drains again. At this point, the clothes are still *very* wet and heavy so the machine goes into a *spin cycle*. During the spin cycle, the machine spins everything *really fast* so that the water gets drawn out of it & exits through the holes in the side of the drum. This makes the clothes dry much faster when you move them into the dryer.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-319818", "score": 0.7186774015426636, "text": "The answer for this is simpler than you'd expect. When you dry them on a rack inside your house, they stay in virtually the same position for the entire drying period. The clothes kind of 'set' in the position that they're in. When using a dryer, clothes are tumbled around throughout the cycle and don't have a chance to 'set' as in the above scenario. Thus they lack stiffness. You should notice that when putting them on a line say outside, the stiffness will depend heavily on the amount of wind. They'll be stiffer if there's no wind, and a bit softer if it's windy out! You can always make sure to use a bit of fabric softener in your laundry to make them softer, although keep in mind some materials and clothes strongly discourage the use of softener.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-43962", "score": 0.7169358134269714, "text": "I'm not sure if /r/explainlikeimfive is the right place for this. This sub is more for 'conceptual' issues, like War, or Religion or Politics, or Maths. As per the sidebar, \"Do not ask for a walkthrough procedure\". The exact steps will vary slightly depending on the washing machine. There are hundreds of models, and each one comes with different settings. But basically: you put your clothes in the big 'spinny' drum. Then there will be a slot to add some washing powder. And then you choose a setting (e.g.: \"Delicates\" or \"Jeans\", etc). The machine does the rest. You can usually get away with using a generic setting like 'Delicates' for almost everything.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-61107", "score": 0.7151912450790405, "text": "The average temperature of a dryer is about 50°C E.coli can survive temperatures up to about 72°C in the context of cooking, so take that with a grain of salt To be honest, you probably kill off more of the bacteria in the laundry detergent than you do by heat You'd generally be safer if your lab has an autoclave and/or washes with bleach than a conventional home dryer Source: biological lab grad student", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-171052", "score": 0.7143799066543579, "text": "To clarify, for most clothes it is not the washing that shrinks them, but the heat of the dryer afterwards. Thats why drying them on low heat or air drying will not cause shrinkage. There are exceptions however, like wool.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-298854", "score": 0.7140058875083923, "text": "The rate at which water will evaporate depends on the water content of the surrounding air. The more humid it is, the lower the rate of evaporation. So when you leave clothes out to dry, the water in the clothes will raise the humidity of the surrounding air when it evaporates. If there is no airflow, this humid air takes some time to diffuse. However, with a fan blowing in the direction of the clothes, the freshly evaporated water vapour is blown away, leaving air with lower humidity around the clothes, which increases the rate of evaporation. The temperature of the ambient air versus that of the clothes is not that important. The clothes will cool down to room temperature long before they've dried up.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-143499", "score": 0.7134637832641602, "text": "Pre-wash: clothes are washed a little bit before they enter the main program (use this in case they are full of stains). You need detergent in two of the boxes. Knit and delicate: it doesn't spin as fast, and water is not too warm. I don't know the others. But my gut tells me: listen to your mother.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-164738", "score": 0.712693452835083, "text": "1) Sort clothes by light and dark. 2) Put clothes in washer with soap. 3) Turn on washer (use cold water). 4) When washer finishes, immediately put in dryer. 5) Turn on dryer (use low heat, but not fluff). 6) When dryer finishes, immediately remove and fold.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-30581", "score": 0.7118943929672241, "text": "Try comparing the lint colour from different washes, the colour does vary. At laundromats, other people's lint looks different from mine.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1254034", "score": 0.7112234234809875, "text": "I wash all my clothes on a cotton wash (except wool) as most of my clothes are cotton. I put the temperature down to 30C, spin speed to 1200 or 1400rpm and then hang dry.\n\nMost recently I bough cotton tshirts from h&amp;m and a Uniqlo tshirt. Both pure cotton and both fitted perfectly when I bought them and both were noticably smaller after a few washes. Even the same happened with Ted Baker after say 6 months which is an expensive brand, and the tshirts now look to small to wear.\n\nI've always had this problem even when I lived in different houses (different washing machines), and always washed clothes the same way.\n\nAny ideas?\n\nI feel like it must just be down to the quality of the material. Maybe they stretch the cotton or something to make it thinner and then it shrinks back?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-602", "score": 0.7040377855300903, "text": "When you pay for a high price lawyer, you're paying for skill and time. An expensive lawyer has several paralegals working under him that can spend a lot of time digging through old court cases looking for cases like yours. Once the lawyer has these cases, he can craft an argument based on them stating why you are innocent or deserve a lighter sentence." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-103718", "score": 0.6671826243400574, "text": "Let me rephrase OP's question: If you are arrested, and can afford your own lawyer or just don't want to be assigned a public defender, how do you find a good lawyer quickly? And how do you know what you are hiring, when you are not exactly in a position to shop around?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-125233", "score": 0.6659582853317261, "text": "You can google cases that are soliciting clients. Fill out your info and it's ironically often an honor system. Law firms solicit clients. In turn, the firm gets a lot of the settlement money and the rest goes to the clients. Divided between hundreds of thousands of people, it's not a huge payout for the clients.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-163536", "score": 0.6637269258499146, "text": "1.) Because some lawyers believe in equality of representation. Everyone deserves a voice in our society, no matter what they have done. 2.) Some might actually be innocent. The small chance that someone might be innocent is enough for you to fight for them. It is better to let a 100 criminals go free than to condemn an innocent man. Benjamin Franklin said that. He was a wise man. 3.) Money. You make a lot more in private practice than you do being a public defender. Some lawyers have a conscience, some don't. Lawyers are not magically moral, they are humans too. ELI5: If your little brother was caught doing something bad, and you got blamed for it, you would want to fight for yourself, right? Even though everyone thinks you did it. Without our laws, you wouldn't even get a chance to tell mommy your side of it. If you did do it, maybe you had a good reason, and would at least want mommy to hear it, before she grounds you.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-140398", "score": 0.6625605225563049, "text": "Three incomplete answers 1) reliance on public defenders, who often have an absurdly high caseload and so cannot put forth as much on each case even while burning out. That's also a big reason why most cases settle. 2) the accreditation board for law schools has been very lax, and allowed many more law schools to be established, some of which have questionable models 3) there is nothing special about lawyers. Like many jobs some people are better or worse at it. Even if the justice system is set up to minimize some of that impact, you notice the outliers, And they fit the narrative people have. There certainly still some systemic injustice, but if you sub in doctor for lawyer in your question, it's expensive, it's competitive, and people still die who would have lived with a better doctor", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-115676", "score": 0.6619713306427002, "text": "Because a high profile case is free advertising for an attorney. A good defense of even a losing case can be a huge career boost for an attorney. As a result, many attorneys will offer to work the case for free.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-82763", "score": 0.6600764989852905, "text": "The goal isn't to win and get the client off the hook in a lot of cases. At some point it ends up as making sure that the clients rights aren't infringed upon. This can include things like making sure evidence was handled correctly, the jury is impartial, and the charges fit the crime.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-102834", "score": 0.6593749523162842, "text": "A big part of it is lawyers. Expensive lawyers have teams with a lot of experience who can find loopholes in the law and holes in the prosecution's case that makes it easier for them to get off light, or at least drag the case out until the prosecution decides it's not worth the resources fighting it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-109639", "score": 0.6542479395866394, "text": "theres a number of things going on here: * Rich people can afford an good attorney. Poor people cannot. * There is a massive *systematic* bias in favor of rich people. If you come from a wealthy background, the judge, jury, prosecutors, everyone, views you more favorably than they would a poor person in that position. This is due to a number of complicated institutional and psychological factors, regardless of the quality of your lawyer or the merits of your case.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-187892", "score": 0.6520628929138184, "text": "In criminal court, you do not get compensated for your legal defense, win or lose. Whatever money you spend on lawyers and investigators comes out of your own pocket. This is why only rich people get the best legal team, because they can afford it. In civil courts, this depends on the jurisdiction. In some place, everyone is responsible for hiring their own lawyers, that's it that's all. In other places, the loser of the trial pays for the lawyers of both sides. If I sued you and lost, I would have to pay for your legal expenses.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-15426", "score": 0.6520010232925415, "text": "There's nothing more for the lawyer to do. He has successfully defended his client, which is his job. When you are a criminal defense attorney, your entire job is to represent your client to get them the best outcome possible. An acquittal is the best case scenario. Anyone who has a problem with helping guilty people go free would never become a criminal defense attorney.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-35536", "score": 0.6506390571594238, "text": "For the same reason that other rich people don't get as harsh of a punishment; they can afford expensive lawyers. There's a surprising degree of socioeconomic bias in our legal system.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1342335", "score": 0.6497906446456909, "text": "Like say a big fortune 500 company was suing me with a big buck lawyer, why, if I hire a cheap one, will I stand no chance just because theirs is paid more...seems silly.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-135417", "score": 0.6484234929084778, "text": "Some lawyers are better at researching the law, arguing their case, and persuading people with the facts. You could have two lawyers competing, but one of them is better at doing their research and making their case.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1732112", "score": 0.6467490196228027, "text": "why wouldn't the private courts get rich giving favorable treatment to the wealthy? Wouldn't the rich have little incentive to not break the law ?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-59096", "score": 0.6464202404022217, "text": "Lawyers are expensive. Being on death row involves a lot of hearings and appeals.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-88165", "score": 0.6464172601699829, "text": "A good lawyers works to get you off. A bad lawyer fills in your paperwork correctly and works on other cases at your trial.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-190407", "score": 0.6433534622192383, "text": "A little true, a little false. Thing thing about large companies is that they don't want to pay those million dollar lawyers either. They will always take the cheaper option. If a lawsuit is totally false, but they have to pay those million dollar lawyers to prove it, most big companies will settle and pay someone who does not deserve it because it's the cheaper option. Conversely, if the lawsuit is a huge one and paying those million dollar lawyars is cheaper, they will do that. It's all about the dollar signs. Sometimes the big corporations are actually at a disadvantage, because they have to pay their lawyers out of pocket, while lawyers specializing in lawsuits will work for nothing unless they win if they are confident of winning. The plaintiff in that case has nothing to lose. So--it depends.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-47147", "score": 0.6428555846214294, "text": "Your role as a defense attorney is not always to get your client off, but to negotiate the extent of the punishment.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-104818", "score": 0.6426010727882385, "text": "Long trials are very expensive, and the lawyers for the class representatives normally get the costs from the amount they win. There is also an element of unpredictability--you can never be quite sure what a jury will decide and, if you win, how much you will be awarded. This means it can be in their clients' best interest to take an early settlement.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-81609", "score": 0.6415390968322754, "text": "Basically it amounts to admin staff. An individual attorney with maybe one partner only has one paralegal to help him out. An attorney that is a partner in a large lawfirm has a paralegal, plus one or two interns to do all the legal research, and scope out all the ins and outs of the law, including loopholes. So you're pretty much paying for what you get with a bigger lawfirm. Consider the fact that wealthy people don't typically trust their real estate deals with cheap \"hung out a shingle\" attorneys.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-603", "score": 0.7497880458831787, "text": "in statistics, its very hard to get an exact number. Most of the calculations for certain statistics come with that factor, a margin of error. Its basically the amount of possible variance in the answer. so 20% with a margin of error of 5% means the actual answer could be from 15%-25% but its definitely somewhere in there." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-35722", "score": 0.7008869647979736, "text": "statistics. you only need to sample a very small random subsection to get the average of the whole. particularly if the whole is extremely large. So they will survey maybe 500 or 1000 people, maybe more, and they will get the answer within a few ppts (hence why they always give the margin of error)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-9547", "score": 0.7008063197135925, "text": "They're not measuring the atomic clock, they're using the science behind it to judge it's statistical likelihood of accuracy. They're measuring it's \"margin or error.\"", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-822293", "score": 0.6902511715888977, "text": "Is there a way to formalize/quantify the tradeoffs between using a better model with more variables vs. a simpler model? Intuitively, it seems like the margins of error for many variables would compound and decrease the usefulness of the better model.\n\ne.g. Imagine that I'm forecasting revenue for some retail company. Is it better to base my forecast using a model with one input, say store traffic, or forecast using several inputs like store traffic, income growth, and inflation, all of which have some margin of error?\n\nApologies for any mistakes in terminology here -- happy to clarify if needed.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-270048", "score": 0.6884624361991882, "text": "No, it's actually true. The margin of error of a poll (assuming you pick the sample truly randomly) only depends on the *absolute* sample size, not the sample size relative to the population size.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-127655", "score": 0.6824176907539368, "text": "Because in real life, everything has a margin of error. Even if you had the finest, cutting-edge machine to draw it, there will still be a discrepancy. It should be noted, though, that it is always possible to create one by accident. Because there is a margin of error, there is always a very very slim chance that a drawn circle will be a perfect circle.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-140909", "score": 0.6784396767616272, "text": "The point of significant figures is for error purposes. If you’re using a ruler that is only marked along the inches and not half inches or lower for example, what do you do if the actual length of the object is 7.5436 inches? The best you can do using the instrument is say that it’s 8 inches long, but that’s not quite right as you can clearly visualize that it’s somewhere between 7-8 inches long. Margin Of Error is the term we assign to how far off you can be, and this usually amounts to about halfway between the two values. In the above example, your margin of error is a half inch, because if the actual length of the object is in fact 7.5 inches, you have no choice but to say it’s 8 inches long with a margin of error of .5 inches. Meaning, your actual value can be anywhere between 7.5 to 8.5 inches long.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1822171", "score": 0.6591223478317261, "text": "My guess is 70% luck / 30% skill. Errors really do matter immensely in the long run, but most games end because someone drew the right way. \n\nAre there any mathematical models on this?\nI’ll settle for quasi mathematical theories as well.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-82388", "score": 0.6573155522346497, "text": "If 50% of the entire population would vote for Obama, and you poll 10 people, you might get 6 of the people who would vote for Obama entirely by chance. Then your poll would give 60% support, even though the *real* value is 50%. So let's say we want to be pretty confident that we've hit the real result. We can't just report the percentage that the poll gave; because of the random chance I mentioned, it's basically *guaranteed* to be wrong. But if we polled a lot of people, the poll result will be close to the real result. Then we should give a *range* of results that might be the real one; we can't say where in that range the real result is, but it's probably somewhere in there. That margin of error gives that range. If you have a poll that says 52% of the people polled support Obama, and the margin of error is +/- 4%, that means you can be pretty confident between 48% and 56% of *all* people in Colorado support Obama.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-143425", "score": 0.6546609997749329, "text": "Standard Deviation: on average, how far off you are from the average. Variance: How far apart your numbers are spread out from the average (square root of Standard Deviation). Standard Error: because standard deviation is never 100% accurate, you find the standard error to see how accurate your SD is.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-741140", "score": 0.6535453796386719, "text": "**Question:** An investment has a mean return of 15% and a standard deviation of returns equal to 10%. If the distribution of returns is approximately normal, which of the following statements is least accurate? The probability of obtaining a return:\n\nA)less than 5% is about 16%.\n\nB)greater than 35% is about 2.5%.\n\nC)between 5% and 25% is about 95%.\n\nThe answer is C. \n\nI thought the answer would be A because 1 +/- standard deviation of the mean is 68%. So observations between 5%-25% would have a 68% confidence and &lt;5% would be (32/2) = 16% because it's two tailed.\n\nHow is it C and what am I doing wrong?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-243793", "score": 0.6533520221710205, "text": "You can define a derivative of the error with respect to the bias, just like for all the other variables in the NN. When backproping on a single input, the input is held constant and you are tweaking all the weights (including the bias). The fact that the bias is not being multiplied by the input doesn't mean that it won't affect the error. Maybe I'm not entirely understanding your confusion?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-740862", "score": 0.6524171829223633, "text": "When there are calculations made saying \"there is a 99% chance that the actual value is in this range\", what are the chances that those calculations are right?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-243788", "score": 0.6513656973838806, "text": "I really hope I'm right about this. So in my stats class we had to do this exact problem, though I'm not sure what we learned applies to this type of problem. The equations we used to calculate n (sample size) was n= ([z_(α/2) ]^2 p ̂q ̂)/E^2 In this equation p ̂ = observed results of test (6/10 balls chosen were green) q ̂ = Observed failure of test (4/10 balls chosen were other colors) z_(α/2) = critical value for confidence level (usually a 95% confidence which has a crit. value of 1.96 E = margin of error which you get by doing the equation below0 The Equation used to solve for E (margin of Error) was E= z_(α/2) √((p ̂q ̂)/n) Once calculated, E should be about +/- 3. Usually, I got a decimal between 0 and 1 which means a high accuracy. Whenever we did these tests, they were done knowing that the data was normally distributed and used a z-score method for the data (as you may have noticed from the z's in the equations). Hope this helps!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-821711", "score": 0.6511266231536865, "text": "So for the lab, for the percent error do we use pi as the \"accepted value\"? And do we have to find a percent error for every object? And if so, can we just average all of the percent errors of each object into one?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-99898", "score": 0.6500889658927917, "text": "A standard error is a *type* of standard deviation; specifically, a standard deviation for a distribution representing error.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-822871", "score": 0.6479241251945496, "text": "**Here's my assignment:**\n\nProvide a scenario where each of the following five error metrics is best suited. Each scenario can only be used once:\n\n\n1. Mean Absolute Error\n\n\n2. Mean Squared Error\n\n\n3. Minimize Maximum Error\n\n\n4. R-Squared\n\n\n5. Correlation Coefficient \n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\nI understand the math behind each metric, but I can't comprehend scenarios where one metric would be better suited than another.\n\n\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-262829", "score": 0.6470047235488892, "text": "It's difficult to say from the chart, so more context from the study text would be helpful. As a for instance, I suspect the text is in the context of linear regression, or any model that can yield predictions on one variable from values of other variables (predictors), where you have a series of observations - points where the predictors and response were observed. Given a model, you can compute the predicted and actual values for each observation. The error is the difference between predicted and observed value. Since you have a series of observations, you have a series of errors and therefore you can compute its variance. And if observations are seen as a random variable, we can estimate its variance. That is error variance. See for instance A.M. Colman (2015), _A dictionary of psychology_, p215, Oxford University Press.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-38309", "score": 0.6461802124977112, "text": "You can mathematically prove that if you ask 1000 people picked completely randomly from the population, then there's a 95% chance that you'll be within 3% of the correct result. If you ask 2000 people, you'll be within 2% of the correct result 95% of the time. It's pretty cool and that's true no matter how large the population is. It works with any type of sampling, not just polls. That's why when the polls say Clinton is at 47% and Trump is at 46%, that's \"within the margin of error\". In other words, the poll is already only accurate within 3%, and then only with a 95% chance of accuracy.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2059566", "score": 0.6459791660308838, "text": "I'm having a hard time understanding this kind of topic. \nSo basically the question asks to *round off the following numbers according to the indicated error.*\nTook two problems from the question:\n\n2751 ± 100\n\n2.74 ± 0.1\n\nCan someone also give me a few tips to make it easier for me to understand please?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-134287", "score": 0.6454216837882996, "text": "Under. It's under .05 that's significant. In simple terms, what p means is that if it's .05 (5%) or below, the result has a less than 5% chance of having occurred by random chance. A p of .53 would be better than a 50-50 chance of having happened by random chance and would never be considered significant. Did it maybe say .053? As for .05 being arbitrary, that's true, because the idea behind it is simply \"let's choose a small probability of x event happening by chance and use that as the cutoff.\" That's not to say that it's useless, it is suggestive at the very least and indicates a potential area of interesting research.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-604", "score": 0.820241391658783, "text": "The bullet is launched out of the gun by an explosion that superheats the air and produces a loud BAM sound. The gas/air that carries that sound wave doesn't have anywhere to go except out with the bullet. A silencer basically extends the barrel and helps that \"explosion air\" diffuse in other directions so that the resulting explosion from the gunshot is much quieter. Movies and games that have a \"pew pew pew\" sound with the silencer attached are doing it wrong - it really is still an explosive sound, just heavily subdued, like a brick hitting a sandbag or something." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-172854", "score": 0.7787848711013794, "text": "The bang of a gun going off is created by hot gases rapidly expanding at the end of the barrel, creating soundwaves in the air. You could imagine the inside of a suppressor like a \"maze\", in which the gases expand much slower, therefore not creating (as much) noise.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-506841", "score": 0.7761083245277405, "text": "I've been looking for an answer everywhere. How do I add a silencer option to my guns in campaign mode?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-74149", "score": 0.7757877707481384, "text": "When you fire a gun, the explosion and reaction that propels the bullet can be quite loud and violent. What a suppressor does essentially is trap and cool the gasses (through a series of chambers in the device itself) and release them over a slightly longer period of time. It can majorly reduce the velocity of the projectile, but usually not enough to matter in close distances. For more: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-78927", "score": 0.7745323777198792, "text": "Suppressors don't make the noise go away, but they do serve a few useful functions. They hide muzzle flash and can make it difficult to pinpoint the source of the gunfire. More importantly though, it will help to protect your ears. Guns are *loud*, and inside of a building the noise can get deafening very quickly. The suppressor will help mitigate the effect.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1894706", "score": 0.7731430530548096, "text": "Everybody and their aunts know that suppressors and silencers don't work like they do in movies and games. With that in mind, are they used by various armed forces? How are they used and what tactical advantage do they bring?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-169906", "score": 0.7714613676071167, "text": "Technically it's called a 'suppressor' which implies that it doesn't cancel out all the noise. Guns without suppressors make a loud bang due to the hot gasses leaving the barrel quickly, a suppressor gives the gasses a larger area to dissipate and cool down. Therefore lowering the loudness of the bang.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-174837", "score": 0.7691647410392761, "text": "[Here's a video](_URL_0_) of a transparent plastic suppressor in slow motion, so you can see the action (2:20). The noise of a gun is caused by the high-pressure gases escaping out of the barrel as soon as the bullet exits; it's kinda like the bullet uncorks the gun and the gases \"pop\" like champagne. A suppressor adds some chambers to the process so the gases \"fizz\" out instead of \"popping\" out.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-8201", "score": 0.7672328948974609, "text": "a silencer is a made up thing movies use. a suppressor is a real thing that actually makes a gun sort of quieter but not even remotely silent or even quiet. A muffler is a car part.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2455651", "score": 0.7658777832984924, "text": "How do they make the shot quieter? I assume they trap the sound but I don't know how that would work. Also do they make as much of a difference as they seem like they do in games and movies?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-169904", "score": 0.7655239701271057, "text": "One of the main sources of sound from a firearm being fired is muzzle blast - the propellant gases that actually move the bullet itself shooting out of the end of the barrel after the bullet and displacing air, creating noise. A suppressor consists of a hollow cylinder containing a series of baffles inside that allow the bullet to pass through a central hole, while capturing and slowing down the muzzle blast, thus reducing the noise it makes.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-160850", "score": 0.7634512782096863, "text": "Several uses: 1. They do reduce the sound signature of a gunshot which reduces the risk of hearing damage. Most also change the tone (frequency) of the shot which may further reduce hearing damage. Some models/manufacturers are better at this than others. 2. Less noise pollution from gun ranges to annoy neighbors. 3. Increases the mass on the gun which decreases felt recoil, making followup shots easier. useful for hunting and shooting competitions. 4. De-localizes the sound, again making followup shots easier (useful for hunting). 5. They're fucking cool. Source: I own two silencers and would be buying more if I hadn't moved to NY.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-121002", "score": 0.7627372741699219, "text": "Well, depending on the gun, you are going to hear one or more of the following: 1. The actual \"gunshot\" itself. Guns are machines that use little explosions to throw things out of one end. Explosions make a noise. This is what is alleviated or removed by a suppressor/\"silencer.\" 2. The \"crack\" of the bullet itself breaking the sound barrier, if it is a supersonic round. You would steal hear this from a suppressed gun unless it was firing subsonic ammunition. 3. The action of the gun itself, if it is automatic or semi-automatic. The moving mechanical parts of the gun make a sound as they function. 4. The firing pin hitting the round itself, which would not really be something you would hear unless you were firing a miraculously quiet gun but does in fact make a noise. 5. The round hitting whatever it was aimed at. Here's some [Hickok45](_URL_0_) to demonstrate, or if you just want to fall asleep to the mellow sounds of gunshots, ringing metal targets and dad jokes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2219612", "score": 0.7566421627998352, "text": "Actually it is a myth that you put a silencer on a gun and it fires very silently. You need to use ammunition, that is slower than the speed of sound (subsonic). Because of that slow ammunition you can shoot very silently, need less powder to craft, but the bullets fly at a slower speed and with less energy. In my opinion it would be nice to have, although you can also shoot regular ammunition, but is not as quietly as the combination of subsonic ammo + silencer. Write in the comments what you think about this :)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2219302", "score": 0.746094822883606, "text": "I read somewhere that firing a gun, even with a silencer, causes enemies to notice you. This is a bit different then Fallout NV where enemies won't notice you if you use a silencer or suppressor. So, do silencers in Fallout 4 actually do anything useful? If not, how the hell do I make a proper sneak build.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-520508", "score": 0.7457720041275024, "text": "What the title says, i'm on pc and dont know how/if possible to unequip silencer from a gun", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2340665", "score": 0.7450665235519409, "text": "How come I've never seen silencers on shotguns, though I have on all sorts of other guns?\n\nWhat can you explain about shotgun silencers (or the lack thereof?)\n\nAnd if there are pics of them, please post. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2340965", "score": 0.7436464428901672, "text": "I'm guessing that they make your guns quieter, but do they have impact on any other stats like damage or accuracy?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-168163", "score": 0.7427451014518738, "text": "The main reason why a gunshot is loud is because as the gasses that propell the bullet exit the barrel, they expand rapidly. A supressor is made of chambers and outlets that allow the gasses to expand smoother and exit in a more controlled way, thus reducing the noise created by the gasses.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1658508", "score": 0.7402875423431396, "text": "This is something I've asked myself for a while, after seeing silencers in the media, because they really don't seem to silence pistols, just make them higher pitched", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-584571", "score": 0.7387203574180603, "text": "Hi /r/guns,\n\nI was thinking about the application of a suppressor to a gun and the impact that it had on the round fired when a curious thought popped into my head. \n\nWould it be quieter and more effective to have the air inside the suppressor moving before the bullet passed through it? \n\nI have been pondering this for a little while and I have no way to begin researching this. Obviously I know nothing about guns, suppressors, or physics so if I am way out of bounds hopefully someone can enlighten me.\n\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-605", "score": 0.6360398530960083, "text": "Homes generally do not have access to the high flow water sources required to make one of those toilets work." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-173981", "score": 0.6042083501815796, "text": "The device you're talking about is a maze of pipes wrapped with heating coils inside the wall-mounted box. The coils get the pipes inside super hot, the water runs through the pipes, and hot water comes out of the faucet. Simple as that. This is exactly why it can heat water so fast and why the water can't flow too quickly -- with the cheaper models you can't open the hot water valve 100% or the water will flow through the pipes inside the box too fast for it to have time to heat up. Electric kettles have a heating coil at the bottom so only the water nearby heats up. That heated water rises, pushing down cooler water which will then rise as it heats. This is a much less efficient way to transfer heat, so it takes longer. An electrc kettle with the same technology as the electric shower heater would be incredibly fast but either be very large or hold very little water, and be much more expensive than what most people would he willing to pay.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1253324", "score": 0.6041757464408875, "text": "So... my friend lives in shared supported housing and in his/her (totally his) room he has a skin, he has used it for both relieving himself quickly in the middle of the night (out of pure respect to not disturb other housemates, how considerate) but also to occasionally shave facial hair, however now it's blocked... I know basically nothing about plumbing so I'm coming here to ask you guys! I've already opened up the bottom unscrew bit that is designed to collect waste and that doesn't seem to be where the problem lies. I don't think it's a blockage of hairs... but of solidified uric acid, it looks a bit like concrete. Do you guys know anything I can do to fix this as my only other option is to go to the company that owns the house... which I would really rather not do...\n\nThanks!\nA friend.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1789733", "score": 0.604109525680542, "text": "The fountain.\n\nI know that the highest peg would need to be hollowed out and the cup on top would need a whole at the bottom to have the pump tube to run up it. Getting the cups cut and making them stay stationary is the problems I think I'll run into. I am taking the picture of this to Lowes to get their input, but would love for your suggestions on how to do this. Thanks DIY!\n\nEdit: The fountain is called a Ryton Fountain if you are looking it up.\n\nUpdate: I have the bowls for up top. Found them at PetsMart. Now I need pipes and a base.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2401712", "score": 0.6040803790092468, "text": "Hi!\n\nI'm currently looking to replumb my whole house with PEX. Currently we have a 3/4\" trunk and branch system that results in 2 minute waits for hot water (it got a little worse when I installed our Rinnai RUR98 tankless, which I expected). I'd like to redo the whole house in PEX. I think it should be easy, too - we live in a tri-level right now, so I can access the water main in our cavernous crawl space, and the bathrooms are directly above the garage and can be accessed by removing the drywall in the garage.\n\n**My main question ends up being which PEX system is \"best\" for me:**\n\nThe steel clamp rings look like a good option to me - one tool to rule them all, and between the studs clamp them...but I have concerns about the fittings for these systems being overly restrictive since they're a smaller diameter than the pex tubing itself. How much will I notice the crimp fittings restricting flow if I'm just doing home runs and so should only have two fittings per run (at the manifold and at the fixture)?\n\nPropex looks like a great system...but there only seem to be two providers of manifolds - Sioux Chief and Uponor...Sioux is kinda expensive and Uponor is crazy expensive. I need 15 cold runs and 10 hot runs (if I plumb the double sinks in the master bath individually) and there is no copper manifold that large it seems...so I'd need to use multiple manifolds. My cost from manifolds alone would be north of $500? Add in the manual expansion tool at $200 or so and propex seems exceedingly expensive. Is it worth this extra cost in flow through fittings? I gather propex is more reliable too?\n\n**My other question is around a re-circulation setup:** I gather that home runs and recirc setups don't go too well together...but I had a crazy idea. All three of our bathrooms (two full baths and a half bath) are all clustered together; two full baths directly above the half. Given the proximity, could I plumb a recirc line from each fixture to a central manifold, which then feeds a 3/4\" return line to the hot water heater as a way to recirculate multiple runs off the manifold? Our tankless HWH has a pump built into it; I have switches that determine how long the pump runs (short loop or long loop) and also how often the pump runs (comfort vs economy). Is this setup feasible?\n\nThanks in advance!!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1750914", "score": 0.6040335893630981, "text": "My girlfriend works in a small branch office of a web design company based in DC. The branch office is located in Pennsylvania. Since there are very few employees who work at the office, there is only one restroom available in the building. I am troubled by some information she has relayed to me recently about her working conditions.\n\nSince last week, the restroom has been inaccessible to employees because it is in need of repairs. Because of this, employees have had to drive home or to a local business with public restroom access every time they need to use the bathroom. They are not expected to clock out when leaving to use the bathroom, however. Is this legal? If it isn't, what recourse would my girlfriend have against the company?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2403818", "score": 0.6040236353874207, "text": "Hey guys, our family is renting out our condo and our tenant recently had a new washing machine installed but said it was leaking--apparently the valve needs to be replaced. \n\nPicture\n\nI explained the situation to a plumber but he said it'd require a lot of work: opening up the walls, changing to individual shutoff valves, etc. \n\nIs it really that much work? What prevents us from purchasing a new shut off valve and swapping them out? \n\nWe've been stressed dealing with this since we live far away from the rental location and we're doing everything remotely. \n\nAppreciate any advice, thank you.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1168878", "score": 0.6039900779724121, "text": "While building a large (8x8x8) tank structure with Open Blocks tanks (The clear cubes made from glass panes and obsidian) I noticed something peculiar. I was pumping in fluid with a fluidduct connected to the bottom, and as it got to the fourth layer in height the flow slowed down considerably and soon came to a near standstill. Nothing else about the fluid supply had changed. After changing things around so the duct connected to the top of the structure the flow was back to it's former glory. I never knew they had this property. Thought this info might be useful to others making large fluid storage systems.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-300317", "score": 0.6039721965789795, "text": "I am a big fan of [algae bioreactors](_URL_0_) being used to purify water and the like. Apparently, you can even grow spirulina in dilute urine.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-48844", "score": 0.6039519309997559, "text": "Don't they get enemas first? So there's no shit in their for a good solid few inches.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-135712", "score": 0.6038995981216431, "text": "Many women, when they pee in public bathrooms don't actually sit down on the seat. They squat / hover above it, which also leaves them more likely to leave pee on the seat. Ironically, the reason many women say they do this is because there might be pee on the seats. Yeah, it is disgusting. It would sure be great if other women stopped doing it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1180", "score": 0.6038829684257507, "text": "So, let's take as a situation a small village where there are 1000 people. All of 1000 of them poop in and all 1000 of them drink from the same water source. In that situation if even one 1 of them gets sick, then all 1000 of them could drink the infected water and get sick all at once. Whereas if they are doing scat things individually with one another, then if 1 gets sick, then only 1 other person will get sick. So the chances are getting sick in a sewage situation is very high, whereas in a one-on-one situation you're fine unless you have the bad luck literally to be doing it with the one sick person. That said, it's probably still pretty risky.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-75445", "score": 0.6038826107978821, "text": "I'm sure there is not much regulation on the claim, other than general advertising laws/regulations. It's worth noting, that if your house was 1% dust you'd move out, it'd be so disgusting. What does 1% mean? Who knows...1% dust by weight in bag of liter is a crapload of dust. but...the _reason_ it is dusty is that dust is prevalent in the absence of moisture, especially if you're looking for a nice \"clumping\" quality around the poo - the smaller the particles, the better the clumbing (concrete/cement being a good example of a dust that clumps really, really well).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-590", "score": 0.6038137078285217, "text": "That would necessitate two different water sources coming to your house and an additional plumbing system to keep your toilet separate from your sinks, showers, etc.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-186346", "score": 0.6037975549697876, "text": "While the power is working, they pump a huge amount of water up into a tank, high in a tower (or on a hill). Gravity ensures that this water will flow down the pipes. And gravity never goes out! Until the tank is empty, you have guaranteed running water. The tank is usually big enough to last at least 24 hours.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-980513", "score": 0.6037824153900146, "text": "I’m looking for non ADA compliant restrooms on campus for a project. Any ideas?? TIA", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-130461", "score": 0.6036656498908997, "text": "I think because in public you dont want to accidentaly touch the fron of the toilet with your penis so they just removed the front", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2305206", "score": 0.603663444519043, "text": "I have a quadradplex and tenants have been splitting the water bill 3 ways buy there are often complaints about one making the bill higher (guests, etc). It doesn't look to be too difficult to separate the plumbing supply lines if use PEX and PEX manifolds (existing system is copper) . I am looking for recommendations for setup and low priced reliable submeters. - Thanks", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2401530", "score": 0.6035948395729065, "text": "I have a one piece toilet (Kohler portrait series) and need to replace the flush valve. I need to use adhesive on the bottom of the gasket so it stays in place. Do you have any recommendations? I have some construction-strength adhesive but not sure that’s best for a water environment. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-243232", "score": 0.6035798788070679, "text": "Shouldn't you be able to put a one way valve on a water tight divers/boaters travel box? As it expands the valve would release the air and things would stay air tight inside.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-824212", "score": 0.6034847497940063, "text": "&amp;#x200B;\n\n\n\nWater tank 2 holds the water that can be re-used, for this, you would need to pump it (a foot pump could be used) from water tank 2 to shower head, this can be repeated as long as one wants to. Whenever you want to get rid of the water that you use and reintroduce fresh water you dump it to water tank 3 activating a lever that lets the water run from 2 to 3. Introduce fresh water into the system by opening water tank 1.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nAny thoughts?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-606", "score": 0.6978237628936768, "text": "It's not really a giant health insurance plan, it's a bunch of reforms to the health care system, one of which being an online marketplace where you can buy private health insurance. The main issue that Republicans have is that one of the reforms is that having health insurance is now mandatory, and there will be a tax penalty for anyone who chooses not to buy it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2472261", "score": 0.6628483533859253, "text": "Im legitimately asking. I tried asking this on the trump \"ask\" subs but it triggered them too much and they removed it\n\n\nFrom what ive heard they advocate that the civil Rights act should be repealed because they think the free market would take care of things somehow.\n\nThis is in direct contradiction with the party that signed it into law\n\n\nSo how can u claim that the parties didnt switch when the things that you support are the exact opposite of what Republicans used to support?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-81942", "score": 0.6623796820640564, "text": "Some people are deeply partisan, and would oppose ANY policy forwarded by the democratic party. Some people object to the idea that it's really not voluntary; they feel that liberty is very important, and they want the freedom to handle their own healthcare as they see fit. Some people don't feel it's right to be forced to subsidize the healthcare of others. Some object to some of the policies and services on religious grounds (i.e. being forced to pay for abortions or birth control for others). And some people feel that the policy is poorly planned an executed, or that it goes after the right thing (high health care costs) in the wrong way (distributing those costs rather than lowering them). And, as with any such thing, many people have a combination of such objections (and I'm sure there are others besides).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-133102", "score": 0.6617581844329834, "text": "Some people are deeply partisan, and would oppose ANY policy forwarded by the democratic party. Some people object to the idea that it's really not voluntary; they feel that liberty is very important, and they want the freedom to handle their own healthcare as they see fit. Some people don't feel it's right to be forced to subsidize the healthcare of others. Some object to some of the policies and services on religious grounds (i.e. being forced to pay for abortions or birth control for others). And some people feel that the policy is poorly planned an executed, or that it goes after the right thing (high health care costs) in the wrong way (distributing those costs rather than lowering them). And, as with any such thing, many people have a combination of such objections (and I'm sure there are others besides).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1875384", "score": 0.6607614159584045, "text": "I know conservatives hate the ACA, but they seem to hate the AHCA too. Which do you think is worse?\n\nPlease keep the discussion on the actual proposed bill that is being voted on today, not hypotheticals.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-113883", "score": 0.6598514318466187, "text": "For the majority of Americans who had health insurance prior, Obamacare is a step backwards. It makes healthcare more expensive, limits their options, and increases taxes to pay for the added bloat to the system. While Obamacare does some good, such as removing pre-existing conditions exclusions, most of the good things it did could have been done without all the bad. Because Obamacare makes insurance more expensive and adds a ton of bloat to the system it makes it harder to pass real healthcare reform that benefits the majority without undoing a lot of what Obamacare did. Also, believe it or not the law was passed hastily and was not well written so there's a lot of problems with the law that keep popping up. Thus far, the President has chosen to ignore a lot of the issues or just not properly enforce the law (which some claim is unconstitutional), but eventually these issues will come to a head.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-122505", "score": 0.6590731739997864, "text": "Yes, it could be repealed, and what would happen depends on what exactly is in the bill repealing it. While the Affordable Care Act is one discrete public law, it is codified by inserting provisions into various titles and sections of the U.S. Code (statutes) that deal with health care and insurance. So whatever act repeals it needs either to show what part of the current code needs to be repealed or it can repeal all of the provisions of the ACA at once and leave [someone else](_URL_0_) to do the dirty work of tracking it all down and updating the Code. Then I suppose _URL_1_ goes down, no one gets insurance subsidies anymore, you can get jacked out of qualifying for insurance based on health condition, and premiums could be underwritten again. You might have to pay for preventive care, you might have a lifetime maximum benefit again, and there's no guarantee that the plans you do qualify for will offer decent coverage. A lot of poor people would get kicked off Medicaid. It would be like 2008 again.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-82276", "score": 0.6585684418678284, "text": "So, basically, the Affordable Care Act is a Frankenstein's monster of a system, born of compromise between the Democrats and Republicans that neither one really likes. It doesn't give everyone tax-supported free health care like the Democrats wanted. Many people are having trouble getting actual coverage. It has worked wonderfully for me, but the system isn't perfect, and many people found that Obama's promise that no one would have to change doctors didn't end up being true because the Affordable Care Act set basic minimums for health insurance policies to meet, which many existing policies did not, causing many people to lose or otherwise have to change their insurance because their previous insurance was no longer valid. (There's also a few cases of Republican lawmakers who worked hard to undermine Obamacare, and then complain about how it's not working out. Gee, wonder why?)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-54062", "score": 0.6584147214889526, "text": "basically, the government levies a tax on highly priced insurance plans (that generally only companies or other large organizations buy for their employees). The goal is to put downward pressure on healthcare and insurance costs by taxing plans that are high price. People like it because: * We spend absurd amounts of money on healthcare, in large part because of our insurance market. People don't like it because: * Lots of people work for large organizations and get these kinds of plans. * People feel like in impinges on personal freedom in a \"we should be free to pay as much as we want for insurance\" kind of way. * Many people don't believe it will actually work and reduce healthcare and/or insurance costs.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-4457", "score": 0.6578318476676941, "text": "1. Being against abortion is a winning strategy for Republicans wanting other Republicans to vote for them. Planned Parenthood is an abortion provider. 2. Republicans want to control women's sexuality and Planned Parenthood provides basic health care for women by providing birth control advice, contraceptives, cervical cancer screening, pap smears, breast exams and pregnancy care. We can't have those uppity women thinking they have rights to healthcare or birth control!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2472180", "score": 0.6559332609176636, "text": "I know this one seems nuts, but hear me out. \n\nTrump has already been extremely critical of the GOP for failing, despite having seven years to prepare legislation, to repeal and replace Obamacare. He will say that they have failed and so he is forced to support the best alternative available, which is Sanders' bill. He will say it isn't his ideal, but it is better than \"the mess we have now\" (he will never overlook an opportunity to insult Obama/Obamacare). It repeals the individual mandate, and it provides healthcare to all, and thus it satisfies his campaign promises on the subject of healthcare.\n\nMoreover, Trump used to support single payer, and even since he started campaigning he hasn't had anything negative to say about single payer systems. When asked about this in a debate he didn't call it Socialism or otherwise fear monger about it. ( Deep down, it's likely what he still supports. If not, at least he isn't particularly hostile to the idea.\n\nI think he is ready to go to war with the GOP. Trump betrays everyone and the Republican party is going to get a double helping. What's more, I think the GOP is ready to throw Trump under the bus too but they would prefer to wait until after this midterm because of the damage this conflict will do to their party. If Trump has any inkling that this is what's coming he will have a strong incentive to set this fight at the time and place of his choosing. Firing the first shot in this way would confuse the hell out of everyone, Democrats and Republicans alike.\n\nI am interested in hearing all the reactions, most of which I assume will be along the lines of how stupid and crazy this prediction is, but mostly I want this prediction memorialized so I can say \"told you so\" if and when it happens. Because I'm super mature like that.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2486706", "score": 0.6542809009552002, "text": "I live in a rural area. A lot of people depend on the ACA, especially utilizing the preventative care measures. I'm not sure what will happen if it is repealed. What do you think?\n\nAs a personal anecdote, I have a pre existing condition that I'm now a little worried about.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-81492", "score": 0.6500662565231323, "text": "Republicans are big believers in the idea of small, local government and are inherently distrustful of large national programs ran by the federal government. A national education or healthcare service would not be seen as an appropriate function of the federal government and your average Republican is likely to believe that these issues should be addressed at the state level or lower.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-86043", "score": 0.6499459743499756, "text": "They're in disagreement over the debt ceiling. The government needs to raise the debt ceiling, a limit on the amount of debt we can incur, in order to pay for things we've already purchased, including entitlements and government services. If we don't raise it, we default on our bonds, which means that we're no longer reliable borrowers, which means that we need to pay a higher interest rate the next time we want to borrow, which means higher interest rates on everything across the economy. The government would need to \"shut down\" because it wouldn't be able to pay its bills. This would have extremely dire economic consequences. The Republicans are using this as an opportunity to score points with the crazies in their constituency as well as weaken Obamacare, lower taxes on the wealthy, and reduce environmental protections. They'll fail, and make asses of themselves (as polls are suggesting), but they're nonetheless stubbornly holding a gun to the head of the economy and putting us all at risk.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1961323", "score": 0.6489157676696777, "text": "In the GOP proposal, in the bulleted list it contains the proposal \"Strengthen consumer directed health care and allow Americans to buy coverage across state lines.\" \n\nElimination of individual state laws and protections (i.e. \"create a NAIC model law\"]( has been a longstanding request of the European Union to the US in the context of WTO trade rules. Due to a principle called \"indirect expropriation\" enshrined in the General Agreement on Trade in Services or \"GATS\" - signed in 1995, once created, any *multinational* corporate access to a market cannot be ended by government regulation or action without what would be a huge crippling payment from the US taxpayers, no matter how expensive it became. escape from this trap would demand massive taxpayer compensation - we would be forced to comply with something called the \"GATS Article 21 procedure\". See Public Citizen's \"[Presidential WTO Report](\" and [this paper.\n\nAlso see \"Burr, Hatch, Upton Unveil Obamacare Replacement Plan\" US Senate Finance Committee, and WTO | WTO analytical index: Guide to WTO Law and Practice - General Agreement on Trade in Services - Article 21A\n\nEDIT- The broken links above are on the 'wayback machine'.. just enter in the Presidential WTO report.. and usa.pdf URLs\n\nThe link to the Nicholas Skala paper is here.. thats a key read.\n\nEDIT2: **Please go to your user preferences and turn down your comments visibility score to -99**. Why? Hordes of \"visitors\" consistently downvote everything intelligent that is written about single payer. Including big chunks of this thread- **so to see it you need to look for the most-downvoted articles preferentially.**", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2472800", "score": 0.6486192345619202, "text": "Granted, there are a lot of problems stemming from Koch Bros. lobbying and rigging the system in their favor. But I'm beginning to wonder if they're really the ACA bogeymen they're made out to be. I don't understand how overturning the ACA would work in their favor. \n\nAnd if it's not the Koch bros, then who is behind all of the anti-ACA agitation? Who benefits by not having it, in a real, bottom-line way?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-543115", "score": 0.6482108235359192, "text": "It seems like the reoccurring argument is that \"most citizens with government controlled healthcare hate it\". I'm hoping this can shed some light on the matter.\n\nEdit: Holy crap! Thanks for the responses!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-544412", "score": 0.6478466987609863, "text": "I personally think this is ridiculous and we are just asking for a relapse and resurgence of Coronavirus cases, so I have to wonder. I'm seeing a lot of news and social media about people protesting the stay-at-home orders, and it seems like the vast majority of the protestors are Republicans and conservatives. What is it about this idea that appeals to people on this end of the political spectrum? These people are proud to show their affiliations and most of them line up with each other.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-92923", "score": 0.6472471356391907, "text": "No way to tell, with certainty, as this is just the first House version of the GOP plan. Uncountable revisions are in the future. The plan, as currently written, would repeal the ACA's fines on people who don't purchase health insurance. Instead of the statute's income-based premium subsidies, people would get tax credits based on age. The subsidies would phase out for higher-earning people. Plans couldn't exclude pre-existing conditions. Can insurance companies make money with this set of rules? Unknown. How much will it cost? It's still unscored. No real news here, maybe in a couple of months.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1962173", "score": 0.6467956900596619, "text": "This is from two weeks ago \n\nPresident Trump said on Saturday that a plan to replace the Affordable Care Act will come \"in a couple of weeks.\" \"We are going to be submitting in a couple of weeks a great healthcare plan that's going to take the place of the disaster known as ObamaCare,\" he said at a campaign rally in Melbourne, Fla. \"It will be repealed and replaced.\" \"Just so you understand, our plan will be much better healthcare at a much lower cost,\" he added. \"OK? Nothing to complain about.\" \n\nWhat are you hoping to see in this plan that will have better healthcare for a much lower cost?\n\n", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-88961", "score": 0.6462796330451965, "text": "A big fuss over the past few weeks is involving healthcare and reproductive rights. Republican governments in particular have been criticized for campaigning to reduce access to family planning resources, and the recent assult on the ACA isn't helping out here.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-607", "score": 0.7731806635856628, "text": "For sexually reproducing species, incest is often problematic because closely related family members are likely to share genetic problems with you that are then exacerbated in the children of incestuous couples. For this reason, many species have some sort of control against incest, typically behavioral. In humans, that control is revulsion at the idea of having sex or even thinking about sex with people who we had close contact with growing up. If we were not disgusted by envisioning family members engaged in sexual acts we might instead be aroused. This would create an evolutionary pressure against the aroused group because their children and their children's children wouldn't be able to breed as well and the family arousal trait would be out-competed by the the family disgust trait." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-642937", "score": 0.7315568923950195, "text": "Why is it so damn populair when everyone seems to be disgusted by it?\n\nI’ve heard that in human history there happened A LOT of incest, if this was very normal back then why is it such an disgusting thing right now?\n\nIt distrubs me greatly when I think about sex with my close relatives. I cant imagine it without feeling uncomfortable and disgusted. But I have to admit that these step-mom and step-sis videos are kinda hot and I understand why they’re really populair. (You can see the big porn companys like brazzers and bangbros producing incest-like videos, i mean you probably have heard of ‘nino el pola’ or something lol)\n\nNormally I am very open about things, me and my friends have discussed each other fetishes when we were a bit drunk, when I told them that I thought these squirting/milking videos where kinda hot it suprised me that nobody seemed to give a fuck, got a couple laughs but thats it. Then one of my friends admitted that he liked incest videos and everyone lost their shit. Its something you literally CANT admit because it has such a very strong taboo attached to it. But why?\n\nIt has been normal for god knows how long and in these last couple 100(?) years it has been turned into the biggest sexual taboo today. \n\nI think you’re viewed as less worse when you admit to have a fetish to gang rape compared to incest. I personally find gang rape very disturbing aswell and I think this is worse than incest but most of society thinks otherwise.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-169528", "score": 0.7304177284240723, "text": "> However, why is there a social taboo and laws against it? Most people have a visceral \"yuck\" reaction simply because we're psychologically programmed not to fuck our sisters for excellent biological reasons. There are also huge problems with consent and power imbalance in incestuous relationships.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-877823", "score": 0.7245761156082153, "text": "I heard a guy that was at the pub and belonged to my group of friends talk about him having had sex with his cousin. And everybody reacted disgusted but all in all they just seem to accept him still/kept talking to him. So I thought everybody would think it's ok to have sex with your cousin, though they're still disgusted by it. But it's obviously not ok but since everybody kept talking to him/they still accepted him, I thought that it's disgusting and immoral to have sex with family members but maybe it's his decision.\n\nAfter we left I asked some of my friends if it really was his cousin and they said it was his half cousin. Then I realized that it's obviously disgusting to have sex with your family be it cousin or half cousin. Now I feel like a pervert for having thought that it's ok to have sex with your cousin at all in the first place.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-297145", "score": 0.7198866605758667, "text": "This is part of our 'disgust' response which has been absolutely crucial to human development. It is a powerful urge which prevents you from going near things that present a health risk. Disgust can be divided into several categories: Body products disgust Rotten food disgust Animal Disgust Hygine Disgust Wound/Infection Disgust Death Body Envelop violation Sexual Disgust All of these produce a feeling that you need to get away from whatever you're disgusted by and nausea is a very powerful part of this. Sexual disgust is pretty interesting - this is often formed in the first few years of your life and prevents you from being sexually attracted to people you were familiar with in those years - this helps prevent incest.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-461702", "score": 0.7152103781700134, "text": "I did something really bad when I was 12. I was looking after my 2 year old male cousin while my aunt was doing laundry. I don't know why I did this, but I pulled my pants and underwear down and exposed my vagina to my cousin. I think I said something like hey look at this. He said 'whats that' and I didn't want to say vagina, and the closest thing to me was a towel, so I said 'it's a towel'. I asked if he wanted to touch it or lick it and he said 'thats yucky' and started playing with a toy or something. I came to my senses and pulled my pants up and never told a soul what I did. I have never told ANYONE this before. My cousin is 12 now, he lives close to me and I see him often. I am terrified that one day he will remember what I did to him, especially when he becomes sexually active. I was not sexually attracted to my baby cousin at all. I have no idea why I did what I did and it's haunted me for the past 10 years.\n\nLast year, I discovered a website that has thousands of erotic fiction stories about men having sex with little girls. There are also lots of stories about fathers or brothers having sex with their young daughters or sisters, even babies. These stories turn me on and I masturbate to them. I don't get turned on by stories about young boys. I'm not a lesbian and I don't find little girls attractive in real life, just in these fantasies. I feel extremely guilty after I masturbate to these stories and fantasies. I would never touch a child in real life and I think that pedophilia is wrong.\n\nI don't know what the fuck is wrong with me, and was wondering if anyone has gone through anything similar...", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-105869", "score": 0.714974045753479, "text": "Extrapolating from a few things I've read in regards to human attraction - through several factors, we're instinctually predisposed to not find our parents sexually attractive as a way to prevent incest and inbreeding. So from there, we can figure out that when presented with the thought of two people we instinctively don't find attractive having sex, we tend to not like what we are visualizing.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-152193", "score": 0.7148138284683228, "text": "It is to make you want to get away from it. The things we see as gross are potentially dangerous for us so our body encourages us to avoid them", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1245920", "score": 0.7143585681915283, "text": "I am a boy and I have a younger brother. Please excuse the fact that this isn't long or descriptive. I just want to get this off of my chest and here what you guys think (should I let go of it, be disgusted?).\n\nWhen I was ten and my brother was eight (ages are approximate), we were still taking baths/showers together. This was only at my dad's house and not my mom's. They were divorced at this point.\n\nWell, we were obviously naked around each other for a long time. One day, we decided to experiment. We only did oral. It felt just a tiny bit off, but it mostly felt okay. \n\nAbout a year later, we were disgusted with what we had done. I have felt this way for a long time. Well, a few months ago, I was feeling really horny and just *really* wanted a blowjob, so I asked my brother (indirectly) to do it. Well, he did it and I feel disgusting again. I don't know how I could ever ask him again after those years of regret.\n\nI will of course never ask him again, but I want to know, should I just forget about this? Should I be disgusted? Is this a normal kind of incest that I shouldn't be disgusted about? I just don't know, guys. Help me?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2432657", "score": 0.7128856778144836, "text": "I’ve always been interested in incest, the taboo aspect makes me incredibly horny, maybe it’s because of the defiance in everything society believes in, or just the fact that if you lived in the same house as that person, you could have sex anytime you both are willing to.\n\nThat being said, it was never a priority to me or really ever occurred to me that my younger brother is absolutely stunning.\n\nHonestly, I have my vibrator shoved against my clit just writing about this.\n\nHe has such a nice body, he played a lot of sports in school so he’s super toned, and overall just generally attractive.\n\nOne day I was masturbating and I thought anout my brother. Almost instantaneously I was like “Ew, oh god no.” then, like 3 days later I started thinking about how good it would be to see him masturbating, or to spy on him in general - or how good it would be to masturbate with him, to rub my pussy on his underwear.\n\nNow, I am severely attracted to him.\n\nKeep in mind, I am not a skinny girl. I’m not sure he’d ever be physically attracted to me, but I wish he would be, because honestly fantasizing can only do so much.\n\nI would like some advice on this situation, anything would be greatly appreciated:-)\n\n- \nE", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1623587", "score": 0.711762547492981, "text": "I always hear about people talking about their intrusive thoughts being violent towards themselves or others. And honestly, I kinda wish I had those.\n\nI don’t know why. But I keep having sexual thoughts about my mom. I can barely be around her. I feel disgusted. I feel nauseous about the idea of it and it makes me feel sick just typing about it right now. I would never act on it and would also resist it. But the thoughts are constant. I hate it. Even worse, in my worries to not think about it I just think about it more. It’s gotten to the point where I’d think of it for a second and then worry myself to death for hours about it. I don’t know how to explain it but this is like the exchange I’ll have with myself.\n\nBrain: You’re nasty. Why would you even think about when she has sex? You fucking freak. You’re thinking about it right now. You’re disgusting. \n\nLike even thinking about how nasty it is counts as thinking about it and is just as bad.\n\nIt’s almost constant. Hopefully it’s just because I’m a hormonal horny teen, but holy fuck.\n\nAlso if I’m masturbating I get so worried about the fact that I’ll think about it that I start worrying about it and my brain does the thing where it’s like “you’re thinking about it you disgusting thing.” \n\nDoes *anyone* else suffer from this? It’s impossible to be honest about it because typing it out makes it real. And I’d been trying to ignore it forever. But I need to know if I’m alone or not. \n\n\nEven worse, my brain tries to combat these thoughts with arguably worse ones: violent ones. I tell myself “why would you think that? If she comes near me I’ll fucking kill her” and constantly tell myself I hate her and want to plan to kill her. I’m not scared that I would ever do this, it’s just fucking weird. I’m not violent and the thoughts seem almost... forced? Like they’re the polar opposite of the other thoughts so I make myself have them. \n\nPlease don’t judge me. I would never do anything like that and won’t even type it out. You know what I mean. Incest is nasty and I fucking hate it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-326128", "score": 0.7115793228149414, "text": "Does anyone have this same \"fetish\" i guess u could call it, but you're not at all interested in having sex with any of your family?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-183581", "score": 0.7114610075950623, "text": "It's evolutionarily advantageous to *not* engage in reproductive activities with ones parents (or immediate kin in general), since it works against sexual reproduction's advantage (adaptable genetics) and exacerbates many genetic problems by giving a higher chance of recessive but problematic genes from being activated. As such, we have an aversion to sex with relatives, and often even friends we have had since being very young due to them being sibling-like.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-157322", "score": 0.7102053165435791, "text": "The primary reason is the moral issue. For most people, it feels wrong to get sexual with a family member. And that is hard-coded into the biology. In rare circumstances (like an extremely low and isolated population), it can be accepted. But if some guy in Chicago is having sex with his 18 year old daughter, that's wrong. We codified the rules and said that basically anyone close enough that you might live with them is off-limits. Mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter, aunt, uncle, 1st cousin, and grandparents. The benefit of these laws, and the reason they are never repealed or overruled, is the fact that genetic damage can occur in incest by increasing the prevalence of recessive genes.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-879193", "score": 0.7100327610969543, "text": "My family literally makes so many sexual comments, it’s uncomfy. \n\nFrom “that’s what she said” to blowjobs, to porn, to gay comments, like it just never stops. \nMy sister and my niece slap each other’s asses, oil check each other (like stick a finger up each other’s asses lmfao it sounds worse saying it like this but dude it happens) a lot of comments about sex all the time. \nIt’s so embarrassing when I bring my boyfriend around. We went to a small thanksgiving &amp; they were all playing some mortal kombat game and kept screaming about the character doing some rape move? Like rape was being talked about at least like 8 times. \n\nI speak up and say like Jesus people, what is wrong with you? Before I went to therapy, I joined in on it because well.. Hello?? It’s all that’s around me?? But now it’s like everything is taken out of context, dinner table conversations turn so dirty so fast. I don’t think I’m being uptight or anything, but this is really making me not want to be around my family anymore. \n\nI go around my boyfriends family and it’s like normal... we play games, we laugh, we tell stories of funny things that happens in our day to day things, we poke fun at each other, we compliment. It’s like heaven being around his family. My boyfriends brother has been mentioning wanting to meet my family and I’m like NO WAY IN HELL. \n\nHow do I deal with perverted family members? Also... like... what the hell is wrong with these people? I’m starting to hate my family.\n\n\n**** UPDATE ****\n\nWell, I took your advice guys &amp; brought it up to my sister in a calm respectful way. She was pretty gas lighty at first, but eventually apologized. I went to her house for Christmas and everyone acted normal - well, the best they could lol. The sexual comments were at a minimum, no oil checks lol, and people got a long. \n\nStill I left feeling very...triggered? I think I have a lot more deep rooted issues than I thought. \n\nJust wanted to say thank you everyone for your non judge-mental comments &amp; advice. 💓💓", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-162559", "score": 0.7083585858345032, "text": "Kind of guessing here but one answer that comes to mind is how arousal works. There are studies that show that being sexually aroused or anxious are not really that different, mostly the context is different. So the wires cross fire when it comes to incest. Incest is \"wrong\", which makes you anxious and uncomfortable, coupled with sexual arousal it intensifies it, which is where the \"forbidden fruit\" arousal comes from, basically because of us feeling it's wrong. However, it's still a fantasy, you can enjoy fantasies but in real life you would never want to do it. It's almost like you're highjacking the anxiety that the idea incest gives you for a better sexual high, but wouldn't want to do it in real life. Same way with how we kill people in video games because we high jack the high, but would never want to kill someone in IRL. Also from what I've seen the most popular porn seems to be \"step moms\" and cousins, and cousins don't count!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-120949", "score": 0.7072010636329651, "text": "One widely-publicized experiment suggests that sexual arousal inhibits feelings of disgust. This is pretty valuable, because in spite of the natural drive toward sex, sex still has a lot of components that are normally disgusting, like body fluids and smells. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-641650", "score": 0.704548716545105, "text": "I've never understood this. I know people who are insecure will have more of a problem with their partner watching other naked women and fapping to it but even women who are really attractive and have no reason to be offended by it sometimes are. Masturbating over fantasies has nothing to do with your attraction to your partner so why do they feel 'unwanted' or 'not satisfying enough'?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-158485", "score": 0.7040641903877258, "text": "You spent your early childhood frequently being around your mom and sisters when they were naked and doing non-sexual things. Also you were not old enough to know anything about sex. By the time you knew what was going on, you had seen them naked so many times doing things that were not turn-ons in any way that you had no attraction to them. You were desensitized. There is a lot of attraction in the unknown and new. That is why seeing that beautiful, wonderful girl you've been dating for 2 months without making it past first base naked for the first time is so much better than seeing a girl naked at a strip club.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-880092", "score": 0.7039229869842529, "text": "When I was younger (am 23 now) before I really dove into the wonderful world of porn (haha), I would use unethical means to jerk off. This would include pictures of my sisters, but not with the intentions of doing anything else but to achieve orgasm, and to look at boobs . I stopped because I knew it was weird and gross and I accept that I am not that person anymore, so why do I feel bad still? I am not that person anymore, I am so much different, at times it doesn’t feel real, I don’t think I would’ve done such a thing. I guess just holding onto this “dark secret” for so long has tricked my brain into twisting my thoughts, and making me feel weird/guilty. It’s been over a decade, and I am very close with my sisters, and I love them very much so, and nor am I attracted to them in that capacity whatsoever. I was doing okay for the past couple of years, but something kinda set me off (maybe being in a relationship with an amazing girl, who I don’t want to tell for obvious reasons) I kinda feel like it’s good that I’m facing this again, maybe it’s closure from my past, I just need some help not overthinking this, as it’s causing unnecessary anxiety.Thanks all.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-40000", "score": 0.7024452090263367, "text": "Natural aversion to sexual contact with our family for genetic reasons, taken one step further. Post audio or it didn't happen.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-608", "score": 0.7187332510948181, "text": "Many sour foods are poisonous, we are programmed to reject sour foods with \"disgust\", same as when you see other unhealthy things like feces and Kanye West. There was a good BBC Horizon show on Disgust years back. I found this article. _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-24782", "score": 0.6826366186141968, "text": "It's a protective instinct. Think of our ancestors who may be interested in a left-over meal. The body lets us know that this wouldn't be a good idea by turning our stomachs.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-37739", "score": 0.6803441643714905, "text": "They don’t “make” those faces. This is a matter of physics, not psychology. It’s what would happen to anybody if your face suddenly weighed 5-8 times as much as it normally did.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-185234", "score": 0.6797007322311401, "text": "Sour flavor is caused by tartaric or citric acid. After eating a bunch of acid covered food, the cells in your mouth are damaged so it causes discomfort. ELIActually5: There is tiny oof sand on sour candy that gives your mouth boo-boos.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-192922", "score": 0.6789676547050476, "text": "The main theory is called disassociation fue to lack of stimuli. To put it simply, your brain is designed to take in the world around you and process it. When nothing is happening your brain basically gets bored and starts acting up. The reason faces get so weird is because of the amount of information in a face, the brain is trained to care alot about faces so when things start to shift due to \"brain boredom\" a different part of your concious brain freaks out because it knows this shouldn't be happening.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-264298", "score": 0.6769936084747314, "text": "I'm not an expert by any means but I think it has to do with an area of your brain called the \"insula\", when you see something you should avoid a message is sent to this part of the brain sometimes causing you to vomit. It's mainly activated with a disgust reaction. I think it's evolutionarily beneficial to prevent you from digesting something that would be harmful to you, such as rotting meat etc.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-266676", "score": 0.6745843887329102, "text": "Due to the significance of facial expressions in sectors like social life, the brain has a complex understanding of human faces and is able to pick out even the slightest nuances. Two sets of eyes on a human face is an incredibly rare and improbable occurrence and doesn't sit well with the prototypical image of a human face in our minds. Your brain tries to match the image to the prototype, which can cause discomfort. This is similar to the phenomenon of seeing the inside of a mask -- because it is so unlikely that a human face is inverted, the brain actually refuses to see it and sees it as convex instead. [Here's an example](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-124561", "score": 0.6727699637413025, "text": "It can be caused by a condition called tardive dyskinesia, which is a side-effect of some anti-psychotic medications. It can cause uncontrollable movements of the jaw and lips as well as swelling of the tongue, among other things.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-118256", "score": 0.6727160811424255, "text": "Sour flavoring is usually citric acid. After a while it can eat away at your tongue.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-277964", "score": 0.6719521880149841, "text": "Many (most?) [seven-segment displays](_URL_0_) work by lighting each segment in series instead of all at once, so each individual segment is flickering on and off very quickly. When you chew, especially hard foods, you're causing your head to vibrate slightly, so that the various segments are no longer properly aligned as they flicker between on and off.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-13932", "score": 0.6713253855705261, "text": "AFAIK this is an instinct; your body is saying 'do NOT eat this'. If you associate rotten food with puking, you will not eat the rotten food (hopefully).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-307708", "score": 0.6712162494659424, "text": "There's a handful of glands that release saliva, with the bulk coming from the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. All of the basic tastes stimulate salivation, but sour is the strongest, followed by salty. Generally, sour receptors respond to acidity. While high concentrations of sugar are harmless in the short term, excess acidity can be acutely dangerous to the mouth, with saliva being able to dilute or even weakly neutralize acid, as it contains some bicarbonate. One source suggests that intensely sour food might partly do this by stimulating trigeminal nociceptive pathways, basically tripping a pain switch to prompt salivation. _URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-180110", "score": 0.6703513860702515, "text": "If I'm not totally mistaken, spicy is meant to *deter* people from eating it. Those plants are trying to keep out of your mouth, so they are attacking it from the inside by being irritating. Runny nose, the heat, and the other actions are the body trying to get that irritant OUT. Your body thinks it's a bad thing, so it's attempting to get the bad thing out. Fortunately, my mind overrules my body's reaction, and I'll just keep shoveling vindaloo right down my gullet.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-114244", "score": 0.6702301502227783, "text": "You are most likely angling your burger 'up' into your mouth. Unless the burger is level with your upper jaw, the burger will degrade like this as you eat it: _URL_0_ Edit: The reason most people slant the burger down away from their face is so that if anything slides off, it falls onto the plate instead of on the individual's clothing or face.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-32679", "score": 0.6693622469902039, "text": "Not an answer to your question at all, but this has to be the most counterproductive thing the human body does. When I'm hungry enough to feel sick to my stomach moving to get food is the last thing I want to do, which makes things worse.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-153625", "score": 0.6690652370452881, "text": "The nausea keeps you from wanting to eat it. And in the case of seeing someone else vomit, in a tribal society odds are you would have eaten some of the same things that person did, so your body is taking the recommendation of their body.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-108347", "score": 0.6685898303985596, "text": "Whenever you eat something with a lot of flavor (especially sweet or sour) after not eating anything for a while, your salival glands on each side of your jaw begin to rapidly secrete salive to break down the enzymes in the food. Imagine it like a sleepy cop in the security room with all the screens showing footage from cameras. When he finally spots something, he falls out of his chair startled and calls security. Similarly, the spontaneous secretion of saliva makes your salival glands hurt or \"cramp\" up in a way.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-106354", "score": 0.668171226978302, "text": "[Conditioning](_URL_0_), most likely. Probably just your mouth preparing for sourness (however a mouth prepares for something)... But I think the real mystery here is, do you really consider pineapple sour? That's more of a sweet...", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-127775", "score": 0.6681036949157715, "text": "What you call \"nerves\" is the human fight-or-flight response. Our primate brains perceive getting up on stage as being no different than going on a dangerous hunt. As to why it causes these physical phenomena to happen, it has to do with optimizing your body for that dangerous hunt. Eating on the move isn't a good idea because it diverts energy from your muscles and nervous system, so your body induces nausea to discourage consumption. Similarly, any partially digested food, or byproducts thereof, either stop moving or are sped along the track to the nearest way out - again, to make sure that your body won't be wasting energy on digestion when you're fighting a bear.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-39190", "score": 0.6675706505775452, "text": "The issue arises with subtle facial cues not lining up with what they should be. There is an idea called '[The Uncanny Valley](_URL_0_)' where your brain specifically notices things that do not perfectly match up to reality. In essence, your brain recognizes reality and abstraction(such as cartoons). When its almost lifelike, but not quite right, there are buzzers that go off telling you something is wrong. This is what you are noticing when someone is 'acting'.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1497830", "score": 0.6672175526618958, "text": "I have been eating some foods for a long time on a daily basis. But since 1 month these foods are affecting face skin causing me acne and also affecting my bowel movements causing me constipated. These foods include wheat, nuts, eggs, jaggery, whey protein. I was intaking the above foods on a daily basis for 2-3 yrs. But now they are causing the above problems. I eliminated wheat from my diet after which my bowel movements are a lot better and are very good actually, I have felt like this in a long time. But the other stuff as I mentioned like eggs, jaggery, whey protein still affect me but they only affect my skin not my bowel movements. I have eliminated these foods from my diet too after which I can see that my skin has begun to clear and the breakouts have stopped. I want to know that will I be able to eat the above things in future or I have to eliminate these things for the rest of my life which is a very difficult situation. I want to know what is happening with me? Also I would like to mention I had a long time intolerance to dairy and dairy products which caused me to breakout only 10-15 minutes after ate that food item but whey protein never use to cause me this problem which is it doing now. Similar case happened with me in 2019 when I added peanut butter into my diet and I ate 2-3 servings of that on a daily basis for about 3-4 months and then it suddenly started to breaking me out on the face severely and also disturbed my bowel movements causing me constipated. Then after I excluded peanuts from my diet my symptoms began to wear off and I was totally fine after 2 months. I had tried eating peanuts again this yr in moderation as a test but it caused the same symptoms. That time it happened with a single item it happened with various items. Please advise and help if you could. My life is getting worse.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-609", "score": 0.7622170448303223, "text": "Your brain actually tries to forget dreams. Most people have more than three per night, and forget most of them. If you wake up during a dream, your brain hasn't had time to try to forget it. Partially forgotten dreams, either by waking up before the memory has faded or by the mind failing to completely forget it, will seem much duller than a fresh dream." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-89403", "score": 0.7228807806968689, "text": "when you're at the \"climax\" of your dream, you feel false emotions associated with it. you're also close to wakefulness so your conscious brain is simultaneously trying to make sense of these emotions that aren't really there while the dream is getting good. because of that, your memory of the last bits is stronger as you're waking up. this probably happens more often than you can recall because we forget loads of dreams, but for a really GOOD one, the emotional impression it leaves leaks into wakefulness, which is why you clearly remember the cliffhanger. as for when you wake up during it, im pretty sure that's random (except in cases where your heart either slows down or speeds up dramatically and your body jolts you awake, thinking you're in danger)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-157297", "score": 0.7220409512519836, "text": "It's more of a psychological phenomenon than a biological one. It has to do with awareness of dreams as opposed to waking life situations. Some people are just better at consciously tuning in with the differences than others because of their mindset, habits, disposition, etc. I really don't believe there's a biological explanation for your question.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-117501", "score": 0.7218663096427917, "text": "You have different sleep cycles. So at times your in a very light part of your sleep, and other time your in the REM (rapid eye movment) or dreaming part of your rest and thats a very deep sleep. So when you wake up natually during the night your most likely in a very light sleep. Other times when your building a go kart with your ex-landlord and you wake up feeling like shit the REM cycle of your sleep has been disrupted. Theres also various apps that will wake you up on the lighter parts of your sleep.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-15076", "score": 0.7214587926864624, "text": "It has to do with when a dream happens in the sleep cycle as well as how much sleep you get. Also try to stop drinking coffee for a couple days and see if you get better dreams", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-67117", "score": 0.7195258736610413, "text": "Majesticturtleman was right about everything he said, but not completely =) It's because your brain goes through a sleep cycle all the time while it's asleep. It starts out in Stage 1, then 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM. REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement, and is the stage commonly associated with dreaming. This whole cycle lasts about 3 hours, and your brain does need 2-3 full cycles every 24 hours to function. When you oversleep, your brain goes through another cycle, and will likely force you awake during the third or fourth stage. This is why you wake up tired after oversleeping.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-800574", "score": 0.7184885144233704, "text": "For the past few weeks I've been having absolutely fantastic, detailed dreams. I used to rarely remember my dreams. So how is it possible that I am suddenly recalling so many of them?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-309311", "score": 0.7183753848075867, "text": "This is due to [confirmation bias](_URL_0_), you're more likely to forget waking up after uneventful dreams.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2343839", "score": 0.7180346846580505, "text": "How do you know the difference? I have been having these dreams that feel very real come Morning.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-274168", "score": 0.7179318070411682, "text": "It is my understanding, correct me if I'm misleading, that you are unconsciously aware of your sleeping state throughout the duration. When in a pure state of sleep though, your memory is sort of \"shut down\" so you kind of experience it but then forgot. Similar to someone with anterograde amnesia. They experience but don't form memory from it so its like it never happened. Ever woke up abruptly? You probably remembered those dreams better because you weren't in a very pure state of sleep.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-121825", "score": 0.7174007296562195, "text": "It has to do with timing. During sleep, you cycle through deep sleep and shallow sleep. If you wake up or are woken during a deep sleep phase, you will feel groggy. But if you wake during a shallow sleep phase, where you are already almost awake, it will be much easier to wake up and feel refreshed. Some people time when they go to sleep to wake up at a certain time when they will be in shallow sleep. [Here is a link to a timer](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-800984", "score": 0.7173752784729004, "text": "I had my first AP experience a couple nights ago, and though I haven't had another yet I noticed that all of my dreams last night were *incredibly* vivid, like my senses were super heightened and I noticed more of what was happening around me, even though they were all normal dreams (I did nearly become lucid at one point, but that's not the point of this post). \n\nI used to think I already had pretty vivid dreams, but this was exceptional. My sense of touch especially was more intense than a normal dream, I was touching things that I can still remember the feeling of. Overall, I just remember feeling more \"in control\" or grounded in the dream than normal, even if I wasn't lucid I think I could have easily gotten there if I'd known to do a reality check.\n\nHas anyone else experienced something like this, dreams becoming more vivid right after APing or just your sense in dreams heightening in general after learning to project?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-118350", "score": 0.7169793248176575, "text": "[citation needed] I remember once reading that the understandable narrative of your dreams is essentially an illusion that your 'normal' brain tries to concoct in response to the weird, abstract thoughts and scenarios that your sub-conscious spits out whilst you sleep. Most of this narration happens as your normal brain starts waking up, and tries to make sense of what's going on - it quickly tries to rationalise and tie-up what's going on before you're fully awake. Which is why dreams often seem to reach a climax just before you wake up.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-22049", "score": 0.7165323495864868, "text": "You dream often, every night. Most often a recalled dream is the result of being interrupted in the middle of your sleep cycle. That's why, if you are somewhere unusual, if you are awoken unexpectedly, or if you are ill, you remember your dreams. It's not that you dream more, you just remember them. As we age, we get better at completing our sleep cycles and sleeping more soundly. We aren't sick as often (because we've had a lifetime to build immunity), and we are more comfortable in our surroundings (we know there are no monsters under our bed) In adulthood, anxiety, stress, pregnancy and babies can interrupt our sleep patterns and cause us to remember our dreams", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-6849", "score": 0.7163984775543213, "text": "Alcohol suppresses REM stage sleep (the period when you dream), which your brain adjusts for as you become dependent. Once the alcohol is removed from the equation, your brain still tries to compensate for REM sleep being suppressed, leading to increased REM activity and vivid dreams.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-83353", "score": 0.7158599495887756, "text": "Someone smarter than me can confirm or deny this, but you are probably dreaming. You just don't remember the dreams when you wake up. The chemical that is released in your brain that triggers dreaming isn't always released in the same amount with each sleep cycle. Many different things can contribute to the amount of chemicals released during sleep. If I recall correctly, the more of this chemical that is released, the more 'powerful' your dreams are and the less likely you are to remember the dream.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-23907", "score": 0.7150730490684509, "text": "You only remember dreams when you're waking up or not yet fully asleep. So, when you're disturbed you're just not sleeping as well and therefore frequently teeter on the edge of sleep - the times when you remember your dreams.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-3131", "score": 0.714971125125885, "text": "When we sleep our brain goes through a cycle of activity. This cycle will vary between 80 - 120 minutes and may repeat 4 or 5 times during the night. The \"deepest\" part of this cycle is called REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. This is the state usually associated with dreaming. We will enter REM sleep various times throughout the night, each time lasting longer than the last. If you wake up during REM sleep, you may feel more groggy than if you woke up in an earlier stage of the sleep cycle. If you don't have a regular sleeping schedule then your body may not regulate these cycles and you might wake up in the middle of one and feel \"worse\". Where if you wake up after 3-4 hours of sleep you may be waking up during a more natural part of the cycle.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-75179", "score": 0.7148601412773132, "text": "No one knows for sure. In a psycho-biologic point of view dreams appear when you are in a REM period of sleep. In that state your brain is more active because is processing stimulus you perceived but aren't yet archived in your brain. those stimulus while being processed come from the unconscious since it's where the things you perceive but don't pay attention are stored. It is why you have dreams. You are creating a meaning or an adventure with a combination between your brain activity, the content of your unconscious and the also the need your mind has to relief some pressure from the id. Also, you always dream but only remember the ones that you interrupt, I mean when you wake from a REM state of sleep. That is why some of them don't have an ending. Keep in mind that this is partially based on Freud's theories of dreaming and not scientifically accepted. **TL;DR : There is not a scientific consensus on the purpose of dreaming.**", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-133408", "score": 0.7144845128059387, "text": "The easiest way to remember your dreams is to wake up during it. Set your alarm and try to wake yourself during your REM cycles for the best chance.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-166629", "score": 0.7143010497093201, "text": "Loads about dreaming is unknown. Every day we experience an almost unlimited amount of input from all our senses. When we sleep our brain tries to make sens of it, group it into concepts, making connections so they make sense, and deleting all the input we don't need. It also works as a virtual reality chamber where you practice difficult situation for when they might happen in the future.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-610", "score": 0.6180641651153564, "text": "Ethyl alcohol sold as rubbing alcohol is denatured. Meaning it's mixed with poisonous and disgusting tasting substances to make it undrinkable. The additives are also selected to ensure that it's difficult to purify the alcohol with distillation." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-31326", "score": 0.5871579647064209, "text": "Because deep inside, my young one, you are an angry, angry person. Your anxiety is an expression of that repressed anger, but when you get to a certain level of drunk, nothing is repressed. Source: Professional Alcoholic", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-117529", "score": 0.58713698387146, "text": "When someone gets methanol poisoning, they're actually being poisoned by the breakdown products of methanol rather than the methanol itself. Both ethanol and methanol are broken down by the same enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase), and that enzyme preferentially acts on ethanol rather than methanol. Thus, one of the treatments for methanol poisoning is providing ethanol, which makes it so that the body stops breaking down the methanol and has a chance to eliminate the methanol and the toxic byproducts before they cause too much damage.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1591530", "score": 0.5870998501777649, "text": "I went to a Malahide castle concert a few weekends ago (Mumford and Sons, specifically) and people getting wasted with beer to the point it got a bit uncomfortable with wasted folks bumping into you barely being able to stand. Girls dropping their pints and making a mess, etc. \n\nWhat’s the point? The ticket was around 60 euro and pretty sure no one in that state would enjoy any kind of concert. Just go to a fucking pub to get shit faced like that.\n\nIs this the norm? I can’t grasp it.\n\nPS: WITH the concerts and alcohol *", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-107927", "score": 0.5870965123176575, "text": "There was a growing temperance movement that equated alcohol use with sin and immorality. In the late 1910's, it reached its highest pitch and resulted in the prohibition of alcohol in the United States via constitutional amendment -- and amendments are *hard* to do. It was repealed because prohibition was a spectacular failure. It caused far more problems than the alcohol ever did, as it did little to stem the demand for booze but did spawn extremely violent criminal enterprises to satisfy that demand.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-114150", "score": 0.5870761275291443, "text": "It doesn't \"turn people violent\", it lowers the inhibitions of someone who, while sober, is able to control the violent urges that they have. It does not put those urges there in the first place.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-259740", "score": 0.5870647430419922, "text": "It depends what you are drinking. Honestly, most substances that would stay liquid at temperatures below -30C are probably going to be dangerous to consume at any temperature. There have been specious cases of people who have died drinking super-cooled beer that was liquid at time of drinking and then froze shortly after consumption while it was still in their esophagus.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2545143", "score": 0.5870359539985657, "text": "I've searched around a bit and this seems very rare. I don't think it's related to dehydration because I always have a bottle of water with me and I drink more than everyone else who doesn't get a headache.\n\nI also rarely get hangover headaches from alcohol.\n\nI see people in other threads mentioning 5-Htp or seratonin but they are usually downvoted with no other comments.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2037400", "score": 0.5870132446289062, "text": "Someone asked on here if anyone is afraid of a predisposition to becoming an alcoholic after being raised by one. Here’s my story, for what it’s worth. \n\nI started sneaking my dads booze at 12. By the time I was 20, I was swigging Jack Daniels straight. I worked in a textile mill and hated it. I kept a bottle under the seat of my car and hid one at work too so I could refill my coke bottle with it all night. My boss knew I was drinking but could never catch me. I kept one bottle hidden and one out where he could see it, the visible one he checked regularly. I was also smoking weed and experimenting with other drugs. \n\nI started community college at 22, worked full time &amp; went to school full time and really cut back on my drinking at that point. I knew this was my only way out of the life I hated so I really concentrated and graduated with the degree I wanted. I went to work in the field I loved but once again, fell in with the wild crowd. I never, ever went to this job impaired, would never dream of it, but my drinking on my days off became worse. I just wanted to fit in. \n\nOne night, when I was around 30, I had been at the bar that my group hung out in. We stayed till closing (2am), then went to one of the bartender’s house who was a friend and lived down the street from me. I was wasted, very drunk and stoned. I sat in the living room, staying to myself, and just watched the people around me, really looked at them. I then thought...Is this really who I want to be?? I’m turning into what I hated as a kid!\n\nI slipped out the door and walked home, thinking it all through. That day was my new beginning, my awakening. I would still hang out with my friends, but at the bar, I’d get one beer, in a dark bottle, and once it was finished, I’d rinse it in the bathroom and refill with water, so that I had a bottle in my hand and got no pressure from anyone to buy me another bottle. I would do this at parties/cookouts too. Bring my 6 pack of dark bottles, drink one then switch to water the rest of the night. \n\nEventually, I lost track of my old friends, only rarely see a couple of them, one of whom is a full blown alcoholic. I now live my life the way I choose instead of going along with the crowd. I still have alcohol on occasion, a beer or glass of wine, but it’s not often. I believe, that I have a predisposition to be an addict. There are examples of alcohol and substance abuse on both sides of my family of origin. So I avoid people and situations that expose me to that.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-36663", "score": 0.5870130658149719, "text": "As you age you find that some taste sensations that you thought of as bad can actually be quite pleasant, if not also enjoyable. Beer is perhaps the best example. To young kids, it is pretty much disgusting because of how bitter it is. To teens and young adults, it isn't the taste they are after as much as it is the alcohol in the beverage; they might really not like beer, but are only drinking it to get drunk. As adults, middle-age, we've had enough beer and know what it tastes like; to the point that we accept it's bitterness and even come to enjoy it, rather than drinking beer simply due to the alcohol.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-78858", "score": 0.586999237537384, "text": "They're generally disinhibiting, \"social lubricants\" of sorts that make us drop barriers and stop worrying \"but what if I say something embarrassing?!\" The effects of drugs and alcohol are really diverse, but most (such as amphetamines and cocaine) flood the brain with dopamine/serotonin/noradrenaline so you're probably too happy and content in the moment to worry about social screwups. Others (alcohol, benzodiazepines) work on GABA and other neurotransmitters to sedate you beyond thinking critically.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2036742", "score": 0.5869800448417664, "text": "I'm actually scared to get drunk.\n\nI'm 21, 6'4\" 250 pounds.\n\nWhen we go out to bars and parties I have 1-3 beers in a 4-5 hour period and just chill, because I'm scared to go further than that.\n\nThe good part is, nobody tells me anything, nobody is forcing me to drink, I don't want to be drunk, I don't care if I dont know what it feels like and nobody else cares if I get drunk.\n\nI dont know why but I'm scared, I've never taken a shot before either.\n\nI stick to beer, 1-3 bottles or a pint and I'm set. Plus alcohol makes me sleepy and I don't want to end up in a situation where we don't have a DD. I like getting to the point where I'm a little warm, and everything is funny. That's perfect for me and I won't go further than that.\n\nI've never had a mixed drink before so I made myself a Captain and Coke today. Drank like 25% of the cup and started feeling a little weird and threw the rest down the sink lol", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1591693", "score": 0.5869796872138977, "text": "Ive talked to Biv every day for 3 days now and he keeps giving me the quest 'Repeatable: Tipsy something or other'. Is there anything I'm missing to get the recipes for good alcohols that give you the benefits?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-53893", "score": 0.5869622826576233, "text": "Everyone is effect differently by alcohol due to age, weight, genetics, etc. With chronic alcohol abuse, parts of the nervous system adapt to functioning in the presence of alcohol (aka. tolerance). When the nerves are highly adapted to alcohol, removing it can drastically alter the function of that system, leading so side effects depending on what nerves adapted and how much they adapted. The damage that quick alcohol withdrawal varies a lot and can be permanent, for example parts of the brain can die due to a sudden increase in intracellular calcium (not ELI5 but I think its an interesting mechanism.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2035954", "score": 0.5869600772857666, "text": "I know so many that enjoy a glass of wine in the evening and others that supremely enjoy different beers and mixed drinks. All of us have heard how much the Bethelites love whetting their whistle with alcohol. Imagine how dull the New World would seem without those things to enjoy?\n\nFor some that believe it will be there, what about getting drunk and it leading to fornication or adultery? There is supposed to be no pain or tears in the new system, surely a person would feel hurt from being cheated on? Or does a perfect person know when to say when and stop drinking? Or would a perfect human body not be susceptible to getting drunk? If not, that kills the enjoyment and relaxation alcohol provides as you enjoy a buzz. \n\nThese were some musings I had today. It will get the same answer as everything else that JWs wonder about, which is we will have to wait and see.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-98212", "score": 0.5869404077529907, "text": "Being really, really drunk inhibits your ability to point both eyes in the same direction, which results in a blurry picture. Closing one eye solves the blurriness problem at the cost of depth perception.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-509786", "score": 0.5869020819664001, "text": "I have different people in my life, all in their 20s, that will DUI every few months. I think they are convinced that because it's so irregular, that they will not be caught. A few of them also make a habit out of sleeping drunk in their car at rest stops (they will park at a rest stop outside of a city and cab to the rest stop, but sleep it off from there).\n\nObviously, the former is really dangerous and I counsel them against it regularly. I'm a little at a loss for convincing them that the later is dangerous as well however, because nobody seems to bother sleeping people at rest stops near us. I think friends in our group have slept it off in the car dozens of times without as much as an officer even tapping on the car window.\n\nAre my friends just lucky or are rest stops pretty safe zones? I want to arm them with helpful information and hopefully convince them to stop doing this.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-131107", "score": 0.5868732333183289, "text": "There are many more permits and taxes that go along with alcohol production and sale than there are for vinegar. The permits to brew or distal alcohol can cost tens of thousands of dollars a year. Add in the permits needed to sell alcohol at a store and the sin tax on alcohol and that is a fairly large amount of one bottle's cost right there. Now add in the marketing that alcohol companies pay while thinking about the last time you saw an advertisment for vinegar that wasn't a store's sale pages. TL;DR there are fees on alcohol that don't exist for vinegar and companies advertise booze not vinegar.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-245694", "score": 0.5868731737136841, "text": "Acetone can leave residue that is unsightly and unhealthy. In my lab I rinse the acetone with ethanol for that quick drying streak free shine.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-170765", "score": 0.5868637561798096, "text": "Just because it's a liquid doesn't mean it'll provide you with water. Drink a bottle of mercury or antifreeze...... actually don't. Beer is a solution of alcohol and water. While it initially provides you with water, the alcohol triggers your system to use it's water store to flush out the processed alcohol toxin, leaving you with less water than you drank in the beer.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-52976", "score": 0.5868626832962036, "text": "It slows how quickly the body can process that alcohol. Drinking with an empty stomach means you get alcohol being absorbed pretty rapidly from your intestines. If it saturates food in your stomach instead, that food has to reach a point in digestion where it will pass into the intestines before that alcohol will move on into the bloodstream, and it will take longer to do that even then. This means you will dampen the effects of the alcohol, since a small amount of intoxication over a longer period is a huge difference from sudden heavy intoxication.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-611", "score": 0.700592577457428, "text": "I like to think of OSS developers as in two categories 1 - People actually EMPLOYED to do work, and are legally obligated to submit their work back into the OSS source tree for whatever reason 2 - Weekend Warriors, College Kids or Bored Teenagers with nothing to do and kind of \"get off\" on seeing people use their creation and commit something to the greater good. They like solving complex problems, and doing something cool that others can use is a great feeling" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-109402", "score": 0.6646409034729004, "text": "Open Source is a phrase used to describe a methodology of software development. Instead of keeping the code closed and only allowing people use the software when it's assembled, they share the base code with everyone so they can work with it as well. This inspires people to find bugs, security flaws, and bad features, then develop and submit their own fixes and improvements. Open Source software, if we'll used and popular, can be very security and full-featured, as well as kept up to date and modern.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-167659", "score": 0.6643486618995667, "text": "Lots of reasons. Originally, back in the day, it was simply to do it. It gave the author a feeling of power and/or accomplishment. Sometimes it is motivated by the same things that motivate any vandalism. These days it is more and more profit driven. Malware is a huge business now, bringing in billions of dollars to the perpetrators.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2174203", "score": 0.6642049551010132, "text": "Whenever you want to create something on a computer, you write code. But who creates the code to write with?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-23138", "score": 0.6640473008155823, "text": "they can begin by someone having an idea and going ahead and creating the project as open source. it's as simple as that. if i had idea right now to make a new project and make a new type of reddit bot, i would just create the project and publish it for others to review. others could contribute to the project as they want. the project never needs to be financed as long as there isn't financial cost associated. project management and contributors aren't paid, so there's nothing. free platform tools are used so there's no software to purchase.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-146792", "score": 0.6639529466629028, "text": "Here's a good article by Richard Stallman describing his view on the issue: [Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1990711", "score": 0.6639373302459717, "text": "Is the typical ADHD programmer looking for free-lance work? Or maybe looking for their own project for them to be master of? Or simply the security of a good, stable job?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1364506", "score": 0.6636968851089478, "text": "Months ago I worked on games non-stop, I loved trying out new stuff and sharing the results with the world.\n\nI still feel the need of creating something, I still have a lot of interesting concept I'm dying to try...\n\nThe problem is that whenever I load up my favorite IDE, I think about all the boilerplate code I have to write (rendering, input, entity management) and I feel so unmotivated that I don't even start the project.\n\nIs this just a creative block that will go away? Did it ever happen to you?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-599392", "score": 0.6632646918296814, "text": "About two years ago, my two friends and I quit our day jobs to work as freelancers. \n\nIt was really hard: we had a lot of time, but were broke, so we couldn't really do anything fun. We struggled to find a consistent group of people who wanted to hire us for quick, but interesting freelance engagements.\n\nAt the time, sites like oDesk or Elance were crowded with low-quality gigs. We were competing with people who were willing to work for $5/hour, which can be good money sometimes, but it is simply an unreasonable wage if you live anywhere (especially with a family) in the developed world.\n\nWe built a site, gun.io, to satisfy our own need to find interesting and fairly compensated work. We didn't want to build a marketplace that commoditized software talent, or encouraged really cheap jobs. Turns out, a lot of people liked the idea.\n\nFor two years, we focused on high-quality gigs and high-quality talent, and rewarded those with strong open source portfolios. Now, our site's a pretty hefty marketplace, used by many big companies and many, many awesome developers.\n\nWhile we began as a way to help open source developers find freelance work, we realized we were onto something a little bit bigger. What we're working on now is removing the need to ever have a 9-5 job - whether you're a developer, another sort of digital tradesperson, or quite simply, a businessperson who wants help building something cool.\n\nIt seems at first a pretty straightforward thing for freelancers - work on your own projects, and occasionally take gigs if you need extra cash. Our belief though is that the line between a 'freelancer' and 'employer' is getting blurry -- you may be hiring for one project that you're passionate about, while working for someone else on another. And that's exactly the trend we're excited about, and hoping to accelerate.\n\nBe warned, though - we're far from perfect. There's still really only two things you can do on the site: hire people, and get paid. And we take a long time to respond to support inquiries. We haven't taken a round of funding, and we work in a distributed way, which makes us a little bit slower at getting things done than our counterparts. But we think this is the way software companies are meant to be built -- in service of you, the community, not beholden to loose money and a mandate for growth at all costs.\n\nOur motives in writing this ad are pretty straightforward: we want to our business to make more money, so we can continue to improve it, and broaden our focus to other labor markets. Developers have gotten a lot of love lately, and we'd like to help out other professions, too. We would like to do that by helping you make more money: either by connecting you with the right people, or by helping you find people who want to pay you.\n\nEither way, we want to build our company by helping you escape the typical 9-5 lifestyle, and work to live, rather than live to work. \n\nSo come check us out at \n\nLove,\n\nTeja", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-90144", "score": 0.6611900925636292, "text": "Like, completely from scratch? Fucking years. If you're talking about not using existing code and not using libraries (selections of premade code that you can reference in the program by saying libraryName.whatever), even relatively simple programs will become absolutely massive, very quickly. [This site has some examples, and includes the kind of terrifying number that Windows 8 has 40 million lines of code](_URL_0_). Think of it this way: a line of code, on average, is probably about as long as a sentence. The average page of a book is probably about 25 sentences long. That means the 40 million lines of code that makes up Win8 is roughly equivalent to a book with 1.6 *million* pages. The Bible is less than 2,000 pages. Typing all of that, even if you had multiple programmers working on different areas, would probably take years if they weren't using libraries or referencing existing code. And god help you when it comes time to start debugging.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1915256", "score": 0.6607552766799927, "text": "I've been trying to dabble in open source and my own projects. Sometimes I don't know how often to commit, *when is the best point temporally*? I love gymnastics, and as Shawn Johnson once said, \"Everything is about your movements and precision and timing, which is what gymnastics is about.\" I believe the same thing applies to commits and programming.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-460255", "score": 0.6607280373573303, "text": "I definitely think SREs should be writing code often (although not as much as SWE). How much code do you write in your day to day job?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1931446", "score": 0.6605755686759949, "text": "Title is a bit vague, I know.\n\nBasically, I have an idea and no one to work with. I'd be working on it in my spare time, and I'm not looking to monetize it, at least not at first (if interest would be higher if I provided my ideas on how it could be monetized, I'm happy to have that discussion, but I want to be clear that the goal of the project is to be free / support open source first, everything else is a secondary concern of mine).\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nBasically the idea is providing an application for folks who manage open source projects to request code reviews. Not every project has a large enough following to get a review when you need one, and many don't even have more than a single contributor. It could be hard to get projects off the ground without meaningful feedback (speaking from my own personal experience, it's kind of demoralizing trying to build something and not getting any feedback).\n\nSo basically, a person who opens a PR could request a review on the application.\n\nThe other side of this would be the folks in the open source community who are interested in reviewing code (pretty cool way to get involved in niche projects!). I was thinking about allowing reviewers to subscribe to certain types of projects (i.e. ruby, python, etc.; eventually maybe more topic-oriented like AI projects for example), and so when they visit the site they could see a list of PRs they might be interested in reviewing. Github, BitBucket, and GitLab all have APIs that can be leveraged to assist in gathering information about PRs and reviews, so I was planning on digging into those a bit.\n\nI was also thinking about a way to game-ify. As an example, there could be achievements for reviewing PRs. I imagine that there could also be some sort of a ranking system for reviewers (quality of reviews, etc.). The other thing I was thinking about is that, if a reviewer shows interest about a particular topic, people who are requesting a review on their project that falls within that topic might see the reviewer as a suggestion (and they could request that person to review their project in particular). I have various ideas like this, I'm not glued to any single one of them as I would want this to be community-driven, and I could foresee certain gamification features potentially becoming toxic if not managed properly.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nThere are services that exist that do this sort of thing, but from what I can tell they are more oriented towards companies who want to pay to have their code reviewed. I'm particularly interested in helping support projects that don't have a lot (if any) funding, and/or have a small team makeup. It could also be useful for larger projects who want more community feedback on changes they are thinking about making.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nThoughts? Am I being silly?\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI'd plan on doing the back-end application with Rails. I'm ambivalent towards front-end frameworks (if any).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-333089", "score": 0.659008800983429, "text": "From How I pick coding side projects that keep me motivated to learn:\n\n&gt;Eventually, I stopped coding so much after work. I was writing the same PHP code at work that I was writing at home. I was tired of doing the same thing all day long... \n&gt; \n&gt;After a few months at that first programming job, I had to do something new. I had heard a lot about Python. It seemed to be more powerful than PHP, and I was still doing affiliate marketing on the side. \n&gt; \n&gt;I began building a URL shortener and tracking platform for my affiliate links. It really helped increase sales with my affiliate side business by giving me more details about visitors. Shortly after that, I used what I learned to build an ERP system in Python at my day job.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1932018", "score": 0.6584547758102417, "text": "I'm looking to make more contributions to open source projects (even if it is documentation) in 2014. I know I have come to rely on many open source projects and would like to give back. I'd like to start this thread as an open forum for people with projects requiring assistance.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-685918", "score": 0.6584464311599731, "text": "Just posted this weekend, a talk from AltConf 2015 on our relationship with open source, what goes wrong, and how we can get better at thinking long-term. If you've never watched a talk by Justin Searls before, definitely worth watching!\n\nThe abstract: \"Social coding revolutionized how we share useful code with others. Tools like Github, CocoaPods, and Carthage have made publishing and consuming code so convenient that our dependencies have become smaller and more numerous. Nowadays, most projects quickly resemble a Jenga tower, with layer upon layer of poorly understood single points of failure. Despite our progress, we’d benefit from pausing to reflect on our relationship with open source. Convenience and ego drive most open source adoption, but these shortsighted motivations raise long-term problems we need to clearly identify if we can ever hope to solve them.\"\n\n", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2140309", "score": 0.6579667925834656, "text": "I really appreciate what the FOSS community represents, and I've been seeing myself transition to FOSS from proprietary software recently. I'm an amateur programmer with what I would call a working, albeit rusty, understanding of C++ and Java.\n\nI really want to give back to the community by contributing to projects. On the other hand, I feel like my lack of experience would just get in the way when there are already so many talented individuals working in the community. Similarly, I really don't have any ideas for personal projects, much less ones I could hope to complete.\n\nAny advice on how I can get my foot in the door?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1933359", "score": 0.6573395133018494, "text": "I am curious. I have been coding personal stuff for a while now and I have never published any of it like on github and the like. Mostly because I feel that it isn't really useful or because I think that somebody has probably doe a much better job of what I am trying to do or it does too specific of a task.\n\nI was wondering what do you generally do with the code that you write? Do you have it stashed somewhere or do you set it off in to the wild free as a bird in the FOSS forest?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2757468", "score": 0.6568024158477783, "text": "Hello all!\n\nHope this fits in here. I figured this would fare better here than on the sideprojects subreddit because it isn't really about the project but about the intersects of business and open source.\n\nThis question is coming from a combination of wishful thinking and legitimate pondering. I am currently making a social media app that I think solves a niche problem, and I am wondering about the different paths I could take it if it grows in the future.\n\nOne conflict that often comes when I consider this is the idea of making the software open source vs keeping the software profitable (maybe though advertisements or affiliate marketing, not selling user data) and acquirable.\n\nSo, assuming I make this app and it starts to get a decent userbase, would making it open source essentially dash any hopes of making this app very profitable or acquirable? I don't know of any user successful open source consumer apps, actually. Especially social media apps.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1933063", "score": 0.6567674875259399, "text": "I was thinking of putting together a free code camp for people who want to learn how to code from scratch. No experience needed whatsoever. Please add a '+1' in the comments for me to get a sense of how many people might be interested and whether it is worth setting up.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-146407", "score": 0.6562564969062805, "text": "Open source software allows anyone who knows how to program to modify the software to suit their needs. They can also make their improvements available for others to use. Because of this, open-source software grows and improves as the community fixes bugs and adds new features. EDIT: Also, you get the penguin in TF2.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-612", "score": 0.7019900679588318, "text": "Bing is actually excellent at certain things. But my interest in it is usually short-lived." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-84553", "score": 0.6667339205741882, "text": "Google's co-founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin had been doing research at Stanford related to how to find things close to some other thing, which is kind of important in a search engine that tries to find pages that are close to your query. Specifically, they developed a system they call [PageRank](_URL_0_) for categorizing the importance of web pages based on how many people link to it. That helped them get more relevant results than their competitors with less manual work.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2361241", "score": 0.6667220592498779, "text": "I have the fun pleasure of being a small fish in a big pond and have only recently begun building our organic SEO. \n\nI've used several tools (Moz, SEMRush, Ahrefs, etc.) to pull data on us and our closest competitors. I'm pretty new to SEO but to me it seems that we should be outranking most everyone but the major competitors. However, we're still on page 3 for most of our target keywords. We have higher DA and PA than most everyone. We don't have any spammy links and page loading time is decent.\n\nIs there something I'm doing wrong? A better tool to use? An easier way?? I wish I could get a more complete view of how my website compares to the competitors and what I need to improve.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-14609", "score": 0.6666932106018066, "text": "Relevance, for Google and most search engines, is determined by word matching. If the post in 2004 matches all your keywords the best, then it'll be the top result, even though it's a decade old. I believe you can use \"advanced search\" to filter results by date, but I'm not completely sure about that.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-130659", "score": 0.666425347328186, "text": "[Google has a website explaining the basics of SEO](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2696458", "score": 0.6663733720779419, "text": "I'm not sure what happened, and I know it's been going on for a while, but google search only goes until last year. You used to be able to look back as far as there was something online for what you were looking for.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-6737", "score": 0.6660207509994507, "text": "I actually am currently reading a book on Google and how it works. The search engine ELI5 link is good, but for Google specifically, they use keywords on websites to see what other websites are linked to it. The more traffic the linking websites get, the more important Google views them. Google also predicts similar words sequentially, so if you typed \"trojan\" you'd get condom links, but if you added \"horse\" you'd get historical pages. It searches through a literal \"web\" of linked websites.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2362454", "score": 0.665939211845398, "text": "I'm trying to figure out why my website is not optimized for SEO. The website is sumizeit (dot) com. I've followed all the advice at ahrefs yet my Google ranking is still very low. Can someone please point me in the right direction? Thank you.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-61965", "score": 0.6659283638000488, "text": "I remember some redditor saying that most search engines refreshes the search automatically after a certain amount of time if it doesn't go through but for reddit instead of refreshing it just goes 404", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2028251", "score": 0.6657025814056396, "text": "I used to love Google... Now I'm tired of struggling with their language settings (I browse the web in two different languages and I don't always want to log in with my Google account) and their \"content personalization\" (aka filter bubble). \n\nIs there a powerful, user-friendly and content-neutral search engine?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2359549", "score": 0.665540874004364, "text": "I'm helping someone out, someone that paid a good amount of money in the past for SEO work and I see no google validation (files or meta), no sitemap xml files, no alt tags, no headings, no link titles... nothing. I just put in Webmaster tools and most of the search queries are brand related (I'd say 90%). There are a lot of inbound links but I think that's the nature of the business and this happened organically. \n\nNot a sign of SEO work being done \"for the past few years\"? Do you tell your clients? I'm not the type to start talking poop about other people like that. So far in my analysis I only indicate the current state which I think the person reading can put two and two together and deal with it on his own.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-139171", "score": 0.6653504371643066, "text": "Because Google isn't searching the Internet when you type in a search phrase. They parse websites 24 hours a day, and store results in a special index that can be rapidly searched. So when you search Google, it checks that index and gives you results based on what their website crawlers saw at some time in the (hopefully recent) past.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2465282", "score": 0.6646046042442322, "text": "Google's page speed insights tool is saying my sight is slow as snails. It is but I want to know if this is even a metric for me to use while fixing it to know when I've gotten to a decent speed. I'm a little confused because it's also telling me Walmart and Amazon home pages are slow. I have slow personal internet speeds and now I'm wondering if the results are based off my personal speeds.\n\nIf so do I just look for rate of change pre and post fixes?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-15635", "score": 0.6642628908157349, "text": "Imagine your browser as a bicycle. The internet is the road. Older versions of Internet explorer were like those [penny fathing bikes](_URL_0_). It has all the major components of a bike, but its big, most of it is pointless and its a bitch for road makers to design paths for. Then firefox & Chrome came along, which were more stripped back and faster to use. Like cheezy said though, microsoft have finally learned their lesson, and firefox has gotten worse.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-65992", "score": 0.6641164422035217, "text": "Thier business model was better. Google was competing well against the established search engines due to its superior pagerank engine, but what really made the difference was the different way they made money. The competitors were all convinced of the \"portal\"model, where you crammed your homepage with all the content people could want, then you could go after big ad accounts to plaster banners and interstitals all over the site. Google instead only offered text based ads, relevant to the search keyword the user had entered. They then created a marketplace for those keywords so any company, big or small could buy as many clicks as they wanted. Users were more willing to click on relevant text ads, rather than a banner for a ford SUV they didnt want, and this meant google didnt need to spend money chasing ad clients. Today google is known for a lot more than just search, yet that business model is responsible for [96%](_URL_0_) of thier revenue", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2359954", "score": 0.6636313199996948, "text": "My website ranks pretty well for google.com but not so well for google.co.uk. Since UK people are my target, do you have any ideas on how I could improve the website's raknkings on google.co.uk?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1559610", "score": 0.6634249091148376, "text": "I've had a Lumia 520 for about a year now and I'm now looking to upgrade to a beefier machine.\nI do like windows but I have some major gripes with it, maybe you can suggest solutions to convince me not to jump ship.\n\nSearching: The search button is useless to me because I don't find bing useful, is there a way to bind it to something else?\nAlso when I search on internet explorer you can only choose between bing and google, both of which are .com. I would like it to be google.co.uk but don't see an option for this.\n\nInternet explorer: I don't like how the tab system is implemented. The only other browser I see is UC Browser which although much better, seems to crash a lot on my phone.\n\nA lot of website don't put you into mobile versions of their sites, google products being a big culprit. Even though I don't agree with how google alienates WP users I do use a lot of their products so it makes my WP experience problematic.\n\nWhat I do love about WP is the layout and the apps from Nokia are really good.\n\nI just feel I bought it last year, I had optimism because it was good and almost great but windows didn't seem to push on and update and improve the system in the way I think they should have. If you know how I can fix my problems let me know!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-132062", "score": 0.6627572774887085, "text": "Historically, poor standards support (the same web page looked different in IE than another browser) and poor performance and memory usage are the main things that have given IE a bad name. These issues are all probably the result of the lack of serious competitors for several years. Today, it's on par with competing browsers in those categories, especially the newer versions; however, it has had such a bad reputation for so long that nobody takes it seriously (which is why Microsoft is rebranding it as the Edge browser in Windows 10). By the way, Edge runs pretty well and looks good, but it's still missing plugin support unfortunately. Once they get that added, it will be a serious competitor to Chrome and Firefox. ~~Also, it's open source like those two browsers, which is pretty cool considering Microsoft's history.~~ < - Sorry, I was mistaken on this part; MS is open sourcing a lot of stuff, but not Edge, apparently.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2028459", "score": 0.6627064943313599, "text": "Something does not compute here. How can Chrome with hardware getting FASTER each year become SLOWER for each year?\n\nHow can LinkedIn take over 10 seconds to load when it's a feed of text posts?\n\nWhat are all those seemingly good engineers working on?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-17364", "score": 0.6623607873916626, "text": "Google's computers spend all day \"crawling\" the web: starting from a specific set of pages, they grab data from the page and then follow links from that page to reach new pages. It's like a giant tree with billions of branches, the root of which is all but unknown. The result is a huge set of data structures containing a link to a page, its title, some text from it, etcetera. When you search for a keyword, Google returns you a large set of pages containing that keyword. These searches are sorted using a page-ranking system taking advantage of the internet being a \"graph\" of links: instead of just using the content of the page itself, they use the number of pages *linking* to that page as a scoring method. This means if you search for \"news\", you're going to get sites like CNN and Fox News instead of a page saying \"NEWS NEWS NEWS\" 100,000 times, because the former sites are more relevant and thus shared more among users.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2359585", "score": 0.661851167678833, "text": "My website has been doing bad on some keywords and it's not organically ranking as good as it used to. I have more quality backlinks than the majority of my competitors but I think I may have a penalty or something. I have uploaded a disavow file about a year ago with about 10 domains on it.\n\nMy website is \n \nFor the keyword \"junk removal\" webmaster tools has it ranked 56. It use to be ranked 7 about 1.5 years ago and actually was ranked 27 a month ago. My website ranks great for \"junk removal atlanta\" but horrible for \"atlanta junk removal\" and horrible for \"junk removal in atlanta\". I just don't get it.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-613", "score": 0.7053952217102051, "text": "Connect two computers with a network cable. Bam! Your very own personal Internet!" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2781818", "score": 0.6699651479721069, "text": "Me and a friend are crunched for time and don't 100% understand how to build and were wondering if there was an easy way to do so. We are learning as we go and making one from scratch is a goal for later on down the road.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1138454", "score": 0.6699522137641907, "text": "I ran across this today, some people lab on internet, others make their own internet! \n \nInteresting read and there's no mountain too high to climb when it comes to networking or your own lab ;) \n \n", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1662631", "score": 0.6694343686103821, "text": "Hello Family,\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI would like to make a serverless website as a personal project to learn about serverless architectures. Also to make a personal site for my family. We are off social media but would like to share some pictures with family and friends so an image gallery site. \n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI'm familiar with Lots of AWS resources and Cloudformation/Terraform/Packer/Ansible/Python but no FrontEnd stuff. I know a bit about Lambda, and Api-gateway but this would be my real adventure into that stuff. \n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI just don't want to learn Frontend stuff if I don't have to.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nThanks guys!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2409580", "score": 0.6693830490112305, "text": "I'm nearly at a total loss when it comes to routers, DNS, and the internet. Would you please recommend some courses online to take. Currently considering ", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1767910", "score": 0.6689772605895996, "text": "Hello \n\nMy manger has today asked i update/ build from scratch, new computers for our office and set up a network. We are a small wholesaler/ importer of goods located within the UK. Our current system is almost 8 years old and is screaming for a update, so 3 fresh build will be ideal.\n\nWe will need 3 computers:\n1) pc1 for photoshop to edit product photos and create banners\n2) pc2 for our website guy, he will be using tools like magento to upload products and edit our website\n3) pc3 for our accountant/ manager he will do accounting and finance, the accountant will run programs like sage.\n\nOnce the computers are built we need to create a small network to link everyone the printer and create a external storage point also allow file sharing.\n\nI have built computers in the past, but its always been heavy gaming pcs and i feel just buying the latest and best hardware for games is abit stupid given that we dont need such powerful systems. \n\nThank you for all help.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1850406", "score": 0.6689568758010864, "text": "saw website slice but it wants me to download their soft, but I am only looking for hassle free house projects to learn it from scratch", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2377413", "score": 0.6687522530555725, "text": "So my girlfriend asked if we can have a mesh network and I though, in terrible boyfriend fashion, it would be a good idea to expand the scope of the request and create an actual home network because it seems like a fun project. \n\nI just recently moved into my new home, and I have the basic modem/router supplied by my ISP (ATT) and all devices connect directly to it. \n\nSo my desire is to create a mesh network where I don't have to be promoted to reconnect as I roam. I don't have a large place but the layout is currently preventing the a single wireless connection point from reaching every room.\n\nWithin this network I would like to have a file server visible to connected devices. Then between my home network and the internet I'd like to have a firewall.\n\nIm definitely a tinkerer and hobbyist, and use projects as an opportunity to learn and try new and different things. \n\nI was thinking of a small raspberry-pi device with openbsd on for the firewall, and setting up a separate freebsd box for the file server. \n\nIs this approach feasible? Does anyone have any recommendations or experiences they could share? And is there a good way to do this incrementally without causing major switching pain as I migrate devices over to the new network?\n\nThank you for any advice.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-46993", "score": 0.6683387756347656, "text": "There's no such thing as open internet. The Internet travels over the network of the major ISPs, ATT, Verizon, etc. a small ISP would need access to their networks to provide services", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-124264", "score": 0.6681147813796997, "text": "The internet isn't a network of servers, it's a network of networks, and servers reside on those networks. So does your home computer. So, to be on the Internet, you have to be on some network that is already part of the Internet. That's where Comcast and AT & T and other residential ISPs come in. Without a provider that connects to other networks, your home network goes nowhere.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1864429", "score": 0.6678005456924438, "text": "Title says it. I need to set up internet in my home since I don't need to mooch it anymore. If someone could explain how it works in full detail that'd be excellent.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1199200", "score": 0.6676515340805054, "text": "What about getting your internet(for your home) this way ? Are there unlimited plans with enough bandwidth ?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-255263", "score": 0.6674296855926514, "text": "In all likelihood, yes. There are some serious and nearly fundamental barriers in the speed and size of computing devices that we are running up against. However, advancement in technological power is not just due to hardware improving, but also massive improvement in algorithms and we are nowhere near a limit on improving algorithms. Also, don't be fooled into thinking that the internet is a thing that is \"finished\". Even if your children are \"messing around on the internet\" in the future, what we mean by this will probably change dramatically. Just look at the massive changes in internet applications in just the last 4 or 5 years as an example of how the technology can still be called the same name but be radically different. The thing I am most excited about in the near future is a $100 genome sequencing. That will be a game changer.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1737516", "score": 0.6674154996871948, "text": "I need to conenct to some routers and switches. prefer not to use terminal", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2138255", "score": 0.6671211123466492, "text": "I want to learn more about networking. what would be a good start up project?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-22513", "score": 0.6669787168502808, "text": "Well, there's no such thing as an \"Internet tower.\" But in theory, you could become your own carrier. It would cost you far more to do so than to pay your ISP $34.99 a month or whatever.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1004587", "score": 0.6668329238891602, "text": "if no, we need to build it. Who's down? I'm not a webmaster but I'm sure these days you don't need much knowledge to create a site. The hardest thing would be keeping updated with constant new content.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1863040", "score": 0.6666062474250793, "text": "Been looking around to see how people are doing this. I will have multiple devices connected to the same lan without cloud access...think mesh topology. Very few solutions are out there unless my Google skills see failing me. I've only come across Couchbase lite, but no one here really talks about it. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-305761", "score": 0.6665546894073486, "text": "Basically, the internet is a \"network of ISPs\", i.e. it just consists of all the networks of ISPs, big companies, Universities etc. being connected. ISPs are just companies that let private people connect into their network (which is itself part of the internet) for money. So, theoretically, if you found a way of connecting to one of these \"big networks\" that make up the Internet (they're called \"Autonomous Systems\" or \"AS\", there's around 47000 of them) and convince them to route your traffic into the rest of the internet, you don't need an ISP. The problem is that on that level, between these ASes, a lot of manual configuration (who hands what traffic to whom, who routes whose traffic to what other ASes, etc.) and financial negotiation (does AS 1 pay AS 2 for the traffic they hand over to them? If yes, how much?) is needed. If we ditched all ISPs and just started connecting to \"the internet ourselves\", thereby basically becoming an own AS, chaos would be the result...", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1199883", "score": 0.6663954854011536, "text": "Is it really viable? I am aware of AWS but is that still a good choice?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-105198", "score": 0.6663886904716492, "text": "Technically, the internet is a whole bunch of networks connected together. Hence the \"inter-\" in Internet. There are definitely other networks that mimic the Internet's model and are not connected to it. But to create something parallel that's as large as the Internet would take *significant* investment and resources. That said, there *is* the whole Ineternet2 thing.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-614", "score": 0.7619556188583374, "text": "Not true at all. Even if saliva can remove blood (it can, but so can water), whether or not it comes from the same source as the blood makes absolutely no difference." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-153092", "score": 0.7055014371871948, "text": "The bigger effect of licking a small wound is that your saliva contains an enzyme called lysozyme, which has anti-microbial properties (sort of like self generated Neosporin). Licking your blood, especially a small amount like that wouldn't help you whatsoever nutrient-wise. Drinking a large amount of your own blood would result in a net loss of nutrients, because your digestive system is not 100% efficient.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-160981", "score": 0.7033581733703613, "text": "It's not about the blood, it's about the material the blood is getting on. Clothes are very prone to stain in general due to the fabrics involved. The fabric will absorb the blood the same way it absorbs water, soda, wine, etc. You skin isn't absorbent like that.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-12510", "score": 0.6995930075645447, "text": "Skin tags are benign tumours and so have their own blood supply. So, in a sense your body \"knows\" to deliver more blood to them. It does this by creating a greater network of vessels, some of which are larger than typical capillaries you would find in the outer layers of skin. So when removed, they typically bleed more because more clotting is required.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-18839", "score": 0.6969507336616516, "text": "Saliva can stop blood flow and also helps get rid of bacteria. Too an extent you mouth generates saliva to both stop bleeding and prevent infection.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-61404", "score": 0.6935818791389465, "text": "Saliva came from your body in the first place. You're not adding any new water to your system.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-178959", "score": 0.6929157376289368, "text": "Because its inside of the cloth, not just on the outside. It's like when you soak your shirt in water, it's not just on the outside.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-139879", "score": 0.6912327408790588, "text": "While sucking blood, they also inject their saliva into your skin (which was what makes it itchy). That stops any blood from coming out, since it clogged up the area with the saliva. Half of the time a mosquito is on you, it actually fails to draw blood, as they have to probe around a bit to find a good vessel. When they've found a vessel, they can rupture it, and then drink the blood that \"spills\". [Sauce](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-312882", "score": 0.6897870302200317, "text": "I'll talk a little about the second question: It has been shown that saliva does trigger the clotting cascade. Saliva contains cell derived microparticles that contain tissue factor (TF), which is one of the starters of the clotting cascade. It was shown the addition of saliva shortened clotting time from 300 ± 96 to 186 ± 24 seconds, which reduced blood loss and stopped invading pathogens. A paper I read said: > We postulate that our reflex to lick a wound may be a mechanism to enable TF-exposing vesicles, present in saliva, to aid in the coagulation process and thus protect the organism from entering pathogens. This unique compartmentalization may be highly conserved because also animals lick their wounds Source: Cell-derived vesicles exposing coagulant tissue factor in saliva. Berckmans RJ, Sturk A, van Tienen LM, Schaap MC, Nieuwland R. Blood. 2011 Mar 17;117(11):3172-80. Epub 2011 Jan 19.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-155420", "score": 0.6894530653953552, "text": "There's very little between your mucus membranes and your blood. In fact, it's the second best of of administering certain drugs (by snorting them, or dissolving them under your tongue). It's just some of the chemical \"bleeding\" back through the mucus membranes that makes you taste it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-165075", "score": 0.6892311573028564, "text": "When you get a small nick on your skin it will only bleed for a little while and then the blood starts clotting so the bleeding stops. This is a problem for the mosquito which wants to continue to suck on your blood until it's full. So it injects its anti-clotting saliva when it stings you so it can continue to suck. But after a while your body recognizes that this anti-clotting thing shouldn't be there and the response creates a small [inflammation](_URL_0_) which itches (link goes to simple wikipedia).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2597906", "score": 0.688933253288269, "text": "For the sake of this being as plausible as possible lets say you're only consuming your OWN blood back into your body.\n\nWill that work?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-70625", "score": 0.6872861385345459, "text": "Well, for starters, it's already inside of you, so swallowing it would just put it back, so it can't rehydrate you more than you were to begin with. Now, if you drank a big glass of someone *else's* saliva, that could hydrate you.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-61865", "score": 0.6866673231124878, "text": "In addition to adding saliva that helps blood to clot, when you lick a wound that might have germs in it, you expose your tonsils and other specific organs to the germs. Those organs are used by the immune system to quickly identify, and respond to germs. Like capturing a few enemy soldiers, and torturing them into giving up the invasion plans for the rest of the body. _URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2642526", "score": 0.6866182088851929, "text": "Literally every time. It stops in my nose and trickles down instead (I expel most of the blood by doing something with my throat, I don't know how to describe it, before it gets to my stomach, So I've never thrown up.) Even so, I'm afraid every time that enough of it gets into my stomach. I don't understand why it goes down my throat instead of my nose, how the fuck do I stop it?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-164070", "score": 0.6846047043800354, "text": "It's the same reason pushing on your fingertip causes it to be white for a moment. The clothing pushes blood out of the way and it imprints onto your skin. This is similar to pushing a pattern into clay.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-61712", "score": 0.6830146908760071, "text": "Your clothing may be of a thick material but the question is how tightly woven are the fibers of the material. IF they're not that tightly woven, the skeety-mother-fucker can stick his stinger-thing right down in there and drink your blood. Bastard. On the other hand, mosquito resistant fabrics might not be thick but are tightly woven so the little son-of-a-bitch-twat can't get his snoot down there.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1665399", "score": 0.6822212338447571, "text": "I have this habit of chewing up my lips when i'm not busy with picking my skin. Often i get carried away and start drawing blood from my lip. I just noticed that it definitely tastes different to other blood? Is there like other stuff in lips that makes it taste different?\n\nSorry if it's a stupid question i just felt like sharing lol", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-114485", "score": 0.6811779737472534, "text": "It pours out like the rest of you. It isn't very thick and there isn't a lot of it so it's not going to really show up or overpower the blood. It also isn't going to squirt out like blood because it isn't pumping through your body.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-65890", "score": 0.6806743741035461, "text": "Saliva is not that great against infection, actually. The most dangerous bites are bites from humans, as those will get infexted pretty bad quickly (The bacteria in human saliva are very compatible with us and even used to our immune system). What is far mor effective is the sucking reflex. It makes blood pour out of the wound and wash out most of what might have gotten in. Conclusion: It's more about cleaning than about desinfection.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2596538", "score": 0.6797752976417542, "text": "Like say for example someone knifes you and you’re losing a lot of blood quickly and you decided to just swallow the blood you’re losing, would it go back into your body and replenish your lost blood?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-615", "score": 0.7504212260246277, "text": "When you eat it it gets processed by your liver into 11-hydroxy-THC. Which is said to be 5 times more psychoactive than when you smoke or vaporize cannabis." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2500036", "score": 0.7115975022315979, "text": "Hey guys, sorry for the low effort post but i was wondering if your stomach contents affect the effect an edible might have on you, i know it will take longer to kick in, but will it also be weaker? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-929606", "score": 0.7109960913658142, "text": "If you eat it like, say, a brownie, how long does it stay in your system compared to inhaling?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1057981", "score": 0.710498034954071, "text": "I've seen a lot of people mentioning on this subreddit that the high you get from a vape is 'different' from that of a pipe/blunt/bong (combustion). What exactly do you mean by this?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2011297", "score": 0.709328293800354, "text": "As usual, I was thinking about allergies, and I wondered something: how can you distinguish allergies from getting high? If they are both just reactions, how can you tell one from the other? For anyone who is confused, I'm only asking about food allergies (not pets or not pets).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-71014", "score": 0.7089320421218872, "text": "If I'm recalling my drugs class correctly the effects of marijuana come from it activating the cannabinoid receptors in the brain which are specifically designed to react to marijuana and things like it. Not all of the pot goes directly to these receptors in your brain(the site of action), but ends up hanging out in your fat cells for a while. So if it isn't activating these receptors it really isn't intoxication.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-22678", "score": 0.7088273763656616, "text": "When you’re hungry, your body naturally produces anandamide. Weed causes your body to produce anandamide, so your brain says that you are hungry. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-177250", "score": 0.7085172533988953, "text": "Marijuana contains many chemicals called Cannabinoids, the most famous being THC. These chemicals affect your cannabinoid network (a brain network we discovered studying cannabis affects on the brain.) To understand the function of the Cannabinoid network you have to understand that although we usually see forgetting as a glitch in the brain it is actually a function. We are constantly having our senses bombarded with stimuli our cannabinoid network is responsible for filtering out all the useless information so your brain doesn't fill up. When you ingest THC or other cannabinoids you are distorting this filter. This is why when you're high simple things you usually wouldn't notice seem amazing. For instance: \"OMG guys vanilla ice cream is the best holy shit! I forgot how good this shit is!\"", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1650539", "score": 0.7084385752677917, "text": "How long does an edible high last? As I’m not sure currently I don’t feel comfortable enough to sleep which is weird as I could go to sleep really easily but the anxiety is keeping me awake. Apparently it’s also only a weak edible and from other stories I’ve heard I’d assume it to be true. However It doesn’t really help with my current situation of not feeling comfortable enough to sleep", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-343612", "score": 0.7083733677864075, "text": "How high am I going to get? Just took half an edible.\n\nSo I took half of an edible about 30 min ago. I just got home and don’t really feel it, maybe a tiny bit. They said there was 10g of weed in the mix, they had about 13 brownies. I ate half of one. I was thinking about smoking some flower later too, but I don’t want to put myself in a coma lol. \n\nI have a fairly low tolerance, I usually only smoke once about every week and a half to 2 weeks, but this past week I’ve smoked about every other day. So my tolerance must be rising a little bit.\n\nI’m 6’0 and 145 lbs so I’m a pretty big stick lol. Will this mess me up? The is also my first taking an edible. I can provide updates in the comments if you guys would like lol.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-54598", "score": 0.7081830501556396, "text": "Your brain makes a chemical very very similar to THC for normal everyday use. Because they are so similar the THC just works on those receptors. Its kind of like how hot peppers can taste hot, the receptors just happen to fit the chemical so it activates like normal.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1922147", "score": 0.7081352472305298, "text": "Realistically, you don't know whether the weed you get might not have been coughed on, or shifted hands with some person who might have been infected. I feel edibles are the safest way, but for someone who can't make edibles, what do you think? I feel a bong is the safest as long as you're super careful and don't share since even if the weed is infected, it gets burnt off. With a joint, even if one end burns, you would have touched the infected weed and all over the joint while rolling it. What are your thoughts?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-153084", "score": 0.7076319456100464, "text": "From what I understand It's actually a different cannabinoid profile in edibles. I mean it's all coming from the same stuff, but for edibles the thc has been first decarboxylated to become THCa (and I believe same for cbd- > CBDa). Since we don't know a ton about marijuana we can't exactly say how edibles do a better job of pain suppression (thanks to it being a schedule 1 substance the US govt still will not allow scientific studies) but we do have anecdotal reports from individuals like you that points to there being a difference in pain relief.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1660451", "score": 0.7073580622673035, "text": "And like to bake doesn't mean I'm going to give someone edibles without their knowledge. I brought pumpkin bread to work and everyone asked if they had weed. Annoying and wrong to do that without the persons knowledge", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2009525", "score": 0.707338809967041, "text": "So I am a big fan of marijuana, have been enjoying it regularly for a couple of decades. I have a vape which I primarily use but I smoke and eat lots as well (generally some sort of gummy). \n\nMy husband and I were chatting about this sub the other day and he said he didn’t get why people are putting THC in their meals and other recipes. He asked, why not get high THEN eat something scrumptious that doesn’t contain THC? I didn’t have a great answer so I thought I’d pose the question. \n\nIs there a reason for putting marijuana in a meal? Is it just another way to get high? Do people do it because they enjoy the taste of marijuana? Or is it just a fun thing we can be creative with? \n\nJust to be clear - I’m not bashing it, I love seeing what you all come up with. I love to cook and bake and am wondering if I’m missing an aspect of all of this.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1783954", "score": 0.7070165872573853, "text": "For some time I’ve been thinking that weed makes me a bit slow and hard to concentrate on menial, worldly tasks that require my attention (like work). And yes, while there is no question that it has this effect on me, I’m starting to change the way I look at it. \n I no longer like to look at these ways it changes my mind as simple, negative side-effects, but rather your body getting used to a shift in the way you look at and interact with the world.\n\nLike Graham Hancock said in his videos about consciousness, there are indeed other types of consciousness than the standard, ”problem-solving” one (which can be achieved during meditation, deep life-changing experiences, or through mind-altering substances) \n\nWhen you smoke a bit of weed, I feel that the primary effect is a change in mindset in such a way that different aspects of life become apparent, for example, appreciating the present moment and existing inside of it.\n\nAfter a while, your brain gets used to existing in this space (we can call it homeostasis or whatever we want), and less focused on the kind of things you find it meaningful to concentrate on in your normal state. You start seeing solving those ordinary life problems as what they are, game-mind related problems. You have another perspective when you smoke, and you perhaps realize that while your life issues are indeed very important in a way, in another way they are perhaps not so important.\n\nThen it would be natural in a way, that when you become used to living in this space, a bit of brain power gets diverted to other areas of life and you get less focused on that ”normal” stuff. \n \n\nFor me, a tolerance break is important because it is returning to the normal state for a period of time so that my mind knows that too. After living in the weed space for some time, you really get used to it. You don’t realize what it is you’re getting and what you’re missing.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-111864", "score": 0.7069459557533264, "text": "Yes, technically. When you develop an addiction, it is because a substance gives your brain a sensation it enjoys heavily and it is can be built up in either a short or long amount of time (depends on the person and their habits/mental susceptibility to dependencies). In your scenario, your body becomes attached to the, assumed, great feeling the lace substance gives you. The moment you remove the lace from the equation of your weed, your body might go through withdrawal when simply having weed by itself does not give the same high your body is used to having. This is all assuming you had zero clue, both before and after the high, that something was laced with something very addicting. All of this, again, depends on someone's ability to form and foster dependencies but I can definitely see a scenario like this happening.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-39874", "score": 0.7063156366348267, "text": "What the Hell is a hash psychosis? Is that just a fancy way of saying high? But no, there's no difference aside from legally. Practically, it's the exact same stuff. Except most of it is even more potent because it's grown by growers who are more well-funded than average. There are certain strains that contain little THC and a lot of CBD that does not get you high, however.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-560059", "score": 0.7063060998916626, "text": "Years ago I heard that you have to heat marijuana to \"activate it\".\n\nMy instincts always told me that was horseshit. Heat usually doesn't do very good things for organic chemicals.\n\nThen I heard recently that, indeed, you don't have to heat it and it's just a big stoner myth. You could just eat straight up, raw plant and get high.\n\nDoes anyone have any information or experience in eating uncooked plant material?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-127920", "score": 0.7061198949813843, "text": "Because it's not smoke. Instead of burning the plant material, you're just cooking it. Cooking it activates the chemicals that get you high while also evaporating them off of the plant material. /r/vaporents can talk about this much better than I can, but that's the gist.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1057629", "score": 0.7059892416000366, "text": "Did you ever hear the story of darth weed the vape pen? Thought not, it's not a story your parents would tell you. There once was a joint so powerful in the art of the high that he could heat up the cannabis oil without making his user ever smell. \"you mean... He could actually... Stop the user from smelling of weed?\" however he was so powerful that one day his user took to many hits and became so baked that as soon as he got home, his parents immediately noticed he was high, ironic. He could save the user from smelling but not acting liek a fucking idiot. \"is it possible to learn this power?\"\n\"not from a joint\"", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-616", "score": 0.753502368927002, "text": "Because 1. The statute of limitations for the crimes Cosby is accused of has passed. 2. Because given the length of time between the acts and now, there is little chance of there being enough evidence to prove his guilt \"beyond a reasonable doubt.\"" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-173286", "score": 0.6963157653808594, "text": "Because the law in PA stipulates that there must be a minimum and a maximum sentence, with the minimum being no more than half of the maximum. This means that Cosby has to serve 3 years before being eligible for parole, and no more than 10 years if parole is denied.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-79486", "score": 0.6764836311340332, "text": "They didn't. Many accused him years ago, had a court case and settled all with a decade or tow to spare. It's been public knoledge all this time. Some guy made a joke, it got recorded and uploaded to social media and exploded among people who were perhaps not paying attention to the original information, or believed Cosby. In addition, 2014 is a VERY different world than 2004 or 1994 was. People are much more skeptical of celebrities now, back then we still thought they were good people.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-149333", "score": 0.6731509566307068, "text": "There have been accusations since at least 2000 of Cosby behaving inappropriately and his career wasn't damaged. None were proven and he settled out of court on some. His career isn't being damaged by **one** rape allegation it's being damaged by **multiple** rape allegations that seem very credible. At some point it starts becoming believable that he did do some bad things. Even if they aren't technically criminal acts the things he seems to have done are disliked by the public. Basically though the answer is that when your career is based on people liking you when people stop liking you, whether it's fair or not, you lose your career.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-56617", "score": 0.6615210175514221, "text": "It's just so that even if future laws allow him to cut 10% or 50% off his prison term for good behavior he still isn't getting out. When he dies in prison he'll be treated just like anyone else, his remains will be released to relatives.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-641696", "score": 0.6582961678504944, "text": "And in 20 years like 40 women will come forward all at once with their stories like Bill Cosby.\n\nHe definitely has that perversion where you get off exposing yourself to women and disgusting them, like those thousands of guys that get arrested for indecent exposure every year. It's definitely a thing. I don't get it.\n\n", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-485818", "score": 0.648653507232666, "text": "BBC News - Bill Cosby's sex assault conviction overturned\n\n\nApparently there is doubt over the witness testimonies, but many women have come forward with accusations", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-19041", "score": 0.6485977172851562, "text": "The judge lifted reporting restrictions, if the judge does so in the Cosby case it probably will be as well, but due to the nature of the crime and the vulnerabilities of the victims it is highly unlikely that reporting restrictions will be lifted.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-7114", "score": 0.6333609819412231, "text": "It is indeed extortion and illegal. Many people end up going to jail for it. For example, [Autumn Jackson](_URL_0_) was sent to prison for trying to extort Bill Cosby.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2245758", "score": 0.6298320889472961, "text": "I saw that ASAP Rocky was being held in custody in Sweden but when I google why I only get news articles about Trump trying to help him get released none of which explain why he got arrested in the first place.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2739641", "score": 0.6290333271026611, "text": "He didn't pull the trigger and the assault on that old Trump voter probably wasn't him. Fuck the American system for focusing on retaliation instead of rehabilitation. He would be free around 2022 here and could contribute to society. Much better solution instead of having to waste tax money on locking him up for life. I'm sure Tay-k has learned his lesson.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1401841", "score": 0.6265735030174255, "text": "I am just hearing her name and story in recent days after several celebrities have pledged support in securing her release/re-trial. She has been imprisoned since 2004 when she shot a 43 old man in his home after he paid her for sex. She was only 16 at the time and cited feeling unsafe, that he was standing over her acting oddly and that she shot him when he reached for something under the bed. She thought he was getting a gun. The prosecution claims he was face down sleeping. She took two guns and cash from the home.\n\n\"Ms. Brown’s birth mother testified that she drank a fifth of whiskey every day while she was pregnant, and Ms. Brown showed telltale signs of fetal alcohol syndrome, which slows brain development, Mr. Bone said.She was adopted by a family in Clarksville, Tenn., but dropped out of elementary school and ran away to Nashville. When she was 16, she lived in a motel with a pimp known as “Kut Throat” who raped and abused her while forcing her to become a prostitute.\"\n\n\"Ms. Brown was tried as an adult in 2006, and a jury rejected her claim of self-defense, finding her guilty of first-degree murder and aggravated robbery.She was given a life sentence, and is currently in the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. She will not be eligible for parole until she is at least 67.\"\n\nShe is now 29 and has been described as kind, intelligent and a model inmate. She expresses remorse at what happened but states \"“it was unjust what had happened in her life, and what a 40-year-old man was doing to her.”\n\n\"Jeff Burks, who prosecuted Ms. Brown and is now an assistant district attorney in Madison, Ga., told Fox 17 in Nashville on Tuesday that she shouldn’t be considered a victim. There has been a group of people who have wanted to make Ms. Brown a victim and a celebrity since this happened,” Mr. Burks told Fox 17. “She was not ‘trafficked’ nor was she a ‘sex slave.’ It’s not fair to the victim and his family that the other side of this case is so seldom heard.”\n\nwww.google.com/amp/s/mobile.nytimes...\n\nThe defense claims she deserves a new trial because she received ineffective counsel by a public defender. He also argues that her life sentence is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.\n\nHow do you feel about this, I'm so disgusted that anyone would defend a 40 year old paying for sex (at all) with a 16 year old and then taking their side. Society is sad but this story is picking up traction with celebrity spotlight and new lawyers being introduced.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-129821", "score": 0.6262611150741577, "text": "They will remain in jail, absent some executive clemency. Everyone is subject to the laws in place at the time; just because something becomes legal later doesn't mean you're innocent of committing a crime when it was criminal.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-25395", "score": 0.6261981129646301, "text": "Why do you think he wasn't arrested? You think he was invited to court to be indicted and decided to go check it out? In general, you have to commit a crime to be arrested. Hanging out with criminals, as long as they're not actively crimeing (yes, crimeing), is just hanging out with people.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1910792", "score": 0.6256555318832397, "text": "I get it, another opportunity to make some good memes, but people can’t honestly believe that their crimes are comparable.\n\nThe main difference between the two cases is that one resulted in RAPE while the other resulted in ROBBERY. \n\nI understand that both Cosby and Cardi B would drug their victims prior to the rest of their crimes, and yes in my opinion that is already a horrible crime in itself, and it’s disgusting that both people would go to that extent to take advantage of people.\n\nWhat Cardi B did is undeniably horrible and she deserves the consequences for her actions, but what Bill Cosby did is definitely much worse.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-484636", "score": 0.6250709295272827, "text": "There's already millions of black people in prison and in the ghetto so why bother?\n\nEDIT: I can't spell the word prison.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-56807", "score": 0.6218053698539734, "text": "Becuase they have plenty of time to charge him with more later. They just threw out a few charges so they can hold him for now.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-94462", "score": 0.6215672492980957, "text": "Many of these allegations came about 10 years ago. Some women came out at the time and he settled out of court. Now more women are coming out. This isn't a new thing. Sexual assault can be difficult for victims to report, because of the many stigma attached. Here's an [interesting read on how hard it can be for women to report sexual misconduct](_URL_0_). You may be too young to remember when the first woman came forward regarding Bill Clinton's sexual misconduct and then afterwards many other women came forward. It can be hard to feel like you're the only person going up against a famous, well liked/respected, powerful person. Imagine being a little girl in the early 80s when Bill Cosby is basically American 'nice guy' royalty. Really, who would believe you? I'm not saying he did or did not commit any of hte allegations against him, but this post is meant to be food for thought.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-65332", "score": 0.6183867454528809, "text": "It should be noted that OJ Simpson is in jail right now. He and some accomplices robbed a sports memorabilia dealer of what he claimed was his own property at gunpoint (which is totally insane). His trial was not nearly as widely publicized as the murder trial. He was sentenced to 33 years in jail, and isn't eligible for parole for another four years. It's entirely possible that he may die in prison, and some people think that's perfectly fine.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-486448", "score": 0.6152340769767761, "text": "She drugged men and stole their money.\n\nShe admitted to it. Why is she not investigated by police? Why isn't the DA looking into prosecuting her?\n\nWhy hasn't anyone in Hollywood condemned her?\n\nWhy hasn't anyone come forward to file charges against her?\n\nCardi B strikes me as another Jussie Smollet.\n\nSad to see the double standard in justice for a select few.\n\nUPDATE: The Kevin Smith story is said to be a hoax.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-486842", "score": 0.6150885224342346, "text": "I’ve seen many articles about his arrest warrant and such, no clear answer if he has been arrested. What’s the situation on that?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-617", "score": 0.7583189010620117, "text": "That's ridiculous. Irish is a nationality. They might say those kids aren't Irish because they don't have the right accent it don't follow the traditions, it happens in all closed communities, but they are as Irish as the taoiseach (current or past). It has nothing to do with race." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1938525", "score": 0.7143239378929138, "text": "Why is it that in society we don't tend to recognize those of English, Irish or Scottish heritage as an ethnic group? I would love some feedback and should note this question is more specifically direct at Australians. If anyone has links to any readings, etc, any help appreciated.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2099626", "score": 0.7122005224227905, "text": "No you are American. If you were born and raised in Ireland then moved to America then you are Irish. This is something that has always baffled me. My mothers maiden name and my last name are the 2 most common Irish names.I was born and raised in Scotland. I am Scottish.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2684790", "score": 0.7102182507514954, "text": "I was born in England, my Father was born in Donegal, Mother born in England to an Irish dad / Welsh Mother. My father and my mothers grandfather both came to England for work (at different times obviously), and have since moved back to Ireland to live and work. \n\nI have 3 sisters and one brother. Sisters born and raised in Ireland (different mother), Brother and I, both born and raised in England, however obviously been split between Ireland and England whilst growing up.\n\nI have always considered myself as Irish throughout my Adult life, when I was a kid I never really considered what I was. As far as I was concerned I have been considered as Irish my whole life by most other people, however my Nan on my mothers side would always refer to us as English and my Grandfather always called us \"Turks\" which I believe to be a term for Irish. So I was just happy to be \"half and half\" as a kid....\n\nAnyway, as I grew older and spent a lot of time in Ireland and had kids of my own who question what they are, I have often found myself caught in a no mans land of origins.....\n\nTo the English, I am Irish. To the Irish I am English. I was in Dublin a little while ago, and throughout the time I spent there talking with different people there was no way whatsoever that any of them considered my Irish. I have an Irish passport, my family live in Ireland (even my brother now) and there is very little acceptance of what we consider ourselves to be (Irish). \n\nFast forward to December of this year, and I flew out to Vegas along with most of Ireland to support Connor McGregor and again, the level of abuse and insult I got from both Irish born men and women was crazy - even though those same people seem so accepting of the \"American Irish\" who have like 1/16th of an Irish gene 15 generations back. \n\nI put it down to the fact that the Irish don't like to recognise the fact that there really is \"Irish / English\" people.\n\nSo - after all that, can anyone out there in this Sub that reads the above and considers me as English just explain to me what it is?\n\n\nNote: I know it doesn't matter what people consider, and its how I consider myself. However its something that I would like to explain to my children who are now at an age they are asking all about it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-230942", "score": 0.7088514566421509, "text": "Could you specify what you mean by race?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-216162", "score": 0.7085033059120178, "text": "[Here's a link](_URL_0_) to a thread from a few years ago, with a good back and forth between /u/nhnhnh and /u/Ruire (amongst others) about this subject. You are right to observe that racism/discrimination was not always linked to skin color. As you will see in this thread, anti-Irish sentiment was rooted in the religious (anti-Catholic) and other cultural differences (language, lifestyle, etc.) between Britain and Ireland, as well as the frequently rocky relationship between the Irish and the British empire.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-219139", "score": 0.7084870338439941, "text": "If you're talking about the Irish in America, Noel Ignatiev's \"How the Irish became White\" gives you an answer (if not 'the' answer). I haven't read it since I was an undergrad, but his argument is essentially: in the nineteenth century, the Irish in America tried to undermine their status as a racialised Irish 'other' and encouraged people to see them as 'white' (like the rest of the ruling elite). They did this by aligning themselves against African Americans (by supporting slavery, racial violence, segregation, etc), thus emphasising that racial otherness should be determined by skin colour alone. This book totally blew my mind when I was 18: thanks for reminding me of it, I will be interested to read it again.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-15336", "score": 0.7082093954086304, "text": "Race is a social construct meant to separate and group individuals based on physical features. Ethnicity is actual historical genetic origins. One can be part of the white \"race\" but with ethnicity of Polish.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-227940", "score": 0.7081553936004639, "text": "This is slightly outside my scope of study as the history of the Irish Diaspora never interested me as much as other parts of Irish history however I have the distinct impression that the discrimination has been somewhat exaggerated and that it only coincided with The Great Famine and our mass emigration. I'm fairly sure that the Irish were well regarded before that considering many Irish participated in the Civil War and many of the signees of the Declaration where of Irish descent. Note that this is all information off the top of my head from classes I took some years ago so I may be wrong. I'll shoot an email off to my friend who lectures in Diaspora Studies and I'll hopefully have a decent reply for you soon.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-314475", "score": 0.7071638107299805, "text": "Race and ethnicity are not synonyms. Ethnicity combines culture, language, ancestry, and sometimes religion. On the other hand, race is based only on appearance.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-136038", "score": 0.7065914869308472, "text": "The Irish aren't a \"race\" and they generally condone/promote St. Patrick's day for themselves rather than having it put upon them by an outside group, particularly by a group that had historically oppressed them. If it were English people mocking the Irish by creating and promoting St. Patrick's day, for example, that would have a very different connotation than it does in its current iteration. As with most of these sorts of things, it's ok to tease/mock your own culture, but not so against others. It may be a bit of a double standard, but it's akin to you making fun of your family, but not allowing others to do so.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1173294", "score": 0.705686628818512, "text": "First of all, this is not an attack on Americans, I'm asking purely out of curiosity. Why do so many Americans identify themselves with certain nationalities (particularly Irish and Scottish), but not others (such as English, Welsh, and other European nationalities)? I find it strange because it's likely your heritage will likely contain several nationalities.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-167599", "score": 0.7055236101150513, "text": "Race: Really roughly defined thing based off of secondary characteristics from genetic background. Definition changes with time. [Those with freckles and the olive-skinned Italians and Greeks didn't used to be thought of as 'white'; now they are included.] IE: White, Black, Asian, etc. Ethnicity: Group with a well defined cultural heritage; such as those from the same country or those from the same subculture. For example: African-American is the Ethnic group that contains the descendants of African slaves in America; but someone that is genetically similar, but who just immigrated from Africa, would instead be a member of the Ethnic group from their home country (say Akan). Nationality: Two ways of defining this: Where the person was born OR where they are a citizen of. IE: Regardless of ethnic background and race; all people born in the United States are American.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-225237", "score": 0.7034599781036377, "text": "I believe the confusion here stems from the usage of the term \"Scotch-Irish\" to denote the ethnic group in question. Scotch-Irish does not actually refer to a collective grouping of both Scottish and Irish peoples. Scotch-Irish is another (sometimes considered pejorative) name for Ulster Scots, which were a group of ethnic Scots who settled in Northern Ireland as part of an English state-sponsored plan to colonize Ireland and dispossess its landowners. So, in a simplified sense, Irish refers to ethnic Irish living in Ireland, Scottish refers to ethnic Scots living in Scotland, and Scotch-Irish (Ulster Scots) refers to ethnic Scots living in Northern Ireland. Source: Jane Kenyon, Jane Ohlmeyer, *The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660*", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-173568", "score": 0.7008249163627625, "text": "There is no universally accepted category, because race is a social construct made up by the members of a society. Like... over a hundred years ago Irish people weren't considered \"white\" in America. The idea of who belongs to a race, how many races there are, has nothing to do with science. It's just what people think, and different people think differently about it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-215726", "score": 0.7007369995117188, "text": "This would not be seen as unusual in Ireland for the most part. Outside of Ireland, this phenotype is sometimes referred to as \"Black Irish\". Dark skin is rare, but dark hair is much more common. Only 10% of the Irish population have what is considered red, strawberry blond or auburn hair. It was once speculated that this derives from descendants of survivors of the Spanish Armada, but this has since been discredited. It is still a source of speculation, however, that ancient trading routes on the Atlantic coast saw Iberian and West African phenotypical characteristics brought into Ireland.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-396", "score": 0.6998767256736755, "text": "Simplistically and quite generally, race is what most people think of as one's physical form, and is based on outward appearance. Ethnicity is what most people think of as one's background, and is based on things like language, clothing, religious customs, etc. There are no hard lines between these designations, some overlap, and their definition is also very fluid, depending on the preconceptions and background of the observer themselves. Generally, when thinking of race, an observer will describe someone as being Black, or Asian, or White. This same observer might describe that persons ethnicity as being Jamaican, Vietnamese, or Polish. There are all sorts of problems with these kinds of artificial designations, the most important of which is that there really is no such thing as [\"race](_URL_0_)\" *per sé*.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2684072", "score": 0.6993444561958313, "text": "Like you may have Irish *ancestors* but you’re like, American? They moved here over a century ago, you’re still like, American. It’s just your ancestry is from there\n\nMy ancestors are Scottish and English but I’m American\n\nI am still fascinated by my ancestry and would love to learn more about it and the struggles they went through, but I am not Scottish, and I am not English, my DNA traces back to there, but I am not from there.\n\nLike if your parents are from there then yes you could be considered German or wherever they’re from, but grandparents from there is kinda pushing it imo \n\n\nIdk, just kinda confused ab how so many people say they’re some nationality but they aren’t from there or even haven’t been there", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-156003", "score": 0.6992384791374207, "text": "White people usually get their ethnicity described in terms of specific countries, irish and italian and so on, a lot of black people got their family history torn away so they just get described by a continent.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-223926", "score": 0.6985304355621338, "text": "It was common to regard the Irish as subhuman. [This website](_URL_0_) has numerous illustrations from the nineteenth century depicting the Irish as simian or simply subhuman.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-101116", "score": 0.6978882551193237, "text": "Swedish and German are not considered races either, they are also nationalities. Edit: Many nations in Europe though are homogeneous enough to be considered to have one dominant culture and ethnicity. That is not true for the US, and an ethnicity is not he same as a race. Ethnicity is mostly cultural factors.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-619", "score": 0.6793553233146667, "text": "Most babies you see on TV are actually a lot older than you think. Most are at least a few months old." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1210760", "score": 0.6408169865608215, "text": "I'm not looking realistically at the series, but in a comedy series I'm watching (not mentioning name for spoiler purposes), one of the characters woke up and had given birth without noticing. \n\nIs this realistically possible?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-92517", "score": 0.640048623085022, "text": "It would depend on the nationality of the baby's parents and which country they were attempting to enter. But as a general rule, most countries endow citizenship based upon your parents' nationalities rather than where you're born, so it wouldn't make much difference if it was in a hospital in your home town, or a ship in international waters.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-204283", "score": 0.6397677063941956, "text": "[Here](_URL_0_) is a great article by anthropologists Anne Buchanan and Holly Dunsworth examining that exact question. They show that the knowledge of where babies come from is very ancient and argue that it is an important element of what makes humans unique.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1237500", "score": 0.6332857608795166, "text": "If it helps: when I say newborn baby, I am referring to babies that have *just* been born, I am talking about babies that are say less than 2 months old.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-62039", "score": 0.6293684840202332, "text": "Yes, they have the right to, but these kind of scenes are heavily subject to child labour laws in films and series. Which means there are huge limits on what sort of scenes can be shot, how long the child can be on set, etc. (That is why, for example, Full House used the Olsen twins to portray one child -- they could double the amount of time filming by using each child separately) As for the age of the kid in question, that depends a lot. SAG (Screen Actors Guild) regulations say the child needs to be at least fifteen days old, but in many cases, those newborns are actually already a couple of months old. This is mainly due to supply and demand. There isn't a very huge amount of parents signing up their newborn for these kind of things, whereas the amount slowly starts to increase from a few months on. edit: [This website] (_URL_0_) goes into what sort of regulations exist for young actors, which includes things as limited filming time, payment, until what age they need to be accompanied, etc etc.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2389543", "score": 0.6232426166534424, "text": "There were people on the news who were waiting outside the hospital for her to have it. WHY? Do these people not have lives to live or jobs to go to?\n\nWorst of all they said that they were \"excited\" for it. If you did that to another persons baby who you didn't know in real life you would get arrested for stalking.\n\nWho the hell has the time or the patience to stand and look at a building all day? I remember when the first one was born and every channel just showed a picture of the door of the hospital all day. Riveting television.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2200727", "score": 0.622903048992157, "text": "I can't help it!! It's usually when the babies are born, but I just watched an episode (season 2 episode 5) where there was a baby pageant and I literally cried just because one of the nuns was looking at all the babies. I love this show.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-597322", "score": 0.61878502368927, "text": "Got the idea from a crime show where an embryo splits in the womb but is implanted in seperate surrogate mothers without their knowledge", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2259290", "score": 0.6131642460823059, "text": "I was just watching the trailer for the Business of Being Born and it appeared that they were indicating that essentially *everywhere else in the world* women had midwives as their primary maternity carer, *except* the States. Just piqued my curiousity. I know it's a mostly Northern American crew here, but hopefully a few others might chime in.\n\nI'm from NZ and I have a midwife who will be the one delivering at the hospital :)\n\nEDIT: Thank you all for your comments! It's nice to see such a broad spectrum of experiences going on; the main thing being we all feel in safe hands :)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-188891", "score": 0.6129692792892456, "text": "Everyone is born in an egg. Just some species keep the eggs inside mommy till they hatch and some pop the egg out early to hatch in the nest.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1984486", "score": 0.6123260259628296, "text": "I was watching a show where a mom runs crying and hysterically screaming after a guy who had kidnapped her infant daughter. Now, I know that a kidnapping is tragic, as someone just stole a family member away. What I don't understand though, is the value of this infant. Why is *this* one so important? This particular infant. Babies cry incessantly, they're completely helpless on their own, and it's like having a parasite with no discernible personality. For a woman, this baby literally lives off the mom for 9 months, taking away nutrients from her body. If it's that devastating to not have a kid anymore, then why can't you just make a new one? Babies don't really have personalities (or do they?) so I don't see what makes each baby special. I think I might be sadder if a pet ran away. \n\nThere was a scene in another show where the pregnant mom sacrifices herself for the baby by demanding another person to cut her open without anesthetic. She then dies horribly, but saves the baby. I know it's a significantly dramatized TV show, but I do not understand why any character would do this. The reasoning or the motivations...totally does not compute. I don't see how anyone could give up their life for a screaming, crying, pooping, helpless leech that's just going to be a burden on others after you're gone. \n\nPerhaps I think this way because of overly effective Teen Pregnancy Prevention education in Sex Ed growing up. We learned all the nasty things that happen to your body during pregnancy with the swollen feet and vomiting and hemorrhoids and moodiness and frequent pees. And that you're liable for them for pretty much two decades. They suck up all of your money and it's like having the worst pet in the world. If you decide that it's not for you or that it was a mistake early on before it turns into a baby, there are people that automatically shun you for your \"moral inferiority,\" although it's none of their business. (Not trying to turn this into an abortion debate. Apologies.)\n\nI do believe that all life is sacred--even this baby's. And I understand that babies have emotion and feel pain. But I don't know if I would be so torn up. I swear I'm not a sociopath, and I am a very caring person. I just never understood the bond that people have with babies. With normal people, you like them for their personalities, their company, and who they are as people, but I don't understand what a baby brings to the table. I do not understand the emotional attachment to an infant (small children, ok. pissing machines, not so much), and why anyone would be so devastated if they can just make a new one. I was raised by the best mom in the world, and I do know that I'm the luckiest girl on the planet to be her daughter. But I don't understand how she put up with my (literal) shit. \n\nI know I'm a horrible person for believing this, so someone please, somebody change my view. (\"Morality\" and religion aren't very convincing to me, as these are rather personal beliefs.) Thank you in advance. \n\n_____\n\n&gt; *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than just downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki]( *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-113173", "score": 0.6112757325172424, "text": "Newborn babies recognize their mother / parents by the voices when they are born, having heard them for months in advance. Within days they also recognize the smell of the people taking care of them.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1545460", "score": 0.6098192930221558, "text": "In the beginning it’s said that Reginald just calls them by numbers, and it’s their mom that gives them names. The kids were adopted from all over the world, and the first birth we see is in Russia.\n\n- Diego is Latino (plus played by a Mexican-American actor). *It means “whale’s vagina.”*\n- Klaus is German (he even says danke when someone compliments him).\n- Vanya is Russian: most likely the baby we see being born in the beginning.\n\nOf course, it’s harder to nail down Luther, Allison and Ben seeing as they are pretty popular English names, although a quick google says Luther means “Army of the People.” Good name for a big guy. And we never get a name for No. 5. Maybe that’s because he can travel through all space, so in a way doesn’t have a home? I might be looking too much into that, I don’t know.\n\nBut then again, this series seems to like to have some subtle themes, so maybe having ethnic names for just three is less overt than having all 7 from different parts of the world with corresponding names. \n\nThey never tell us things like how Ben died, Five’s name etc, so maybe it’s another item just left to our imagination.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-154460", "score": 0.6091761589050293, "text": "Those are indeed \"fake\". These extraordinary pictures of unborn baby animals inside their mother's womb (or in some cases, eggs) are fascinating, even if somewhat creepy. But don't let them creep you out too much because they aren't totally real. Producer Peter Chinn used a combination of dimensional ultrasound scans, tiny cameras and computer graphics to create these truly astonishing embryonic images of unborn animals for a National Geographic documentary that aired several years ago. While not exactly photographs, they are relatively accurate depictions of what these animal fetuses do look like.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-138518", "score": 0.608145534992218, "text": "Baby Boomers are the generation that was born when troops returned home from World War 2. They grew up in the 50's and 60's and were hippies or fought in Vietnam (Americans anyway) Generation X would generally be the children of Baby Boomers, they grew up in the 70's and 80's and consumed a great deal of media. Television babies- Sesame Street started when they were toddlers, the Brady Bunch played in endless reruns when they were young and MTV started when they were teenagers. In a generalization they are somewhat sarcastic with a large knowledge of obscure pop culture. Generation Y described the younger side of Generation X but never particularly caught on- basically Gen X with more computer knowledge. The current generation is being labeled Millennials. They grew up with computers, internet, video games & cell phones. Their generation was brought up to include everyone and were sent home with trophies for coming in 7th place in T-ball.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-131937", "score": 0.6075205206871033, "text": "A baby can only be on set for 15 minutes, so they line up several at a time. They can have the parents hanging around with the kids for a couple of hours, but once they get them on set they are limited to 15 minutes. If the kid isn't cooperating, they move on. Can't stop crying, you're done bring on the next. My daughter who is now 5 was almost all of the identifiable baby shots in season 4 of Breaking Bad, but wasn't even the main baby. There were days when they'd call her out of the trailer, and production delays meant they couldn't use her. There was one scene towards the end of the season where they went to dinner at the Hanks, and the camera moves past the baby seat and you see my daughter the camera then comes back and it's a different baby. So, multiple kids, twins, dolls, cgi and just implying there's a kid. All sorts of ways to have kids in movies/tv.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-90639", "score": 0.6031497120857239, "text": "uh... because their lungs are full of fluid until they're born?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-128444", "score": 0.6014800667762756, "text": "If you don't cut the cord then this happens: Child is born with cord leading into mother. Placenta (afterbirth) comes out within an hour or two, and dries out/shrivels off. Belly button closes off like normal. Plus human mothers carry their young, so it's not like they need to be ready to run at a moment's notice :)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-81152", "score": 0.5999266505241394, "text": "There are very strict limits on the number of minutes a young baby can be under the lights and on set. So typically twins are used so more can be filmed in a day than if there is just one baby. If a studio knows they will need an infant casting companies can keep an eye out for new born twin announcements and see if there is a good match with coloring and looks and such. In places like LA some people also know to check with studios/agencies if they have twins if they are interested hiring out their children.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1556042", "score": 0.598404586315155, "text": "If you only watched tv shows that featured accents from a specific country/city, would you get that accent yourself?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-620", "score": 0.8121447563171387, "text": "You've sort of got it the wrong way round. The camera LENSES are round, because round lenses bend light much better. But the film the image is captured on is rectangular, for the same reason that all pictures are usually rectangles, easier to frame and they are easier to put onto walls. Modern camera sensors have just continued this. Also when light is bent by a round lens, the images around the edges are often distorted, by using rectangle sensors you are just cropping these out and getting a better image." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-83721", "score": 0.7712823748588562, "text": "Lenses produce circular images. Film and sensors capture only a rectangular (or sometimes square) portion of it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-310192", "score": 0.7698131799697876, "text": "The earliest consumer cameras manufactured by Kodak, did in fact produce [circular pictures](_URL_0_). Nowadays, digital cameras produce rectangular images because the circle of light produced by the lenses falls onto a [CCD or CMOS sensor that is rectangular](_URL_2_) & mdash; thus the round edges of the image are cropped to a rectangular shape. - Moreover, because the [eyebrows, cheeks, and nose block (i.e, crop) the view of our eyes](_URL_4_) on the top, bottom and side, the effective field of view of the human visual system is [approximately rectangular](_URL_3_). This may be why we find [rectangular images aesthetically pleasing](_URL_1_). - ---------------------------------------- \\[credit: David Haynie's and Ken Eckert's posts on [this Quora topic](_URL_5_), which also contains other interesting perspectives on OP's question.\\]", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1037847", "score": 0.7656773328781128, "text": "I'm using a Canon EOS Kiss X2 with the kit lens that came with it. Sometimes, my pictures have a round frame around them -- almost what you'd expect given that lenses are round. They are still rectangular shaped, but are black around the edges with a round picture in the middle. Sometimes, the corners are rounded off.\nI also usually shoot with the settings on auto -- or set the aperture or time, but never both. It doesn't happen often. Usually, the picture is the normal rectangular shaped picture.\nWhat is causing the round pictures. Do I not have enough light and the camera is compensating somehow?\nI'm sure I could find an answer to this on Google if only I knew what it was called.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-146924", "score": 0.7626495957374573, "text": "The picture is rectangular because back in the film days, the chunk of film that gets exposed to light was rectangular. These days, the imaging sensor that absorbs the light going into the camera is rectangular. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-179884", "score": 0.7620993256568909, "text": "The camera's digital sensor (or piece of film), the thing that picks up the light and converts it to a photograph is rectangular, it's more efficient to make and store images this way", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-55142", "score": 0.7616177797317505, "text": "Because the aperture of the camera has [six blades](_URL_0_). This will cause lens flares to look hexagonal. If there are more blades, it will have a different geometric pattern.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-324027", "score": 0.7610811591148376, "text": "The sensor that these lenses project their image on is rectangular. It's possible to construct a circular sensor and obtain circular pictures, but people tend to prefer rectangular pictures. On the other hand, producing rectangular lenses is more difficult than producing circular ones, so we end up with circular lenses that project an circular image that is larger than the sensor, while the rectangular sensor registers the central part of the image. You can see the effect of the lenses being circular in the image, to some extent. A phenomenon called vignetting causes the image to darken as you move away from the center. When taking a picture of a uniform background, you can see the corners of the image being slightly darker than the center (the strength of this effect depends on the quality of the lens and the apareture setting used).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-258175", "score": 0.7593533396720886, "text": "Pretty sure the shapes are the same as the shape of the aperture of the camera that particular photo was taken from. Sorry I can't provide more detail or explanation than that. Source: Took a photography class like 3 years ago", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-320905", "score": 0.7586583495140076, "text": "The camera lens actually produces a circular image, but only a portion of it is captured. The images' shape comes from the sensor size rather than the lens. It's also more practical to have a digital image where all lines are of equal length. The \"Kodak No. 1\", an early comsumer-friendly camera, took circular photos. [Link](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-71610", "score": 0.755508542060852, "text": "When making lenses for a camera, it's difficult, if not impossible, to achieve a uniform distortion of light throughout a rectangular lens. A circle is very uniform and makes all refraction of light through the lens the same. Rectangular image sensors are also easier and more cost-efficient to make than circular ones, assuming you'd even want a circular sensor. Basically, it's the cheapest and easiest way to manufacture.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-108448", "score": 0.75473552942276, "text": "The lens of a camera is circular, but the image sensor of a camera is rectangular, whether it is film or a digital sensor. Imagine if you draw a rectangle inside of a circle... This would be your image/picture.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-134418", "score": 0.7520492672920227, "text": "It's because of the mechanics of the camera/lens. Within the camera (usually in the lense) there is a device called an \"aperture\" that is basically a hole that can change size. This consists of a number of moveable blades ([random picture example I found using google](_URL_0_)). The six-sided sun means that the aperture probably had 6 blades in it. The actual mechansim is something called Fraunhofer diffraction. In Fraunhofer diffusion when light comes from a source that is REALLY far away and passes through narrow slits then the light will spread perpendicular to the slits. In the case of the camera when the aperture is really small (so taking a picture of something bright, or a picture for a REALLY long time) then the corners where the blades meet act like slits.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-131757", "score": 0.7518054842948914, "text": "We expect pictures to be rectangles, as that ha been the most common shape of images for centuries. Mona Lisa and other famous paintings mostly are rectangles. Also the bases we have used for text (papyrus scrolls, books, sheet paper, computer displays) are rectangular, as it is more handy to have rectangular sheets of paper (and displays) than circular. So cameras crop the circular image projected by camera lenses into rectangular. The actual sensor recording the image in the cameras [is rectangular](_URL_0_), so it only records a rectangular area from a larger circular area where the image would project.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-157507", "score": 0.751094400882721, "text": "It's a property of the aperture on the camera, the bit that lets light in. They look like [this](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-288982", "score": 0.7493165731430054, "text": "It has to do with the shape and number of the [aperture](_URL_0_). Some lenses have 5 or 6 blades in the diaphragm. The flare that you see that are round have an aperture with curved blades or is shooting at the lens' widest aperture. You'll have less flare with a prime lens (fixed focal length) than with a zoom lens since a prime lens has fewer lens elements.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-304222", "score": 0.7485507130622864, "text": "Because the sensor or film is rectangular. The incoming light \"beam\" is round, but the digital sensor/film can only pick up what light actually hits it, similar to what you see [here](_URL_0_). You don't notice it when taking pictures because the viewfinder in your camera is also rectangular and automatically crops out the light you won't see in the final photograph.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-6040", "score": 0.7480852007865906, "text": "It is not the case that every pixel have a single point on the lens collecting its light. Every pixel gets light from all parts of the lens. You can try this yourself by covering up parts of a lens and observe that the light in the other end of the optics only gets darker but not obscured. You can even try this on your eyes by squinting which will cover up parts of your eyelenses. So the shape of the lens does not correspond with the shape of the sensor. There is no part of the lens being wasted by being round. It is just the case that it is easier to make a round lens then a square lens with the same area. This also means it is easier to make the lens rotate to move the lenses when you are changing the focus or the zoom. However pictures, sensors and film is easier to make rectangular as this is the easiest shape you can tile together.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-322393", "score": 0.747911274433136, "text": "Most lenses are round because all lenses start off as round. This is a because lenses are ground from round glass blanks. A rectangular lens starts off as a round lens, but the edges are cut to form a rectangular. (This is how eyeglasses are manufactured.) Quite simply, round lenses are cheaper. Another reason why is that many lenses rotate to change the focal length (zoom) or to adjust the focus. If the lens is square, an edge may crop a corner blocking that part of the image. And finally the is no good reason not to use a round lens. Rectangular lenses simply don't offer any real benefits.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-109679", "score": 0.7461795806884766, "text": "Because the lens doesn't record the photo, the sensor behind the lens, which is rectangular, does. Also, why did you single out webcams? [Here is a what a sensor looks like.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-60062", "score": 0.7448297142982483, "text": "Because they're captured on a rectangular segment of a roll of film- or, nowadays, a rectangular array of light-sensitive electronics. This way, it's easier to print the resulting images on rectangular paper, or display them on a rectangular computer or phone screen.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-622", "score": 0.8016940951347351, "text": "When you breathe in through your nose you're filtering the air before it goes into your lungs, and pulling it through a smaller opening, forcing you to inhale slower taking deeper breaths. You exhale through your mouth because it's a bigger opening and you want to get the 'bad air' out as fast as you can. Your nose also helps regulate the temperature of the air you're breathing. When it goes in your mouth it goes very quickly into your lungs, and if it's too cold it can be jarring to your lungs. I'd guess, when it's way too hot out, like today, it also serves to cool it down a bit." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-262992", "score": 0.7614467144012451, "text": "clean oxygen? That's nonsensical. What is true though is that forcing deep breaths through your nose requires slower more volumetric breaths making better use of your lungs. This provides your body with a more efficient means of obtaining oxygen. This is to prevent shallow breaths you do when you're stressed which isn't a healthy way to breath. It's not that the nose thing is better, it's that its harder to breath shallowly through your nose. If you just breath through you mouth then make sure it's deep consistent breaths.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-28245", "score": 0.7610403895378113, "text": "Blockages in your nose are mostly due to the membranes in your nose swelling up from infection. That swelling comes from your blood vessels dilating and sending more blood to the site of the infection (since that's how many of your immune system's defences get around your body). When you're at rest, your body can easily afford to send lots of blood to the site of infection, since it's not really doing much else. Once you start exercising your body needs to direct blood to areas which are being used for exercise, so less blood flows to your nose and the swelling goes down enough for you to breathe again.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-299908", "score": 0.7606233358383179, "text": "I'll piggyback. Why is it that when I have a stuffy nose, whenever I work out, through the duration of the workout I can breath just fine, but soon after I'm done, the stuffy Jose returns?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-186602", "score": 0.75836580991745, "text": "Your nose will un-stuff when your body does physical exercise. Because the stuffy nose is caused by your immune system rather than, say, a cold, your nose can stuff up and clear out as your brain wants, so when you exercise, your brain will clear the nose in case you're running from a predator and need all the oxygen you can get. You can test this by doing a few push ups or another exercise with a stuffy nose. Standing up puts your body in exercise mode, while sitting down puts you in rest mode.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-82812", "score": 0.7573463916778564, "text": "They don’t really say that mouth breathing is bad it’s just that breathing through your nose is better... the hairs in your nose “filter” the air hence why you get boogers(they are the “bad” stuff in the air)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-282261", "score": 0.7559407353401184, "text": "The sinuses perform a function of filtering out airborne particles (woo snot), as well as sensing chemicals that may be harmful to you (aka having a sense of smell). Want to be aware of a gas leak or a rotting corpse in the cupboard? Breathing through your nose is healthier in that respect. The aerobic bacteria in you mouth are also much more active if you are constantly aerating your saliva by breathing through your mouth. So for gum health, breathing through your nose is better. There are good situations to breath through the mouth; if you roll your tongue and then breath in through it and out your nose, the wetness on the tongue will act as an evaporative cooler and reduce the temperature of the air going into your lungs. On a really hot day it does make a difference, though you look like a dork.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-608988", "score": 0.7474656701087952, "text": "Never breathe through the mouth. You should always breathe diaphragmatically through your nose and with your tongue on the roof of your mouth. By doing this your lungs intake more oxygen leading to a plethora of health benefits and your face becomes more attractive and developed. For more information, look into 'mewing'. 🤞", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-97492", "score": 0.7452348470687866, "text": "you body is warm and damp. the air you breath isn't. when you breathe through your nose, it gets warmed and moisture is added so your lungs don't get dried out when it gets their. there is more surface area in your nose than your mouth, so if you're breathing more through your mouth, it's not getting as warm and moist as it needs to be before it gets to your lungs", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-58622", "score": 0.7450841069221497, "text": "When you do strenuous exercise, your body needs more oxygen. For people who are physically fit, their heart and lungs have been \"trained\" to be more efficient in bringing in oxygen, i.e. they get more oxygen per breath. For the less fit, they get less oxygen per breath. Since an unfit person gets less usable oxygen per breath, they need more breaths, faster. And the faster way to breathe is through your mouth rather than your nose. This means that a lot of (relatively) cold, dry air is being sucked in over the person's throat, and that dries it out. The dry throat leads to coughing. TL;DR: Unfit person needs more breaths, which dry out his throat.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-167853", "score": 0.7430408596992493, "text": "mouth hole bigger = more air. You are right about that, and if all you want to do is get air and all the shit in air into you, by all means breath with your mouth. The nose however is for more than just getting air in: *It makes nitric oxide in small amounts, when inhaled into the lungs, it significantly enhances your lung’s capacity to absorb oxygen, increasing oxygen absorption in your lungs by 10-25%. Nitric oxide also can kill bacteria, viruses and other germs. *Smelling is pretty cool, right? smelling also affects taste. *Filters the air, ideally getting rid of particles before it reaches your lungs *Humidifies the air to keep your airways from drying out And probably many more things I dont know about", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2643833", "score": 0.74198979139328, "text": "So winter is here and im sick. Today i realised while breathing from one nostril(other one was out of service at that moment) my body forces me to breath from my mouth instinctly. So i thought maybe i cant get enough air from one nostril? Or is it better to not use nose at all while its stuffy ? Or it doesnt matter at all just breath from mouth nose everywhere ?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-148574", "score": 0.7415032982826233, "text": "It's mostly habit. Humans usually default to being nose breathers as infants. Many things can happen to make people switch to breathing through the mouth. Problems with the nose or sickness can make people switch for long periods of time which will become the new habit. Breathing through the mouth is generally considered not good, it can cause tooth decay, snoring, and other health issues. Your nose filters the air and is better for you. People with downs syndrome are usually mouth breathers as a side effect of that condition. Sadly, this is where the slur 'mouth breather' comes from.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-277169", "score": 0.7402834296226501, "text": "The human nose simply does a great job at warming and moisturizing the cold and dry winter air and it will be warm enough when it reaches your lungs which is why you're fine with breathing it. The above however doesn't apply when you are gasping for air through your mouth as you are inhaling much larger quantities of cold air to your lungs which dries up your pharynx and shrinks your respiratory tract. This can cause asthmatic symptoms and other health issues and thus doctors recommend that you should always avoid any heavy physical exercising when it gets that cold.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-47245", "score": 0.7366732358932495, "text": "you breathe through your nose and not your ears", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-75524", "score": 0.7348952889442444, "text": "It gives you the chance to hold something and breath without swallowing. Imagine if the substance was blood, poison, or saltwater: would you really want to swallow? By the same token, say your mouth is full of water and you try to breathe through your nose; do you want that water going into your lungs? It's all to keep things from going where they're not supposed to go.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-269685", "score": 0.7346864938735962, "text": "Catecholemines (adrenalin), which are released during exercise, widen your airways, including your nostrils. Some nasal decongestants also contain adrenalin to dilate your nostrils.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-49500", "score": 0.7344735860824585, "text": "Your body is reacting to you slowly becoming dehydrated, a process that is accelerating when you exercise due to your body sweating in order to cool you down. If you breath in with your mouth when you exercise, you might also be experiencing dry oral tissues.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-100301", "score": 0.7336208820343018, "text": "From a meditation perspective, making a conscious decision to breathe in a certain way allows you to focus on, or attempt to, that very thing. You're essentially telling yourself to breath through your nose and out your mouth (something you generally don't do) repeatedly, which forms a simple mantra that is supposed to help focus and calm the mind. Think of a monk repeating a prayer over and over, they essentially meditate by concentrating on a single repeating thought.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-185163", "score": 0.7319487929344177, "text": "When you breathe through your nose the ait is warmed and moistened before it goes to the lungs. Some people breathe through their mouth out of habit. But for others it can be a sign of low muscle tone in the jaw or they may not be able to close their mouth due to a bad bite. Both of these may make it harder to close the mouth. Keeping your jaw open may encourage the top jaw to grow down more resulting in an overbite in kids. Breathing through your mouth may also cause dry mouth. Saliva is needed to kill bacteria and when your mouth is dry for too long, it can cause bad breathe and is bad for your teeth due to excess bacteria. It could also lead to hoarseness as it dries your vocal folds. Vocal folds perform best when they are moist.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-80158", "score": 0.7310413718223572, "text": "> Because your nostrils split their workload. Throughout the day, they each take breaks in a process of alternating congestion and decongestion called the nasal cycle. At a given moment, if you're breathing through your nose, the lion’s share of the air is going in and out of one nostril, with a much smaller amount passing through the other Source and more info: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-623", "score": 0.7986756563186646, "text": "HMS - His/Her majesty's ship - British Royal Navy USS - United states Ship - US Navy SS - Steam Ship - not necessarily powered by steam, designation for Us merchant ships Each country has their own traditional ship designations. NATO also has designations for Navy ships from all nations" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2069137", "score": 0.749671995639801, "text": "What is the second S there even sposed to stand for? I seem to recall Cpt. Picard use the term 'United Star Ship' -- I'm not sure though. \n\nIf that is the case, I feel like the *type* of ship doesn't deserve a whole letter in the prefix. Ships of olde never went by 'Her Majesty's Sea Ship' ... Maybe I'm over thinking this, but most things in the star trek universe are pretty well explained. This sort of doesn't make sense to me.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-138178", "score": 0.7448959946632385, "text": "Boats have to identify themselves via radio traffic, so a name is useful. The tradition is older than that, so I'll guess it's because they needed to distinguish between ships so that they'd be able to refer to them specifically. \"My husband is on the Quicksilver.\" There is less call for that with cars.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-7685", "score": 0.7422502636909485, "text": "They signify what country's military they represent. USS = United States Ship HMS = Her/His Magesty's Ship, meaning UK. HMCS = Her Majesty's Canadian Ship", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-232007", "score": 0.7291837930679321, "text": "No, they did not have an official ship prefix (which is not completely unusual -- the Imperial Japanese Navy and Kriegsmarine both did not, although authors will sometimes add prefixes to ship names to identify them.) You will sometimes see Soviet ships referred to as \"USSRS\", although a literal transliteration using Cyrillic would be KCCCP -- the acronym would be for \"Корабль Союза Советских Социалистических Республик,\" \"ship of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\"", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-194683", "score": 0.7239306569099426, "text": "I would point out that Enterprise is not unique in this regard. Other ship names get used over and over again. For example, there have been at least [14 Endeavours](_URL_1_), and [7 Indefatigables](_URL_2_), and [7 Victorys](_URL_0_). They're inspiring and/or strong names, so they get used a lot.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-105229", "score": 0.7214682698249817, "text": "Congress is the ultimate authority on what name a Commisioned United States vessel receives. They have delegated this authority to the Secretary of the Navy for quite some time now with some general guidelines to follow. Different classes of ships have different names. Aircraft Carriers: Named after Presidents, Admirals, and famous US Navy ships. Amphibious Assault Ships: Named after US Marine Corps battles. Landing Ships and craft: Cities honoring pioneers. Cruisers: Distinguished Americans and famous battles. Destroyers: Distinguished US Navy and Marine Corps Officers and enlisted men. Fast attack submarines: Cities and towns, fish and marine creatures. Ballistic Missile Submarines: States of the Union.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-51944", "score": 0.7213481068611145, "text": "I worked at sea for the last 10 years and as far as I can tell the reason is mainly tradition. Also take into account the crew on a ship live there for 4+ months at a time and a name is more personal than a designation. One of the first container ship companies (I can't remember the name) tried to put numbers on ships rather than names and were threatened with strike action by the fleet captains.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-25742", "score": 0.7190918922424316, "text": "> \"thar she blows\" - that's a whale > \"I just got her waxed\" - wax a ship? I suppose you could might reduce drag! 😁 Ships being female is an English thing stemming from the romance of men at sea. The old joke also that says: *\"A ship is called a she because there is always a great deal of bustle around her; there is usually a gang of men about; she has a waist and stays; it takes a lot of paint to keep her good-looking; it is not the initial expense that breaks you, it is the upkeep; she can be all decked out; it takes an experienced man to handle her\"* Even other western languages use male for some ships (for example Spanish) Interestingly Russian ships are refered to as male not female.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-181029", "score": 0.7178153991699219, "text": "In English and many other European languages ships are female. In languages like Russian ships are male and some languages don't really have the distinction at all in their grammar. In other languages it is quite common to give a gender to everything. Often a whole class of named objects has the same gender like all ships being a she (or is some few languages a he), but sometimes you are met with a situation where gender is a case by case thing (good look figuring out which rivers are male and which are female in German for example). It is pretty rare in modern English for named things to have a gender as English has mostly gotten rid of gender in its grammar long ago, but nautical tradition is nothing if not traditional and keeps using conventions from long ago.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-80388", "score": 0.7155235409736633, "text": "The classes are real things, yes. The class names generally come about in one of two fashions, either matching the class leader (usually the first ship of that class produced, for example in the case of the Pennsylvania-class battleships and the USS Pennsylvania), or they are named based on the theme the ships in that class are named after (for example the Royal Navy's Tribal-class frigates that are named after the various tribes of the world).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1262380", "score": 0.7142788171768188, "text": "I'm playing a high level character for a WDH continuation campaign, and he has a navy ship with crew. I need to name six of them. Any ideas? \nI personally think that at least one of them needs to be named Chauncey. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-226348", "score": 0.7103161811828613, "text": "The gender of a ship depends on the language. Russian ships are male. The gender in english may go back to when english had gender for all nouns. Ask in /r/linguistics", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-147525", "score": 0.7030550241470337, "text": "This old tradition is thought to stem from the fact that in the Romance languages, the word for \"ship\" is always in the feminine. For this reason, Mediterranean sailors always referred to their ship as \"she\", and the practice was adopted over the centuries by their English-speaking counterparts. One source suggests that a ship \"was nearer and dearer to the sailor than anyone except his mother.\" What better reason to call his ship \"she\"? ^^^Or ^^^because ^^^they ^^^cost ^^^a ^^^lot ^^^of ^^^money ^^^^Don't ^^^^kill ^^^^me", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-202054", "score": 0.7026081085205078, "text": "Clarification - you're asking about the military warships and *not* the historical figures they were named for, yes?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-119690", "score": 0.7024943232536316, "text": "The people who name ships don't necessarily look at its genitals first - like with kittens. That's only a little facetious. Ships are named by senators, but crewed by sailors. Neither group asks the other for their opinion on the matter.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2070972", "score": 0.6990957856178284, "text": "In WWII, US carriers were largely named after Revolutionary War battles (Yorktown, Lexington, Saratoga) or legacy ship names like Hornet and Enterprise. Why the hell are we naming these incredible machines GHW Bush or Ronald Reagan? It's not about politics, just that they could be so much better.\n\nI really like the British tradition of naming based on fearsome traits: Vengeance, Vanguard, Invincible, Daring, etc.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1400829", "score": 0.6977270841598511, "text": "It's so common now that it's usually taken for granted, but why are ships always seen as \"she\", even when it's named after a male (i.e. many ships in the US Navy)? Is/Was there ever a time or place (maybe in other cultures) where this isn't/wasn't the case?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1261763", "score": 0.6962838768959045, "text": "We know that for some starfleet ships for each successive ship to use a name they get a corresponding letter added to their name such as with the Enterprise, Yamato, Voyager, and possibly NX-01 but other ship names such as Intrepid, Reliant, Defiant, and Constellation are used for multiple ships and don't get a letter added to their name even in a case with the Defiant where a new ship was clearly meant to be the successor to the old ship, can anybody explain why some ship names get letters and others don't?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1262350", "score": 0.6957098245620728, "text": "Thug Lyfe, Galaxy S7, etc etc\n\nThey are ridiculous. \n\nAm I only person to call a list by the ships that are in that list. \n\nFor example 3 Defenders is 3 Defenders not a ridiculous name like 3D Baby Wahoo Pew Pew\n\nOr Three Jumpmasters was Three Jumpmasters not Triple Uboats Wazoo Torp Boats dude. \n\nAm I being to sensitive about it? \n\nI'm serious where and why do these silly ass goofball names of lists come from? \n\nMore importantly why do they seem to stick?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1172008", "score": 0.6952598690986633, "text": "And in a lot of ways they are not. If you get a new ship you can call her “The Seaward.” But if you get a new wife you can’t call her the c word.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-624", "score": 0.6144545078277588, "text": "In the US, people tend to think everyone in congress is a bunch of idiots...except their guy. The guy they voted for is the one voice of reason trying to find common sense solutions and everyone else is out for themselves." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2471211", "score": 0.5836970806121826, "text": "Hello, I'm a conservative who opposes Trump. Rep. Steve Womack's handling of the rules vote during the GOP convention in Cleveland yesterday was terrible, and many conservatives want to send a message opposing that. There's a Libertarian named Steve Isaacson running against him, and there is no Democrat running, so unlike many other districts people wont be worried about the seat going to a Democrat. In 2014, Womack won 79% with a Libertarian winning 21%. Most of his district voted for Cruz or Rubio in the presidential primary. If there is any congressional seat where Libertarians could potentially win this election, this could be it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-211752", "score": 0.5836970210075378, "text": "To look at it from the lens of a historian (as opposed to the political scientist or the sociologist), you have to consider the dichotomies between the north and the south after Reconstruction. You have to look at the schisms that were formed within the Democratic Party in the 60s, where as the those Democrats against Civil Rights planks in the platform went one way (with Hubert Humphrey) and the ones who wanted segregation to last forever (mostly southerners who went with George Wallace). Republicans realized that they needed to win back some of these more conservative southern Democrats, so they adopted what they called the \"Southern Plan.\" Tough on crime, moral, all about God, etc. With Nixon's presidency and the rise (and quick downfall) of Barry Goldwater, the new conservative GOP was solidified. It only continued and the moral right gained strength with Reagan in the 80s.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-49892", "score": 0.583683431148529, "text": "He is by all accounts the most successful Republican president of recent history, beating Nixon, Ford, and both Bushes. Ike is pretty much the only one in the last century who comes close. Among presidents in general Reagan was above-average in terms of popularity (though maybe not in terms of effectiveness or success). He's also largely responsible for the makeup of the modern Republican party (or rather, its makeup before Trump and the alt-right hit the scene) by drawing from both rural religious conservativism and liberal business-friendly economics.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2472299", "score": 0.583639919757843, "text": "Blah blah the right, blah blah the left, yackity democrats, shmakity replublicans. Everything is always so goddamn polorized with them. Any time anything ever happens they have to label it liberal conservative right left wig dem rep tea party ron paulish. It's not like anything fucking matters anyway because it's all just a great big god damn illusion of democracy and freedom. Anybody with any brains realizes that the whole fucking system is about profits for the already wealthy and fuck everybody else. Every presidential election is a farce, the candidates aren't chosen by you or me or the guy down the street, they are chosen by fucking companies, and it doesn't matter who the fuck you vote for b/c ALL OF THEM are fucking bought.\n\nWe're not the America we were told we are, we're a fucking slave society to the motherfucking corporations. Privatized prisons, everybody's a fucking terrorist, I lost count of how many wars we are fighting and where they are (military industrial complex), war on drugs, war on terror (as if you could win a war against an emotion), war in ~~iraq~~ ~~iran~~ afganistan whatever.\n\nAm I fucking crazy or does anybody else see this shit? Want to buy a house? Go ahead dumbass. You don't actually own it, you just gave a shit ton of money to a company. You most likely took out a loan/mortgage to get that house that you'll be paying interest on for 20 years. Guess what, you don't own that land, you have no mineral rights, and the government can take it away in the blink of an eye just b/c they want to put an overpass there, or if you fail to pay your taxes. You don't own shit. Nowadays it's also most likely in a HOA so you can't even paint the motherfucker whatever color you want or change your mailbox. Yeah, that's your house, whatever. Oh you want to modify your house, maybe make an addition or put in a shed? You're gonna have to get the government's permission to do that (a building permit). Your house, right.\n\nFuck it, I'm going to finish this bottle of crown. Have a merry christmas or whatever.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2473140", "score": 0.5835807919502258, "text": "I used to be a Democratic party politician for state office, I separated myself from the Democrats after 2010, because I realized how detached from reality Democratic voters are, and how the party uses them to further the erosion of civil rights and proliferation of corruption. \n\nWe have now a bunch of irritated young people protesting AGAINST democracy, these are people who have no problem with erosion of peoples rights because they have the wrong views, they advocate treating people differently on race and sex which is sexual or racial discrimination. \n\nThe Democratic party preaches absurdly identity politics and free handouts, and focuses on growing the economy with handouts to big companies who give them money, and many people are so tired of hearing about it that they're voting against them. \n\n**edit** Trump is anti GOP and DNC establishment", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-20671", "score": 0.5835522413253784, "text": "The economy was improving before the election. And it's still improving. Presidents get credit for economic things that they didn't do. Presidents get blame for economic things that are not their fault. It's how the job works. Economics depends on many things, and who's president is only a tiny factor.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2471375", "score": 0.5835202932357788, "text": "This gaggle of right wing dipshits calling for \"\"healing\"\" are the same people who:\n\n- Refer to us as the \"Radical Left\"\n- Refer to us as dangerous \"Socialists\"\n- Said that COVID was a hoax used by the left to make that fat orange cunt look bad\n- Embraced QAnon (who view the left as satanist pedophile cannibals)\n- Get off on \"Triggering the Libz\"\n- Claimed that \"Dems want to take away God and your cows\"\n- Obstructed all measures passed by the House for four straight years\n\nThe list goes on and on and on and on. \n\nAnd people wonder why bipartisanship **can't** work anymore. Because one side is perpetually operating in bad faith. The mere fact that these divisive pricks have the sheer *audacity* to tell us to \"heal\" should be a testament to why this party is a cancer on American politics.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2471781", "score": 0.5834791660308838, "text": "To pre-clarify, I am 17 and will not be voting in the current election, but I follow politics because unlike my peers, I understand that it affects my entire life. However, I have a lack of understanding, so I try to ask questions and learn more about things I have a basic understanding of. Anyway enough story.\n\nSo I learned last year in American History that in the 1960's a large change between Democrat and Republican parties resulted in them changing platforms. Later again I hear in my Gov and Econ class that the parties switched a littler earlier than that and it lasted a little longer, but essentially the same thing. I linked a website with a short 10 sentence blurb that summarizes what I have been told.\n\n\n\nThat being said, I don't really think any of this is possibly true. As to refute the website. The nature of each party is different. Republicans have ALWAYS stood up for the little guy and bettering the American economy, and Democrats have always leaned towards government regulation (they are the former Federalist Party) and benefiting off of the back of someone else (I.E. Slavery in 19th century, Welfare in 20th century). To me, I see no change between the two.\n\nAnd as to why I bring this topic up is because I keep hearing the Democrats say the parties switched, I hear that Clinton references this and says the Republicans are doing \"too little too late, so it's not there place\", and I hear Republicans continuing to call this a load of crap, notably Ben Carson.\n\nSo I ask out of curiosity, did the parties ACTUALLY switch, or is this just based on people making vague connections while reading footnotes in a history book?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1508843", "score": 0.5834218263626099, "text": "For the activist judiciary that must now face Justice Gorsuch.\nFor the enviro-Nazis that have to deal with Scott Pruitt.\nFor the lawless sanctuaries that must answer to AG Sessions.\nFor the globalists that must stare down Billionaire Wilbur Ross.\nFor the many tin pot dictators trying to escape Mad Dog Mathis.\n\nYeah. A total disaster.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-107900", "score": 0.5834082365036011, "text": "Republicans think that government should be limited, in both the economic and social front. Economically, Republicans generally believe in less regulation of the economy to allow a flourishing free market. Socially, Republicans think welfare and healthcare programs should be privatized, once again to allow a flourishing free market. Republicans think that people should be taxed less, which explains why they encourage slashing government-funded programs.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2608918", "score": 0.5832875370979309, "text": "Voting obviously doesn't really mean jack shit anymore. Representatives dont represent the people, the two party monopoly and unelected bureaucrats have made it impossible for an uncorrupt, non partisan individual to succeed in making good change for everyone. How do we fix all this bullshit? I mean if we all (the people of the united states) united to overthrow the government, and succeeded, who would take control? It would be just an even bigger shitshow figuring out how to move forward, and whos in charge and whatnot.\nDamned if we do damned if we dont haha", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1656753", "score": 0.5831972360610962, "text": "I know most of us are liberals/democrats, which is fine, but I'm wondering if you guys accept conservatives/republicans at all, or would attempt to change their minds even if not engaged in a debate with them. \n \ntl;dr Should republicans exist, in your opinion?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-174480", "score": 0.5831495523452759, "text": "Because only 1/3 of the Senate is elected every other year. The current seats up for election were last elected when Obama's second term election occured, and that type of election tends to lean very highly towards the party of the president. (In addition, a majority of seats in this cycle are from what are typically considered \"blue\" states.)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1874242", "score": 0.5829888582229614, "text": "Look through r/politics right now and see almost every post is about Trump. I’m not saying Orange Man Good. What I’m saying is orange man is a symptom of what’s wrong and a scapegoat. Everything that is wrong is Trumps fault and no other president or politicians have done ever anything wrong and certainly didn’t have anything to do with our current condition. It’s bullshit and when trump is gone they will have no one to blame. The shit was fucked up before trump even announced he was running. \n\nEveryone questioning the authority of the president must have missed the bush and Obama administrations. The president has an ungodly amount of power, that’s why you don’t allow chumps to run for president. Who running now isn’t a chump? I can only think of one or two names and the rest are chumps, admit it. \nAt least orange man will hopefully cause us to question should one person have that much power and if we want to continue to be at war forever. \n\nTLDR; blame trump for everything, it’s what everyone else does.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1508865", "score": 0.5829025506973267, "text": "I was thinking and if a politcal party were in control of congress (majority) and had the presidential spot what is stopping them from making things that people in certain political parties felonies? Therefore eliminating their way to vote and then making them have voter majority too?\n\nWhy aren't felons allowed to vote? It doesn't really make sense to me, how and when did it happen?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2324491", "score": 0.5828776359558105, "text": "I know this does not make sense. There are many factors that cause poverty and I think this argument is very weak. However I am not an expert in these matters so was hoping someone on Reddit would be so that I can counter this argument with a factual, logic-based response to show my friend that this connection does not make sense.\n\nEDIT: Didn't include the list, see below:\n\nWhat do the ten US cities with the highest poverty rate all have in common?\n\n1. Detroit, MI (1st on the poverty rate list) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1961.\n\n2. Buffalo, NY (2nd) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1954.\n\n3. Cincinnati, OH (3rd) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1984.\n\n4. Cleveland, OH (4th) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1989.\n\n5. Miami, FL (5th) has never had a Republican mayor.\n\n6. St. Louis, MO (6th) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1949.\n\n7. El Paso, TX (7th) has never had a Republican mayor.\n\n8. Milwaukee, WI (8th) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1908.\n\n9. Philadelphia, PA (9th) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1952.\n\n10. Newark, NJ (10th) hasn't elected a Republican mayor since 1907.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-46491", "score": 0.5828366875648499, "text": "Politicians need money to fund campaigns. People with that money donate it to politicians who they feel will pass legislation that benefits their business interests. If they in fact do what the rick people hope they do, they'll keep donating money to their campaigns. If they don't, they'll donate to their competitors. Eventually, you end up with a bunch of politicians who rely on rich donors to get elected, and therefore you end up with politicians who vote in the interest of rich people.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1499227", "score": 0.5827562212944031, "text": "What if the ideology of anti-science, fundamentalist christianity, racism, sexism, etc have become a staple of republicanism purposefully to discredit the basis of republicanism - small government. As people become more liberal, they are obviously going to associate less and less with the close-minded ideologies of the current GOP, thus pushing them further and further to the side of the democrats and big government. \n\nAnyone think there may be any plausibility to this theory? Or is there something about the inherent traits of the GOP that led them to the conservative, religious, closed-minded outlooks that current dominate the party? Speculations, expansions, thoughts? \n\nedit: If it was not clear, I am aware that RvD is just a show to keep the masses occupied. Although I thought it was peculiar how the republican party has turned in the party of white trash ignorance and the democrat are the \"educated liberal saviors\". Seems to me there is nothing intrinsic about either ideology that would cause such a dramatic shift, and therefore am speculating that it is engineered open people to the idea of big government.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-127334", "score": 0.582723081111908, "text": "Voter ID laws, like the name implies, require people wanting to vote to present an ID before they do so. Essentially it makes it difficult for groups less likely to have IDs (and in some states specifically state issued IDs) to vote. This includes minorities, the elderly, and students. In the recently passed Texas Voter ID laws, they make it harder for people (specifically women) who haven't changed the name on their voter registration card to match the one on their State ID/ driver license jump through hoops to cast a ballot. The problem people have with this is that all these Voter ID laws are doing is solving a non-problem. While in theory, it make sense to make sure people are who they say they are before they vote. But in reality, voter fraud is extremely rate. Plus the people who are getting their votes suppressed (young people, women, minorities) are the ones most likely to vote Democrat. This is why we are seeing these laws in red states.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2473123", "score": 0.5826942920684814, "text": "I've seen a lot of people speculating that this is \"the end\" of the Republican party since it's now seen as mainly just an opposition party. Was curious on your thoughts.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-625", "score": 0.6843460202217102, "text": "It's because of the \"first past the post\" method of determining the winner. Whoever gets the most votes wins, rather than the candidate having to secure a simple majority of 50% plus one. Third parties end up skewing the results and acting as \"spoilers\". There have been successful third parties — the Republican Party, for one. There's also the matter of the two main parties doing everything they can to keep viable third party candidates off the ballot or handicapped in one way or another. Ranked choice voting is one solution to this rather undemocratic feature of our system." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-158037", "score": 0.650107204914093, "text": "Many political scientists believe that USA's voting rules tend to create a two-party system. There are no runner-ups in most US elections, and a plurality vote (less than a majority but more than anyone else) wins in most congressional districts. There are no run-off elections when nobody gets a majority - the candidate with the most overall votes wins it all. There is no apportionment of seats or representation between 2nd and 3rd place parties at all. A third party gets zero representation unless it wins an election outright, which is not likely to happen when the two major parties take a vast majority of the votes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1131846", "score": 0.6499378681182861, "text": "There has been quite a bit of talk here lately of forming a third party. Which is good! However, some of it suggests we should be doing so right now instead of waiting until after the decision on the next DNC leader is made.\n\nThis is not a good idea. Mainly because right now the party seems to be far more accepting of progressives than they were right before the election. Ellison is getting endorsements from even big establishment democrats. At the very least because they fear the potential of Bernie forming a third party. That is fine with me. Because I don't see Ellison as the type to owe political favors once he leads the DNC. Otherwise Bernie would not have given him the support that he has.\n\nThe goal right now is to REFORM the DNC to provide a level playing field to all participants. To move the resources closer to the voter instead of the donor. Then once a level playing field is set progressives will simply primary establishment candidates... Oh wait they won't have to because the establishment candidates lost their elections to the GOP in 2016 or long ago.\n\nSo lets make it clear that the 3rd party is on the table if the DNC goes against Ellison out of obvious spite or support for donors over the poor or middle class. Yet at the same time give the DNC a chance. They know they lost to the most unpopular candidate in history. Lost seats that should have been EASY wins! Donors won't continue to support the party forever if it keeps losing elections anyway so at the very least they want to try something different.\n\nOh and don't let the talk of \"Oh you want to go 3rd party. I guess you want to lose elections\" scare you. Guess what? The democratic party is losing those elections ANYWAY. They consistently offer voters the same boring big donor establishment candidates and the GOP eats them for breakfast. (Like Campbell) A Bernie supported progressive 3rd party has the best chance of getting people that don't usually vote to show up at the polls in the off years to take the time to participate in the political process because the progressive candidate KNOWS what they are going through.\n\nHopefully the DNC will accept this badly needed new direction and support Ellison so we can stop the talk of the 3rd party. And instead talk about taking back the nation from the GOP!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-121611", "score": 0.6495416164398193, "text": "Right now, the two parties are selecting who their candidates are. It doesn't actually make a whole lot of sense for people who aren't affiliated with a party to have a say in who that party selects to run under their banner. Some states do things like that, but there's no reason to expect it to be the case.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2310188", "score": 0.649213433265686, "text": "The Republican party isn't stupid enough to pick a 2nd or 3rd popular candidate. This would kill the Republican party for a generation. This is the opinion of a high energy Veteran.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-104178", "score": 0.6487343907356262, "text": "It *has* happened before. We used to have the Whig party in the 1800s. When it collapsed, most of its members migrated to the Republican party. Additionally, the \"familiar\" parties we have now have shifted and changed their positions quite radically over the years. It's not unlikely, not would it be unprecedented, for the Republican party to reform itself in a different political direction than it is heading in right now.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-142906", "score": 0.6485283970832825, "text": "The political parties are not actually a part of the government. They developed after the fact as a fast way to communicate the bulk of stances a candidate has so that they can focus on a handful of goals specifically. The reason there are two is a byproduct of the \"first past the post\" winner take all method that we use to vote. That type of system means that there will really always be two major parties. Now these have shifted throughout history with one party periodically dying and a new one replacing it. It should also be noted that we currently have more than two parties. The Green Party, and Libertarian parties are decently sized minor parties, and there are over 20 smaller minor parties as well. But the winner take all system means that they will rarely win anything.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-79660", "score": 0.6485113501548767, "text": "Because the news networks don't have a legal obligation to let any and every candidate onto their shows to talk equally. Since they don't have to, and since most people don't really care about the third party candidates, they don't do that. I suspect that the democrat/republicans probably wouldn't be too interested in a debate with 5 other minor party candidates.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1609975", "score": 0.6481114029884338, "text": "I am a high school student and while it may sound kind of ignorant of me but I can't think of or see any party that actually puts civil liberty above all and promotes true capitalism instead of the crony version of what it is. I have constructed for myself the ideals I want in a party but it seems there aren't any. Although I won't be able to vote during the elections next year , I think it's important to be aware where my standing will be at when I'll have the right. Thoughts?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-156348", "score": 0.6477030515670776, "text": "The tea party wing of the republican party is too large to ignore but republicans outside of that are loathe to team up with democrats to get the votes needed because then they'd be in the exact situation that John Boehner found himself in all too often. So there aren't enough moderate republicans to push things through.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-75714", "score": 0.6476110816001892, "text": "Over time, we would return to a two candidate election. Imagine you have 8 candidates, 4 Republican and 4 Democrat. The bottom two of each party would realize they're never going to win, so they'll withdraw from the race, casting their support behind another candidate from their party. You now have 6 candidates. Repeat that process. Bottom 2 withdraw and encourage their supporters to throw their weight behind another candidate. Now you have 4. One more cycle and you've returned to only 2 candidates. [This video explains it nicely](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2472410", "score": 0.6471733450889587, "text": "The republicans correlate to the executive branch and executive power, militarism, and the bully pulpit. The democrats correlate to the legislative branch and taxes, pork barrel, and welfare. Admittedly, they are nearly the same in their behavior and cross over easily into the others realm. The libertarians correlate to the judicial branch, our seemingly weakest branch and the weakest party. They represent legal standing, dispute arbitration, and rule of law. Seems any move from republicans and democrats would require a much stronger judicial branch, but the strengthening of one, requires the cooperation of the other two. How might this be changed so as to bring about an equal change in the power structure of our political parties?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1611414", "score": 0.6470321416854858, "text": "One of the major reasons why people with good ideas do not run for office is that they risk their jobs and their livelihood when they campaign for election. Especially if they do not have the backing of Dems or Repubs, because it essentially means they have very little in the way of funding, whereas their Dem and Repub opponents have the muscle of their respective political machines to support their efforts monetarily. No employer is going to retain someone who doesn't show up for 3-4 months because they commit themselves fully to winning an election, so the risk to a person running independently is daunting, to say the least.. They quite literally stake their family's future on the small chance that they can beat either of the two major parties.\n\nNow, imagine if a law was passed that guaranteed that a person who loses an election **must** be re-hired by their previous employer.. An independent candidate would still be risking their savings on the campaign (they have support themselves and pay for advertisements, et cetera), but at least they would not have to worry about unemployment and destitution if they lose. That difference alone would vastly improve the likelihood of more people running for office, and specifically people who were not Repub or Dem affiliated.\n\nJust such a law has existed for a very long time for military personnel returning from deployment. It is understandably not fair for someone serving their country in a warzone to have to face unemployment upon their return, so why should it be different for a person who wants to serve their country as an elected official?\n\nBottom line is that if Americans want to have any hope of breaking away from a clearly broken and dysfunctional two-party system, there must be some protection put in place that fosters more active participation in the electoral process. Let candidates run on a platform of good ideas, rather than simple affiliation with those already in power.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-201355", "score": 0.6466628313064575, "text": "I would like to challenge the claim that we have actually been a two party system. On the surface it's true but V. O. Key documents in his book \"Southern Politics in State and Nation\" that in fact that Democrats in the South during the first half of the 20th century often (though not always, see Virginia) had multiple competing sides within the state. Further Nicol C. Rae's \"Southern Democrats\" documents a major split within the democratic party in the 80s which pit centerists against liberal or progressive Democrats. The system doesn't enforce two parties but because the system tends to generate two parties much of the politics moves within the parties of the moment and there are separate parties within the parties. For at least most of the 20th century there have been multiple parties who don a common label.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-44647", "score": 0.6466161608695984, "text": "In 1948, the Democratic Party, at their convention, voted to add Civil Rights to their party platform. When this happened, the southern racist Democrats, led by Strom Thurmond, left the party and started the Dixiecrat Party. They were a viable third party for a while. Then, in the 60s, President Johnson (a Democrat) signed the Voting and Civil Rights Acts. When Nixon ran in '68, he used this to lure the Dixiecrats into the Republican Party using what became known as the \"Southern Strategy.\" And that's pretty much how it's been since.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1611113", "score": 0.646324872970581, "text": "I truly believe that the Libertarian party could run strong candidates in the precincts that Gary Johnson and/or a congressional Libertarian candidate got at least 10% of the vote. They could approach the voters as candidates that promotes and protects truly free speech(from left or right wing speech) while also claiming to put an end the frivolous spending that produced no results that are statistically measurable.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-157653", "score": 0.6463025808334351, "text": "Because the nature of the party system means they wouldn't win. Its very rare for a political party to swap candidates when the candidate still has 4 years left. In 2012, the Democrats were going to run Obama (barring any serious scandals) regardless of who tried to get the nomination. Obama was working so far, they may as well ride on the incumbency bandwagon (incumbents have a huge advantage and win %). So if a VP wanted to be president, the best method would be to wait out the current guy's 2 terms and then try to ride his success saying \"I'll give you 8 more years because I was there the whole time and wasn't it great\".", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-97224", "score": 0.6462313532829285, "text": "They have a different system where there are more than two viable parties, as a result one party rarely controls more than 50% of the seats. They form a coalition with another party that they can more or less agree with to get a big enough voting block to get laws passed.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2471964", "score": 0.6459537744522095, "text": "For what I get:\n\nThe leftist side of the party (Warren and Sanders) and center right (Biden), don't get along too well\n\nI wonder if there is any intention of forming a Third mayor Party", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1507978", "score": 0.6458848118782043, "text": "A lot of my general thinking on this topic started with [this video ( The creator makes a great point about the flaw in the voting system, but at one point he makes the point that neutral voters who change their mind from election to election determine who wins.\n\nTo begin, I do think that the voting system is flawed, but in many ways what it has led to is two very centrist parties who only really differ in ideology. While this does not make for great conversation on capitol hill, it certainly does effect what really happens when bills are written. \n\nThe best example that I can think of this happening would be with the bailouts/stimulus packages. Both republicans and democrats wanted to help their constituents, so they were both forced to compromise. Republicans may have not loved the idea of a stimulus, but they were willing to do it, because it helped them to get the bailout for banks/auto companies. While it is debatable how successful these things have been, it shows how having two relatively centrist parties willing to compromise has been good for America. \n\nEDIT: So a lot of people are bringing up the flaws in FPTP, and I do actually agree with that thought. But I still feel like it could be better than the alternatives of allowing more extreme ideologies, even like Green and Libertarians a powerful voice. I think that it could divide the country even more. Not only that, but suddenly the ideology of Republicans and Democrats would become the moderates. That is where my concern still lies, and why I still that that FPTP may still have to be the best possible systme for the United States to use. \n\nEDIT 2: Thanks you guys for the great responses! Many of your thoughtful responses essentially led to be changing my mind. I'm still skeptical of both, but I do think that the current system may be more flawed than what the system could become.\n_____\n\n&gt; *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki]( *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-43568", "score": 0.6455891132354736, "text": "The rules don't change regardless of how many people are in the race. For any candidate to win, they need the majority of Electoral Votes, which is 270. What would most likely happen is what has happened in the past: the third party candidate ends up \"splitting the vote\" of one of the two major parties, and the other party picks up the win. This year however, is a bit of an anomaly. Since so many people this year are voting against a candidate not for one, a third party candidate would likely do well enough to keep anyone from reaching 270. In the event that no one gets to 270, then the vote moves to the House, where the State Delegations vote as a block in a caucus until someone wins 26 States.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-626", "score": 0.7315036058425903, "text": "Not quite 5, but I'll give it a shot. Blood type refers to the type of cell marker that exists on the outside of your red blood cells. There are 3 types- A, B, and O. If you have A, B is considered foreign so you will have anti-B antibodies. The same can be said for A if you have B type blood. If you have O, it is neither A nor B so you make antibodies for both A and B. AB blood types have no antibodies since both types are present on their cells. Type ABs are referred to as \"universal recipients\" because they have no antibodies in their blood and can therefore receive any type of blood without fear of the body rejecting it. Type Os are the universal donors under most condition but this can vary depending on other more complicated factors since as I mentioned before they have anti-A and anti-B antibodies. These types are genetic. A and B are dominant to O, and if you get an A from one parent and a B from another, you will be AB (co-dominant)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-252770", "score": 0.6947421431541443, "text": "Blood types are determined by blood having specifique antigens. Type A got the antigen A Type B got the antigen B Type AB got both of them Type O got none. Antigens are like a barrier between countries, sometimes you need VISA to get from 1 country to another, sometimes you don't. If you come from USA and go to a country like say CANADA, you don't need VISA, same thing if a blood type O is given to a type AB. However if you don't have VISA and you try to go to a country where it is needed, the police/military will shoot you. Same happens in the human body, the new blood get rejected, toxins get released and your body is like having a war. If the quantity is small, you will experience some headaches, dizziness, sweat and muscle/joint pain. If however the quantity is significent, systems failure, permanant damage and death are to be expected.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-79080", "score": 0.694240152835846, "text": "Evolutionarily speaking, diversity within the gene pool is good. Imagine a virus developing that is fatal to everyone with blood type A. Having B and O blood types allows the human race to survive. As far as different blood types being universal, think of blood types as keys. Type B keys don't fit into Type A locks, nor vice versa. Type AB locks can accept either key. Type O is like a master key that can fit in every lock.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-50182", "score": 0.6939737796783447, "text": "Essentially those letters refer to protein markers on the surface of cells. If you're given the wrong blood type, it can cause coagulation to occur inside the bloodstream or even cause your immune system to start attacking the foreign blood cells.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-64231", "score": 0.6939018368721008, "text": "> The Rh Factor Each blood type is also grouped by its Rhesus factor, or Rh factor. Blood is either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-). About 85% of Americans have Rh+ blood. > Rhesus refers to another type of antigen, or protein, on the surface of red blood cells. The name Rhesus comes from Rhesus monkeys, in which the protein was discovered. > Certain blood types are more common in certain countries. In China, over 99% of the population has Rh+ blood. [Source](_URL_1_) [Type by percentage](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-269991", "score": 0.6932992339134216, "text": "Each cell in your body has specific proteins as identificator on their surface. These identificators unique for each human, but still very similar to each other. These similarities traced in your blood type and rhesus factor. Immune system recognise each cell by these proteins, and if cell don't have them or have the wrong ones - they will be marked for other immune mechanisms to act. Sadly, I can't even imagine easier solution then just growing new organ.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1996984", "score": 0.6931747794151306, "text": "edit: title has wrong form of your, i need to go to bed lmao :) sorry about that\ni’m 16, have had 20+ blood tests (allergies and trying to rule out other issues), and i still don’t know my blood type \ni would just ask my parents and punnet square that stuff, but i’m adopted and don’t have contact with my birth parents. \nis this kind of thing in my chart with my pediatrician? can i just call and ask?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-144375", "score": 0.6923597455024719, "text": "Because there is a bunch of other stuff in your blood besides red blood cells. In particular it's an important way many of the parts of your immune system to get around. Mismatched blood types in the A-B-O system means that the immune system of the recipient will attack the blood cells from the donor.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-273311", "score": 0.6911652684211731, "text": "Blood type and the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) alleles. HLA is expressed on all cells and is recognized by your immune system to distinguish 'self' and 'non-self' cells. HLA locus can vary between individuals and are more likely to be a match the closer related you are i.e. direct siblings, parents. general explanation: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-608657", "score": 0.6910911798477173, "text": "Hi I’m sorry, but I’m no longer a student. I just figured if there was a subreddit that could help me it would be this one! Haha\n\nI know that my Dad is O- blood type, and I know that my half-sister (we share a mom) is ALSO O- blood type. I don’t know what my mom’s blood type is. From that, can we figure out the chances of me having O- blood?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-271069", "score": 0.6906366348266602, "text": "If you have \"A\" \"B\" or \"O\" blood group you have antibodies in your blood plasma that destroy some of the other blood groups. So if you have \"A\" you can't donate to \"B\" and vice versa. However, if you have \"O\", you will produce antibodies to fight \"A\" and \"B\". If you have \"AB\" your blood will not create antibodies for any other groups. As for the positive (+) or negative (-) blood types, if you have Rh (-) blood, your body may form antibodies against Rh (+) blood and destroy it. In order for this to happen you need to be exposed to Rh (+) blood (through transfusion or carrying an Rh(+) fetus). Hope that helps!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-253556", "score": 0.6905397176742554, "text": "To put it simply, each body has a defense system that prevents foreign material from causing infection. The donor organ has to have the exact same features as your own organ, or your body will attack it. A more complex explanation: Red blood cells (RBCs) have antigens (surface markers) on them that are recognized by the immune system. If a foreign RBC enters the body with an unfamiliar antigen on it, the immune system will attack the cell. In the ABO blood group system, someone can have A, B, AB, or O antigens on their RBCs. If someone with an A blood type receives donor blood or a donor organ from someone with a B blood type, the immune system with attack and kill the new blood/organ. There are many other antigens on red blood cells but the ABO blood group system is most commonly used for organ matching.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-107906", "score": 0.6904301047325134, "text": "There are a number of other animals with specific [blood types](_URL_1_). Did you know there are 30 other human blood type systems besides the ABO and Rhesus types? [Here's a list of those systems.] (_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1718340", "score": 0.6901459097862244, "text": "Hi, I do hope it's alright to post this question here.\n\nI've recently donated blood and found out my blood type, which is **O Neg C- E- c+ e+ K- K- CMV Negative**. So I already knew that I'm O Rh neg, but I'm really curious what the other letters mean. Could somebody explain? Thank you!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-278875", "score": 0.6899731159210205, "text": "Yes! Certain blood types are more prevalent than others in certain areas due to the selection pressures there. Different diseases are more/less disastrous to individuals with different blood types. For example, in areas with frequent cases of malaria, people with blood types O and B tend to fare better because malaria-infected blood cells stick better on cells with the A-sugar. Similarly, people with blood type O and B are more susceptible to other diseases, while those with blood type A are more resistant to them. I doubt this is the only function of different blood types, but it's one of them.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-297225", "score": 0.6898839473724365, "text": "Different animals do have different kinds of blood, each species has variations in their blood cells. A particularly striking difference exists in animals with different pigments in their blood. Hemoglobin is what allows our blood cells to carry oxygen, and is also what makes blood bright red. But some other animals use different pigments, leading to blood colors like purple, blue, green, stuff like that. But it isn't really something that decides whether an animal is cold-blooded or not. Different animals just have different metabolisms. Humans are warm-blooded, we feel nice and warm and can deal with much more varied temperatures than, say, my snake. But I eat 3 times a day, while my snake eats a rat once every 2 weeks or so. It's not really something to do with the kind of blood we have, he bleeds red too, it's more just the fact that he doesn't move that much or anything and the materials of his body aren't as finicky as ours, so he doesn't need to produce that much heat to keep himself going, unlike us.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-299318", "score": 0.6896061897277832, "text": "Whilst most people only know of the A,B,O Rh+/- subtypes, there are hundreds of different 'types' in circulation. It is likely that at some point in our evolutionary history that having a particular blood type conferred an advantage to our survival. One current example is the [duffy antigen system](_URL_3_), which conveys an advantage in populations that suffer from Malaria. Remember that groups can also arise by random mutation, and that so long as the new type doesn't damage reproductive fertility/fertile ages in any way, these groups can stay in circulation. This, combined with other types that have conveyed an advantage, led to the circulation of different blood groups. Interestingly it's never really been an issue for us until the recent era of blood transfusion and transplantation, so it's not surprising that random mutations can result in viable, non-harmful blood groups. References: [1](_URL_2_) [2](_URL_0_) [3](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-171273", "score": 0.6894973516464233, "text": "Technically there is. IIRC, O blood is compatible with all types. I think it went something like this: A - Can recieve A and O type. B - Can recieve B and O type. AB - Can recieve any type. O - Can only recieve O type. Pretty sure it has something to do with whats actually in the blood cells, hence the A and B.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-112365", "score": 0.6894937753677368, "text": "Its possible, but extremely rare, for a person to have different blood type sperm/egg than their actual blood type (a chimera). The odds of both parents being chimeras would be astronomical. Either someone's typed wrong, or you're adopted.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-266591", "score": 0.6890766620635986, "text": "Oh sure, lots of cool stuff. One [study](_URL_0_) found that people with type O blood tend to attract more mosquitoes. Type O are also more susceptible to H. pylori infections (causing ulcers, [source](_URL_1_)) and individuals with sickle cell trait are not susceptible to malaria, leading to the theory that sickle cell arose via selection (i.e. it was beneficial). A lot of these things are dependent on whether or not a person is a [secretor](_URL_2_), basically whether or not they express blood antigens in other fluids (saliva, sweat, gastro juices etc). Some people are non-secretors, which complicates things a bit. edit: There's a lot more associations between disease and blood type including susceptibility to blood clots and cholera. The second source I provided has a lot more info.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2684705", "score": 0.6885520815849304, "text": "Promethease says it can't determine my blood type. It says:\n\nrs8176719(I;D) indicates you have one type-O allele \nrs8176746(C;C) and rs8176747(C;C) suggests you are not type-A. rs8176746(C;C) and rs8176747(C;C) suggests you are not type-B \nyou were not genotyped at either rs590787 nor i4001527 so it is impossible to see your Rh blood type\n\n~~~\nMy mother's type is AB-, and my sister's is A, but I'm not sure if positive or negative. I don't know my father's.\n\nOn Promethease it says I have an O allele, so maybe my father is O type? but wouldn't that be impossible with my mom being AB?\n\nI'm really confused and don't much understand blood types...", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-627", "score": 0.8386803865432739, "text": "Your graphics card has it's own RAM. Your CPU's RAM is on the motherboard. Technically you're counting the GPU, it's board, and RAM, and cooling stuff as one thing. So if you do that with the CPU too, the CPU is much bigger since its board is the motherboard." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-168760", "score": 0.7649593353271484, "text": "CPU's are small, because the supporting hardware, like power regulation and communication buses are built into that specific motherboards standard. Meaning that these things are not in the CPU dye. (The square)... They are on the motherboard. GPU's are large, because they are built to the PCI-E standard, which is a lot more generalized and only offers a small amount of power. This means that the power regulation and physical communication hardware has to be on the graphics card. You also have to consider that your CPU has a tiny memory cache built on. With your main memory; Your RAM, is on your motherboard. Your graphics card has the equivalent of your ram sticks bolted on to the board, with caches also being attached to individual chips. Realistically, your CPU is one component that is added, your graphics card actually has tons of components, you could consider it to be a demi-motherboard. Edited for clarification.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-160753", "score": 0.7597552537918091, "text": "I dont know if anything changed, but the power of the graphics card has absolutely nothing to do with that of the CPU. The CPU however can be a \"bottleneck\" in that the full power of the graphics card cant be used since the cpu is the limiting factor.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2121721", "score": 0.7486738562583923, "text": "my pc is top notch my graphics card is the geforce 2070 rtx why is it being weird?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1402852", "score": 0.7474117875099182, "text": "Will my cpu bottleneck my graphics card? Any other recommendations?\n\n", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2795067", "score": 0.7371397018432617, "text": "Cpu won't run above 50% (ryzen 3 2200G)\nWhile my gpu doesn't go above 2 gigs of ram (rx 570 4 gig) and my loading screens and general usage is longer than when I only had the cpu", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-154845", "score": 0.7365480661392212, "text": "Your graphics card controls your resolution. Make sure you have the proper drivers installed.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-140450", "score": 0.7354713082313538, "text": "Remember that the CPU doesn't sit by itself in isolation. It has a motherboard that includes memory, buses, cooling and a variety of other things. The graphics card acts as the motherboard to the GPU and provides those same services.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2093618", "score": 0.7318283319473267, "text": "Hey. I am not very tech savvy so don't attack me if i say something dumb.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI have read somewhere that in video gaming, playing in higher resolution lessens the strain on the CPU, because the GPU gets busier. So for instance, if you have a very good graphics card, but an ancient CPU, it makes more sense to game in 3840x2160p rather than 1920x1080p.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nIs that right? If so, why? Why would a higher resolution take away strain frim the CPU? I understand the graphics card gets busier, but why would that make it easier for the CPU? \n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nOf course that applies to any other potentially resources-intensive computer programs but video games are probably the best example.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1533250", "score": 0.7304551601409912, "text": "My PC specs are almost the same as Recommended System Requirements", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-917657", "score": 0.727561891078949, "text": "I have an old-ish Dell Inspiron 580 PC, and lately I've been wondering if there's enough space in it's case for the latest graphics cards. Some of them seem to be quite...massive.\n\nHere's how my desktop looks right now: ", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-361635", "score": 0.7239834070205688, "text": "My brother just upgraded his computer's graphics card from an AMD 5670 to an Nvidia GTX 660 a week ago. Everything works fine, drivers, games, etc. However, we have noticed a weird performance issue when it comes to games. We were playing Starcraft 2, he had everything maxed at 1080p and was only getting a little under 40 fps. We were playing with a friend at the same time who has a GTX 560ti who was reporting he was getting about 60 fps everything maxed. Both my brother and his friend were both running two monitors (one with starcraft 2 and the other with a web browser, media player). My first thought was that the CPU in my brother's computer was probably limiting the GPU's performance, or what I understand, bottlenecking. My brother's CPU is an i3-550. Is this the case? Thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2049938", "score": 0.7232044339179993, "text": "I got a GTX 750 Ti to upgrade my computer to be adequate for gaming. I popped it in, added the DVI to VGA adapter, and hooked it up to my TV. When I look in Ubuntu at System Settings &gt; Displays, the largest available is 1280 x 1024, not 1920 x 1080. I am getting output from the card, but it doesn't seem to be processing properly. When I load up Minecraft (the easiest way I could think to check), I have 6 FPS. It says my graphics device is Gallium 0.4 on llvmpipe. I don't know what that means. lspci shows the card, but I have no idea how to make it work. Any ideas?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2795301", "score": 0.7219390273094177, "text": "Hello! First of all, I'm not sure if I wrote in the right section. If I hadn't then... well, I'm sorry. The issue is the following. I have an Asus K series with a gt540 nvidia card + i7 2630qm(intel graphics 3000). My max resolution is 1366x768 and I was wondering if I can raise it a bit without forcind hardware or anything. My problem is that I dont understand WHY my friend who has a Dell xps15(i think?) has a huge resolution to the point that his Steam window(for example) is roughly a quarter of his screen and mine fills up almost the entire screen! His Dell has a gt525 (or so) nvidia card and an i5 processor with intel graphics 3000(like me). Can I do anything? Is updating the intel graphics card going to help? If not... is there any way in which I can resize all of my game launcher and software? I'd like a smaller steam, a smaller wow/sc/d3 launcher and a smaller lol launcher.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1403401", "score": 0.7209218144416809, "text": "wanted to know whats the difference. same graphics card\n", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1404672", "score": 0.7204583287239075, "text": "I knew I've been getting bottlenecked by my cpu for a while, but to what extent is this bottleneck onto my gpu? I already have gotten an i5 4690k a new mobo and waiting on my new case, so I can't build it yet", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2761357", "score": 0.7189307808876038, "text": "Below is a picture. How do I make sure it is using the NVIDA which I'm assuming is the better card?\n\n\n\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2135124", "score": 0.7177854180335999, "text": "While playing The Witcher 3 I noticed that my GPU usage was at 95-100%, but my CPU was around 40%. I play at 2560x1440 and I use Vsync, but even with Vsync off the percentages stayed about the same. Maybe 2 or 3 percent difference. Also, my CPU is overclocked to 4.6ghz and my GPU is at the factory overclock.\n\nMy specs are in my flair.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1767972", "score": 0.7174966931343079, "text": "This is my build:\n\n\n\nRunning a stock cooler on my CPU and I've been running it for a few years, and it's outlasted 2 motherboards. I'm just wondering if maybe my new GPU might be getting held back by it. My 460 is punching /way/ above it's weight and I've been pulling 1080@60fps in most games, like a heavily modded Skyrim, Overwatch, and Guild Wars 2, but on a game like Path of Exile, I usually get pretty laggy, (30fps) even on low settings. I haven't been able to find many other builds running an A10-5800k on a new-ish graphics card so I was just looking for help from you guys/gals.\n\nEDIT: Syntax", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-31815", "score": 0.7165990471839905, "text": "When you get to more and more advanced circuitry, the distance of said circuits from each other start to matter substantially. A physically larger chip can actually slow down the intra CPU communication. If you're talking about the size of the actual card -- a lot of that is for the card's onboard memory and heatsink/cooling.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1531861", "score": 0.7153825759887695, "text": "I just bought a new rx 580 and for example Battlefield V isnt running as it should. \nSome games do run like they should and that lets me think of a cpu bottleneck (i7 4770k @3.9ght) but the cpu should be fine.\nThe performance graph of Battlefield V wich looks really weird Here\n\nIm literally pulling my hair out cause i cant find the reason behind this.\n\nNothing is getting thermal throtteld, but the cpu is getting really hot. i also have microstutters", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-628", "score": 0.6135790944099426, "text": "They have lower levels (originally servants quarters) besides the main entrance, they usually go below street level. Every place is different, but I would assume that the underground pipping as well as water level do not allow for basements of considerable depth, which is why he main level is above street level. These lower levels have their own exterior door and are rented out." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-196706", "score": 0.5828385949134827, "text": "Generally for these things, it depends on local geography, the wealth of the owner, land prices etc. These would nearly always be an irregular shape.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-21763", "score": 0.5828065872192383, "text": "Houses are finite, more people > more demand > less available houses > higher prices. the \"Value\" of a house doesn't increase, just the amount of houses available, so by definition of how a market works, less product means it'll become more expensive. That and a lot more complicated tax and currency related mumbo jumbo, But the market perspective i gave is what generally increases housing prices and thus worth.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-189447", "score": 0.5827571153640747, "text": "Most urban cores with skyscrapers are centrally located and/or have transportation that funnel people toward them from all directions of the metro area, which gives companies the widest area from which to recruit. The younger workers who live downtown can easily commute by bike/transit/ride share, while the older suburban workers can commute by car or transit (like commuter rail). And because there will be highways and train lines coming from all directions, the whole metro area is accessible. A company out in a suburban area might only be able to recruit talent from a portion of the area, because of the time/effort to commute there and the difficulty of commuting via transit can prevent urban young workers from considering it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-201781", "score": 0.5827246308326721, "text": "In NYC, 1% of commercial real estate budgets above some threshold must be allocated for the commission of art projects. I know nothing of the rest of the world but this is how it works here......_URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-709693", "score": 0.5826826095581055, "text": "Shamelessly stolen from /r/Philadelphia! I live in the Upper Fan. Near MD, I like how nice the neighborhood is and the amount of stuff there is to do (especially compared to my old apartment on Chamberlyne)but i dislike how high the rent is for homes that are in varying stages of broken and the NIMBYS.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2630127", "score": 0.5826612114906311, "text": "I've seen permanent raised beds at a couple of botanic gardens and very much like the idea of building something raised up a couple of feet out of more permanent materials. Has anyone come across good guidance I can look into?\n\nEdit: I should clarify no wheelchair involved. I just like the idea of the beds built in that pattern for folks not needing to lean over etc. I have angry knees.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1378682", "score": 0.582631528377533, "text": "Hello all.\n\nI just have a hypothetical question about property lines and repercussions. I moved into my house in PA about 2 years ago. Once thing I noticed was our neighbor and us had very similar\nlandscaping done in the front of our houses. Landscaping started at the sidewalk with some big retaining walls (same looking bricks, but different colors) and goes the whole way up our very sloped front yards to the front of our houses. From the retaining walls, we each have rows of some decorative bricks and plants/flowers. As I mentioned, the yards slope up, so they dont really have much use besides planting. When I was moving in, admist all the chaos, I never got my land surveyed. Fast forward 2 years later and we got new neighbors. These neighbors just did a survey of their property and I noticed that one of the stakes is actually 1-2 feet over into what I thought was \"our\" landscaping (which isn't really a big deal to me they can have it), but when I follow that down to the sidewalk, I noticed that it actually cuts into 1/4 of the retaining wall at the bottom of the hill.\n\n\nI'm sure our neighbors are probably nice, and I'd be more than willing to try and figure something out if need be (and for all I know nothing will ever come of it), but lets say the new owners decide this is a problem. What exactly would this entail worst case? Would I have to pay the cost to redo the retaining wall and move it over? This seems like a big undertaking as it looks like it is anchored into the ground at the bottom and the bricks appear to be connected together somehow so I'd probably end up having to destroy it and recreate it. Also, considering the high slope, I'm not sure of the effect this will have on the yards themselves. Also and less important I assume I'd have to just remove whatever landscaping going up from the retaining wall (which I could easily do myself)?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-710485", "score": 0.5826305747032166, "text": "I partially feel the communities in upper Staten Island would object to any subway expansion. I've seen a few discussions on what SIR expansions would work. Instead of new subway lines, would light rail be a better option? It seems that outside of northern Staten Island, the rest of the borough around CUNY College of Staten Island is pretty suburban, not exactly ideal for subway expansion. I suppose light-rail or bus-rapid transit might do the trick. \n\nWhat do you think?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-113462", "score": 0.582619845867157, "text": "The buildings and people aren't making the earth heavier, since we are made of materials that are already on earth. We're just moving them around, that's all. Also, all the people and buildings are a tiny fraction of earth's mass.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-84748", "score": 0.5825790166854858, "text": "They are in fact different, mostly in layout. A road is one that runs between two points. A street is within a town, lined with homes, shops, and such. A drive or driveway leads up to a private house. An avenue is usually lined with trees and homes and shops on either side. A way is a smaller street off a road. A court is a short street that leads up to a complex or compound. A boulevard is mainly a scenic avenue, lined with trees, flowers, bushes and greenery. *Edit: A crescent is self-explanatory.*", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1656843", "score": 0.5825617909431458, "text": "One weird thing that has struck me as I go into my 40s is the “take the money and run” attitude that everyone assumes I have because they feel the same way.\n\nFor example a majority of my neighborhood wants to make a lot of money in NYC in order to take it to their country. Now For me, buying real estate in my native land is hard to navigate legally cuz I was born here. The same is true of Mexico and the Dominican Republic but that doesn’t seem to be a barrier for people, despite the long process for restoration of citizenship. \n\nMost ethnic minorities seem to be really down on making NyC their home. Most other Asians, Africans, Europeans and Latinos my age dislike “American culture” and see it as a leading cause of gang violence, they blame it for their kids taking opioids or getting arrested. People check me for tattoos when I say I was born here or they declare me gay.\n\nWhen I tell them that Aaron Copland’s music is just as American as Lil Wayne they get tight and call me gay.\n\nYou can live here forever and be born here but nyc will still not be considered your home. Smh. And it’s nothing that the city government did and everything that the freaks around you did. I can say brick, deadass and the N word 1000 times but the nyc culture is changing so fast that these aren’t even relevant.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-147017", "score": 0.5825598239898682, "text": "I'm not a civil engineer but I think it has to do with the amount and type of traffic the road is under. A residential street will only have to endure slow infrequent traffic but a major interstate has cars on it 24/7 including everything from motorcycles to your neighbors new double wide house. unlike concrete, I think asphalt over time will develop expansion cracks and rutting because it's softer. edit: words", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-136816", "score": 0.5824477672576904, "text": "Because you can't pick up and move a house (easily). Undesirable surroundings will make a house lose value because you are stuck with it, but a TV bought in a crummy area works just as well when you get back home.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-74784", "score": 0.5824435949325562, "text": "[Source](_URL_0_) A lot of concrete and steel, strategically placed and buried. Special concrete mixes and laying techniques that result in a concrete foundation that cures evenly (no cracking or variations in strength) and is denser, allowing it to hold more weight before buckling. Concrete was used all the way up to the 156th floor, giving the structure greater strength.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1132665", "score": 0.5823360681533813, "text": "Why can we still not build on some spots of the roofs? Will this be changed or be like this forever?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-133867", "score": 0.5823200941085815, "text": "Usually kids throw them up for fun, but symbolically it tends to represent that you're in a neighborhood you can't escape. In more affluent places this doesn't happen, and if it does then city workers tend to remove them quickly. If you're in a place and see a lot of shoes hanging from telephone wires... probably not the best place to be.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-289552", "score": 0.5823081731796265, "text": "Someone asked something similar about sinking an island. It has to do with isostasy (_URL_0_). Really heavy things causing the crust of the earth to bend over millions of years. Things to note, it would take a very long time to occur, and mountains weigh more than cities so I doubt we would see any meaningful effects in our life times, or even in the life time of cities.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-210011", "score": 0.5822392106056213, "text": "\"Acropolis\" simply means \"upper city\", and it refers to a (usually fortified) area of higher ground in/above a city. The Acropolis of Athens is the original name for the citadel above the city of Athens, but not all acropolises are named Acropolis of _____. For example, the acropolis above Corinth is usually referred to as Acrocorinth (Upper Corinth). Others simply go by their own names: the acropolis of Argos is simply called Larisa, and Thebes' was Cadmea. So \"acropolis\" is just a generic word for a defensible piece of land above a city, and a city could have a specific name for theirs, or simply call it \"[City's] Acropolis\"/\"Acropolis of [City].", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-655833", "score": 0.5822323560714722, "text": "I go less and less into the Queen City because parking is a pain in the ass. Yesterday I go in and see a bunch of huge planters everywhere. They appear to even make riding bikes more difficult. Whats the logic behind them?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-143797", "score": 0.5821712017059326, "text": "Because the heat coming off of the asphalt creates an air density differential, and when light comes through that density gradient it changes direction slightly, causing things to appear to be where they shouldn't. This usually makes things slightly above the horizon (sky) appear to be below the horizon (on the road).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-629", "score": 0.8123692870140076, "text": "It's for much the same reason that private schools are very expensive: teachers' salaries are only a small portion of the costs of operating the business. Add to this these costs: * Supplies * Rent for the facilities * Administrative costs (licensed daycares have to cope with mountains of paperwork to comply with state and local laws) * Taxes * FICA/Medicare for employees * Training for the teachers * Liability insurance * Legal counsel * Employee benefits (if provided) * etc." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2199179", "score": 0.7203327417373657, "text": "Is that a high wage? Do they deserve it?\n\nI dont think it crazy. If we don’t pay teachers well we will end up with a load of shit teachers and dumb kids.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-3336", "score": 0.7000247836112976, "text": "For the most part, teachers are 'public servants'. They work for the local governmental department of education....rather than working for a business. A business usually gets money by selling a product or a service. If they sell a lot (or sell for a lot) then they might have lots of money to pay their employees a higher amount. But a government department gets it's money from the government's budget....and most governments are always looking for ways to cut costs and/or divert money here or there. Unfortunately, many of them don't put a very high priority on education, and thus the school boards don't have a lot of money to pay their teachers with. That being said, from what I can tell, in most places teachers are paid an average or above average salary. Especially once they have a few years experience. The problem, in most cases, is that teaching can be a very demanding and difficult job that might demand a higher salary, if it were in the private sector.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-94532", "score": 0.6974669694900513, "text": "Because your taxes aren't enough, and user-fees are a way to limit the costs for those that don't use the service and put the majority of the burden on those that do. When it's a school or something the idea is usually that even poor people should have schooling for their kids so user-fees are a bad idea, especially considering there's a cost for schooling kids in terms of supplies and the like, so more fees on top of that is just unacceptable. National Parks? Visiting one is a luxury no matter how you slice it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-52297", "score": 0.6959227323532104, "text": "You don't get paid more just because you ought to be. You're paid more because there is more demand for your service. There are a lot of teachers, and people are fine hiring teachers who don't expect a lot of money, and so that's what they get paid. Students have a lot of debt because colleges are expensive, for a similar reason. If EVERYONE wants in, they can jack up the price, since they'll still fill all their classes but they'll make more money. This is even more likely when loans are so easy for students to get that they can easily sign on to 60-100k in debt. Prices for most things aren't fixed by command, they're a result of the marketplace at work. What \"should\" happen isn't really relevant in ELI5 though, as that's entirely a matter of opinion.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1232149", "score": 0.6916999816894531, "text": "Lately I’ve been seeing a lot of pro-teacher rhetoric, so I thought I’d give my opinion. First and foremost, I would like to say that teaching is not an easy profession, and I understand that. Also, I am most familiar with the educational system in my state, so some of my claims may not be accurate to all teachers.\n\n1 - The average teacher is well-paid. \n\nSchool is generally in session for about 6 hours, 180 days a year. I understand that most teachers work longer than that, so I’ll round up to 7.5 hours. Assuming an average salary of $60,000, that works out to $44/hr. For someone working 40 hour weeks, 50 weeks a year, this amounts to a salary of nearly $89,000, which, alone, would have been between the 50th and 75th percentile for household income in 2017. \n\n2 - Teachers Unions Are Too Strong\n\nThis will definitely vary on a state-by-state basis, but, in my state, the teachers union is incredibly strong. This brings a host of problems, including diminished performance standards and pay inequalities.\n\na - Diminished Performance Standards\n\nAny time politicians try to set standards for educational quality, there is immense backlash from teachers. This makes it nearly impossible to evaluate a teacher’s job performance, which is a norm in every other profession in the workforce. Some teachers are fantastic; they are passionate about their jobs and truly care about the well-being of their students. However, we cannot ignore the fact that many teachers are either complacent and do not want to get better at their job, or downright incompetent and cannot get better at their job. With the job security afforded by the union, it is nearly impossible for these teachers to be fired for reasons outside of sexual abuse or budgetary restrictions. This not only diminishes the quality of education for hundreds of children, many of whom have no choice but to sit at their desk and deal with it, but prevents someone more qualified from getting the job. \n\nb - Pay Inequalities\n\nIn accordance with union contracts, teachers are paid on the basis of experience, rather than by job title or job performance. In my district, most of the gym teachers earn more than math, history, or language teachers. In no other profession can an employee stand around with a whistle and a clipboard in hand for six hours a day and earn six figures.\n\nThere are many problems with the educational system; however, teacher pay is not one of them.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1129690", "score": 0.688835084438324, "text": "Is anyone else with young children noticing that their daycare prices have spiked in January 2018. I know the increase in minimum wage was driving this, but I thought the liberals had $12.7 million set aside to help parents with this cost. \n\nDoes anyone have any clue if some child care providers are just taking this subsidy and hiking rates at the same time. If that is the case, I think the liberal government showed a huge lack of accountability in providing that subsidy that doesn't really help families at all.\n\nHere is the article for reference. \n\n\n\n\"In a letter to municipalities last week, education ministry officials confirmed $12.7 million in new funding will be available to help licensed child-care centres and home child-care agencies cover added costs related to the Fair Workplaces, Better Jobs Act.\n\nIt means daycares won’t have to pass on those costs to parents and risk further destabilizing cash-strapped programs.\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-158432", "score": 0.6840120553970337, "text": "[Here](_URL_0_) is the BCTF's open letter that explains quite a bit of it. The teachers want more specialists for one-on-one support of student, smaller class sizes, more time to prepare lessons to fit more learning styles, and a reasonable wage commiserate to their experience and skill - the wages are apparently not increasing in line with the rest of public sector jobs. The government hasn't given these things to them, so the union is striking to bring them back to the negotiating table. There isn't really an unbiased answer to your second question, because it all depends on perspective. Teachers work hard, but the government has limited resources.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-112542", "score": 0.6832773685455322, "text": "it's all about incentives. private schools have an incentive to perform well because if they don't they lose customers. public schools that under-perform get more money because the government assumes that the problem is funding. and tenure means a teacher who doesn't teach can't be fired.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2503176", "score": 0.680539071559906, "text": "I'm pursuing my teaching credential down in San Diego. I'm two semesters in, and all I hear is about how terrible the money is. At my student teaching site, however, I see some expensive cars in the teacher's parking spots. Most of the teachers seem to be dressed in relatively expensive clothes, too.\n\nYou don't have to be super-specific, but I'd love some feedback as to how poor/not poor you are being paid for what you do as a teacher.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2591269", "score": 0.6793563365936279, "text": "Im just curious if others have seen this happen before. I live in an area where there is far higher demand for childcare than there are spaces, so daycares of all shapes and sizes are always full and parents are desperate. \n\nI know wait lists are a standard when there are no spaces, but what about other methods of allocating a resource? (options such as random lottery, auction, testing out etc. ) why did wait listing and giving false hope to huge groups of people who will likely never see a spot become the accepted norm?\n\nThe thought comes to mind after a parent recently offered to pay me above my daily rate to make sure his child got the spot I had available over the other families I said I was considering. And I have to be honest, I ask myself.... why not? It is the law of supply and demand after all. Why should I be accepting less pay from someone else when this family is willing to give me more? When I told another family that someone was offering to pay me more they too offered to up their pay. \n\nNow I'm wondering, do I let them duke it out? and why aren't there more private providers allows the forces for supply and demand set their prices for them. Is it a moral issue or are we just selling ourselves short ?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2661334", "score": 0.6769431829452515, "text": "Teachers literally mold the minds of our children and are given the extremely difficult task of having to give future generations a educational foundation on which to grow. Yet they're often disrespected by students, questioned by parents when a child fails to apply themselves, and they are drastically underpaid in direct proportion to the greatness of their impact on the lives of the children they teach. It would be an exhausting job alone to just babysit the kids for as long and often as they have to but having to make sure they're able to teach and explain concepts to these children in a sufficient way is a task I just couldn't imagine. I don't even want kids so I find it difficult to imagine the level of care a person has to have to want to get paid scraps to teach a small army of children for a living. Appreciate your teachers everybody, because I know and you know how significant a difference a great teacher could make in your life.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-181253", "score": 0.6757473945617676, "text": "The short answer (in the US) is that there is no shortage of teachers. Labor is a commodity like anything else, and it gets cheaper in capitalist countries with large supply. There are other contributing factors as well, like reduce education budgets, increasingly expensive school supplies, and the breakdown of unions, as well as more tinfoil-hat theories, like that voters that can't think critically will let those in power stay there, but the simple answer is abundant supply.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-145596", "score": 0.6751566529273987, "text": "Because everyone involved in the education- teachers, textbook writers, principals, people who make the curriculum- are all very educated. Educated people cost money to pay; and so that cost is passed on to the student. But its worth noting that education is much more expensive in the USA (I'm guessing you're American) than it is in most other first world countries; and theres a whole lot of reasons for that.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-80617", "score": 0.673782467842102, "text": "There are several factors, but a lot of it boils down to money. A school in a poor community might not get the same funding as a school in a rich community, as property taxes will be lower. This has far reaching consequences, as underfunded staff and underfed students will not perform at a higher level. A school in a bad part of town will have more trouble recruiting the best teachers. Nicer schools are more likely to get the best teachers applying to work there, and may be able to offer them better benefits or a nicer working environment. A school with a bad reputation will drive away the best students. Parents ate picky when moving to an area, and will buy a house in a better district if possible. Parental involvement is a possibility, though the differences between a parent population that works constantly and a parent population that is absent/apathetic is trivial. Both types of parenting will show up at any school.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-685583", "score": 0.6737762093544006, "text": "I don’t get why the competitive averages for education are so high. Why do many of you want to become teachers when their salaries are so low?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-132112", "score": 0.6735116839408875, "text": "It's more of a budget problem. The government chooses to spend money on projects which give visible results, like build a park or something. With this method they can win the popularity of most people. With teachers the results are much harder to quantify, and they choose to just disregard it", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2324553", "score": 0.6733447313308716, "text": "So, my very first comment on Reddit, not really understanding Karma, turned my Karma to a negative 99 instantly. It was a comment on teacher pay, and the Red for Ed movement.\n\nI will start by saying that I've been teaching for well over a decade, and have been working in school districts as at least an Instructional Aide since 1996. I've seen the profession's many twists and turns, and understand that teachers truly are making a sacrifice every day for their students.\n\nI watched the Key and Peele \"Teacher Center\" video that puts professional sports and the education profession end on end. I truly get that teachers, on paper, get a bum deal in terms of salary. However, if you truly do the Math, teachers get a fair wage.\n\nA typical job is year long, 50 weeks of work and 2 weeks (ideally) of paid vacation. This is at 8 hours of work daily, 40 weekly is the expectation.\n\nA teaching position is 42 weeks (calculated from August 6th 2020 to May 28th 2021) with two weeks of sick pay/general leave, also ideally. So let's say that teachers work 80% of the amount, just based on raw statistics.\n\nSome teachers will argue that there are other components of the job that add to that time, like grading, parent teacher conferences, etc. This is true, but there are also time perks like the fact that the school day is 6.5 hours instead of 8. That's 24 hours a month LESS. Let's say that this 24 hours of extra time is what is spent grading. If you say it's more than that, then I guess take into account that this 6.5 hour school day also gives you a (understandably short) lunch time, and a prep period. That being said, let's say all of that is a wash.\n\nWe're back to our teachers working 80% of a typical work year. No holidays. No weekends. No summers. So if other jobs pay $50,000 for the year, teacher's getting paid $40,000 is that equivalent. Whatever your salary is now as a teacher, multiply if by 1.25 to get your actual salary (if you were to work all year long). \"Oh all of us teachers have to work over the summer!\". Okay, cool, add that to your salary and that's your actual salary for the year. That red for Ed 20% they've been asking for, they already received.\n\nSeriously, if you work out the numbers, and how much work you do (be honest), you're getting paid a fair wage. It's one of those unique positions like a school bus driver, where the expected time you spend working is split weirdly (6am-9am, then 1pm-3m... you only get 5 hours, you don't get paid the whole time).\n\nPlease, somebody, Change My View.\n\nEdit: It seems that I don't value myself enough. My expertise has value. When I tutor I charge $25 to $30 hourly, and families treat that as if it's a steal. I figured if I count all the times I grade papers while the wife drives us around to the kids' activities, that it would be 50 hours a week. Multiply that by $40 bucks an hour (what people seem to agree that I should be getting with multiple Master's' and decades of experience) and I should be getting 2000 weekly instead of the 1430 I seem to be pulling. I still feel, however, that whatever job I get over the summer I should add that number to my salary to say what I truly make as a teacher/summerworker for an entire year of work. Thank you all for the comments, argumentation, and support!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1643797", "score": 0.6730071902275085, "text": "I have been working at a daycare for about a year and a half now. I'm the lead preschool teacher. I have my own classroom with 7 kids (the ratio is 1 teacher to 7 kids). Recently about half of my class has moved on to Pre K programs and kindergarten so we are short a couple kids in my classroom. To make up for this, the bosses decided to move 2 toddlers up to my classroom. So I now have 5 preschoolers and 2 toddlers. The toddlers are 2 years 7 months and 2 years 9 months. \n\nThe NYS daycare regulations state that you cannot mix age groups, except for at the beginning and end of day and if you do, you must follow the ratio for toddlers (1 teacher to 5 kids). 18 months-36 months are \"toddlers\". So I have 7 kids but should only have 5 with the toddlers in my group, which means I am technically out of ratio and have been all week.\n\n I don't know how long this is going to continue and it's making me uncomfortable to be put in a position that I know could get me in trouble if the state decided to show up and have a visit. I don't know if I should anonymously report it or just let it go and hope the state doesn't show up and if they do then pray that I don't get blamed for this and lose my job.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-50211", "score": 0.6716427206993103, "text": "Quality teachers are rare, considering the terrible pay. When you get good ones you need to lock them down. Sometimes even mediocre ones will do considering the things teachers have to put up with.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2199118", "score": 0.6711965799331665, "text": "In one of the richest regions of our country, with top schools and test scores being generated, we still pay our teachers like chumps. How do we expect to better the world if we don't pay into education. Teachers are getting fed up and the kindness of their hearts is wearing thin. The county will replace them with cheaper, less experienced teachers if the money keeps dwindling. Is that really what we want for our future? Even if you don't have children, can't you pay a bit a tax to make sure your nursing home attendant in the future isn't a test taking drone of our current system? Forgive the rant, underpaid, hardworking teacher here... just tired of it.\n\n*edit\nforgive my usage of \"like chumps\" I agree, the salaries are strong in this area and that was meant to be a general assessment of all teacher salaries, I could have used clearer language there but it doesn't negate the hours worked and demands on the teachers in this area are immense. The raise they are getting this year is a cost of living that they have not been receiving and they may increase salary but they cut benefits so not everyone sees the true numbers.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-631", "score": 0.7822548151016235, "text": "Gravity is a force, while weight is the effect of gravity on a given mass. You cannot convert gravity in to weight. It's like asking me to tell you the speed of your car using only the measurement of how much gas you have in the tank." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-288049", "score": 0.7418882846832275, "text": "Slight clarification in terms: weight refers to the ~~downward force from gravity~~ reactionary force against gravity\\*. Since the astronauts are in free-fall, they don't have a weight as such. They have mass, which is a cause of weight in a gravitational field, but not the same concept. Now that that is out of the way, there are two methods. I believe the one they use is a fairly simple spring. The period of a spring depends on the mass of the system attached to it, so you have the astronauts hold onto a spring, and by measuring the period you can get their mass. Alternatively (and a similar principle) you can apply a known force and measure the resultant acceleration (since F=ma). I don't believe this is usually done (measuring the acceleration and creating a constant known force is not necessarily trivial), but it would also work. \\*Edit: see Olog's point and my response below, weight is an imprecise term is my end point", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-103006", "score": 0.74037766456604, "text": "Because we generally live on the Earth's surface, where the strength of the gravitational field is generally constant. Technically, weight is a measure of force, not mass, and is equal in magnitude to the mass times the strength of the gravitational field (or mg).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-275316", "score": 0.7356386780738831, "text": "It has been known since the time of Newton that gravity takes the form of G\\*m1\\*m2/r^(2) (or at least close enough to that for our purposes here). We can measure the mass of an object directly and we can measure the radius of Earth through various methods. By then measuring the weight of an object we can solve for G\\*m_earth, which is the \"gravitational parameter\" for Earth. This is known to greater accuracy than the mass of Earth. To go from that we need a way to isolate G from that equation. The classic experiment that did this was the Cavendish experiment, which measured the gravitational attraction between metal balls. In this experiment all of the variables in Newton's equation for gravity are known except G, so by knowing both masses, the distance, and the force we can measure G. From there we just divide that G out from Earth's gravitational parameter to arrive at a mass of about 6\\*10^24 kg.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-182430", "score": 0.7337970733642578, "text": "Weight is based on gravity. So its how strong the rock you'reon pulls you down. So your weight would change based on if you were on the moon or earth. Mass is how much matter or stuff makes an object. So its usually measured by putting an object in other matter and using the difference to find mass. So if you have a graduated cylinder you can fill it to water and drop a dice or penny or anything in it. And watching the water go up.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2060347", "score": 0.7322754859924316, "text": "I asked this to my professor and he gave a useless answer. I want to know how would we know the mass of something if the gravity was negligible?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-305897", "score": 0.7297497391700745, "text": "Mass is not the same as weight! Weight is a measure of force, while mass is mass. If you take the weight given by the scale and solve for M in the equation for gravity you will indeed get the mass of the earth. In order to \"weigh\" the earth, you need a reference object. For us, the earth is our reference object when we weigh ourselves on a scale.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-74801", "score": 0.727773904800415, "text": "Mass is independent of gravity. Weight depends on gravity, but we usually don't \"measure\" that. Well, your typical kitchen scale does measure weight, but is calibrated for Earth's mean gravity; Earth's gravity is not the same on every point of the planet.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-185748", "score": 0.7265065312385559, "text": "You can’t really tell the “weight” of the earth. Remember, weight is dependent on the gravity of the environment as well as it’s mass (weight=mass*acceleration of gravity, where the acceleration of gravity is different for each planet) so since the earth is sitting in space, it doesn’t technically weigh anything. You can calculate it’s mass though. Mass is like an intrinsic property, it’s the same in every environment. By the laws of gravity, Kepler’s laws mainly, we learned that gravity has a special relationship with mass. SO by looking and calculating the orbit of the Earth around the sun and with other planets we can “plug” that orbit in to an equation and derive the mass. I’m a PhD student in Astrophysics and I actually did an independent study last term in orbital mechanics. :)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-20182", "score": 0.725470781326294, "text": "They can't. Specifically, the SI unit of weight is the [Newton](_URL_0_). The confusion arises because laymen don't have a good sense of mass; high mass means something resists its acceleration (i.e. F=ma, as m increases, it takes more force to accelerate an object). Weight is a _force_ that occurs on a mass in a gravitational field, and just so happens to depend linearly on the mass of an object (F = GMm/r^2 ). In fact, when the mass of the earth is constant and the distance is mostly constant (i.e. on the surface), the difference in weight of two objects is _entirely_ due to differences in mass, which is, in my opinion, why people get confused.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-128556", "score": 0.7254006862640381, "text": "Mass is how much of a thing there is. Weight is how hard that thing is pulled towards a large gravitational mass. Mass is an inherent quality/information of an object, and remains unchanged regardless of what else it is near. It does play into the inertia. Weight is the force exerted through gravity. Force = Mass x Acceleration. On earth the acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.81 m/s^2 Your weight would be different on the moon, your mass would not.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-834770", "score": 0.7232800722122192, "text": "Does it weigh anything? How can somebody weigh the earth? Can it even have a weight? What gravity would you measure the weight relative to?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-50537", "score": 0.7230797410011292, "text": "Newtons are the unit of force, and weight due to gravity happens to be one. Since we’ve all got about the same gravity acting on us, they’re the same in everyday use, or just as useful. But, when we want to know what something weighs, technically mass is what we really wanna know, and if then distinction happens to matter in the future, it avoids ambiguity.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-295487", "score": 0.7225294709205627, "text": "Weight is derived from the mass and gravitational field, not the other way round. Under zero gravity, objects still have mass but no weight. In your calculation, you're going to get mass=0/0 which is indeterminate anyway.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-118719", "score": 0.7171624898910522, "text": "Specific gravity is a measure of density (mass per unit volume). IF you divide mass by (mass/volume) you get volume. You need to also convert units if you're not in a metric country.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-277644", "score": 0.7171086072921753, "text": "We know that the acceleration due to gravity is equal to a constant (G) times the mass of the object (M) divided by the square of the distance to the object. We can measure the acceleration due to gravity either on the Earth's surface (9.8 m/s^2 ) or by looking at the moon (one rotation in ~29 days). This allows us to measure GM. Henry Cavendish in 1798 did an experiment using two giant lead spheres of known to create a small gravitational field and measure the constant G, which could then be used to calculate the weight of the Earth.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-252908", "score": 0.7167753577232361, "text": "The buoyancy force is equal to the displaced fluid weight. So therefore, * F = mg - dVg = mg(1 - dV/m) where m is your mass, g is the local gravitational acceleration, d is the fluid density, and V the volume of displaced fluid. The weight ratio for you on either the Moon or the Earth is then, * R = (1 - dV/m) This ratio doesn't depend on the surface gravity. So if you're 1/6 your weight in water on Earth, you are also 1/6th your (Moon) weight in water on the Moon.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-257409", "score": 0.7166959047317505, "text": "In everyday experience mass and weight are directly proportional, because the acceleration due to gravity is nearly constant on Earth. Spring scales and most electronic scales measure weight, whereas balance scales measure mass. Technically the kilogram is a unit of mass while the kilogram-force is a unit of weight or any other force, but on Earth they're numerically identical and so get conflated in casual use and both called kilograms. Same for pounds and pounds-force. If you're using a very precise spring or electronic scale and you want to measure mass, it needs to be calibrated it to the local gravity, which is done with a test object of known mass.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-80691", "score": 0.7150970697402954, "text": "/r/HomeworkHelp Anyway, force is mass*acceleration. Now lb was not specified as mass or weight. But this is another topic for another day. Also the 75 is not an acceleration but a speed (velocity). But you could find kinetic energy.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-250155", "score": 0.714985191822052, "text": "We might do it colloquially but we don't do it in science. In the SI system of units mass is measured in kg (kilograms) and weight, being a force due to gravity, is measured in N (newtons).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-238053", "score": 0.713655412197113, "text": "Neither. To calculate the weigh of a body on earth, we have to consider two forces: Gravitational force and the buoyant force. F_graity=m_body*g F_buoyant=m_fluid*g That means, the buoyant force is equal to the weigh of the displaced fluid. Thus; the net force is proportional to the Volume to Mass ratio of a body. If you breath out, you emit mass, but your volume decreases. Which means both forces decrease at the same rate. Thus the weigh should not change.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-633", "score": 0.748670756816864, "text": "There is a saying that a verbal contract isn't worth the paper its printed on. But beyond that humorous quote, there is a better reason. An elected official can simply say that the situation or information changed in the time between the campaign and the vote, which is a great defense, because that's how we want our representatives to act." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-150029", "score": 0.7073789834976196, "text": "A politician is allowed to make any promises during his campaign. It is up to the people to decide if he/she can actually fulfill them. Sometimes it is not even possible because of other parties forming a coalition. I have seen a situation were a party won the elections by a good amount but the others decided to form one and sort of blocking them out.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-76612", "score": 0.6862615346908569, "text": "Because A: individual elected officials can rarely affect such change all by themselves. Even if they do everything in their power they're still dependent on other legislators and the rest of the instruments of government to also want to do it. Politics is about compromise; you may have to forget about a promise in order to get something more important done. And B: once you're elected, there really isn't much incentive to follow through on promises. It's not like you'll be recalled if you don't do everything you said you would. Politicians get a bad rap; it's not that they're bad or dishonest people, it's that the way elections work incentivizes making promises more than fulfilling them.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-61448", "score": 0.6752310991287231, "text": "Slander, in most of the US, is a civil tort, and not a crime. In order to enforce it, you have to sue them, and that generally doesn't work out well for anyone in a political campaign. But beyond that, it's important to note that there is a different standard for slander and libel for people in the public eye. You have to show actual malice, and not just stating something erroneously to be able to prevail in court.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-77553", "score": 0.6679131984710693, "text": "Well the simple and to the point answer is that lying is not illegal, and the type of campaign promises politicians make are not under oath, so there is no consequence to them not following though (or doing the exact opposite).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-64819", "score": 0.6599316596984863, "text": "Sadly, campaign promises are not enforceable. It's all too common for a politician to say one thing during the election then either ignore it or handwave it off later on when they don't follow through. Interestingly, this is illustrative of the real difference between a [\"real\" democracy](_URL_1_) where we'd vote on each topic, and a [representative republic](_URL_0_) where we elect folks to \"do what is best\" for us. Edit: The above is left intact, with nothing changed. Though I usually refrain from editing hours after the fact, especially on a popular or controversial post, I am adding this here. Many clearly felt I oversimplified things or was blaming one politician. I've responded throughout the thread to clarify somewhat. I am heading to bed, however, so I probably won't get back here until tomorrow evening sometime. Who knew a simple ELI5 reply would get so huge? :D", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-29319", "score": 0.6592102646827698, "text": "Corporations have been persons, with the ability to sign and execute contracts, for over 100 years. Those wishing to do away with corporate personhood offer no realistic method for handling contract law. Instead, what we need is a resolution that they are persons, but not *citizens*, and are therefore ineligible to have an opinion or a 'free speech' right to influence elections. This, I'm told, could be handled through campaign finance reform, rather than a constitutional amendment. They would then be akin to non voting poor before the equal rights amendment.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-109058", "score": 0.6533631682395935, "text": "If I run a company and the government wants to do something stupid, I can pay people to tell politicians why they're wrong and how they should vote. This is great because politicians have no clue what they're doing. In an ideal world, a politician will get both sides of the argument and make a reasonable decision. This sometime's doesn't work because politicians don't always hear both sides.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-61789", "score": 0.6522310972213745, "text": "No. You need to be able to prove you were blackmailed or forced, though. Plenty of people want out of contracts so courts won't accept any flimsy excuses.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-37745", "score": 0.6516236662864685, "text": "It is also seen that a marriage vow is an extremely important promise, and that ones spouse is the most important and closest person in their life. If they are willing to break that promise and betray their closest friend and ally, what are the chances of keeping their campaign promises and fulfilling the duty of their position? What puzzles me is why the rest of the world apparently doesn't really care about such things.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2397368", "score": 0.6513451337814331, "text": "I did a contract for and event for my government(ministry) I FROM Trinidad and Tobago and they didn't paid me. They gave me the run around for five months now they saying no one send in my contract (i saw want the lawyer gave them the contact) .\nMostly venting but what can I do.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-82318", "score": 0.6512909531593323, "text": "Basically, the legality of contracts are decided by the government and the laws they set. Minimum wage, for example, means that a contract can't be for less than that. The Government simply changes the laws for contracts that affect junior doctors. Then, the hospitals can't draw up a legal contract if it doesn't adhere to those new terms. In terms of the general public affecting a change like this, you had your chance in the 2015 election. Welcome to another 5 years of Tory rule.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-177599", "score": 0.649084746837616, "text": "Signatures aren't magic sigil that cartoons make them out to be. If somebody takes you to court over a contract dispute, \"I didn't actually sign this\" doesn't go far at all as a defense. Contract law is about who took what & what they promised to give back. You can't sign up for a cell phone, use it for 6 months and then say \"that wasn't really me that signed it\" because *using the phone* signified that you were on board with the contract.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1732169", "score": 0.6481434106826782, "text": "I'm not entirely sure how to word the question. I had been told that the Green party, of the US, is quite strict when it comes to their campaign promises. So much so that if their elected candidate is found to be in violation of those promises, the party will revoke membership. I have no idea how this could feasibly work. Is there any truth to this?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2246450", "score": 0.6474201679229736, "text": "Lying and false promises seem a bit harsh. And yet this is what people at the office and in government do all the time. Is there a more politically corrent term for this situation?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-138723", "score": 0.6463068723678589, "text": "Bluntly - because elected office doesn't have a job description, beyond a few lines that tend to be along the lines of take an oath/maybe show up every once in a while. Writing one would mean taking a legal view of what it was to represent the people, when their representative is supposed to come up with that. It has occasionally been remarked in the UK system how a newly elected MP can just go on holiday for five years, getting paid. The only thing stopping them is that they'd never be (s)elected again, and there would be furore ruining their chance of getting another job of any type. UK Cllrs are legally required to show up to at least one meeting every 6 months, in order to stop this (although a council can vote to extend their period of permitted absence). You can't leave your job because it has requirements in your contract of must do x work/work for x hours a week/be in the office x days a year. Public representative has no such requirement.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-61591", "score": 0.64507657289505, "text": "It's difficult to prove that someone lied, and this would have a freezing effect on candidate's free speech. Someone says \"Vote for me if you want lower taxes!\" and then taxes don't go down even though they tried their hardest. Does this person go to jail? If so, then every future candidate says \"Vote for me and maybe something good will happen and maybe not, I can't say one way or the other!\" Not very useful when picking a candidate. Only in certain specific situations can you get in legal trouble for lying. In general, it's perfectly legal to lie your ass off and also I'm a sex astronaut.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-111541", "score": 0.6440070867538452, "text": "No contract to commit a criminal offence or otherwise do something illegal is valid or enforceable. That's the general rule in most countries.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-123951", "score": 0.6435847878456116, "text": "They of course can't guarantee it, but that is a very easy way to lose their campaign donations and have them go to your opponent when you come up for re-election. And most politicians aren't just in it for a single term, they'd like to win again next time.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1611094", "score": 0.6426642537117004, "text": "If the election had been a commercial transaction Fair Trading would call foul, right? Due to 1) Lies by candidates and 2) interference in the democratic process by monopolised media, there's probably more.. \nHow is it that pollies can lie, rort and so on without legal responsibility that every other Australian is subject to, or so.... ? \n\nIt just seems like such a ridiculous way to run what is an already somewhat challenging country.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-69581", "score": 0.6410009860992432, "text": "I'm sorry but how would it violate that clause? That is laying out conditions to qualify based on citizenship and age. It is not saying that all citizens who satisfy those two conditions must be eligible for election to the office", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-634", "score": 0.7719802856445312, "text": "They basically just go in and out of the water, and they're prepared with towels and warm clothes as soon as they're done. Even in near-freezing water, it takes at least 10-15 minutes for hypothermia to happen. Also, at least in the bigger polar bear clubs, there's medical staff around in case of emergencies." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1790861", "score": 0.7181248664855957, "text": "I know it's still very early, but I just read this article low temperatures breaking records compared to the semi-normal ones we have here. \n\nI've always wanted to do the **Polar Bear Plunge** to help raise money for the Special Olympics, but mainly because I think it would be hilariously awesome to jump into an ice bath created (mostly) by Mother Nature (on March 5th). \n\nHere are some details.\n\nI'm not sure what else will be going on that weekend, it's just an idea. Has anyone ever done this before? I just think it's an all-around good idea, and maybe that's just me.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1317756", "score": 0.7093693017959595, "text": "I've heard of people swimming in really cold water and out of quarantine boredom and an abundance of energy from gyms being closed I'd like to try it. The lakes just melted here in Minnesota so the water is likely 30-something degrees. Is that safe? Can I just walk in and swim in a suit and goggles or do I need other equipment? Above all, how is it even slightly tolerable to be in that cold of water? Do you do anything to prep for the cold?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-34496", "score": 0.7040984034538269, "text": "There are several things that help the polar bear in this endeavor. Polar bears actually have hollow fur. The actual color of a polar bear is darker than the fur we see, which is actually clear. This Fur acts as insulation. It helps keeps them warm in the cold arctic air/water. Polar bears also have an incredibly thick layer of fat in their bodies. They usually select their prey (such as seals) based on the fact that seals have a large amount of blubber that is very high in calories (yes I feel like I'm talking a diet plan here but it's true). The high caloric content allows the polar bear to build up and maintain this fat. Polar bear fat also helps it stay alive when sea ice is minimal and hunting is poor and it allows the bear to stay afloat to swim the great distances that may bridge the gap between sea ice and land. Polar bears have been seen in open water up to 200 miles from ice/land.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-170322", "score": 0.6985583901405334, "text": "What. Here in the nordic countries we have a cold pool (0-5 degrees) besiddes our hot saunas (60-90 degrees) maybe we don't die because we whip each other with birch branches before we jump in the pool.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1316420", "score": 0.6934540867805481, "text": "A google search turned up nothing, but I'd be surprised if there isn't at least one group taking icy plunges into local lakes in the fall/winter/spring.\n\nOr leave a comment if you'd be interested in going for a swim sometime ;)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-266015", "score": 0.6862075328826904, "text": "What you feel is the gradiant. Thus I can go surfing in trunks in January even when the water is 52 degrees Farenheit (11 Celsius). Initially it's very cold, but you get used to it quickly. Then the trick is to get out before real hypothermia sets in. I've been so cold after 2-3 hours that my legs feel I'm walking on logs when I finally get out. Your autonomic nervous system manages blood flow at the skin surface, using thermoreceptor input, by constricting arterioles that lead to the capillary beds, which act as heat exchangers. Less flow: less heat loss. More flow: more heat loss. So, in my surfing in January situation, there's virtually no blood flow to my skin. If someone touched me, they'd be shocked how cold I feel. But there's still heat inside, actively generated as I paddle and surf.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-182843", "score": 0.6814444661140442, "text": "It is. Freezing cold water is like 60 degrees or so. You can walk around in that with no diffculty.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-266282", "score": 0.6774556040763855, "text": "..no? not at all. We're pretty hardy creatures, and can withstand some pretty extreme temperatures. 40-50 degree water is not extreme temperatures. People swim in arctic water all of the time, and people have taken cold showers for as long as there have been showers. Hell, people LIVE in sub-zero temperatures and are exposed to it daily and live perfectly fine. If there was a danger for something this simple and common, then you would know about it. It's just cold water, man. You aren't made of glass.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-251374", "score": 0.6742092967033386, "text": "Yes. It will take longer than if the water is near freezing, but it can happen. Fatal hypothermia occurs when your core temperature drops below [95 degrees F](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-318836", "score": 0.6741467714309692, "text": "Lots of reasons! First: some do die. Not all fish are adapted to low temps, and not all fish can wait out a long winter. The next thing you need to know, is that fish do not thermoregulate. They are dependent on their surroundings for their internal temp and the speed of their metabolism; hot water=faster metab, more o2 used, and lower temp =slower metab. Basically, as the temp goes down the fish move deep into the lake and go into a state like hibernation. They slow down breathing, digesting, moving, everything, and wait until spring. Some are still active, but not very many. Edit: I should have stated parameters for this comment, as my education and experience with fish biology is largely with saltwater ecosystems. So yes: small lake/ pond, freshwater, with mild frozen winters, example fish: carp. Several commenters have filled the gaps in my knowledge well, you guys rock.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-988054", "score": 0.671711802482605, "text": "I just recently got knocked out the race via hypothermia from the swim challenge at the Tahoe Beast today.\n\nAre there any good ways to prep against and prevent hypothermia?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-51494", "score": 0.6715171337127686, "text": "The pool area is kept at a moderate temperature but it's very cold if you jump in the water and then hang around wet. The wading pool is heated with warmer water that way they don't freeze in between dives. That's also why you can see them using shammies. It is too cold to hang out wet but you would soak a bunch of towels if you used them so they dry off with shammies and ring them out.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1615469", "score": 0.6702541708946228, "text": "I've started into open water sea swimming and im struggling with the cold.\n\nOur races are staggered (Handicapped) starts. Ive tried just jumping in at my time and lowering in for the minte or two before but nothing really seems to help.\n\nDoes anyone have any suggestions on how to deal better with the cold?\n\nI swim in togs and rubber hat.\n\nWater temperature is averaging 7 degrees Celsius.\n\nThanks in advance", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-68468", "score": 0.6685727834701538, "text": "[Counter current heat exchange](_URL_3_) is the primary factor for a lot of animals in arctic climates. Essentially, it allows them to retain their core body temperatures by \"allowing\" their extremities to be more cold than the rest of their body. Frostbite in general happens as a result of the body restricting vessels in very cold extremities to maintain its core temperature, instead of allowing the cold blood to recirculate. Penguins, arctic foxes, and others don't have this issue, because they have counter current exchange systems in place, in which the returning blood is re-warmed by the oxygenated blood.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-65580", "score": 0.6679017543792725, "text": "The problem with drowning is that you're no longer able to breathe. The mechanism is that new oxygen is no longer brought to the blood and carbon dioxide is no longer expelled, which causes the organs to begin failing. However, the rate at which your organs stop working is not uniform. A person near death in a snowdrift may appear to have no heartbeat, but spontaneously revives when they warm up. That's why it's popularly said that \"you're not dead until you're warm and dead.\" In ice-cold water, the brain is preserved for longer than under ordinary conditions. Although brain damage is occurring, a person can often heal or adapt to a small amount of damage without a permanent loss of function. You didn't link to the article, but I'd guess that's what is occurring here.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-148835", "score": 0.6617230772972107, "text": "You don't usually see too many winter sports teams coming from tropical islands. A Jamaican team qualified in the 80s as well and inspired the movie [Cool Runnings](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2139500", "score": 0.6617209315299988, "text": "Hey. I got a indoor diving trip for my birthday in Duisburg, Germany. \n\nI can choose between three fundives or a few trainings such as drysuit (with 2 dives). The warmer will be rather cold (16°C) so I thought, why not do the drysuit training?\n\nWould you recommend this or rather jump in the cold water and do the fundives?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-292699", "score": 0.6590239405632019, "text": "From the article you linked. > In the Antarctic summer of 2012–13, the Russian team also plans to send an underwater robot into the lake to collect water samples and sediments from the bottom. An environmental assessment of the plan will be submitted at the Antarctic Treaty's consultative meeting in May 2012.[51] Meanwhile, both the American and British teams intend to penetrate the lakes sometime in the future and retrieve sediment cores from the bottom.[53] The southern summer is the northern winter, and it's too inhospitable to be there in the southern winter.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-832228", "score": 0.6587817668914795, "text": "They said the cold temperatures in the coolers prevent fire bending... Wouldnt the North and South pole water tribes be protected by the cold temperatures as well?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-25342", "score": 0.6587619185447693, "text": "Some will tell you this is due to the Mammalian Diving Reflex. When water below 20°C contacts your face, the body reacts by changing heart rate and redistributing blood flow to allow you to remain underwater for longer. However, for such a short period of time, it's more likely that the cold water simply provides a stimulating shock which wakes you up.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-635", "score": 0.6558759212493896, "text": "This is coming from a Christian perspective, but marriage is seen as an earthly example of our relationship with Christ, we find fulfillment in caring and loving on our spouse and we get the benefit of them doing the same for us. Now once we get to heaven we are completely and entirely fulfilled by God for He is our ultimate desire of the relationship we were seeking on earth. Now we still get to chill with our loved ones but it marriage is no longer needed like it was, sorry if that was too preachy, hope that makes sense" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1657418", "score": 0.6228727102279663, "text": "I am religious and don’t see a problem with it. I mean who they love doesn’t effect me. I’m just wondering why some people care so much.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2100740", "score": 0.6228675842285156, "text": "So how is death and possible afterlifes talked about. Is it common to be taught that there is or isn't an afterlife. Has the thought of there not being an afterlife ever scared you or anything.\n\n\nBackground: full on agnostic athiest. I don't believe in an afterlife at all. Believe there is nothing, not even darkness as there will be no one there to preceive the darkness. I'm curious and also sometimes I think about death and the thought of nothingness unnerves me. I'm curious if it's because of the context I grew up in (America, went to Catholic.... Afterschool classes idk, CCD) and you know the majority of people believe in one way or another. I also have depression and I think it might be a reason why the thought of nothingness unnerves me as much as it does.\n\nEdit: I wrote this at 5:30 am so I probably won't reply to people right away. Sorry in advance for being a bad OP.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-798577", "score": 0.622837483882904, "text": "If anyone here is religious, that's fine, but after 18 years of trying so hard to believe, praying, and worshipping, I can no longer do it. Life feels worthless anymore. Like there's no more sanctity in it. Like Morty says, \"Nobody exists on purpose. Nobody belongs anywhere. Everyone's going to die.\"\nIt's just some quote from a silly TV show, but it still resonates with me for some odd reason.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1389491", "score": 0.6225632429122925, "text": "I try hard to keep my mind off of it..death. My death. Dying one day; I'll be gone, me as I know myself. I know that what \"is\" me will continue to exist, and potentially become a star or something else equally \"comforting\" but that doesn't help the panic I feel when I think about death. \n\nIt's not quite a pang in the chest, more like the sudden sensation of falling taking over my body and the immediate urge to cuss loudly. I'm unfortunate enough to be disillusioned about religion in general and envy the religious' ability to be oblivious about their (potential) non-existence, they may even be right. That is one thing all open-minded folk must be able to consider, yes? The possibility that you could be wrong.\n\nLiving things die. They cease to exist as they were known. Their personality and everything else that embodies who they are end.\n\nThis. Freaks. Me. Out.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-798247", "score": 0.6225362420082092, "text": "Religious people try so hard. They are looking for something to live for. It's like how the US is divided on Trump. But that's not a reason to believe in lies.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1905662", "score": 0.6225110292434692, "text": "One of the biggest and most difficult problems I see in the general atheist community that people have problems with is “my family is so sad for me” or “my family keeps telling me that I will never be truly happy”. I have been told this myself many times, 7 times in the past week just to give an idea. \n\nThey say they are worried for my soul, that they are scared that I won’t be with them in heaven. They don’t want me in hell.\n\nBut I feel like it is incredibly unfair for them to feel so terrible, not because they shouldn’t be sad, it because they aren’t seeing it from the atheist’s side.\n\nFor most atheists, leaving religion means rethinking their morality so it doesn’t depend on god, how to get through difficult times when there’s nothing you can do, how to deal with death and nihilism, a loss in their sense of community and often at least a partial loss in family relationships. Then there’s trying to face the idea that there are things that may never be made right. There are lots of positives too, but it’s not like it’s ever a seamless or easy translation out of religion.\n\nThey say they are upset and sad? For the loss of one person? Yes, that’s sad, but it’s unfair in the way that they seem to not realize that it’s hard to have your entire world view crumble before your eyes, often shaken right down to the foundations. \n\nThen to realize that so many people still believe in something that they have no good reason to, and often get caught up in other things that aren’t true because of that. \n\nIt’s frustrating to hear from my parents that they cry most nights for my soul, the fear of what my future might hold now that I’m not religious. Not only because I have enough of my own difficulties to sort through, but also because I find myself quoting their own doctrine back to them and saying that no good god could hold me responsible for my best not being enough to believe. I tell them that there are lots of people who never had a fair chance to accept Christianity and I’m sure god couldn’t hold them responsible for that. All the while, i don’t believe a word of it, but there I am, trying to comfort them with their own doctrines, when I’m the one who is shattered, trying to do whatever I can to put myself back together.\n\nThe caller from Norway reminded me of this, and he is a great son for dealing with such a loss, while also being concerned about being a good son, trying to help his father somehow.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2568591", "score": 0.6224597692489624, "text": "That type of \"Together until death do us part\" type of love?\n\nEven if there were that special someone out there that was perfect for you, what are the chances? \n\nFirst you'd have to actually meet them, which is difficult enough in itself. Then you have to meet them at the right time in both of your lives, at the right place and under the right circumstances. Then mutual attraction is required. I mean, you'd think with how many stars have to align, that finding real, true, long-lasting love is a statistically improbability, which means not everybody will get to experience that in their lives. That depresses me.\n\nI was in a relationship that had the potential to be that, but, once again, the stars weren't aligned correctly. I was in a bad place in my life, and so was she and it messed things up between us and I'm starting to come to grips with the fact that there's probably nothing left there. Even if we did decide to rekindle a relationship in the future, would it even be the same? We'd likely be totally different people at that point.\n\nI don't know, I just feel like certain people like me will probably end up alone. I try to accept that, but the thought of it honestly depresses me.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1390501", "score": 0.6224272847175598, "text": "I will not disregard any advice whether it be religious or personal views.\n\nTo start off, I guess I'm not technically afraid of death or dying, I understand it's a part of life. I'm really more afraid of what happens after. I understand nobody really knows what comes after life, if anything does at all but what I don't understand is how people accept not knowing. Quite often I find myself lying awake all night going deeper into some type of desperate emotion trying to understand why there's a point in doing anything when someday I'll just stop existing.\n\nBefore I go off on my usual tangent that I burden my girlfriend with, I want to ask you Reddit. What do you think of death? Is it suddenly going from existing to never existing again? Or do you have some other outlook on it? If you don't believe in some type of heaven/hell then how do you deal with knowing someday you will stop existing.\n\nSorry for the deep/long text wall, this isn't a plea for help or anything, I really want to know your interpretations of death.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1466182", "score": 0.6223760843276978, "text": "If you are religious, you will go to a \"heaven\" which is incomparably better than life (heaven in quotes because i'm not explicitly talking about Christianity). It is something to look forward to. Many cultures have embraced this (ex. Mexican Catholics usually celebrate death as a good thing as their loves ones are now in a better place). If you aren't religious, there is nothingness. No feelings, no anything. It can't be viewed as bad as there are no views. \n\nEDIT: The reason for this post is for perspective of other views on such a touchy subject. (also added a side-note) \n\nEDIT 2: In no way am i advocating suicide or saying life is bad.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2100212", "score": 0.6223361492156982, "text": "I know, I probably sound pathetic. But it's been on my mind for a rather long time. Every time I start go get the idea that \"Maybe there's nothing after we die\", I'm pulled back to the belief system I was brought up in that I can only achieve everlasting salvation if I accept Jesus as my Lord and savior and am repentant. \n\nTrust me, I want to know as much about the world as there is. But it's the simple fact that I don't know that's driving me crazy", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1466997", "score": 0.6223029494285583, "text": "My bible teacher last year, great man, had told me that after we die that we go to a paradise, but not heaven. He said it was a place called Abrahams bosom. He also said that heaven is not open now but I know that might be wrong because John saw it when it came down in Revelations 2. I have looked into it more and have drawn out that simply nothing happens to us until Jesus comes back (1 Thessalonians 4:16). My teacher is also a good friend of mine so I asked him after class what evidence he had for \"Abrahams bosom\" all he was able to give me was a parable, Luke 16:43. I see where he's coming but I disagree. I would love to hear reddits opinion, and to be honest I wouldn't mind being wrong at all.\n\nEdit: I am fully aware that we go to heaven or hell after death but I am curious about directly after death.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1389554", "score": 0.6221380233764648, "text": "Recently one of my coworkers passed away recently. We really didn’t talk much, but she was close to the same age as me (I’d say she was in her late teens or early twenties). It made me think about death for the rest of the day after I heard the news. I don’t do much deep thinking, but death is definitely one of the times I do. If I think about it for to long, I feel like I’m about to pass out. One day it will come. There is nothing you can do. It’s the driving force. And every person I have ever met will die too. We will all be forgotten eventually, even if you are the most famous person alive, one day no one will remember you. You are gone. Even thought I believe in an afterlife, what if there isn’t one? I don’t remember anything before being born, so what if it is the same way. Just nonexistence. And there is no way you will get experience everything in life. People that are dead don’t get to experience this moment right now. I’m 17. What if I never get a girlfriend, have children and feel fulfilled in life. And even if I did. I don’t think I would be able to leave this earth. I’m sure this is all over the place, but it’s been on my mind for a long time and I don’t know who to ask about this.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1788227", "score": 0.6219769716262817, "text": "I've witnessed many people, even among atheists themselves, who disregard personal harsh periods and tragedies as a reason of (gradually) abandoning religion. \n\nI personally consider myself definitely as non-believer after the sudden loss of my father two years ago.\nDisclaimer: it was far from an overnight change. I've never been a devout Christian. The theory of evolution was undoubtedly my choice over the Adam and Eve fable since I learned about both of them in fifth grade. I've also opposed the conservative views of devout theists on many issues (women rights, abortion, sexuality, the LGBT, mixed marriages etc) since my teen years.\nBut the superstitious notion of peace, security, and primarily irrational respect connected to fear - was in my mind until then. When religion didn't help me at all in the hardest period of grief and anxiety, I finally drew the line and realised the truth about the uselessness of religion, so I decided to put an end to my cognitive dissonance.\n\nSo I would really like to raise awareness about this. People with this kind of stories shouldn't be stereotypically perceived as only angry at God and their atheism as a mere phase. Emotional motives are also valid.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2517132", "score": 0.621855616569519, "text": "Are my nonreligious/Buddhist family members really going to hell? I wish the best for them and worry sometimes about their lack of faith and what will happen to them when they pass away. I can't change them either; they just have different opinions. Most of them are loving and good people, especially my parents who worked hard to raise me and love me a lot. I pray for them a lot :(", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1389864", "score": 0.6218170523643494, "text": "I was wondering how you all feel if someone you know was an atheist that switched to what ever religion on their death bed. I myself wouldn't take offence or be bothered at all. When one knows they are very close to the ends of their life it can real scare them. So if someone I knew made the switch in a moment of crisis I would try and support them because sadly once they pass that's that.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1466536", "score": 0.62176114320755, "text": "I’ve recently converted from Protestant to Catholic. As I grew up evangelical this was often said to me whenever someone decided they no longer wanted to be a part of the faith. “Christianity isn’t religion, it’s a relationship with Jesus” and therefore if you are no longer a Christian you never were one because of you had a relationship you never would leave. I highly disagree with this. I’m sure there are people who weren’t all that religious to begin with, but what about those who really were but have decided against it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1904210", "score": 0.6216678619384766, "text": "I'm trans and I've had a very hard time distancing myself from the church. \n\nThe policy changes and talk from last October have me cutting ties with my ward. Along with other things, their blatant discrimination is deeply disturbing and something I'm not going to keep hoping improves one day. \n\nBut I still believe in God and Christ. I don't believe in the church whatsoever. But that Divine relationship is still important to me. Every ex Mormon I personally know is an atheist. \n\nAm I the only one that wants to hold onto this relationship? Or are there others like me?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1467510", "score": 0.6215166449546814, "text": "Whether you are religious or not, would you want to live in heaven forever, or just restart your life cycle, unaware of your previous life?\n\nPersonally, I would just go through a cycle of rebirth. Maybe I'm weird.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1465824", "score": 0.621344804763794, "text": "Ok so people are promised this new great world when they pass on and go to heaven. They are promised that everything is better. Wouldn't that mean to people big houses, lots of money, power. Wouldn't eventually we start a community in heaven and start acting greedy again and creating a model of our world we live in now. Then eventually people will cling to their belief that there is something better when they die. They will create a new religion where the same thing happens. Well wouldn't that just be reincarnation? If any of that were to happen? I'm probably not informed enough to make this statement but it's just a question I've had for a while.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2099620", "score": 0.6211546659469604, "text": "I am 19 years old and afterlife terrifies me, the possibility that it may not exist horrifies me to the point where I just creep out and start looking for religions to believe. I am currently a Muslim but I might change religions immediately. Nearly every religion tells whoever doesn't believe in themselves, no matter how beautiful of a person they are, no matter how many people they helped to achieve better lives, they, will, *all*, go to hell.\n\nFor example in Islam, Abu Talib was one of the best friends and a protector of Prophet Muhammad, who was complimented by Allah many many times in Quran as the chosen, last prophet and the hero of Islam. Yet just because he didn't believe in Islam, he went to hell, eternally. I don't want to throw shit at my own religion by saying this, I just want to give an example.\n\nThere are many other religions and nearly all of them say the same things. And there is literally no way of knowing which one is the real one, or if any of them don't exist at all. As illogical as it sounds, I try to embrace all of them because they are the only things that give this life a meaning. Because all of them also say that if you be a good person, help people to achieve better lives and love them, you will be rewarded.\n\nBeing rewarded in the afterlife for my good deeds is something I will never stop believing. When I hear people saying that I am a good person who helps solve their problems and is very good at it, I feel the joy and happiness of 40 birthday kids combined. I feel like this is what I live for, and it is also the reason why I study teachery right now. The possibility of being rewarded for it after my death makes all my fears of death vanish. \n\nI don't want to stop believing in this, since all religions teach it, I don't want to stop believing in any of them. I want to live as they taught us. But I am also afraid of dying only to find out that which God up there is telling me to go to hell and stay there for the rest of infinity.\n\nI am scared, please help me.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-636", "score": 0.8058969378471375, "text": "Vulgar Latin uses more vocabulary that made it into modern Romance languages, and the sentence structure is often more like the modern Romance languages too. So stuff like: occasionally, you'll see the relative pronoun (qui quae quod) used to mark indirect discourse instead of accusative + infinitive constructions. The pronunciation is also different, but that probably won't matter in your class. Most people I've spoken to have said they found Mediaeval Latin 'easier' than Classical Latin. And the subject matter is often more church-focused, so you'll run into lots of new ecclesiastical vocabulary often borrowed from Greek (eg episcopus for bishop, angelus for angel/messenger (of God)), or new meanings for old words (eg Dominus for the Lord, God, rather than the head of a household)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-233737", "score": 0.7538810968399048, "text": "There's no clear demarcation point at which one spoke vulgar Latin and the next a descendant of it. The question is not really answerable without making an arbitrary line somewhere. In other words, we'd need to very carefully define what we consider to be properly \"Latin\", and this is much harder to do than it might appear.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-85620", "score": 0.7518021464347839, "text": "Latin lives on, but not as a spoken language and not as a native tongue. Latin - in its day - was divided into two forms. \"Classical latin\" and \"Vulgar\" latin. Classical latin was the language of elites, of the writers and of the readers - at the time of the roman empire a VERY small group of people. It is the clasical latin that died out in common use and that lives on in medicine and prep schools and science etc. The \"vulgar latin\" did live on it just evolved - into the romance languages!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-223807", "score": 0.7469272017478943, "text": "One must be careful; the Latin you might have learned in school is not the Latin your everyday Roman spoke. It was a poetic Latin hugely influenced by Cicero, whose rhetoric is seen as the peak of written Latin. Your everyday Latin to any time of the Roman empire was way \"easier\", less structured and complex in Syntax and vocabulary. Vatican Latin is going a middle way. We call it Church Latin, a Latin, which shows strong influences of the classical Latin of Cicero, Caesar and co. but also influences of modern day Italian in the way it is spoken or vulgar Latin and written Latin of the middle ages and late antiquity. Church Latin is not the same as the classical Latin in the tradition of Cicero, but it has many similarities. Summarized one could say: It is not the Latin the Romans spoke, but shares many similarities with the Latin of Cicero taught in schools up to this very day.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1395643", "score": 0.7422500848770142, "text": "This is really a question directed towards some of the more experienced Latinists here who work in medieval and modern-era Latin (I mean 1500-1800ish, not contemporary neo-Latin). What are the resources that you turn to, or that you used, to get used to the ins and outs of these forms of Latin, distinctives, grammar shifts, idioms, etc.. \n\nTrying to expand my own repertoire and knowing where to look to find the things I don't already know how to find is a challenge.\n\nedit: to clarify (I can see that it was ambiguous), I mean two separate periods, medieval **and** modern, and by the latter period I mean 1500-1800.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-217293", "score": 0.7397637367248535, "text": "I think [this](_URL_1_) and [this](_URL_0_) answer of mine should more or less answer your question. The short version is that everyone spoke Vulgar Latin. Vulgar Latin isn't a monolithic block, it's simply the colloquial form of speech and varies greatly depending on location, period, and social status. \"Classical\" Latin is a purely literary invention--in much the same way that we don't speak the way we write journal articles, no Latin speaker would speak the affected literary style of writing and oratory. That's not to say that the educated didn't have *better* Latin--an Oxford don doesn't speak the same way as a construction worker, by and large. But that same Oxford don doesn't speak as if he's writing a journal article either", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-224890", "score": 0.7394447326660156, "text": "It depends, of course, on what you are taught. But almost all major courses teach 'classical Latin' as a default standard, and that standard is a slightly idealised version of Latin that represents literary writing in the middle of the 1st century BC, covering the end of the Republic and the start of the empire. It crystallises around authors such as Cicero, Caesar, Vergil, etc.. The further you go from this core temporally and in terms of literature, the more variation you can find, but this is the 'version' of classical Latin generally taught today.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-199192", "score": 0.7362018823623657, "text": "You have to realise that Latin was essentially a living, developing language for much longer than merely the days of the Roman Empire. By and large, Medieval Latin is very much a different thing from the Ciceronian Latin we now learn in schools. Anyway, in Medieval documents, the IIII is commonly used instead of IV. In ancient Roman texts the IV is substantially more common, though.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-234943", "score": 0.7277963757514954, "text": "Modern-day Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and Romania all had their own regional dialects, which is why their version of Latin does not sound much like Latin today. If you want more specifics, I suggest checking out /r/linguistics.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-212627", "score": 0.7219356298446655, "text": "It has to be remembered that Classical Latin, which is what most people think of when Latin is mentioned, is a prescriptivist version of the language which was not spoken by the masses. It was a prestige dialect, like Received Pronunciation is (or was) to English. Vulgar Latin, spoken by the average Roman, branched out as Romans and Romanized Italians migrated outwards, first developing into new accents, then new dialects, before finally settling into entirely new languages. However, there were still people who could understand Latin liturgy and formal written Latin. Now, if I had to make a straight-out-of-my-ass guess, I would say that the last speaker of a language we would call Latin probably died around 650 CE. By the 800s, you see things like the [Oaths of Strasbourg](_URL_0_), which clearly shows the existence of Old French as a separate language from Latin.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-187354", "score": 0.7216569185256958, "text": "Aside from the obvious squeamishness about private or taboo topics-- sex, defecation, blasphemy-- or insults, the difference between less obvious vulgar versus acceptable words and their more clinical counterparts often has to do with early English language use being split between the Germanic Old English of the commoners and the Latin-based Old French spoken by the gentry. As the French-derived English words became associated with sophistication, the Germanic-derived words became associated with vulgarity, and that's why there are often two terms for the same thing, one imbued with crudeness. You'll see a similar thing, somewhat unique to English, AFAIK, with the names of animals being different than the names of their meat.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-207043", "score": 0.7206702828407288, "text": "hi! Hopefully someone will address your particular points, but meanwhile you may be interested in these posts, particularly the first one: * [Who spoke Classical Latin? How far down the social hierarchy did it extend?](_URL_2_) * [Why do Romance Languages come from Vulgar Latin and not from the Latin conquered peoples' priests and vassals spoke?](_URL_0_) * comment in [Why don't they speak Latin in Italy?](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-45911", "score": 0.7203342318534851, "text": "Well, for starters, Classical Latin waned, but never completely died out. Vulgar Latin (which was the \"language of the people\") evolved into the modern Romance languages. As far as other languages go, sometimes we have clues based on words that were adapted into other languages or evolved in a predictable way. Other times we have written forms which indicate how they were pronounced. That's, for example, how we know what Shakespeare originally sounded like. He wrote in fairly standard meters (think the \"rhythm\" part of poetry) and rhymed certain words with others which gives clues to how it was pronounced.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-24629", "score": 0.7180651426315308, "text": "From what I know, it seems to be a bunch of arbitrary elitist horse shit that dates back a few centuries. Consider the word \"vulgar\". Aside from its modern meaning, its original meaning was along the lines of \"common\", as in \"commoner\". \"Vulgarity\" was the way common people spoke, and as such, it became offensive in polite society. The polite word was typically the Latin, ex. \"feces\" as opposed to \"shit\".", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1395485", "score": 0.7161171436309814, "text": "Hi all, just a quick question for you. I am a novice when it comes to Latin and I'm trying to teach myself from Lingua Latina as it seems to be the most recommended book. \n\nMy question is, when I come to read aloud, would classical or ecclesiastical pronunciation be most appropriate? Additionally, what are the key features and differences between the two and are there any other ways of pronouncing words in Latin?\n\nMany thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-130870", "score": 0.7146104574203491, "text": "Native Italian speaker here. I think the most important reason is that just like other languages, Latin \"evolved\". Even in Roman times, there was both a \"clerical\" Latin and a \"vulgar\" Latin. Vulgar Latin evolved into many branches over the centuries, but for some reason the Tuscan dialect happened to become the \"dominant\" language (ca. 1600). The Tuscan dialect from this period is quite similar to Italian, and a native speaker could understand a text with some effort. Italian isn't that far away from Latin anyway. I am no etymologist, but I think maybe 60% of the words have some kind of Latin origin.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1394260", "score": 0.7120150327682495, "text": "What I think I know: Germanic languages are historically considered \"Vulgar,\" and vulgarity has something to do with a language being proliferated from the bottom up or created by common people.\n\nWhat I'm curious about: Do \"informal\" words like like/stuff (the ones you aren't supposed to use for academic essays) somewhat historically connect to germanic or \"common\" vernaculars in the etymological sense?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1396495", "score": 0.7117300033569336, "text": "When I was in Catholic high school, I took Latin classes, but I've since forgotten pretty much all of it. I'm just curious, I know some Catholics learn Latin, and the Church I go to has an ordinary form and extraordinary form traditional Latin Mass each month. So this piqued my interest in maybe studying some due to the copious free time that comes with mooching off my parents for a year (until I start medical school next fall, and yes I do tons of volunteering and stuff, so I'm not being a total bum or anything).\n\n**EDIT**: Also let me ask, should I learn \"ecclesiastical Latin\" or \"classical Latin\"?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-97542", "score": 0.7092273235321045, "text": "It evolved, as languages often do. By around 700AD, the remnants of the Roman Empire were speaking a far-evolved language called Vulgar Latin, which was just a type of Latin that had evolved and changed over the centuries, so far from classical book-learned Latin that those who only knew classical could barely understand those who spoke vulgar. Over time, vulgar latin evolved more. It became French, Portugese, Italian and others that are now collectively known as Romance Languages. They're what Latin ultimately became. We still know classical latin just because a bunch of very old important books were written in it, and it was the language of church texts and sciences etc (a sort of weird class warfare thing to stop commoners being involved, you had to be educated to even read this shit), but nobody actually spoke it in daily life. Basically it was kept alive in writing but not in speech.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-232769", "score": 0.7091624736785889, "text": "Not to discourage further answers but you can find answers to similar questions here: From /u/Enrico_Dandolo - _URL_1_ /u/anphph focuses on the ERE - _URL_0_ While /u/LosDosTacosLocos and /u/YuunofYork go into detail on Latin structure pre and post Roman Empire and how it changes - _URL_2_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-218820", "score": 0.7059732675552368, "text": "Related follow up question: Was Classical Latin actually spoken as a home language, or was it simply the equivalent of a 'proper accent' that many people do today for radio, TV, movies, etc. etc.? I am aware the Vulgar Latin spoken at the time of Caesar was already quite different than the Classical form, and so I must ask whether he might address his soldiers in their vulgar form, or whether he'd have been born and raised entirely in the Classical pronunciation habits?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-637", "score": 0.8578047156333923, "text": "People commenting here don't know what they're talking about. Birds do get fat the closer you get to the cold extremes (arctic, mountain peaks). You've never seen one because, I assume, you haven't been to these types of places. Furthermore, you wouldn't know how fat the bird is until you kill and butcher it, but I promise, there are fat birds. Yes, flight is a big part of their survival, but so is fat in the cold weather. As with most things, there's a balance. When colder season come, birds store fat. Not enough that they cannot fly anymore, but they do store fat. When it's time to migrate, a lot of that fat gets burned off." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-645036", "score": 0.8006139397621155, "text": "I’m not a scientist, so apologies for what might be a naive question. I’ve been thinking about how massive an evolutionary advantage flight is. \n\n1. Why has it not outcompeted all non-flight enabled land-based lifeforms?\n\n2. Why do we not see massive birds of prey as apex predators?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-187329", "score": 0.7712934613227844, "text": "Not all birds used to actually have the ability to fly, though. Wings serve more purposes than just flight. Winged arms provide warmth, protection, and perhaps most importantly, it allows to more efficiently keep their eggs warm. From an evolutionary perspective, flight appears to be only a secondary purpose for wings, since even a major portion of non-avian dinosaurs had feathers. Velociraptors had feathered wings, though every single piece of research seems to suggest it could not fly (and the same is true for many such dinosaurs). As to why some that previously **did** have the ability to fly, and subsequently lost it? I think u/Concise_Pirate makes a good case.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-294698", "score": 0.7694404721260071, "text": "this is just a guess, but smaller wings would mean that they would have to flap faster to compensate for less wing area, and therefore the organism would expend more energy and be less efficient at flying. Spending more energy means eating more food, and if organisms couldn't find enough food to sustain their inefficient energy expenditure they would die, and natural selection would therefore favour the more efficient flyers ??", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-256943", "score": 0.7692146301269531, "text": "If their ability to acquire food depends on flying, they probably won't stay over the line for very long. If you're talking about birds that are being fed unnaturally (like a pet/caged bird) then there's certainly going to be a point where they'll weigh too much to fly.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-5497", "score": 0.767693042755127, "text": "That evolution is exactly what's screwing them over. Not only were there no mammals but a few bats, there are also no snakes, very few poisonous spiders, no lizards that could eat a bird... no natural predators whatsoever. Correct me if I'm wrong, folks from other countries, but that's a pretty unique position for birds to find themselves in. As a result, a huge proportion of birds here (I think about a third) either can't fly for shit or can't fly at all, and either can't defend themselves for shit or can't defend themselves at all, because they never really needed to do either. Also, many resorted to living on the ground, which is obviously very hazardous now. The only predator the birds had to worry about was a gigantimongous fucking eagle called the Haast's Eagle, and the best defence most birds could come up with against it was to become nocturnal. Which doesn't help them against rats/stoats/cats today, especially when they live on the ground.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-283367", "score": 0.763131856918335, "text": "Some birds can remain aloft for years at a time. The [Swift](_URL_0_) for example spends nearly its entire life in the air, only landing to breed.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-51135", "score": 0.7621114253997803, "text": "They have inherited the knowledge in their genes, but they learn through trial and error, at least that is what we assume. There's quite a lot we don't know about ourselves and nature, but that's why we keep studying. They're really fascinating animals. We had a bird in our garden that made a square nest, for no reason, and then he did it again. He lived in our garden, it was quite the sight. Something to read up on: ^_URL_2_ ^_URL_1_ ^(yep ^it's ^the ^Daily ^Fail ^sorry) ^_URL_3_ ^_URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-110122", "score": 0.7615720629692078, "text": "No expert here, but flying costs infinitely more energy than walking. What I'm wondering is why when I'm on the bike and a pidgeon is on my left hand side it choses to run from my threat not by walking to the left, but to pass in front of me and go to the right..", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-120623", "score": 0.7598679065704346, "text": "Birds didn't just decide one day to build nests. Natural Selection favors organisms that survive to have offspring. At some point in time, some birds built better, higher nests, lower nests, or no nests and passed this onto their offspring. Depending on envirimental predators, different nesting habbits are favorable. The birds with poor or no nesting were eaten and didn't pass their triats to offspring. I used to run a small shipping company and we focused exports to several Pacific islands. On a small group there was a native bird species that nested in the sand in barely a nest at all, because it had no native ground predators. Well, as bad luck would have it, I guess we had some kind of sand fleas onboard that easily made it onto the island and found the sand birds an easy target. I never heard if the birds got sick or just left due to the annoyance of the fleas, but those particular birds with a specific nesting trait are no more, at least not at those islands. EDIT: typo", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-105729", "score": 0.7592242360115051, "text": "It was proven long ago that humans physically can not generate enough energy to lift themselves. They are just too heavy. Birds have incredibly thin bones, which makes them extremely light. Otherwise they couldn't fly as easily as they do, if at all. It also has to do with size. Basically, the larger you are the harder it is to fly. So if you just scaled up a bird to the size of a human it probably also couldn't fly. It's just a fact of physics. Fun fact: this is why dragons can't exist without magic; they are waaaaay too heavy to ever be able to generate enough lift force to actually fly. Double fun fact edit: I forgot to mention that people put some serious effort to make human wings, for centuries. A lot was learned from their failures.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-192488", "score": 0.7581791281700134, "text": "The brains of flying animals are specifically evolved to handle the calculations and processes needed for flight. Humans bump into things when they move at ridiculous speeds because we evolved to move at medium and low speeds, dedicating more of our brainspace to things like language. When your entire brain is fly, eat, don't die and have babies, it turns out you can actually dedicate quite a lot to not bumping into things. Also, flying insects *do* bump into things all the time, they're just small enough and tough enough they don't really care. Meanwhile, the brains of birds are just tiny miracles which do way more than they should be able to.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-264251", "score": 0.7576544880867004, "text": "They have a [nictitating membrane.](_URL_0_) I've been reading up on birds ever since klenow introduced me to their respiratory system a few weeks ago. This is probably not *all* of the relevant information, but it's what I'm able to contribute.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-242999", "score": 0.7574223875999451, "text": "Well, really birds had lived for many thousands of years without big metal vehicles whizzing about at 100+mph. Cars and other motor vehicles are a very, very recent addition to their environment, and it simply was never factored into their survival development, so I doubt they even understand that what they are doing is \"risky\". It's the same with giant glass skyscrapers, which is why so many birds fly right into windows and die.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2762", "score": 0.7534334063529968, "text": "First and foremost. Did you just make this post for a sitting ducks pun? Second, that is why a great many birds build nests way up on the top of trees. Those that don't generally try to disguise it in the underbrush. But yes, at the end of the day, eggs do get eaten. Nature doesn't care that much about the death rate, so long as the survival rate is enough to keep the species going.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-686549", "score": 0.7527284622192383, "text": "Banding birds strikes me as a horribly stressful thing to do to birds. I understand there's research involved, but what are the results? And where can I find those results?\n\nEvery bit of weight counts when you use every calorie. And it seems to me that a band on your leg might be a hindrance if it were to get caught on something.\n\nSo please. Banders. Enlighten me. Please, let me know why what you are doing is important. I really do want to know.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-313546", "score": 0.7512262463569641, "text": "Turtles, birds, cockroaches, mushrooms, and apple trees all had the same time to evolve as we did (if we assume that all life came from a common ancestor), yet none of them developed large brains like we did. The bottom line is that natural selection doesn't care what you have to do to survive, just so long as you live long enough to successfully reproduce. Having brains and being smart is one way, but so are flying, running fast, and camouflage.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-107112", "score": 0.7502292990684509, "text": "Bugs actually don't have to expend hardly any energy at all to keep themselves flying. They are so incredibly light that it takes very little energy to keep them in the air. It also takes very little energy to fuel them because food is plentiful if you're an insect and you can just fly around, access it, and you're so tiny it doesn't take very much. Plus because most insects are willing and can eat foods other, larger creatures can't, just makes them even more adapted to survive. Insects are pretty much the most successful group of animal life there is because of their small size. One rotting meatball has enough calories to keep a fly alive for decades. Whereas a bird is much, much larger, and can't be sustained as easily, thus energy conservation is something to consider. With an insect they don't really have to worry about energy conservation because they live in a world of resources.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-250116", "score": 0.7500015497207642, "text": "Birds actually also have pretty much this type of system thanks to their air-filled bones. It is more efficient, and that's part of what enables them to keep up with the metabolic demands of flight.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-644512", "score": 0.7487754821777344, "text": "Hi everyone!\n\nI just want to share a mini rant that's on my mind, and this seemed the best place to do it, since at its heart it's about (im)plausible bird behavior and basic life history.\n\nI'm currently reading **The North Water**, by Ian McGuire. It's clear the author has gone to painstaking lengths for (much of) his research in order to convey authentic details about the sights, sounds, and smells of what whaling 1859 must have been like. \n\nExcept... except natural history. I have the genuine impression that McGuire just opened up a field guide, found what birds occur up north sort of near Greenland, and wrote them down, without thinking twice about how they live and what they eat and where they'd be. It was just like, \"ground birds? Sea ducks? Who cares?\" (I care!!) Here, in the midst of talking about clubbing seals on ice floes and spotting their first whale in the icy waters, comes this description:\n\n*\"The bergs around the Cape are dense and dangerous as usual. To avoid collisions, it is necessary for the Volunteer to run west another hundred miles or so under topsails before steering north-north-east into the middle portion of the Davis Strait. From the foredeck where he sits when it is warm enough, Sumner watches out for birds---curlews, ptarmigans, auks, loons, mallies, eider ducks. When he spots one, he calls to the steersman for an estimate of the latitude and makes a note in his book.\"*\n\nIn what universe is it plausible to see ptarmigans (plural!) flying out over the open ocean in the middle of a strait? And not long after this, they mention reaching a prime whaling spot in late June - I'm no shorebird specialist, but it certainly strikes me as bizarre to suggest curlews are flying to and fro in the open ocean during their breeding season!\n\nThis kind of disregard for bird behavior really takes me out of the reading zone, which is no fun :(\n\nIn a touch of irony - or maybe self-awareness - a couple of sentences later, the author writes, \"*Sumner has no interest in natural history; when the voyage is over he will throw the notebook away without looking at it again.*\"\n\nWell, if your protagonist can't be bothered with avian natural history, it's little wonder the author can't be either!\n\n---\n\nHas anyone else encountered this frustration while reading? I think it's like the literary equivalent of getting ruffled when movie makers indiscriminately use bird songs in the background of movies to suggest there are kookaburras in the Amazon, or that bald eagles sound like red-tailed hawks, or that it'd be plausible for such-and-such migratory bird to be heard well out of its range in the summer... \n\nAnyway, thanks for letting me get this off my chest :) I tried to complain about it to my husband, but I think only another bird-crazed person can really get what a silly annoyance that is!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-178719", "score": 0.7482693195343018, "text": "It's not nearly as practical. Many early plane designs attempted to do this but it is extremely difficult to produce enough lift in this manner to elevate an airplane. It also results in a really really really bumpy ride. Birds specifically evolved to be extremely lightweight. Their bones are largely hollow. While we might have tried mimicing the flight behavior of birds, it's not practical when you need some sort of heavy engine and fuel to run the engine which is driving your airplane because you then need to lift that weight. A few ridiculous early designs: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-638", "score": 0.7200484871864319, "text": "The mechanism of action for Paracetamol/acetomenophen is not entirely understood. It *probably* inhibits COX, which is an enzyme that is part of the chemical pathway for chemical pain signals in the body. Inhibit the enzyme, the body makes less pain-signalling chemicals." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-118968", "score": 0.6802912354469299, "text": "Pain killers do not have a single mechanism of action. Depending on the medication. However a general model of pain killers is that they block the reception of pain signals within the brain. Antibiotics function by interruption of bacteria's production of a defense mechanism called the slime coat. The slime coat is similar to armor and protects the bacteria. Without the slime coat, the bodies defense is able to overcome the bacteria.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-294393", "score": 0.6741318106651306, "text": "It does work. This is a common strategy for improving the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. Augmentin is an example of an antibiotic that uses this strategy. It's a combination of a pencillin derivative antibiotic (ampicillin) and a compound (clavulanic acid) designed to inhibit the enzyme that some bacteria use to resist ampicillin (beta lactamase)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-273744", "score": 0.6721218824386597, "text": "It does not \"know\" where the pain is. NSAIDs act to reduce inflamation by inhibiting inflamatory and pain mediators such as cycloxygenase. (different ones pick on different COXs), paracetamol is thought to operate in a similar way although it lacks a marked anti-inflamatory response (honest answer is we don't really know!) Opioids work in a different way again, they actually work inside your brain where they interact with (greek letter \"mu\"-cant type it)opioid receptors as their chief mechanism of action which in turn changes the bodies perception of the pain. Basically you can still feel it but it doesn't hurt anymore. Other receptors are responsible for some of the opioids side effects-euphoria etc.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-157830", "score": 0.6674989461898804, "text": "Painkillers never really \"go straight to the source of the pain \" , they use certain mechanisms to inhibit pain . Realistically you can't get a drug to run only to the source of the pain . To be honest , we don't exactly know how paracetamol works but scientists think it's action is in the brain (there are no pain receptors in the brain) and not pain receptors . Aspirin inhibits a chemical that's vital to the production of prostaglandin which help your nerves sense pain Morphine and oxycodone have completely different mechanisms , they act on opoid receptors . edit : pain killers that are ingested never go straight for the pain , injections can be targeted", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-244252", "score": 0.664777398109436, "text": "In the case of over-the-counter pain pills, they all work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, primarily COX2. That inhibition prevents the conversion of arachidonic acid into pro-inflamatory prostoglandins. Acetaminophen also appears to act through at least one other mechanism, but COX inhibition is the best understood pathway. Opioid drugs like morphine or codeine act by activating opioid (primarily mu) receptors, which [produce a complex set of molecular events](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-78393", "score": 0.662208616733551, "text": "I am not a doctor, nor a media student nor a chemist. This is all from memory from about 20 years ago. Paracetamol/acetominophen aren't \"painkillers\" in the same sense as narcotics (which block pain signal receptors). They're analgesics, which are COX (cyclooglxygenase) inhibitors. IIRC COX are enzymes responsible for the inflammatory response in our bodies. Block that, you reduce inflammation, which reduces pain.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-541", "score": 0.6622057557106018, "text": "Paracetamol doesn't do anything to any disease (except worsen liver diseases - check your doses kids). Basically all over the counter drugs are just there to mask symptoms. Sometimes treating symptoms is very important, like reducing a fever if it is too high, but they don't cure the illness.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-161557", "score": 0.6608904600143433, "text": "The exact mechanism by which acetaminophen reduces fever is not completely understood. One way it works is by inhibiting an enzyme's (COX) ability to create a compound (PGE2) that would trigger the fever. edit: spelling", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-188811", "score": 0.6578313112258911, "text": "Acetaminophen and Tylenol are the same. I'll refer to this drug as Paracetamol though, because that's what we call it in the UK. Ibuprofen and Aspirin are a different class of drugs, they're part of a class called NSAID (Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs). They help reduce inflammation, as the class name suggests. Paracetamol doesn't really do that. To first know how paracetamol helps relieve pain, we first need to look at prostaglandins. These are lipids that are produced in the brain and spinal cord, and they're believed to make nerve endings more sensitive. The current theory of how paracetamol works is by reducing the amount of prostaglandins being produced, therefore making nerve endings less sensitive; giving you the pain relief. Paracetamol is also really good at reducing fever, as it effects the part of the brain that helps regulate body temperature (the hypothalamus).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-191112", "score": 0.6558293700218201, "text": "According to a Youtube video that I watched, they don't. Paracetamol, Aspirin, Morphine and so on do not target the specific painful area. They reduce pain overall throughout the entire body, although the mechanism of those drugs are different.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-32297", "score": 0.6506811380386353, "text": "It doesn't. In ELI5: The medication targets your brain, and stops most (if not all) of the pain signals from reaching your brain. Tylenol treats pain anywhere in the body, no matter what the source is.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-102578", "score": 0.6501939296722412, "text": "Opioids work by the molecules in them binding to specific spots on the brain. When the right kind of molecule binds to that spot, it produces the effects associated with that opioid. Naloxone works by binding to those spots first so that the opioids can't. Then, once bound there, they don't do anything, or at least not the harmful things the opioid would do if it were there. Think of it being like \"how do you prevent hecklers from interrupting a speaker? Pack the audience full of people who will not heckle so the hecklers can't get in.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-51064", "score": 0.6492004990577698, "text": "Different method of action. Opioids like hydrocodone and Oxy work by binding to neuroreceptors(neuro means brain) which send a depressive signal, which basically means that the signal numbs your central nervous system. I don't remember the exact MoA of the others so to just put it simply, ibuprofen and aspirin work by reducing inflamation in your body, and Tylenol works by simply cutting off the pain signal on its way to your brain", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-86681", "score": 0.6459991931915283, "text": "Advil is ibuprofen, and Tylenol is paracetamol, for those unfamiliar. Both are proprietary brand names. Ibuprofen and asprin are both considered Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflamatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Paracetamol isn't, but at the same time it kind of is- the mechanism is very similar, but it isn't very effective at being an anti-inflammatory. All three act in pretty much the same way- they inhibit an enzyme (COX, paracetamol being very selective for COX-2) that is involved in a cascade of molecules that operate the pain pathways. The exact mechanisms are unclear though. The ELI5 explanation is that basically they all do pretty much the same thing for your headache, but they all have different other effects elsewhere in the body, which is why people take ibuprofen when they've sprained their ankle, but not paracetamol.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-138728", "score": 0.6444910168647766, "text": "How local anesthesia's generally work is that they block nocioreceptors (pain nerves) from working properly. They can do this by \"Hyperpolarizing\" the pain nerves. This means that they become more negatively charged than normal, so a trigger that would normally activate them won't be able to get them to the charge necessary to trigger a nerve impulse and send a pain signal. Since they bind directly to pain receptors, and since there are a limited amount there's usually a limit to how far they can spread from the point of insertion.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-320029", "score": 0.6444082856178284, "text": "It is generally produced by injecting it into larger animals, or animals that have a less severe response to the poison, and then harvesting the antibodies to fight the venom. That is to say the venom itself isn't the treatment it is the antibodies from other animals. _URL_0_ Edit: As for details for mechanism of action wait for a biochemist to answer.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-172346", "score": 0.6424150466918945, "text": "Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells don't. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall. [source](_URL_0_) Basically antibiotics target all bacteria with a specific difference in their cells. I doesn’t know to go for your eye but it knows to kill bacteria with a cell wall which is currently in your eye.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-258747", "score": 0.641993522644043, "text": "Panadol is a trade name for paracetamol. Over-the-counter drugs aren't targeted. Once they're absorbed they get distributed throughout the body, and they act on your body as a whole. So they don't \"know\" where to work.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-15629", "score": 0.6408746838569641, "text": "> How do spray on anesthesias work? There is no such thing as a spray on anesthesia as anesthesia is a state someone can be in. It is like saying \"How do spray on sleeps work?\" Instead you are probably thinking of spray on analgesics. In general a topical analgesic involves the use of chemicals which can be absorbed into flesh and will interfere with sensation in various ways depending on the particular type being used. For example lidocaine blocks the sodium channels in nerve cells which prevents the propagation of nerve signals which convey pain or other sensation, resulting in a numbing of affected tissues.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-173700", "score": 0.640670120716095, "text": "It does not . It will be circulated trough your body in the blood and will have a effect everywhere. Topical pain relief or injection of local anesthetic will primary have a effect on where they are applied.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-639", "score": 0.7313768267631531, "text": "It's supposed to be Anakin's smooth line to use on Padme and it's just so derpy and cringeworthy. Lucas has such a tin ear for dialogue that Harrison Ford said to him, \"You can type this shit, George, but you can't say it.\"" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-699698", "score": 0.6828137636184692, "text": "Something I’ve always hated about the OT is that this ridiculous phrase is spoken TWICE, in episode V and VI \n\nAnyone else want to pull their hair out when this phrase comes up? \n\nAny other lines in the OT that drive you nuts?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1171330", "score": 0.6781595945358276, "text": "In ANH, Obi wan says \"I don't seem to remember ever owning any droids\", yet R2 saved his life several times over their many adventures together during the Clone Wars. I know it can be attributed to the OT being before the PT but it still bugs me.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-442625", "score": 0.6745520234107971, "text": "For context, I’m not a giant Sequel fan. I think TFA and TLJ where competent movies, nothing mind blowing but not utter trash. And nothing has topped ANH and TESB, RotJ was all right but it’s definitely the weakest of the OG Trilogy. I loved the Prequels as a kid but watching them as an adult is pretty painful. The dialogue reminds me of bad stilted Shakespeare. The character directing was pretty bad, the actors where doing their best but between the subpar dialogue and the lack of the character direction many scenes just come across as forced and awkward. So it kinda blows my mind that people say the Prequels are good now, considering that before the Disney films people tore the Prequels apart. I’m just curious what the logic is behind this phenomenon is.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-443197", "score": 0.6727560758590698, "text": "Saying that “prequels are universally hated” simply isn’t true. I, am mid 20’s and although the originals were good, growing up episode 4 was boring for me and ROTJ was ok. Episode 5 is by FAR the best and the one I would watch over and over. \n\nIt’s funny. If the prequels didn’t exist, we would have the original and sequel trilogy, with, you guessed it: a desert, forrest and snow planet and the empire/rebels. Those stories get old...\n\nThe prequels expanded the universe to the point where any environment, mustafar, kamino, felucia was possible. Not to mention the gorgeous assets/starfighters/etc. \n\nFor the record. There was plenty of awkward acting in the originals and the sequels are kind of a joke, literally", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1170466", "score": 0.6689628958702087, "text": "It was specifically used in retort to Anakin's \"if you aren't with me, you are my enemy\".\n\nThat is the absolute Obi Wan was talking about.\n\nNot stuff like for example... \"the Earth is a sphere and that's a fact\".\n\nHow the hell is this extremely simple point lost on people?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1764640", "score": 0.6652843356132507, "text": "Pineapple on pizza is not bad because you dont like it. \n\nTLJ is not bad film because you dont like it\n\nPrequels were not bad because you didnt like them.\n\nCalling football \"soccer\" is not stupid because you dont like that.\n\nStar Wars is not good because you liked it.\n\nSomething is good, when it actually is good. Saying someone did/didnt like it is not an argument.\n\nIndeed, this is why people love TLJ: Its objectively good film. You might disagree, but as long as you cannot give anything other as argument than \"X was bad because I didnt like it\", the film did not become worse.\n\nKnowing the difference of bad film and film you didnt like is important.\n\nI, for example loved the first 3 live action Transformers movies. They are objectively bad, however.\n\nI know a lot of things I like that are objectively bad. I know a lot of things I hate that are objectively good. \n\nHow many things do you know? Is everything you hate bad, and everything you like good?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-99062", "score": 0.6642906069755554, "text": "Nostalgia. Everything from my childhood was good, and that which came later is bad. Lucas is generally a bad story teller who told a good story. When he added to the story, it didn't (and I'd argue couldn't) live up to the originals. Because Jar Jar Binks adds nothing to the story, and his obnoxious behavior and speech seems to little more than pandering to children.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-26668", "score": 0.6625354290008545, "text": "A few reasons. The CGI is good, but not good enough compared to the real models used in the originals. Everything is far too clean. There's a lot of slapstick comedy in there for the kids. Star Wars has never been a super serious franchise, but a little subtlety goes a long way. I personally didn't mind the plot or the acting (The originals aren't exactly legendary performances either) but a lot of people found it stiff and uninteresting. They're good movies, but they could have been better and that's what disappointed people.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1591004", "score": 0.660690188407898, "text": "It was in either Attack of the Clones or Revenge of the Sith where Anakin and Padme are talking about the republic and the Sith or whatnot. Anakin stars questioning the republic and says something along the lines of \"what if we were the bad ones and they were good, and we were just brainwashed?\" If someone could tell me the exact dialogue, that would be fantastic. Thanks.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-774175", "score": 0.6593453884124756, "text": "After the fight with Sebulba, Ani explains to Qui Gon that Jar Jar almost got into a bad fight. Jar Jar insists that he hates fighting, that it's the last thing he wants. Qui Gon says \"Never the less, you were heading into trouble\", along with a fateful gust of wind. \n\n...\"But meesa do nothing!\" Suuuure, Jar Jar.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1671181", "score": 0.6588340997695923, "text": "Despise some controversy surrounding the prequels, most of us can agree that Hayden's delivery wasn't the best. He often sounded whinny and irritating. Sure, a lot of these faults could be attributed to poor directing, but it doesn't take away from the fact that his delivery was bad. Just as a thought though: what it Matt redubbed Anakin for the 2 last prequel episodes? I personally love his voice work in TCW (specially when he goes full Batman voice when Anakin is angry), and I think his interpretation of the prequels could maybe - just maybe - save some of the lines Anakin has to speak? \"He's overly critical, he never listens!\" \"From my point of view, the Jedi are evil!\" \"I hate sand.\" But then again, maybe there's no salvation. I don't know, what do you guys think?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1669605", "score": 0.657759428024292, "text": "It's basically just \"you're gonna do great\" and I don't know why so many people have latched onto that one line. I know it's from a big moment but the boys were already charging into the breach, the line meant literally nothing. It didn't inspire them to fight *at all* and it's a complete throwaway line, there's no reason to care so much about that line in particular out of literally thousands of sentences in this amazing series.\n\nIs it just one of those things that propagates itself for no reason other than that it got popular, like it just happened and now it's here to stay? Can someone explain it to me? I don't find it inspiring, interesting, pertinent to the story, important to the ending, nothing, it's just **a** line.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1172172", "score": 0.6561722159385681, "text": "It made sense for Anakin's history, provided useful information about the difference between him and Padmé, and laid the perfect super-awkward foundation for the attempt at courtship which immediately followed. Good line, well executed in the context of the scene, and people should stop making out like it is a low point in filmmaking.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-110046", "score": 0.6558084487915039, "text": "I think people will tell you different things, but some of the arguments that I've heard are: Pandering to younger audiences with characters like Jar Jar Binks that took away from the more mature feeling of the original series. A heavy handed approach to CGI, thus losing much of the charm of the originals which used models and puppets. Stunted and unimaginative dialogue. Destroying the mystical feel of the Force by introducing the concept of midichlorians. Introducing a very very very hamfisted Jesus comparison by making Anakin a virgin birth.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-388851", "score": 0.6536597609519958, "text": "Personally it’s confusing clone troopers as storm troopers as well as the obvious misquoting of “NO, I am your father” as “LUKE, I am your father.”", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-444191", "score": 0.6533817648887634, "text": "I’m not saying you’re not allowed to like Star Wars or that it’s objectively bad, but I’ve never understood why it was such a big deal. Maybe it’s just because I’ve never been big on fictional universes based in space. \n\nThe prequels- they have their fans, but I can’t get into them. I think they are so cheesy, and boring. \n\nEpisode 4/5- I really like these two, both really establish the world and characters well.\n\nEpisode 6- keeps a lot of the strong aspects of the last two, but has poor pacing and I’m not sure if it wraps up the series well\n\nEpisode 7/8- I like both, I don’t know if they’re as strong as 4 and 5 but I think they are quite fun \n\nRouge One/Solo- both boring, they really squandered some potential in my eyes. Especially when they fired Phil Lord and Chris Miller \n\nThis is all just my opinion, but I could never get behind Star Wars. 4/10 movies I could say I really liked, and all the others range from ok to bad in my eyes. I’m probably going to get angry comments, even though I reiterate multiple times this is subjective", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-442755", "score": 0.6531018614768982, "text": "Before I begin, let me just get some basic stuff out of the way. I am not a big stars wars fan, I'm just a casual viewer and a fan of movies in general. Frankly, I think that they're a little overrated and taken too seriously, but I don't think the prequels are complete garbage. For example, the lightsaber fights are cool as hell, Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan is awesome, the score by John Williams is great, and the prequels led to, in my opinion, significantly better star wars media such as clone wars, etc. But other than that they fail at almost everything they try.\n\nI originally avoided watching the prequels because it seemed to me that they were universally acclaimed to be bad. Lately though all I've heard was people ironically liking these movies, and an obnoxious minority that seems to unironically enjoy them. So why not give them a shot and watch the movies? I thought Spider-Man 3 was still entertaining whilst having it's fair share of problems. So how bad could the prequels really be?\n\nFirst off, the dialogue is terrible. Not only does it sound super cringey, but it makes great actors like Natalie Portman and Samuel L. Jackson sound uninterested/boring as hell. How hard would it have been to get a team of writers to help you like in the original trilogy George? There is hardly, if no chemistry at all between the characters. George claimed that Star Wars was for kids so what the fuck is up with all of this political bull shit? Why is Palpatine's plans so complicated and nonsensical?? Who thought it was a good idea to get rid of Darth Maul that early. We could've gotten a bad ass rivalry between Obi-Wan and Maul ending in an epic duel. But nah. I think one of the worse things about the prequels is what they do to the Jedi and Yoda in particular. The way Yoda talks about the force in the og movies is very interesting and makes it sound downright spiritual. Turns out though that there isn't anything mysterious about and that it's just space bacteria. Why are the Jedi always killing before trying to handle things peacefully? I am very confused as to how anyone can say they are objectively good films. My only theory is that you watched them as a kid and thought, \"Wow lightsaber go woosh woosh nostalgia so coool\".\n\nI could continue shitting on these films but I just don't like star wars enough to keep going.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1397872", "score": 0.6527115106582642, "text": "I've only recently finished watching The Clone Wars series and since I liked it so much I immediately continued with Rebels. And even though it takes some time to adjust to the new characters and art style (especially in the first season), I'm really enjoying the story and love how it portrays the construction of the galaxy-wide Rebel Alliance! However, I do know that some people don't quite like the series and I was wondering why exactly? I'm genuinely curious and would love to hear your criticism.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1398089", "score": 0.6523483395576477, "text": "Right out the gate I dont know much beyond the main movies. But from what ive seen I'm not sure the Empire is all that bad. The originals and sequels are based on the belief that the galaxy would be better off without the Empire. I know that Darth Sidious is a bad egg but didn't he bring peace to the Galaxy? Was life really that bad compared to before the Clone Wars?\n\nEdit: I feel like an idiot for forgetting Alderaan and its been forever since I've seen Rouge One. \nThanks for the replies!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-388945", "score": 0.6522732377052307, "text": "It goes in way too long, and any Obi with 5 brain cells knows to dodge behind and start attacking. What's even more disturbing is that people think that Rey's mind trick is more annoying. At least you can dodge and work around it. Decrease the time of Obi's mind trick.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-640", "score": 0.6350844502449036, "text": "Assuming that all humans alive today survived, there's a tremendous amount of knowledge and experience that could be used to quickly bypass lots of steps along the way. As an example of this, check out [the best Commodore 64 games](_URL_0_) from the mid 1980's, and compare that to the winners of the [2010's Commodore 64 Demoscene](_URL_1_) where people take all of the advances in programming from the last 30 years and apply them to old hardware. It's true that modern computers are designed and built in part by computers, so it'd probably take several years to rebuild simple computers by hand, then use those to build more and more complex computers from there. But it'd take far less than 70 years to \"catch up\" because we have the advantage of knowing the full history." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1698622", "score": 0.60332852602005, "text": "So i am in need of a $200 laptop that i can program on and since I am very familiar with Windows, i kind of decided i wanted one. But then i realized that there are no good windows netbooks and looked up online that i could put windows on a Chromebook? I just wanted to verify that this wouldn't mess up my computer in anyway. Thank you!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1851264", "score": 0.603315532207489, "text": "I want to make something like the 3d version of the expanding brain meme. Can you guys give me a heads up - which software to learn, how much time it should take, what are the prerequisites, what skills are needed etc.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-87648", "score": 0.6033130884170532, "text": "A computer is good at doing several very easy tasks, but with very high speed, which can add up and produce something that is impressive because it would take humans extremly long to do the same. Math is one of those easy tasks, when it comes down to it, it's really simple and computers are good at really simple tasks like this. Humans on the other hand, are not super fast, but can do other things and especially come up with new stuff or see that the stuff they are doing needs fixing, a thing that your computer, only doing what it was told, can't do.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-854236", "score": 0.6032893657684326, "text": "Before I even continue and waste your time reading, if there is a better sub to be posting this question in please redirect me. I don't really wanna cause any unneeded disputes or issues. Im completely open to copy and pasting this somewhere else.\n\nMy question being, do you guys and gals have any suggestions for a gaming computer/monitor/etc.\n\nTo be honest I'm not a pro at all. I did not build my own computer, instead I got a gaming laptop known as the Nomad 17 from a company called Maingear. The computer worked fine, as it had:\n\n1070 Nvidia geforce graphics card\n\nIntel(R) Core(TM) i5-7500 CPU @ 3.4 GHz \n\n32 GB ram\n\n64-bit operating system\n\nThis next part is background, and isn't directly involved in my new computer search, but may be useful for a variety of other reasons.\n\nI was playing Doom Eternal on my computer when (the guy at main gear called it this) my computer started Artiticing. He suggested i connect my computer to a TV or something with an HDMI cable (which I did) to see if the issue was inside my computer or not. For whatever reason, connecting my computer made it shut off every couple minutes when I launched the game, and eventually after getting it to work it started artiticing again. I disconnected my laptop and was suggested to uninstall my drivers and install new ones off the Nvidia website (i followed all his directions exactly) and the drivers said they werent compatible. So my computers graphics now looked like garbage, and the resolution was off. Then my computer randomly shut down, and when i tried turning to back on, it won't start for more than two seconds. By that, I mean I can't even get it to boot in safe mode. I have to send the computer in for RMA. \n\n\nAt this point, they said they can't really upgrade anything aside from the graphics card or ram, which I feel with an i5 processor is pointless, if they cant upgrade that. So I want a new computer. \n\nHow can I get rid of my current computer in the most efficient way possible, and does anyone have suggestions for gaming DESKTOPS that are (relatively) cheap, efficient, top-tier, and can (maybe) arrive relatively quickly? \n\nLooking for suggestions for good gaming desktop setups is all, I'm not fluent in computer speak, and want to make sure I get something worth my time and money.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1471478", "score": 0.603277862071991, "text": "So I was thinking about buying a PC for music production purposes only. While discussing the idea with a friend of mine, he told me he could build it for me since he has built PCs many times in the past.\n\nI just had a couple of questions about specs and the parts that I should get.\n\n1. I've done some research and apparently the rpm of the hard drive is very important? How important is this in reality? specially when dealing with multitracking\n\n2. RAM. How much would be enough? I do plan on running a couple of VSTs like Superior Drummer and a couple of synths. Maybe 4GB or more?\n\n3. Finally, the processor. Should I really drop the cash on a quad-core? Will this heavily influence the speed and performance of my DAW?\n\nThanks in advance for your answers guys", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2565460", "score": 0.603255033493042, "text": "Hi!\nI want to start editing and hopefully land a job as an editor in the future. But first I have to buy a computer to edit on. I am more familiar with pc's so i dont really want to buy a mac (unless someone has a great argument for using macs instead). Anyways, what specifications should I look for when buying a computer to edit on? And is a stationairy preferable or a laptop?\nThanks.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2565344", "score": 0.6032078266143799, "text": "Hi all, I'm looking to buy a new computer and would appreciate your advice. I mainly play games on XBox and use my laptop for Sims 2/3/4 and general use. I was wondering what laptop or PC you guys would recommend for this? Thanks :)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2565144", "score": 0.6031744480133057, "text": "Need a laptop for college and it saves me from building a new pc", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2743058", "score": 0.6031743884086609, "text": "TLDR - Can to use photoshop to create 3D environments and then render photos with decent detail?\n\nKinda a weird on here. So I’m looking to creat 3D environments and then render photos from virtual cameras. Basically doing photography in a virtual landscape of my own design. Why? I want to create digital art. I want to make fantastical photos, space stuff, that sorta thing. I could do this compositing in photoshop but finding the right lighting is difficult and I’m limited in what I can creat. I want complete control over the environment and lighting. \n\nI’d basically need a few 3D assets, foreground, subjects, background. Only the areas in front of the cameras would need to be detailed enough, I’m not animating or creating video. Strictly still images.\n\nI could use Blender for this but I’m far more familiar with photoshop and Blender is running properly on my computer. \n\nWould photoshop be able to accomplish something like this? If so, would any of y’all have any examples of 3D artists who do everything in 3D??", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-918311", "score": 0.6031720042228699, "text": "Well... There isn't much more I can say. I really want to build a decent gaming PC over the summer for around $700. My problem is, I have no clue what to do. I have a very basic understanding of some things. but nowhere near enough to actually build a PC. So I just want to ask you this /r/BaPC, where to start? What should I do to empower myself to create greatness? Any help you can offer me would be greatly appreciated.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1533491", "score": 0.603144109249115, "text": "My laptop recently died and I'm looking for a new one. My goal is to learn some of the Adobe Creative Suite (More After Effects/Premier with some Illustrator and Photoshop worked in) on my new one, while also using it as a personal laptop.\n\nHowever, I can't find any sort of straight answer in terms of technical specs of what I need to use these programs. Everything I find on the internet seems to contradict what I just saw and I don't want to end up with something that won't work.\n\n*ideally,* Id' like to keep it around a $1000. I have no idea what I'm doing. Should I post links to what I've found? And just have a yes-or-no type game?\n\nDo I need 16GB of RAM? Would 8 work?\n\nIf I don't have any of these graphics cards, am I doomed?\n\n#gpu-acceleration\n\nI've finally set aside the time to learn these things and I can't seem to even be able to get started.\n\nPlease help!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-916794", "score": 0.6031262874603271, "text": "I am planning to build a new computer. I work in theoretical condensed matter physics, so I do a lot of numerical computations (using mostly Matlab). Computational speed and plenty of RAM is therefore one of the key components for me. I am not particularly experienced when it comes to computer hardware, and I would therefore be happy to hear any feedback on the following build:\n\n\n\nThe graphics card, case, and power supply are from an older computer. Thought I would use them again, but am willing to upgrade if it is important.\n\nThanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-785579", "score": 0.6031050086021423, "text": "So I work for a smaller retail company as their lead designer. I work typically with after effects and c4d so I need something powerful enough to render video effects and composites, but there won't be any gaming happening as it's an office desktop.\n\nWhat is a good pre-built desktop that would fit my needs? My budget is around 1,500 USD with some room in either direction. We already have peripherals so it would just be the PC.\n\nThanks for your help!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2514326", "score": 0.6030228137969971, "text": "Got a hand-me-down computer from work. I threw an extra stick of RAM in it and gave it to my kids as a research, light gaming machine (minecraft, etc). I am wondering if it's worth making a few reasonably priced upgrades to it that would give us a nice boost in performance and graphics. Or is it just not worth putting money into?\n\n* Operating System Windows 7 Professional 32-bit SP1\n* CPU Intel Pentium D 945 Presler 65nm Technology\n* RAM 4.00GB DDR2\n* Motherboard Dell Inc. 0RF703 (Microprocessor)\n* Graphics DELL 1708FP (1280x1024@60Hz) 512MB NVIDIA GeForce GT 120 (Apple Computer)\n* Storage 74GB Western Digital WDC WD800JD-75MSA3 ATA Device (SATA)\t35 °C\n* Audio High Definition Audio Device\n\nAlso...why do I appear to have an Apple graphics card? Is that even possible? (I mean, I guess so but..weird?)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-130231", "score": 0.602999210357666, "text": "Generally speaking: yes, they can. However, they are far less targeted than PCs, and their operating systems are generally far more restrictive than PCs. Windows for example allows you to execute and install pretty much anything you want, while an iPhone (not jailbroken) will only allow you to install apps from the App Store, which have to go through a verification process by Apple first.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-267258", "score": 0.6029801368713379, "text": "Miniaturization is expensive, and in the case of a desktop, unnecessary. Furthermore, desktops often include expansion capability (mobiles don't) as well as support for a wider array of ports and communication protocols (like USB, FireWire, ethernet, etc). But if you compare a \"desktop\" board designed with miniaturization in mind, like a Raspberry Pi, you'll find it's a comparable size to a mobile board, but lacking a number of features typically present in consumer desktops (like expansion interface).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2134407", "score": 0.6029728651046753, "text": "I've known for a while now that I was... behind. I was inferior in my gaming and I needed to change. So, i'm changing. I'm going to build my own PC cause I know it's cheaper. I see so many things about how you don't need to know a lot about computers to do this but i'm not convinced. I think that my complete ignorance is going to cause me to mess something up. I was planning on purchasing everything exactly as the \"end all\" build says then getting a nice monitor/keyboard/mouse. Do I need to know anything else or is this even a good idea? I'm not looking for upvotes I just need help/encouragement.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1469564", "score": 0.6029728055000305, "text": "As far as choosing components and stuff goes. I know I want to build a great performance PC, but I don't know where to start. Graphics card? CPU? Case? SSD? Any advice appreciated.\n\nEDIT 1: Let's say my budget was $4-500, what kind of specs could I expect? I don't need a keyboard, mouse, speakers or monitor. I got all that with my current PC.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-918565", "score": 0.6029233932495117, "text": "As title suggests. First time pc builder and I would like to get an idea of what sort of components I would need to put together a working rig.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2566442", "score": 0.6029027700424194, "text": "*note: if this is in the wrong subreddit, please let me know and I will repost this there. I'm slightly new to posting on reddit and I had trouble determining the right place to write this.*\n\nHello reddit! I'm contemplating asking for a new computer for christmas (or sooner, because school is starting!) My current machine is an old MacBook from 2007 and it is having some major issues.\n\nMy engineering school has software for classes based in Windows, and although having my personal computer running OSX isn't a huge issue, the logical switch (considering my MacBook's current health) seems to be towards a machine that runs Windows 7.\n\nCould someone tell me about their Windows 7 experience? My favorite thing about my MacBook is the ease of use. I can hook it up to any printer and it just prints. I can plug in the overhead projector, and it just works. Most of the settings are pretty user-friendly. My experience with Windows XP back in the day was... not like this.\n\nAlso, could someone point me in the direction of a great laptop that isn't insanely expensive? I'm willing to pay *maybe* 1,500 for a good machine that will do everything my MacBook can.\n\nFor some extra info, here's a similar post I made in /r/applehelp to get their opinions on my current machine.\n\nThank you for any advice!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-641", "score": 0.8160832524299622, "text": "New air dryers (like the dyson air blade) are more environmentally friendly than paper towels. Older dryers might not be, because they use more power." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2324779", "score": 0.7726852893829346, "text": "I have a project for advantages and disadvantages of paper towels vs hand dryers. I want to figure out how much energy each takes to produce and use. Any ideas of where I could find that?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-163378", "score": 0.7636693120002747, "text": "Drying your hands with a cold-air high speed dryer will issue about 3g of CO2e. Using a paper towel will cause about 10g of CO2e. Using a normal hot-air dryer will cause about 20g of CO2e. In short, two paper towels is about the same as using a normal hand-dryer. However, these numbers are very small. Using the toilet six times a day for a year, the total greenhouse gasses produced would be the same as eating 1kg of beef (in my diet about two weeks worth). Source: \"How Bad Are Bananas\" - Mike Berners-Lee", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-240506", "score": 0.7558919787406921, "text": "There are many variables, but electric dryers are lower in cost to operate and, over a lifetime, can be better for the environment (how much depends on paper source, type of dryer, power source...). However, they may not be as hygienic as paper. An efficient dryer (like a Dyson Airblade) with a renewable electrical source should always beat paper with transport and disposal costs. _URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2325317", "score": 0.7473417520523071, "text": "A paper towel is a tree based product, so that tree was cut down to produce it. However, the trees that are used for paper products are usually farmed. So:\n\nIn effect, wouldn't using a paper towel reduce greenhouse gasses, because the paper towel stores some atmospheric CO2 as a solid?(assuming it doesn't decompose)\n\nWhere as, an electric dryer, runs on electricity that likely comes from coal or natural gas. Which would only contribute to greenhouse gasses?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2058218", "score": 0.7116727232933044, "text": "There are obviously many ways to avoid using paper towels, but I find myself having a really difficult timing avoiding them. The second I see a spill, it’s much easier to reach for a paper towel rather than a rag, which I’d have to wash immediately afterwards. The restrooms in many public places don’t have automatic hand dryers. Do any of you have advice on how to prevent this excess waste? I always feel guilty thinking about how much my paper towel waste adds up.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-279881", "score": 0.7020138502120972, "text": "Yes, studies have shown that wiping hands is better as the problem with hand dryers is that due to the force of air against the palm of your wet hands it may forcefully dislodge the bacteria on your hands and make them airborne and spread elsewhere like your shirt and surrounding walls, floor, upper arm and etc. and could spread back to your hands after a while. Some bacteria may not be removed from the mere blowing of air.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-603518", "score": 0.7011793851852417, "text": "Hey everyone!\n\nI'm ready to replace paper towels in my everyday life. I hate them; I hate how many I can use within a day, and I hate contributing to waste. I've been using hand towels that are made from cotton (possibly a cotton-poly blend-- I'm not too sure), and while they are great at absorbing, they leave an insane amount of lint behind. This only really matters when I'm washing a dish that I need to reuse, and then drying it with a towel; however, I do this quite a bit when cooking. I use tea towels for covering a bowl of biscuits, or dough that is rising, and while they work great (and don't leave lint behind), they're not the best at absorbing. \n\nIs there any fabric out there that could possibly be the answer? Or, is it more of a \"maybe-you-should-wash/dry-them-differently\" problem? Either way, I would love to hear suggestions. Thank you!", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-130886", "score": 0.6960564851760864, "text": "That would depend on where the energy comes from and what kind of paper towels you're replacing. Wind power replacing new-wood towels? Great! Coal fired power replacing recycled pulp towels? Less great. The electricity that blower uses probably is less than what it took to pulp the wood, manufacture the towel, transport it, and transport it again to a landfill.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1273988", "score": 0.6944030523300171, "text": "I'm always finding myself damping it down with a paper towel. \n\nWhat do you do? What are the pros and cons of both?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-784672", "score": 0.693841278553009, "text": "Obviously, using kitchen towels is the best way to go but we don’t have a washer and dryer in unit and with kids in the house cycle through towels and messes quickly. We’re at 50/50 kitchen towel to paper towel usage right now and I’d like to move further away from paper towels. I do tend to buy quality paper towels and rinse and reuse the same one as often as I can and I compost them when appropriate. Any other suggestions for those of us who only do laundry about once a week (at best)?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-312420", "score": 0.6914321184158325, "text": "Short answer, [yes](_URL_1_). > Washing the hands, and then using paper towels or continuous-loop cotton towels reduced the bacterial count by about 45–60 per cent. But washing, and then using a warm-air dryer actually **increased the bacterial count by an average of 255 per cent.** > How could drying your hands increase the number of bacteria on your skin? > When they went looking further, the researchers found out how. The bacteria were already inside the warm-air dryers, thanks to the warm moist environment. Every single warm-air dryer they tested had high bacterial counts on the air inlet, while 97 per cent had them on the outlet nozzle surfaces as well. But in the interests of the environment, when you do use a paper towel, make sure to [follow these instructions](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-259327", "score": 0.690168023109436, "text": "I don't claim to have a huge degree of knowledge, but I would say a bidet is better for the environment by several orders of magnitude. Toilet paper, and all paper, requires a large amount of water to prepare, not to mention the lose of trees (also require water), the machines used to cut and transport the trees, energy to turn it into paper, packaging, packaging waste, clogging of pipes (halts water drainage) etc. Whereas a bidet is basically a faucet added to a toilet.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-160786", "score": 0.6869933605194092, "text": "When you dry your hands with a paper towel, and bacteria remaining on them are wiped onto the towel and put in the trash. When you put your wet hands under the electric hand-dryer, the warm air blowing out scatters all of that into the surrounding air. This might not be so bad if everyone did a very thorough job of washing their hands, but this is not the case. Many people do just a very cursory wash, and what is left on their hands becomes airborne.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-436364", "score": 0.6769049763679504, "text": "Hi all. I ride a bike to work everyday, which is great, but I get sweaty. And since I'm a teacher, I probably shouldn't smell too much. \n\nRight now, I sometimes wipe down with two or three paper towels from the bathroom, and sometimes I use a cloth. But I'm not sure which is actually better, because after I use the cloth I then hand wash it, which uses water and soap, and then because I'm at school, I use a paper towel to dry off my hands. \n\nWhat solutions have you found?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-152893", "score": 0.6765269637107849, "text": "2ply has better absorptive properties, it allows interstitial suspension. _URL_1_ This guy shows you how to use a paper towel more efficiently: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1665648", "score": 0.674655556678772, "text": "I used to use toilet paper with copious amounts of water. I also have very tender skin due to my hemorrhoids. However, I recently made the discovery that paper towels are far far better in terms of both quick clean up and they are overall less abrasive to my skin.\n\nPaper towels I got a kind that has a rather large sheet folded in 4 and it's still bigger than my hand, I get it super wet, and then I wipe, fold, wipe, maybe fold one more time and wipe. \n\nOf course, you cannot dispose of paper towels down the toilet. They have to go into a Walmart plastic bag, which I loosely tie for the next time or for eventual toss in the trash.\n\nPros: faster, easier clean up of poo off bum. Easier on delicate skin (my experience).\n\nCons: You have to dispose of messy paper towels in the regular trash. Might be more expensive?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-604210", "score": 0.6736522316932678, "text": "I use paper towels constantly throughout my day. Preparing meals and cleaning up after kids and pets is easily done with disposable paper towels. But lately I've been thinking about post SHTF and that some of those conveniences will disappear. Obviously you can use reusable rags and you will have to wash them constantly. But I have been trying to brainstorm how to not depend on paper towels so much. Any ideas out there?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-602485", "score": 0.6710410714149475, "text": "Reusable paper towels sounded like the ultimate gimmick to me, but I gave in and bought a package. They were ok in the kitchen, not great, just ok. I threw them in the laundry and they turned into adorably fluffy tiny towels full of awesome. \n\nSince they were just ok in the kitchen, I left them in the bathroom closet and figured I’d use them for cleaning. Fast forward to being out of clean face towels and I grabbed on of the bamboo ones. It took off the perfect amount of water and left my face that “perfect dampness” for applying my next products. \n\nI also use it as a way to get more moisture locked into my skin in my evening routine in winter. I run the mask under super hot water, wring out the water, place the towel on my face, and enjoy the mini facial/steam. As soon as I remove the towel, I start to layer my hydrating toners and they absorb much better. \n\nHere’s the brand I bought if you are interested. \nbamboo paper towels ", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-149816", "score": 0.6629015207290649, "text": "If you really want to help the environment, carry your own reusable bag. Paper takes more energy and emits more CO2 per bag than plastic, but plastic tends to end up in the middle of the pacific where it breaks down and effects marine life. It's ambiguous which one is really better because it depends on how you weigh the various impacts each choice creates.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-273868", "score": 0.6580924391746521, "text": "Bonus question: At work, they took away the (recycled paper) coffee cups and made everybody use their own coffee mugs. This has resulted in everybody washing their mugs in the sink and using tons of paper towels. Which is worse?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-642", "score": 0.7873877882957458, "text": "When you make an HTTP connection, there are a bunch of pieces of metadata that are sent before the data. One of those is Content-Length, which tells your client how long the data portion is going to be. If you don't see a file size in a download, it means the server didn't send a Content-Length header, so your client has no idea how much data is going to come, and it just needs to continue receiving data until the server stops sending it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1450356", "score": 0.7463869452476501, "text": "Today it downloaded 26,1 mb instead of 26,2 mb. Anyone having the same issue?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2673540", "score": 0.7431313395500183, "text": "I open the downloads section, click and hold an item, and nothing happens. The list of downloaded files is getting pretty long.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2672248", "score": 0.7423340678215027, "text": "For a while whatever I download remains at downloading metadata. it will not progress, can anyone help?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2027182", "score": 0.7393450736999512, "text": "That's about it.\n\nAdditional info: Ubuntu 16.04, Gnome 3.20, current Chrome, current Filezilla.\n\nWhy? I can set speed limits on downloads, can't on Chrome (that I know of).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-19802", "score": 0.7391526103019714, "text": "I dont know how accurate this is, however at the end of the download i assume this is the whole package being checked for errors and any missed packets or segments are redownloaded to ensure it is complete", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-961603", "score": 0.7374659776687622, "text": "On the store it says the file would be 48 i think but downloading it is ~73....", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-398168", "score": 0.7369163036346436, "text": "After a long wait for the courier and the install i found out theres still 5 GB to download. But a friend arleady has these files downloaded. With my 200 Kb/s internet the download would end at around 11PM and i have to get some sleep today. Cant i go to his PC. Find the files and just put them in my directory or something?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1956836", "score": 0.7364416122436523, "text": "Im trying to download a file that is 418 Megabytes, i have 458 megabytes left in my disc but when theres only 300 megabytes left to download, it says \"Downloaded failed - disk is full\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-10006", "score": 0.7358067631721497, "text": "It takes time to establish a Connection to the server you're downloading from, which may seem longer with smaller downloads since the time it takes to establish that connection might be as long as the actual download time. Also smaller downloads usually contains a lot of smaller files instead of a few big files (bigger files are easier to download than a lot of smaller files).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-127780", "score": 0.7350984215736389, "text": "They typically are, although not as .zip format. The download is compressed as much as possible - have you not noticed that the installer is much smaller than the installed game?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-90403", "score": 0.7345075607299805, "text": "A lot of progress bars are actually not following the progress of the download and are really just moving forward at a specified speed and when they reach just about the end they stop until the download actually finishes, it's a lot easier on the developers to have something like that instead of something that is actually tracking how much of the download is complete and what is left, etc. As for the ones where it isn't like that it's more of a watching water boil type of affect or coincidence maybe. I don't think there is a single answer for all occurrences of this but that's my best take on it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2466949", "score": 0.7309212684631348, "text": "I m trying to download 3.4 gigs and its taking way too long..is it normal?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2466770", "score": 0.729764997959137, "text": "i'm convinced my ISP is capping me for no good reason. they say i've gone over my 50gb limit but i'd like some way to verify that. at the moment there's no way to tell how much i've downloaded from stuff like youtube and webpages.\n\nany info guys? thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1987357", "score": 0.7284625768661499, "text": "Everyone has been saying that you could pause your downloads but I don't see how. Is there some kind of indication for it?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-739651", "score": 0.7280402779579163, "text": "Most progress bars give no indication of how much time is actually left in the download. I've sat in front of progress bars that fill up to about 95% percent in 2 seconds then spent five minutes to through the last half-centimeter. Why is this, and why hasn't anybody devised an accurate progress bar?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-398982", "score": 0.7277267575263977, "text": "keeps saying too many people are downloading them. is there a fix for this? or a backup spreadsheet?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-119087", "score": 0.7270065546035767, "text": "The download stores the partial file in a temp folder while downloading it, and at the end, has to move it to the download folder. This takes time.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-3874", "score": 0.7261930704116821, "text": "The files you download in the update must be decompressed before being permanently installed. A 500 MB download could easily decompress into a couple of gigabytes or more.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2321950", "score": 0.7261261940002441, "text": "Please be kind, I'm new at this...\n\nI have cable internet/wi-if and am curious to find out if there's any way to track and or see what's downloaded?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-749659", "score": 0.7256832122802734, "text": "When I check the software update from the device, it shows as 177 mb. Where as when I connect to iTunes and check for the update, it starts downloading 785+ mb file. \n\nA little clarification here reddit?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-643", "score": 0.7235329747200012, "text": "a thin layer of water heats up very quickly. Take a wet sponge, put it in the microwave for 10 seconds, it will be extremely hot. A cup of water wouldn't be warm in 10 seconds." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2253330", "score": 0.6840271353721619, "text": "My coffee madness requires mass quantities of quality coffee in a short period of time. The aeropress is my benchmark for quality &amp; I finally decided to list my 3 coffee makers on craigslist. Other than the nostalgic classic effect I have from drip brew, it never satisfies like the aeropress. So, my new method is to use the cowboy coffee method of brewing &amp; filter the grinds out with the aeropress. Here's my method:\n1. Measure proper quantity of water &amp; coffee. E.g. 18 parts water to 1 part coffee. I like to drink about 40 oz/ day, so that works out to be about 65-70 grams of coffee for that amount of water. Tricky part with the cowboy coffee method is the grinds absorb water, so to get 40oz coffee, i actually have to heat up about 48 oz water.\n2. Heat up water to 195-200 F on the stove-top in a pot.\n3. While heating up coffee, coarsely grind the coffee.\n4. Once water is @ proper temp, turn off the stove top burner &amp; dump in the coffee grinds/stir.\n5. Stew the grinds in the water for 4 minutes, stirring half-way thru.\n6. During that time, set up the aeropress w/ a metal filter or the paper one, or both &amp; place it on top of your big ass thermos.\n7. Once the time is up, sift/filter the mixture of water/coffee thru the aeropress &amp; press the water thru fast as possible.\n8. Once all the coffee is pressed in to the thermos, spoon out the grinds in to the aeropress &amp; squeeze out any extra coffee.\n9. Once that's all done, dump the grinds from the aeropress (~95% of them) in to the trash. The pot should only have a few left that can be rinsed out in the sink. \n10. Enjoy the mutant blend of cowboy coffee/french press/ aeropress. \n\nLet me know if you have any thoughts, concerns, or questions with this process.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-295471", "score": 0.6838767528533936, "text": "I've thought about this before as well. If you pour in the milk immediately, then wait a minute, that will be warmer than if you waited a minute and then poured the milk in. This is because there is a greater difference in temperature when the coffee is hot, so it gives off that heat faster than if it were cooler (with the milk in it).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-106339", "score": 0.6784127354621887, "text": "Instant coffee is basically the refined aftermath of filtering coffee in giant batches. Instant coffee is made by taking a giant bunch of coffee brewed in a fairly regular fashion in a factory, and dehydrating it in massive amounts. Boiling out all of the water, so that only the filter coffee's chemicals remain without the water. These are then placed into a canister to be used later and can be instantly dissolved in hot water for something similar to coffee, much like dry milk. Brewing your own coffee involves grinding the beans yourself and not having a factory to all the steps for you.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1078960", "score": 0.6780657172203064, "text": "What I have access to at my office kitchen: Huge commercial drip brewer, water cooler with hot water, microwave. \n\nThe drip brewer is perpetually in use with a half empty pot of Folgers that I won't touch outside moments of desperation. I own an aeropress and a small French press, but the heated water from the cooler here doesn't seem to be hot enough, and microwaving water hasn't met with very good results. \n\nStarbucks Via packets are the best I've been able to come up with so far; seeing if there are any other suggestions for making a half decent cup of coffee in this circumstance. \n\n(Have also resorted to making huge batches of cold brew at home and bringing it with in the morning, but this is primarily for getting through the afternoon at the office.)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1627323", "score": 0.6778311729431152, "text": "Hi y'all,\n\nI've been living the pour over life for many years now, but my new job and new puppy require much more out of my mornings, so I'm looking to speed up the coffee process. \n\nFirst thing I do when I wake up is take the pup out for about half an hour, so I was hoping to have coffee ready right when I wake up. I automate a lot of systems in my home and have some extra smart outlets that I can use to turn on a coffee maker (or whatever is plugged into them) at a certain time, say, when my alarm and lights activate in the morning. \n\nIn other words, I am looking for a GOOD auto drip machine that will start brewing as soon as it receives power. I like the Bonavita brewers, but even more like minimizing the amount of plastic that touches hot liquids. So, do any of y'all know of a quality brewer that can do what I'm looking for?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2252012", "score": 0.6774739623069763, "text": "So my wife usually uses a french press, but her dad has a great machine (a massive one that does literally anything you want it to) and I'm curious how that machine achieves the same richness as a french press, but of course in a fraction of the time.\n\nI wasn't expecting the same results of course, but we tried a much cheaper single cup brewer, but the coffee was very weak on the slowest setting. So even though the expensive machines are also just passing hot water through the ground beans, what exactly are they doing differently than a cheap machine? Is it extra heat? Pressure?\n\nMy wife loves her coffee really strong, so basically we're in the market for a single cup brewer that can match a french press that she lets sit for longer than most people would.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2252980", "score": 0.6760862469673157, "text": "If anyone is familiar with this machine, how long should I let the steam run through the beans to make the best espresso?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-190728", "score": 0.6751354932785034, "text": "It starts with plain old hot water and mixes in cold... It's not water being warmed to the temperature you want. It's much easier to just add more cold water or slow the cold flow to achieve almost instant temperature change. Sorry this probably makes no sense because I'm really high", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-110091", "score": 0.6745697855949402, "text": "Simple ELI5 answer - Tea isn't as popular over here as coffee. You might find a coffee pot in as many American houses as kettles in British ones. As for electric kettles - Most homes in the US operate on 100-127 volts, whereas the UK and many other countries use between 220 and 240 volts. The lower voltage in the US means that electric kettles would not heat water as quickly as they do in the UK. As a result, they haven't caught on in the US. As /u/themaxviwe pointed out. I'm giving this example for further explanation To raise the temperature of one litre of water from 15°C to boiling at 100°C requires a little bit over 355 kilojoules of energy. An “average” kettle in the UK runs at about 2800 W and in the US at about 1500 W; if we assume that both kettles are 100% efficient† than a UK kettle supplying 2800 joules per second will take 127 seconds to boil and a US kettle supplying 1500 J/s will take 237 seconds, more than a minute and a half longer.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-247932", "score": 0.6717385649681091, "text": "Ignoring the fact that a vacuum would vaporize the water in your coffee, this requires the box to also be at absolute zero, otherwise the box will [radiatively heat](_URL_0_) the coffee. If you shot your box into deep space, you could probably eventually get within a few K of absolute zero, although the box will only serve to keep the coffee warmer longer then.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-561794", "score": 0.6715233325958252, "text": "I would like to be able to dispense X ounces of water into my coffee maker in morning so all I have to do is load up the coffee grounds and press play.\n\nAnyone done something like this before?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-41375", "score": 0.668373167514801, "text": "Instant coffee is made by brewing coffee at a very high heat and pressure, then spraying it out of an orifice into a heated chamber where the water instantly evaporates, leaving behind just the coffee solids. Instant coffee is just dehydrated brewed coffee, where as the coffee grounds are just the ground up coffee beans.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-560679", "score": 0.668372631072998, "text": "I'm new to the \"good coffee\" scene, and I've been looking at pour-over coffee makers. I don't quite get the differences in the hardware. I guess my question is, why wouldn't you be able to use a goose-neck kettle (or even a regular tea-kettle) a thermometer, and pour water over freshly ground coffee beans in a regular (or mini-sized) coffee maker? Like, just open the top where the water would normally sprinkle (the shower head), and just sprinkle it in yourself? I mean, other than the obvious style reasons, would it make the same cup of coffee?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-92732", "score": 0.6679924130439758, "text": "They make a better tasting coffee. For example, for a French press, you can steep it longer or shorter for your desired strength. I use a pour over for my coffee for three reasons. First, as mentioned, it tastes better. Second, it takes up as much space as a coffee mug instead of a countertop appliance. Lastly, for a Keurig or drip machine, there are hoses that eventually build up with gunk in them. They become very difficult to clean, and the cleaning only partially works with harsh chemicals. My pour over is a simple ceramic device that I wash with a sponge or dishwasher, just like a mug. Are Keurigs or regular drip makers bad? No. They are convenient as hell. They just don't make the best cup of coffee.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2303616", "score": 0.6662071347236633, "text": "I'm looking for ways to make coffee in the morning without having to setup my Coleman stove everytime. \n\nRunning a coffee machine off an inverter?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2227797", "score": 0.6657241582870483, "text": "I have an older model... Keurig K 250 2.0 I believe. One of the ones that still had the K-Cup DRM lights.\n\nAnyways, my family gave up coffee several months ago, and after the unit was sitting for about a month, we decided to use it as a hot water machine for making tea.\n\nUnfortunately, we still have spats where coffee grounds are coming out of somewhere. I've done everything. I've ran at least 20 gallons of water through it. I've sprayed it every cardinal direction with the sink sprayer. I've ran cleaning cups through. I've descaled it twice. I've disassembled everything that comes off and soaked and scrubbed it.\n\nIt'll be good with no grounds for about a week - and then suddenly - more will appear!\n\nAny idea where these grounds could be hiding?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-307139", "score": 0.6649657487869263, "text": "You don't have to use high heat. You only need to supply more energy than the heat loss to the environment. Since you don't want to wait long, you use a higher rate of energy transfer to get the water to boil faster.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-560990", "score": 0.6648107171058655, "text": "This question dawned on me today as the water cooler at work ran out of water. So I change the water like a good employee and decide to get my hot water. It came out instantly hot (no wait time needed). \n\nSo my question is: how do water coolers heat water? \n\nEdit: I do mean the hot and cold Culligan water coolers.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-118463", "score": 0.6645404696464539, "text": "The bigger the different between two temperatures, the faster the temperature change between them is. So your super hot black coffee will be losing temperature faster than the cooled milk coffee, but it will be hotter than it. The black coffee will never be colder than the milk coffee, but eventually they will reach the same temperature (room temperature).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-227", "score": 0.6627554297447205, "text": "While all buildings are a little different, most use a single boiler and a recirculating hot water system. Hot water circulates in big loops on each floor, driven by small magnetic pumps. This means the water is \"instant-on\". The storage tank is kept warm by the boiler and inflowing water is warmed before it goes into the tank. This provides constant temperature hot water all day.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-644", "score": 0.7975074648857117, "text": "\"Boiling\" is the process of water becoming steam. The \"air\" in those bubbles is water turning into its gaseous form from its liquid form." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-37823", "score": 0.7566429972648621, "text": "Water can happily exist in both liquid and gaseous form at 100ºC, and it takes a lot of energy to convert liquid water at 100ºC to an equivalent amount of steam at 100ºC (indeed, it takes more than 5 times as much energy as it would to raise that water from 0ºC to 100ºC). So when the water is boiling, it's staying at a stable temperature of 100ºC, and the energy being added is being used to convert small amounts of the water to steam. That's what the bubbles in the water are, the small amounts of water that have been converted to steam (at the bottom of the kettle, since that's where the heat source is) floating up out of the liquid water and escaping into the air.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-319972", "score": 0.7561905384063721, "text": "The water heats up from the bottom. It boils and turns into a steam bubble, which rises. As the bubble runs into cooler water above it, it releases its heat, turns back into water, and collapses. The sound is the collapsing bubbles. When the water heats up enough that the bubbles make it all the way to the surface, the sound goes away.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-34710", "score": 0.7551812529563904, "text": "Atmospheric gases, Ike oxygen and nitrogen, come out of the water as time passes and as the water warms up. Your tap water isn't pure water, it's mixed with the air around it as it travels through the pipe and out the faucet. The bubbles forming are the gasses coming out of equilibrium with the water. Kind of like some sauces (or nail polish) separating if you leave it alone for a while.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-142388", "score": 0.7508416771888733, "text": "No, for a few reasons: 1. the bubbles aren't exactly \"air\", they are are the conversion of the water into its gaseous state as it reaches 100 degrees centigrade. They are H20, in gas form. 2. the bubbles get bigger in size because the pressure of the water is slightly higher at the bottom of the bowl than at the top. The bubble itself is slightly hotter than the water above it so when it rises it just flips the water into the gaseous state and this gas gets added to the bubble, causing it to grow. It's like a rising heating element taking heat from right next to the heat source (your stove top) up with it through the water.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-182562", "score": 0.7498170733451843, "text": "No. Boiling bubbles are made of steam, that is, H2O in gaseous form. By contrast it appears you're referring to bubbles made of CO2, or you may be confusing these with carbonic acid.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-288393", "score": 0.7424953579902649, "text": "Those bubbles are dissolved gas molecules from the air. If you removed all the water, you'd get a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and so on. However, all these gases have slightly different solubilities in water, so the exact proportion of these bubbles would vary quite a bit. Also, those bubbles would have lots of water vapour in them.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-76228", "score": 0.7419853806495667, "text": "Water doesn't need to be boiling to become a gas. As you know, water will evaporate all on its own if you just leave it out. Boiling is a special way for (liquid) water to turn into water vapor (the gas form of water). You see, in normal evaporation, it's just the water at the *surface* that turns into water vapor. But in boiling, water *all over* turns into gas. That's why a pot of boiling water has bubbles all over. The bubbles are water vapor coming from the water under the surface.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-97707", "score": 0.7418032884597778, "text": "If you're referring to the bubbles that form on the inside of the glass, that is air that was absorbed into the water. The colder a liquid is, the more gas it can absorb. So when a glass of water gets warmer, the air comes out of solution because warm water has less ability to hold gas. That's why pop goes flat when left open in the heat. Tldr; warm water holds less air than cold water", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-8597", "score": 0.7417594194412231, "text": "All matter can have three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Normally we see water as a liquid. When water is heated above 100 degrees C (at sea level), it becomes a gas. This requires a lot of energy to turn the liquid (which is a lower energy state) into a gas (steam). Energy comes in many different forms. The one that we care about is thermal energy, which in layman's terms is 'heat'. The bubbles you see are actually little pockets of steam (gas phase water) rising from the interface between the metal (which is where the energy is being transferred to the water) and the water. The heated area has the most bubbles because that's where the energy is being added.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-185983", "score": 0.7408263683319092, "text": "Little bits of the water turn to steam. Steam is a gas. The bubbles you see in the water are bits of steam (gas) surrounded by water (liquid).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-311851", "score": 0.7405267953872681, "text": "In the case of a pot on the stove close to boiling it's going to be bubbles of steam. As the water heats up there is a temperature gradient from the bottom of the pot (hotter) to the top (cooler) and that gradient is steepest right at the surface of the pot. When the water is hot enough some of the liquid will vaporize and bubbles will nucleate (begin to form) at imperfections in the surface of the pot. They'll grow and adhere to the bottom of the pot (surface tension) until their buoyancy lifts them off and you get bubbles moving up. Once the bubbles grow fast enough you'll get a lot of bubbles rising and the rate of convection (mixing) will increase. Around that time you'd say the pot is at a full boil.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-102976", "score": 0.7391058206558228, "text": "The bubbles contain water vapour and steam. A speck of water heated to that state expands 1700 times, easily making a bubble from 'nothing'. Edit 1700 not 3200, thanks /u/rawwwse", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-298545", "score": 0.738419234752655, "text": "Air isn't in a pot of boiling water as such, instead the \"air\" in the water is water which has been transformed from a liquid state to a gas state the water in a gas state then being lighter than the surrounding water rises through the water and into the air above the water.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-56112", "score": 0.7382898330688477, "text": "The hot water from your tap is under pressure and has air dissolved in it. When you remove it from the pressure in the pipes the air bubbles come out of solution and cause the water to look cloudy. The water from your kettle isn't under pressure.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-82130", "score": 0.7368867993354797, "text": "Water has air dissolved in it. When it's pressurized in pipes, it gets air forced into it. Most home sinks have aerators that mix in air when it's being poured. Even splashing it into a glass can add some air. Over time, these gasses come out of solution & form bubbles. Often, the bubbles form at the side of the glass where there's little imperfections ('nucleation sites') for the gas to stick to. It's not a lot different than a carbonated beverage except that the carbonated beverage has a *lot* more gas dissolved in it, so you get get streams of bubbles at the nucleation sites, growing large enough to float to the top.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-312756", "score": 0.7363942265510559, "text": "Just before the water comes to a full boil it makes a rumbling sound. This is caused by bubbles of steam collapsing on themselves. The steam forms at the bottom of the kettle, closest to the heat source. As the steam bubbles rise they encounter cooler water near the top, farther from the heat source, and the steam condenses back to liquid water collapsing the bubbles and creating that rumbling sound. As more of the water gets hotter the steam bubbles make to the surface without collapsing and the kettle is said to be at a boil and the noise stops. The sound you hear after the kettle comes to a full boil may be from a whistle attached to the spout or just the steam rushing out through the spout. Moving the kettle around on the element changes the distribution of heat, changing the rate at which steam is being created and the rate of flow through the spout.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-50393", "score": 0.7362722158432007, "text": "The base of the kettle/pot is hotter that the water it contains because it is in direct contact with flame. So when the water in contact with the base heats up enough, slight pockets of water vapour are formed which try to elevate to the surface. But since the water just above the base of the pot is not at boiling temperature yet, it will devapourize the vapour bubble making it burst. this causes the sound at the very base of the pot. if you watch closely, you can observe this.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-156221", "score": 0.7349629998207092, "text": "When water is at a rolling boil, the hottest water near the heat source is becoming gaseous and forming bubbles. When you stir, you are mixing the cooler water from the rest of the pot in with the very hot water, cooling it down and preventing the formation of steam.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-325352", "score": 0.7348466515541077, "text": "This is a result of a phenomenon called cavitation. What happens is that the water that is in direct contact with the heating surface tends to become vapour (steam) and form little steam bubbles. But the moment these tiny bubbles are formed, being less dense than the water around them, they begin to rise in the water column. Very quickly they come into contact with water that is substantially cooler than 100 °C, and as a result the steam changes back into water and the bubble collapses, making a very tiny little bang. When many of tiny bubbles are doing this every second, we hear it as a kind of hiss or roar. Once the water is boiling, the sound stops because the entire water column is at 100 °C and so the bubbles can make it all the way to the surface and actually escape as steam.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-295735", "score": 0.7343267202377319, "text": "Locally, it's not really liquid any more: the water has evaporated. That's the origin of the bubbles when your soup is boiling.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-645", "score": 0.6628466248512268, "text": "They were not created, they were captured and bred from wild strains of bacteria. You could start the same sort of thing today, but your quality would be hit or miss (and the misses would be nasty)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-864070", "score": 0.6295872330665588, "text": "My first recipe will be cheesecake ice cream with a pumpkin caramel swirl. What was your first one you made? God I am ridiculously excited....", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-211197", "score": 0.6295676231384277, "text": "Since I'm interested in seeing this question get answered as well, might I propose breaking this up into a few sub questions so the answer can be found? -What is currently the earliest evidence for humans distilling something so it contained alcohol? -What is currently the earliest evidence for humans making drinkable remedies that involved mixing things into water or other liquids? -What is currently the earliest evidence for humans squeezing fruits and/or other plants for their juices to drink? While it will probably be harder to answer the second or third questions (I don't know how one would document the first evidence for such things - an archaeologist might know this), the first question I posed is probably a previously asked question somewhere around this subreddit. I think these kind of questions are your best bets for getting an answer to your original question though.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2763449", "score": 0.6294258236885071, "text": "Hi y'all, I'm brand new to fermentation and my class has an assignment where I need to do some lacto-fermentation. I'm confused about Whey, as supplement and nutrition stores are the only places I can find it, but I assume it's a different kind of whey than what I need. Is it the same thing, or am I better off making my own whey with straining yogurt?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2498867", "score": 0.6294161081314087, "text": "\n\nDay Seven and onwards. Says to take 50g of fermented starter into clean jar, add 50-50-100 content, wait 12 hours, discard everything down to 50g and repeat the content adding.\n\nMy question is: Do you discard the original fermented starter that you use to get the original 50g starter?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1080360", "score": 0.6292397975921631, "text": "I have never worked with starter before and i've been wondering. Should i just go by feel or is there some relativley reliable ratio of yeast/starter?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-941209", "score": 0.62897789478302, "text": "Okay, so here's what's going on. Initially, I was just making a quart of mixed nut milk and I'd use the pulp to make a cheese and eat it with some cookies I make and everything was fine. The volume of pulp was manageable and I found a good use for it.\n\nI then started making the almond-sesame seed-rice yogurt /u/iLoveSev had posted about earlier. Problem? I'm making double the amount (I want to ideally eat some yogurt after both lunch and dinner, so even double the recipe amount will only last me two days or so) and I'm using brown/red rice (rather than the white rice used there), which means I'm getting a ridiculous amount of pulp from this. Okay, no problem. I'll just start putting pulp into my pancakes in the morning. This is getting to be a problem, but I think I can make this work.\n\nThen, I realized that I'm using about a cup of my mixed nut milk a day for the pancakes, which means that the milk is disappearing twice as quickly (I usually drink about a cup of it with my chai in the morning). I decided to make sunflower seed milk instead for the pancakes (since I'm not made of money). This, I think, crosses an inflection point.\n\nI'm currently sitting with the pulp from the last time I made the yogurt, *this* time I made the yogurt, and the sunflower seed milk I just made. On top of this, I'm sitting on the cheese from the last quart of nut milk I made (which I finished in two days...). I'm at the point where I'm not even sure how to store all this pulp, let alone use it. I live by myself and don't really bake a lot (at least, not things that would normally use flour), so I can't sub in the pulp. I'll try increasing the amount of pulp I put in my breakfast pancakes, but the volume is getting to be quite large.\n\nIdeas for how to deal with this gigantic volume of pulp?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2761559", "score": 0.6289712190628052, "text": "I read about it in the book \"Art of Fermentation\". Is that a crazy idea? I'm just curious if it will go bad after 1 year and how it will taste. \n\nSupposedly that was a way to do it in old times.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2761912", "score": 0.6287567019462585, "text": "Saw a bunch of mixed opinions for TFA GY in search. I just made a kiwi cucumber yogurt and a watermelon blood orange yogurt. Started with 2% yogurt in each with four drops of super sweet in 30ml bottles (my scale doesn’t weigh to hundredths sadly), 50/50 carrier. I have them in a rock tumbler stuffed with a dish towel to stabilize them as they agitate (it makes for a 48 hour steep in as many minutes). \n\nHow do you guys put it to use—or do you not?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2009903", "score": 0.6286381483078003, "text": "I originally started eating it this way because I had lunch with a portable fork I had lying around that was so small and convenient. I didn't want to bring more cutlery or any of the full sized ones around so I just made do with that when I started bringing yoghurt. Then I found it better and so I always do it even when I don't need to. Mainly the long side of the fork is perfect for sliding along the edge of the container and it doesn't slip through that much. A big spoon bends so it doesnt hug the edge as much, plus it is wide so it is more cumbersome.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-172840", "score": 0.628549337387085, "text": "They make ones that will work with non dairy milks. The proteins and fats and sugars in milk are pretty unique which is why they can make cheese. You cant make almond cheese or coconut cheese, and you cant make dairy pudding with them either. Maybe someone can explain the science behind the interactions with the casein(or whatever milk enzyme it is) that makes it work specifically", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-603477", "score": 0.6283556222915649, "text": "I'm really not a complete newb when it comes to this genre of hobbies... I've been brewing beer, cider and mead for over three years, so I felt like I'd be able to control the variables necessary for this. But I've struggled real close to a point of giving up! \n\nI've attempted something like 8 batches of mostly mozzarella and halloumi, and at worst, they haven't worked out, and at best, they've resembled cheese, but didn't have a consistency I felt like they should have. \n\nI've tried changing several variables to try to find a culprit. I attempted recipes from different sources, I experimented with 3 different brands of milk including finding one that was on the \"Good Milk\" list here. I bought another rennet in case the one I was using wasn't working well enough. I've tried with calcium chloride and without. I've tried the flocculation method. Each time I've ended with curds taking longer than the should to form, weaker than they're supposed to be, or not stretching properly in the case of mozzarella. \n\nBasically, I'm just looking for some honest feedback to the question, did anyone else start out in this hobby with as difficult a time as this? Or did you guys just open your cheese kits, follow the directions, and boom, you've got stretchy, shiny balls of mozzarella the next day?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-91026", "score": 0.6283389329910278, "text": "You can of course realise that \"sucking on the underside of a cow\" is probably the dumbest possible way it happened. After all, what do we drink when we're infants if not milk? And, of course, human curiosity will find out our milk is actually tasty. So you start trying the milk of other animals, preferably docile, and find out hey, this milk is pretty cool, and there's just loads of it. As for where to find it, you only need to look at what seems brimming with liquid, and being sucked on by baby cows. As to how we got to cows, I do imagine we would breed them or just live closeby to them for their copious amounts of meat and docile nature, leading to a very easy to procure food source. As for a more scientific answer, have a look: _URL_0_. I guess since it happened such a long time ago, we don't really know what our interaction to these animals was like.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-552520", "score": 0.6282368302345276, "text": "Howdy, \n\nI came across an article stating that the lactase enzyme which is commonly used in the production of lactose-free milk comes from our friend, Aspergillus Oryzae. Has anybody tried making LF milk / yoghurt using Koji?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-179268", "score": 0.6281739473342896, "text": "Sweeteners were found by accident when a chemist didn't wash his hands and ate some bread. As for artificial flavour, that came later was at first \"oh, this kinda tastes like banana\" then became extracting and synthesizing certain proteins from the object your trying to get the flavour of. Now its done more like drugs are, in that its building molecules of certain sizes, shapes and materials that produce the correct response from your taste buds.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-64269", "score": 0.6281583905220032, "text": "Almost all recipes are created by evolution. Something works, then someone tries adding another ingredient or another step. Lots of these don't work out well, but sometimes one does, so then you have a more intricate recipe. Repeat.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-226164", "score": 0.628145158290863, "text": "Genuine follow-up question: is beer the most ancient fermented beverage of the near east? Or is it mead? I always thought fermented honey was the first real \"alcoholic beverage\"?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1733597", "score": 0.6279324293136597, "text": "For many years I maintained a sourdough starter - we had sourdough bread, pizza, or waffles every week when I fed it. Five years ago when I had to go gluten free I gave the starter away and kept the crock. I toyed with some attempts at a starter but just couldn’t get one moving. \n\nDoes anyone here have a sourdough starter? How did you start it and what do you feed it? How often? Any tips?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-719792", "score": 0.6277793645858765, "text": "I believe a sourdough starter becomes sour due to bacterial activity. Since the flour being fed to the poolish will contain the same kinds of bacteria, will the poolish eventually just turn into a sourdough starter?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2009855", "score": 0.6272398233413696, "text": "I was really liking greek yogurt for a while - it was more filling and had more protein than regular and lower-fat varieties, but then I looked at the sugar content? Do I have to give this up completely, or is there an alternative that I'm totally overlooking?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-553452", "score": 0.6272040605545044, "text": "I used (crushed) blueberries. They are organic, and I picked them myself. \n\nI poured the crushed blueberries into a pot of boiling water. About 2 and a half pounds worth. \n\nI put in a mixture of confectioner's and brown sugar, because that was what was in my kitchen. About 2 pounds worth. \n\nI put in a couple capfuls of lemon juice (from a bottle) because I read that that had helpful enzymes and acids for this sort of thing. \n\nI dumped in an entire packet of baker's yeast, on the principle that a) baker's yeast was bad for this purpose and most of it would probably die and b) I hadn't put in any yeast nutrients. \n\nThis all went in to a gallon-sized milk jug with a balloon with a hole in it on top (the standard broke-motherfucker brewing kit; imo, it's just as good) \n\n***\n\nThat was a couple of hours ago. I just checked back, and holy shit. The balloon is inflated out to 3 inches or so. I have literally never seen that much inflation from brewing OR seen it happen that fast. \n\nIs it actually fermenting, or did I trigger some other chemical reaction?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-646", "score": 0.6725053787231445, "text": "Molecules from it break off and float around in the air. Your nose picks them up, and your olfactory center \"reads\" them. Yes this means exactly what you think it means, when you smell poo." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-9251", "score": 0.6388595104217529, "text": "Um, can you elaborate on what canned foods, other than canned cat food itself, that you think smell like cat food?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-135360", "score": 0.6388578414916992, "text": "A number of reasons: 1. To prevent smells contaminating taste of other foods 2. To prevent food drying out (cooked chicken, cheddar cheese) 3. To prevent oxidation of food 4. To prevent contamination by germs - but I don't really think this is necessary in most cases except where you could accidentally touch uncooked meat", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-169022", "score": 0.6388458013534546, "text": "Smells are not completely one-dimensional. A smell can be a concoction of a great many chemicals, some of which are hugely present and others are more subtle. When a dog zeroes in on something they're processing the more subtle and harder-to-detect elements of the smell. So they know from ten feet away that a dog pissed on the fire hydrant and strain the leash to get over there... but when they jam their schnozz into its side they get that it's that cute little shibi and she had a bacon treat yesterday and her master dated a guy wearing Axe and OH HOLY LORD OF DOGS JACKPOT in about two and a half hours she'll be in estrus CMON MASTER BOOTY CALL CMON LETS GET OVER THERE NOW", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-5047", "score": 0.6388369202613831, "text": "Basically: Cheese is milk that has gone bad because bacteria breed in it. The bacteria fart while breeding. The farts make up the holes and the stink of the cheese.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1060463", "score": 0.6387957334518433, "text": "I steamed a few blunts and a spliff in my room on Tuesday. It's Sunday and my room still smells. I've left my window open for an hour, maybe 2, but I live in IL and it's cold as fuck right now. I've also showered my room in febreeze. Any suggestions on how I can get rid of the stench?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-278744", "score": 0.6387459635734558, "text": "The scent comes from the oils of the plant. Which part of the plant the oils come from depends entirely on the plant itself. In the case of a Lily the oils come from the petals.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-236962", "score": 0.6387438178062439, "text": "There is a membrane that vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency. These vibrations create small water/oil droplets that then leave the diffuser. Think of it more like creating fog. It is all physical change, no chemistry is occurring.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-176266", "score": 0.6387175917625427, "text": "One of the main components of exhaust is water. As the exhaust cools the water vapor becomes visible. For the first bit of driving the exhaust system is cold and this point happens inside the exhaust. After the vehicle warms up this point happens outside of the car and the effect is minimized. In addition water usually accumulates in the exhaust and it takes a while to \"dry out\" the muffler and tailpipe.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-137870", "score": 0.6386867761611938, "text": "Bacteria grows throughout your mouth all night. It has a short life, so after reproducing, it dies. They also leave... waste behind. After many hours, a lot of bacteria has died. You now have the combined smell of millions of rotting organisms in your mouth.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-190807", "score": 0.6386612057685852, "text": "The body runs on negative feedback loops for pretty much everything. It likes to be in balance. When its out of balance and you need something whatever gives you what you need feels better, tastes better, smells better. If you get too much then it goes out of balance the other way so you feel bad, it tastes bad, smells bad to get you to stop doing it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-148955", "score": 0.6386556029319763, "text": "Most flavors you taste are detected with your nose. You can taste 5 flavors with your tongue, but smell about 1 trillion odors/chemicals. When you heat up your food the odiferous chemicals in the food gain energy and evaporate, allowing you to be able to smell them easier. Thus making the food taste different.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-179929", "score": 0.6386241316795349, "text": "The air inside has a finite amount of humidity. Whether pulling moisture from the food or providing it, the interaction is pretty short-lived. When left open, the air is relatively endless, and with it the ability to pull or provide moisture.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-13482", "score": 0.6385763883590698, "text": "Rotting skin and sweat stuck in the itty bitty cracks of the strings. Most strings are a material that doesn't rust or oxidize, like silver or stainless steel. That'll have a bit of a metallic smell, but everything else is leftovers from the player.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2856", "score": 0.6385635137557983, "text": "They're attracted to the smell, or the color, or maybe they're just jerks.", "topk_rank": 13 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-647", "score": 0.7500784993171692, "text": "For one thing, some of that debt is owed to UK banks and institutions. They will have to take a loss, which could mean everything to high interest rates to outright bank failures. It will heard the economies of the EU in general, and those are some of the UK biggest trading partners. One the other hand, the weakened euro might make the pound more attractive, which could boost the UK economy." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-145774", "score": 0.711881160736084, "text": "The situation in Greece is really not all that complicated, Greece has a corrupt, inefficient economy and a very similar political system. For years they spent far more than they could afford, in part because of cheaper lending rates available once in the Euro, however they were only able to get into the euro in the first place by giving their books a good cooking (which most within the EU knew but the Euro is a political creation rather than economic driven so a blind eye was turned). This was all brought to a head by the fallout from the financial crisis, as a result of the markets waking up to their 'issues' Greece's borrowing costs have become unsustainable which is why we have had to throw them a life jacket.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-56988", "score": 0.7115228176116943, "text": "Greece exits the Eurozone, unilateral declares that existing debt will be paid back in drachma at some rate (a semi-default). They begin to devalue their currency. They have some rough years because people are wary of taking their worthless pieces of paper in exchange for actual goods and services. Eventually however, Greek labor becomes so cheap that they bounce back to a new normal, poorer than before, but sustainable. Step two of the Euro crisis is Spain and Italy looking sideways at Greece saying, \"hmm, that looks pretty good and we wouldn't even have as bad of a landing since we both have legit economies and actual exports\"", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2609081", "score": 0.7111210227012634, "text": "Hi, I am writing a paper for school on Germany's position in the EU. I would specifically like to focused on German lending policies that have made countries like Greece de facto colonies for Germany. Link to article or just your opinions would be great. \nthanks :)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2677107", "score": 0.7110639214515686, "text": "Greece gets bailouts for the huge mess they're in, and they go on strike. Its like that every time. The European stocks went down 5% today on average, because of fears over greece. What does greece do today... Strike...\n\nCan someone explain the situation in laymans terms? As a tax paying citizen in western Europe I really want to hate these guys, but I'm sure I'm missing some details. I hope...", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-138566", "score": 0.7098206281661987, "text": "The world is much more interconnected and global than it was in the days of empires. In the most cynical sense, the wealthy countries in Europe don't want Greece to leave the Euro zone because that would effectively shrink their convenient common-currency export market size by 11 million people (the population of Greece).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2097840", "score": 0.7080950140953064, "text": "Also posted in /r/digitalnomad \n\nAs someone who is a remote worker and gets paid into a UK bank account, by primarily US dollar, what impact could the result of the UK/EU vote be. Could a vote to stay/leave have an impact on the exchange rate, and in return have a negative (or positive) impact on my income. Must admit, not quite knowledgable on this area. Interested in people's thoughts on the situation and potential situations that could arise for us Brits working abroad.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-16174", "score": 0.7080840468406677, "text": "They're not mad because of their debt problems. They're mad because of the solutions Germany is proposing to their debt problems; specifically, that they should drastically cut social programs as a precondition of getting a loan. Cutting those social programs will hurt people, so many Greeks feel like the cuts shouldn't happen at any cost.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-40421", "score": 0.7077596783638, "text": "Greece is broke. It can't pay for its expenses. Greece and everyone else use the same currency. If Greece doesn't pay back it's debt, historically only it's currency and bonds would be worth a lot less, and they'd print more money to just devalue currency. The rest of the people with the same money don't want it to be worth less than it is. So, in order to prevent that from happening they are meddling with how much money Greece can spend and on what. **tl;dr** Like if your sister and you shared a credit report and she needs money, but won't stop buying super-expensive dinners out. your sister is Greece, and you are the rest of europe. Also, you're almost broke yourself. Also, your rich father is Germany and he's doesn't want to give your sister money. [also more answers here](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-253459", "score": 0.7072603106498718, "text": "The simple explanation is that we have tons of debt but much of it is to ourselves, ie citizens of the US who have bought savings bonds. Also, while we have debt we bring in enough taxes to cover the required debt payments. Greece's economy is basically tourism and shipping. When either of those goes down (like they both did in 2008) the country will have massive problems. The US has a very diverse economy and failure of one or two industries won't bankrupt us. The US has its own currency. If things got really bad (and I mean worse than you could imagine) the country could print enough money to cover the debts. This would send the economy into a free fall but technically the debts could be repaid. Greece cannot do this because they don't have the ability to print their own money. They are part of the Euro which is the currency of 19 other nations.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-89639", "score": 0.7070488929748535, "text": "You live in a house with 5 other people. For many years you have all bought food and paid rent in different currencies (dollars, pounds, yen etc), and debts between all of you were difficult to manage due to currency conversions and such. To compromise, you use a new currency which is common between all of you. This currency is the euro. Now, you have worked hard all your life, and have quite a bit of money stashed away. Your friend Greece works at his own shop, but he doesn't collect full payments most of the time, and is short on cash. The rent is due. If you don't pay the rent, you all go homeless. The only way Greece can pay the rent is if you, France, and your other rich friend, Germany, throw in a couple of bucks to help Greece out. By doing so however, you must spend a bit of money. This is the current situation.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-27848", "score": 0.7069483995437622, "text": "England is a significant worldwide economic power. Imagine you're an incredibly exclusive golf course. You can get by on 20 members that are very influential. If one of those members has something happen to them (you don't know what the full consequences of it is, but you know something life-altering happened to them), you have to be a bit more cautious with how you spend your money at the golf course because 5% of your clientele may have money problems. Not to mention the fact that all 20 of your customers are also each others' customers for whatever business they're running. They're each going to be more cautious with their money until the full impact of the Brexit is known.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2592583", "score": 0.7065202593803406, "text": "I'm curious if together we can do a reasonable job at predicting what happens if (or as seems likely when) the shit hits the fan.\n\n\n\n**What we know:**\n\n- Italian banks are in trouble 1]( [2]( [3 Their PM wants to bail them out with 140 Billion Euros but it's against Eurozone rules and Merkel was against it as recently as last week. \n\n- Deutsche Bank is big in trouble. 1]( [2\n\n- The Chief Economist at Deutsche Bank has called for a 150 Billion bailout of Eurozone banks today 1]( [Translation]( They say they want it for the Eurozone in general not for themselves but /u/rbnc [believes that is just a cover story.\n\n- Other banks are in trouble. A bank in Belgium was shut down last month. 1 \n\n- The Eurozone banks have been taking a hammering on the stock exchanges (ours have to but to a lesser degree I believe.) There a huge risk of contagion because of how big some of these banks are. Deutsche Bank has €43,000,000,000,000 (trillion) of high-risk exposed derivatives. 1\n\n- Brexiteer Investor and Economist Jim Mellon (worth 500m) thinks that the French and Italian governments are effectively bankrupt and will require a bailout in the next few years. 1]( [2 Could this be the thing to trigger that?\n\n- For those that don't believe the Euro is fundamentally harmful and probably unsustainable in it's current form (as I do) here an easy 3 minute video guide]( or a [ten minute one.\n\n--------\n**What do we think will happen?**\n\n- When will this crisis come to ahead? In the next fews weeks or months, not till next year or never?\n/u/hughk thinks that the problems with Deutsche bank are overhyped and he doesn't see any major issues. \n\n- What will be the trigger Deutsche bank, the Italian banks, something else or will Eurozone leaders get out ahead of it?\n\n- How will the Eurozone respond? Will they let the banks fail, do a complete bailout or a partial bail out letting some banks fail?\n\n- Will it just be German and Italian banks or banks in other countries as well?\n\n- Will this trigger a recession in the Eurozone? What sectors will be most affected?\n\n- How will Britain be affected? Will we be seen as a safe haven or not? \n\n- Will we go into a recession as well if the Eurozone does?\n/u/arselona predicts we'll become a safe haven. \nBarclays also predicted that after Brexit we'd become a safe haven a few months before the referendum. Telegraph\n\n- Will this trigger massive problems in the bond markets in Italy or France as Jim Mellon suggests will happen at some point? Would that trigger either a bailout of the French and Italian governments or the end of the Eurozone?\n\n- What will be the political repercussions of all this in Europe?\n/u/arselona predicts referendum pressures above 50% in Eurozone countries. \n\n- What will be the political repercussions in Britain?\n\n- How will this affect the deal between the UK and EU? Would it give us more leverage? \n/u/godrips thinks it would give us more leverage. \n\n---------\n\nRight now, I think most of us here think that a banking crisis in the Eurozone is coming or are at least aware that it's a possibility. Congrats, we're one step ahead. The challenge now is can we get two or three steps ahead by anticipating people, the markets and governments reactions to the crisis. If we can predict that then we have an opportunity to makes gains. If we were a politician we could use it to call for something now that everyone will want in a few months time (for example a Euro referendum) and look principled and prescient instead of weak and stupid. And if we were investors we can use it to make money.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-144435", "score": 0.706152081489563, "text": "They can be in debt by being given money on the promise they'd give slightly more money back in the future. They owe money to other countries, people, companies, and other parts of their own government. They are paying interest to the people they owe money to. If they don't pay their interest or they don't repay their debts when due then people will stop giving them money and it will cost a lot more to borrow money. This is the sort of issue that Greece faced/is facing.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2608933", "score": 0.7059247493743896, "text": "I'm not entirely educated on what's going on with the EU so sorry if I get some details wrong.\n\nAs a brit it's frustrating to see so many people adamant on leaving not only becuase I'm a remainder but because I'm a remainder who wants a truly united europe which is probably even more controversial.\n\nBut even if we screw ourselves I hope the rest of the eu is able to continue to integrate, I read the 2017 paper on the future of the eu, how do you think it's going, there are seems to be more push on a european army but it seems more reforms are needed.\n\nOverall how far are we from the eu actually being considered a nation of it's own where the G7 goes to being G4(if other nations aren't added). Also say the UK somehow remains(Labour wins and a second referendum results in remain winning) will this slow the process.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2591037", "score": 0.7049906253814697, "text": "As a citizen of the UK, I literally have no idea about how the economy of the states works. Is it a similar situation to the EU where if one state fucked up the entire ship would come falling down, or are they fairly independent? Is the disparity between states as strong as it between say Germany and Greece, or are they largely similar?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-114593", "score": 0.7047789692878723, "text": "The USA has a massive economy & can manage to make payments on those debts because its citizens pay taxes. Being deeply in debt is not an issue as long as you can make all your payments on time. Greece is a tiny country with rampant tax fraud. They can't keep up on their payments & the bill collectors are showing up to demand payment.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-45045", "score": 0.7044589519500732, "text": "We are in uncharted waters, because no country has ever left the EU. It calls into question a lot of possibilities: * Uncertainty around the many non-British EU citizens who until now have been able to live and work in the UK * It may weaken trade and destabilize the British economy, which could have worldwide effects * It might strengthen euroskeptics throughout the continent, which might contribute to a weakened or even collapsing EU * Scotland, which voted by a large majority to Remain, will likely seek again to separate from the UK * David Cameron will likely be forced to resign as Prime Minister", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1620415", "score": 0.704270601272583, "text": "If the country does decide on leaving the EU, the pound will fall sharply. In fact the pound has already decreased since results are coming out. Will this affect the transfers for the club due to a diminished capacity of capitol?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-116975", "score": 0.7042570114135742, "text": "Greece in the midst of yet another financial instability wave. What you observe as stability is the waiting time before the terms of the current agreement with the troika lenders are officially declared as not going to be reached, which in turn will be the excuse for another agreement accompanied with a stricter austerity wave that will make the terms once again unreachable. It's this deflationary spiral that must be broken in order for the economy to breath but you won't see it happening soon as the current EU political leadership is so invested in the austerity agenda.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1729869", "score": 0.7042219638824463, "text": "I am not disputing the fact that Greece is not responsible for the crises. Its policies, inefficiencies and corruption have led it to this point. But do not call it a bailout of Greece. The money is not used to help Greece to recover. The money is to enable Greece to continue paying off the interest on the debts while strangling the economy and making it unable to repay the capital.\n\nI am also angry at bankers who were irresponsible in gambling the savings that European citizens entrusted to them. They have a responsibility to diversify their risk, and research their investments. And not make lazy assumptions that the EU Bank will rescue them when things get bad.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-648", "score": 0.6509369611740112, "text": "Basically, not getting enough sun makes you depressed. That's why one of the ways to alleviate it is to use a light box." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1759454", "score": 0.6183821558952332, "text": "Hey all, I don't have EDS, but I do have hypermobility spectrum disorder. Just wanted to put an FYI that after all of the doctors that dismissed these symptoms, said I was stressed, over exaggerating, etc, the EDS clinic in Toronto diagnosed me with HSD (and ruled out EDS) and set me up with all of the specialists and long term care I needed. If you are in Ontario then it could very well be worth bringing up with your primary care physician", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2099415", "score": 0.618366539478302, "text": "Long story short I’m DL. Straight masc acting and I have rosacea on my cheeks so whenever I’m shy it reddens, when I’m nervous it reddens, if it’s hot it reddens. Overall, it makes me feel bad about my appearance because people would ask me if I’m okay then I have to say it’s normal blah blah blah. It’s a hassle and it makes me even more red because I’m upset/embarrassed. So After about suffering 6 years with this condition I went to the store and bought a tinted moisturizer and tried it , the redness was gone. I looked like a normal 23 year old guy. No red cheeks. My self esteem sky rocketed through the roof. I kept looking at the mirror to see if it was real. I can’t wait for school to start back up to show off me 😁 one of the main reasons why I never go out to dates is because these cheeks made me feel so ugly. Now I can’t wait to go out in public.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1258504", "score": 0.6183585524559021, "text": "So for some background info.\nI (m) am 24 years old. When I was 20 years old, I got diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. A year later they diagnosed me with a borderline personality disorder. While I agree with the schizo part, due to my hallucinations, I strongly disagree with the borderline diagnosis. I've been in psychotherapy now for over a year and somehow, the schizophrenia doesn't include all of my symptoms. My therapist mentioned that I've got some autistic tendencies. For example I've got no personal interest in people. The only time i have interest in them, is the learn some new behaviour by observing or when i don't dislike them like i normally do. Another thing is, i can't hold eye contact, at least not for a long time. Most of the time i have to force myself.\n\nNow to my question. I tried to read something about the asd but for me it's kinda confusing. If you wouldn't mind: what are your symptoms and what about your asd is the most annoying?\nAlso: how does the spectrum work? If you're diagnosed, how do you know on which point of the spectrum you are?\n\nSorry for my bad english, it's my second language.\n\nEdit: do you also have multiple diagnosis? If so, which ones?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2754682", "score": 0.6183472871780396, "text": "I’m Fine around people but a mess when I’m alone, scared and don’t know how to deal with any of this, since it is all new to me. I Try to stay active but have the worst case of it at times, it’s like a never ending hurt burn, the only way I can explain it. Just bought some CBD oil to try to help the feeling, I guess it works. I dunno, feel like crying at times and I don’t even know what for lol, stressed with work but I’m trying to handle it. I guess I’m using this platform to get stuff off my chest and vent. Tired of venting or trying to vent to people who do not understand any of this... sometimes people you don’t even know tend to be the ones who can help you the most.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-264079", "score": 0.618343710899353, "text": "I'm not sure if there exists a disease in which the intrinsic feeling of hate (or less extremely--if on the same spectrum--dislike) is inhibited or absent. However, Angelman Syndrome may be of interest to you because these patients are often characterized by excessively happy demeanour. That being said, hate is an emotion, not a behaviour, and individuals with Angelman are typically developmentally delayed and may not be able to communicate their feelings, despite their seemingly \"happy\" behaviours. _URL_0_ I am curious to know if anyone else can shed more light on this question. Great question!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2435672", "score": 0.6183239221572876, "text": "I suffer from Post Concussion Syndrome, 2 of the symptoms are anxiety and depression (both of which I suffer from severely). I experienced what was considered an emotional breakdown while at work and was told by my doctor to take some time off, when I told my employer, they supported me but notified me that it'd result in me being laid off.\n\nI haven't told my girlfriend, or my parents, they all think I have a job to go back to once my leave is up. I haven't eaten in days (and the days where I do eat, I eat 1 small meal) and I've gone from 236 to 221 lbs. I don't have the energy or will power to shower, to get out of bed, to send resumes or to be productive. I stopped initiating contact with my friends and girlfriend to validate my belief that without my efforts the relationships would die and so far, I'm right. I'm 26, live at home, jobless, worthless and have surrounded myself with people who don't care about me.\n\nThis sucks...", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1946534", "score": 0.6182872653007507, "text": "It does get pretty sad when holidays come around. when most of the people you know is going out having fun while you just sit at home smoking, eating stale pizza because you're not fun anymore you don't have a girlfriend or any friends to go out with. your parents are dead. And can't even go to work cause office is closed. Damn, to sum it all that's my life during holidays.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2568904", "score": 0.6182853579521179, "text": "since 2018 i got my heart broken 2x times, since then i drank alcohol very often (every weekend-second weeekend), i lost my ability to have emotions and feel.\nin june 2020 i stopped taking everything, no alcohol and no other drugs since then. working out and building muscle, eating healthy drinking water sleeping enough. i got ssris prescribed and they gave me pssd and worsened my emotional numbness. \nnow im here with pssd and i hope so much that bupropion can give me my life back, is it possible?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-729982", "score": 0.6182823181152344, "text": "I feel stress free at night, panic mode during the day. Normal?\nThis is not about insomnia. I was wondering if this was a condition or if anyone has heard of this before. I stay up late just to enjoy every moment of night but I absolutely dread the early signs of sunrise. I even consider much of the \"day\" a waste until it is around 6 and i see the sun setting and the house getting darker. Dont even get me started on DST and the fall + the holidays occurring I'm just in bliss.\n\nI feel like a completely different person at night. I am able to relax and think clearly. It's not just a preference either, I often physically get sick (migraines) if I get up early like 9am. I have tried going to bed early to wake up early and within weeks I just slip back in this routine. I even wish the sun never came up and I'd be perfectly happy in the dark. I'd put up sheets on the window if this wasn't an apartment.\n\nI think this has to do with me \"enjoying night time\" more so than a direct sleeping issue. I do feel tired at night also but i also feel revived or more spontaneous. Even when I try to reset my sleeping I slowly revert back. What could it mean?\n\nAlso I know how it sounds, who doesn't like the end to a day right? Well I think I'm different. I don't work, go to school or anything because I have to help my family. There is no real reason for me to be busy during the day and having free time at night, I could do the same workload either at night or during the day its random. I have no 9-5 yet as soon as it's night time I feel relieved as if I've been working all day. I feel more relaxed and safer/productive for some reason when the sun is down. i feel completely revamped at night like around 12-2am I love it but I know it isn't normal. Has anyone ever heard of anything like this or know what I should do? My parents think its normal or will change when I start college (set schedule) but I'm worried it will mess me up in college actually. I'm 22 if it matters.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2435996", "score": 0.6182813048362732, "text": "I have friends in a lot of situations where I was dragged into, And I my ment state isn’t doing the best. I have a lot more issues than just Schizophrenia and ASD (Aspergers). It’s also a stressful household atm, I really need someone to vent to, But I always feel bad. I use weirdcore to help cope though.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1758718", "score": 0.6182749271392822, "text": "Hey everyone! Glad I found this reddit. My OCD rituals have gotten really really bad in the last few months and I really need some help. I just got a therapist a couple days ago. Hopefully this will help. OCD has really been impacting my life and sometimes taking entire days away. :(( Anyway, here's a meme I made about myself to brighten the mood Here's to us all feeling better! \n\n ", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2435685", "score": 0.6182737946510315, "text": "I have no motivation. No interest. I lay in bed all day if I don’t work. I’m always anxious. Sad. It’s gotten to a point where it affects my life and work. Everything gives me anxiety. Social especially. And I’m never happy. Idk if I should consider meds or not. I’ve been like this for probably 10 years", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2532555", "score": 0.6182690858840942, "text": "I wouldn't normally strike you as the angry type. I'm a chick, small and 20. But I have these bouts of anger that just pop out of nowhere. I will be doing something simple like this morning, for example, I am studying and trying to reference and my document is not doing what I want it to so I get frustrated, smash the keys, slam my laptop closed and walk off in a huff to the beach. I am so sick of my anger getting in the way of my life. I wish I could have some fucking relief from being so angry. I get wound up, I cry, hit myself in the head and call myself all sorts of shit. The worst part is that my partner has to see it all. I want to get it under control so that he doesn't have to suffer as a consequence of my anger. I wish I could stop feeling like such a loser. I meditate, I'm vegetarian, I exercise every day, I am in a study that I absolutely enjoy, my partner is amazing and so supportive. I guess one problem I have is that I channel a lot of my energy into making others feel happy and I'm left feeling empty but I can't help it. I love making people feel good. I have noticed I am a bit sexually frustrated and I don't get a lot of time at home to 'myself'. I just have no idea what to do and I want to just steer into another car but I don't want to ruin anyone's life because mine feels like shit. I don't know anymore.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1356592", "score": 0.6182470321655273, "text": "I’ve been diagnosed with depression but I occasionally become hypomanic.. but it’s never lasted longer than a couple days. Sometimes it’s only a few hours. I was wondering if any of you experience this or if I’m barking up the wrong tree. \n\nI’m seeing professionals but I wanted to get some answers from people who actually experience it so I thought I’d try here.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2639453", "score": 0.6182443499565125, "text": "I have had chronic CPTSD related insomnia preeetty much my entire life, which definitely effects my mental and physical health. We've tried every drug out there. Z drugs make me a walking DRIVING unconscious zombie, trazodone left me awake all night and swimming through mud the next day, the rest may have been sugar pills and my Aunt Maureen's Doterra special essential oil blend I got for hanukkah almost ended smashed over her obvious bump-it hair piece. So last week my Dr. gave me Atarax off label which he says is sometimes used for sleep.\n\nI take it, and go to put a dish in my sink when I notice in the picture window a teenage girl behind me. Turn around, shes gone. Turn back there she is again in the window behind me...except now there are TWO other teenagers playing apparently having a jam sesh around my unlit fire pit. I go out into my backyard to tell them to go but they aren't there. I go inside and there are ten more kids having some sort of house party but like....silently. No talking just looking at me. I am completely lucid and know this has to be a drug reaction (I work in mental health) and need to go to the ER) My roommate takes me to the hospital and two of the \"teens\" drive in the back and keep sticking their heads into the front like a game of whack a mole and follow us into the waiting room. They immediately suspect Im cracked out and run a tox screen and lock me in a room where I lay down and wait for whatever they gave me to work so I don't have to see all these weird ass silent people who keep coming in staring at me. I wake up, the drs like....yup....hydroxyzine reaction. Bye. Nothing else. Okay cool thanks I'll just wait for my 25,000 bill now you've been so much help.\n\nThis is normal right, not me just suddenly developing some sort of disorder in my thirties?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2435027", "score": 0.6182406544685364, "text": "I, (F30 ADHD) am feeling a bit hopeless in my marriage with my wonderful wife (F29 ASD)\n\nWhy do I use hopeless and wonderful in the same sentence? Well it’s mostly because we seem to not be able to process each other’s moods. We’ve been together for 7 years and I want to stay with them. They indicate they also want to stay with me. But we have problems \n\nI have a big emotion (good or bad) and they shut down. Leading me to feel rejected and alone and Them confused and hurt. \n\nThey have a big emotion and shut down completely and wall me out. This leaves me confused and hurt (do they want comfort or space? Advice or support?) I always guess wrong it seems and they are upset that I can’t figure it out. \n\nBut I love this person so much, they are smart and funny and hard working. They have all the bits that I lack and I the same for them. We make a great team when it’s smooth sailing. It just breaks down if either of us are upset.\n\nI don’t want to leave this person but I’m finding a surprising lack of support for this pairing?\n\nDoes anyone else have this combination of disorders in their relationship? \n\nAnd \n\nHave you figured out how to meld the ADHD persons need for stimulation and the ASD persons need for lack of stimulation?\n\nHas anyone made it work?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-800082", "score": 0.6182140707969666, "text": "“Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) is a sudden unexpected death of adolescents and adults, mainly during sleep.”\n\nJust in case you needed to be more terrified. I certainly am. There’s been times that I can barely breathe and one of them happened recently which brought me to this super fun conclusion. It totally could’ve happened to people before and we’d have no way of knowing.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-728249", "score": 0.6182054281234741, "text": "I've found after spending a full day outside under the sun that my sleep was much better and I slept much earlier, while I avoid the sun and live in complete darkness with my curtains drawn in this pandemic it seems to cause an f'ed up sleep cycle where I go to sleep at 3am, yesterday I slept at 11:30pm. Might have to do something with melatonin production.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nThis might seem like an r/SCAcirclejerk post but anyone avoiding the sun too much might wanna try the opposite.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-99997", "score": 0.6181962490081787, "text": "Is it possible you are talking about [restless legs syndrome?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-777502", "score": 0.6181907653808594, "text": "I cannot adequately express your bravery on a weekend such as this. \nI do not know what it is that has taken hold within you, but I am proud, as a fellow spartan, and as one that has overcome a medical disadvantage, to see you and your companion take on this recently and aptly named suffer fest, and show life who is really in control.\n \nWith that being said, I am disappointed that someone like you, who has overcome adversity, would be so quick to talk down to a fellow spartan. \n\nI will admit. I am very lucky. I have a medical disadvantage, but it is relatively easy to control. My body freaks out and attacks itself when presented with cold temperatures, particularly when those cold temps are wet. Any water colder than 85 degrees and my body goes to work. \nHives. \nRashes. \nToo cold too fast? I pass out. \nKeep going? My throat closes up. \n\nBut, like I said. No pity party for me as my condition is easily avoidable and slightly able to be controlled through strong allergy medication. \n\nWe are all there for no other reason than to bury the person we were yesterday. \n\nEncouragement is a big part of that. I'm sure there are many of us who would've tapped out Saturday if not for other spartans, myself included in that. \nI hope to meet many more Spartans that do just that.\n\nAroo, Ms. Asheville Super Spartan with the service dog. \nI sincerely hope you finished, and know you completed what many have said was harder than a beast. \nEmbrace the suck. Keep pushing. You are more than your exterior.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-650", "score": 0.6475394368171692, "text": "People develop patterns for going to sleep. When you lie down, put your head on a pillow and cover yourself with a blanket your body thinks \"ok, it's time to go to sleep\" because you've trained it to react that way. You could just as easily train your body with a different set of criteria for sleep." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-191559", "score": 0.6151517033576965, "text": "Being wrapped up in a warm cover is comforting and brings back subconscious memories of when you were a baby and your parents swaddled and held you. It may go back even further and remind you of being in the womb, especially if you're curled up and wrapped up tight.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-29", "score": 0.6151337027549744, "text": "From what I understand, our bodies defenses against hypothermia is to shiver. This involves involuntary muscle contractions to generate heat. These muscles contractions still can cause muscle soreness just like working out.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2054088", "score": 0.6149884462356567, "text": "Despite having 4 kids I still don’t know. I am usually always cold while everyone around me says it is perfect or even too warm. Because of this, I always fear that my younger ones (babies and toddlers) will be too cold. I think I overdress them, especially at night. In the winter we sleep with the heat set at 68-69F and with the AC on we sleep with it set to 70-72F. No matter how hot it is at night, I have to be covered with a sheet or I get chilled. So, I usually end up keeping long sleeved pjs on them plus a blanket. Lately, I’ve been dressing my toddler in short sleeve (with pants not shorts) pjs. When he wakes in the middle of the night, his arms are cold to the touch but when I try putting a blanket on him he not only pushes it off of himself, but throws it out of his crib. I’m guessing it means he’s not bothered by it? I due with my 5th in July (I’ve had 3 summer babies) and I always overdress them because I think they are going to be too cold... because I’m ALWAYS cold! I know that when very young babies get cold, their arms and legs get splotchy.. I have no idea what to bring my little one home in... pjs or a short sleeved onesie with a muslin blanket? Is my toddler fine sleeping in short sleeves and no blanket at that temp? Am I insane? Lol\n\nAny advice?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-25660", "score": 0.6146906018257141, "text": "They require far less oxygen. The blanket is, obviously, not airtight, so it does allow a small amount of air exchange, which is not enough for you, but might be enough for the cat. Also, get a scarf", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2644080", "score": 0.6146644353866577, "text": "I dont understand why my feet are cold, and than I put on socks/slippers to warm up and than they start sweating but don't feel any warmer...", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-181417", "score": 0.6146596074104309, "text": "If it's snowing that means there is cloud cover. Cloud cover acts as a blanket over the land and holds in heat. When there are no clouds the heat from the ground can radiate directly out into space. That's why it tends to be colder with no clouds.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-101832", "score": 0.6145998239517212, "text": "Probably because rubbing your face against the pillow is going to get it hot and sweaty, and there will be a build up of dirt on your pillow from previous nights. If you have wax in your hair, you may be rubbing that into your skin too when you lie down.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-64476", "score": 0.6145811080932617, "text": "From as far as I understand, it's to keep the spine relatively straight and not put too much pressure on it. Your head is pretty heavy, and having it just dangle (assuming you're lying sideways) can put pressure on it. Actually, any position. Perhaps lying on your back is most comfortable without a pillow, yet even then most people prefer a pillow yet again for comfort.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-190336", "score": 0.6145731210708618, "text": "So it’s my understanding that as you fall asleep, your brain paralyzes the rest of your body to prevent yourself from acting out your dreams. Before your brain can give the rest of your body the all clear to fall asleep, it checks to see if your body is actually paralyzed, and when you feel that falling/jolting feeling, it was just a result of your body not being completely paralyzed when your brain “checked” Sleep paralysis works much in the same way, just the other way around. ( Your body is still paralyzed but your conscious brain turns on) Sorry in advance for formatting", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-81417", "score": 0.6145719289779663, "text": "Your body \"turns off\" your skeletal muscles during sleep so you don't thrash around. They should come back under your control as you wake up, but some people can get the order out of sync and awake before they can move (the other way around you move while asleep). It is so scary because your brain will try to come up with a reason you can't move, and this often takes the form of some type of restraint such as a gremlin sitting on your chest. Being immobile is a big threat to your survival so it tends to cause panic.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-94373", "score": 0.6145505309104919, "text": "The Body raises its' temperature as this kills/slows the infection. Human cells can tolerate the slight increase so only the infection is targeted. You feel cold for two reasons: One is your body itself making you feel cold, this makes you shiver to heat up(and also seek blankets and heaters). The other is you sweat profusely, so as soon as you feel too warm, you seek some cool air or get out from under the blanket. This causes cold air to hit you and the sweat instantly chills on your skin.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-120", "score": 0.6145464777946472, "text": "I believe it has something to do with the rate at which heat from your body is transferred to the material. Your body is hotter than both the fabric and the spoon, which are at the same temperature, but the spoon conducts the heat at a faster rate and so you feel it as being colder. Please correct me if I am wrong or missing some details.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2314333", "score": 0.6144430041313171, "text": "So I'm currently homeless and I'm having to resort to sleeping in the Jeep. What are effective ways to stay warm and comfortable?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-272757", "score": 0.6143579483032227, "text": "Yes, except in this situation you're radiating heat on to the cold object and getting no radiation back in return, so you would feel cold. It's not like the object is radiating cold on to you.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-17537", "score": 0.6142550706863403, "text": "It's much harder to sleep somewhere unfamiliar. Additionally, the host will usually be the last one to sleep since they need to make sure all their guests are set up with sleeping arrangements, so they may take longer to wake up.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-87001", "score": 0.6142275333404541, "text": "I think its partially psychological anyway. It makes us feel safer. As if a murderer would come into your bedroom like, \"I'm so going to kill y... aw fuck, they're under a blanket!\"", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-81357", "score": 0.6142115592956543, "text": "In the wild, you're vulnerable when you're asleep. So there is an instinct to be aware of the environment you choose to sleep in, and to be irritated by things that might intuitively make the place more dangerous. For instance, most people would not choose to put a bed in the very middle of a large, wide-open room where every direction is open, especially when sleeping alone. People find it comforting to have walls on one or more sides, limiting directions of approach. Even with no rational reason to find a big, open space unsuitable for sleeping, most people would avoid it or take time to get used to it. This is also why bedrooms tend to not be very big even in large houses, and why even people with large studio apartments may create their own visual barriers around their bed. A huge, echoing chasm of a space in the darkness is not the greatest recipe for comfortable sleep.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1012021", "score": 0.614191472530365, "text": "During winter i had no problem with cold, as i went ice bathing with my friends almost two times a week. But during summer i feel like there's nothing i can do to not feel super hot.\n\nSorry if it's a stupid question", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-184400", "score": 0.6141586899757385, "text": "The nervous system has a threshold for pain. If someone brushes your skin, that contact doesn't come even close to the threshold over which your nervous system decides that something hurts. So basically, things hurt more when it's cold because the cold external temperature is already stressing your nerves. Feeling cold can be considered a form of \"pain,\" so when something additional happens- say, you stub your toe and your feet are already cold- it not only crosses the threshold of \"sensation vs pain\", it ROCKETS over the threshold.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-148232", "score": 0.6141351461410522, "text": "It's hard to answer that because with today's knowledge we can't really explain why we need sleep, aside from the fact that we feel tired. Not knowing why we get to sleep in the first place, it's hard to say why we stop sleeping. To our knowledge the best answer would be: because we stop feeling tired.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-651", "score": 0.71988844871521, "text": "His father was a Cuban who moved to the US in the 1950s (and was probably a US citizen by the time Cruz was born in 1970), his mother was born in US. You don't have to be born in the US to be eligible." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-159838", "score": 0.6777171492576599, "text": "The Constitutional provision reserves the presidency to \"natural-born citizens.\" Exactly what that means has never been spelled out, but nobody thinks it means you have to be born **in America**. More likely you have to have been a citizen at the time of your birth, and Cruz was. So was Obama, but if he had been born in Kenya it's not clear he would have been under the laws at the time.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1909917", "score": 0.6751726269721985, "text": "Now that Trump is now officially the POTUS, I've been giving a lot of thought to the path of his election, and something has been bothering me the more I think about it. \n\nIt's not hard to deduce that his election was the result of a number of forces that came together. We can point to the weakness of Hilary as a candidate, the failure of the left to reach out to the right, especially in the mid-west, the anger of Americans over issues like immigration and PC culture, the failure of the establishment on both sides to build meaningful change, the loss of manufacturing jobs, the list goes on and on. \n\nBut in spite of all of those forces, I'm wondering: Would Trump have been elected if the media hadn't covered him so extensively? \n\nIn a typical campaign, the candidate has to go out to events, meet voters, and speak to the media about their views. That is the bread and butter of a campaign, more or less. But in Trump's case, I feel that he got a lot of free publicity from the media that he didn't need to encourage.\n\nIn particular, I'm thinking not only of all the articles that published his speeches and events during the campaign, but also all the articles, segments and features that examined his proposals more in depth, that countered with evidence and expert opinion. \n\nIn deconstructing the messages Trump was using, did they inadvertently give him more exposure and publicity than he would have otherwise warranted? \n\nTaken together, did the media enable Trump's win by giving him more coverage than he deserved? After all, you cannot win an election if no one is listening. And during leadership races especially, media will display a bias towards more prominent candidates versus those who aren't as well known. \n\nWhy is this relevant for Canadian Politics?\n\nIn the Canadian context, I am thinking about O'Leary. Now, I think we can all agree that O'Leary is not Trump, not exactly. He has questionable policy views, but he is not extreme to the same extent. \n\nThat being said, many of his statements are worrying, and I fear he would make a terrible Prime Minister. Running a business is not the same as running a country.\n\nGiven the media's ability to be gatekeepers of truth and information, should Canadian media be more aggressive in determining which candidates get coverage, and which do not? If a candidate comes out with very extreme or ignorant views, should they be able to receive media attention in the way a more rational and competent candidate would?\n\nAnd if the media are not willing or able to do this, should they be more aggressive in questioning and examining candidates? I am thinking along the lines of Sorkin's *The Newsroom*. While the show is fictional, and more idealistic, I think there is some merit to a media that is more rigorous and ruthless in their examination of politicians, public figures and party leadership candidates. \n\nThe concern of course is this: if the populace does not care about substantive public discourse, which is the case in Canada, then the efforts media would undertake to fulfill this role would be wasted. \n\nWhat does everyone else think? Should Canadian media be more discriminating in which candidates they cover, and how how much?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-353596", "score": 0.6643478870391846, "text": "I know Trudeau is very good at PR and has a public image of being progressive, eye candy, and nice. And I was not surprised reddit praised him constantly, anti-trudeau stuff downvoted for example while positive things were often upvoted.\n\nHowever, with this Fidel Castro issue I see a lot of self-proclaimed Canadians talk about how Trudeau is just a person that cares about publicity and having a good rep while not doing any actions of importance and letting the country fail while being neutral on issues to take no flak or controversy. I also hear Canadians say they like Trump on reddit. edit: I also noticed this on r/politics where it was anti-hillary during Sanders, but pro-hillary after it became Hillary vs Trump. And also how it became anti Trump for a while, but like the day after Trump won it became pro Trump for a tiny amount of time.\n\nWithout partisanship, could you comment on public Canadian opinion on Trudeau, and if he is truly that good or bad? Thank you. Also I don't want to start arguments just looking for some neutral opinions.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2685017", "score": 0.6519423127174377, "text": "The streamer's background is they have 1 'English' and 1 'French' parent, and live in Montreal. \n\nI'm assuming it's something to do with Quebec and their whole separatist thing, but I'm not sure.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2471021", "score": 0.6478794813156128, "text": "First I want to point out that I am not a Republican. I'm a pretty left wing Canadian who pays waaayy to much attention to American and international politics. I voted for Tom Mulcair of the NDP during our recent election, but I would have voted Justin Trudeau (of the Liberals who won) in a heartbeat had it not been completely useless in my area. Lately I've been researching my beliefs more and I'm finding I do infact have some right wing views. For example, after going to school for business I swayed a lot on some of my economic/company views like raising minimum wage (because it will only speed up the pace of companies finding new ways that dont involve humans). The minimum wage should grow solely for the reasom of people who are starting out and cant do better than that. However in a country that gets a lot of sales through a weak dollar near the border, I still believe in a strong dollar for purchasing power.\n\nMy point is, I absolutely still hate Cruz. I don't agree with anything he says and all of his attacks seem slimey or tiny in the scale of helping the country. I dont even see why Republicans could like it and Im normally good at looking at life from alternate perspectives. To be honest i'd pick Donald Trump in a heartbeat and I have never for a second considered voting a Republican into office (If I was American). I thought Obama got more hate than he deserved, wish the 2000 election went differently, and support Bernie Sanders. But even if it came to a choice between Sanders and Trump I'd still have a hard time deciding (Trump truly understands how businesses can work in our country while still fixing the corruption of them). The reason I bring up Cruz is that I don't understand whether or not all of his support is coming from religous ties that don't care what he's saying, if it's all anti-trumpets like those who vote for Rubio the slimey opportunist (Bush/Kasich&gt; Rubio), or if people genuinely like what he's saying? \n\nFinally, I want to point out I genuinely respect your opinions and hope mine has not offended. I recognize some of my words could have offendes but it was mostly for the sake of making this read interesting for everyone - playing devils advocate. I don't mind if you want to offend me back, that's a big part of what politics are! It's hard being a Canadian who wants to learn about issues in America that I can't see first hand, especially on opposite views that I want to debate. I truly want to hear from everyone and anyone, and will not be responding to any of the comments made so not to offend further. Well, unless it's to say sorry ;) Thanks for the read!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1611643", "score": 0.6470803022384644, "text": "O'Leary? Leitch? Bernier? Someone else altogether?\n\nMany of us agree Trudeau is a National Embarrassment. This Castro thing just made it apparent to others who were on the fence or unwilling to point it out.\n\nI look at what is happening in Europe, starting with Brexit and seeming to spread to France, possibly Germany. There is a lot of potential for this to all go the way of MEGA, following the model of MAGA.\n\nI intently watched the US Elections since the beginning and saw what happened there.\n\nI also notice the battle going on around what is fake news and what is not. The public will not stomach this for much longer and are tuning out.\n\nThe world around us is changing and it looks like IF the trend continues this dreadful era of political correctness, socialism, globalism, climate change and all the other social justice causes may be reigned in to a reasonable level or banished altogether. The era of the crooked politician may come to end.\n\nIf that is the case the next Canadian election will be on Oct 21, 2019. That is almost three years into a Trump presidency, close to Brexit being done and a likely ripple effect around the rest of the Western World.\n\nThe two countries we historically have the closest ties with will be drastically different than they are today.\n\nIf Canada's airheaded PM continues in the traditional Liberal fashion for the next 3 years Canada will be left far behind the rest of the world. Being the nicest will no longer be the virtue that gets us by and respected on the world stage.\n\nWho can we trust to make Canada part of this? Who would not waiver and cave to the progressive overlords in the media? Who can be trusted to move Canada away from that dying progressive/globalist ideology? \n\nWho is going to say \"Because its 2019\" and kick the whiny progressive globalists to the curb?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1611261", "score": 0.6465847492218018, "text": "Now obviously I'm from New Brunswick. And in the polls they say we are liberal voting province even though were have conservatives in power sadly. But we do have Yvon Godin of the Ndp and his son running in the next election. So I would love it if Tom would able to stir up support here in NB because I think it would be able to sway voters. Thanks and I'm on mobile so a nice long paragraph", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1576296", "score": 0.6430459022521973, "text": "He was born in Vancouver BC while his american parents were on vacation. He has an american social security number and id so he’s an american citizen but under the citizenship act he’s a\ncanadian citizen as well? how do we obtain proof of this if he is? is he a duel citizen?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-113564", "score": 0.6429741382598877, "text": "Well, he found his birth certificate. Wasn't a big deal to me, but a ton of people seemed really, really concerned about it, so it must have been a big deal. Meanwhile, in Canada, we elected a guy who ran on a platform of doing a televised speech while holding a kitten. No, really, a live, adorable kitten.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2611068", "score": 0.6428967714309692, "text": "There is a lot going on in the US with right vs left and free speech, when it inevitably escalates to civil war as it seems it may, what would that mean for Canada?\n\nCanada has a different legal landscape- with loosely defined hate speech laws including not speaking bad of Islam which can result in prison, and open borders for border jumpers (with a welcoming party), but I would assume it would affect Canadians somehow?\n\nAs a side note- ever notice how the bulk of the alternative news media is Canadian? Lauren Southern,The Rebel Media (Faith Goldy, Ezra Levant etc), Stefan Molyneux, Roaming Millennial... all Canadian- Gavin McInnes and Troy Crowder moved to the US from Canada, and I'm sure there are many more. Seems kind of funny since Canadian politics aren't discussed much by them, except for some things on the Rebel. Maybe Canada is just a lost cause? Or maybe just gets less clicks?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2147691", "score": 0.6415467858314514, "text": "Over this whole year, our mainstream news has been talking about the presidential race, obsessing over Trump and Hillary, with not much mention of Bernie Sanders. They have focused mainly on the immigration/foreign policy of Trump's campaign.\n\n\nI was discussing this with my partner. We thought that it's probably because of the EU referendum. One of the driving factors of the leave/brexit campaign is immigration. I was wondering if we were being spoon fed Donald Trump's messed up views on immigration since he appears in British news, daily. Maybe in an attempt to try and sway the public's opinion towards 'leave' and controlling immigration. Making it seem like it's a massive problem when it isn't. I've never experienced too many immigrants in my country. Yeah there are a lot of people who have immigrated here but the majority work and contribute back to society. Probably equal to the amount of Brits who don't work and receive benefits. So I personally don't feel like it's a problem. But that's just my opinion. \n\n\nAnyway, I'm interested to hear how often the American Presidential campaign appears on the mainstream media in other countries around the europe/world and what topics do they focus on?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-101788", "score": 0.6414099335670471, "text": "This isn't so much a concept to be explained as an opinion or guess. The only completely true answer we can really give at this point is \"Not sure yet\". Lots of elected people said one thing in their campaigns but do other things once they actually hold office. That being said, he does have a majority government which makes passing legislation much easier in the Canadian political system, and he ran on a platform that is less conservative in nature than the incumbent's and that voters will want to see him at least reasonably stick to.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2738073", "score": 0.6409706473350525, "text": "I've kinda wondered if Trump's advice to get the Canada situation resolved was sincere and/or his best option back when the heat on Canada Cruz wasn't as severe as now.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1912101", "score": 0.6365088224411011, "text": "It seems that this sex scandal has long been known to Cruz staffers, campaigners, even Super PAC donors as \"The Thing\", which if you look at the compilation of tweets, seems like a very obvious way of talking about someone's infidelity.\n\nPut this into perspective that National Enquirer has rarely reported a sex scandal that didn't turn out to be true, such as Bill Clinton, John Edwards, or Tiger Woods.\n\nWhat is \"The Thing\", and why doesn't Cruz want to talk about it?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1589540", "score": 0.6364349126815796, "text": "This is the best tl;dr I could make, original\n*****\n&gt; Ted Cruz; Steve King Rep. Steve King has lost many major endorsements because of his racist comments, but not from Sen. Ted Cruz.\n\n&gt; Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, has refused to unequivocally denounce a Republican congressman whose racist comments have recently drawn the condemnation of the chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee.\n\n&gt; Cruz was most likely referring to a decision by Rep. Steve King of Iowa to endorse a white nationalist running for mayor of Toronto, as well as his interview with an Austrian publication associated with the extreme right in which he argued that white Europeans are superior and that a &amp;quot;Great Replacement&amp;quot; of whites with non-whites is currently occurring.\n\n&gt; Representative Steve King of Iowa, who has been abandoned by Republican leaders and donors over his embrace of white nationalists and for rhetoric that has been denounced as racist, said he got a supportive phone call from Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, who&amp;#039;s facing a tough re-election battle of his own.\n\n&gt; Cruz campaign spokeswoman Catherine Frazier called the conversation &amp;quot;a personal call, and Senator Cruz told him the same thing he said to reporters today,&amp;quot; she said.\n\n&gt; While Cruz was ambivalent about his stance toward, Rep. Steve Stivers of Ohio was not, tweeting on Tuesday that &amp;quot;Congressman Steve King&amp;#039;s recent comments, actions, and retweets are completely inappropriate. We must stand up against white supremacy and hate in all forms, and I strongly condemn this behavior.&amp;quot; King later responded with a tweet in which he said that &amp;quot;These attacks are orchestrated by nasty, desperate, and dishonest fake news media. Their ultimate goal is to flip the House and impeach Donald Trump. Establishment Never Trumpers are complicit.\"\n\n\n*****\n**Summary Source**]( | [FAQ]( \"332178 summaries so far.\") | [Feedback | *Top* *keywords*: **Cruz**^#1 **King**^#2 **Steve**^#3 **white**^#4 **call**^#5\n\nPost found in /r/politics.\n\n*NOTICE*: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-389492", "score": 0.636157751083374, "text": "Just thinking because most media is American and stuff. Like I'm Canadian and can name more U.S. presidents than I can Canadian prime ministers.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-11911", "score": 0.6361530423164368, "text": "-he has neglected to attend several environmental conferences -he is pushing against the gun registry -he is cutting funding for various art and culture programs -he has royalist tendancies Etc. Basically, he's a conservative. The internet seems mostly to be populated by liberals. Thus, the canadian internet populace seems to uniformly hate Harper. He obviously was elected though, probably due to the baby boomer and senior vote and internal skirmishes amongst the liberal parties. But we don't see that many senior citizens or baby boomers on Reddit.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1937501", "score": 0.6337630152702332, "text": "This is an honest question. I'm an American, but I go to Canada a lot. The headlines I read out of there make me furious, but I don't live there, so I don't want to make too harsh a judgement.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1452347", "score": 0.6320120096206665, "text": "First of all, I do not know if I can ask questions here because most of the post I see are post that inform others so I am not sure if this is allowed, but I really want to be more informed about Canadian Politics. I am an immigrant here in Canada. I found it weird that I knew more about American Politics than Canada ( I watch late shows, CNN, and MSNBC) so I am here to remedy that. If this is against rules I'll gladly remove my post.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI have a handful of questions that I would really like answered.\n\n1. Justin Trudeau is quite infamous here in Canada and I am not sure why. He is seen in the outside of the country as a very Charismatic leader and that's about it. What are his actions/policies that is leading people to have a general dislike of him?\n2. I saw a video of Jagmeet Singh where he reacted to a protester in a positive way, that act made me like him a bit. I did a bit of searching and found that people feel he is not genuine and just acting. What are the reasons for people to think this way?\n3. I am not sure where I would put myself in the political spectrum, but what I can say is that I think big companies especially utility companies should be heavily regulated. With that said is there anything negative with making sure big companies comply to stricter policies that make sure we protect the environment and the good of the average people? \n4. Some citizens do not like it when politicians make laws that regulate big companies like pharmaceutical companies. As a millennial I think it's crazy that people think that a free market will always make companies behave properly, but do people really think that deregulating policies in every industry will make the economy better?\n5. I currently reside in Alberta, is there any particular issue that I should be concerned about?\n\nThat's all my questions. You guys do not have to answer all of them. Feel free to answer any or all of them. Thank you!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1561724", "score": 0.6283942461013794, "text": "I don't think any of the big 3 parties do. The NDP and Liberal party are fond of distancing themselves from Canadian identity and the progressive conservative party maintained and grew the number of immigrants in Canada.\n\nI appreciated that Harper took measure to promote Canada's culture and history, especially of our frontier past, but I feel like their isn't any party that actively promotes Canadian nationalism.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-652", "score": 0.7397252917289734, "text": "That is the sort of language they might use in a formal report or when testifying in court. It's filtered through to every day use with the public in part, I think, because the words are carefully selected not to have improper connotations, though it does sound rather awkward." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-81771", "score": 0.7026269435882568, "text": "Not a police officer but a corrections officer and we have to write a certain way as well in our reports. It's because our reports could end up in court and with the way lawyers act like weasels we have to make certain we can't be taken out of context or accused of something based on what we write. An example is that we no longer write \"I escorted the inmate to the cell\" as that is apparently too aggressive now. Someone would think we used force. Now we say \"I walked the inmate to the cell\" as walking apparently meets the not being meanies to inmates now standard. Another example is we do not say \"I ordered\" and instead we say \"I gave verbal commands\" It's all about the fact that our reports can and will end up in court. In fact we've been taught since the academy that every single piece of paper we write on work is a legal document. Even our notepads we carry on our person. The same applies to police. Everything they write and say can and will be stretched in every way by lawyers in court.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-99141", "score": 0.7004086971282959, "text": "Cop here: The best way we can. Usually there's a lot of wild hand gestures involved. We'll try to get a translator if necessary. Also, notebooks and pens are something we all carry, so we may just write out a conversation.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2739848", "score": 0.6963204741477966, "text": "Preface: Not all American cops are bad, and not all other cops are good.\n\n\nHowever, we do get a lot of recorded stories of American police officers being heavy-handed, to say the least. Why is that? And what's in the American cop psyche that makes them think they can get away with it? I've been to a few other countries that are as bad, if not worse, (see the top comment of all time on r/bestof for a classic example), but it seems American police are suffering a bit of an image problem. Do cops not follow the Peelian principles of policing?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2301309", "score": 0.6962659358978271, "text": "Do cops especially new ones, or cops that commute to different parts of the city they're unfamiliar with every street in their jurisdiction, use GPS to get to calls?\n\nAlso a random question, do cops also listen to the radio in their car? I know they have to listen to their dispatch, but are they allowed to have it on really low to just have some noise in the car?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-30062", "score": 0.6948873996734619, "text": "I'm a police operator/Dispatcher. The information that goes back and forth on the open radio channels is 99% public information. We have encoded sub channels for private info. Every once in a while someone will give out private information on a public channel by accident, but it doesn't happen very often.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1536270", "score": 0.6923210620880127, "text": "This story takes place several years ago. For some background I’m the second youngest of 9 children and we lived in a small but decently sized village in central NY. ( yes if you put your finger dead center you may hit my town). \nAnyways on with the story. \nI was walking downtown with my little brother (LB) who was about 2 years my junior. I was probably 11 or 12’at the time. \nOur destination is a store inside a mini mall and as we are walking around to the entrance of said mall LB is walking along the side of the building running his hand on the stucco siding. \nThis is when a police car pulled up along side us and the officer inside started screaming at LB. \nOfficer: Stop vandalizing that building!!!\nLB: What in the hell are you talking about?\nMe in total shock at this point cuss I was raised to always be respectful of the police. \nOfficer: Son don’t talk back to me! Do you have any idea who I am?\nLB: Of course I do, you’re the ChIef of police! (He says in a very snarky, matter of fact way)\nOfficer: (who’ll know be referred to as COP chief of police) is completely taken aback at this point. “How do you know that?”\nLB emphatically “CAUSE YOU’RE THE FATTEST COP I’VE SEEN ALL DAY!!!\nAt this point I’m in stunned silence completely flabbergasted at what has just transpired. My face I’m sure is white as a ghost as nightmare scenarios of COP dragging me and LB to the precinct and having to explain to my parents why their 2 youngest now had records. \nBut as I took a deep breath and slowly opened my eyes I saw the snarled cold look of COP’s fave begin to crack a smile and half a moment later was laughing riotously at what LB had just said. \nLong story short COP was a great guy who luckily had a good sense of humor. He spent about a good hour showing us inside his cruiser all the cool tech and gizmos they used. It was very fun and educational. And it actually for a bit made me consider becoming an officer. I’ve since pursued other endeavors. But I’ll always remember the time my little brothers big mouth almost got me in a lot of trouble.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-621462", "score": 0.6901085376739502, "text": "Shouting might throw off the person you're trying to inform. If you get surprised or heated in the moment, take a breath, slow it down, and just say your callout in a normal speaking tone.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-118269", "score": 0.6900917291641235, "text": "A lot of people believe they can fool the police, or that asking for a lawyer will be used as evidence of guilt. Or they don't properly invoke and stick to their right to remain silent, and the police goad them into talking.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1876296", "score": 0.6893886923789978, "text": "You can clearly hear something is being said by someone but it is obscured by the operator I think I hear \"Do Yall got the front?\" \n\nEdit I think that's what the \"Yeah\" might be for.\n\n", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-158563", "score": 0.6877336502075195, "text": "When they see anyone? Act natural, of course. If the police have some reason for confronting the individual, while not yet having cause to arrest them like a traffic stop or general questioning, the cop will (likely) ask that the individual surrender their weapon during the interaction.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-996313", "score": 0.6875435709953308, "text": "Often they seem to say something, only they just don't articulate it well.\n\nBecause for example you understand very well the difference between the vowels in their voice...", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-485158", "score": 0.6867353320121765, "text": "&amp;#x200B;\n\nquestion\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nanswer\n\nBut won't all arresting officers tell arrestee why they arrest? How can they avoid provocative comments?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1400129", "score": 0.6858375668525696, "text": "I have lots of law enforcement in my family, and I have met a lot of police officers. It's just simply insane to see people say shit like \"ACAB\" and see people agree with it. I'd say with confidence that 98% of police officers in America have good intentions. Hating cops is just a trend, and I pray it dies out soon", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-177269", "score": 0.6857962608337402, "text": "Police in Japanese is Keisatsu. So, you're probably thinking of languages that stem from a common root, like Latin.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1554", "score": 0.6853472590446472, "text": "The thing is that its not frequent. They dont report the millions of traffic stops that operate smoothly. They find the one or two that escalated and report the crap out of it until people start to believe that cops are killing black people for no reason or drug dealers are gunning down cops on the regular. & nbsp; Situations escalate when either a criminal doesnt want to go to jail and he's armed, or the suspect and officer fail to communicate properly, someone gets scared and someone gets shot.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-149395", "score": 0.685154378414154, "text": "A standard interrogation technique is to make the subject's situation intolerable, then give them a way out, if they tell you what you want them to say. So the 'bad cop' makes the subject anxious, stressed and confused, then the 'good cop' promises them that this situation will be over if they say the right thing. Really poor technique to gain any accurate information, as the subject is too stressed to make accurate recollections. But it is really effective in securing a false confession.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-45407", "score": 0.684589684009552, "text": "Some of us don't say it that way.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-117951", "score": 0.6836563944816589, "text": "Basically because you hear words in clips and phrases.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-69222", "score": 0.6835345029830933, "text": "I am paraphrasing here but I believe the saying goes like this: Police enforce laws among the people; the military fights wars. When the military is used to enforce laws they tend to make war with the people.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1536068", "score": 0.6830640435218811, "text": "This is a humorous contrast to the standard noise complaint call. \n\nI had a classic rock band for about 5 years. I played bass and owned the PA system. The other band members rotated through on a regular basis. One such member was a LEO that played the guitar like a house-a-fire.  He had played in bands all his life doing so while pursuing a career in the military and later in law enforcement. I got to know him pretty well and so I got to know more individuates in the law enforcement community. \n\nI even played in his band for a while that was all LEOs. (I am in marketing.) At some point we were \"hired\" to play a party. This was a party for cops by cops. I live in a large metropolitan area where one large city is surrounded by many smaller suburbs. Each one of these suburbs has their own police department. The party in question was being held outside of the town that most of the officers in attendance patrolled. \n\nMost apartment complexes have a party room. This was not like that. It was more like a party house in the middle of an upscale estate. The party got started around 22:00 and it was jumpin' by midnight. The band thing turned into more of an open mic with instruments being passed around and people playing and singing. It was great. It was fun and it was loud. There is no party like a cop party. Things were really rockin' and the place was jumping with maybe 60 to 100 law enforcement professionals letting off steam. Then someone banged loudly on the front door. It was two officers, from that township, following up on a noise complaint. \n\nI don't know what they expected to find when the door opened but I saw their faces and it was a look of pure bewilderment. I don't have to tell you that a police officer, even when not in uniform, puts off a certain vibe. Here was a very loud and very crowded room with every person in the room, men and women alike, putting off that vibe. There was a moment when everything went kind of quiet and still. No one knew how to react. Then, from somewhere in the throng a loud voice said \" Tell 'em to come in or fuck off!\" I saw the officers at the door laugh, shake their heads and say \"carry on.\" Which we did!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-655", "score": 0.7355743646621704, "text": "Men didn't prefer virgins because they got to be the first. It was about legacy. Everything they had and were would be passed on to a son, and they wanted to make sure that boy really was his son. Marrying a virgin helped ensure this. Not only could the husband be sure she was not pregnant with another man's child, but she had followed the norm of society, and could be expected to continue to do so when married. Conversely, a woman known to have had sex out of marriage defied society, was considered a harlot who could not be trusted to remain faithful. In this scheme, a widow is almost as good as a virgin. She followed the rules and just had an unlucky break, so there was no reason to believe she would be any less faithful. Also, widows often inherited their husband's property and were more wealthy than a young woman still living with her family." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-231969", "score": 0.6930031776428223, "text": "In technicality this might not be consider same-sex marriage, and it's more \"pre-Western\" than \"pre-modern\", but among the Sudanese Nuer, and I believe among the Igbo in Nigeria as well, women were allowed to marry other women and act as husbands in order to preserve a lineage inside the family or if there wasn't a suitable partner. However, I think that they might have been considered men from a social point of view; at least it's clear they saw gender in a more fluid way.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-489435", "score": 0.6903319954872131, "text": "I have often wondered why nations like China and the Ottomans formed harems while the ancient Greeks and Romans frowned upon the practice. Why did ancient western nations in a pre-christian world never form harems and favor monogamous relationships?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-231313", "score": 0.6866472959518433, "text": "Yes, it did happen occasionally. Such was the attitude then, that high-class women could pretty much do as she pleased, married or not - and if a gladiator pleased such a woman, he had a much better chance of being elevated to honored - and protected - status as a Roman citizen. And he wouldn't have to risk his life in the arena again. Like I said, though - it happened only occasionally. You have to remember, attitudes were very different. Marriage was more of a business partnership than a romantic union. Especially among the elite women, you were looked upon as \"strange\" if you didn't take a lover now and then. Men, when they got together in the Roman bath houses, would brag about how many times a night their wives got it on with other men. It was not at all an embarrassment to be known as a cuckold. Sources: Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome by Thomas A. J. McGinn", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-77376", "score": 0.6863987445831299, "text": "Because sex was not taboo in pagan religions, and they needed a way to separate themselves from the \"savage\" pagans. By creating a culture where sex was taboo, the Christians felt like they were better than the pagans. Animals fuck whenever they want, us *humans* aren't animals are we? It went a little like that. Sex was also part of the honor system, and women's honor was linked very tightly to their virginity and perceived celibacy. Pre-marital sex thus would \"ruin\" a girls honor and was frowned upon.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-98673", "score": 0.6841163635253906, "text": "I has to do with the material context in which they were born. Back then there were no reliable and practical contraception method nor DNA test. Societies were organised around families and clans so bastards with no clear father would make a mess when it came to who should inherit what. To ensure the offspring they are passing the properties to are legitimate continuity of their lineage, they made sure spouses stayed faithful. Especially women because they're the one bearing the child and responsible of the upbringing. That's why polyandry is less frequent than polygamy. Those rules against promiscuity became customs and the customs naturally became part of the religion they were growing.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-71399", "score": 0.6838729977607727, "text": "In older societies women were very much property. Men would give their daughters away to suitable suitors. Even today, we talk about going to the father and asking for his daughter's hand.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-136157", "score": 0.681995153427124, "text": "Rejection is embarrassing and was a big loss of social status in the much smaller societies of the pre-agricultural period that makes up > 99% of our biological history. Source: books. Also, very pretty. Source: no source needed.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-227303", "score": 0.6812511682510376, "text": "I am not a historian, but I am a college undergraduate History Major who just finished a quarter of a course about the Roman Empire. We talked a good deal about the social atmosphere. The fathers of the house essentially had legitimate ownership of their children. Therefore, fathers would have sought after advantageous marriages for the family, regardless of son or daughter. Daughters most likely would have been married off to a friend of the father or a colleague, etc. probably around age 12-15. Hope this helps, sorry about my humble knowledge.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-156562", "score": 0.6809325814247131, "text": "It was a reflection of society. Having children used to be a lot more important that it is now. A man's wealth and station were passed on to his sons, and he needed women to bear those sons. A man who didn't want to marry and have children was letting down his family. A woman who did want to marry and have children was a burden to her family. Bear in mind, the past was a much more brutal time than today, and marrying for love was a luxury few could afford. Spending your life chained to someone you cannot love seems an agony by today's standards, but compared to say, starving to death, dying from a common disease, or being killed by bandits, it doesn't seem quite as pressing.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-148579", "score": 0.6770732998847961, "text": "I can say that the Levitican prohibition against lying with a man as one would with a woman is due to a concern with ritual cleanliness when entering the Temple to perform rituals and make sacrifices; that extended into the culture of many Hebrew tribes. The Spartans accepted it because it increased battle unit cohesion and prevented warriors from being split in their feelings. Some of the Romans accepted it, some didn't. Some Greeks accepted it, some didn't. For some it was part of their religion, for some it was not. There were many deities and many cults, and religious observations for the classical Greeks and Romans were significantly different from Judeo-Muslim-Christian religious observations.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-230936", "score": 0.6766643524169922, "text": "To add to this, why was monogamy the norm in pre-Christian Greece and Rome? What were the cultural differences that made monogamy the norm among Roman emperors but not among Asian or Middle Eastern rulers?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-221590", "score": 0.6763251423835754, "text": "The law involved [is from the Roman period and was essentially about protecting the integrity of the privileged social classes.]( _URL_0_) So it's not that nobody could marry an actress, just not men of a high social class. Why the prejudice against actresses? Actresses, as has been the case at some other times too, were often also prostitutes. [See here.]( _URL_1_) That made them, in the opinion of the law until Emperor Justinian changed it to allow for his marriage to a former actress, unfit for marriage to men of high social standing.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-673015", "score": 0.6756492257118225, "text": "My post on stoicism about not impressing women with looks was shared on here, while I don't mind I'd just point out the Stoics weren't mgtow at all. Rufus, Epictetus, and Hierocles all strongly advocated marriage and having children, Rufus even goes as far to say only have sex in marriage and only if you're trying to have children. This is from Hierocles On Wedlock \"Hence he will not err, who says that a family is imperfect without wedlock. For it is not possible to conceive of a governor without the governed, nor of the governed without a governor. And this reason appears to me to be very well calculated to make those ashamed who are adverse to marriage.\"\n\nHe goes on to explain how marriages turn sour \"On which account I have frequently wondered at those who conceive that the life with a woman is burdensome and grievous. For a wife is not by Jupiter either a burden or a molestation, as to them she appears to be; but, on the contrary, she is something light and easy to be borne, or rather, she possesses the power of exonerating her husband from things truly troublesome and weighty. For there is not any thing so troublesome which will not be easily borne by a husband and wife when they are concordant, and are willing to endure it in common. But imprudence is truly burdensome, and difficult to be borne by its possessors: for through it things naturally light, and among others a wife, become heavy. In reality, indeed, marriage to many is intolerable, not from itself, or because such an association as this with a woman is naturally insufferable; but when we marry those whom we ought not, and, together with this, are ourselves entirely ignorant of life, and unprepared to take a wife in such a way as a free and ingenuous woman ought to be taken, then it happens that this association with her becomes difficult and intolerable. It is certain, indeed, that marriage is effected by the vulgar after this manner. For they do not take a wife for the sake of the procreation of children, and the association of life; but some are induced to marry through the magnitude of the portion, others through transcendency of form, and others through other such like causes; and by employing these bad counsellors, they pay no attention to the disposition and manners of the bride, but celebrate nuptials to their own destruction, and with their doors crowned introduce to themselves a tyrant instead of a wife, whom they cannot resist, and with whom they are unable to contend for the chief authority. It is evident, therefore, that marriage through these causes, and not through itself, becomes burdensome and intolerable to many.\"", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-226757", "score": 0.6749489903450012, "text": "Women were generally quite well respected, however they were afforded no social equality in association with that. Like in many cultures at the time, Viking women could not vote, could not be a chieftain, could not offer witness, and could not speak at assemblies. Once married, they were considered subject and property of their husband. Interestingly, Viking Women are often respected for their ability to drive men to action. Women were mostly motivators and inciters and could easily hang the threat of divorce over lazy/slovenly husbands in order to get them to do great things or die trying. Contrary to the rest of Europe for most of the Viking's peak, divorce was easy to carry out and was a bad thing for the men. I'd also note Viking society was one of the earliest to adopt a rule banning \"violence against women\". I'd also note this rule was lifted during raids, where women were treated exactly as you'd expect from a Viking.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-4148", "score": 0.6746830344200134, "text": "Women didn't like it back then either, but it wasn't easy for women to get jobs, or at least good paying jobs. A lot of social stigma for a divorced or separated woman. So they had to put up with a lot of men being jerks. Cheating, physical and metal abuse, etc. Today women are more educated and independent, treat a woman badly and it's much easier for her to leave. So now there's a greater penalty for cheating.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-219118", "score": 0.6746645569801331, "text": "They were, in that women were considered actual human beings, but on the other side of the coin they were trained from childhood that their only purpose in society was to birth male Spartan warriors for Spartan society. However, they were able to compete in sporting events and live in the same housing with/as men, own property, and name children. Another 'however', though, the tradition of Spartan marriage entailed a woman being kidnapped, forcefully married and raped by her husband, which is, to be 'fair', about the norm for the period, if slightly more brutal. Marriage in this way was not legal until the woman was in her 20's, however (many marriages in the period in other locales took place from the ages of 12-14). Women owned their own property and land and even owned their *husband's land and property* (!) when their husband was at war or otherwise predisposed. Additionally, women were taught how to read and perform arithmetic.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-268425", "score": 0.6720852851867676, "text": "That seems intuitively true. Historically, women were almost guaranteed to reproduce if they reached fertility. The social separation of roles put women into more sedentary, safer occupations than men conductive to bearing and raising children. Men would engage in hunting, warfare, and and other dangerous occupations that killed many before they could pass their genes on. Social status would play a major role too - an unsuccessful man would often be denied opportunities for marriage and sex, while even slave women would get impregnated with illegitimate children by higher status men who had power over them. In many societies this even became part of overt culture and law. Successful men would take many wives and have many children. The genes of these women were passed on, but the genes of the less successful men they might have otherwise married (assuming an approximate 1:1 male:female ratio in the population) were not.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-205803", "score": 0.6716379523277283, "text": "/u/frogbrooks' excellent [answer on sexuality and gender in Pre-Islamic Arabia](_URL_0_) indicates that the move away from polyandry to polygamy was primarily socially motivated.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-159375", "score": 0.6715326905250549, "text": "My guess is that it actually goes the other way. Most societies are patriarchal, so it stands to reason that it is more the man's choice who to marry than the women's. A man will want to marry a younger woman because she will have more childbearing years ahead of her.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-233971", "score": 0.671314001083374, "text": "You might want to specify which female Egyptian rulers you are thinking about, since circumstances likely varied across the many centuries of Egyptian history. Iirc Hatshepsut and cleopatra took power during succession crises where there was not a clear male heir. I believe that cleopatra being a female ruler was a factor in alienating roman elites from marc Antony, helping lead to her downfall. Hatshepsut's sex similarly caused a backlash among Egyptian elites, who overthrew her and attempted to expunge all records of her reign. Powerful women exist across history in all cultures. If I had to generalize, I would say that women openly wielding political power usually happened because they took advantage of some unusual crisis that trumped patriarchal norms. In many cases there was a backlash that hindered or toppled them, followed by centuries of male historians conveniently forgetting that these female rulers existed", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-656", "score": 0.7563249468803406, "text": "County is nothing but laying and sitting, in a lot of places. Small town? You're just in a cell in a courthouse with a few other guys, beds, and a tv. Prison has other shit to do. Library, classes, exercise and what have you." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-119835", "score": 0.7084701657295227, "text": "I don't know about Britain, but in the United States jail and prison are different things. Jail is where you go after you've been arrested for a crime but before you're prosecuted, unless you post bail. Prison is where you go after you've been convicted.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-31285", "score": 0.7068838477134705, "text": "In New York its county jail vs state prison, up to 365 days is county, 366 or more is a state jail which is much more strict and violent.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-134769", "score": 0.7067245244979858, "text": "Because no one wants to live near a jail. It's pretty interesting to see downtown jails (usually associated with courthouses, so temporary holding cells as opposed to long-term rural jails where you're actually serving time) because they need to fit into the urban context; have tiny windows so the cells still get some natural daylight but not big enough to break out; be physically secure; and yet be inexpensive to build because as civic buildings go, taxpayers don't want to spend alot of money on jails. Rural jails are a little easier to deal with architecturally because usually they're on a site with big enough grounds to keep the building away from major roads. For those rural jails, you may see signs not to pick up hitchhikers, but no big sign saying there's a jail.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-59266", "score": 0.7051311135292053, "text": "Prison is for long term confinement of people who have been convicted of an offense. Jail is for people who have have a pending trial and/or short term confinement of inmates. I am not sure of other states but in Virginia the cutoff in practice is about a year and a half", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1389996", "score": 0.6975919008255005, "text": "You're basically confining inmates to live the rest of their lives in jail, spending millions of taxpayer dollars while ruining the life of the criminal, as well as taking away any possible benefit they could have to society out of prison. I can't see how that's any better than dying.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-355476", "score": 0.6871092915534973, "text": "I've never been to jail so I just don't get why prisoners are so mean to each other. Surely if prisoners were nice to each other it would make the experience nicer for all concerned.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2021500", "score": 0.6854453682899475, "text": "Jail temporarily changes a person's environment. Pain permanently changes a person's risk assessment. It's biological.\n\nWe evolved adrenalin to help us fight or flee. It also enhances memory so we remember the outcome. Electric torture will spring to mind the next time a criminal thinks about violating the law.\n\nMaybe I'm not seeing the whole picture. Show me how this is not an improvement over what we have now.\n\nIt's also way cheaper than feeding, housing, and guarding people for long stretches. Of course penitentiaries should still exist for people who are very likely to hurt others, but no more jails for petty offenses.\n\nIncarceration separates people from their support network, making them even more disconnected from society and more likely to resist it. I think the shocks should be followed with social services to reintegrate people into the community. This seems a more effective solution to crime.\n\nNo more for-profit prisons lobbying for harsher sentencing.\n\nNo more mass incarceration wasting lives and resources.\n\nJust quick, effective punishment.\n\nEDIT: Please don't be mean to me. Please. I don't know how to answer. Please don't hate me. I'm sorry", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-163165", "score": 0.6833333969116211, "text": "Jail is intended for short term lock-up, such as people who have yet to be convicted of the crime but aren't eligible or able to post bail. Also people with a term of less than a year may just serve it in jail. People in prison have all been convicted of a crime and have a duration over a year that needs to be served.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-168341", "score": 0.6822191476821899, "text": "If you're referring to privately operated prisons in America, it's because they're overseen by the government. They're a cheaper alternative to funding prisons through the government alone, though I don't think they're an improvement in any other way certainly. In a way though, they're like the IRS. Contracting out the little stuff to make things run more efficiently, though the results are debatable", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-144014", "score": 0.6801720261573792, "text": "Jail is temporary for arrested, not guilt. Prison is for convicted guilty. Because you have a right to be treated as innocent until proven guilty.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2442685", "score": 0.676689624786377, "text": "I've sadly done over 2 years in jail. I did a month of prison time and I'm in a half way house now. (Shoplifting CAN turn into burglary).... One thing I've noticed about Colorado is that people are ALWAYS complaining about this county or this state. They are saying that you get arrested for shit here and charged for it that cops and da's in California or other states don't care about. They say 'come on vacation, leave on probation.'\n\nIs this a Colorado thing or does this shit happen everywhere?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-75024", "score": 0.6763266921043396, "text": "I agree that this is begging the question \"Do they have a better quality of life?\" Yes, they have guaranteed food and shelter, and probably some other nice amenities too. BUT prisons are violent places on the inside. Prisoners are often reminded that they're not \"real\" citizens. And if you're in max security, where you're barred from human contact most of the time? Not exactly a great way to live. Poor people often live in crime-ridden, violent neighborhoods as well. And the life of a homeless person is dangerous and uncomfortable. I'd say that it would take a lot of debate to determine who has it \"better\". And really, there's much overlap between the two populations you describe.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-181492", "score": 0.672653317451477, "text": "It's mostly because of the length of trials and appeals. In most cases someone sentenced to death gets an immediate appeal. Also, prosecutors have to do more work to justify a death sentence. All of this extra work and the extra trials are costs to the state and can add up to be more than just putting someone in jail.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2198704", "score": 0.670920193195343, "text": "Most people cheer when someone goes to jail because they see it as a punishment, no one in their right mind thinks that going to prison helps somebody.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-74980", "score": 0.6669434905052185, "text": "A statistic bereft of context is often useless if not worse than useless. You can have the most jailed people because you have the best cops or the worst society. The statistic itself isn't the problem. The problem is why that statistic is like it is. Many people feel we criminalize issues that shouldn't be criminal, and that our justice system is used vengefully instead of to rehabilitate, and that the societal and political way in which we handle criminality makes recidivism much higher than it needs to be (that is to say, doesn't reduce crime as effectively as it might). Do you have the most people in jail because you're best at catching crooks, or because you're best at making crooks, in other words.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-35655", "score": 0.6662752628326416, "text": "In the 1960's we came to realize that our mental institutions were generally terrible places full of misery and torment for the patients. We started closing these places down in an act that was seen as merciful for the patients. Unfortunately, plans to *replace* all these institutions with quality care facilities never materialized. They had intended to open up new institutions, but just never got around to it. As a result, jails have become the primary care facilities for the mentally ill. Their inability of mentally ill people to cope with society's rules lands them in institutions that place a priority on punishment over rehabilitation. If I recall correctly, at least a quarter of prison inmates are thought to be mentally ill and incapable of taking care of themselves in the real world.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2198125", "score": 0.6635923385620117, "text": "I've seen celebrities on the internet be ridiculed for saying that being stuck in their house is like being imprisoned, and people saying that it's impossible for a person in a multi million dollar home to feel imprisoned. It isn't. Being stuck in one location sucks no matter what location is. It's less where you are stuck and more where you can't go. That's what makes it prison. Bringing the cost and size of someone's house into the question just reeks of jealousy of their materials possessions.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1020184", "score": 0.6629882454872131, "text": "Edit: in my title i meant how come more people DONT commit suicide in prison \n\nIm sure the suicide rate in prison is way higher than outside prison, but its seems like it should be higher. Like even if you arent in prison for life, the rest of your life is ruined. To me it seems like there should be more people you want to die. Even like self harm, it seems like there should be more people in jail who hurt themselves, though thats probably a thing that doesnt get reported", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-111387", "score": 0.6625993847846985, "text": "Prisons and jails are made to be secure, and each section can be locked down. If it's a small fire, they can move inmates into another section and lock it down. If there's some catastrophic event, the inmates could be moved outside, as it is still secure.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-159721", "score": 0.6623382568359375, "text": "If you say no then they read them again and arrest you anyway. If you are actually incapable of understanding then you are treated like a mental patient, which is not well, until you can be evaluated and put in the place you should be. If you are just being a dick and not cooperating then you are treated like a mental patient, which is not well, until you can be evaluated and put in the place you should be. Which is regular jail.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-657", "score": 0.7513189315795898, "text": "Lottery winnings are taxed as ordinary income at the Federal level, and by most states. The highest U.S. tax rate is 39.6%, and it's applied to any income over $418,401 for an individual. So on a big jackpot, that's almost 40% right off the top. Then of course your state gets to tax the income as well." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-109277", "score": 0.7132260203361511, "text": "In other countries the lottery win is also taxed, but the claimed price is the taxed sum (at least here in Hungary)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-134091", "score": 0.7129616737365723, "text": "These massive events make a lot of money for people in a position to capitalize on them, often through corrupt channels. So business and government and sports agency personnel who think they can work things to their advantage push them through and cheerlead for them, and do their best to disguise the costs and risks that might deter the public from supporting them. So they get rich, and people not in on the scam - ordinary tax-paying citizens, bear the brunt of the costs.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2128011", "score": 0.7125546336174011, "text": "I'm trying to budget for next year and I was wondering if the $500,000 is pre-tax or after? There's a big difference between taking home ~250k vs. 500k. \n\nAlso, is it a lump sum payment or can it be broken into installments? \n\nI'm kidding, of course, but I am genuinely curious if winners actually take home $500k or not.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-38502", "score": 0.7112565636634827, "text": "They sell advertising, lots and lots of advertising. Plus, don't forget merchandising on the larger ones. (You get a copy of our home game!). The profits from these two things are greater than the amount of money they give away. Most gameshows have a pretty low overhead. They don't really require a lot of effects and they don't have a large cast. Whereas, a high-budget sci-fi show could easily blow as much money as it costs for many of the prizes, simply on special effects for a single episode. That's not even counting paying actors, extras, crew, etc. **TL;DR: Sell advertising and merchandise, spend as little as possible elsewhere.**", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-58729", "score": 0.710862934589386, "text": "Television stations and networks pay large amounts of money to shows to attract viewers. This funds the cash prizes (and the host's pay, and creation of the sets, technical staff, and studio and all the other costs for running the show). Also, many game shows receive free prizes (or other consideration when the prizes are small) in exchange for describing the product and showing it on their program (so when let's make a deal gives away a smart car, Smart likely gave them the car in exchange for them describing the car and putting a pretty model by it--which is basically a commercial--that viewers don't skip on their DVR).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-114203", "score": 0.7091875672340393, "text": "Because there is a special tax for gambling. If everyone could play with whomever, too much money would change owners without the government earning from it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-178821", "score": 0.7071146965026855, "text": "The massive participation of contestants results in massive ad revenue. I’ve known of people who won, but it was a tiny amount; less than a dollar per person.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-484603", "score": 0.7059809565544128, "text": "The young man who won $3 million in a fortnight competition is being taxed close to 1.5 million. He is to young to vote, meaning that is taxation without representation something our country was founded on. That money is his and should stay his not be taken by the goverment that he has no place in until 18.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-174868", "score": 0.7055215835571289, "text": "Profits go to the state government, in most cases; typically they say that it funds schools. YMMV on how true that is. Like 50% of the total cost goes to the jackpot pool, and the other 50% goes into the government much like a tax. Lottery exists because it generates money and people like to gamble.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-41285", "score": 0.7040896415710449, "text": "Because it's not the government's money to keep. If you get money back at the end of the year, it's because you overpaid taxes that year. That's your money. The government doesn't get to just arbitrarily pocket it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-179688", "score": 0.7039167284965515, "text": "People who make more money pay a higher percentage on their income. Here are tables that show how much people pay, based on a percent of their taxable income: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) & #x200B; People who make a lot of money save more than people who make a moderate amount because of the way tax brackets work out with math. Hypothetically, a \"rich\" person who would pay $100,000 before may be now paying $70,000 in taxes, where a person who paid $5000 before may now be paying nothing at all. So the person who paid 100,000 before is saving $30,000, or 30% of his tax bill. The person who is paying nothing only saves $5000, but he is actually saving 100%. & #x200B; & #x200B; & #x200B; & #x200B;", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-37166", "score": 0.703168511390686, "text": "In the case of athletes, many times they are taxed at the federal level AND at the state level of, not just the state they live in BUT, the state in which they earned the money. Let's say your a baseball player and earn 1 million dollars a year. Not only do you have to pay 350K in federal taxes BUT you have 81 games per season in (mostly) other states. meaning 50% of your salary is taxable in the state you live in and 50% in all the other states you played in). The tax situation can be very complicated...", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1758", "score": 0.7023707032203674, "text": "He's not paying all of those taxes on his Super Bowl winnings. He's paying taxes on his normal salary too. And his normal salary is about $20 million a year, so even a small fraction of that is more than what winning the Super Bowl pays. The article's point is that, if he *weren't* playing in the Super Bowl in California, he wouldn't have to pay California state taxes.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-158936", "score": 0.7019872069358826, "text": "Well, for starters, most of these contests call 20 years \"forever\", if you read the fine print. The way it works is they have some large chunk of money set aside collecting interest and they only pay the winner a piece of the interest. For example, most lotteries will say the prize is $100M, but if you collect the lump sum payment, you'll only get ~30% of that, or $33M...If you opt for the \"lifetime\" payout, you'll get $5M per year for 20 years...", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-122584", "score": 0.7012754082679749, "text": "For the recipients, minimal. Gifts are not usually taxed as income (though the donor may pay gift tax depending on annual and lifetime giving). Incidentally, you never lose money (from taxation) by having more income. This myth is perpetuated by people not understanding how tax brackets work (a person is not “in a tax bracket”, their income is taxed differently as it “fills up” that tax bracket, once the bracket is filled, the remainder flows over into the next higher one). The only major exceptions to that would be gifts/winnings that are not in monetary form (winning a car on Wheel of Fortune), or forgiveness of debt (Loan Forgiveness programs can cause a large tax obligation when they finally trigger).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-48620", "score": 0.700370192527771, "text": "Because otherwise it would be a lottery. Many areas have restrictions on running lotteries.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-151946", "score": 0.6992220878601074, "text": "Because it costs very little to make game shows compared to most other types of shows, so you can have a smaller budget than a normal show and still give away tens of thousands of dollars.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1619822", "score": 0.698175847530365, "text": "I am really hoping someone can convince me I am wrong on this. \n\nFrom what I have read on this sub and elsewhere, as someone who is not a professional gambler I am required to report all my winnings as income on my U.S. tax return (whether I withdraw them from my account or not). This additional income is offset by my losses (which are deductible) only if I itemize my deductions, but the 2018 increase in the standard deduction means that very few people now itemize. Like many people I itemized for years, but did not when I filed for 2018 - we did not have enough charitable contributions, mortgage interest, state and local taxes, or other deductions for itemizing to make sense. \n\nLet's assume I have a break-even year in which I have $5,000 in winnings and $5,000 in losses. I am required to pay taxes on the $5,000 at my marginal rate; if this is 32%, I will owe $1,600 to the IRS. The $5,000 in losses only helps me avoid this tax liability if the additional $5,000 deduction would push me over the standard deduction limit that would lead me to itemize - and this is not likely for most people. \n\nOne way to avoid the loss is to wager a lot more. If I break even with $20,000 of winnings and $20,000 of losses, then I do get to itemize and avoid the payment. Or I can win so much that I can cover the taxes out of my winnings (say by having winnings of $7,000 and losses of $5,000 - good luck with that, literally). Or I can just not report the $5,000 in winnings, but that is tax evasion with potential criminal penalties. Or I can just not bet at all.\n\nOne more point - I believe what I have written above applies to any winnings, whether you turned a net profit or not.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1340855", "score": 0.6979514360427856, "text": "If you take Tuesday’s MegaMillions as an example. After taxes &amp; penalty the lump sum will be over $250 million. I have 3 tickets, or 3 chances to win. If 1000 people participated we would have collectively 1000 chances to win. Then you split and take your $250k and 1,000 lives are changed instead of 1 or 2.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-78170", "score": 0.6972166895866394, "text": "They don't pay a cent for those cars and other items, they're donated by the manufacturer as a form of advertising. Watching The Price Is Right is basically watching one long commercial. Also, keep in mind that even outside of the prizes, the show makes its money from the \"regular\" commercials - the ones in-between the actual show. A single 30-second commercial will bring in tens of thousands of dollars, so every episode of The Price Is Right brings in several hundred thousand dollars. They use that money to pay for the production of the show and for the occasional cash prize. Shows like Jeopardy just give away their own prize money. They're a prime-time show so their commercials bring in a lot more money than The Price Is Right, so they probably make more than a million dollars per episode - plenty enough to give away prizes averaging $20,000 or so per episode.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-658", "score": 0.7436938881874084, "text": "It's made to smell like baby powder, which (fun fact) is rarely actually used on babies these days. But lots of diapers have that as their default scent, so babies still smell like it. The day my daughter was born, it blew my mind that she smelled just like the Cabbage Patch Kid I had when I was little. Then I realized it wasn't her, it was the hospital-issued Pampers she was wearing." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1253831", "score": 0.7060951590538025, "text": "So I decided to try the Kirkland brand diapers (I heard they are made by Huggies, and we've never had a problem with them) and bought a huge box. But now when LO is wet, they smell like burnt plastic?? Has anyone experienced this? Did I get a bad batch? I mean, I know there are chemicals in most disposable diapers, but I'm debating if we should continue to use them.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-131118", "score": 0.7054550051689148, "text": "As things decompose the bacteria eating it releases similar waste products such as ammonia or whatever. This means they all smell similar. I really like this quesiton. When very young I worked at a catering company that made everything from BBQ to Beef Tenderlion to Honey pecan chicken. No matter what we cooked/served I always smelled the same at the end of the night. Still can't figure that one out.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-554716", "score": 0.7051023244857788, "text": "Gahhh! My pregnancy nose has returned and again, my DH just smells so bad! It's a combination of man smell and aftershave, and it just reeks. Usually its a smell that I love. I had this during my first pregnancy too and I can't remember if it went away at some point before my Son was born. \n\nAnyone else have a pregnancy nose at the moment?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2363437", "score": 0.7038196325302124, "text": "We gave my four-week-old a bath today, and now his head has this weird gross musty smell like a towel that hasn’t been washed in too long. The same thing happened the last time we gave him a bath four days ago. What gives?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1058253", "score": 0.7038029432296753, "text": "I've got a few products back from 4 suppliers and all of them for the frist few days had a brutal, pungent smell, some worse than others. \n\n\nThe plastics we sampled for our products were PC, PS and Acrylic. \nWhat is it making them smell ?? \nWhen I asked the supplier, all of them are not making sense but basically saying it's inferior plastic suppliers are using on the top later or paint or something its very hard to understand how they are trying to explain it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2642705", "score": 0.7006750702857971, "text": "Is there a scent that smells of oats,milk,and honey that doesn't smell like baby powder? I'm looking for something comforting and I've always loved this combo.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-113614", "score": 0.6994101405143738, "text": "As Fat Bastard put it, \"everyone loves their own brand\" More likely, you are used to your own smell, having to be around it since birth, and you're more comfortable with the idea of your own air-shits (or even literal shits, I suppose) smelling good than those of others in your own subconscious, affecting what your conscious brain decides about the aroma (yours smells like popcorn, and you're okay with that, take a good whiff; someone else's smells like popcorn, and that's automatically way more disgusting, make it seem to smell worse so it is less disgusting in comparison?).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2232120", "score": 0.6993725895881653, "text": "I lived in Canada from 2000 to 2002, in Red Deer, AB specifically. Anyway, my family went to this store one time, I can’t remember where it was (Edmonton? Calgary? In a mall?), but I think it was a kids/teen store of some kind. They had all sorts of knick knacks, stuffed animals, etc. I believe. And it smelled SO GOOD in there. It’s impossible for me to describe, kind of like a cool, fresh, kind of whimsical scent? I thought the store’s name was something to do with clouds, or marshmallows, or something like that, lol. I’m sure this all sounds crazy, I just can’t remember more about it and it’s driving me absolutely nuts. Maybe this place never existed in the first place and I just dreamt it, haha. But, shot in the dark, I wanted to know if, through my very vague descriptions, someone might have an idea of what I’m talking about. Thanks in advance for your help! &lt;3", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2013028", "score": 0.69903165102005, "text": "Is there a scientific reason as to why the smell of fast food seems to linger longer than the smells from other foods, especially in confined spaces such as airplanes or cars? \n\n[edit] Holy cow this blew up much more than I expected, thanks for the informative responses!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-155625", "score": 0.6987734436988831, "text": "That's why babies touch everything and put everything in their mouths. They are learning, grouping, categorizing, remembering what everything feels like. We associate how things look with how they feel. Just like we associate how things smell with how they taste. We pair those memories. So when you see something you've never touched before, your brain finds a million other things that look just like it, and remembers what those feel like, and tells you that's what this will feel like too.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1060177", "score": 0.6985422372817993, "text": "One of the things about this pregnancy that I do not appreciate is my sense of smell. \nI swear that I can smell electricity.\n It's such a strange smell, reminds me a little of when I first turn on the hair dryer, only it's happening with no connection to anything.\n I will unplug everything in my bedroom which is the only place I smell it. It comes and goes in waves, maybe a minute apart at most. \nThe heater is not on either. I can't figure it out. It's driving me nuts. And no one else smells it.\n Its been two days of smelling it.\nAnyone else?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-950575", "score": 0.6980261206626892, "text": "So I started to wear Pampers as my diaper of choice lol. The smell is wonderful c: My question is. How noticeable is the smell? Can you tell if someone is wearing one due to the smell? \nSorry for asking I just don't want to get caught 😯", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-138030", "score": 0.6979166269302368, "text": "You mean the one from the head? Those are pheromones released by the baby to make people love them. It's almost intoxicating, and even stronger if the baby is yours. And yes, humans are subject to the effects of pheromones.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-3052", "score": 0.6978115439414978, "text": "There really isn't a single answer for this as it depends completely on the product. With that said, most likely what you are smelling is the chemicals used to clean the circuit boards and such to prepare them for use. As the item warms up you are probably also smelling any remaining flux or chemicals being cooked off.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1060015", "score": 0.6971461176872253, "text": "I ordered some hand sanitizer off Etsy like a week and a half ago when shit started going down and for some unknown reason, I willingly ordered a couple of lavender scented ones. Why?\n\nI got the package today and one of the lavender ones made it’s way out of the bubble wrap and the cap came undone, so it kinda exploded in the box. When I picked up the package, it smelt like lavender. Opening it was worse. Whyyy did I dooo thisssss? Seriously makes my stomach turn at this point. Gah.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1059599", "score": 0.6965136528015137, "text": "I was organizing my DVD cases earlier today and noticed that there was a weird odor and a sticky feeling on them. I hadn’t touched those in over a year or so. They were stored on a DVD case that’s near my computer and the room I’m in isn’t humid. Why are they so sticky and why do they smell?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1058507", "score": 0.696330189704895, "text": "So I got a shipment today and for some reason the bottle of nana shower gel smells exactly like yog nog. Nothing like bananas. Could this be a mix up due to the bright yellow being the same?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1058184", "score": 0.6961727738380432, "text": "It could be the plastic, but my mini fridge and plastic reusable water bottle have both had this weird kind of sour milk/rotting fruit smell. The fridge smell went away after we threw away the food in it and put baking soda in there to absorb the smell, but my water bottle (especially around the spout) starts to smell even after having water in it for a couple hours. I'm drinking water rn in a Solo cup from one of the water bottle filling stations on campus and it tastes weird too! Am I imagining things or not cleaning stuff well enough or is anyone else having the same problem? lol", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-100776", "score": 0.6949240565299988, "text": "They contain volatile solvents. The solvents allow the piece of cardboard to capture odor molecules, and then when they evaporate the smell is trapped. Alas, your car is made of things the solvents will dissolve, and that will make you sad.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-786632", "score": 0.6944258809089661, "text": "My baby's nursery is all full of the most standard stuff you can imagine -- Dr Seuss etc (not that there's anything wrong with that). But I'm seeing all y'allses nurseries and dang, you guys have some really cool stuff that you've found. Where are you finding this stuff? I'm admittedly Bad At Shopping so I'd love some pointers if there's some kind of uber-awesome baby depot that I don't know about :X", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-659", "score": 0.7456190586090088, "text": "Non-profits are still business that have expenses. Sometimes it is an organization that pays salaries and overhead expenses. What is leftover from however they produce income is what is provided to their charity or organization. As far as getting paid for odd jobs, that usually falls under the consultant category. Basically a company or individual seeks the advice of someone who specializes in a certain field or area. The most popular example would be something like website design where big companies can have an inhouse team, but small companies or non-profits, will contract someone to create their site... in which case the one time cost is significantly cheaper than a full time employee. But there are people who specialize in some weird stuff and their specialty is sometimes needed. For example, while in college I met an archaeologist student who specialized in analyzing dung (basically human waste), well that speciality landed him a consulting role for a book that won a Pultizer. Hope that helps" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1141274", "score": 0.7061427235603333, "text": "Out of sheer curiosity, I'd like to know, how does a company like that make their money? As far as I can tell, they don't sell any advertising space or anything. Discuss.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2409459", "score": 0.7048983573913574, "text": "Maybe someone can enlighten me on the structure of this organizations. Here they run as non profit but it seems they have no output other them courses. Which are pretty expensive. Where does that money go? Do they have to pay license fees or something to their mother organizations? Ie for teaching material, etc. Hoping to get some inside view.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-92360", "score": 0.70269775390625, "text": "The venue will often pay them an appearance fee, then other income can come from content or selling things. Most, like 99% of them, have a real job to back it up though.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2022683", "score": 0.6972362399101257, "text": "If a person created a business, how does the income work for the business owner? Or in other words, how specifically does money flow through and get divided and what needs to be taken care of out of the money that it earns? Just overall how do businesses work. I realised how little I know when somebody asked me the same thing. Thanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-178438", "score": 0.6946232318878174, "text": "> but how does that work? Suppose I am going to launder money and I create a charity. I am going to only hire myself as well as some close family and friends to administer this charity, paying them a generous wage. (Yes, charities pay their employees, they are not always volunteers.) In fact it is so generous that 95% of the money taken in goes into employee wages! Now how do all these donations come about? Oh, they are just cash being dropped into donation boxes around the city. Not that there is any good way to determine if that is true or if it is illicit drug money coming in behind the scenes. But the wages paid to the members of the charity are now \"clean\" and considered legitimate income.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-25564", "score": 0.6940757036209106, "text": "They are primarily non-profits and like most non-profits qualify for tax exemptions. They do not have an owner or investors who get the money that they collect. Those who work for the organization (preachers, teachers, cleaning staff, secretaries, etc) if they are paid for that work will pay taxes on that income.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-140512", "score": 0.6930176019668579, "text": "Non-Profit does not mean they do not make money, charge people, or pay staff. It means that money collected beyond the costs of running the company is re-invested into the company rather than going to stock holders or the owners bank account. As for the society, they sell their magazine, sell tv programs, sell photos, and collect donations.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1077564", "score": 0.6924386024475098, "text": "There are some seriously stupid people out there, how do they make a living?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-105274", "score": 0.6923283338546753, "text": "Well, a lot of them do wind up getting paid in some form or another. Even if no one directly buys material from them, or makes donations, they still might make some money from things like ad revenue. Of course, that's probably not the motivation for most of them. \"Because I can\" is probably the best one. They think it's fun. They enjoy testing their skills. They like the internet fame. Maybe they just like helping people out and providing a free service.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1930678", "score": 0.6908741593360901, "text": "Could someone help me understand what working for a non profit is like, specifically on the research side of things? I’ve had experience working for private sector start ups, don’t know how much from that experience translates or what to imagine even.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-121720", "score": 0.6876375675201416, "text": "Sometimes its fraud. Other times its because: * It costs a lot of money to fundraise * Charity workers need to make money too. * You need top-level salaries to attract people to run big charities.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-162942", "score": 0.6871511340141296, "text": "Being a non-profit just means that nobody gets the leftover money if they have more than they need. They might donate it to other charitable organizations. They might use it to build an expansion on the hospital. They might use it to fund a community outreach program. They might use it to pay for the medical bills of poor people. They might just save it or invest it to use for future operating costs. The key thing is that there's no \"owner\" that gets all the extra money. Similarly, they have to be careful when giving out bonuses & pay raises to people high up in the organization, lest the tax man decide they're not really a non-profit anymore.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-407200", "score": 0.6862183213233948, "text": "I've considered things like introducing surveys to them and other programs, forming some sort of affiliate possibly. What would you do to monetize a group like this? What I'm thinking of is less in terms of selling to this group but making them do things to earn money for themselves and getting a cut from it in some way possibly or just having them do actions and actual tasks for payment. I should", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-179094", "score": 0.6841008067131042, "text": "Non-profit means that the organization does not make a profit from donations or whatever it sells, but that doesn’t mean that the owner, employees, etc. aren’t paid. They have salaried positions within the organization, they are being paid to run the non-profit. What makes a non-profit a non-profit is that all the extra money they make goes right back into the organization. Paying salaries counts as part of the organization, so money the non-profit makes can go to that.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1991662", "score": 0.683312177658081, "text": "I do know what an entrepreneur is, but I'm curios about how far its connotation reaches. My confusion or curiosity is this; does it also encompass a person that has an idea for an organization or group that would sere a purpose and aid the community, but they wish to have the organization be a non profit? Speaking of myself of course, I do have an idea, and the very small bits of a beginning plan to make it a reality, but since I am not driven to gain monetarily is it still entrepreneurial? My personal thought is that in some way it must be, but I wanted others opinions and maybe there is a \"right\" answer and it isn't as obscure as I've made it in my mind. Also, I haven't been able to pin point what degree that might be best to seek to take on such a venture as building a non profit. And finally, with some jest because it may sound silly, is there a degree or job out there for a person that is driven and has a heart to be a philanthropist, help with fundraising, obtain donations, etc. Thank you", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2408043", "score": 0.6830214858055115, "text": "I know these organizations obtain the money by offering different services. And with the money gained through services, the owners pay themselves and their employees with that revenue. Would it at all be possible for someone to create a nonprofit that could open up an old factory in impoverished area and hire people in that community to work? The goods made would then be sold and any money after covering manufacturing costs be given to the workers as their pay. Why isn't this a good idea to help improve neighborhoods in many cities? \n\nI have no knowledge on this subject, I'm looking for some clarification to why this would/wouldn't work.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2399180", "score": 0.6807078123092651, "text": "Afternoon all,\n\nI'm curious to know how Patreon makes money?\n\nThanks :)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-13296", "score": 0.6796345710754395, "text": "They make money in one of two different ways. 1. Donations - (Firefox). Pretty much your standard charity works. 2. Support Contracts (Red Hat) - Imagine a grocery store who offered you unlimited free food, but if you want any of it cooked, have to hire one of their chefs to cook it for you. You can still eat it raw of course, and can make some interesting meals with just raw food, but sometimes you just want it cooked and warm and are willing to pay for the privilege.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-98234", "score": 0.6791439652442932, "text": "Non-profit doesn't mean they can't bring in money. It just means that any money they bring in that exceeds their expenses isn't getting paid out to owners or stockholders. It doesn't mean they're a charity. It doesn't mean that their workers have to be impoverished volunteers. It doesn't mean they have to lower the rates they charge to stop from having a net income. It just means that the organization has to spend the money on itself.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2419111", "score": 0.678702712059021, "text": "I don't think they get paid so it's not money. It's not like they're giving back to their community in anyway so it's not charity. I mean maybe they think they belong to an online community but then do they have social anxiety? Do they not connect with real people?\n\nI heard some of them make money by putting affiliate links in the sidebar or something. Or do they find it entertaining but I mean why would they find it entertaining? Do they just enjoy power tripping on people then? So many questions!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-660", "score": 0.6467019319534302, "text": "Newsreaders usually have a small screen under the camera. On that screen, the text they read out is shown. This screen is called a \"teleprompter\". But in case the prompter breaks, they have the same text with them on paper, so they can continue reading the news." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-645770", "score": 0.6140439510345459, "text": "I heard an I interview years ago that I believe was on a podcast, but beyond that cannot recall the details. The topic was about the decline of print journalism and the emergence of social media as a dominant force as content providers who were replacing traditional media. The interviewee claimed that as a reaction to the immediacy and viral nature of social media content, traditional platforms were trying to mimic social media by eliminating proofreading; ostensibly to expedite getting important stories posted first. However, they even went so far as to claim that some degree of typos and errors are actively encouraged to appear less \"stodgy\" and formal and more like the newer and more \"hip\" social media platforms. \n\nAt the time I remember thinking that it was just a joke, but every time I see some online news story that is chock full of spelling errors, grammatical errors and formatting issues, I think back to that interview and wonder if it really was a joke after all?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1004786", "score": 0.6138554215431213, "text": "Anybody with ESPNInsider willing to do a little \"c/p job\" on the article referenced in the title ... TIA!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-681", "score": 0.6137876510620117, "text": "If you print something that was said to you in the course of performing your journalistic duties, you are basically betraying the trust of your source and burning that source. You do it once, you'd need some luck to be able to talk to anyone on the inside ever again.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1938440", "score": 0.6137445569038391, "text": "We are immigrants and since we moved, my dad has been reading the telegraph. However, I have been reading about their right wing and pro-China bias, so I want to find him a new paper to read.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1060601", "score": 0.6136564612388611, "text": " \n \nSaw this video in the comment section of this post and I´m really curios what happend to the paper on the last fold? I guess some reaction of some sort but how and why do this happen? What reaction can cause this to paper? \n\nThanks in advance, grateful for answers.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1362428", "score": 0.6135583519935608, "text": "Like on Snapchat news articles I always find some woman wearing something and the news source is obsessed over it. What is the point of these articles?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-13008", "score": 0.6133756637573242, "text": "It is thermal paper. It is used in ATMs and various other places primarily because of reliability. There is no ink or toner to run out, and it needs the fewest possible moving parts. (You still need a motor to move the paper.)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-196820", "score": 0.6129034161567688, "text": "What you are seeing is called [pounce](_URL_0_), which is a find sand like substance used to dry the ink faster. The inks used before the twentieth century did not dry as fast as modern ink, so the pounce material would be used to prevent smearing or smudging when turning the page or folding a letter. If you look in Monaghan's *Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America*, she has a brief discussion on pounce powder, it's uses and even gives advertisements in colonial newspapers. Edit: Since the Wiki page has no sources, check out *A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology: 1450 to 2000*, page 307 where it defines pounce as \"a chalky, slightly abrasive powder used by scribes from medieval times until the early nineteenth century...to apply it to the surface of a parchment...in order to remove grease...[and] to absorb excess ink on the parchment or paper page after writing.\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-372687", "score": 0.6127128601074219, "text": "I was looking at some comments and I saw people crossing things out, turning words into links, and making words smaller and far away. If this has already been posted can you give link to it because I haven't found it. Thank you for your help.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1876321", "score": 0.6123965382575989, "text": "Every time I open “news” it’s various .com websites lacking any sort of credibility and skimming over facts as they choose. Mostly far left views. I don’t want to call any news negative on the president “fake news” but the amount of publishing in these sort of articles seems to be sky rocketing with the coming election.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-201260", "score": 0.6121095418930054, "text": "There is a website called trove which has a massive amount of archived digital copies of newspapers going back quite a time. They need volunteers to read the images and transcribe the text/correct the text recognition program's transcription so that passages can be searched for. It's not glamorous but the work people do gives researches and the general public access to wealth of information.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2307153", "score": 0.6120915412902832, "text": "Student here. Basically, because the paper is so thin, it easily loses it's flat shape and it results in having bulges.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-48951", "score": 0.6120478510856628, "text": "Bit by bit. Seriously, they are sent in sections and built up. This gif should help explain it. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-132013", "score": 0.611971378326416, "text": "Some years ago, Hudson News became a chain if newsstands in airports selling magazines, newspapers, and the like. They expanded to become convenience stores. So their top competitor decided to copy the \"news\" theme and made a deal with CNBC. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1110637", "score": 0.6117657423019409, "text": "I had to review samples of a particular newspaper, one article from 1912 and one from present times and had to comment on how journalistic standards are changing. I'm not too worried about the content but I'm still slightly shaky on my grammar and mostly comma splices. If anyone could help, here.\n\nThanks so much, I really appreciate it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-562726", "score": 0.6116940975189209, "text": "sometimes i'll come across an article/op-ed/column piece with an interesting title but aside from briefly linking to 1-2 other articles of dubious relevance and sometimes taking a JARRING turn towards a completely different subject they all seem to end mid-thought. like \"okay, okay, this is intriguing...wait where did the rest of the piece go? did they seriously just hit their word quota and bounce?\"\n\njust something that bothers me more than it should lol", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1187566", "score": 0.6116132140159607, "text": "It appears some news article with the same old story is circulating again, but this time the_dumb\n\nswedish source\n\nbreitbart\n\nSorry if this does not belong here, please point me in the right direction of a subreddit", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1548181", "score": 0.6111872792243958, "text": "I have an AP Government summer assignment where I have to write a page summarizing news articles from New York Times, Wall Street Journal, etc. I have tried all month to read and comprehend these articles, but none of them make any sense to me. It’s like it is in a different language. Do any of you know what to do to make these make sense?\n\nAgain, sorry if this does not fit in, but I couldn’t think of anywhere else to post this.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1232282", "score": 0.6110928058624268, "text": "I've worked at a small, county-wide weekly paper for a total of 2 years- an equivalent of one college semester as an intern and approaching two years as a full-time reporter. \n\nI'm becoming incredibly bored with this job, but I'm starting to fear that my editor's biased ways could result in future employers viewing my articles unfavorably. I'm not biased in my articles. I cover a wide array of stories and have even beat out larger publications on stories, but I'm afraid that it's not enough. I'm so scared that working here is ultimately killing my chances at progressing.\n\nAm I overreacting?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2028327", "score": 0.6110398769378662, "text": "This is what it looks like Example.\n\n\nThe code and explanation is in this Stack Overflow Question\n\n\n\n* This is particularly helpful if you use `org-expiry` to add created times to each headlines or `org-id` to add ids to all headlines", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-662", "score": 0.7577128410339355, "text": "There is definitely the potential for fracking to pollute groundwater. The truth is, we don't really know for sure exactly how much the underground geology is altered when they use fracking. They inject an extraordinary amount of fluid into the ground under an extraordinary amount of pressure, fracturing the rock formations around the drilling site, which allows for easier extraction of natural gas and/or oil.. It's possible that these rock formations may have been separating oil or gas deposits from groundwater, and after the shale is fractured, these two may begin to mix, where they couldn't before." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1317968", "score": 0.7186005711555481, "text": "I’m looking at an undeveloped property in Canada, and it says water is 40-50 feet below surface of earth. This may be a dumb question, but the only answers I can find about cost of drilling a well are for water that is ~400 ft below surface. Does this mean it is unsafe to build on land that has water so close?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-279253", "score": 0.7182517647743225, "text": "Fracking can cause tremors in the overburden, but it is not going to have any influence on the main faults in an area. Especially if you look at the depth of earthquakes in Japan are 30+ kilometers, you realize that nothing on the surface is going to even come close to touching that depth.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-930066", "score": 0.7172364592552185, "text": "I am a lease buyer. I convince landowners to let us drill and frack on their land. Basically I have the same job as the character that Matt Damon plays in \"Promised Land.\" I have worked in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and Oklahoma. I saw an environmentalist on here doing an AMA on fracking, so I figured I could give you guys an industry perspective if you want it. I am not an engineer, so I can't get too technically detailed on the process, but I have to know enough to explain it to landowners. If I don't get to your question tonight I promise I will answer it tomorrow.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-279932", "score": 0.716684103012085, "text": "There are a few posters replying to the concerns about water contamination, and rather than reply to them individually, I just decided to make my own reply. Although there SHOULD be no contamination, there is. [Here's a news article confirming contamination in four states, as well as mention of home owners settling with oil companies over it.](_URL_2_) [Here's an article summarizing an EPA report on fracking from 2011, confirming contamination.](_URL_0_) [My \"favorite\" stories about fracking involve water with such high methane content that it burns, so here's an article from 2014 regarding that in Texas.](_URL_1_) It's pretty clear that I'm against fracking, but I'm in California. The idea of using more of our drinking water to destabilize our many fault lines in order to get low grade fossil fuels that require a lot of refinement, a high energy use process in and of itself, is insane to me.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-162603", "score": 0.7154250741004944, "text": "The ground below it is saturated. So, in my area, that means that the ground is relatively non-permeable. There'll be a layer of sand, but if you dig down below that, my entire state is basically built on top of a granite slab, so you run into solid rock. In other areas, the sand goes much deeper, but is fully saturated -- that is, as wet as it can get without the water just sitting on top of it. Think of a towel. Pour some water on a towel, and it'll just soak up. Pour too much, though, and you can have a puddle on top of your towel.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-115329", "score": 0.713415265083313, "text": "Because sea water may not have [the right properties](_URL_0_) to break the rock in the way needed, and hold it open as required. Also, many fracking sites are inland - the salt water would find its way into inland aquifers, poisoning the ground water for many miles around - even more so than fracking is said to do already.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1212516", "score": 0.7125654220581055, "text": "It seems pretty obvious that fracking is directly related to a lot of the new earthquakes we've seen around the US. \n\nI've read that this is due to the water in the ground lubricating the fault lines or something. Or at least, that's the general idea.\n\nWould it stand to reason, that we are easing tensions that would probably have caused more destructive earthquakes at a later point?\n\nBear in mind, I'm against fracking due to the unrestricted chemicals being introduced to the water tables. Also, I'm not a licensed scientist.\n\nBonus question: What if we drilled relief pipes to the magma chambers beneath Yellowstone?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2643374", "score": 0.710238516330719, "text": "I live in Oklahoma and we're getting earthquakes like ALL the time. I know people have suggested that fracking is the cause but does the evidence truly support those claims?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-84794", "score": 0.7096998691558838, "text": "The key term is running \"through\" rocks. The world's aquifers and \"natural springs\" are the result of water that actually soaked through rocks (usually limestone). It's like a sponge or cheese cloth. The gaps in the rocks allow the water molecules to filter through, but not the larger molecules or the relatively enormous bacteria and other contaminants.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-129998", "score": 0.708848237991333, "text": "As an Environmental Studues minor in college I've learned a bit about fracking, but I'm by no means an expert. From what I understand the biggest environmental concerns stems from the gases that escape and the fluid used for fracking. A major gas that often escapes is methane which us both highly flammable (look up the videos of people lighting their tap water on fire) and a major greenhouse gas. Its also toxic and known to kill local flora and fauna. The fluid is a combination of water and other chemicals, and while a lot is sucked out afterwords, itd impossible to get all of it. Theres s lot of concern that these chemicals pollute the groundwater, but this doesnt have nearly as much proof as the escaped gases. Like another user said, fracking CAN be done relatively safely, but we lack the resources to ensure that it does. I would encourage you to look up documentaries based on the people who live near msjor fracking sights and how its affected their lives. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-168979", "score": 0.7085570096969604, "text": "Well, it doesn't. What does cause earthquakes are wastewater injection wells. These are heavily used in the area of Oklahoma and Kansas that have seen a significant upturn in the number of earthquakes in recent years. These are called \"induced earthquakes\". Fracking has gotten a lot of attention because of pollution of groundwater and so a lot of people get confused about the induced earthquake issue. But these are very different things. To answer the meat of the question, from the [USGS](_URL_0_): > Earth's crust is pervasively fractured at depth by faults. These faults can sustain high stresses without slipping because natural \"tectonic\" stress and the weight of the overlying rock pushes the opposing fault blocks together, increasing the frictional resistance to fault slip. The injected wastewater counteracts the frictional forces on faults and, in effect, \"pries them apart\", thereby facilitating earthquake slip.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-24838", "score": 0.7085332870483398, "text": "Fracking works by injecting chemicals into the ground. Some of these are totally harmless, while some of them are known carcinogens. There are concerns with air pollution (methane leaks), water pollution (the typical anti-fraking image is flammable tap water; right now fracking is exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act requirements), and seismology (inducing earthquake conditions). Basically, the arguments against fracking point out that there are some potentially dangerous substances being used that could harm both the environment and people. Edit: I can't spell", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-62567", "score": 0.7074176073074341, "text": "Natural Gas is inside of big rocks. Natural Gas rises. (It's lighter than Air) If you make a big well and smash the rocks you can collect the gas that comes out of them at the top of the well. Smashing the rocks involves digging deep in the ground and pumping down a mixture of stuff that's poisonous, but recollecting most of it. A movie, *Gasland*, suggests that the process also results in gas in the water and people's tap water and well water became flammable in some places.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-260273", "score": 0.7057064771652222, "text": "Yeah. Taking water from wells can lower the level of ground water. Cities with airports have feet of jet fuel settling on the top of the water level; you can take a core sample and literally light it on fire. Various types of other industries introduce different substances. Dry cleaners are actually notorious for this.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-115221", "score": 0.7053433656692505, "text": "Fracking is a technology that uses water pressure to create fissures (tiny cracks) in shale rock formations that allow oil and gas to flow up the well for collection. (since it is lighter than water) A lot of people are against fracking because it can potentially destroy the local communities way of life by creating waste water issues, methane seeping into our local water supplies and coming out of our faucet, seismic activities, etc. Oil and gas companies are saying that their methods are safe and responsible and that they would work with local authorities to ensure communities aren't affected by this but so far in some communities it has been a big bunch of lies.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-270696", "score": 0.7049543261528015, "text": "Because there’s already water in the ground. If you were to dig down beside the lake you’d hit saturated dirt at the same level as the surface of the lake. The level at which this occurs is the “water table.” Water flows under ground and levels out so if you dig a hole and keep the hole open, it will fill with water up to the water table. We call those holes “wells.” Of course nature is more complicated than that simple model, but that’s basically it. Rivers can lose water to the surrounding ground as they flow or gain water. Perched aquifers above the surrounding water table can occur when there are pockets of impermeable material holding water like a bowl. Those impermeable layers are called “aquatards.” If there is a lot of rain in an area the ground above the water table can be permanently saturated, but the water is moving downward to the water table. Coasts are more complicated when tides are involved.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-90311", "score": 0.7036761045455933, "text": "For one, drilling to the depths involved is a massive and difficult undertaking. I couldn't find any direct info as to how deep we would need to drill, but getting even a tiny width hole down to 40,000 feet _URL_0_ was a big undertaking. So you are talking about a borehole that is microscopic in comparison to the amount of space / pressure that is going on under there. You would need many of these to even begin to make a dent. Even landfills use dozens of pipes to release methane gas in way way way way way smaller amounts. Now if you are talking about releasing superheated gases that presents its own set of problems for anything above it. And if the pressure is caused by magma then its just going to fill up any tube you create and possible cool inside it rendering everything you did worthless. Or worse you might cause a constant destructive eruption. We just don't have the tools to deal with it at this time.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1210918", "score": 0.7035155296325684, "text": "From what I understand, the diameter of the bore is 135mm and the depth of the hole is expected to be roughly 3541 meters. According to the reading, geologists have suggested filling the hole with kerosene or aviation fuel to keep the hole from freezing. Exactly how much liquid is that, and won't that essentially pollute the hell out of the water beneath?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-708582", "score": 0.7030866742134094, "text": "Say that I had a basement with water coming up through the floor. How would I determine the water's source?\n\nBTW this is a hypothetical, I'm proving to my dad (who is a geologist) that the internet can answer all but the most technical questions, and that you don't need to pay online ask-me sites for stuff", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-274115", "score": 0.7005988359451294, "text": "A different view point is that your reservoir is made of sand between 2 clay layers (impermeable). The gas/oil fills the pore space in between the sand. But if you look at what is holding the top clay layer up it is a combination of the sand particles and the pressure from the gas/oil. As you produce gas/oil the stress to support the top layer of clay shifts over more and more to just the sand. Sometimes the sand cannot support this stress and starts to fracture at the individual particle level and compact. You can have subsidence because your jar of marbles becomes a jar of crushed marbles. Recovery % and other factors vary wildly. Some reservoirs do have meaningful aquifer support but because of the size, you may not know for 10+ years - and can crush the matrix during the time in between.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-663", "score": 0.8107759356498718, "text": "The speed of sound is only about 780 miles per hour, and all you need to do to break the sound barrier is go faster than that. Most normal planes already go about 500~ mph, so boosting that up to 800~ isnt too hard" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-304401", "score": 0.760036289691925, "text": "Practically all objects that breaks the sound barrier cause a double sonic boom. First at the front of the object, where it is pushing away the air, and second at the end of the object, where it stops pushing away the air. At both these points there is a big and rapid change in pressure. The F9 actually creates three sonic booms though. At the engine, at the landing legs and at the grid fins.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-253844", "score": 0.7533942461013794, "text": "just found it : Source: _URL_0_ For decades, the sound barrier had been a problem for pilots and aeronautical engineers. Air builds up in front of and around an aircraft as it approaches the speed of sound; it can’t move out of the way fast enough. The air in front of the aircraft increases drag and reducing lift. At the same time, the air traveling over the top of the wing reaches the speed of sound and forms shockwaves that move back and forth. This disrupts the airflow and causes the aircraft to buffet and shake.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-269746", "score": 0.7531529664993286, "text": "Breaking the sound barrier doesn't involve any release of energy other than the object's normal acceleration. The reason that you hear a boom is because when an object is traveling at the speed of sound, the sound waves coming off of it line up to form a single \"wave\" that hits you all at once. Basically, the amount of energy that's released isn't changing, it's just hitting you in a much shorter amount of time.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-244385", "score": 0.7513988018035889, "text": "i don't think you would hear the bang, as the sound of it would be behind you and unable to catch up. i also think that once you break the sound barrier, it is kind of quiet (compared to normal flight) because the sound of the jet can't catch up to your ears. we need a physicist", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-14380", "score": 0.7507964372634888, "text": "When things fly through the air, they produce sound waves. As long as the thing is flying slower than the speed of sound, the sound waves can propagate in front of the object and the waves don't really overlap very much. However, when an object breaks the speed of sound, sound waves created by the object can no longer keep up with the object itself, and the object passes the sound waves as it makes them. The sound waves are now thrown out behind the object and to the side, like a wake on a boat. They also overlap and combine with each other, making a huge BOOM of noise where before there would have been a continuous roar at a lower volume. I hope that helps.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-169765", "score": 0.7507952451705933, "text": "As airplanes fly through the air they create pressure waves at both the nose and tail of the aircraft. Very similar to how a ship makes a bow wave as it ravels through the water. Those waves move outward from the plane at the speed of sound. For a plane moving slower than mach 1 (the speed of sound) the waves move out ahead of the plane and you hear it coming. But when a plane is moving faster than mach 1 the sound waves can't get out ahead of it. They get compressed together, and as the plane goes over you you get one big compressed sound wave instead of a bunch of small ones spread out.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-41183", "score": 0.7495182156562805, "text": "The jet sends out sound waves in every direction, including in front of it. As the jet speeds up, the waves in the front get closer and closer together, and stack up together. As soon as the jet reaches the speed of the sound, It \"punctures\" the bubble created by these waves joined together, causing a loud boom, because the pilot hears all the sound it created earlier at the same time. See this [chart](_URL_0_) for reference. The triangle is the jet, the circles are sound waves. In picture 1, It doesn't reach the speed of sound yet. In pic 2, it does. Notice the sound waves being so close together that they form a \"wall\". As soon as the jet flies through, you hear the accumulation of the sound waves all at the same time.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-252718", "score": 0.7481256723403931, "text": "if the plane is moving just above the speed of sound, then person A on the back of the plane (outside of course) shouting to person B on the front of the plane will be very disappointed, because that message won't arrive, assuming person B doesn't read lips. the reason for this is, as you may know, sound travels in pressure waves and when objects approach the speed of sound, they start to move faster than the wavefronts in those pressure waves (when this happens it's a sonic boom). when person A speaks, they are traveling so fast relative to the air (through which the sound travels) that they essentially collide with the wavefronts of the noise they just made, and those pressure waves never make in progress towards parts of the plane farther in front of them--the sound waves never reach person B at all. inside the plane, this is just like you said. it's as if they weren't even on a (really long btw) plane.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-321055", "score": 0.7480683326721191, "text": "Yes, this is what happens above the speed of sound too. A plane doesn't generate a sonic boom only at the moment it breaks the speed of sound, it continually generates one as long as it's above that speed. It's the shockwave that travels behind the plane. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-293520", "score": 0.7477042078971863, "text": "No, nothings actually moving to break the sound barrier. To an observer it would just sound like the sounds are closer together than they are.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-165616", "score": 0.7465241551399231, "text": "The speed of sound is the fastest rate at which air molecules can move around easily. When an airplane pushes its way through the air faster than that, the air can't entirely get out of the way and becomes compressed at the front edges of the plane's shape. As soon as the compressed air can slip past the airplane, it suddenly expands back to normal pressure and volume, sending out a wave of sound.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-247592", "score": 0.7453093528747559, "text": "Those planes are barely travelling over the speed of sound. What's happening is the same as in the gif you linked, except since the planes aren't travelling much faster than the sound waves, the individual expanding circles from the \"back\" partially catch up to the \"front\" waves. That's why the cones are so wide.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-176823", "score": 0.7443970441818237, "text": "The speed of sound is the speed at which air can propagate pressure changes. At subsonic speeds, the air in front of the plane already is affected by the plane, you could say the air around the plane is shouting \"hey there's a plane here\" and the air in front of the plane heard that before the plane arrives, so it starts moving according to these pressure changes and there's a smooth transition as it gets closer to the plane. At supersonic speeds the air in front of the plane can't hear about the plane in advance because the plane is going faster than the sound, it will only know about the plane once its already there, resulting in an abrupt transition. Now dropping the metaphor, this inability of air to propagate pressure changes in advance will significanlty change how the air reacts to these pressure changes.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-188993", "score": 0.7426401972770691, "text": "The tip, when you flip or crack it, breaks the sound barrier. So it’s all in how you crack the whip. There must be enough speed for it to break the sound barrier", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-47923", "score": 0.741945743560791, "text": "Well, what happens is that the aircraft is producing pressure waves. Now if you're below the speed of sound, the pressure waves fly out in front of your aircraft, nice and orderly, like if you were driving a car and shooting bullets. And if you're going much faster than the speed of sound, the pressure waves recede behind you, kind of like if you're driving a car and dropping tennis balls out the back. But if you're going really close the speed of sound, the pressure waves stay with you, building up and compounding each other. It would be like if you were stationary and dropping tennis balls. They all just stay there and build up, making a huge pressure wave, which we hear on the ground as a BOOM. You can see it because the massive changes in air pressure caused by the pressure wave buildup make the moisture in the air condense, producing little bits of fog (or cloud).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-107771", "score": 0.7413051724433899, "text": "The air is being displaced and it’s so dense around the plane that you can see it. The same thing occurs in water if you were to draw some bath water and push your hand directly down. For a split second all the water would be gone from that specific place. It just so happens that when many planes go beyond the sound barrier is when it’s most noticeable that air is being displace It doesn’t have to be at Mach 1, and realistically it doesn’t occur exactly at Mach 1. But it’s about Mach 1 that we can see it A lot of this is also called a vapor cone. Meaning that the moisture from the air around the plane trails the fast object. Once again, it doesn’t have to happen at Mach speeds it just does.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-76852", "score": 0.7407042980194092, "text": "Well just like another plane it uses electricity to run the motor. I don't see how this wouldn't work (besides the fact that you'd need a lot of power) why do you feel like it wouldn't break the sound barrier?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-117284", "score": 0.7402880191802979, "text": "You wouldn't really hear or feel anything in particular, other than air buffeting whatever fuselage you're in. The sound barrier isn't some magical wall that you only hear at the precise moment you exceed Mach 1; once you exceed that speed, you're breaking the sound barrier at every single moment. Think of it like a boat's wake; the sonic boom that people hear is the moment when the shock wave passes them, but the thing that is creating the wake is creating it *constantly* until it slows down.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-280789", "score": 0.736686110496521, "text": "Well, not exactly explode. This is known as the transonic regime, and you needn't go exactly at the speed of sound but approximate. We usually evaluate this by changing the reference frame so that you have a stationary aircraft and air is flowing around it. As the vehicle doesn't have a perfectly regular shape, different parts of it will see different speeds of the flow. Wherever you have a transition from a supersonic flow to a subsonic flow a shockwave forms. In a clearly supersonic regime (speed significantly higher than Mach 1) you have a single shockwave at the front of the aircraft. However, at speeds typically between Mach 0.8 and 1.2 you may have a multiple shockwave effect. It won't make the plane explode, but it can destabilize it if not properly engineered for it. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-142041", "score": 0.7365178465843201, "text": "No, the jet broke the sound barrier relative to the earth, but you are not moving relative to the jet so you could still talk normally to the person seated next to you. Think about this, the earth is circling the sun at a speed much faster than the sound barrier, but you hear things all day, everyday, just fine.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-664", "score": 0.6115777492523193, "text": "So the TL:NR is going to be \"That line doesn't really do jack\" here's why: Like someone using music or audio without consent saying \"Blahbity blah belongs to such and such, no claim to copyright is made\" or some such gives you no legal protection in court should that person decide to sue you the same is going to be true in satire. Being a public figure, Kim Jung Un, in the U.S., has little to no protection against satire, and even if he wanted to, he'd have to sue Sony, et al in U.S. courts for damages, and that's not going to happen. The litmus test, afaik, is simply \"Would a reasonable person believe this to be actual events?\"" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1125145", "score": 0.5809782147407532, "text": "Well, it seems Paul picked the image of a man that actually existed. Here is the story of the *real* Sgt. Pepper:\n", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-7357", "score": 0.5809280872344971, "text": "It's a \"reality TV show\", so \"reading the script\" is probably behind a lot of her precise readings. Leading up to getting your own TV show you can rely on the vague \"John Edwards\" type predictions, but once you've got your show you need to really rope people in. Drop all pretense of reality, and just start faking it. That's the key to success. I'm reminded of reading once that a lot of David Copperfield tricks for his TV specials consisted of things like making an elephant disappear by making the audience sign non-disclosure agreements, and then pausing the camera and walking the elephant off stage\".", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-96923", "score": 0.5808683037757874, "text": "It would be hard to prove in court that the person depicting was *really* using/selling/making drugs on a given date in a given location, which is the standard. They can always say the footage was a reenactment for the cameras, and in many cases it actually is. Unless the police actually get some of the drugs in question to test, there's not going to be solid proof.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2785069", "score": 0.580855667591095, "text": "\n\nhere is the interview with jason isaacs where he talks about working with jackie chan on the tuxedo. he tells this crazy story about how jackie can't speak english and does some crazy kung fu shit by catching a fly with his bare hands. what he's saying about jackie sounds positive but he actually makes jackie sound like some goofy ass asian doing martial arts so everyone can laugh at jackie.\n\ni have no facts to dispute that fly story but here is jackie doing an interview with conan obrien in the 90s where there is no way he was reading phonetically off a card.\n\n\n\nthere are actually tons more of him doing interviews in english but i had to find one where there was no way he could read off of a card for it.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-140965", "score": 0.5808514952659607, "text": "Artists are there to give the media an image to show alongside the story. Artists are allowed in federal courts even when cameras are not because the reason for excluding cameras has nothing to do with privacy. Cameras are excluded to prevent lawyers (and also other people in court) from playing to the camera. The judge wants a by-the-book trial, not a circus where the lawyers try to make themselves famous.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-234292", "score": 0.5808138847351074, "text": "The movie \"The Greatest Story Never Told\" is anti-semitic, Holocaust denial drivel. Don't take anything serious from it since people like that have no interest in the truth or facts beyond manipulating them for their own political and ideological purposes.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2218613", "score": 0.5808034539222717, "text": "Instead of the generic message, they had this appended at the bottom right of the screen in Hindi script during the Paisa item song: **Duniya mein 20 mein se 1 maut sharaab ke kaaran hoti hai (WHO)**.\n\nI think it was brilliant, considering who its main target audience are. But I still objectively feel disclaimers are useless.\n\nEDIT: it's an anti-alcohol disclaimer.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2216775", "score": 0.5807945132255554, "text": "(its not). \n\nBut lets pretend for 1 second that it is. \n\nWhat you end up with is a person that is involved in a CIVIL lawsuit and is insensitive v.s. a person who has blood on her hands from Benghazi]( [compromised national security by mishandling classified information]( and is involved in a [CRIMINAL investigation by the FBI for trying to cover up said mishandling. Its not even a contest at that point.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1486493", "score": 0.5807769894599915, "text": "Don't get me wrong, I think Lacey, Jamie, and Jack are all great, and I've never even been a fan of Swift or her music. In fact, when my wife clicked on the thumbnail of the documentary I even scoffed a bit, very much expecting it to be a spin on her image.\n\nI've also become fascinated by the machinations of propaganda and misinformation in recent years. I live in a fairly pro-Trump area outside of Baltimore, and amongst the co-workers of mine that pay attention to and talk about politics, almost all of them support or at least defend Trump, so I've had to refine the way I frame alot of things for my arguments to be in any way effective. That being said, I was already aware of most of Swift's increasing political involvement after originally being explicit in her desire to not be political, and after having watched the documentary I was actually slightly impressed at her apparent personal growth.\n\nWhen I heard the crew bashing the whole thing as \"propaganda\" that people \"fall for,\" some of whom they \"would even consider smart,\" it kinda rubbed me the wrong way, like it sounded elitist and exclusionary. I certainly don't think the documentary can be reduced to a simple PR move, as any strong political ideology from an entertainer carries the risk of alienating a good chunk of her fanbase regardless. And just because she abstained from politics in the years following 2016 doesn't mean she's not capable of genuine personal growth. As for Swift's \"telling\" quote about the motivations of her life being the appearance of a force for good, I am bothered many aspects of celebrity life and the culture of worship around them, but I also think that the political choices swift has made over the last year or two, and the potential impact she may have on people, is undoubtedly preferable over remaining politically neutral or ambivolent about a right-wing fanbase. Progress is progress, and I say better late than never.\n\nI'm usually pretty critical of documentaries and skeptical of the agendas behind them, but it certainly doesn't seem entirely disingenuous or as shallow as simply being propaganda to cultivate her image, and even if she hasnt fully embraced a candidate like Bernie Sanders or progressive ideology, I think being so dismissive certainly won't help. Everyone, even celebrities, are on their own personal journey, and I think that any amount of growth in a positive direction should be met with inclusivity and encouragement, not derision and scorn. Particularly with someone so influential, and from Tennessee for God's sake. Or maybe I just \"fell\" for the \"propaganda?\"", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2245636", "score": 0.5807552337646484, "text": "Arndt: The politics involved people in supervisory positions able to see black and white and not able to see anything that wasn't tangible. And if a person's opinion on the investigative team was in the minority, that opinion was dismissed.\n\nHalaby: Does that include your opinions?\n\nArndt: It included mine, **all of the Department of Social Services**, including some other people.\n\nHalaby: So you were - you felt you were advocating certain opinions in these investigative team meetings that were minority opinions, and, therefore, disregarded?\n\nArndt: It was not - my opinion was not the opinion of the command structure at the Boulder Police Department, and, no, my opinion wasn't, was never heard nor heeded.\n\nHalaby: So to repeat my question, you felt that opinions you were expressing in these investigative team meetings were being disregarded and were minority opinions?\n\nArndt: Opinions and information, yes.\n\nHalaby: Yes to that question, with your addendum?\n\nArndt: Yes.\n\nHalaby: And what opinions are you referring to that were material to the investigation?\n\nArndt: Incest. Naming the Ramseys as suspects.\n\nHalaby: This is incest between John Ramsey and JonBenet?\n\nAndt: Yes, to the whole incest dynamic in the family.\n\nHalaby: But involving John Ramsey and JonBenet, any other members?\n\nArndt: Well, specifically because she's the one who's dead.\n\nHalaby: But when you refer again to incest, it could involve any number of family members. I'm just trying to identify the family members you refer to when you use that term.\n\nArndt: Well, there's a whole dynamic, because everybody's got a role in the family.\n\nHalaby: The incest has an effect on family members, does it not?\n\nArndt: Well, in general terms that covers it when you talk about an act, but I'm talking about the dynamic.\n\nHalaby: I understand about the dynamic, but I want to get the predicate first. The participants in the incest, when you refer to incest, you're referring to John Ramsey and JonBenet and no other family members?\n\nArndt: I refer to every member of the family. Every member has got a role.\n\nHalaby:**But in terms of an actual sexual act that's implicit in the term of incest, you're referring to John Ramsey and JonBenet?**\n\nArndt: **Yes**.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-71215", "score": 0.580703854560852, "text": "Because it really doesn't matter. If people like the characters and situations they tune in. Whether it's 100% real and unscripted doesn't play a part. You don't like the characters and situations, so you don't watch it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1077282", "score": 0.5806518197059631, "text": "She literally contradicts herself, talking about how she's unbiased and then cutting someone off.\n\nGranted this is a world where having augs is apparently equivalent to being dangerous.. but what about serial killers or mass murderers or just crime? Oh wait what? Humans are horrible with or without augs... maybe someone will have a psychotic break and blow up an airplane.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2766709", "score": 0.5806455016136169, "text": "I reckon it must be bullshit, how can you delete the entire existence of a family and create a new life for them. There are too many loose ends.\n\nEdit: I feel I am being unjustly and harshly judged regarding my alleged spoilers for Breaking Bad. All I want to say about that topic is that I also spoiled the ending of Goodfellas and no one cares.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-172413", "score": 0.5805899500846863, "text": "During interviews a person next to the camera is asking questions so that’s who they answer to, even not in interviews they are usually directing they’re speech to a person near the camera, not only does it help to make them speak and feel more natural, it also comes off as more natural to the viewer. Imagine how it feels during a news broadcast when the anchor speaks to the lens, there is something palpable when a person is “broadcasting” to a camera as opposed to speaking to another person, the lack of interpersonal connection is easy to notice and would make a documentary much less engaging", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1106895", "score": 0.5805677771568298, "text": "Scams, lies, conspricay theories, empty promises, exagerations etc.\n\nThese types of things are a part of everyday life. I can't tell you how many times I get fake emails, calls, texts, see ads with misleading information, get told a bogus story, etc.\n\nIf you fall for fake information, it's your fault in most cases. Simply asking very basic questions will almost always peel back lies, and you should always have a baseline skepticism. Sure, we should have sympathy for people who get tricked by loved ones, but strangers on the internet? Anonymous phone calls? Emails? Cmon.\n\nIt is a necessary trait to survive(at least in America), and acting like it's normal for people to be tricked, fall into rabbit holes, or get scammed is absurd.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-197313", "score": 0.580561101436615, "text": "Very. Not only did people survive the Führerbunker but people like Rochus Misch, Albert Speer, and Traudl Jung told their stories. Misch only died last September at 96 years old, and he was presented well in the film. He was consulted (I remember reading) for Valkyrie with Tom Cruise, because who better to get information on the Führerbunker from other than someone who worked in it? A historian I know was interviewing Misch for a novel he's writing on the Battle of Berlin. As mentioned, Misch recently passed away, but my historian acquaintance was basically interviewing him up until his death. My acquaintance said he had gotten hours of documented interview information from Herr Misch. Anyways, yes, the film is quite accurate.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-163760", "score": 0.5805500745773315, "text": "\"Obviously innocent\" and \"honor forever ruined\" come from two completely different value systems. Her innocence doesn't change the fact that, for them, she is forever... spoiled.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-65728", "score": 0.5805322527885437, "text": "He gave versions of certain events in a couple of books and interviews that have been refuted by other people present. One includes a story where he claims to have punched out former pro wrestler turned politician Jesse Ventura who later brought a defamation suit against Kyle. The discrepancy between his stories and the versions told by others calls his credibility into question and has sparked a debate.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-10499", "score": 0.5805283784866333, "text": "a) It could be VERY loosely based, but still be 'based on'. This is a marketing gimmick. b) It's based on one specific version of the story. See \"The Exorcism of Emily Rose\". She has a condition where her body locks up in very odd, somewhat terrifying poses. The doctors say it's one thing, the priest says it's the other. Which one do you think makes for a better horror movie?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1041609", "score": 0.5805131196975708, "text": "I know next to nothing about philosophy (plan on reading Sophie's World this week). The movie has constant references to Nietzsche and Proust. All I know about Nietzsche is that in one of his books, there is a moment where a man screams \"There is no God. God is dead\" and there is a \"God is Dead\" moment in the movie.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-665", "score": 0.6094461679458618, "text": "I like most of the answers below, especially m4nu, but there's one big thing no one's mentioning: Armor. As technology progressed, muskets made armor utterly useless. Then, when hand to hand combat did occur, there was no need for a sword so heavy it would break a man's ribs through iron, just something to stab him with would do just fine. I always thought it was interesting that through Korea people quit using personal body armor and now it's coming back. Modern soldiers look about as covered up as a knight these days." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2219057", "score": 0.5789334774017334, "text": "I really enjoyed using the weapon in DS1, hoping there are a few surplus now that the favored use has been nerfed. \n \nedit: Nvm \n \nSometimes things are darkest just before the drop", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-223713", "score": 0.5789326429367065, "text": "I'm also very interested in this question. I sometimes get involved in discussions about the viability of leather as a material for armor and one argument is usually that it is much cheaper than something made from metal. I can not imagine that leather was a day to day material for peasants to have available.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-230150", "score": 0.5788633227348328, "text": "The immediate scholar that sprung to mind was [John Gillingham](_URL_0_) and while he might not address the subject as a central feature of his work, I can't think of any scholar who has, it will appear in the margins of other works he is citing. For example, Adam Kosto's *Hostages in the Middle Ages* (Oxford, 2012) or Jean Dunbabin's *Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe 1000-1300* (Basingstoke, 2002). A fairly regular feature of politics and warfare in the high Middle Ages was mutilation of hostages and you might find some fruitful accounts of it there. The distinction is, of course, that one is a mark of warrior's pride, a voluntary if not desirable affliction, while the other is a punitive involuntary action. Ultimately they seem to point towards similar feelings of shame except in their acquisition.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-713820", "score": 0.5788508057594299, "text": "I recently re-watched dangitjim's video on the partizan, and it convinced me to get back in the game to give it a try. I've never used spears or halberds much so I don't know the inns and outs of using them. The movesets seem to be very similar superficially, but I don't know if there's nuances I'm not picking up. The damage on the halberd seems Wayyy better, but I don't know how well they scale in the late game, or for which kind of build they'd do best in.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-94236", "score": 0.5788480043411255, "text": "In a culture where hand to hand combat is important, like in the olden days, being left handed was an advantage because it was unexpected. This didn't answer the question at all.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-231175", "score": 0.5788435339927673, "text": "What era of the middle ages is the game set in? We unfortunately know very little about anything to do with combat styles for the early (500-1066) and high (1067-1300) middle ages. We can only look at their armament, Armour and sometimes other primary sources to get an idea of how a weapon was used. Around about 1300 AD saw the [first medieval 'fechtbuch'](_URL_1_), or 'combat manual' being written. From then on they occur quite frequently, up until modern day, with the German and Italian schools being the most predominant, but with surviving texts from across Western-Europe. Due to the rise in popularity of HEMA and other European martial arts there has been a lot of debate surrounding them in the last decade or so. Here is an [extensive list](_URL_0_) of some combat manuals hosted by one such society, with background for many of them. Hope this will help.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-232204", "score": 0.5788294076919556, "text": "The last picture isn't a grenadier, but a pioneer. Anyhow, the uniforms and equipment are a mishmash of random pieces. Picture #6 shows a soldier with both a musket and a sword. Swords were strictly for officers, possession of a sword by the rankers was illegal. Officers did not wield long arms so, if he is indeed an officer, he shouldn't be holding a musket. Also, all on duty officers wore a gorget, which was a small rounded metal piece worn around the neck like a large medallion. Furthermore, officers wore a red sash as indication of their authority, so with #6 missing all these pieces it just doesn't make sense.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1896729", "score": 0.5787970423698425, "text": "Gunblades...ya look at it and either think for a second \"Huh that's sort of cool\" or \"Wow that's stupid\". But...what do they do? I've heard that they have a \"cartridge\". Now the end of it is just a sword, so there's no visible barrel and we hear a \"bang\" so it's not energy...\n\nso I guess what I'm asking if there are any ballistics to it? Does the cartridge just go off and the force of it is channeled through the sword for some reason? Like is it somehow equivalent to firing a blank at someone from inches away?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-209630", "score": 0.5787526965141296, "text": "Monks in the Carolingian renaissance were transcribing what literature/history/ etc. they had from the Roman empire. This was the time in history when books were used rather than scrolls. Books are physically smaller,also paper wasn't cheap; thus a monk in the Holy Roman empire would have had to write smaller to save space. It caught on because the only literate people were Charlemagne and clergy, so however they wrote became the status quo.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-214479", "score": 0.5787225365638733, "text": "In the West, cranes called sheers were used. These tended to be light wooden structures, fixed at the base. They were very simple, consisting of a few long beams. They were mounted either on masonry structures, as can be seen in the Copenhagen [Mastekranen](_URL_1_), or on old ships. Ships that carried sheers were known as sheer hulks. The cranes on sheer hulks could be smaller than land based ones, as the effective height of the mast could be increased by tilting the ship. This was done either by shifting ballast, or by physically pulling the sheer hulk over using ropes and teams of men. The collections of the National Maritime Museum include a model of a sheer hulk masting a frigate, which can be seen online [here](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-70148", "score": 0.5786740779876709, "text": "I'm guessing it has something to do with the history of war. Hair can become a liability in hand-to-hand combat.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2071270", "score": 0.5786101222038269, "text": "Can we get this please? It would offer much more strategy options for builds. \n\nWeapons that traditionally aim straight could be pointed backwards for a rear assault, and blades could be fine tuned so their downswing happens at the right time.\n\nCould potentially work with gadgets too, though the backpedal would be redundant.\n\nWhat do you guys think?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-209171", "score": 0.5786037445068359, "text": "Looks period enough for the late 14th century; by 1370, articulated armour was showing up on legs; steel plates which were held onto the legs by leather strapping. By 1375 the wrap plate was present on the cuisse which was a plate attached either by leather or hinges to the outside of the thigh and wrapping around the back of the leg. You can see similar leg armour to what you've got in the effigy of Sir Reginald, 1st Earl Cobham, who died ~1361. Take a look at Oakeshott's *The Archaeology of Weapons*, pp 253-300 for a brief discussion of the evolution of armour.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-194478", "score": 0.5786008834838867, "text": "It's known as a gorget, and it's part of jousting armor, which is usually more ornate and decorative that combat armor. It's designed to be worn around the neck, and prevents a lance from striking the heavily defended breastplate and riding up to pierce the throat. It's worn with a helmet on top for full protection. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-183462", "score": 0.5785784721374512, "text": "They weren’t “barbarians.” As the Roman Empire expanded and moved away from their model of citizen soldier, they increasingly recruited, co-opted, contracted and allied with foreign forces. These forces were frequently used for fractious infighting as much as outward expansion.Their identity as separate or Roman was relatively fluid, and they adapted Roman organization and fighting techniques while maintaining some amount of Gothic identity. Their final incursion into Italy is more of a historical bookmark than a major break in history. Rome’s governance had already been characterized by dissolution of the center.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-705137", "score": 0.5785511136054993, "text": "For the past few years, I've been looking into acquiring a Byzantine paramerion for my collection, but have been unable to find a single person who offers one. I mean, I'll probably end up getting a custom one, but I seriously don't understand why it seems literally every other sword out there is represented, except Byzantine ones.\n\nIt actually makes me kind of angry.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-287782", "score": 0.5784825682640076, "text": "Apparently the trick was [certain impurities in the ore used, combined with specific details of the forging technique](_URL_0_). It's worth noting that this was determined by experimenting until they found a procedure that *did* reliably replicate the observed properties of \"Damascus steel\". Interestingly, a different study dissolved a piece of metal taken from a historical saber, and found [carbon nanotubes and iron carbide nanowires](_URL_1_) in it. There's basically no way that the ancient smiths could have known precisely what was happening, but they did know that it worked. Unfortunately, that also meant that when it *stopped* working (say, because the vein of ore with the right impurities already included ran out), they didn't know how to make it work again.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-195726", "score": 0.5784376859664917, "text": "To answer your follow-up questions first: * Regarding the source of metal plates and the general workflow, steel/iron plate of the 15th and 16th century was not, generally, produced 'in house'. I talk about this and the steps of making armour (from ore to harness, and all the hands it passed through), [here](_URL_1_). * I address the quality differences between 'grades' of armour [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-212452", "score": 0.5784344673156738, "text": "Your art history teacher is right! Lots of late-Roman and Medieval buildings were constructed using stone moved from older structures - a process that historians call 'spolia.' It was a common phenomenon, and makes practical sense when you think about it. In that period, people didn't necessarily have the funds or the technical knowledge to quarry new stone, but they did have access to lots of old buildings, no longer in use and made from high quality marble. It also allowed them to appropriate the past, taking some of the glory and grandeur of ancient Rome and attaching it to their new structure. It's not even just an ancient thing. In my home town of Reading, one of the main churches (St. Mary's) was repaired in the 16th century with stones robbed from the abbey - recently dissolved by Henry VIII.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1482498", "score": 0.5784016251564026, "text": "So as a Roman reenactor, I feel like our guys could benefit heavily from having a \"sparring safe\" feder-type blade rather than the typical blunted swords used in reenactment, which are typically inflexible.\n\nPurpleheart Armory makes a \"Viking Feder\" and Castille Armory offer a \"Spatha Blade.\" So I was wondering if there was any company out there which might take an interest in offering a \"Gladius Feder\" or a Roman/Byzantine \"Spatha Feder\"?\n\nI imagine it would cost quite a bit to develop a new feder shape and product, which I admit I don't have to invest at the moment. But there would be I feel a significant market who would be interested in a more sparring-safe option.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-666", "score": 0.7888959646224976, "text": "If a woman is a virgin until a penis enters her vagina, then yes, virgin births are possible. If a man were to ejaculate on her, it's possible that sperm cells could swim up the vaginal canal and make her pregnant." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1174106", "score": 0.7487359642982483, "text": "Could somebody please explain the possibility of Virgin Birth ? that too many thousands of years ago........", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-308331", "score": 0.7192959189414978, "text": "Yes, it's possible, and it can happen naturally. It's called heteropaternal superfecundation. It's rare in humans but there have been documented cases. [This article](_URL_0_) has an overview.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-248989", "score": 0.6943884491920471, "text": "This is called Parthenogenesis. It's where a female egg (which only contains half the number of chromosomes needed for viability) obtains the other half. Theoretically it can occur either by replication of the genome in the egg or obtaining the other half by absorbing another egg around it. As far as humans go, it hasn't happened where a woman gave birth to a child that wasn't fertilized by a man (with the possible exception of Mary). There is, however, relatively new information on this topic in humans as found on [Wikipedia.](_URL_6_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-304636", "score": 0.6905403733253479, "text": "Yes it can, even in humans. However the result is something called a [molar pregnancy.](_URL_0_) These need to be removed, usually by dilation of the cervix and curettage with suction. Essentially, the contents of the uterus need to be sucked out. Not only is the pregnancy not viable, there is a risk the will become cancerous and metastasize to the woman's liver, lungs, and brain.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-308481", "score": 0.6901459693908691, "text": "Humans are capable of managing the birth process on their own, but we pay a heavy price for a large cranial vault in our species and complications can arise. Fortunately, the bones in the baby's head are not fused and the cranium is able to change shape to accommodate passage through the birth canal. There is a growing trend for women to have completely unassisted births. They call it 'freebirthing'. More info [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-259171", "score": 0.6886168718338013, "text": "Even if you did have a cell undergo meiosis and experience non-disjunction of every chromosome (46,XX), it would still never experience the signal to undergo mitosis that occurs upon fertilization. If it was fertilized, it would have too many chromosomes. A virgin birth in this manner would not work. Along these lines, you would have better success with cloning.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-267188", "score": 0.6875936985015869, "text": "Please don't start questions with tenuous assumptions. \"It is now common knowledge that vaginal birth in mammals boosts baby mammal immune systems by inoculating the baby with immune triggering microbes.\" Seriously? I mean it sounds biological plausible, but \"common knowledge\"? Source: I'm a doctor.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-101677", "score": 0.6866781115531921, "text": "The birth of Jesus was supposed to be miraculous - if she was a virgin, it was proof that god must've intervened in some way. The virgin birth was also prophesied in [Isaiah 7:14](_URL_0_), so if Jesus wanted to fulfil the prophecy, he had to be born of a virgin.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-92552", "score": 0.6815552711486816, "text": "No it's not possible in nature. Maybe in a lab they can do something with some serious genetic engineering. That's a big maybe. Chimps and similar apes have 48 chromosomes. Humans have 46. In order for insemination to occur they have to be equal (along with a few other things). The other examples you give all have matching number of chromosomes and are very closely related. Humans and Chimps are closely related, but we're too different to create a successful hybrid without seriously monkeying around with genetic engineering.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-259918", "score": 0.6812630891799927, "text": "We could, and there’s research doing just that. Recently, scientists at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia engineered and demonstrated the feasibility of an artificial womb. This was in a lamb model, but a human version that could perhaps save very preterm babies isn’t very far fetched. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-253877", "score": 0.6789385676383972, "text": "Two points to this, first is that the \"fastest swimmer\" theory is much overstated because in reality fertilization can happen well after intercourse. Secondly it is important to note that the evolutionary pressures on sperm are completely different than the ones on humans after they are born. In theory there could be a sperm capable of producing a human that could live forever, but due its other properties, is relatively lousy at fertilization, thus that human will never exist. So it is nearly impossible to answer your question without a very thorough longitudinal study, one that people simply have no time for, especially since their is nearly no medicinal or financial reason to do such a study. It would be interesting, but I doubt \"strong sperm\" and \"strong human\" are as closely correlated as you might think.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-461576", "score": 0.6747495532035828, "text": "Say a human male were to fuck her crazy and Twinkie her. Would she be having some demonic baby or is it not possible?\n\nJust out of curiosity \n\nEDIT: I was looking for an answer thanks alot ya'll...", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-255095", "score": 0.6746143102645874, "text": "Nope. They can’t. I believe russian scientists in 1920 tried to impregnate a chimpanzee with human sperm, but this failed as none of them had become pregnant. Even if this was possible the off spring would be sterile. Here’s from an article “Humans and chimps also have differences in their individual genes that are far bigger than the differences between any two unrelated humans.”", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-299378", "score": 0.6719311475753784, "text": "Yes, it is possible. It is more common with in vitro fertilized embryos, but it can happen from one woman to another. Generally, it is only possible in the early stages of pregnancy. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-299359", "score": 0.6719222664833069, "text": "It is possible, albeit extremely unlikely. When a human is created, it forms it's genome of 23 pairs of chromosomes by taking a random half of the father, and a random half of the mother. If this was the only mechanism accounting for genetic variety, this would give a possibility of 2^23 which is more different genetic make up than the current earth population. Now add to that crossing over and mutations, virus dna integration, transposons, etc. while keeping in mind that this is the number of possible genetic make up you can produce **from the same parents** (all the starting genes are the same) and you get a truly astronomical number that is inimaginable. So it's not impossible, but I doubt that it will ever happen. NINJA edit: Unless you do very unethical cloning/inbreeding experiments.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1468041", "score": 0.6709655523300171, "text": "In this day and age if a virgin girl got pregnant no one would believe it was supernatural they would just think she was lying. What if Jesus tried to come back in the same way he was born before but was aborted? Sounds dumb that he would do that but I'm working in the same logical realm of the bible here.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1897816", "score": 0.670863687992096, "text": "Was posting an /r/askreddit thread asking about how someone could technically lose their virginity and this thought came up.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-138125", "score": 0.6708454489707947, "text": "Theoretically, it could be done. This sometimes happens in other species, in a process known as parthenogenesis (sometimes called \"virgin birth,\" since no sperm is needed). When egg cells are made, it results in [one mature, usable egg cell and four tiny, unusable polar bodies](_URL_0_). This is because when the cell divides to make an egg, all the cytoplasm and cell organelles go to one cell, so the polar bodies are basically just a nucleus with DNA and nothing more. If one of the polar bodies fuses with the egg, it functions essentially like fertilization. Note that very few animals are capable of this.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-237520", "score": 0.6683310270309448, "text": "Extremely possible. It only takes a single sperm cell to fertilize an egg and sperm can survive for days under the right conditions (at least 5 days in the female reproductive tract, according to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_)). I don't know if the urban legends are true and I don't recommend taking them at face value, but it's a very plausible scenario. Also a horrible thing to do.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-244859", "score": 0.6673406362533569, "text": "No. Even if they were able to conceive, the cell would run into problems the first time it tried to divide (or before). The ovum's DNA replication proteins would be expecting DNA of one handedness, but would run into problems when it tried to replicate the chromosomes inherited from the father. Conception itself might be impossible, since the sperm chemically signals the ovum when they come into contact, and the sperm's proteins and other signalling molecules might not be recognized because they would have the wrong chirality.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-668", "score": 0.7227607369422913, "text": "Hardcore fans argue otherwise, but the majority of anime *is* poorly-animated entertainment fodder marketed towards teenage boys. This is coming from someone who enjoys some anime series, but it's a medium that most Japanese natives look down on for this reason, too. Because anime is deemed a niche genre unto itself, even in its country of origin, *everything* (including shows that feature paedophilia, rape and so on) is tarred with the same brush. There's also the weeaboo phenomenon: Westerners who get into anime are mind-blown at this myopic exposure to one of the world's most unique cultures, and rather than research the parts they would inevitably find disagreeable, they latch onto fictionalised Japan as some kind of utopia willing to let pudgy white kids commandeer their culture." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-45076", "score": 0.6851601600646973, "text": "Japan has a fascination with the West and attempted to be extremely liberal and progressive (so a lot of stuff is allowed), but has a lot of cultural traditions of hard work / high expectations / respect. So you get people that are a little bit repressed during the day and it manifests strangely in their free time. The \"tentacles\" that you're referring to is also related to Japanese censorship laws - which most people would find a bit inconsistent. Basically, they can't directly show genitalia - so they make weird substitutions.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2129312", "score": 0.6849900484085083, "text": "Does it follow the usual anime tropes? Those shows just really make me uncomfortable, as good as they look I just can’t get into them", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2335903", "score": 0.684942364692688, "text": "I was reccomended this anime called wandering son a while ago, and watched a little of it to try and get a feel for it. I was suprised to find it actually made me very uncomfortable.\n\nIt wasnt a bad show as far as i could tell, far from it, it seemed well made and like it was going for an accurate depiction on things like dysphoria and social ridicule and all that fun stuff. but idk, it was kinda what made me uncomfortable about it. It was like it was bringing up anxieties and fears i deal with 24/7 in daily life, and that made it really hard for me to watch.\n\nI was just kinda wondering if any of you have felt similarly, and what it was that made you feel that way.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-983555", "score": 0.6847779154777527, "text": "As long as they don’t do anything bad with the characters (e.g porn) I don’t see the problem? Most of the time, it just seems to be kids having innocent fun. \n\nI see posts on here all the time of people complaining that Gacha Life “ruined” something. Most of the time it feels very gatekeep-y. Why shouldn’t Gacha users be able to like the same things you do? Do you really have the authority to decide who is and isn’t a “worthy” fan?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-651017", "score": 0.6836528182029724, "text": "The Japanese cartoons known as Anime is an epidemic created by the Japanese. It is corrupting the Muslim Youth by displaying lewd and perverted imagery and scenes. It is easily accessible through to the internet and many watch it illegally on various websites. Some of these cartoons are also turn into pornographic materials. In Japan, the birthrate has drastically decline due to rise of Anime and Manga. They have also began producing sexual toys such as sex dolls based on these cartoons. We hope to preserve the honor, dignity and mind of the Muslim World by banning and declaring it as haram for Muslims to watch such disgusting atrocities.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2199394", "score": 0.6831310391426086, "text": "Accept it. It's a fact. Anime isn't good. It's a cultural sinkhole. You're actively worsening society as a whole with your degeneracy. Idolizing and worshipping generic, anime girls based on their boobs instead of their cultural relavance harms the global media industry. Ever heard of an ugly female anime character? I didn't think so. Your support of this industry propogates harmful body standards across impressionable youth worldwide which leads to poor mental health and having no friends. Do you want that? Didn't think so, asshole.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-39733", "score": 0.6828904151916504, "text": "My guess is that you get more emotionally invested in anime because you prefer fantasy worlds over the real thing. Totally understandable, the real world can suck sometimes.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-154532", "score": 0.6828709840774536, "text": "Well popular is not equal to not childish. In Asia anime is also viewed as childish. It is popular, but still viewed childish. In the west, the major difference isn't if people think anime is mature. The difference is simply that Japanese anime aren't very popular in the west.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2332098", "score": 0.6824027895927429, "text": "There is this problem with anime and manga demographics where some tend to dismiss and mock an anime or a genre because they think that there's a 100% they won't like it and they will call it \"moeshit\". You can find these in reddit and /a/, along with several forums. \n\nThis makes me sad because the no.1 rule in an enjoyable medium is that \"Variety is a spice of life\" and there is good and bad in every genre out there. I can find good slice and bad slice of life, and i can even find good deep anime and bad deep anime as well. \n\nSo if you're gonna dismiss a really good anime just because it doesn't have guns or explosions or look \"girly\", then you're gonna miss out on alot of what makes certain animes great. How do you know if it doesn't appeal to you? How does looking at a poster or a MAL page of that certain anime justifies your disapproval of it? This is anime. You should not treat an anime like a hot chick in a night club (I've said that before, and i'll say it again).\n\nAnd if you're gonna ask for a recommendation on reddit, don't mention stuff like \"I don't enjoy any anime that is set in high school so don't recommend me that\". Saying stuff liek that is bullshit, and is making it hard for people to recommend good and underrated animes. There are lots of good animes out there not based on gunfights and deep storylines, so to dismiss them would be disgraceful to the industry, especially since the anime industry relies on lots of exposure and sales to the masses.\n\nSo in conclusion, don't dismiss other genres. Explore them instead. In one genre that you don't enjoy, there is atleast one anime in that genre that you will enjoy. Trust me.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1763591", "score": 0.6818420886993408, "text": "There's a difference between furry fandom and anime lovers. The furry fandom is based around porn, the anime fandom is not. Anime is Japanese cartoon, a furry is an anthromorphic animal. The main problem isn't really the porn in general, it's more the fact they push into other fandoms and make some of the most disgusting stuff. I was working at a fucking subway working as a sandwich artist and then some weird ass motherfucker walks in in some massive animal suit holding out his hands slightly acting like a dog standing up, just remembering it makes me cringe. It just disgusted me, he just hops up to the counter then talks in a slightly high pitched voice and just everything about him was wrong, and that was before I saw the porn furries make. I used to watch Hunter X Hunter and then I searched up one of the characters in the chimera ant arc and oh lord. Where's the bleach. The drawings furries make increase my craving for death, they disgust me. And don't even get me started on those conventions, some minors get sexually assaulted(well more than just minors but still) and the necrophilia is fucking disgusting", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-90112", "score": 0.6818342804908752, "text": "Japanese culture is extremely different from american culture, so their cartoons don't have the same cultural taboos as American cartoons do. These differences mean that the stories that are told in Japanese animation are drastically different from stories that are told in America. Many Japanese animated shows are explicitly *not* meant for children, including many of the most popular ones. American cartoons have been largely relegated to children's entertainment.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1501204", "score": 0.6813589930534363, "text": "I don't think people truly understand the meaning of actually hating something, so sometimes you'll get stuff like: \"oh I hate kpop\" \"I hate marvel\" \"I hate harry potter\" \"I hate DC\" \"I hate twilight\" \"I hate Star Trek\" \"I hate Star Wars\" \"I hate anime\" and so on and so forth \n\nAnd 99% of the times these people have never even tried or even looked into these things, they just assume what they're like and say they \"hate it\", \"despise it\"\n\nI think people need to grow a brain", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-332525", "score": 0.6811355352401733, "text": "I'm not sure if this is the right subreddit to ask this question in (reddit noob, sorta my first post) but I'd assume that most of you like anime on here. Just to be clear, by anime I mean manga too and all that good stuff. \nSo I have a few friends in real life that are closet anime fanboys/girls and they absolutely love it. They have posters and wallpapers and merchandise and whatever. I don't understand it. I can understand how you could really enjoy a particular TV show or movie but its not just one its anime in general that they like. I assume its the pretty girls or guys and more realistic style in general. But I don't understand how you can be obsessed with the whole anime thing. Its like being obsessed with american cartoons. \nYes, liking cartoons is normal. Some people like to draw them, and most people enjoy some of them. But you wouldnt see hordes of teen to early twenties kids buying figures and posters of all their favorite cartoon characters and talking endlessly about them online, dressing up like cartoon characters and speaking in cartoony voices. It would be strange to have more than a 5 minute conversation about cartoons but you see an entire forums or subreddits like this one talking about it all day. It's an art style, how can you be so obsessed with a style of drawing?\nI know that animes vary but it is my understanding that animes often have deeper, more dramatic stories and focus on developing the characters; but to me most of the stories seem long, and uneventful (for instance Full Metal Alchemist: I watched it for a couple seasons expecting it to pick up but it never did) and the colorful displays of emotion and things are funny but get sort of old. I'm sure they are enjoyable to most of you, but even so you can find equally interesting stories through different media.\nDon't get me wrong, I like some animes, but I don't see why I would devote myself to the medium. I'm honestly just curious, not bashing anime or anything. Also since this is my first post criticism is welcome.\n\n\nSome anime stuff I like: Hetalia, Lupin III, POKEMAN, Katawa Shoujo if that counts (Rin is best)\n\nStuff I've seen: Fruit basket, Full metal alchemist, Bleach, Naruto, Hitman reborn, Black Butler, others", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2129995", "score": 0.6803641319274902, "text": "I was exposed at anime at a pretty young age (I don't fucking know, like about 6 years old) and I was fascinated with it watching all the episodes of Pokemon with all my favorites, I also loved to watch DBZ and Cowboy Bebop (uncut if you were wondering), a little later in my life I watched Neon Genesis Evangelion, I loved it because it explored extremely dark themes and it combined giant robots so I fell in love with it. I also watched the Japanese Mario Anime movie with and without subtitles. Then I watched Attack on Titan with my brother, I thought, what the fuck?! It's just people killing giants! No dark themes were in there and it was trying to be gritty. I started watching some more modern anime like Kill La Kill and I was wondering, when did anime start to go downhill? What happened to all the dark themes that it explored? Why do most modern anime have so many Shinji look-a-likes (I'm talking to you Eren Yeager)? Why are so many modern anime characters so unlikable? I got plenty more questions but those are good for now. I was wondering why anime has gone downhill, mostly all anime is just people killing other people or beings or fighting without any real plot going on. I loved anime because it explored darker themes but focusing on plot as well. I feel like American Cartoons carry out some of the luxuries of anime like being more metaphorical and exploring darker themes. Whenever I watch anime, I think that, nothing is going on, everything is not taken seriously, it may seem like it's taken seriously, but in actuality, it's not. I think I've gone long enough.\n\nBefore you comment, I know I used a lot of 'I feel' in there. \n\nAnother thing; I made this because whatever anime my friends are talking about that they think is cool and then I watch it and I think is atrocious and they don't want to hear my opinion is really getting on my nerves. I have a good feeling about telling them why I don't like modern anime now.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1763097", "score": 0.680287778377533, "text": "Some people might believe mainstream music and anime are trash for the simple fact that it's mainstream. I like Dragon Ball Z and someone might believe i only like it because it's one of the most popular anime. Just because i like something that is popular doesn't mean i don't truly enjoy it.. I check out movies that have won Academy Awards, because i want to see for myself if the films are really that great not because i'm following trends and want to fit in or whatnot. I'd rather check out a movie that has already very good reviews than check out a random movie i know nothing about that is not as trendy.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1268037", "score": 0.6799579858779907, "text": "Hi, sorry, this might be a lot to ask but i am doing some primary research into links between anime and mental health and would be grateful if anyone would be willing to answer the questions. All answers will remain anonymous. It will be used in an academic paper to discuss similarities between anime and mental health. I have attached a google forms link for any who wish to respond.\nThank you so much\n\nThis post has been updated to a newer, reviewed questionnaire after all of the helpful responses, \nThank you for all of the help\n\nAnime and Mental Health Questionnaire", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-250", "score": 0.6793888807296753, "text": "Social responsibility. In general, Japanese culture has a bit more sense of morality in respect to the original creators. They don't want to hurt the creators. Theres also this sense in Japan of following the order of things just for the sake of the law. A lot of westerners will do things they know they aren't supposed to, if they think they can get away with it. Japanese I think are more likely to take the \"safe\" road. Lots of generalizations here, but I think it mostly holds true.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1393262", "score": 0.6791951656341553, "text": "It's pretty obvious that the sjw movement has no love for anime or anime games or anything of the sort. I though of something while playing a game, there's a lot of otaku pandering nowadays in anime but at the same time a lot of them also pander to general audiences too. I'm not going to go too far into it, but what people that label themselves as part of the geek subculture or such our personal tastes are like a venn diagram to what you could consider \"for your average tv viewer\".\n\n\"No duh sherlock\"\nThe thing is that sjw's as a whole try to paint whatever more geek circles like as completely separate from what general audiences like with no overlap; they think of it not as a venn diagram but rather two completely separate circles with no overlap. You can obviously see this with the phrase \"gamers are dead\" painting as though games that people that play video games on a regular basis like aren't what the general public like also. To put it simply a lot of times whenever those two circles overlap they get triggered hard cause it flies right in the face of their personal beliefs.\n\n\"Well if it doesn't just have to do with anime but also video games as a whole why is it called 'Otaku pandering'?\" Cause otaku spend hundreds of dollars on merchandise while your average consumer buys just the dvd so pandering to both otakus and general audiences at the same time effectively doubles your potential profits cause while otaku are less in number they spend significantly more per person.\n\nON THE OTHER HAND what sjw's like mass media wise has continuously shown to be nowhere in line with what the general public enjoy given how many times games and such that pander to sjw's fail.\n\n**Tldr; I think the sjw movement is afraid that eventually game companies or really anything geeky as a whole are going to go back to pandering to people who actually buy their products.**\n\nTo put it another way the long term weakness of sjw is:\nSjw, \"Make something I like\"\nCompany, \"Okay I made something you liked\"\nSjw, \"Thanks, but I'm not going to buy it\"\nCompany, \"ఠ ͟ಠ\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2357374", "score": 0.6791716814041138, "text": "As a lover of anime, I’m just so tired of seeing giant boobs being exposed everywhere. Most female characters are reduced to their bodies and have little to no roles in the story other than being a sexual object. Even the jokes are tired and overused. \n\nWhile men also get used as fanservice, they usually also have lots of complex aspects that make them generally good characters plus it’s nowhere near as common, whereas the women tend to be very flat characters personality/storywise.\n\nIt also makes the fetishization of Asian women even worse than it already was so that’s wonderful...", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1282255", "score": 0.6786034107208252, "text": "(Rant) I showed the first episode of NGE at the anime club at school and no one watched it. Confused, i asked one kid why. The response i got was the title of this post. I can't understand how older animation turns people off that much.\n\nEdit: I know I'm not the first one to rant about like this, and I'm beating a dead horse. But it's still very stupid", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-669", "score": 0.8088454604148865, "text": "Pyramid schemes are 100% effective so long as the number of people joining exceeds the number of people who are already involved. This works because you can use the joiners money to pay off the oldest members. The problem is that the number of fools (while massive) is a finite number. Eventually the scheme cannot maintain cash flow." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-93612", "score": 0.7627987265586853, "text": "its not, strictly speaking, a pyramid scam, but it is close. The best way to make money is by getting people to work below you, but for a new person joining there is no benefit to being subordinate to someone else.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-169525", "score": 0.7548030018806458, "text": "There is vast evidence that it does not work, in the end, at best viewed as a \"cleaver wording\" or intentionally misleading term. Basically its just a way to give higher level people more money, under the guise of helping the low level folks. The wording makes it seem as that money will eventually make its way down to the lower levels... but it never really does. Basically the money really doesn't \"trickle down\" except in tiny fragments, its still kept at the top Some sources: _URL_0_ _URL_2_ _URL_1_ _URL_4_ _URL_3_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-76496", "score": 0.7487555146217346, "text": "It's not a pyramid scheme. Pyramid Schemes are Multi Level Marketing groups. Wish is a retail aggregate that focuses on low-cost (and possibly copyright infringing) items. Even if Wish offers you an incentive to share the program to others, they never say that you, the random jackass who never posts a product, will make any real money. Is Wish a scam? Maybe. Is it a Ponzi or Pyramid scheme? No.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-178232", "score": 0.7483419179916382, "text": "A MLM has done just barely enough to technically not be a pyramid scheme. In MLM, you could theoretically sell enough of the product to consumers in order to make a profit. Nobody does though, all the product get sold to people down the pyramid, but it could happen in theory.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-83825", "score": 0.7468070387840271, "text": "The business is based on having \"sales associates\" to pre-buy their products and/or training, marketing materials, etc. That's where the people further up the chain are making money. The actual product being sold isn't the main source of revenue in a Pyramid / \"Multi Level Marketing\" company. In order to make money, you will need to sell the idea of making money to other people, not actually sell the product itself. Then every person you \"recruit\" makes the person who \"recruited\" you even more money - all the way to the top.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-109020", "score": 0.7458289861679077, "text": "So, Herbalife and other such Multi Level Marketing schemes aren't legally pyramid schemes because they offer a service that people could make money from. The primary means of making money is to recruit new people, but someone could theoretically sell herbal supplements or make-up or whatever, so it's not legally considered a scam. In practice though, you aren't likely to profit unless you can convince other people to join, which is the sign of a pyramid scheme.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-91925", "score": 0.7447656989097595, "text": "The purpose of a multi level network isn't to sell a product, but to use the product to disguise the fact that the employees are paying the company, rather than the reverse. This allows everyone to pretend that it's not just a complex variant of the traditional pyramid scheme, but is actually a business of an unconventional sort. It's a fig leaf, essentially. Their products wouldn't sell in the open market, the heads of the company know this, and selling the product was never really the point of the enterprise in the first place anyway.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-93273", "score": 0.7402782440185547, "text": "Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) businesses like this have a product involved. The fact that they often lure people in as recruiters who pay fees and recruit others who pay fees and so on in a pyramid-shaped organizational architecture whilst infrequently delivering actual product sales is not enough to make it a pyramid scheme. A pyramid scheme only has people paying money into a scheme and then getting returns from pulling in more people who pay money, which is unsustainable. In MLM, the salespeople can actually sell a product. The problem is that they are often times set up to make it hard to succeed. There are instances of this decentralized salesperson organization working, like Tupperware. If you run a business in good faith, instead of making this pyramid scheme style \"investing\", it can be a legitimate sales scheme.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-34861", "score": 0.7360938191413879, "text": "It doesn't pay. It's a thinly veiled pyramid scheme where you make money off of suckering other people into buying into the program so they can \"sell\" the product.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-165842", "score": 0.7358341813087463, "text": "You start with one person. He tells person A if they get a bunch of people to invest and pay for something, person A gets a cut of the money and the recruits will get a cut of people THEY recruit. The thing they pay for doesn't exist though. They think it WILL exist, or that it does but they won't benefit until they get more people to sign up. The originator of the scheme gets most of the money. Person A gets a cut from the people he recruits, and his recruits will get a cut (albeit a smaller one) from the people they recruit. Most of the money ends up at the top of the pyramid, with the originator of the scheme. The last people to pay into it never get anything.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-67729", "score": 0.7356444597244263, "text": "In a pyramid scheme, the only way to make money is by bringing in new participants. Multi-level marketing has, at least theoretically, an actual product or service you can sell in order to make money. In practice, many MLM companies offer worthless product which are nearly impossible to actually make money from, which makes them no better than pyramid schemes. Other MLM companies are completely valid and have been operating for decades.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-108298", "score": 0.7311574816703796, "text": "You kind of answered your own question: it exists because it *isn't* illegal. Why isn't it illegal? Because they sell a product. CUTCO Cutlery. In theory, you can make income from selling a product and selling a product isn't illegal. You can also make money by recruiting people and offering money for recruiting people isn't illegal. Why is it still a pyramid scheme? Because no one wants the product or, the market for such a product isn't large enough to support the supply. This means people duped into being salesmen usually end up having to resort to recruiting to make up the lost money from failing to sell the product. But as long as they could have potentially made money by selling the product, it's not illegal for it to be a pyramid scheme in practice.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-157105", "score": 0.7278353571891785, "text": "There are a lot of companies that operate this way. Avon, Mary Kay, Primerica. They operate as \"Multi-Level Marketing\", the difference being that when you join an MLM you have a potential to earn money, and earn more money than the person who signed you up. Pyramid schemes are, by definition, unsustainable and are dead end businesses.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-102892", "score": 0.7256364226341248, "text": "A pyramid scheme is one in which a person or organization convinces their potential employees that in addition to selling a project and making money, they will get a portion of the profits from any new employees they recruit. It is called a \"pyramid scheme\" because a very small minority at the top are drawing profits from everyone they hired, everyone their employees hired, everyone that those people hired, etc, which can be modeled to look like a pyramid with many stones at the bottom and very few at the top. Were a pyramid scheme a legitimate business then there would have to be opportunity for UNLIMITED growth on an exponential scale. That's not the end of it though, because all employees have to purchase the product to sell from their superiors in the company. This way the employees have to pay to even have a chance at making profit. People get roped in because they don't understand the concept or because they don't realize that you shouldn't have to pay like they do to become employed with a company.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-113071", "score": 0.7236226797103882, "text": "Banks actually make money with their investments. A pyramid scheme just involves handing money to people for no reason. Then you have Ponzi schemes that lie about making profits and just take all the money", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-3265", "score": 0.722126841545105, "text": "Many pyramid schemes masquerade as legitimate MLMs. The structure is identical, so just because it has that kind of structure isn't enough for the government to file charges. They need *evidence* that something illegal is happening.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-49715", "score": 0.7220334410667419, "text": "Everyone wants to be rich and few want to work particularly hard to get there (or simply lack the necessary skills). Pyramid schemes, for the most part, prey on that desire. They offer a method for you to put a little money in and get a lot of money out with very little energy expenditure. People, in general, want that, for everything.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-114327", "score": 0.7188416719436646, "text": "Because it isn't *just* a pyramid scheme. It's a pyramid scheme with just enough focus on the sale of a product to be legal. The pyramid scheme is only the recruitment part, and if that was all that it was (getting paid to recruit people), then it would be an illegal pyramid scheme. But attaching a product to be sold (a la Amway, Herbalife, etc. etc.) then it can pose as a \"legitimate\" business. The focus of the business is to sell the product, but you also get a money for recruiting new people. Nevermind that selling the product is almost impossible and the only likely way to recover losses is by creating additional dupes, as far as the law is concerned, as long as there is a product to sell, it's legal.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-790897", "score": 0.7187819480895996, "text": "My wife is very interested in jumping on board. Her friends are very adamant about how profitable it has been for them, and how quickly it has been. My role is to play the skeptic here, though.\n\nObviously, the multi-levels of the opportunity make a nice, tidy pyramid shape. So, that's one thing that's off-putting to me.\n\nSo, is it bullshit?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-105981", "score": 0.715019166469574, "text": "There is an actual product/service that is being sold. That is what differentiates an MLM from a pyramid scheme. In a pyramid scheme, the only money that moves into the scheme comes from recruiting new people which is not sustainble. In an MLM, money also comes into the scheme via the product/service that gets sold (the water/knives/make-up/tupperware/whatever). Of course, an individual MLM can still be scammy and sell a useless product (just like stores can), but that is the difference.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-670", "score": 0.7945917844772339, "text": "Think of the radiation like tiny, tiny bullets. When you get radiation poisoning your bodies cells are getting hit by Billion of tiny bullets that go through your body. These bullets can damage things at the cellular level like DNA, causing it to break apart in the cell and killing the cell. These bullets can also break up alot of the molecules like hemoglobin, or hormones that your body needs. Not only does your body take damage but your body has to clean up the corpses of dead cells and the crazy new molecules that radiation has made." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-31888", "score": 0.7548292875289917, "text": "Radiation can cause physical damage at a microscopic level. That means it can actually physically damage your DNA. Most of that damage will either be repaired, or cause cell death, but some of it can lead to cells going haywire and becoming cancerous.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-188698", "score": 0.7518621683120728, "text": "Radiation is especially damaging to soft tissues - skin, blood and blood vessels, GI tract, brain and nerves. If you get a full body dose, the GI tract (stomach and intestines) are damaged and thats where the vomiting and nausea come from Platelets are damaged and wounds and burns hemorrhage without an ability to stop bleeding Take a big dose to the head, the brain and nerves are damaged, and along with the bleeding, it's a terrible, terrible thing", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-174029", "score": 0.7492230534553528, "text": "On a very basic level the radiation passes through our bodies, our skin, and cells, and destroys/damaged/mutates them when doing so. So little tiny thingies stab us till we die...", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-79560", "score": 0.7471612691879272, "text": "Radiation can damage your DNA, causing mutation in the cells. Cancer is when cells get a mutation that makes them reproduce out of control and generally go haywire. **Targeted** radiation aimed directly at the cancerous cells can kill them, stopping their out of control spread and allow your body to regain ground.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-36742", "score": 0.745988667011261, "text": "Yes, up to a point. Exposure to radiation causes rapid cell death in the body, the hardest hit are the cells that divide the most rapidly, like white blood cells, cells that line the stomach and intestines (the death of these cells is why people who undergo radiation therapy gets nausea and diarrhea). If you are healthy, you are less likely to die from an infection or of dehydration (due to diarrhea) while your body is busy replacing all those dead cells. But if the radiation manages to kill the stem cells (like bone marrow cells), then it's game over no matter how healthy you were as you body can no longer produce new cells to replace the dying ones.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-37364", "score": 0.745926558971405, "text": "(Ionizing) radiation - the kind that most people mean when they say \"radiation\" - is usually made up of subatomic particles like electrons moving at very very high speeds. When they hit molecules in your body like DNA, they damage it. This can kill cells directly, cause cancer from mutations, or create other problems as the chemicals your body depends on to survive are damaged.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-834088", "score": 0.7392880916595459, "text": "I don't know much about this. I read in an article that a man's skin starting peeling off of of his body when he tried to stand up after being hospitalized for severe radiation poisoning, or at least I think that's what they were describing. I was just wondering exactly what damage it does to the human body and how severe it can get.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-115637", "score": 0.7374350428581238, "text": "What you're thinking of when you say \"radiation\" is more accurately termed \"ionizing radiation.\" These are subatomic particles moving with so much energy that they can knock electrons off of molecules in your body (thereby ionizing them). Your DNA is particularly susceptible to this sort of damage and it can cause cancer, although acute radiation poisoning will kill you even faster from cellular degradation.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-164270", "score": 0.7363867163658142, "text": "Think of radiation as little tiny bullets, that smash into the molecules that make up your cells, breaking them apart. If enough of your molecules get smashed, then you have \"radiation poisoning,\" which is really just the symptoms associated with that kind of damage. But note, it's not like what we normally think of as poisoning, because there's no \"poison\" left. The damage is already done, and it's done at the atomic level. That's why it can't just be flushed. The body needs to recover from the damage, not remove the \"toxin\" that caused the damage.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-96562", "score": 0.7361922264099121, "text": "The radiation \"ionizes\", meaning it transfers charge to biological molecules. Essentially these molecules \"absorb\" the energy in the electromagnetic wave, and change shape. The charges are deposited on large molecules, especially DNA. This charge negatively impacts the ability of proteins to bind to the DNA, leading to errors in cell replication and the production of proteins necessary for cells to live. This destruction (of DNA/cellular protein machinery) causes the radiation poisoning symptoms. Low levels of radiation poisoning: GI effects (nausea, emesis). Larger levels: neurological effects, organ failures (death).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-185634", "score": 0.735530436038971, "text": "Radiation can cause damage to the DNA in your cells. When the radiation causes a mutation in the area of your cell responsible for reproduction, the cell can just keep replicating itself over and over, and not know when to stop, thus creating a cancerous tumor. Stronger doses of radiation can straight up kill cells. So as long as you kill mostly cancer cells, that helps to treat it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-316107", "score": 0.7344449162483215, "text": "Ionizing radiation damages DNA, and cells are most sensitive to DNA damage if they are undergoing cellular division. So, the cells that are most sensitive to radiation are the ones that divide often. The symptoms of radiation sickness actually arise due to damage to the cells that *replenish* many of your functional tissues. For instance, the bone marrow is constantly producing new blood cells. When these are damaged, it takes days or weeks for symptoms to arise, because the existing blood cells continue to carry out their function. Similar effects occur in the epithelium of the skin or small intestine. The major symptoms of radiation sickness are 1) skin burns - caused by damage to the skin epithelium 2) Leukopenia, infections - caused by damage to the bone marrow 3) Vomiting, diarrhea - caused by damage to the intestines More info in [this recent thread](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-313343", "score": 0.7340651750564575, "text": "I'm on mobile so I'm hoping someone will link some sources for me. When dosed with high amounts of radiation, DNA gets irreparably damaged, and the cells go apoptotic/necrotic. Instead of having normal cell division and turnover, there are no cells left to divide, and you rot slowly from the inside out.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-163553", "score": 0.7326450943946838, "text": "Radiation is energy, the same way a wrecking ball is energy. A wrecking ball's energy is in its weight and speed. When it hits a building, it delivers its energy to the building, and this energy can make the building crumble. When radiation hits your DNA, it can break it or otherwise change it. DNA is the blueprint from which your proteins are made, and when it is damaged, you might produce proteins that don't work right. Some of these proteins are necessary for you to live, and if they don't work right, neither will you. Radiation can also break and change proteins in your body, but a few broken proteins aren't a problem - for most of them, your body can throw them away and replace them pretty fast. But when you get *lots* of radiation at once and *lots* of your proteins break at once, then you have a problem. That is radiation sickness.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-132369", "score": 0.7310671806335449, "text": "It depends on how much you were exposed to. The first major symptom you'd get would be nausea and a headache. If it takes a couple hours before it starts up, you received a relatively low dose of radiation. if it takes only minutes, you're going to die.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-293542", "score": 0.730759859085083, "text": "Radiation is just energy, generally photons like light, xrays, etc. Depending on the type and emission levels it may cause DNA damage in your cells and you cells may begin to replicate in unhealthy ways, or in other words: cancer. Or if its heavy exposure you could be literally cooked, like raw meat in a microwave.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-832667", "score": 0.7267457842826843, "text": "Hi,\n\nI don't quite understand the effect of radioactivity in humans. So, if you get exposed to any radiactive sustance, or emision, the nucleus of the radiactive substance fly away, impact the atoms on your cells, and you get fucked, basically destroy your body tissue and systemic wound.\n\nBut, does it means that your cells now are radiactive too so you can cause this to others?\n\nIs it a wave? or a ray? \n\nHow is it possible to inhale it if it goes through everything including your body?\n\nWhy Chernobly's firefighters cloths are dangerous? The radiactive enegy can pass though all, why not the cloths?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-156505", "score": 0.7265674471855164, "text": "Your body is made of particles which contain electrons. If you are exposed to ionizing radiation, the radiation is able to knock electrons from their atoms, 'ionizing' them. If the exposure is high enough, radiation burns are caused. Following sufficient exposure, your cells to undergo radiolysis; the chemical bonds in your cellular structure break down and release reactive 'free radical' particles. Once those begin interacting with your DNA, you've got essentially the same reaction as cancer.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-307285", "score": 0.7241795659065247, "text": "Large, acute doses of radiation can affect the central nervous system. You'd already be experiencing other symptoms of radiation sickness by this time because the central nervous system cells are among the most robust when it comes to radiation exposure. But a high enough dose can affect it the same as any other cell in the body.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-60108", "score": 0.7234597206115723, "text": "Radiation damages cells. This can cause them to replicate wrongly, which can lead to cancer, and will kill them after a while, so it can kill the cancer cells, and there is little worry about causing damage to them. After all,they are already cancerous.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-671", "score": 0.69632887840271, "text": "Because it's called a \"birth\"day - we define your age as being measured by your date of birth. We do that because it's easier to know for sure the day that the baby came out of the mom than the day that the sperm hit the egg. Even with all our technology, there's no real 100% way to know \"Oh yeah, this was fertilized on May 8th.\" So we base our date on what we know, and everything works out about the same." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-277667", "score": 0.6615025401115417, "text": "On the contrary! Babies also have growth spurts but major growth spurts happen around the early teen years of both boys and girls. The reason behind this is that the body is getting ready (during the major ones) for sexual maturation (pubic hair, menstruation, sex organ development). The most important thing behind a delayed growth spurt is the fact that when it happen the ephiysises in the bones fuse. If the ephysises fused too early, the bones would not grow and that would pose a problem; in this way, the body gets a good amount of bone growth in before becoming an adult.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-166998", "score": 0.6611279845237732, "text": "This roots into the whole \"why are human babies so defenseless\" it's because of our intelligence. If we were to be born with our brains fully formed and ready to go, with the skull to encompass it, along with our ability to walk upright, we would never fit out of our mother's uterus. So we get born at what seems to be an earlier stage of our development and develop fully outside. This means that we have to learn things that are innate to other species, such as walking, communicating, swimming, hunting, etc.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-155858", "score": 0.6609736084938049, "text": "Babies are basically in a bag of water so when they are upside down, the gravity pulls their blood towards their head which causes a slightly higher pressure. At the same time gravity also pulls on the water surrounding them downwards which causes a higher external pressure on the baby at the head than at the feet. So the extra part that the blood tries to push outwards is balanced by the external fluids pressing inwards the same amount so blood doesn't accumulate in the head. Also, babies are not as big so the pressure difference from one end to the other is not as great as with a full grown person.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-20250", "score": 0.6609119772911072, "text": "Nine months from the date, there would be a huge baby boom.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-285393", "score": 0.6608657240867615, "text": "We have a longer development time after birth because evolutionarily we can afford to. It was sort of a biological arms race to see how small a child woman could have so that she could increase the physiology, pelvis and whatnot, to be able to walk upright. As those creatures increased their social cohesion, children could be born less and less developed allowing for women to have better and better physiologies. This is less of a problem for mammals like fowls because their own physiology isn't limited as much by offspring size and the fact that they do not need as long of a developmental period to allow for bigger brains.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-322152", "score": 0.6603771448135376, "text": "One theory is that due to the way humans evolved, human infants are born with underdeveloped brains, and it takes some after birth until their brains have matured to the point that walking, climbing, etc. are possible. This is the result of two conflicting trends in recent homonid evolution: our hips are smaller, and turned at an angle that is better for walking upright, and our craniums are larger to accomodate our bigger brains. This means that a human infant with a fully developed brain would have much to massive a head to pass through the average human birth canal. So, babies are born with smaller heads, but with incomplete brains, making the infant rely heavily on its parents for early survival. [wiki source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2258308", "score": 0.6602950692176819, "text": "Hi friends, I'm currently pregnant and my baby has several major health issues. The doctors told me that they will schedule to induce me 3 weeks early, but they suspect that they will need to induce much earlier than that.\n\nI already know that she'll be in the NICU for maybe around two months (she will need a few surgeries), but I was wondering if any of y'all had experience with having babies early -- if there were any surprises, anything you wish you knew beforehand.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-180822", "score": 0.6601464152336121, "text": "Because of our big brains. Compared to other animals, and especially to non-primates, our heads are so large that childbirth is already enormously painful and traumatic for mothers. If the mother waited any longer for the rest of our bodies to develop, childbirth would be pretty much impossible.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-187522", "score": 0.6598702073097229, "text": "It's evolutionary advantageous. Babies take a lot of calories to grow. When they are still inside of the mother, the goal is to get the baby out as soon as possible. This requires a lot of calories and creates a lot of strain on the mother. Once born, the baby's systems are mostly self-sufficient, the toll on the mother is less, and the growth of the baby can slow. However, a consequence of this fast-slow development is that the baby is pretty helpless. This would be a problem for a lot of animals, as they do not have the ability to nurture or carry their young. Animals that are in danger of being prey are especially susceptible. Humans, and other mammals with the ability to care and carry their young to relative safety, tend to birth \"under-developed\" offspring. Also, as a baby's brain develops, it requires stimulation. The earlier the stimulation can start, the more information the baby can learn. livescience wrote a brief summary about it which can be found [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-106449", "score": 0.6596055030822754, "text": "There's a theory (that I believe) that our perception of time is basically in terms of being a fraction of our lived life. So to a 5 year old 6 months is literally 1/10th of their whole life experience. To a 50 year old, that's only 1%, so 6 months isn't so much.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-265398", "score": 0.6595263481140137, "text": "No. Humans are not aquatic, and development would cause the umbilical cord to eventually detach, among other things.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-12733", "score": 0.65951007604599, "text": "The birth canal can really only be so wide (jokes notwithstanding). The baby is born while the head can still pass through the birth canal. This leaves us birthing at a less developed stage than most mammals, which means our babies are more helpless. I'd a trade of that allows for a big head relative to the rest of our bodies; the head can continue to grow after birth for a few years. Even with this extra growth later, babies are born with skull bones still unfused, so the head can continue to grow to hold the brain at its final adult size.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-255495", "score": 0.6594642996788025, "text": "The immune system matures, not the GI tract. It takes a year before babies have a full population of T cells, which are needed to combat infection. They also lack a memory immune response, making them susceptible to first-time infections", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-287443", "score": 0.6594486832618713, "text": "There are some diseases that are more common, depending on when you were born. If I remember correctly, schizophrenia is more common among people born in early Spring. I think it has to do with the amount of vitamin D the mother gets (from sunshine) during her 2nd & 3rd trimester. There are other conditions that are unevenly distributed among birthdays like that.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-33096", "score": 0.6593465805053711, "text": "Because the chemicals aren't transferred (or only in small quantities) to the mother's body. Even if they were, it takes around 3 days for the new life to \"get started\", by which time any drugs transferred would already have been swept out.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-259725", "score": 0.659204363822937, "text": "The body doesn't 'know' how old it is; in simple terms it just follows the genetic instructions in order, causing certain things to happen at certain times. Puberty is a hormonal thing, so you cant undergo puberty until you've finished making everything required to produce those signals. People experience puberty at different ages for this reason; if the body could keep time and puberty were programmed to occur at a specific age, we'd all hit 12 years old and go through the process at the same time. Instead, some people mature faster or slower and therefore start puberty sooner or later.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-182665", "score": 0.659106969833374, "text": "Humans are incredibly complex things so there has to be a compromise in how developed we are when we're born. Other species are not nearly as complex so they can be born more developed than we are and therefore mature faster. Our brains take a ton of energy, more so than any other organ. So when a child is developing all that rapid developing of the brain takes a lot of energy from the body. Human development settled for having a very long development time, but one of the most powerful biological structures known as an end result.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1997513", "score": 0.6589195728302002, "text": "I've wondered this for a while. It's just so bizarre and terrifying that your infant child may die and nobody really knows why. I've never had children but I would be very anxious during this period of time.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1982834", "score": 0.6587656140327454, "text": "Husband and I are considering trying for another baby. We currently have a 9 month old. We would like to have 4 kids and would like them to be within 2 years of each other. I assume the older they get the easier it is, but I'm a little worried about having a newborn and a toddler.\n\nSo give it to me straight: What are the pros and cons of having kids so close in age?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-34553", "score": 0.6586480736732483, "text": "Because the population is growing. If no babies were born and no old people died, and our economy had 0% growth, we would all be just as rich or poor as we were last year. If many babies were born, and few old people died while the economy DID NOT grow, we would all have less money that we had last year. We would get poorer.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-673", "score": 0.7035074830055237, "text": "all of these answers contain somewhat true points, but something to point out -- no one 'sets' oil prices, not the oil exploration and production companies, not OPEC, not anyone except the market. The two types of oil quoted when people talk about 'oil prices' are WTI (U.S. benchmark) and Brent Crude (North Sea, worldwide benchmark)...and these prices are set by futures contracts that are traded instruments. In other words, the price of oil is determined in much the same way the price of a stock is determined, not like the price of a good/service is determined. OPEC decided not to cut production (Saudi Arabia especially), which had the effect of driving prices down (supply/demand imbalance), but they do not actually decide what price they will be able to sell a barrel of oil." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-483802", "score": 0.6683226227760315, "text": "I heard something about Cologne stickers sale or something like that. Can someone tell me why they are going up and down all the time and when they are gonna be stable again?\nThanks in advance, have a good day :)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-63610", "score": 0.6681380271911621, "text": "In general, you are more upset by prices rising than you are happy by prices falling. Because of this, supermarkets do their best to keep prices as stable as possible, keeping sales inflated when prices are down and cheaper than expected when prices are high, (profiting more when commodities are cheap, and less when they are expensive). That and the fact that much of the cost is in transit/labor/sales/markup/advertising which didn't get any cheaper.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2417918", "score": 0.6674839854240417, "text": "It seems that ever since the update, the prices of everything have started to drop. Is there a reason for this?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2392396", "score": 0.667033851146698, "text": "Is the news on the company really that bad to see this big dip? \nAnd does anyone think it will recover above 3 ever again?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-27218", "score": 0.6666736006736755, "text": "Because US corporations aren't allowed to negotiate by state. Everyone gets the same price. While all of EU countries are able to negotiate, therefore that drives the competition up and prices down.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-32047", "score": 0.6665844917297363, "text": "It reduces the price to deliver oil to the refineries (at home and abroad). That means that refiners can pay more for oil and still sell gas at the same price. It leads to higher oil consumption by reducing the effective price. While you might think that low gas prices are good, environmentalists know this means more oil usage, more carbon in the atmosphere and a warmer planet. They want to save the planet rather than save money on gas. Your opinion might vary, many people's does.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2014213", "score": 0.6664846539497375, "text": "Gas around here rocketed to $4.19 this weekend (in CA). A week ago, I was in the midwest getting gas for $3.70.\n\nWhy do prices fluctuate...even from city to city so heavily?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-21094", "score": 0.6664213538169861, "text": "in a short run it's local competition and gasolines wholesale price. No competition means higher prices. In a longer run or in different states/countries there is going to be other factors like taxes and fees, local regulation, other costs (like transportation), crude oil price witch affects gasolines wholesale price, time of the year (summer is peak driving season and there is also summer/winter grade gasoline), gasoline formula (it's not same everywhere). And gas stations location has an affect on price too. Better location means higher prices.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-130755", "score": 0.6662964224815369, "text": "They have. Most oil companies own lots of patents on alternative energy technologies. They are just milking every last dollar they can out of oil.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2593210", "score": 0.6662800312042236, "text": "With oil dropping from $100 to $45/barrel in a few weeks, it might feel that a market correction is due and savvy investors could ride that wave for some quick gains as demand catches up with supply.\n\nIs this total whack-pot thinking? \n\n**edit, I'm a tard, I meant ETF...", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-16719", "score": 0.6662657856941223, "text": "There is competition, but the margin is very small. You're making a few cents on the gallon, if that. A gas stations main profit does not come from gas, it comes from items sold in the store. The US has a tiered system, and when you go to a BP station, you probably aren't buying directly from BP. That gas may have been refined by Exxon, traded to BP on an exchange agreement, sold to a wholesaler at a Magellan terminal, where the BP additive is injected, and then sold to the gas station from the wholesaler. There is not a significant markup on the fuel at the pump. You're paying very close to what the station paid, who paid very close to what the wholesaler paid which is very close to the spot prices for the product. Suppliers who sell to wholesalers are very competitive with their pricing. They are all working to be near to the bottom unless they have supply issues.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-120111", "score": 0.6656284332275391, "text": "Demand increased dramatically, basically. China and India saw huge increases in the number of people driving. China, for instance, had 20 cars per 1,000 people in 2004. By 2009, that was 47 cars per 1,000 people -- more than double the 2004 number in just 5 years. [Source](_URL_0_). That means a huge spike in demand for gas. So even while supply remained high (largely stagnant, but high) demand vastly increased. Thus, oil prices didn't stray from the supply/demand model; demand increased, driving up prices. There's a lot of other stuff, particularly dealing with the change in the value of the dollar caused by the economic collapse of 2008-09, but the reason prices have remained so high is just increased demand.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2066244", "score": 0.6656224727630615, "text": "See news article below for details. How did the group of 9 actually make their money? I’m new to investing and am curious about the mechanics of how they did it (which the news article doesn’t go into). I understand they purchased barrels through instruments known as trade at settlement (TAS), then sold West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil futures. If anyone could explain what happened in basic language, I’d appreciate it. \n\np.s I’m not looking to copy them, just interested in expanding my knowledge. \n\n", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-36527", "score": 0.6655066013336182, "text": "It's all about geography; the first oil fields were 'gushers' - easy to find, the oil was near the surface and seeped out. You just put a pipe down into the field and it was under so much pressure that the oil just gushed out. That's some pretty cheap drilling and pumping. Today, the cheapest oil to pump is still in the middle east; around $10-$15 a barrel. But - not all oil is the same. It still has to be refined. Heavy sour crude or bitumen takes a lot more work to refine, so even if pumped cheap, is going to be more expensive. The best quality oil you can practically take out of the ground and put it into your car (practically...don't try it at home, though). Of course, with supply and demand, if producers eventually stopped pumping because the price was too low, the gas would get scarce and the price would go back up.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2591377", "score": 0.6654312610626221, "text": "Around November 28th last year. The price dropped from $1000 to $750 in the matter of a day. It was pretty crazy and a bigger drop percentage wise. \n\nI don't know how deep this is gonna go and I can't recall what the reason was back in November. \n\nIt all just feels very familiar. Almost like everything repeats in cycles. Fractals.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-4608", "score": 0.665260910987854, "text": "I think it has something to do with preventing monopolies. A lot of laws in business regarding antitrust and monopolies come from Standard Oil? and John D/ Rockefeller's practices back in the early 1900's, where he practiced Vertical Integration, owning each facet of a process, i.e., owning the company that produced drilling equipment, owning the company that drilled the oil, owning the company that refined it. Tesla is doing something similar, owning the manufacturer, owning the distributor, owning the maintenance/repair. I think Im missing a lot, but that's the gist of it. Rockefeller did that, prevented competition, and now we have laws against it. Get a legal guy to correct me and fill in the blanks.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-97907", "score": 0.66512531042099, "text": "The worldwide decline in oil prices threatens their massive subsidies on many items, and their ability to pay for imported goods. Venezuela's main export is crude oil. The populist government has used oil revenues to reduce the prices for staple goods that their citizens buy, such as fuels and energy. The decline in oil prices means the government has less money to pay fro things. Prices, taxes and debt are rising fast. There's a great risk the country will not be able to pay their bills.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2590933", "score": 0.6650065183639526, "text": "Seriously, why are weak handed fools selling based on this news?\n\nIf the middle east banned oil drilling , the price of oil wouldnt drop. It would rise.\n\nand before someone chimes in with \"BuT wE nEeD tO uSe Oil, We DoNt NeEd To UsE cRyPtO!\".... \n\nSame with gold, (or diamonds, or whatever) if they banned gold mining, gold value would skyrocket.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-155302", "score": 0.6649889349937439, "text": "Money... or more precisely, lack of it. It is estimated that Russian investors (let alone foreign investors) have moved billions of dollars out of Russia as a result of the political turmoil created by the Ukraine situation. If you take huge amount of capital out of an economy, the effects will be felt throughout: banks might become insolvent, people and businesses won't be able to take loans, other businesses won't be able to sell their products, etc. It's a chain reaction that ends up affecting the entire economy. The last couple of weeks have been particularly hard on Russia also because of the oil price being very low lately. One of Russia's main revenue sources is energy exports. Well, if you cannot make profits on energy sales, that's not good... I believe that's one reason the Russian ruble took such a beating the other day... Edit: Just found this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-37028", "score": 0.6647598743438721, "text": "They go up in a reasonable amount to account for supply and demand and the natural flow of the invisible hand. If they were to say bump prices up by $3/gallon on a weekend, then that would be price gouging. Adjusting prices based on natural fluctuation of supply and demand is basically a core component of how to run the economics of a business, which is totally fine.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-674", "score": 0.7351399064064026, "text": "If a purchase is necessary to enter the game of chance the promotion is classified as a lottery. Some governments, such as the US and the UK, deem as illegal. You should be able to get a piece for free by going to your local McDonalds and stating you'd like to enroll without a purchase. Your request must then legally be obliged, possibly with a postage paid form that you fill out and mail in and they will, in turn, will mail you a piece. I am not certain how frequently you can do this, but I believe it's once per day per household." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-9155", "score": 0.6983072757720947, "text": "Its not a charge. It's called a preauth. It's to make sure that the cards has enough funds to cover the purchase. Preauths are never charged.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1976363", "score": 0.6982479095458984, "text": "You can get boosts from buying things, yes. But you also get boosts from watching the videos, sharing a link to her website, and signing up for the news list.\n\nAll of us will be watching the videos and telling people about the album anyways and most of us will at least be buying the cd if we don't get other merch.\n\nI prefer to see this as her way of thanking us for doing things we would have been doing anyways.\n\nHow many of us have watched the video? Sign up for her website and watch it there and you will get a better place in line when tickets become available. That's free and we would all be watching even without any added incentive.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-129248", "score": 0.6982045769691467, "text": "Welcome to commerce. They're not really interested in what you think, provided you keep paying. If there was a commercial reason to do what you suggest - such as a competitor taking all their customers because they offered such a deal, they'd all do it. Basically the deal is you're allowed to use up to that amount. not that there's a pot you can use and return the rest for credit.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-521236", "score": 0.6978349089622498, "text": "The reason is this... I don't buy too many games using Microsoft points, and right now I'm at 300. Well, in order to put me at 2000 or above to buy it, I have to buy into the next tier of Microsoft points, which is at 50 dollars, when I really only need almost half of that. \n\nNot trying to overspend money if I'm not going to be spending the rest of it. Plus! I'm on a budget!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-91877", "score": 0.6976711750030518, "text": "It encourages you to keep buying from them. Sure, they'll lose out on shipping costs, but in theory, you might be more prone to purchase from Amazon, so you feel like you're getting your money's worth from your membership.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-88407", "score": 0.6976295709609985, "text": "Companies want to hold their money as long as possible to maximize any interest on it. They also hope that you \"forget\" about the rebate and never check back on it. I never liked rebates because they always seemed to be more hassle. A friend of mine growing up would always follow up and had 100 & #37; success with them. I had about 50 & #37; success with them. Lastly, going through the trouble of cutting out the UPC, providing proof of purchase, mailing the item, providing a self-addressed stamped envelope, and other steps make it easier for companies to deny you the rebate if you missed a step. There is no incentive for the company to make getting the rebate easier. There is more incentive for the company to keep the money. Companies will make it as difficult as possible.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1645724", "score": 0.6974497437477112, "text": "Everyone knows what a sale is (I hope). For a week or a few weeks an item or items are discounted and sold for a lower price, sometimes with conditions. Our store does most of our sales in house so when we realized the shipments of this product weren't stopping, we decided to do a 2 week long BOGO (buy one get one).\n\nThe sale ended a few weeks back so people have had time to move past it but yesterday someone stepped up to me and asked why \"the price doubled overnight.\"\n\nCustomer: excuse me miss, but why did the price of these double overnight?\n\nMe: well I'm sorry ma'am but we just had them on sale for a little while to get rid of some extra product. Sorry for any inconveniences.\n\nCustomer: there was no sale, you just doubled the price for no reason.\n\nMe (extremely confused): um, well I'm sorry ma'am but we didn't feel it needed to be discounted any longer since we sold out of the excess.\n\nCustomer: what are you talking about, I was just in here yesterday and it was half price.\n\nMe: we may have forgotten a tag ma'am so they honored the old price but the sale ended awhile back. (I really doubt her story to start with)\n\nCustomer: you've lied to me then. You can't just increase a price like that, it's illegal! That's price gouging.\n\nMe: no ma'am, it's not illegal, especially so when it's not a nessecary item. We just ended the sale, we'll probably have another one soon though, we do new ones every week.\n\nCustomer: this is completely unacceptable, I'll be calling the police. You better get ready!\n\nShe stormed out the front door and as per our policy, I had to put away all her groceries since I technically \"found\" the abandoned cart.\n\nBtw, she did call the police but the police not only didn't even come in to talk to us, we watched them arrest her from the front door. No one I've spoken to here knows why she was being arrested so we think either she had a warrant out or maybe she's just called them one too many times?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-32716", "score": 0.6972838640213013, "text": "They're not obligated to--they cannot undo transactions that are complete, but they can alter or refuse a deal before that point. However, customers tend to appreciate it a lot when a company errs in their favor; it's a public relations choice to do so. Also think of how many companies issue refunds when they're not required to.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-559330", "score": 0.6972269415855408, "text": "It's a little unclear to me. I see rebates pop up, but frankly I'm a little unsure if I can get actual $$$ or if its limited to coupons. I posted a receipt from my phone last night, but the $$ reward turned out to be a coupon, I think. The brand I bought was... not a brand I ever plan to buy again, so this coupon is meaningless. I cant seem to find a way to cash out, so I am assuming this $3.00 is just a coupon for the same brand.\n\nNewb here!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-506649", "score": 0.696607232093811, "text": "So, to my understanding, when SilencerShop runs a $100 (or similar) gift certificate promotion, you don't know whether or not you're getting the gift certificate until they file the form 4. At this point, you get it, or you don't. So you don't know if you're getting the deal until a week or two after you've forked over the money. Is my interpretation correct? Can they run out of certificates while your Form 3 is pending, or the silencer is en route to the dealer?\n\nAsking because I bought a qualifying suppressor, and a few days before my Form 4 was filed the promotion banner went away. Note: the promotion was while supplies last, not through a certain date. They've got your money, so why does the Form 4 have to be filed before you get the certificate? I try not to think the worst, but the only reason I can think of for doing this is so that more people buy it, thinking they're getting the deal, and then a portion of them just don't get it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-152067", "score": 0.6965364217758179, "text": "They're called rebates (or mail in rebate) in the U.S., from what i can tell based on your description (although it's not only 100%, sometimes it's just used to lower the price so they can advertise \"half off!\"). Mainly, they know not everyone will bother/remember. So they get the advertising, but it's cheaper. It also allows them to do a bit of market research, and see where a certain flavor is more popular, for example.There may also be issues with stuff like taxes (or paying the outlet that gives them away) that still need to get paid. Here's a few more: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-153987", "score": 0.6963983774185181, "text": "It's advertising. They hope that you like your free thing so much that you come back for more (or refer friends). Usually the giveaway is pretty cheap for them. If it's something that costs more than $20 to buy and you're getting it free with no strings attached, then I'd start to think maybe a scam is afoot.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-96965", "score": 0.6962698698043823, "text": "You may have a flag on your account that says you qualify for the promotion while he doesn't. If you've had your account longer, have better credit/payment history, or if he's locked into another kind of contract he may get different offers. Basically the computer looks at all the accounts and says \"Accounts with < criteria > sell Promo A, accounts without < criteria > sell Promo B\".", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-99742", "score": 0.696239173412323, "text": "Depends on the circumstances. They could need to clear out inventory or shelf space for something else, for example. Or they could be trying to boost sales in the short term by selling on volume instead of margin. Or in some cases the sale price is their intended margin, and by putting a fake sale they hope that you'll buy more of it. The answer is that it could be a bunch of things driving that decision.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-144949", "score": 0.6961126923561096, "text": "On top of promotions and \"volume in stock\", there is another possibility. Another factor may be how the item is expected to be consumed. You might eat an apple every day, so you would buy a big bag without counting them. When they run out, another bag. The store fills a hundred bags all the same size every day and just slaps a price on them, if it is off by one or two apples either way it isn't the end of the world--the point is to move them in large groups by the bag or by the pound. But lemons--you might only need two lemons for something coming up this weekend. Instead of paying for 0.54873 pounds of lemon, you just buy two 'eaches' of lemons [two individuals]. Then a month from now you want one lemon, and three lemons two weeks after that. Each time, you buy individual pieces. The store knows this is normal for lemons v. apples and gives you price listings according to how the average person organizes their shopping list.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-97348", "score": 0.6959409713745117, "text": "Physical stock takes up space. If it's not selling, the store can discount their price because they've already bought it wholesale in order to move the product and free up space for something they hope will sell better. Digital copies only take up space on a server so there's less incentive to discount them.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2810798", "score": 0.6957011222839355, "text": "I was at a Visionworks store yesterday looking for some frames, and I recall hearing one of the salespeople telling a potential customer that if they didn't use their vision insurance, they could get a Buy One Get One free promotion? So I guess I'm just wondering; why would they not want a customer to use their vision insurance? I think this is the promotion #sectionCoupon", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2418579", "score": 0.6952899694442749, "text": "Is there a rule against informing fellow members of a sale at a specific store? Honest question, I’m not sure of the violation.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-188871", "score": 0.6949869394302368, "text": "For some people, like sales people who travel a lot, need a new car every 2 or 3 years and can take a business deduction, it can make sense. For anyone else, it's the appeal of the nice car for a lower monthly payment. It's not the frugal choice, but people can be taken in by the hype, or they just really place a lot of value on driving a nicer car than they can afford to buy outright.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-421612", "score": 0.6946343779563904, "text": "WTH.\n\nI have over $50 cart on my RRS page atm. Been considering what to buy for about a week.\nThen magically, RSS sends an email about some 5 days 10% sale coupon \"201412\" (which appears to be useful regardless of whatever a product is on promotion or not).\nSo I immediately head to my cart to input it- and now there's magically no input option!\n\nx.O", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-675", "score": 0.6584919691085815, "text": "It's an erotic novel, which is about as close to porn as you can get while still being a novel. From what I understand, it goes into great detail about the intimacy involved." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1763788", "score": 0.625443160533905, "text": "I see all these articles about the reason people enjoy looking at these pictures is it's basically \"revenge porn\" and \"rape\". No matter how hot the take is, it seems at least the PC crowd is in agreement that at its mildest a good % why we are all interested in these pictures is because their privacy is being violated.\n\nAm I the only one that thinks this is complete horseshit? Let me explain my process as to why I have looked at the pictures.\n\n1)There are female celebrities that I find hot. Sure most of them aren't perfect 10s and in high school and college I knew/saw hotter girls, but the combination of looks and fame makes them extra...special? I mean surely there are non-celebrities who I'd get along with as friends or having a conversation with more than celebs, but which would you rather meet you know? Same kind of idea.\n\n2)There are nude pictures of these celebrities now out and available. In fact, I am not doing anything illegal for looking at them (save the McKayla ones potentially, but you know what I mean). Even if these celebrities have been naked in movies etc that doesn't mean I don't want to see new pics.\n\n3)Without knowing the contents, I am especially going to look at \"leaked\" photos because there's a greater chance of more explicit photos, when most likely if a celeb is going to go nude we'll get playboy-esque stuff at the most.\n\n\nThat is literally it for me. If these exact same photos were intentionally leaked by the celebs themselves it wouldn't make me less interested or less aroused by the photos. Hell if these celebs released more explict/wild stuff tomorrow on purpose (like making a sex tape) than I would be more interested in that than these pictures. \n\nThe only slight point I'll give these SJW warriors who try to say we're all getting off on the \"rape\" of these celebs is if you made me decide if these pictures are hotter/more arousing if they are intentionally leaked or not, I guess I'd have to say the unintentional leaks would be hotter, only because of the added taboo/dirtyness etc. But the actual quantifiable difference is soooooooooo small. In real world terms the privacy status doesn't mean shit to me when I actually look at the pictures.\n\nI'm assuming the majority feels this way right?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-38951", "score": 0.6253799200057983, "text": "Because it's orgasm focused. Now, that's a bit of an oversimplification. I don't think there's a definitive answer, but if you look at sources like [this](_URL_0_) or [this](_URL_1_) they mention that before there was a \"blow job,\" blow meant orgasm. It's not hard (heh) to see where that connection might come from, and if you start from there, it's even easier to get to the idea of a quick and dirty bit of oral sex being called a \"blow\" job, especially in the older use of job to mean just a quick bit of business. This has always seemed the most reasonable explanation. It's not about \"blowing\" on something, it's about making someone \"blow.\"", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-108324", "score": 0.6251147985458374, "text": "Why would you think it is? Pornography is not just a naked body, it's sexually explicit displays aimed towards sexual gratification. So a naked body in National Geographic does not qualify as pornography, it qualifies as photography.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1656314", "score": 0.6250314712524414, "text": "Christians claim that the body is the temple is the holy Spirit, yet they are ashamed of it, and teach that sex is dirty. Since the point of porn is masturbation and the Bible dosen't talk about masturbation how can they say porn is wrong?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-12368", "score": 0.6250184774398804, "text": "Three possibilities: 1) Someone out there actually uses the porn sharing function, so websites continue to use it. 2) Its a default option in the web video program that porn sites use, and removing it would cause some issues with the playback. 3) Web developers have a weird sense of humor, and have programmed it in the hopes that people click it on accident.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-75606", "score": 0.6244332790374756, "text": "It can't. It can be very destructive for some. It can be made by people who abuse the actors. It can be made by actors who do it for the wrong reasons. It can be watched by people who then abuse themselves psychologically or even physically for watching it. It can violate trust in a relationship. Etc. But none of those things are inherently a part of porn. Most people are fully capable of watching porn and it not harming them or their relationships. Most porn made in the Western world is made in a way that respects all involved in production, and most workers do it because that is what they enjoy. So over all it is perfectly fine.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1411280", "score": 0.6241605877876282, "text": "Do I even have to explain? So many things that you are missing out on, presented in front of you in HD quality pictures and videos. It's even worse suicide fuel than porn, because the girls there are at least real, meaning that in most cases their pictures are not photoshopped and edited beyond imagination and that most of the posters there are average women and not some 10/10 Silicon Augmented fuckmachines that you would find in porn.\n\n When visiting, I often realise how beautiful and nice the body of a simple and average woman can be. The peak of depression is reached then, when upon viewing a simple nude picture I realise, that while even most Chads will never have the oppurtunity to date and/or have sex with a pornstar, I don't even have the oppurtunity to date and/or have sex with an average cute woman, whose body and mind are more than enough to make me a happy human being, while also in the same moment painfully realising that most normal men indeed do have this oppurtunity/chance, just like mother nature or god intended it to be. \n\nWhy do I even watch porn/nudes anymore, they just make me feel worse and don't even satisfy me, because no bunch of pixels can ever replace a real woman that you love and that loves you back, hugging you while you're holding her in your arms, you both forgetting everything around, because in that one moment only the love between you and her is the only thing in the world that matters. \n\nImagining this is like drinking alcohol. It feels so good but slowly destroys you from the inside, because you know that it is a bandage covering the gaping wound inside your bleeding heart for only a short minute, before it finally passes and releases you into reality again.\nWhat a time to be alive.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1400968", "score": 0.6240397691726685, "text": "What do you do when you're a guy and the hot woman on the computer screen is totally getting you off and then BOOM the camera pans to her partner's balls?\n\n\nOr if you're a woman and the camera suddenly pans to the woman's snizz?\n\n\nBecause I am gay, I've always taken it for granted that I can just choose porn where I find all the participants sexually attractive. \n\n\nI suppose that's the case for straight people too if they want to watch gay and lesbian porn, but this is more about me grasping a better understanding of the dynamics of a straight person enjoying straight porn.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-120521", "score": 0.6239606738090515, "text": "For starters, pornography has special restrictions about records that have to be maintained to prove age and consent to appear. Also, depending on the scenario, the subject would have the expectation of privacy and control over commercial use of their likeness. That's why you generally have to sign a release when you're posing for a real photographer.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2481958", "score": 0.6237305998802185, "text": "Like how does it make sense in any way? For one Adam can’t be banging Tiff when she’s wearing underpants, but she still can’t just be sitting on his dick cause if that’s the case we would have seen at least a glimpse of his dick in the last angle where both of them are speared. This scene makes no sense and looks like it only exists just to remake that sex scene in the reboot movie.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-108717", "score": 0.62348473072052, "text": "If a porn company \"releases\" a tape/DVD for sale to the public the participants have agreed to it. (ie the Pamela Anderson tape) The \"I dont know where they got this\" or \"It's terrible that they're releasing this tape\" are all lies to make the tape seem like forbidden fruit. Now, in regards to an online sex tape. There's no way to tell if that's actually the person it purports and it's much harder to sue _URL_0_ then it is to sue Vivid.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-983415", "score": 0.6233980059623718, "text": "I think it's bad generally, and I think it's a bit saddening to the acceptance of it. I don't mind sexuallity in series, but so often it's scenes that could just as well fit in a softcore porno, and it just takes you out of it. If you like the characters and the story, that should be enough. It's like it's in their contracts (maybe it is? If so, please tell me) demand that there must be some fanservice, so that they can make and sell erotic items related to the series.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-641623", "score": 0.6233251094818115, "text": "Do old people watch porn with old people or just common porn?\n\nedit: everyone seems to think i mean do old people watch porn but i meant do old people say 60 year olds watch porn that contains other 60 year olds?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-125661", "score": 0.6231576204299927, "text": "Not everyone watches it for personal friction time, aka fap. It's audience is intended to be for people who can appreciate the intricate plot, character building, and dramatic dialogue.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-462029", "score": 0.6230829954147339, "text": "The song \"blurred lines\" by Robin Thicke has become a super popular song, and I quite enjoy it. It's a catchy tune, has some funny stuff thrown in it, and holds no delusions about being anything more than a shallow, poppy song.\n\nI could expect the song to catch some flack here and there because some people will automatically hate any poppy song that tops the chart (because they're elitist, I suppose). However, any time the name gets brought up in online discussions, a lot of people jump on board to tell me how degrading this song is, and how it is all about rape and doing things despite the girl obviously not wanting it.\n\nI do want to note, this is all about **the song, not the video**. Because even though the video has naked girls in it, I fail to see how it is anywhere near as bad as for example the \"bubble butt\" video. At least the girls in the video are doing silly stuff together with the guys, and everyone seems to be enjoying themselves. Though I will admit the girls being topless is purely for the male's pleasure (I don't necessarily think this is a bad thing) I understand why people would be against this.\n\nI feel like the song is just about a guy flirting a little and the girl teasing him back while playing hard-to-get for a while. And the people hating on this song are probably the old-fashioned people who feel like a girl being kinky and wanting sex is impossible, so any allusions to a \"good girl\" wanting to do naughty stuff are going against women. While in reality, plenty of \"good girls\" secretly enjoy flirting with bad boys to let their naughty side come out, though they would not admit this to anyone but their close friends.\n\nI apologize in advance for this post not being any heavy-handed discussion on world politics or torture practices, but I hope someone will put in some effort to show me the concrete proof of where this \"the song is hate against women\" comes from.\n\nI suppose this could be relevant information: I am a young male (23 y/o). I hold very liberal views concerning sex and relevant topics, and believe women have right to the same sexual freedoms as men without the societal judgments that currently come along with it.\n\nThank you for your time.\n\nEDIT: Thank you everybody for you replies so far. I'm a bit busy so I can't reply to everything yet, but I don't think I'll need to change my view from reading the first few comments. I'm kind of glad, because it's a fun song and I like not being oblivious to rape references. I'm also kind of sad, because this is my first submission on this subreddit and most of you people didn't really try to change my mind. Thanks for all the insights! Very good posts all around!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-938532", "score": 0.6227023601531982, "text": "I don’t understand why it’s such a big deal or why people act so shocked and even grossed out when they see them on other people. Is it just because it’s physical evidence of being intimate? Help me understand please.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-8168", "score": 0.6225921511650085, "text": "soap operas are filmed in higher FPS. This means it DOES have the \"look\" of a soap opera. But it also means it has a better, smoother picture. It's perception and tradition at play here, that's all. I don't know why it would make people sick, besides it being more action then most people are used to seeing at that high of a FPS (although games should have the same effect for those people)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-150948", "score": 0.6223964691162109, "text": "Comparing themselves to the competition, posting their own pictures, offering moral support to other posters in the community, checking out the naked guys, getting a thrill from going someplace slightly forbidden, and enjoying the (I assume) positive attention. I realize that's an older than 5 explanation, but you wouldn't be allowed near r/gonewild if you were 5.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-63423", "score": 0.622282087802887, "text": "I was an avid chiver, who doesn't like to look at pretty girls in scantily clad girls. I own no merchandise, however I have tried to buy it. I no longer use it because I got bored seeing the same thing over and over though. A lot of people who I know use it have became less likely to use it for the same reasons. The creator has a great marketing gimmick though and sex sells...", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-142070", "score": 0.6219696998596191, "text": "They make more money by paying a service to manage the ads for them. That service is sketchy as fuck but whatever it’s a porn site who is gonna complain. Also, not many people want to advertise on a porn site. PornHub actually has some pretty impressive [server architecture](_URL_0_) when you think about it. Edit: uhh nsfw kinda I guess", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-676", "score": 0.6878654956817627, "text": "The maximum number of subreddits for the drop down list is 50." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-449377", "score": 0.6534585356712341, "text": "I first noticed this a few days ago. I can't get any additional comments to show up. I'm using Chrome on a Moto G4 running Android 7.0", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-133782", "score": 0.6534423828125, "text": "Not every user up votes. Some users down vote. Not every user goes on the same sub reddit. Not every user is on at the same time. That's a simple as it needs to be.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2366088", "score": 0.6533967852592468, "text": "I'm a mod of a few subreddits and I'd like to try out automod and CSS on a relatively active subreddit.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2427411", "score": 0.6533907055854797, "text": "r/random gives you a random sub out of the most popular ones, is there a way to get a random sub out of all subs? I'm looking for one that can be used with PRAW, but anything that works is good.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-563861", "score": 0.6533506512641907, "text": "First, I should point out I know about the 'compact view' option. This is not the same.\n\nOn the regular view, below each submission is a large image. This is great when the submission is actually an image (i.e. from imgur).\n\nBut a lot of posts are articles, and so the large image shown is almost always irrelevant. Posts like this for example have a giant blurry logo image. This looks stupid.\n\nPlease keep the large image previews to images only, and not thumbnails!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2027810", "score": 0.6532047986984253, "text": "it still extends into the sub-Reddit bar at the top making it impossible to click on any of the sub-Reddits just above the logo. i have not had this problem in any other sub-Reddit. is there any way to fix this or am i the only one experiencing this problem", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2028102", "score": 0.6531984210014343, "text": "I know someone has to have a fix for it by now, I only use uBlock origin, with a lot of filters from a pastebin link I found from another reddit thread awhile ago", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-852974", "score": 0.6530507802963257, "text": "Don't really think this is a bug but r/help automodded me to post here.\n\n I just tried to post my first image on my own page u/NotRealOpinions and got **\"This community only allows trusted members to post here.\"** How can I not be my own trusted member?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1811677", "score": 0.6530471444129944, "text": "Getting the content cannot be selected at this time...gggaaaaahhhhhhhh :(", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1539025", "score": 0.6530348062515259, "text": "I was browsing a subreddit and I got the message pop up that says something like \"hey, you spend a lot of time on this subreddit, do you want to join it?\" And I thought that was strange because I had sworn I was already following it, but figuring that the app knew better than I did, I pressed the join button attached to that pop up. I was then notified that I had left the subreddit. So I HAD been following it, received the invite to join it anyway, and responding to the invite caused me to LEAVE it instead. It wasn't horribly inconvenient, as all I had to do was press the join button again, but still not really something that should happen.\n\nThis happening implies to me that, at least on that pop up, instead of the \"join\" button setting my following status to true, it instead toggles the boolean between true and false. I'm a total noob programmer and I don't know if they even use a boolean operation for whether or not someone is following a particular subreddit, just throwing in my two cents in case it helps. No idea what would have caused the invitation pop up to happen in the first place when I was already a member of the subreddit though.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-865051", "score": 0.653006374835968, "text": "I'm not talking about any that *you* created. What subreddits have you seen been made by other people? All the way since the comments of \"We should make this!\", and then proceeding to check out the subreddit directly after. Looking on the \"New Subreddits\" list is cheating! I have personally seen /r/upskirtarchitecture been made all the aay from the comment section.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2440167", "score": 0.6530060768127441, "text": "Be it a comment or a post, every time I refresh the page, the points fluctuate up and down. This even applies to old comments and posts where I'm pretty damn sure no one is still upvoting or downvoting.\n\nThanks a bundle.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2541230", "score": 0.6529899835586548, "text": "I tapped on a r/photoshopbattles post (department of planning) and it launches Spotify. I tested several times, and it launches it every time.\n\nThis has happened on other posts before, is there a way to get that to stop?\n\nEdit: it only does this from the frontpage.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2028332", "score": 0.65296471118927, "text": "As the title says. For example, on r/Livestreamfail every clip I open in the subreddit is no longer resizable (it used to be) and they always open with the volume muted on the clip.\n\n- Night mode: true\n- RES Version: 5.20.12\n- Browser: Chrome\n- Browser Version: 88\n- Cookies Enabled: true\n- Reddit beta: false", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1453092", "score": 0.6529331207275391, "text": "From my reading here, it seems that reddit itself is not blocked, but does the Great Firewall block individual subreddits? I did the customary searches, but could not find an answer.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1019111", "score": 0.6528502106666565, "text": "I use Reddit is fun as my Reddit app on my phone- use the 'swipe from the left side to bring up\" my subreddits. For the life of me, I can't get it to work without 4 or 5 tries. It's just so ridiculous that google implemented two competing gestures and they just think that the user will figure this out? I'm really annoyed, it's another example of google design being woefully unbalanced and broken. Any suggestions? I really like the new Andoid 10 gestures, but if they won't work well with \"Reddit is Fun\" well, thats really a major fuck up on googles part.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2670005", "score": 0.6528358459472656, "text": "Trying to open a trade reddit with multiple servers. Want them to filter by flair via server. I have it set up that they have to include their server in the title, I just want it to assign flair so they can filter between top population servers as well.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2158823", "score": 0.6528336405754089, "text": "Hey all, I have an animalpics multi (as well as a collection of earthporn type reddits and others) that I'd like to have in a slideshow version such as you can make with redditp (for instance you can just do redditp.com/r/earthporn+highres . Is there any way to do that with new multireddits? Or at least a quick way to convert a new multi into an old one?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-924461", "score": 0.6528249382972717, "text": "So I browse reddit on my phone (web browser not app) and ill upvote some comments and then ill try upvoting one and it takes me to the log in page but if I go back it says im logged in still and when I try to upvote it again it takes me to the log in page so I have to close the tab and go back to the post to fix this and its extremely annoying. \n\nAlso sometimes it will say there was a problem loading this page and I have to refresh it multiple times or just close the tab all together", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-565424", "score": 0.652814507484436, "text": "My last couple of text posted are frozen and I can’t take my upvote away from it or anything. Why is this?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-677", "score": 0.7320600748062134, "text": "because of systemic political racism. back in the 1930's, mexicans and blacks smoke weed. white people didn't. so weed was make illegal to have a reason to put mexicans and blacks in jail." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1937091", "score": 0.6951873302459717, "text": "cbc.ca just published an article about the Canadian criminalization of marijuana in 1923, claiming that the prohibition seemingly came out of nowhere, noting that \"[t]he U.S. didn't accomplish that until 14 years later, in the midst of the Great Depression.\"\n\nThe article mentions a possible connection to the book The Black Candle, but says historian Catherine Carstairs dismisses this as happenstance. \n\nHowever, the relevant chapter in The Black Candle (p. 176 in the link above, p. 331 in the book) specifically references state level prohibition laws in the States against marijuana, which contradicts the earlier claim that cannabis was not illegal in the US until well after it was criminalized in Canada. The book also demonstrates a lot of anti-oriental racism and reefer madness paranoia, hanging its dire warnings on the dark mysticism of scary foreigners and the testimony of nameless experts. \n\nWhat's going on here? Were the sensational and racist sentiments expressed in The Black Candle commonplace? Is the Canadian prohibition of marijuana really a mystery to historians, or just CBC reporters?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-173411", "score": 0.6945917010307312, "text": "Hemp was replacing wood in producing a lot of products like paper and fabric so the wood oligarchs (in America) wanted to stop it so they created a smear campaign against weed saying black men on weed were killing police and coukdnt be stopped with guns!!1! So then America started throwing their international economic weight about and convinced other countries to join them in their crusade against the devil's cabbage. tl;dr: Rich people in America didn't like it so they convinced everyone else to ban it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-41292", "score": 0.6936144828796387, "text": "Tradition, ease of growth or manufacture (yeast and sugar make alcohol) tobacco is a common plant and grows across a wide swath of the US, and popularity of them make enforcement of a ban on them a logistical nightmare. Do they still cover the Prohibition era in history classes? When enough of the general population doesn't believe in enforcing the law, it was exceedingly poorly enforced.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-687637", "score": 0.6925216317176819, "text": "Weed is illegal in my state and it doesn't make sense why a safe harmless drug is illegal, but a deadly cancer causing drug like Tobacco is legal! this poison literally causes people to get addicted to it and than 40-50 years later they start to develop lung cancer and than die, and where i live you can get 10 years in prison for being caught with weed like it's just fucking stupid! weed has alot of benefits on your health, all tobacco does is keep you addicted and than you get cancer, and who ever made weed illegal deserves to get their ass kicked. Arresting people over a harmless plant is just pathetic.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-110835", "score": 0.6923650503158569, "text": "Cannabis was reduced from a class B to a class C drug in the UK in 2001, effectively decriminalising possession of small quantities of it. However in 2009 it was reclassified back to class B, largely as much because the government wanted to be seen to be doing something about drug abuse as due to any scientific studies. The debate in the UK over what should happen to cannabis continues, but it's a fairly low priority on the British political agenda right now.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1910849", "score": 0.6923457980155945, "text": "The prohibition clearly failed with opiates. As drug laws become more draconian, dosage became more pure and dangerous. Fyntrnyl was the dangerous byproduct. Many have died even celebrities who thought it was cocaine. Due to fyntynl, public trust of powder drugs went down as well. Many drug dealers passed a self imposed ban of the product. It had gotten that bad. \n\n\nSame exact thing happened to cannabis as the years progressed growers came out with stronger weed. Atleast with weed, its danger has not increased and if anything the plant is better understood due to gorilla research and now open acceptance.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-118944", "score": 0.6918816566467285, "text": "I have a bit of a tangential question. I've heard numerous times that the decision to criminalize marijuana was influenced by lobbies such as pharma, paper, textiles, etc.; however, I've never seen any reliable sources report this. Is there any validity to this claim?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-184498", "score": 0.6917633414268494, "text": "Great minds think alike. I've sailed far and returned ta port with this booty. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [Why was marijuana made illegal in the first place? ](_URL_2_) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why is weed generally illegal? ](_URL_1_) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5:Why was Marihuana banned in the first place? ](_URL_5_) ^(_20 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why was marijuana and other hallucinogens banned in the first place? ](_URL_0_) ^(_51 comments_) 1. [ELI5 Why is marijuana illegal in USA and most other countries? ](_URL_4_) ^(_15 comments_) 1. [Why is weed illegal? ](_URL_3_) ^(_16 comments_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-116971", "score": 0.6917219758033752, "text": "Contrary to what cdb03b says, Cannabis is not illegal to research it is just heavily restricted under FDA guidelines in the US, but through out the world there are hundreds of companies researching the medical pros to cannabis. They are interested primarily in THCs and Cannabinol and cannabidiol (which have similar effects to THC with fewer psychoactive effects) the research in these vary from effects on neurological and physical conditions to usages as forms of sedative treatments. It has also been used in pain management research. The biggest issue with Marijuana is the fact that it is illegal in most states of the US, it is federally illegal in the US, and many countries either have a moratorium on it or it is heavily restricted and controlled, mainly due to its use as a recreational drug.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-12855", "score": 0.691464900970459, "text": "Supply and demand and you need to put together a whole board of regulators and you need to grow a shit ton of weed. Also why would you want to take away the cannabis that the medical people need when you just wanna smoke a jay for recreational purposes.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-87959", "score": 0.6913518309593201, "text": "I always imagined the abundance of something like weed (prior to it being made illegal) resulted in people using it to fuel fires, and when the smoke was released from burning the plant they experienced the second hand effects of weed and came to learn that it had \"spiritual\" or mind altering side effects when inhaled.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-231554", "score": 0.6911333203315735, "text": "> when did it become widely popular? And when did it become illegal? Hi OP, can you specify which jurisdiction you're asking about? The USA? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-97843", "score": 0.6901658177375793, "text": "It's because more adults had been experienced with alcohol and the propaganda campaign was not as successful. People simply didn't believe the (mostly religious) bullshit. But we have a lot of people in the US today that still believe all the propaganda and hokey pseudo-science the government spewed on them during the 20th century. And marijuana prohibition has been going on for way longer than 45 years.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-101297", "score": 0.6879374980926514, "text": "Our legal framework for drugs is based on the assumption that *all drugs* are illegal unless they're being used for a legitimate medical concern. Under a system like this, you don't need to justify why a drug is bad, you need to explain why it's medically useful. Alcohol, tobacco & caffeine are given exemptions because they were commonly used by western society before the laws went into place.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-37214", "score": 0.687846839427948, "text": "In teenagers, pot has been shown to slightly decrease test scores and IQ later in life, though whether there are confounding variables in any test like this is, of course, unknowable. Once the brain is fully developed, though, I've never heard of any significant downsides. It remains illegal in large part due to lobbying by tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceutical, and prison corporations who all want to keep competition off the market (and increase their own business in the case of prisons), and also due to social conservatives who just want to keep everything the same regardless of if it makes sense.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-57880", "score": 0.6877624988555908, "text": "Because it's expensive, ineffective, and creates a black market and all of the criminality that goes with it. I personally would rather just see it all legalized (and regulated).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-101028", "score": 0.6877205967903137, "text": "States that have legalized marijuana are in kind of a legal grey area. They are technically in violation of federal law, and if the federal government chose to send DEA agents to shut down every dispensary in Colorado, it would be perfectly legal. Essentially, Marijuana is legal because the federal government has chosen not to enforce marijuana prohibition in those states.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2752935", "score": 0.6874592900276184, "text": "I had it ALL! No friends, a weight problem, my personality was shitty, girls were scary, I was so lame. \nThen it all went downhill when I discovered the evil marijuana. Ever since my life has changed drastically... I have all these great friends, I lost weight, everybody loves me, i have an amazing gf who will be my wife soon (someday)... there is no just reason for this horrible plant that grows naturally to be legal.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-27270", "score": 0.6869509816169739, "text": "Colorado, on the state level, has completely legalized the sale and recreational use of Marijuana. The Netherlands has a policy of non-enforcement for \"soft-drugs\" like marijuana. They do not enforce laws normally, but possession & personal use can be met with a fine if one is acting up. Additionally the \"Coffee Shops\" throughout Amsterdam are technically illegal but tolerated by authorities.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-628927", "score": 0.6863054633140564, "text": "I live in a state that is still illegal both medically and recreationally. However there are some businesses that sell CBD products, edibles I believe. They don’t produce them, as far as I know, they only sell. A few of those stores recently had a run in with law enforcement and all they stock was seized. But after a few weeks all charges were dropped and product was returned. How does this work in a totally illegal state?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-678", "score": 0.6982033252716064, "text": "Young girls fine motor skills tend to develop a few years earlier than young boys. This also coincides with schools teaching handwriting, ages 5-8. As a result girls can get a bit of a jumpstart on developing and perfecting their handwriting. If you want to throw socializations in also, it is usually stressed that girls should be neat and precise, while boys tend to be given a bit more leeway in messiness....\"boys will be boys\" excuse." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-67558", "score": 0.6626079678535461, "text": "Easier visible differentiation. The small letter \"a\" like in this font is much easier to tell apart from an \"o\" than the \"O|\" combined shape. Consider the words \"ball\" and \"boll\". If the printing press (the precursor of the typewriter) had any blurring at all in its ink, you wouldn't be able to tell which was which if the ink ran the \"a\" and the \"l\" together in the first word. Ditto oh/ah; fob/fab; loon/loan and so on. But it's hard to write an \"a\" while continuing to the rest of the letters in the word without lifting the pen, so we write the O| version instead. We do the same while writing the letter k, putting a loop in the top right leg so we can continue onto the rest of the word without slowing down to reposition the pen.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-82912", "score": 0.6623674631118774, "text": "Frequency. Males tend to have lower voices, females higher. Humans are more sensitive to sounds in the middle frequencies and that is where more of the females output is. That's the short/simple version, the long version is long, gets technical, and I'm too tired to write it out. :)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-62290", "score": 0.6622388362884521, "text": "**Yes, it's the face structure.** Humans are quite good at recognising small details in faces. Our brains are \"programmed\" that way. Men and women typically have different facial characteristics. To an alien or another animal we all look the same, but we can usually tell the difference.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-231813", "score": 0.6621777415275574, "text": "Hi, there's lots of room for more information on this question but there has been some discussion in the past that you might be interested as a start * [Why are first names usually indicative of gender? Have men and women always had different first names, or was there a time in the past or specific region when/where most names were unisex?](_URL_1_) - see comments by /u/Seabasser more examples here * [Why do some male names (like Tracy, Kelly or Madison) turn into female names over time?](_URL_2_) * [How did names ending in \"-son\" (Alison, Madison, etc.), indicating \"son of,\" become popular girls' names?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1439627", "score": 0.6617574095726013, "text": "Hello! Title pretty much says it all. But specifically, I'm wondering how you guys differentiate between male and female main characters. I try to alternate between male and female perspectives when I write my stories to try to get both ends covered, bit I just wanted some insight as to what you guys thought.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-134654", "score": 0.6616371273994446, "text": "Underlying skeletal structure of the skull is generally indicative of gender. They use it in forensic classification and it is pretty accurate, especially if you know the person's race (since we're seeing them alive we obviously do). Our brains establish patterns and subconsciously recognize gender that falls into the regular pattern. There are outliers that are hard to spot, or small ethnic groups that you may not have encountered that can throw you off, but with time you learn.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-150172", "score": 0.6589416861534119, "text": "I was surprised when I found out that Americans apparently DON'T write in cursive, but print. Where I'm from (Germany) it's a bit unusual to find someone not writing cursive. I'd say it's faster, because it \"flows\" more easily, but I guess that's a matter of practice, maybe? Edit: we actually call it \"write script\" and \"print script\" btw.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-149573", "score": 0.6581255197525024, "text": "A simple way to think of it is this: For someone elses handwriting to be like yours, there is exactly 1 way for it to be exactly like yours. For it to be different, there are trillions, upon trillions, upon trillions of ways that it can be different. So, everyone's handwriting is unique when studied close enough.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-150266", "score": 0.6577730178833008, "text": "Women tend to have much softer skin, they also have smoother features and more fat and less muscle per bodyweight. Female eyebrows are thinner as well (even at birth). Women also tend to have smaller heads. Truthfully though, we notice women on their entire package. By this I mean, even though there are many differences between the look of a man or woman, it is all the differences together that really allow you to immediately differentiate. EDIT: an example of the package thing would be when we look at transgender people. Assuming that the transgender switch was pretty successful, there are always features that are a little off about the person. You'll never notice it blatantly (assuming the switch worked well), but something in your brain says there is something odd. Things that transgender people can't switch are the rougher vs. smoother features, head size, and oddly enough one of the most noticeable is finger size. Women tend to have thinner fingers while men's are larger.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-187246", "score": 0.6577578186988831, "text": "I would say primarily because its a muscle memory action. You don't actively think about how to write each letter as you are writing them. You achieve muscle memory by repetition of the same action, so each person will tend to reinforce whatever particular traits they happen to have when writing. The traits themselves are going to come from all sorts of factors: grip, how you were taught, styles you might try to emulate, etc.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-261227", "score": 0.6573433876037598, "text": "There are definite differences in the pelvis. A female's pelvis is wider with a more round pelvic inlet to accommodate childbirth. I'm sure there are other distinctions elsewhere in the body as well, but that seems to be the most obvious.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-18025", "score": 0.6570789217948914, "text": "There are physiological differences, yes. Womens' brains tend to have more white matter; men's tend to have more gray. White matter controls communication between different parts of the brain, gray matter is sort of the \"organs\" within the brain itself. This is highly simplified, of course, and the exact mechanics aren't fully understood.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-265636", "score": 0.6558305621147156, "text": "Typically, a face with higher contrast is considered more feminine, while a face with less contrast is viewed as masculine. Look at [this picture](_URL_1_), and distinguish the sexes of the two faces. The one on the left appears to be female and the right male. However, both images feature the same face, the only difference being contrast. A study published by Psychology Professor Richard Russell helps to explain this phenomenon. By examining photographs of female and male faces, Russell concluded that females faces contain higher contrast; their lips and eyes are often darker in value than the surrounding skin tones. Here's a quote from Russell that answers your question: \"Cosmetics are typically used in precisely the correct way to exaggerate this difference. Making the eyes and lips darker without changing the surrounding skin increases the facial contrast. Femininity and attractiveness are highly correlated, so making a face more feminine also makes it more attractive.\" [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-266483", "score": 0.6557744741439819, "text": "Many animals have genders which look markedly different. For instance, some birds have [different colored genders](_URL_0_). To answer your question: it would vary dramatically among species. Some species don't even use sight as a primary means for identification.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-123281", "score": 0.6549614667892456, "text": "Because \"his\" is the male possessive for \"him,\" while \"her\" is the female possessive for \"her.\" It's irregular.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-247915", "score": 0.654888391494751, "text": "There's an experiment, to demonstrate this effect: Print out the same text twice - one in sentence case, the other in all caps. Use another sheet of paper to cover the lower half of each text and attempt to read the texts. You'll find the sentence case easier to read, *even though* there are fewer/less marks visible. It works because we read by recognising word-shapes (rather than by deciphering all the letters in each word) and scan sentences for expected shapes. You can perform the same comparison for serif/sans serif texts. Serifs are designed to aid this method of reading, so it isn't so surprising that they work. Typography rules!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-102093", "score": 0.6547218561172485, "text": "On average, women have better fine motor control then men. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-303394", "score": 0.654600977897644, "text": "There are [a number of anatomical differences](_URL_0_) between male and female brains, but to the best of my knowledge these are statistical trends and not definite indicators. It would be like asking if you could tell the gender of a person given their height. While males are taller than females statistically, height doesn't allow you to make a definite gender assignment.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-54429", "score": 0.6543518900871277, "text": "There was a great emphasis on having clear, legible handwriting. There were no typewriters and most communication and writing of notes was by hand, so it was vital that it be clear. As a side note, Catholic schools of today in my experience place a great emphasis on good handwriting, and all of the people I know who went to Catholic schools have lovely writing.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-96288", "score": 0.6541332006454468, "text": "You can inherit some innate muscle control skills from your parents. The way the muscles and nerves developed depends on your genetics. However, you can train and develop these skills with time and effort. Girls often have more social pressure to have better handwriting so it doesn't look sloppy. On the other hand, most boys do not have the same pressure so their handwriting often looks worse. Yet, people who do professional calligraphy are amazing at what they do because of years of practice. Genetics provides the starting point but it's practice that really develops your skills.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-679", "score": 0.8374221324920654, "text": "If I remember my awkward Catholic school sex ed, the female reproductive canal is (very slightly) acidic. Therefore, the male ejaculate has to be slightly basic (alkaline) to counteract it. Bleach is a strong alkaline, hence a somewhat similar smell. Also, I think semen may contain an element of chlorine, we didn't get that far in class ;)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1467645", "score": 0.7072758078575134, "text": "Thanked my wife for bleaching the shower but she said she didn’t. Smells like it in there. It doesn’t taste bad or undrinkable out of the sink but it has a slight bleach tang to it that it’s never had before.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1373301", "score": 0.6996160745620728, "text": "After 7 days (on average), my sheets really do smell differently ...\n\nWhen I got to 67 days (highest for me), it was crazy, the smell was really strong.\n\nI don't know how to describe it, it's not semen or pee smell, I don't even think it smells like this because of a fluid of sort.\n\nI honestly believe the whole body is secreting a sort of pheromone, and this is one of the reason why women are attracted.\n\nIt probably isn't consciously noticed by them, because the smell is only strong in the sheets because the body spend so much time in contact with it.\n\nBut there is definitely something there, because even when I just smell my arm it smell «nicer», also the body feels «smoother».\n\nSo my theory is that the excess of sperm is going through the body and nurture it in some ways.\n\nIt's not just to make babies, but is also a way for the body to be optimal.\n\nI strongly recommand to learn to ejaculate up the spine, this definitely will be the first thing I will learn to do when I will enter my next relationship\n\nThe benefits of semen retention seems way too good to waste those fluids, even with a wonderful girl mates.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-741447", "score": 0.6958638429641724, "text": "So I always hear that guys' ejaculate has a distinct smell (pancake batter, bleach) but! How exactly strong is that smell?\n\nMAIN POINT!\nIf a guy masturbates while still wearing underwear and shorts, then cums and leaves after about 5 seconds, would a female laying next to him still be able to smell the smell?\n Or is there a chance she could miss it?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-58506", "score": 0.6939436197280884, "text": "It's actually just a coincidence in the way we interpret smells. As far as I know, there are no common stinky chemicals between the two.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-66925", "score": 0.6913042068481445, "text": "It has a higher viscosity than the normal bleach solution. Even concentrated bleach is not 100% sodium hypochlorite (the \"bleach\" part of bleach): high strength concentrated bleach is 8.25%, the rest is water (and scent additives and so on). Exactly what chemicals in what concentration they added to get the viscosity higher, I couldn't tell you. It's a trade secret and I can't find any information on the ingredients other than that it contains sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide (lye), and even the exact concentrations of those is a trade secret, apparently. Anyway, viscosity is the \"thickness\" of a liquid. Viscous fluids resist deforming more than thinner liquids: it \"sticks\" to itself better. As a result, it takes more energy to break the liquid into smaller bits, and the smaller bits will still be bigger clumps. Bigger clumps have a harder time flying all over the place, so very viscous fluids don't \"splash\". For instance, try making honey splash.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-12305", "score": 0.6907975673675537, "text": "Some asorb in. Perfume is menthol based so evaporates. Where as bleach is acid based and will burn in to your pores", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-167429", "score": 0.6866846680641174, "text": "Because of a substance found in seminal fluid called spermine, which smells vaguely of chlorine.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-28454", "score": 0.6824918985366821, "text": "It's called \"chemotaxis\"; sperm can detect the presence of chemicals produced by the ovaries, and travel in whichever direction shows an increasing concentration of these chemicals. It's sort of how you locate the source of a smell; move around in circles until you find a direction in which the smell is stronger.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-85850", "score": 0.6814632415771484, "text": "It's because it is the same bacteria breaking down the garbage, and what you are smelling is the result of that. Technically, it doesn't all smell the same, but when you are talking about a bin (we call those dumpsters or garbage cans here), you're probably always getting very similar food wastes, so the smell will be very similar. Similar enough your brain just classifies it as \"garbage - bad\" and doesn't distinguish beyond that. A bin of old diapers would have a different smell, as does a yard waste bin.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-183194", "score": 0.6773830056190491, "text": "The bleach chemically destroys the cell walls of the organisms, spilling out their constituent parts which in turn are themselves destroyed. It is sort of like how a blender kills a mouse, it just sort of stops being a bacteria and starts being a disordered mass.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2090745", "score": 0.677297830581665, "text": "I was just rinsing off a poopy prefold in the toilet. I flushed the toilet and smelled bleach. TOTALLY forgot we had one of those big dissolving discs to keep the toilet clean in the tank part. Out of sight out of mind. It's been in there for at least a couple weeks so my son has inevitably worn a diaper that was rinsed in bleachy water. I haven't noticed a difference in appearance in the diapers and I haven't noticed any skin reactions. Anybody know anything about this? The brand is \"the works\". Maybe the concentration wasn't high enough to make a difference? Maybe I dodged a bullet?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1058480", "score": 0.6753180623054504, "text": "It smells just like Windex so I am guessing it is just water + the same active ingredients. I can make like 5,000 bottles of white board cleaner if I just but that stuff from concentrate for $30 and dilute it into spray bottles.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-298909", "score": 0.6749600172042847, "text": "Isn't the bleach is used to inhibit algae or mold growth (in the water that's in the bottle)?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-155926", "score": 0.6748998761177063, "text": "Ok, so: semen contains very little actual spermatozoa and a lot of other components, one of which are alkaloids produced by prostate to - basically - neutralize the acidity in a vagina, so that the spermatozoa survive long enough to reach the egg. The alkaline stuff oxidises when it contacts the oxygen in air, which makes it change colour. ^(source: high school biology, I guess?)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-106126", "score": 0.6744226813316345, "text": "The 'sex smell' is probably mostly from sweat. And since everyone's sweat is going to smell slightly different and yet the same, I think the smell is pretty much the same for anyone. That being said, as a gay man the sex smell with men I'd say can be really, really strong. Also there can be... accidents. That's a very identifiable smell.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-47764", "score": 0.6743732690811157, "text": "This isn't 100% true as different garbage can smell different (green waste vs solid waste, etc.) But in normal trash, like you will have in a trash can on the street, the primary thing you're smelling is decomposition of you're food, mostly the protein like old bits of meat. The reason it all has a similar smell is they all produce pretty much the same gases, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen. This is an extremely simplified way of putting it. But it's one of the key factors.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-181839", "score": 0.6731563806533813, "text": "As ridiculous as it sounds, a sperm finds an egg because it can smell it. It moves in reaction to specific substances being released by an egg that contact its olfactory receptors, and this automatic action guides it to the source of where those chemicals are coming from.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-100690", "score": 0.6713007688522339, "text": "because it goes into your blood and then your prostate uses blood to make semen. it's the same reason your piss smells horrible after eating certain foods and even your sweat sometimes.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-45167", "score": 0.6712303757667542, "text": "This is the most amazing question ever. They really do smell alike. Amazing.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-188523", "score": 0.6700902581214905, "text": "Household bleach is actually a mixture of chemicals, Its main constituent is a solution of ~3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is mixed with small amounts of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is used on a huge scale in agriculture, and industries such as chemical, paint, lime, food, glass, paper, pharmaceuticals, synthetics and waste disposal. hypochlorous acid, the active ingredient in bleach, causes the unfolding of proteins in bacteria in much the same was that heat stress or fever does. Those denatured proteins then clump together irreversibly into a mass in living cells, similar to what happens to proteins when you boil an egg", "topk_rank": 19 } ]