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seongil-dn

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seongil-dn_mteb-eli5-with-reddit_perc

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[ { "id": "corpus-230", "score": 0.7771859765052795, "text": "Because animals don't have language. They communicate emotions with sound like angry growls, panicked screams, horny rumbles, and affectionate purrs, but they can't communicate abstract thoughts, form sentences, assign arbitrary names to objects and events, combine terms to make new concepts, etc, which is what we consider language to be. A Mandarin-speaker and a Finnish-speaker can communicate anger and fear and happiness and affection perfectly well without using language, right? Just by sounds, tones, movements, facial expressions? Well, that's the level on which animals communicate." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-138157", "score": 0.7378857135772705, "text": "A key factor in human development has been *language*. Once one human comes up with a cool idea, they can share it with another human, who in turn can turn it into a cooler language. Without language, we would literally have to reinvent the wheel every generation. So it isn't so much that humans are a whole lot smarter than other animals. It is that we were the first to get smart enough to invent language, and language allows us to transmit and save (with writing) our knowledge to each generation can know a little bit more than the one before.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2721135", "score": 0.7369983196258545, "text": "We cannot know for certain if human minds would either assimilate ET messages completely or find them bizarre upon translation. One can only hope that the messages are as simple and to-the-point as we view Carl Sagan's and Eric Burgess's Pioneer Plaque. Images of the species and astronomical coordinates of their location are extremely easy to work with. If the coordinates were to take time to pinpoint, the images will be understood right away. \n\nThe thing is, we already have difficulties communicating with other species on this planet. Communication skills evolved primarily to aid members of the same species to share information. We do know how to interpret animals' moods, whims, and fears, but only because we can spend so much time with them in close proximity. It is also due to the fact that most of the animals that we communicate with best are actually products of artificial selection for tameness and usefulness (dogs, cats, etc.) On the other hand, chimpanzees who are taught sign language from a very young age do communicate with us strikingly well, perhaps owing to our genetic similarities. Decoding intelligent ET messages, however, will prove to be a difficult task (and most certainly a magnificent one), because we have had no previous encounters with them. For all we know, they may be at least as smart as we are or even smarter, the latter being a greater challenge for us.\n\nMy main question was how we would translate messages, but I also wonder if translating the messages is even useful. \n\nIt's sad to know that chances of communicating in real time with ETs is currently impossible. The messages that we may receive have a chance of being a several thousand years old. Imagine how long it will take for our responses to be formulated and then sent and delivered to them. By that time, probably either or both of our civilisations would be gone due to war, natural disasters, or other causes. Those who sent the messages will not live long enough to hear the replies, and their messages will just be ghosts floating in the cosmos long after they're gone. To me, with these assumptions in mind, it's pretty cool to decode the messages, but it's just a little bit cooler than finding them in the first place, so we might as well settle for finding them. \n\nOh, to hell with it. The human curiosity that's making my head spin around over this matter will not settle for just finding it. What was I thinking? \n\nI'd very much appreciate your inputs, ladies and gentlemen. Speak your minds!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-169384", "score": 0.7366594672203064, "text": "They don't, like your dog doesn't too. The kind of \"language thinking\" develops along with speech. But you don't think in words all the time either. You can think in images, abstract concepts, whatever. It's when you have to communicate you give words to these thoughts. That's why it's sometimes so difficult to explain something, because it all adds up in your head but you haven't found the right words for it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-20758", "score": 0.7356080412864685, "text": "I dont think anyone have made a worldwide study on this, however. I seen an Attenborough documentary where he explains that (cant remember what animals) have local dialects. And the further apart the less simelarities they had in thier calls and stuff. Based on that, i think you can assume that animal language is simelar to ours, but all share a base from where it originated, in the sense that local areas are simelar but members of the same species on other continents have diverted in other directions. Anyways, its an interesting question and beside my gueswork. Perhaps someone from a linguist or biology subreddit could anwser it fully? - If nothing comes up, you could crosspost the question.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-305088", "score": 0.7355967164039612, "text": "Dogs should be able to do it. [One study](_URL_2_), [another study](_URL_3_). [Horses as well](_URL_0_) Many close relatives to humans have expressions very similar to ours, so understanding in both ways is easy. [More discussion here](_URL_1_). Not an exclusive list, just what I found with a quick search.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-303035", "score": 0.7351049780845642, "text": "Well, a lot of people's pet dogs do listen to them, and my cat doesn't do what I tell it to, but it definitely communicates its needs. Also, there are a lot of apes that use [sign language](_URL_0_) and whatnot, and [Alex](_URL_1_) was a pretty great communicator.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-136929", "score": 0.7347721457481384, "text": "Are we? Lots of animals communicate, build tools and domiciles and even exhibit self awareness when presented with a mirror. It's because we haven't figured out a way to communicate our higher thoughts with them, doesn't mean the don't have them... _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-153578", "score": 0.7345115542411804, "text": "Basically, birds evolved to make lots of sounds and some birds evolved to mimic sounds. It has nothing to do with language or learning to speak. To see that, check out the lyre bird: _URL_1_ When a parrot mimics speech, it does so because it has a well-developed syrinx and some tongue control that allows it to manipulate airflow and create a variety of sounds. They don't do it through vocal cords like we do; the fact that they mimic human speech is just a side-effect of their profound vocalization/mimic abilities. In contrast, chimps and monkeys have very underdeveloped vocal tracts because they don't make very many sounds. See here for comparison (note the highlighted area): _URL_2_ And a similar one for the dog: _URL_0_ Because they didn't evolve to vocalize much, except for a few grunts/barks, their vocal tracts are smaller, tongue movements less precise, and generally they are unable to manipulate airflow like we can.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-137494", "score": 0.7343403697013855, "text": "Be really careful here. > We all know that apes can learn sign language and communicate with humans We really don't know this. There have only been a few gorillas and chimps who have learned to communicate like this, and even they are in contention about whether or not they can really learn languages. I wrote something about this a few months ago, but other primates do not have well developed Wernicke's areas, which is an area of the brain absolutely vital to comprehending language.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-100853", "score": 0.7340700030326843, "text": "Wolves don't. Dogs do. So the thinking is that the domesticated dogs are successful because this \"communicative\" trait was preferred by humans. I don't think, though, dogs are actually taking to us.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-323243", "score": 0.7339508533477783, "text": "**An important caveat**: Evidence of non-human primates using \"sign language\" to communicate anything beyond rudimentary symbols is nonexistent; well-publicized cases of chimps and the like learning sign language are grossly bastardizing the meaning of sign language. Non-human primates who are taught signs use them to communicate mostly physical desires (i.e. \"want\" \"apple\"), completely without grammatical structure or attention to order. This is not sign language; it is not any language, it is just simple communication using manual symbols. That being said, I believe there have been documented instances of two nonhuman primates of the same species throwing these signs at one another when a researcher was not present to incite it. I don't know of any cross-species instances, however, as it would require different species living together, which doesn't generally happen in observational environments like zoos or laboratories, and isn't something that naturally occurs in the wild.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-156245", "score": 0.7332717180252075, "text": "You're talking like the child to attempt to teach it to speak in a language it understands. Animals remind us of babies since they're pretty fucking dumb, so we do the same thing. Animals (dogs specifically) associate high pitched noises with playfulness, so that might be another factor. Source: looked it up on google after I got my dog", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-108393", "score": 0.7332370281219482, "text": "We can, it is just it takes a lot of study and the language isn't in the same form as human language so it isn't just like learning German or Spanish and it comes with body language, scents and other non verbal cues _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-160274", "score": 0.7330474257469177, "text": "Not everyone thinks in words or sentences, many humans think in pure emotion, in colours or sounds, or in action impulses. Also, thought-wording doesn't always come to us in our first language, when I was learning American Sign Language in high school, some of my thoughts happened in ASL instead of spoken English. As the years between high school and now grew greater, I slowly switched back to spoken English for thought-wording. Animals have vastly differing languages from critter to critter, so those with true repeatable \"words\" (some birds, some dolphins, etc) probably incorporate them into some thought, while others may think only in action or emotion impulses.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-259252", "score": 0.7327302694320679, "text": "Culture. This is a trait *almost* unique to humans: chimpanzees and dolphins seem to have elementary cultures -that is, some culturally transmitted behaviours- but only humans have behaviourally pervasive cultures. Language, in particular, seems to be completely unique (I've read of claims of syntactical complexity in cetaceans' calls, but I am not an expert and I don't know how meaningful are they).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-147442", "score": 0.7315894365310669, "text": "We don't have precise IQ qualifications for non-human species, because our communication skills let us easily gauge intelligence within our own species. The problem is more that we don't know how to look for intelligence and intelligence differences in animals.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-308553", "score": 0.7311051487922668, "text": "Some in the ape family have been known to learn sign language. That counts. You don't need to speak English in order to communicate.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-53500", "score": 0.7305142283439636, "text": "It's not scientifically accepted that we *can* teach apes sign language. Koko is a very moving, very cool story, but it's not necessarily true. I hope it is, but the scientific part of me is very skeptical. Why? Because we don't know if she really *understood* those signs, or she was just signing them in reaction to certain stimulus, and yes there's a difference. When a dog sits down because you train him that he'll get a treat if if he does, does he think \"sit\" means \"food\"? Or does he just know that when he sits he gets food? This is called [Operant Conditioning.](_URL_0_) Koko *seems* more complex than this, but she wasn't able to sign clearly enough for someone who speaks American Sign Language to have a conversation with her. Her handlers reported being able to communicate with her, but they're understandably biased. The unfortunate fact of the matter is that, so far, the jury is still out on complex communication with Great Apes. [Here's the wikipedia article on it.](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2386485", "score": 0.7302238941192627, "text": "Animals can learn through imitation. Would it be possible for humans to teach them survival skills that they can pass on through generations? Could we hypothetically teach apes to make hunting weapons, tools or to start a fire?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-181113", "score": 0.7285372614860535, "text": "Same as humans. They have brains, sense organs, hormones, instincts, experience and subsequent problem solving, etc. Granted humans have a sophisticated language and mediums that facilitate mass communication and education, but even with the absence of that there is still instinct and learning -- a newborn babe will still instinctively suckle a nipple and learn how to crawl and walk before they are language fluent. Aa for the precise mechanisms of how and why... that's delving into complex neurology that I don't believe we thoroughly understand yet.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-231", "score": 0.7470776438713074, "text": "Nope, because of the magic of asymmetric cryptography. The short version is that the key used to *encrypt* the data is not the same as the one to *decrypt* it. When Alice sends something to Bob, she encrypts it with his *public* key. This is a key that everyone has the right to see and access. Only Bob, who has the only copy of his *private* key, can then decrypt the message. He then sends a reply, encrypting with Alice's public key, and she decrypts with her private key. The same sort of thing happens with an SSL transaction (HTTPS). When you connect to a secure site, you know you have the right site because they have a certificate proving they are who they say they are. That certificate is also the public key, so you send the data encrypted with that key, and only that site can decrypt it. The site sets up a special session key to encrypt the rest of the data, so you and the site can continue to talk encrypted without anybody else being able to view the contents of the traffic." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1836204", "score": 0.709722638130188, "text": "As long as your password is good enough, then someone having the power to break the encryption would also have the power to threaten bitcoin itself right? (Am I missing something?)\n\nSo then a paper wallet would not only be more fragile, but less secure since someone breaking into your house can steal it. Where'as you'd need someone breaking into your head to steal the encrypted one. \n\n(Or a keylogger, but if your system is compromised when making the encrypted wallet it can also be compromised when making the paper wallet.)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-116114", "score": 0.7093111872673035, "text": "Each individual device has an address called a MAC address (different to an IP address). When a wireless hub (your WiFi access point) broadcasts a 'frame', which is the digital information containing a packet of data for a computer, the frame has the MAC address of the intended client included in there. Because wireless technology broadcasts, any wireless device nearby can actually receive that frame - much like any radio near a radio tower will receive the radio signal. When a computer/device receives the frame, it checks if the frame was intended for it by comparing it's own MAC to that embedded in the frame. If the MAC matches, then it processes the data as usual. If the MAC doesn't match, then the data is dropped. This is the reason why we need super strong encryption for wireless networks - because with the right software, anyone can capture those frames/data packets and 'snoop' on what you're doing. Reference: CCNA training :P", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2327453", "score": 0.7090790271759033, "text": "I've only learned up to object oriented programming but haven't learned advanced data structures. I searched all over the web for encryption tutorials in java but the tutorials always involves some methods or classes that I don't know. Where exactly am I supposed to start if I want to learn encryption and what are the prerequisites I need to have? The most basic encryption I've done was encrypting a string, but that is pretty much it. I want to learn encryption in a broader context and I am completely lost.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-129190", "score": 0.7090300917625427, "text": "If I asked you what 761 * 977 was, you could probably figure it out pretty quickly. But if I asked what two numbers multiplied together make 743,497, that is a lot harder to figure out. It is the same for computers, they can multiply even 100 digit numbers together in microseconds, but it could take centuries for them to take a 200 digit number and figure out which two 100 digit primes numbers multiply to make it. Public key cryptography relies on this. It uses two passwords, or keys, one to encrypt, which you can give out to all of your friends, and one to decrypt, that you keep secret. Encrypting with the public key is mathematically equivalent to multiplying two prime numbers together, but using it to decrypt is equivalent to trying to factor that same number.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-27176", "score": 0.7090086340904236, "text": "The RSA algorithm is one of the most used public key encryption algorithms around. [This article](_URL_0_) explains it pretty well.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-120109", "score": 0.7090012431144714, "text": "You mean of the data transferred? Obviously everything unless it's encrypted.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-42944", "score": 0.7088804841041565, "text": "Connections that are end-to-end encrypted should be secure, assuming that your company isn't doing some sort of man-in-the-middle attack on your traffic. \"Man in the middle\" would be that you try to get a secure connection to Site A, and a machine on the company network replies saying that it is Site A, and then you send all your encrypted data to that machine. Then it forwards the messages on to the actual Site A, but only after decrypting it and saving a copy somewhere.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1834741", "score": 0.7088795900344849, "text": "I'm trying to place my first order on the dnm. I need to give my encrypted address to the vendor but the steps for encrypting and sending messages is confusing me. If someone could explain how it all works, or provide a link to something usefu that would be great.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-71269", "score": 0.7087503671646118, "text": "It is impossible to make services that are completely secure. If nothing else, every service will be vulnerable to rubber hose cryptanalysis (beating the guy you're sending a message to with a rubber hose until he gives up the information). It is possible to make services that are mostly secure. Email is not one of those services. Unless you and everyone you're emailing have agreed to do some additional work beforehand (like encrypting the email using PGP), your email provider will be able to read your emails- it's just the way email works. And if they can read it, government agents can threaten to beat them with a rubber hose until they give up your information. That's why Lavabit shut down- the creator was being forced by the government to set up a back door so they could intercept certain people's emails and so his only option to protect his users' privacy was to shut down.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-124949", "score": 0.708686351776123, "text": "its more of a symbolic thing if anything. You dont even need a VPN, you can just make a new account, but you still lose everything you had on the old account.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1753468", "score": 0.7086830139160156, "text": "I was following the ACLU's live blog ( I haven't seen the video yet, but through an hour time it looks like it was mostly a small panel with Snowden commenting in the background.\n\nAnyways, a few key points pending watching the video:\n\n* I feel like I need IT support in my office just to make these secure tools work. He is asking Edward whether this is a “call to arms” for technologists to create user-friendly, secure tools. Edward agrees, and emphasizes that these security tools need to be turned on by default.\n\n* Ed says the bulk collection programs aren’t effective, that the resources that go into it would be better directed at targeted surveillance. \n\n* Chris: Snowden’s disclosures helped associate the companies with mass surveillance, and also move them to demonstrate that they’re taking their users’ security seriously. Without the disclosures, there wouldn’t have been the same kind of pressure for them to encrypt. There might be people who think what Edward did is wrong, but let me be clear: These disclosures have improved internet security.\n\n* Chris: Encryption makes bulk surveillance too expensive. The goal isn’t to stop the government from going after legitimate targets. The goal is to make it so that they can’t spy on innocent people. If we start using encrypted services, it becomes too expensive to spy on everyone, and they’ll have to go after the people who really matter.\n\nWhat do you think? Post below.\n\nEDIT:\nHere's the video. It's a youtube link. ", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-486336", "score": 0.7085444927215576, "text": "This was Epstein's game; produce as much blackmail material on as many powerful people as possible. That was one of the ways he obsessively protected himself and got leverage over people. I wouldn't be shocked if at some point there had been photo evidence.\n\nIt seems like everyone thinks Andrew is guilty, I wonder when it will become bad enough for something to be done.\n——\nAccording to one of the older documents he had several CDs labeled with the format \"Famous Person's Name\" + \"Girl's Name\", IIRC it was collected by NYPD\n——\nWeren't they encrypted though? So when Epstein was murdered they were likely unlikely to be decrypted since he would have been the one with the key?\n——\nI’m sure the FBI can decrypt anything better than anyone else can encrypt.\n\nEdit: disclaimer I have no idea what I’m talking about\n——\nEven the most powerful computers we have today can take thousands of years or more to decrypt the most complex forms of encryption. Once we have quantum computers though, that is going to be a different story.\n——\nIt really depends on the encryption. And if these were older videos most of the encryption from that time has had flaws (defects) discovered and is completely beatable. Some of it can be cracked in seconds.\n——\nThe encryption cipher is the smallest part of the security. Any modern cipher (last 10 years) is likely intractable within the remaining time in the universe. The weak link is the person. If we find any of his private keys, or passwords its likely he reused them or modified them slightly. That makes the problem less impossible.\n——\nExactly. No algorithm is resistant to rubber-hose cryptanalysis. Quantum computing attacks are the least of our problems\n\nEdit: the over-arching point isn't that they will coerce Epstein, but that there are possibly other exploitable human factors at play, even when he's dead. The point being: worrying about brute force attacks is a waste of time\n——\nOblig xkcd $5 wrench\n——\nYou can't beat a dead man with a wrench tho.\n——\nNot with that attitude.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-64061", "score": 0.7084739804267883, "text": "When sending data over the internet it gets bounced from one server to another (e.g. yourcomputer > server1 > server2 > server3 > serverhoastingthewebsite). TOR encryts the data in such a way that if they were to intercept it at one of those servers (e.g. sever2) then they would be able to identify where it came from and where it was going (server1 and server3) but not any further in the chain.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-44137", "score": 0.708450198173523, "text": "Because every single byte you send is tracked and recorded. Simple as that. If in a month , you get to use 1,000,000,000 bytes. Every byte used is deducted from that allocation.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-85786", "score": 0.7083569765090942, "text": "QAM is cable's secret, but they don't really want to guarantee or support it and what you receive, so really ask that you use a box that is a known quantity to them. As to why some may encrypt everything, they have a \"soft theft\" problem (not uncommon in the bigger cities), where people who do not subscribe to TV service, connect their TV to a live cable. Or they make it easier for technicians, so they don't need to disconnect people's houses, unless the connection is a problem of some sort.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1836561", "score": 0.708238959312439, "text": "I'm looking for a solution where I can store SUPER sensitive text-based data online so that I can access it anytime I have an internet connection.\n\nOn it's website it reads:\n\n**Why is it safe?**\n\nYour password isn't sent to our server - we can't decrypt your text even if we wanted to. Only encrypted text is sent over the Internet.\n\nNo cookies, no sessions, no registration, no users tracking. We can't identify you at all. We can't know when the same user visits two different sites.\n\nNo logging in or out, just close the browser tab and you're safe.\nNo ads - we hate ads because they can track you, and they're distracting.\n\nYou don't have to trust anyone or agree on anything - check the code yourself. All our code is well written and full of comments so that you can understand it in details - start by looking at main.js, and check communication with our servers.\n\nIf someone wants your text, he'll need your password, but he'll have to find your site first.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1303000", "score": 0.708234965801239, "text": "I might be missing something simple here but I can't quite wrap my head around how it would work effectively in a silkroad type scenario. What i've done so far is:\n\n*Create myself a private/private key*\n\n*Create a public key for the person ill be buying from* \n\n But I dont get what this would achieve. Say I was to send my address to the seller, encrypted with their public key, well, its a public key. Anyone could decrypt it right?\n\nIf I were to send it with a private key I would have to send the password as well, then whoever gets the message could decode it.\n\nCould someone please run me through the process of actually buying, and exchanging the keys, as well as how it works? Thanks", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1836356", "score": 0.708193302154541, "text": "Is there any way for me to encrypt a file, or a zip archive let's say, with the hash of a password? \n\nMy ideal function would be something that would create a password encrypted zip file, but instead of using a plaintext password it would use the hash of the password so that only someone who knows the password already could decrypt it. The password itself would not be in the script or command line, and it would not have to be entered by the user.\n\nOr maybe there's another way to think of this?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-189650", "score": 0.7081146836280823, "text": "That's because your device has to \"prep\" a lot of configurations such as encryption keys, protocols etc. Think of it as switching the battery in your car, you first gotta unplug it, check which wire goes well, reassure you did it correctly and then proceed to turn your car on. It took you time to do all that, you really can't just instantly switch the power supply of your car.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-318535", "score": 0.7079588770866394, "text": "You can look at _URL_0_ to see some actual working examples. They decrypted 3 previously unknown Enigma messages and it took the equivalent of 7748 years, 303 days, 14 hours of PC time based on a single Athlon 3500+ PC. This was basically a brute force effort, using all the known weaknesses of the Enigma machines. For a generic example, Wikipedia says \"If the wiring is secret, the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 10^114 (approximately 380 bits); with known wiring and other operational constraints, this is reduced to around 10^23 (76 bits).\" At 100 GFLOPS (decent modern processor), this would be about 3.17x10^94 years for the more complex case (longer than the universe has existed). For the limited case where we assume we've captured an Enigma machine and know the wiring & limitations of the system, it's about 3,169 years on average to brute force it. This jives fairly closely with the practical enigmaathome results above.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-232", "score": 0.7752884030342102, "text": "At a basic level you can think of temperature as the average molecular energy of a system. Temperature can be measured in different ways, but they all come down to measuring changes in heat energy (molecular motion and jiggling). In everyday thermometers, what is measured is how a liquid (originally mercury) expands with temperature, travelling up the bulb. The expansion is due to the atoms in the liquid moving faster and pushing on each other harder. In devices called thermocouples, the temperature affects how well a piece of metal conducts electricity, which can be measured precisely. There are also infrared thermometers, which measure the heat energy in the form of light that objects give off. It's important to note that temperature isn't the same thing as energy, but the explanation requires delving into the wonders of thermodynamics, which is a bit too complicated for me to ELI5." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-260607", "score": 0.732128918170929, "text": "One way of measuring high temperatures or temperatures that you can't physically touch is measuring it's radiant energy. As things get hotter, they glow more and more. Even things that don't glow visibly still give off electromagnetic radiation in longer wavelengths like infrared. By measuring the frequencies and intensities of radiation given off by an object, a reasonable measurement of temperature can be achieved.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-45957", "score": 0.7303024530410767, "text": "They use something called a thermistor (thermal resistor). The resistance through a thermistor varies depending on temperature, so by measuring how much current can go through it, you can figure out the temperature.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-10732", "score": 0.7291038632392883, "text": "Knowing where absolute zero is or how much actual heat is in something seldom has any meaningful value in day to day life outside of being unnecessarily pedantic, as you were with your colleague. Celsius, pegging to the freezing and boiling points of water, is just more reasonable and sensible for day-to-day use because those are things that actually make sense to people. Nobody alive has ever actually felt anything close to absolute zero so it's a meaningless reference point. Similarly, Fahrenheit puts the range of comfortable human temperatures into a sensible range (even if the choice of end-points is somewhat weird).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-257899", "score": 0.7281781435012817, "text": "\"Laser\" thermometers measure far infrared (~10 microns) light (the laser is just used for aiming). Cheap ones have a fixed IR lens that images a spot on a surface onto a pyroelectric sensor in the thermometer. When you point it at the sky, you are measuring random, unfocused ambient IR light. It does not correspond to any real temperature. The fact that you measure 22F is just a coincidence.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-170972", "score": 0.7242774963378906, "text": "Nothing about a laser is measuring the temperature. The laser is just for aiming. It's measuring temperature by an infrared sensor", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-561970", "score": 0.7235190868377686, "text": "I mean, I get that the temperature that water boils was arbitrarily assigned the temperature of 100 degrees C (for instance), but how did they then work out the various temperatures along the scale, other than it being \"just slightly colder than that \" or \" just slightly hotter than the last temperature\" etc? How did they tell the difference between -5 degrees C and -7 degrees C? Not sure I'm explaining this that well, but hopefully you'll know what I mean.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-66742", "score": 0.7227095365524292, "text": "The proper 'natural' unit of temperature is the Kelvin scale, but it's not typically used because the numbers are just really big (a very cold place is like 240K, a very hot one is about 310, which doesn't seem like much of a difference). Celsius is tuned for day-to-day use by ranging from freezing to boiling for water, and converts nicely to Kelvin (just add 273).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-106882", "score": 0.7216789126396179, "text": "They basically burn it, and measure the heat produced. A calorie is a unit of energy. One calorie is defined as the heat needed to warm 1cm^3 (or millilitre) of water 1 degree celsius. [edit] As others have noted 'calories' in food are usually (confusingly )'Kcal', or 'kilocalories', meaning 1000 'kcals' equals one ('small', 'gram', or *actual*) calorie. Apparently there is other stuff like 'large calories', 'food calories', and 'joules' just to confuse it up even more. But they are all measures of energy which can be used to heat stuff.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-147695", "score": 0.7211567163467407, "text": "They measure the level of infrared radiation coming from whatever they're pointing at. The laser is only there so you know what you're aiming at, and has nothing to do with actually reading the temperature.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-189203", "score": 0.7206966876983643, "text": "To look at it a different way: Actual temperature is how fast the air molecules are vibrating. Feels Like temperature is how much the surface temperature of your skin drops when you step out into that air.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-108644", "score": 0.7203945517539978, "text": "The basic idea (which is not quite correct, but close enough): Temperature is a measure of random molecular motion. The more the molecules move, the hotter the item is. \"Absolute zero\" is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops. In reality, that temperature does not exist. Random energy fluctuations on the really small scale prevent anything from ever reaching this temperature. The Kelvin scale sets its zero degrees mark at this temperature. The Celsius scale sets its zero mark at the temperature at which water freezes. It just so happens that that temperature is about 273 degrees C above absolute zero, and so the Kelvin scale zero is equal to 273 degrees below 0 C.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-290305", "score": 0.7198919057846069, "text": "I'll assume you meant thermometer (for measuring temperature) not thermostat (for controlling temperature. In the shadow a thermometer will usually measure the temperature of the air, with the thermometer assuming the temperature of its surroundings. Exposed to direct sunlight, the thermometer will heat up to a temperature higher than the air. How much higher will depend on geometry and colour of the thermometer as well as on air temperature, humidity and wind speed. Other factors might also come into play. There is not set equation and such a measurement does not make a lot of sense, as it does not yield comparable measurements.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-280341", "score": 0.7183051109313965, "text": "\"Temperature\" is really a measure of the energy of the molecules bouncing around. The Celsius scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water and has nothing to do with energy. Kelvin units are based on an absolute scale so that temperature in kelvin is proportional to the energy involved (see _URL_0_ )", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-18127", "score": 0.7182899713516235, "text": "Temperature is simply a measure of the average energy within a particular substance. Some particles will have more energy, some will have less. Thus, even at room temperature, water evaporates, as some of the water will have enough energy to escape the liquid state. When that water escapes, it cools the liquid, which then receives more energy from its environment to equalize the temperature, permitting more to escape. And so on.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-100549", "score": 0.7177590727806091, "text": "Digital Thermometers use a device called a Thermistor. This basically a piece of metal that changes its electrical resistance as the temperature changes. An electrical current is pushed across the thermistor and the temperature is measured off of the voltage drop.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-321780", "score": 0.7171176075935364, "text": "My eighth grade science teacher told us that temperature measures an *average* of the energy present. Some molecules are going to have less, some will have more and those that have sufficient energy to transform from liquid to vapor will do so.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2346", "score": 0.715076744556427, "text": "There are lots of things going on with how you think a temperature feels but the basic idea is that we don't really sense the absolute temperature. We sense differences in temperature. The simplest way to see that is being outside on a hot day vs. coming inside from a cold day. When you come in from a hot day you sense a large drop in temperature so it feels cold. If you come in from a hot day you sense a large increase in temperature so it feels hot. If that doesn't cover a case you are thinking of let me know and I can add more complications.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-3367", "score": 0.714914083480835, "text": "They light it on fire! No seriously, a calorie is a unit of measurement that measures the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of water 1 degree. In order to measure that, they burn things below a beaker of water and see how long it takes to raise a degree (I believe it is specifically one ml of water, but I could be mistaken.)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-290805", "score": 0.7147217988967896, "text": "The actual temperature is the actual ambient air temperature. The \"feels like\" temperature also takes into consideration humidity, wind speed, etc. Increases or decreases in these factors can play a role in how it feels to human skin. For example, when it's really humid out it feels hotter than it really is because your sweat is not evaporating from your skin as rapidly as usual, therefore not cooling you as efficiently as it should. Not the greatest explanation but I hope that helps. Perhaps someone can expand upon this with more depth and detail.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-265447", "score": 0.7135858535766602, "text": "Both are, somewhat, correct. A \"thermometer\" is nothing more than simply a device that measures temperature in some way. How it's done is not included in the definition of the word. Since whatever is in your CPU measures the temperature, it's by definition a thermometer. But the thing that actually does the work in this case, is simply a diode. A diode is an electrical component that lets current flow through in one direction, but not the other. However, even though the diode will let current flow in one direction (called the \"forward\" direction), there is still a voltage drop. As it turns out, the magnitude of this voltage drop depends on the temperature of the material (and of course some other properties). So a CPU thermometer works by measuring the magnitude of the voltage drop across a silicon diode. The official name for such a thermometer is a silicon bandgap thermometer. See for more: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-233", "score": 0.6877642273902893, "text": "Just because you CAN make up a loss in one are with a gain in another doesn't justify that loss. You could say \"sure, I throw away every other roll of toilet paper I buy without using it, but I buy toilet paper at half price.\" Well, it would be better still to buy that half-price toilet paper and NOT throw any away. There are a lot of other good reasons to get rid of pennies, but I won't bore you by going into them here." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1327379", "score": 0.6533616781234741, "text": "Personally, I think if something costs 10 cents (USD) it would be better to display the cost as $0.10, as opposed to 10.0 ¢ and the like. In the US (where the USD is most frequently used), at least, one almost never sees prices denominated in terms of cents. Things that cost less than a dollar are listed as .99, 0.99 or the words \"cents\" is written out \"only 99 cents!\" 10.0 ¢ looks at first glance too much like 10 USD to my American eyes and definitely looks subjectively like \"more money\" than something with a zero in front of the decimal point: $0.10.\n\nSince we want to encourage spending on the money button (without misleading anyone, of course), writing prices in a way that subjectively looks \"cheap\" is superior to the reverse.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-272", "score": 0.6533396244049072, "text": "They do, and it causes inflation because the money doesn't have any material value behind it. Money is just something we use to represent value. Without creating the value, the printed money isn't anything more than paper, which in turn, makes every piece of money less valuable.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-775920", "score": 0.6533289551734924, "text": "I'm in NJ for reference, so not super close. Get several coins a year, usually pennies or nickels. They kinda just get accepted I guess cause nobody is checking them. Follow up, do any other countries that border each other have this happen?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-63908", "score": 0.6533006429672241, "text": "Green ink was something that were really easy to get hands on during the period when the dollar first arrived. It was also a strong ink so it doesn't rub off easily. That's was good, considering how many touched it. The ink were also made up of many different inks, which made the colour hard to counterfeit. Mostly though, at this point, it's tradition.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-101699", "score": 0.6532138586044312, "text": "It's the idea of a little charity. If you buy something and get a few coins in change that you don't want to carry around, you can leave it in the box/jar. At some other point, if you or someone else were to buy something and were a few cents short ($5.03, and you only have a $5 bill), you can take a few coins out of the box/jar to cover your short. The idea is that, over time, people who regularly pay with cash will contribute as much as they partake, with the added benefit of people not needing to handle as many coins and making the cashier's job easier.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-647501", "score": 0.6530224680900574, "text": "They have the tech to make their own money. Presumably they also have the tech to make other currency. Contrary to printing your own currency, printing others' doesnt harm the country's economy. So why arent they doing it? Or they are probably doing it but we will never know?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-106510", "score": 0.6530206203460693, "text": "Two main reasons. 1. On a psychological level it supposedly makes the product appear cheaper. 2. (My personal favorite reason) it comes from the days when stores didn't have electronic inventory (and take a penny dishes weren't as common) if something cost $9.99 and a customer handed the clerk a $10 bill. The clerk has to open the till to give him the change. Thus the clerk has to record the sale to open the till. This kept the clerk from simply pocketing the money", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-164634", "score": 0.6529538631439209, "text": "Money has value because you think it does and so does everyone else, that is the only reason. We could just use cookies instead and to many 5 year olds cookies are better then money. I could offer you two cookies for a toy and you may make the deal. The cookies are \"money\" Having printed money like dollar bills just makes us not have to barter", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-132582", "score": 0.6528680920600891, "text": "It's to do with writing checks or invoices, if I recall correctly. By placing the dollar sign right before the first number ($100.00) you prevent people from adding a number before the 1 (Example: $100.00, 2100.00$)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-180476", "score": 0.6527743339538574, "text": "Because some costs of an item are the same independent of how many you are purchasing. For instance, imagine that you need to buy a lot of paper for your business. The cost will include the paper itself, but also the cost of shipping. If you bought one pallet of paper the cost might be $1000 for the paper and $100 for the shipping. But, if you bought 10 pallets of paper, they still need to send just a single truck. So, the shipping cost might not go up at all and you're only paying for the extra paper itself. So, each item is cheaper per unit because the shipping cost is spread out across all of the pallets. EDIT: Here's a great video about the economies of scale in salt production _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-44299", "score": 0.652765691280365, "text": "Zimbabwe did that and in 2008 \"cut off\" 10 digits thus making a $100 billion dollar bill ($100,000,000,000) into a new $1 bill. _URL_0_ Within a year they were printing $100 trillion dollar bills again. _URL_1_ When a country must resort to printing money just to cover bills they incredibly devalue the currency currently in existence. So the problem is not the number of digits on the bill but the correct manner in which to handle currency by the government.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-238439", "score": 0.6527156829833984, "text": "The things typically used as \"money\" either have a non-zero material value (e.g. the copper in a penny, and metal in all coins) or are very easy to dispose of (for example, burning paper money). This makes it very difficult for an actual currency to fall to negative value. In principle money could fall to negative value if we made some extremely bad choices regarding our currency. For example, if we used CRT televisions as currency, and the currency was devalued (e.g. no longer supported for use by the government) then the CRT television vehicles of currency would in fact have a negative value, because legally and safely disposing of one costs more than the value of its parts. This means you would have to pay somebody (probably in a foreign, more stable) currency to take the currency off your hands- meaning it has negative value.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-151617", "score": 0.6527016758918762, "text": "Basically thanks to section k of [this law](_URL_0_) the Secretary of the Treasury can mint a coin in whatever denomination he would like as long as its made of platinum. This is relevant because what Tim Geithner (our current Secretary of the Treasury) could do is mint a 1 trillion dollar platinum coin (note this coin **would not** contain 1 trillion dollars worth of platinum) and then deposit it at the Federal Reserve essentially giving the Fed 1 trillion more dollars and preventing us from bumping up against the debt ceiling. Is it completely artificial? Yes. But then so is an imaginary ceiling that says you can borrow this much but no more. Making and depositing the coin would basically be an accounting trick to allow the government to spend 1 trillion more dollars without hitting the debt ceiling.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-35635", "score": 0.6526356339454651, "text": "according to this: _URL_0_ because it was cheaper (quicker) this way. (also that's why there are exceptions to this rule, like God in the Simpsons, main characters in Disney movies, etc)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-740072", "score": 0.6526160836219788, "text": "I've always wondered what is the price attributed to and why can't copies simply be made", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-123479", "score": 0.6525629758834839, "text": "Because it's profitable to sell it. Retail price is picked to be as high as possible to maximize profit. The production cost of the bottle water product is pennies per 1000 gallons", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-90296", "score": 0.652521550655365, "text": "I think OP is just now realizing that the price of goods isn't completely dependent on the materials and energy put into making them...", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-43434", "score": 0.6524364352226257, "text": "It's really just to squeeze out the extra cent, like why most prices in general end with 99 cents. Source: Managed a gas station", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-170256", "score": 0.6523846983909607, "text": "Money is a concept of mutually agreed on tokens of value so that value can be easily divided. It's hard to trade chickens for goats if the they're not totally same scales of value. Currency (coins and bills) are physical representations of money issued by a government. Gov can make as much currency as it wants , with understanding that more currency doesn't mean more value, just finer divisions of total value. E.g. making a large pizza into 20slices as opposed to 12 slices doesn't make more pizza. You just have smaller divisions.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-135967", "score": 0.6523338556289673, "text": "Because the material is a small, small part of the price -- labor, shipping, stocking and markup are much bigger cost concerns. So it gets to the point that it's more expensive to maintain different pricing structures than it is to eat the (miniscule) cost of the extra material on larger shirts.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-234", "score": 0.6857940554618835, "text": "Because its a different kind of mustard. Full of different... stuff. Different *mustard stuff*." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1666314", "score": 0.6499418020248413, "text": "I really don't understand this and another mustard-related question in this subreddit didn't really touch this specific issue. Now I really like spicy food, so I tried hot mustard once, but I couldn't eat it, not due to the spiciness, but because it was as if someone was putting toothpicks into my nose and brain. Why is that?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-11122", "score": 0.6458698511123657, "text": "Pretty much all complex food tastes different in different conditions. Since much of our 'taste' is actually smell, I suspect that a huge amount of it depends on the proportion and composition of the volatile components. (this is certainly true for wines - consider how big of a difference temperature and glass shape can make.) Another thing is texture - mouthfeel affects our perception of flavour a fair bit. Finally, there's the possibility that some of the flavour compounds are slowly oxidized - so that means that whatever creates a flavour will be more prevalent in shredded cheese (for an oxidized compound) or the block (for a non-oxidized compound).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-106143", "score": 0.6447961330413818, "text": "Traditional cheddar is yellow due to being made from the milk that is high in fat content (giving it the yellow color). White cheddars will be made from lower fat content milks. Since the lower fat content milk is cheaper (as they are selling off the cream or making butter with the part they remove) some cheddar producers started to color the cheese with annatto seeds. Most do not taste the seeds but some can taste a slight difference in flavor. So it is either because the white cheese is lower in fat, or because you are one of the few that can taste annatto.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-289621", "score": 0.6429497003555298, "text": "Mustard won't grow mold or bacteria, but it can dry out and its taste can change. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1969486", "score": 0.6413479447364807, "text": "So I tried making mustard for the first time. Ground mustard seed, mustard powder, salt, water, white vinegar. It has an amazing flavor, but it is SO strong! I want to dilute the flavor somehow, without losing too much of the texture or changing the taste much, if at all. \n\nMixing it with mayo would (will) be delicious, and good texture wise, but I'm looking for little to no added taste. \n\nAlso, any tips on jazzing my mustard up in the future?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1276402", "score": 0.6397190690040588, "text": "I'm making a marinade for some pork chops that consists of soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce, brown sugar, garlic, black pepper, and Dijon. Problem is that I don't have any Dijon. The recipe only calls for a teaspoon which isn't much but I'm sure it's still going to effect the flavor some I'm trying to substitute it with something.\n\nI saw online that you can make Dijon but night don't have vinegar so that's out. I do have yellow mustard powder though. Can I just toss in half a teaspoon of that? Would BBQ sauce work? Any suggestions are appreciated, thanks!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-135832", "score": 0.6366226673126221, "text": "When you grind mustard seeds, enzymes and other compounds present in the seeds react to form, among other things, allyl isothiocyanate, which is the compound responsible for that pungent, eye-watering flavor. It's also found in garlic, wasabi, and horseradish. Many mustards also contain turmeric, which has a pungent flavor of its own, and vinegar, which has a sharp odor.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-747553", "score": 0.6358475685119629, "text": "I was thinking about this the other day, and some of my friends agreed there was a noticeable difference in taste. What’s the difference between the two products and why are they different?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-28750", "score": 0.6331767439842224, "text": "A lot less water. It's sort of like asking why beef jerky tastes different from regular beef.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-319158", "score": 0.6311148405075073, "text": "It has to do with a genetic variant, the strongest of which links to our olifactory-receptor genes that influence our sense of smell. There's a certain receptor that's sensitive to the type of chemical that's found in cilantro, which gives cilantro it's distinct smell. One study found that people with the strong aversion to cilantro have two copies of this genes, which leads to the 'soapy' taste. There are several other receptors involved as well (involving receptors for tasting bitter and pungent flavors), but this is the one I understand.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-712612", "score": 0.630743682384491, "text": "People will claim that the yellow flavor sucks but they taste all pretty similar with minimal variance in flavor. To claim one flavor is flat out bad while another is good would be a lie. I understand some preference but some people are just ridiculous.\n\nIdk if people will question if this unpopular or not but in my experience this is pretty unpopular", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-4213", "score": 0.6302379369735718, "text": "They differ in species, soil composition, environment, exposure to the sun. These all could effect the taste.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-297765", "score": 0.6300907731056213, "text": "They dont necessarily taste differently, but you experience them differently. A small piece of cheese that you can easily chew and taste and swallow would be experienced alot better than an entire cheese wheel that gets all cloggy and hard to chew and swallow.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-106741", "score": 0.6293479800224304, "text": "it's like asking why do sodas taste different if they all have caffeine. it's all about the different ingredients", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-61419", "score": 0.6290046572685242, "text": "I think it has to do with the different techniques used to make the cheese, i.e. different conditions under which the milk is fermented. Also different types of milk, from say different breeds of cows, probably do taste slightly different.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-138292", "score": 0.6285156607627869, "text": "From something I posted on another topic-copy/paste; Somebody -else- making a sandwich. Ordinary sandwich; same ingredients turns into super awesome tasting sandwich with this one act. My theory is that in the process of making said sandwich, your senses are a bit dulled by the process, you have already seen it and smelt it for a few minutes.., you 'know' this sandwich, it has become your acquaintance. If someone else makes it, it turns up on a plate and your senses are happier than a dog with two tails because its new and fresh and exciting. \"omg is that fucking DIJON??\"", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-317835", "score": 0.6251580119132996, "text": "The component of chili (and other) peppers that makes them spicy is [capsaicin](_URL_3_). It is a much heavier, waxier chemical than [Allyl isothiocyanate](_URL_0_), which is responsible for the \"heat\" you sense in wasabi, mustard, horseradish, etc. It is only *slightly* soluble in water, which means it tends to evaporate in your mouth and get all up in your nasal passages. It is NOT the same thing as [mustard gas](_URL_2_). Both chemicals activate the [same receptors](_URL_1_) in your mouth and nose, the ones that allow you to sense heat.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-719637", "score": 0.6237727403640747, "text": "If I make two pieces of buttered toast and slice one of them in half, the sliced toast seems to taste better. Or if I make grilled cheese, again, one sliced in half tastes better.\n\nWhy?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-62084", "score": 0.6236244440078735, "text": "It's a different chemical ([allyl isothiocyanate](_URL_0_)) in horseradish, mustard, and wasabi that causes the \"hot\" sensation than the chemical in peppers ([capsaicin](_URL_1_)). Being two unrelated chemicals, they each act differently upon your body, producing different sensations.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-64621", "score": 0.621841311454773, "text": "It's to do with dissolved gases. Freeze-thaw cycles lead to partial degassing, which affects the taste.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-235", "score": 0.7708753347396851, "text": "When its too hot you will be hot in jeans. When its too cold you will be too cold in jeans." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-71873", "score": 0.696610689163208, "text": "Real denim (not that garbage made with nylon or spandex) is actually one of the best fabrics for keeping out the wind, and keeping off the cold. Like /u/toadog said, old-fashioned 100% cotton Levi's keep you pretty warm, synthetics (like nylon) not so much. If you put on a pair of thermal underwear (classic long johns) underneath, you can actually walk around in single digits (Fahrenheit) pretty comfortably. If you wear a hoodie under a denim jacket, that's pretty warm too. Edit for Fahrenheit. Also, I'm referring to actually walking. If you're just standing there in the cold, it's gonna get rough, but if you're active, you'll be fine.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1297973", "score": 0.691500723361969, "text": "This just seems especially counter intuitive since the weather is getting better but all the girls who were wearing leggings and yoga pants before are switching to the most uncomfortable looking acid wash jeans I've ever seen. At least with camo one could reason it was a very versatile pattern...I cant explain this newfound love for denim the same way.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2450460", "score": 0.6890829205513, "text": "Hey everyone! New poster here looking for some advice on jeans to wear during the winter. \n\nUp until about a year ago I used to wear cargo and BDU pants pretty much all the time, but I don't really feel comfortable in them anymore after only wearing jeans this long. Pretty much the only jeans I've tried and found comfortable are Levi's 514. They're just form fitting enough, have a little give to compensate for minor waist size fluctuations, and have pockets deep enough to keep my phone, keys, and a decent size knife. Granted, I haven't really tried a wide variety of jeans, so instead of wasting hours blindly trying on different jeans till I find something suitable, I'm coming to you for advice.\n\nNow that it's cooling down, these jeans aren't quite cutting it in the warmth department, specially going out at night. They're just too thin to keep in any warmth radiated by my body. With that in mind, I'm looking for something new at around the same price point as 514s that won't freeze my legs off. \n\nAny suggestions are much appreciated!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-642309", "score": 0.6798056960105896, "text": "I've been seeing negativity towards them in MFA for quite a while, and am wondering what makes these so called \"dad jeans\" bad. If it's just because of the light color, then why does the same reasoning not apply to other types of pants? Not saying that MFA is wrong about this, I'm just genuinely curious as to why so many advise against wearing them.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2108197", "score": 0.6751330494880676, "text": "I was walking around today (in 10 degree weather) and notices a lot of girls waring ONLY tights on there legs. Can they really be that warm. It just looks freezing to me and I really don't get it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1541485", "score": 0.6750243902206421, "text": "I started wearing raw denim 5 years ago. When I started I was all about never washing the denim. Rawdenim was in, it was hype, and this was when people were legitimately talking about putting pants in freezers to clean them. \n\n\nI took one pair of Japan Heritage pants on a 2 year journey without a wash. It was sick. They needed to be cleaned, desperately, so i soaked them. I soaked the hell out of them in hot water. When I put them on next they were tighter, THEY WERE TIGHTER!\n\nThey obviously stretched out, but not the leg opening, not the inseam, just waist and thighs. \n\nI just picked up a pair of Elephant 6s, found my size (28 I'm a small boy). Tried em on, fit good, but could be a smidge tighter, I blasted those bad boys with hot water and yea, the tub was blue as hell, but they shrunk. They are sanforized and they shrunk.\n\nIt's so easy to spout off regurgitated lines like \"sanforized denim doesn't shrink, no point to soak\", but there is a reason to soak. The folds behind your knee WILL MOVE! They will. Even in cold water. the cuff you have set for 6 months WILL NOT WORK ANYMORE because the inseam will be shorter. Good luck recuffing when it sat like that that long and it's all frayed and crap. Good freaking luck.\n\nIn conclusion, I will now always, ALWAYS hot soak sanforized denim, because I'd rather lose SOME indigo than mess up the cuff and whiskers behind my knee.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-142612", "score": 0.672719419002533, "text": "Yeah, it's just chafing. Manufacturers will never fix this, if they make the jeans more sturdy then they'll last longer, which means you're holding onto one pair for longer instead of buying another. As for left to right, it would be different for everyone. Legs aren't exactly symmetrical.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-175744", "score": 0.6724969744682312, "text": "When the air is cold, there's always a thin layer of warm air covering the skin, which acts as a sort of blanket called the \"boundary layer\". When the air is perfectly still, the boundary layer is thick, and we don't freeze easily - but wind will blow the boundary layer away, which is why wind feels so cold. Clothes don't just provide insulation, they also keep this warm air around your skin and prevent wind from blowing it away. Skin tight clothes work much better than loose clothes for that purpose, since they don't flop around and have any opening to let the wind in. That's why they're much warmer outside than a regular shirt. In addition to that, these thermal shirts are usually made from a material that doesn't soak in sweat, which is really important to prevent wind chill.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-171150", "score": 0.6681901216506958, "text": "Jean denim is dyed with an indigo dye, which appears as the standard blue we see on most jeans. The reason this dye was used was due to its chemical properties. Most dyes permeate fabric in hot temperatures making the dye stick, however the traditional indigo dye would only dye the outside of threads. As this denim gets washed, the dye would partially wear off, creating that 'jean' feel of white/blue. This softness made blue jeans manufacturers main choice, especially as demand for blue jeans skyrocketed", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-782690", "score": 0.6659119129180908, "text": "Inspired by the guy who sleeps in jeans.\n\nSo I wear some kind of long sleeved piece of clothing in the summer along with pants. For reference, it gets to 110° here with brutal humidity.\n\nTL;DR: People bug me about how skinny I am. It annoys me. I sunburn easily and can't afford to use so much sunblock. I always carry water around in an insulated sports bottle. The lake I live near brings us down 30° in a couple minutes when it gives off a breeze. It feels good going back inside the car or house. And I never wore shorts so I don't know what I'm missing.\n\n-----------------------\n\nHere's why: People comment on how skinny my arms and legs are. It's annoying, and I'm fine with wearing super light jackets if it means nobody bothers me. I literally used to get several comments a day on how skinny I am.\n\nI get sunburn on sunny winter days. This cuts down on the amount of sunblock I run through.\n\nI live by a lake that is so cold it can take the area from upper 80s to upper 50s with a simple breeze. While everybody else is cold, I'm warm.\n\nComing back inside the house all sweaty feels so good. It's like free AC.\n\nAnd I just don't like shorts. I never wore them, so I never really understood the advantages of wearing them even though they're just t-shirts for legs. I guess I'm just more used to the heat. Which is cool, because I want to live somewhere that lacks snow.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-172148", "score": 0.6651254296302795, "text": "It’s not just women’s. I’m a guy. I have 4 pairs of Levi 511 slim fit jeans. One pair is legitimately almost too small for me to wear. Sits really tight around my waist, and skin tight on my legs. Another pair refuses to stay on my waist unless I wear a belt. They were all purchased from the same store at the same time. It’s pretty annoying.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-144086", "score": 0.6647994518280029, "text": "Denim is a very strong material, it's actually so strong that it's used in paper money. When it gets washed and then heated up when dried, the fibers in the strands tighten up due to the heat. Wearing them forces the fibers back apart. It's actually what causes jeans to eventually tear because the fibers have contracted so many times that they lose their strength.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2108410", "score": 0.6587072014808655, "text": "I mean, what's the point of them if they can't keep your crown jewels cool, unless you have nothing underneath? They should only replace jeans if you spend a lot of time waddling in water but can't go to work in swim shorts.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-93564", "score": 0.6586964130401611, "text": "Because your body keeps making heat. If it's as hot as you are outside, it's hard for your body to transfer that heat to the atmosphere. Since your body is slower in getting rid of heat, and still making heat, you get hotter, and thus uncomfortable. Similarly, you get cold when it is cold outside because now the difference between your body and the environment is so great that you shed heat faster than you can produce it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2109078", "score": 0.6564424633979797, "text": "I personally find sleeping in jeans really comfortable and can sleep in them no problem. I don’t know what it is I just find it to be fine. I don’t know why everyone always says it’s uncomfortable it’s nice.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1491600", "score": 0.6562791466712952, "text": "So I'm just getting into raws and I want to get my first big boy pair. I've been looking at UB101s and 121s. My main question is what is the additional interest in heavyweight denim? I know the obvious benefits to durability and warmth but is there anything else?\n\nI live in the shitty part of the midwest where winters can get sub-zero with shittons of snow but summers are also 90+ heat and 100% humidity. I'm used to wearing jeans in the summer but they've always been shitty cheap thin pre-distressed jeans. The heaviest pair I have now is some Levi's 501s. I don't mind wearing jeans in the summer, even if they are heavier, but with the weather warming up I don't want to overdo it.\n\nFinally there's money. I'm a college student that mostly lives off spaced-out large payments (music gigs, summer internships, financial aid, etc.) and I've got the dough to cop either pair after my Easter gig this weekend and not starve but I could still definitely use the extra ~30 bucks through the last few weeks of the year too. Is there some hidden magic in heavyweights that I don't know about or would I be better served saving the money?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-174550", "score": 0.6557944416999817, "text": "The best way I can think to describe it is that cold makes things contract (except water) and heat makes things expand. So the fibers of the cloth expand with the heat allowing it to release the creases. Basically.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-102097", "score": 0.6552701592445374, "text": "It's to do with the rate at which each material absorbs the heat from your body, the cotton or silk sheets are taking away your heat faster than the flannel sheets and so feel colder! _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2110078", "score": 0.655185878276825, "text": "This has been driving me crazy for as long as I can remember. In the past I figured it was because I was getting clothes that were too big on me, but even after buying clothes that fit properly now, pants/jeans feel incredibly uncomfortable around the hips and waist, especially when seated. \n\nMy waist is measured 31.5 inches and my hip size is 34.5 inches. I usually fit a 30 waist size the best. 32 is too loose. I'm fairly slender in build, but I do have a bit of a bulging belly for some reason; I don't drink and am somewhat active.\n\nWith jeans, currently I have a pair of Levi's 511s and 513s both in size 30. The 511s always feel like they're either too low or too high on my hips. When they feel too high, my crotch feels very, very uncomfortable when seated. If I wear them a little lower, there's discomfort around the waistband area when seated. Plus when I sit down, I usually have to pull the front up because it feels like its digging into my gut. (Side note: the bulge in the front where the zipper runs is super annoying. Is that normal?) The 513s are not as uncomfortable because they have a little stretch in them. They're probably the most comfortable of all. I also feel like I'm always having to pull my jeans up cuz they tend to down over time, especially from the back. I always wear them with a military/canvas style belt.\n\nRegarding pants, generally I can never find any that are small enough in the waist. Currently I have 2 new H&M wool and wool blend pants both in size 30R slim fit. The pants are incredibly tight! I can barely sit down. When I sit down, it feels very, very tight all through the waist, hips and thighs. There's also that bulge of cloth in the front again. The back of the pants' waistband sticks out and the belt sticks out with it almost forming a V shape and deforming the belt. I just bought a 32R in the exact models and tried them on to compare. The 32R are too big! There's a 2 finger gap when buttoned up. When belted up, there's that buckling you get in the waistband when there's too much cloth. Seated they are a bit more comfortable but still somewhat tight through the thighs. I wear them with a normal leather belt with a metal buckle.\n\nMost of the discomfort come up when I'm seated. They all just feel really uncomfortable to sit down in. I don't know what the deal is. Please help. It's driving me through the roof now!\n\nEdit: Someone requested pictures, so I've posted some. They're labeled with the pant sizes and jeans styles. The standing ones show the general size and fit. The seated ones show the front bulging, back sticking out, and general discomfort. The 513s are the most comfortable.\n\nBtw, I weigh around 125 lbs or so if that helps for reference in the pics.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-144941", "score": 0.6549652814865112, "text": "Because they've evolved to live in those conditions over millions of years. We sprang out of nice, warm, and cozy African Savannahs and quickly spread to all corners of the globe. We aren't biologically adapted to those extreme temperatures so rely on our ingenuity and tools to protect us from those elements. That said, there is an element of conditioning. If you aren't raised and adapted to colder/warmer climate, then you will find those extremes less tolerable. But it ultimately boils down to why deal with discomfort when you can just put on a jacket?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-236", "score": 0.6753082275390625, "text": "It's a fancy name for a simple concept. Atoms of heavy metals interfere with certain enzymes and proteins -- molecules that cells need to live. In other words, the metal simply poisons the bacteria, mold, etc." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-236036", "score": 0.6415367722511292, "text": "Depends on what context you need it for. Lighting things on fire, obviously. Soak things in high concentrations of formaldehyde, for example. The biggest problem often if penetration, which is why autoclaves are great. If you have a thick bacterial pellet and soak it in high concentrations of antibiotics that it is sensitive to, bacteria on the inside are likely to survive.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-33845", "score": 0.6415256261825562, "text": "That would require energy, one could...but cost. It's easier to have the oxygen react with something else, such as a cleaning agent.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-248475", "score": 0.6415235996246338, "text": "Also keep in mind lets say you have a say bacteria that expresses a patter of \"3453223349927\" Your body might have a B cell that recognizes the patter of \"2233\" as foreign, my body might have a B cell that sees \"3349\" as bad. The job still gets done it recognizes it as foreign and mounts a response. That B cell might also recognize another type of bacteria if it has that same pattern in it also.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-86982", "score": 0.6415190100669861, "text": "Most of the time, it's because the container is shaped to promote spiralling. In the absence of that, it is due to residual movement in the water that leads to the spiraling movement. The reason the spiral seems to speed up is due to conservation of angular momentum. Have you ever see figure skaters spin with their arms out, and when they bring their arms in, they spin faster? In both cases, they have the same _angular momentum_, but by bringing something closer to the center of rotation, they spin faster to maintain the same angular momentum. The same thing happens to water - very tiny currents in water far from the drain can lead to fast currents near the drain. Under _very specific_ laboratory conditions (about a thousand litres of water, allowed to settle for a day to make sure one starts with basically still water), it can be due to the Coriolis effect.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-42681", "score": 0.641515851020813, "text": "People generally had some understanding of electrical contacts and that if theyre dirty they wont work. Funny enough, youre actually not supposed to blow into cartridges, so we were all wrong.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1907725", "score": 0.6414899826049805, "text": "I started clearing out a swamp biome and put up a ton of deodorizers to filter the air. Once all the polluted oxygen was gone, I deconstructed the deodorizers to start building stuff. However, there was some polluted oxygen left in the deodorizers, which was then freed and it started to happily breed more slimelung.\n\nIt seems deodorizers only process fixed ammounts of pO2 and I did not pass this threshold with the last bits. The slimelung in these last bits is, however, very stable and won't die off by itself in the deodorizers. \n\nAny ideas? \n\nI don't want to keep said deodorizers in place forever. The only solution I currently see is to put up deodorizers again to trap the remaining polluted oxygen and then catch any remains with pumps when deconstructing. Seems very tedious though. I suppose I could kill the slimelung by putting a cooling plant next to each deodorizer, but aside from that taking very long, it still leaves the pO2.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-169020", "score": 0.6414795517921448, "text": "The water itself usually doesn't. When there's power to an electronic it can cause a short, but if the power is off and the electronics completely discharged, you can actually \"wash\" them. The impurities in the water will ruin them. Distilled water and an alcohol dip (in more than 90% isopropyl) along with waiting for it to dry completely so as to avoid a short is perfectly fine. Not generally advised for people who aren't sure what they're doing though.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-302876", "score": 0.6414770483970642, "text": "Well...I'd like to clear up a subtle point in your post's title. You say \"if the speed of light is constant\" - remember that c is the speed of light *in vacuum*. The speed of light in a material is less than c, and has to do with the material properties that the light is traveling through (it's NOT due to photon absorption and re-emission, like many say). Mirrors are complicated little things believe it or not. Your average metal mirror behaves the way it does because the the electric field of the incoming light moves the (unbound) electrons in the metal back and forth. The energy from the incoming light is absorbed and makes the electrons wiggle. These wiggling electrons then produce a secondary light wave, which we see as a reflection. This behavior is organized in such a way that we see clear reflections with very little scatter. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2763042", "score": 0.6414575576782227, "text": "I've sadistically enhanced the questions for those who wish to challenge themselves. If you're unable to answer these 'enhanced' questions, don't be discouraged. Cambridge is unlikely to ask the 'enhanced' version. You can instead look up and attempt the original ASRJC and NYJC prelim qns for yourself.\n\nInstead of releasing the full worked solutions (and spoiling the fun for others), just post your own final answers here and I'll tell you if you got them right or wrong. But anyone reading this (whether you're a JC student or beyond A levels, eg. undergrad, grad, tutor, teacher etc.) is free to post your own full worked solutions if you feel like in a sharing mood.\n\n------------------------------------------------\n\n2019 ASRJC MCQ (sadistically enhanced)\n\nThe alkaline hydrolysis of 2–chloro–2–methylpropane, (CH3)3CCl, with 0.2 mol dm–3 NaOH produces 2–methylpropan–2–ol, (CH3)3COH.\n\n(CH3)3CCl + OH– → (CH3)3COH + Cl–\n\n(For J1s, google the kinetics of SN1 vs SN2, and decide which mechanism is applicable to this reaction)\n\n20% of (CH3)3CCl in a solution of concentration 0.02 mol dm–3 hydrolyses in 5 minutes at a certain temperature. What percentage of (CH3)3CCl in a solution of concentration 0.04 mol dm–3 would hydrolyse in 10 minutes at the same temperature?\n\n------------------------------------------------\n\n2019 NYJC Kinetics MCQ (sadistically enhanced)\n\nThe decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution is a first order process. If 10 % of the hydrogen peroxide in a solution of concentration 0.10 mol dm-3 decomposes in 5 minutes at a certain temperature, what is the concentration, in mol dm-3, of a 1.00 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide solution at the same temperature, after\n\ni) 2.5 minutes\nii) 5.0 minutes\niii) 7.5 minutes\niv) 10.0 minutes\nv) 12.5 minutes ?\n\n-----------------------------------------------\n\n2019 MI MCQ (sadistically enhanced)\n\nThe following data was obtained during the first-order decomposition of the reaction:\n\n\n2A(g) → B(g) + C(s)\n\nTime | Total pressure\n\n10 min | 500 Pa\n\nAfter completion | 400 Pa\n\n\nGiven that the reaction took place in a sealed container at constant temperature, what is the half-life of the reaction and hence value of k?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-294135", "score": 0.6414517760276794, "text": "Yes there is this possibility, but most people do not believe in it. One possibility is that all masses increase over time and atoms are shrinking. It sounds like a lunatic idea, but it is from a well known scientist and seems to be ok with current experimental data. The paper I am refering to can be found [here](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-128371", "score": 0.6414270997047424, "text": "Most water you come in contact with is not pure, which makes it conductive. So the first thing it does to electronics is short stuff out. That in itself can cause permanent damage. It could just make the device shut down, but then if you leave the water in there it can lead to corrosion, which, again, permanent damage. Though honestly I think water is the least of the worries on your home planet.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-280858", "score": 0.6414211988449097, "text": "Not really. Friction on a microscopic scale comes from groves and valleys fitting into eachother and the repulsive effect generated by moving two atoms closer to one another than they want to be. The bigger these grooves and valleys get, the more atoms are being pressed together versus sliding parallel to one another as you move the macroscopic surfaces. If you keep increasing the friction coefficient, your grooves and valleys become a visible effect, like fitting two combs into eachother's grooves and valleys. Can you still move the two combs? Yes, with enough force you could, but the backbone would most likely break first. So in short - you can always have more friction, but eventually there will come a point where the material itself is not strong enough to be moved without breaking. This is the principle behind those [\"security wristbands\"](_URL_0_) - the idea is not to make them impossible to separate, but with enough force they will just break.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-251264", "score": 0.641394853591919, "text": "It would and it does! The process itself is called autolysis, where endogenous substanes (stomach acid and digestive juices that contain proteolytic enzymes, for example) begin dissolving surrounding tissues, eventually liquefying organs (working alongside bacteria - that process is putrefaction). [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-277294", "score": 0.641393780708313, "text": "Friction does not occur at the subatomic level. It is a mechanical effect caused by the irregularities of a surface (picture all the microscopic bumps and grooves) interlocking with another surface. [Link](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-237181", "score": 0.6413561105728149, "text": "That's copper coming off of your electrodes. When you are performing electrolysis, you don't get just the ideal half reactions (here, Na+ - > NaOH and Cl- - > Cl2), but you also get other possible reactions (aka competing reactions). Which reactions actually take place depends on what contaminants you have in the water and what your electrodes are made of (specifically, on electrode potentials of those compounds). What you are seeing here, specifically, is some mixture of copper oxide ([Cu2O is reddish](_URL_0_)) and copper hydroxide ([Cu(OH)2 is pale blue](_URL_1_)).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-270698", "score": 0.6413517594337463, "text": "In the specific case of benzene, it's because of [aromaticity](_URL_0_). But compounds with more delocalized electrons are not always more stable.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-243361", "score": 0.6413505673408508, "text": "Your idea is in line with the [hygiene hypothesis](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-99662", "score": 0.641340970993042, "text": "Well, the best answer I can give you is this: Some smells are caused by Thiols, very very tiny odor causing compounds. They emit odor long after washing. Thiols' odor gets \"stronger\" if you wash with just water (that's why you don't just wash with water). The only way (that I know of) to get rid of the smell is to wash with a mixture of Water, Soap and Hydrogen Peroxide. This mixture causes oxygen to be formed and the Thiols release Sorry if its not clear. I'm remembering from a mythbusters episode from a long time ago about skunk spray.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-531801", "score": 0.6413273215293884, "text": "As most of you with a resin printer, I have a home-made UV curing box for my prints (basically a box with UV LED's inside). I thought this would serve as a perfect DIY disinfecting station as well, for things like house keys or masks. Sadly, that's not the case and so I'm making this post to spread the message.\n\nDisinfecting using UV light is very common, however, it only works within specific wave lenght, which is somewhere between 200 and 300nm. See this chart for exact ranges.\n\nAs you know, LSA printing uses 405nm. This is technically no longer UV, but near-UV light. If you look at the chart above, you'll notice that 405nm isn't even on it, because it falls completely off the range where disinfection is still happening.\n\nSo please don't try to disinfect things in your UV curing station, because it literally has no effect.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-46823", "score": 0.6412975788116455, "text": "It is the movement of those atoms. Have you seen a Newton's cradle? (The steel balls that swing and bounce against each other?). It's a little like that. Something makes the vibration, the vibration travels through the medium (air, water, etc, not vacuum) and then we hear it (through the vibration causing vibration of hairs in our head).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-237", "score": 0.723903477191925, "text": "A mirror is not a picture. Put your camera in selfie mode and you will see the background in focus, because the camera in your phone is properly focused and the screen on your phone is a real image. The image in a mirror, on the other hand, is a virtual image made by reflecting light from the real world to your eyes. The distance to the objects in the scene is unchanged (maybe a little longer by the distance to the mirror and back)." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-57679", "score": 0.687573254108429, "text": "Not everybody sees double. If you do, it is probably because your eyes get tired and stop looking in exactly the same direction. This is technically known as a strabismus.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2543606", "score": 0.6875166893005371, "text": "Sometimes I actually forget my vision is, in fact, bad, and that I have glasses at all. It's actually bad enough that it'd be illegal for me to drive without my glasses, I'm pretty sure. (Don't worry, I don't drive!) But for years, unless I'm in school and need to look at the board, I just don't wear my glasses. I'm just so used to everything being super blurry. \n\nIt's not that I'm purposefully trying to be a moron or anything, but glasses have always, always given me headaches and made me feel dizzy after a period of time, even when my prescription was checked to be perfectly accurate. From third grade, when I first got them. \n\nI'm eighteen, and through the years, every time we've had one to discuss trying contacts, something has come up. \n\nBut, as far as the glasses go, I suspect it has something to do with me being autistic and how my sensory processing issues make me feel about the constant touch of something on my face.\n\nI may try again to just \"suck it up and get used to it\" like my mom keeps saying, but it hasn't worked so far, so I just don't. I'm aware that the fact that I'm basically walking around legally blind all the time is super bad, though, so it's probably time I give it another go.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2652479", "score": 0.6873252391815186, "text": "Honestly I'm just here to anecdote. I have visual snow, I've had it for probably my entire life. I didn't know that this wasn't how all eyes saw things?? I may be kinda ditzy but I really don't even notice it unless I'm in a darkened room or I'm actively thinking about the little dots in the air. When I was a kid, I used to imagine that the little dots were just magical floating specs, later on I just thought that's how all eyes \"rendered\" the images of the world, so I don't know, I guess it's pretty interesting to hear how rare this condition is considering that I thought everyone on the planet experienced the exact same thing. Hmm... I also have frequent headaches, hate bright light (I wear sunglasses a LOT even indoors... I thought it was because of my aspie sensory issues, but it might be because of this too. Hmmm). \n\n\nAnyone else sometimes see actual sparkles in their line of sight? Like sparkly small stars in the air. In the past I thought it was normal but it might also be connected to this.. Hmm.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-81969", "score": 0.6872462034225464, "text": "The more hours you've been awake the more your tear film (the moisture that keeps your eyes hydrated) evaporates, leaving your eyes with residue such as concentrated salt (a by-product of your tear film). As this covers your cornea - the clear part of your eye that you see through - it's expected that things will get a little more blurry. Your cornea is essentially a window, and a window with any amount of residue on it will make things be viewed with a little less clarity. Of course, eyes feeling tired or blurry can be from a myriad of things such as night myopia (Nocturnal myopia, also known as night or twilight myopia, is a condition in which the eye has a greater difficulty seeing in low-illumination areas, even though its daytime vision is normal. Essentially, the eye's far point of an individual's focus varies with the level of light) and whatever effects any given individual may live with. That's a very basic overview but I think that's the essentials!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2598809", "score": 0.6871761679649353, "text": "I have pretty bad vision. I have 20/500 yes five hundred. I'm just curious what would cause me to have this bad of vision.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2544613", "score": 0.687088131904602, "text": "This weekend all sorts of things suddenly became blurry and I lost the ability to read without any glasses on. I've seen an opthamologist to make sure it wasn't anything serious for the sudden loss (nothing serious) and today an optometrist to get a prescription. \n\nSo what exactly is presbyopia and why would the doctor find it strange for my age (25)? He called it farsighteness, but how is it different from hyperopia which is also listed as farsightedness?\n\nAs a side note, he also mentioned mild astigmatism in my right eye and that it is common. Is that why when I close my right eye that I can still read things (though it is still a bit blurry) but if i have it open or only open then I have a hard time reading anything at all?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-154858", "score": 0.6870285272598267, "text": "This is because vision is not actually as whole as people generally think. There are actually quite a few [\"blind\" spots](_URL_0_) in the eye that your brain fills in based on what input it *is* getting from the eye. So as you're going about your day, whether reading or watching TV or interacting with other people or cooking or whatever, your eyes are constantly moving, often just a little bit. So you get slight differences in what input your brain is getting from your eyes. Generally it's very good at filling in the holes, but sometimes it gets some random objects that it thinks make a pattern and fills in some of the holes with what it thinks should be there, even though it's not. So you get weird artifacts at the edges of your vision; You \"see\" things out of the corner of your eye.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-834969", "score": 0.6869835257530212, "text": "If photons reflecting off objects into your eyes is how you see things, then how come you can view mountains so vividly and bright while they are miles away? Wouldn’t the photon density be so low with such as small angle of reflection that they appear darker than your nearest surroundings if the sunlight exposer is the same at both distances?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-177078", "score": 0.6869361400604248, "text": "They’re curved. The lens is warped soo you see through it differently. It bends the picture. Like if you’re in a house of mirrors and you look funny, it’s because the mirrors are bent/curved. Same with lenses. Bendy glass changes the image.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-127014", "score": 0.6869279146194458, "text": "Your brain, while it cannot find the words to express such things, is aware of mismatched shadows, coloring inaccuracies, perspectives and scaling being off. Another key element which I just learned is that objects in close proximity to each other will give off a very faint hint of its color to the edges of adjacent objects.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-109104", "score": 0.6868734955787659, "text": "Pretty sure, yeah. Our blurred vision has to do with the different refractory indices of air and water — when light moves from one medium to another (e.g. water to air) the angle relative to the surface of its path changes, how much it changes depending on the medium's refractive index. Our eyes are adjusted for air, which is why things are out of focus, because the light bends at a different angle when passing from *air* into our eyes than when passing from *water* into our eyes. A fish would have the same problem, but the other way around.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-181593", "score": 0.6868339776992798, "text": "Because the eye's lens is flexible and controlled by muscles, and thus has a dynamic focal range. The problem with nearsightedness (typical \"poor vision\", where you can't see things far away) is that the eyeball is slightly elongated, like a football. This brings the retina back behind the focal range of the eyeball's lens, which is dynamic but not unlimited in how far it can focus. The fixed lens of glasses or contacts adjusts the incoming image to move the focal range back, so that the eye can do the rest. While wearing my glasses I can read things close up (though my eyes are straining to adjust) and far away. I can also use lenses that are a little too strong for me, but it is uncomfortable because my eyes are constantly straining to keep the image in focus (like a normal person staring at something too far away).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-34242", "score": 0.6867484450340271, "text": "I read a neat article about this. There's actually a reason you think you look bad. It turns out, that a photograph is a reverse image of yourself. As opposed to a mirror, which is not. The photograph looks odd to you, because it is backwards. It's almost impossible to notice that one side of you is just a bit different... but when you see yourself one way for your entire life, and then see yourself in a photograph the other way, it's a bit off-putting, isn't it?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-321265", "score": 0.6867286562919617, "text": "The light coming off your TV at a fairly steep angle is still being reflected. if you were to replace the mirror with yourself, you'd be able to see the screen from that angle.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-147643", "score": 0.6866594552993774, "text": "[This is a popular question, you should've searched for it...](_URL_0_) Your eyes have little tiny sensors inside of them, but there are more of them closer to the middle of your eyes. That's why your peripheral vision is less focused. When you squint your eyes, you're cutting out light glare in your peripherals that your brain would otherwise have to process. It's kind of like shading your eyes against the sun in order to see something in the sky; too much light will overload your eyes and make it difficult to see, so you restrict the light only to the most focused part of your eyes so you can see better.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-553878", "score": 0.6865463256835938, "text": "Sometimes I'll be having a pretty good day, then I look in the mirror and I'm right back to my normal depressed self. It's like a constant reminder of how low my self-esteem is. I have pretty bad acne too, not quite cystic acne but almost. Anyways, does anyone else hate looking into mirrors?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-87024", "score": 0.6864522695541382, "text": "It would if the mirrors were perfect. But mirrors are not perfect. Each time the light bounces back and forth, a little bit is absorbed by each mirror.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-873126", "score": 0.686428427696228, "text": "My eyesight when sober has been affected, I presume by drug use but it might not be the only thing. Normally it's just distortions. I think the best way to describe is like playing minecraft at a higher FOV except it doesn't look as unnatural. I'm used to it and I don't see any issue with it.\n\n​\n\nI'm just curious how much worse can it get. Could it get to the point where I'll think I've seen something come towards me but then realise it's nothing? This has happened when high but I wouldn't want this to happen sober as I don't feel I can be properly safe if this happens. I'll have to ignore it so I don't go in mega anxiety mode but then that means I could ignore something proper. \nI suppose I could try looking out for mistakes made when it's fake, no human mind understand science well enough to make a properly well structured fake object. \n\n\nDoes anyone have any thoughts?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-80743", "score": 0.6862891316413879, "text": "Because your eyes aren't damaged. They're misshapen. Having eyes that aren't perfectly spherical results in bad vision, and since there's no actual damage, there's nothing to heal.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1903367", "score": 0.686235785484314, "text": "\n\nI'm not really an expert in PS or anything, but it seems like maybe the contrast is a little low, and there's mad dirty marks on the mirror :(\n\nAny help is appreciated! Thanks!!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-238", "score": 0.6693414449691772, "text": "Hair from the back and side of your own head is used. It's not affected by male pattern baldness. They take individual hairs or groups and place them on your bald areas. To get more complex, this hair is unaffected by DHT which causes MPB hair loss. Older techniques would use awkward looking groups of hair (ie hair plugs) while more modern techniques take smaller follicle groups harvest from a removed strip of scalp or device that takes individual follicle groups directly from the scalp (called Follicular unit extraction, or FUE). [source](_URL_0_)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2397065", "score": 0.6356213092803955, "text": "**Think about professionally prescribed prescriptions:-**\n\nThere are two clinically endorsed drugs for forestalling further going bald – finasteride and minoxidil. Finasteride works by hindering the chemical dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which makes the hair follicles shrivel and at last drop out, while minoxidil builds bloodstream and supplements take up to the follicles. The two medicines may bring about some hair regrowth too, however they incorporate the danger of results. Finasteride has been found to prompt erectile brokenness and diminished charisma in roughly 1 out of 31 men, while minoxidil can bring about skin bothering and unfavorably susceptible responses.\n\n**Utilize a laser brush:-**\n\nAside from finasteride and minoxidil, laser brushes are the lone balding treatment to have gotten FDA endorsement. (In the UK, the drug and the searches must be paid for secretly as they are not accessible on the NHS.) A 2014 investigation of 103 men with design balding tracked down a critical expansion in hair thickness following 26 weeks of applying a laser brush across the scalp three times each week. The specific way the brushes work isn't completely seen, however, it has been recommended that low-power lasers have a cell reinforcement impact on hair follicles.\n\n**Change your hair items:-**\n\nThere is some proof that numerous gels and other styling items may add to going bald, as the synthetic compounds inside these items stay on the scalp and become caught in the follicles, keeping the hair from rising to the top. Keep away from unnecessary utilization of hair gels and attempt more regular styling items, which contain fewer synthetics.\n\n**Keep away from hot showers:-**\n\nExcessively hot showers can make harm the scalp by stripping it of the fundamental oils that help to ensure it, causing dryness and aggravation. There is no immediate proof that hot showers lead to going bald, yet some accept that scalp aggravation can bring about scaling down of the hair follicles and diminishing hair.\n\n**Change to hostile to DHT shampoos:-**\n\nDHT is the primary guilty party in going bald, and a few shampoos can assist with combatting this. Quest for items containing 1-2% ketoconazole, a medication that squares the change of testosterone to DHT, similarly as finasteride does. In any case, because the utilization of ketoconazole is confined to the scalp, it doesn't have a similar danger of negative sexual results.\n\n**Attempt scalp rub:-**\n\nA few investigations have proposed that scalp rub can expand hair thickness by improving blood flow to the scalp and hair follicles, just as expanding the movement of qualities known to advance hair development. An extra advantage is that back rub assists with bringing down feelings of anxiety, another factor identifying with balding.\n\nI try this very effective & good for Scalp & support hair growth", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-322011", "score": 0.6349247694015503, "text": "The hair cells in your ear do not regenerate in the same way as the hair on your head. When they get damaged, they usually are unable to regenerate. The hair cells on your head and the rest of your body are rapidly dividing. Many times of chemotherapy kill cells that are rapidly dividing, and therefore kill the dividing hair cells and cause hair loss. The hair cells in the ear are not dividing, and are therefore less affected. Some chemotherapy, notably cisplatin, cause hearing loss. In this situation, cisplatin is absorbed by the hair cells preferentially, and forms reactive oxygen species that kill those hair cells.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-115427", "score": 0.6348094344139099, "text": "It has been done on animals, but they remain paralyzed. This doctor that wants to do a head transplant, wants to do it on an already paralyzed patient, that also suffers from multiple organ failure to save his life by moving his head on a healthy body. He will still be paralyzed but won't have to worry about his other organs failing him....", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-123498", "score": 0.6347529888153076, "text": "It's hair. Usually human hair, but you can also get horsehair or synthetic hair. It's typically sold in packs in various colors; you can purchase as many packs as you need to blend it in with your hair. They can be attached several ways. They can be bonded to the natural hair with keratin, glued in, sewn in, attached using little round beads that you press flat with pliers, or clip-ins, which you can take out whenever you wish. A lot of extensions don't look real. If you get quality hair and have it blended by a hairstylist, it can look incredibly natural. If it's the same color, follows a similar cut to a person's natural hair, and is good in quality, it will just look like it's their own hair.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2534281", "score": 0.6346597671508789, "text": "Thank you for letting me be a part of the community here, I really appreciate it.\n I basically made my hair grow back baby hairs it seems after balding. I am waiting for it all to grow in to reveal the exact mechanism. I used monkey qigong and extensive everyday scalp,face, and neck massage.\nThe key fact is that the muscles under the scalp are in the shape of male pattern baldness, with some variation. The edges at first build up testosterone stuck in the skin that stops hair growth.\nAnyways I hope this takes off, I am not trying to patent it or make money. I am technically still working on it. I will eventually publish this. It's a real systematic stimulation of new hair growth.\n\nI took a photo and did it for a couple weeks before I barely noticed, at 4 weeks it looks like baby hair.\n\nTLDR; regrowing your balding hair with your hands is possible.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-325314", "score": 0.6346126198768616, "text": "\"There is evidence that local expression of stress hormones mediate the signals instructing melanocytes to deliver melanin to keratinocytes,\" notes Jennifer Lin, a dermatologist who conducts molecular biology research at the Dana-Farber / Harvard Cancer Center in Boston. \"Conceivably, if that signal is disrupted, melanin will not deliver pigment to your hair.\" [link to Scientific American article] (_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-174627", "score": 0.6340116262435913, "text": "I went to high school with someone who'd started going bald from the top of his head. So.... It happens from at least one other patch. Can't really explain why something only happens one way if it happens more than one way.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-81558", "score": 0.6338427662849426, "text": "Hair grows at a fairly consistent rate for all animals. Pets constantly shed hair. When it grows to length, it falls out. New ones grow in to replace it. I remember reading somewhere that cats have like 5k hair follicles per square inch, or something ridiculous like that. It's constantly renewing itself.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-115388", "score": 0.6338043212890625, "text": "Yes our immune systems will reject many things the body finds to be foreign. This happens with skin and organs and even artificial elements like metal or plastic. Before and after a transplant, they give you a lot of different drugs to help suppress your immune system until your body really takes hold to the new part. It’s never a guarantee though, a body can still start to reject an organ after it seemingly works for a long time.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2534717", "score": 0.6337530016899109, "text": "I am a long time poster on here and am currently 27 years old. I took Fin for 4 years and unfortunately haven't had sexual function since quitting 15 months ago. This is not a \"don't take Fin\" tirade, just sharing what happened to me. \n\n\n\n\nI haven't had the desire, nor have I masturbated in over 3 months or had sex in 2 years. Fortunately, my hair has largely remained in the same state as when I was on Fin. I am probably a NW 2.5 with receded hairline and diffusion in the frontal third. My hairloss still gives me a great deal of anxiety and wanted to know if a hair transplant is a possibility. I think it is safe to say that I might not be able to have sexual relationships again, but if I could, I'd still want to do something about my hair to make me less socially anxious in everyday/career interactions. \n\n\n\n\nWhat do you think?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-67965", "score": 0.6336880922317505, "text": "It's not voodoo magic. It's kind of like brushing your hair. When you get up in the morning, your hair (assuming you have more hair on your head than I do) is all tangled from tossing and turning and all that other jazz. This is what regular light coming from, say, a light bulb looks like. It's all tangled and scattered. What do you do to fix your hair? You comb it, of course. You brush it again and again, until it's all straight and perfect and just the way you want it. The laser unit does the same thing to the laser light, only instead of a comb, it's got a set of mirrors that comb the light back and forth until it's just right--at which point the light is allowed to shoot out from the tip of the laser and entertain you while you use it to drive the cat crazy.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2535618", "score": 0.633657693862915, "text": "There doesn’t seem to be an answer to this because no matter what you google it comes up with purely “hair loss prevention” stuff. Full hair loss everywhere. Face, head, eyebrows, body, everything. Like this for example, is there any way to induce something like this without harming yourself?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1036174", "score": 0.6335386633872986, "text": "everytime I rewatch I am still shocked. how did they make his hair grow back?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-163797", "score": 0.633430004119873, "text": "Your immune system is designed to recognize things in your body that don't belong; foreign cells and substances, basically. When you get an organ transplant, that organ is one big foreign body, and your immune system sees it as an invader. As a result, your body will actively attack and destroy the transplanted cells, and the organ will be damaged to the point of ceasing to function. Normally, they put transplant patients on immunosuppresant drugs to keep this reaction in check, but since that also opens you up to infection from actual pathogens it's not exactly safe, and sometimes the drugs won't stop the rejection.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-184419", "score": 0.6333365440368652, "text": "All cells in your body have things on their surface that your body can recognise called antigens. Different cell types have different antigens. The same cell types from different people have variability in their antigens. Your immune system recognises these antigens, and that is why it (usually) doesn't attack your own tissues. How similar a transplanted organ is to your own tissues depends on how likely (or quickly) your body starts to recognise it as foreign and attack it. The closest match possible is needed, even then there will _URL_0_ differences and a good chance of rejection. That is why with most transplants, lifelong medication is needed to suppress your immune system so it doesn't attack the transplanted organ. How well you take this medication and whether it has the desired effect is also a factor for if (or when) an organ is rejected.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-29636", "score": 0.633305013179779, "text": "It doesn't \"know\" anything that happens to it. It grows to a certain length and then stops. And then a little while later it falls out. The hairs would stay at half length for a bit and one by one, they would fall out and start re-growing. They wouldn't all fall out at one time. Some of the hairs you have right now wouldn't get cut because they are too short but are growing. Those hairs would continue growing and pass the cut line very quickly.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-316121", "score": 0.6332665085792542, "text": "Your hair follicles all go through a cycle of growth and shedding. Some people have hair that grows at a faster rate or have a longer growing period, so they can achieve longer hair (easier to see on the head) and some people have a short/slow cycle before the follicle releases the hair and a new one starts growing. So your leg/arm hair I believe doesn't just sit there at a certain length until you shave it. It's just reached an equilibrium of some hair strands falling out and some growing that make the length not look like it's changing.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-25596", "score": 0.6332292556762695, "text": "It doesn't really make your hair grow but it removes all the older & damaged hair at the end of the shaft. A split end can spread down the length of the hair & ruin the whole thing.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2597541", "score": 0.6330515146255493, "text": "I've been contemplating going bald for a little bit. Is donating hair even a thing?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-67824", "score": 0.6330016851425171, "text": "It soaks up the oils in your hair. It's essentially the same as putting cornstarch in your hair, just in an aerosol form. Think of it like wiping up a spill with a paper towel.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-239", "score": 0.7249411344528198, "text": "Lots of people out there live outside of cities, they have water softeners, etc. But still the water is skanky and nasty. So, the britta filter comes to the rescue! It removes sulfer, iron, calcium, nitrates, and other nasty tasting stuff. In 3rd world countries they have similar things with silver membranes to kill nasties. Such as the Tata Swach. _URL_0_ The also have micron filters, UV lamps, and various other gizmos." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1059765", "score": 0.6884981989860535, "text": "I wanted to know if it was just me but I feel like the water tastes more chlorine-y. I used to love the water but haven't enjoyed it lately. We used to have some of the best tap water out there (supposedly)\n\nShould I get a water filter ( i don't know how much that will change the taste)?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-907175", "score": 0.6884490251541138, "text": "As title reads: Wondering if there is any scientific difference, chemically or placebo-ically in any of the different brands of water that are sold in variety stores or supermarkets. Should I be purchasing one instead of the other, is standard tap water just as good?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-551629", "score": 0.6882067918777466, "text": "We have delicious spring-fed well water, but it's fairly hard at 16 grains per gallon. I just finished installing a water softener and whole house sediment filter, and now our water tastes like any other softened water I've tasted before--that is, slightly unpleasant, but not horrible.\n\nThe filtered water from the fridge tastes fine, but it's painfully slow to fill a glass, and the filter cartridges cost like $50 each and needs replacement every few months (according to the fridge)\n\nIt seems like a basic carbon filter under the sink would do the trick. Hopefully something exists that takes a fairly inexpensive universal filter and doesn't slow the sink's flow to a trickle.\n\nI also saw this at Home Depot, and while the filters are still $60 each, the box says it's good for 15,000 gallons which would last us for years.\n", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-109157", "score": 0.6871678233146667, "text": "Even municipal water treatment facilities frequently use sand or gravel as part of their filtration process. Sand/gravel is used to filter suspended stuff in the water, like mud, leaves, etc. Charcoal filters are used to filter smaller particles that may change the taste of the water. Think of the sand as a pre-filter. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-479802", "score": 0.6867942214012146, "text": "I have a beta fish in a small fish bowl - I treat and replace the water often. \n\nIf I get a filter will I still need to treat the water chemically?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2404352", "score": 0.6856745481491089, "text": "We’ve been in our home for nearly 6 years, and when we moved in we inherited a very nice Puronics water softener and filtration system. The previous owner was an elderly gentleman that clearly got sold on an overpriced but very premium water system. The upkeep has been annoying as it’s translated to $250/year for maintenance with every few years being a $400 up charge for routine replacement of proprietary parts.\n\nFast forward to now, the system has stopped working. We live in Central Florida with high chlorine and hard city water, so I know a water system is needed. When I called the company who installed this unit and has been servicing it, they have switched to installing the Brita Pro Premium and were trying to sell me on it. Typical sales pitch that it’s normally $6k to install but right now there’s a promo that brings it down to $3,500. I know it's yet another high end model that is charging mainly for the brand name. But the upside is it would need one bag of salt a YEAR (right now I do 2/month), no maintenance for 7-10 years (and it would only be $250 like I’m paying now, but the company said my first one would be free), a lower water bill, and possibly best of all a complete lifetime warranty. However, another caveat is Brita just started these about 2 years ago, so there’s no guarantee it would last as long as it is supposed to (also likely why they are offering a lifetime warranty).\n\nNot wanting to dive into an unexpected and very expensive cost, I’ve done quite a bit of research on my options to make sure we don’t get taken advantage of. Unfortunately it seems like much of the “reviews” on water softeners and filters are by the manufacturers themselves or are part of sponsored content.\n\nSo in the end I’m still fairly confused about what to do and how reliable cheap vs. expensive systems are over time. It seems like our options are to either bite the bullet on the Brita Pro Platinum or go with a plumber-installed Whirlpool or A.O. Smith style of softener/filtration products for $1,500-2,000 for the whole project.\n\nWe're at the point where after just a couple weeks of our system being down our water smells pretty strongly of chlorine and has a very slight yellow tinge, so hoping to make a decision very soon. Any feedback or advice from the experts on here if the higher end options are truly worth it or if we’d be better off going a different route would be much appreciated.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-98616", "score": 0.6822711825370789, "text": "Most fountain water is unfiltered tap water. Different cities have different laws and practices of which chemicals in what concentrations they use to treat the water. Different types/ages of piping can also affect taste. The closer to the treatment plant you are, the more chlorine you'll taste/smell because it's still floating free to maintain the legally required residual. Additionally, some places get their water from aquifers, some from surface sources, some from rainfall collection, and some from a combination. This will also effect the taste because the water starts with different pH, particulates, and dissolved minerals like calcium (hard water). Lastly, temperature can have a huge impact on the perceived taste of any beverage.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-105667", "score": 0.6804556846618652, "text": "By what criteria? In terms of value for money, it's very hard to beat water from your local municipal supply. It's more tightly controlled than bottled water and, unless your area has major problems, it's quite safe. If you find that your municipal supply has an unpleasant taste because of mineral content, there are a bunch of different kinds of filters you can use, or you can buy any of the brands of bottled water. Bottled water is way more expensive, though.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2296011", "score": 0.6796732544898987, "text": "I put off using filtered water because I always read if your water was good, it won't make much of a difference. After recently spending 35aud on a small brita filter and using it in my brews, I feel like a fucking moron. \n\nFor almost 2 years I've been trying different recipes, hunting down great beans, spending money on different equipment, and I could make good coffee, but never quite managed to reach the level of coffee I was getting in my favorite coffee shops. Which makes sense right? Those baristas are experts that compete in competitions, they work all day with thousands of dollars of equipment, of course my coffee is never going to be \"exceptional\".\n\nAnd then I finally switched to filtered water... The darker brews are richer and warmer, the lighter brews are fruitier and syrupier. I realize all this time I was capping my flavor to a level of \"good\", because everything else I was tasting was chlorine or some part of my pipes. This $35 investment has probably been the single greatest thing I've done for my coffee. \n\nSo if you are searching r/coffee for answers to this question I only have one thing to say: If you are going to invest any time or money into making good coffee, you should at the very least test your setup with filtered water and a freshly descaled kettle.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2577390", "score": 0.6791001558303833, "text": "I’ve seen mention them a few times but haven’t had any luck finding them myself when searching! Just looking for something that will filter harmful stuff out of normal tap water ideally", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-299743", "score": 0.6776545643806458, "text": "As the name says, they work by filtering progressively smaller particles that can be in the water, using a variety of filters, like meshes of very fine fibers and activated charcoal (a special kind of charcoal that has holes so small it can retain bacteria, and even some toxic molecues). These impurities remain in the filters, and thats the reason they last only so long before you need to clean or change them. Edit: forgot about the efficiency question: It depends on the grade of the filter. They vary all the way from microscopic particles (like dirt) to very small molecues and everything in between (including protozoa, bacteria, yeast and some toxins).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-50497", "score": 0.6762076020240784, "text": "Great question! I've often wondered about this too. I think some of it has to do with it being reverse osmosis water vs. spring water or naturally sourced. I also think if it's naturally sourced there might be influences from the minerals in the area. Reverse osmosis is water that I think is basically tap water \"filtered.\" Curious what others think.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2302412", "score": 0.6760813593864441, "text": "I was looking through water filters on Amazon and saw a q&a where one popular water filter will \"for every every one gallon of clean water, there are 3 gallons that are expelled.\" \n\nI want to have a nice water filter, but the idea of wasting that much water isn't something I'm keen on. \nI was hoping someone might have an idea on more efficient water filters out there.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-85749", "score": 0.6753924489021301, "text": "Most bottled water comes from municipal taps, but some undergo different filtration processes and/or have some minerals added in the process. Your taste buds are sensitive to these impurities and minerals or lack thereof, making different brands of bottled water taste different.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2448598", "score": 0.6750774383544922, "text": "Hey guys!\n\n​\n\nlooking to buy a water filtration system so that I can attach it my camel pack when I go hiking, does anyone know of any?\n\n​\n\n​\n\nThere are some beautiful falls close to me and glacial water just tastes amazing, don't know if the brita filters are just as good?\n\n​\n\n​\n\n​\n\nWould love some help :)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-137417", "score": 0.6745296120643616, "text": "Drinking water has some level of salts and minerals dissolved in it that give it a flavor. Tap water from different locations will taste different, as will different brands of bottled water, because they have a different concoction of trace minerals in the water. Pure H2O like distilled water tastes terrible.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-122401", "score": 0.6740890145301819, "text": "In certain enviornments, particles in the air will settle on the water. People often think of water as *the* sterile fluid, but tap water in fact has many, many ingredients and foreign particles. Everything from metals eroded off the pipes to leftover chemicals from the cleaning process. Long story short, you shouldn't drink funny-tasting water.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2305121", "score": 0.673643171787262, "text": "Hi all, I'm looking for a water filter that removes lead and chlorine. Our house has copper pipes sauderized with lead. So even though our county's pipes are updated our home's are not. We have an infant on formula. So just trying to give them the healthiest option. The chlorine filter is mostly for taste. \n\nWe are open to paying more for a system that really works. We don't need in for the whole house though, just the kitchen sink.\n\nThnx!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-688104", "score": 0.6733603477478027, "text": "Why or why not? And what are your opinions on fluoridared water? Thank you :)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-6769", "score": 0.6730772852897644, "text": "There is a lot of variety regarding minerals in the water in different places, plus different water sources that need more or less treatment and may have undesirable tastes or colours from contaminants or byproducts. Water quality can vary greatly, even water deemed \"safe\" can be of a lower quality in one area than in another.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-240", "score": 0.8298957347869873, "text": "Speaking personally, animals seem more helpless and innocent. I feel like a human could help themselves in a way that a cat or dog couldn't, hence the animal is in greater need of help." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-639085", "score": 0.7773026823997498, "text": "I understand that each person has a different concept of what is better and what is not better. But when it comes to lives between humans and animals, it creates difficulty in deciding which one is more important. Yes, we humans are not perfect, and we can be really, really bad. But that doesn't mean every human is bad, there are good people as well. And humans' lives are not less than animals'. \nI'm gonna give an example base on my point of view. It may sound silly, but that is just an example.\n\nBetween your mother - the one who gave birth to you as well as take care of you, and your dog - the loyal, best friend of your life; who would you save in the situation where you can only save one of them? (Please don't answer with an outside option like you can save both of them. This is a one-way question, not two way. You can only choose one.) \nIf you choose your dog, great. It's your choice. But pardon me for saying this, you have to know that a dog can be replaced by another dog, but a mother cannot be replaced by another mother. Your best friend's lifespan is shorter than your mother's. After saving him, he will eventually die, and the time that you spend with him is not as long as the time you spend with your mother. What would you do after his death? Of course, adopt a new one. But what would you do after your mother's death? You can't do anything. You can't find another human being like her. And I'm not just talking about a mother, but also a father, a brother, a sister, anyone that truly matters to you. \nPeople who often put animals' lives above humans' lives are usually those who have had bad experiences with their fellow humans. So it is understandable that their mindset became this way.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-91378", "score": 0.7724040150642395, "text": "In part, because domesticated animals tend to explicitly trust us and most feel that we have a responsibility to treat them appropriately. Also, they for the most part are truly innocent, whereas we tend to assume humans deserved what they got in some way, or at least that they had the power to avoid it at some point. I think most people feel just/more strongly about children- who also trust and rely on us.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-47389", "score": 0.771262526512146, "text": "My guess is that animal don't have the ability to stand up to human thus making them seems weaker to us. People usually sympathies the weaker party more. Another guess would be people know actions would be taken to those who inflict pain on human, so they don't feel obliged to feel sorry knowing there will be consequences.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2774007", "score": 0.7636665105819702, "text": "I notice regularly that a lot of my friends and acquaintances will happily \"rescue\" strays or volunteer/donate to animal shelters. However, nobody brags about helping out at a homeless shelter or helping out a fellow human being. In fact, a few of my more conservative friends regularly foster dogs but are against any help to people.\n\nEdit: Just saw this on the front page. I guess it's close to what got me to write this. I think things can fall out of control for whatever reason. Sometimes, we may need to help our fellow man.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-123677", "score": 0.7627274394035339, "text": "I think its because animals are viewed as innately innocent and pure. They do not accrue karmic debt and they do not deserve bad things to happen to them because they do not know right from wrong. The type of people who say this usually feel closer to most animals than to most humans.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-654328", "score": 0.7615389227867126, "text": "* Sometimes of course people will take their pet to the pound because, despite wanting to, they just can't take care of them and know that the best thing for the animal is for somebody else to take over.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1507679", "score": 0.7586613297462463, "text": "I have talked to many people who have adopted Animals from shelters, or who have rescued Animals because, according to the new owners: \"How could I say no to her/him after they had such a rotten past?\" Or, \"Adopting and rescuing is much better than Breeding,\" and yet I've noticed many of these people are pro life. Interesting they value the lives of abused Dogs and Cats over abused people. They should be valued equally, even though I personally value the life of all Animals over that of any human, I would still donate an organ and blood if someone was dying and needed it, and I would fully support any woman who wanted to get an abortion.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-638587", "score": 0.7585228085517883, "text": "I don't mean the usual dog owners, I mean the type of people to say things like:\n\n\"I have a baby. Its a dog\"\n Or \n\"I don't care about watching people die but if its a dog OMG\"\n\nOr\n\"I would risk my life to save my dog\"\n\nThat's it, I don't understand people who value dog lifes over humans, thats straight sociopath shit\n\n\nEdit: What sparked this idea for me was actually an I.G post about some tiger killing a dog, I went into the comments and found hundreds of people asking for the tiger to be shot, or for the owner to risk his life saving him. Why would a member of an endangered species be shot over a domesticated one? Further down, I found another equally gruesome post of three dogs mauling a hyena, and somehow the comments on that post had no sense of sympathy towards the hyenas life, just laughing emojis and jokes. Kinda fucked me up", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-146243", "score": 0.7581028938293457, "text": "There are a lot of \"what ifs\" that make valuing one over another not so black and white. It is quite possible for a human to value an animal that is a member of their \"tribe\" over a human who isn't. For example, if an enemy soldier were to attack one of my war dogs and the only way to get him to stop was to kill him, I would do it before I lost the dog. I would even say the same would be true if you came up and attacked my pet dog while I was walking her. Everything else being equal (I don't know either the animal or the person, or I know both), I would probably save the human.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2386419", "score": 0.7580119967460632, "text": "First of all, I'd like to get some things out of the way:\n\na) I don't think killing animals to eat them is wrong, since that's simply how the food chain works.\n\nb) When given the choice between saving an animal and a human being, I would undoubtedly save the latter. However, if asked why I did so, I don't think my best answer would be that I feel a connection because we're part of the same species.\n\nA common argument I see from people is that humans, unlike animals, can reason. However, why would our ability to reason be any more important than a bird's ability to fly, or a snake's ability to survive in the desert. Why do we think reasoning makes us in any way more important than an animal?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2240354", "score": 0.7556883096694946, "text": "Would this be exploiting an animal for a humans needs? Or does the fact its a need and not a preference make a difference?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1911791", "score": 0.7523669600486755, "text": "Inspired by the previous circlebroke post that pointed this out.\n\nHonestly, does Reddit think that by showing they care about every living thing equally they are able to get on their high horse and claim moral superiority? It just seems absurd. There are numerous instances of this - where they seem to believe that by empathizing with animals over people they think they're somehow better. Drives me insane.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2199345", "score": 0.7509180307388306, "text": "Honestly the fact that there are people that believe that humans that would do anything for a dog/cat and wouldn't do shit to help other human is already irritating. But the ones that say that animal life is even remotly as important as men life is just ridicoulus. Its stupid animal, stop acting like its a part of your family, stop treating it like human.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2688034", "score": 0.7506381273269653, "text": "People can talk about and watch gore, but when it comes to an animal, they start to get upset. Why do they start to complain about an animal being beaten when humans are more important? When I was a child, I would hurt animals and not feel a thing.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1339962", "score": 0.7504279613494873, "text": "I was talking to my S.O. the other day when she mentioned how she'd save her dog from a burning building over a peer of ours who we don't particularly like. This really bothered me, yet, I wasn't able to develop a substantive argument for why it intrinsically felt wrong. Even more surprising was that her stance which was completely rigid. She felt as if this was the obvious choice. \n\nAfter doing a little research, this isn't that uncommon of a view. A 2013 study conducted by researchers at Regents University and Cape Fear Community College found that, when faced with a hypothetical situation in which they could save only their pet or a human 'foreign tourist' from being hit by a bus, 40% of participants chose their pet. \n\nWhat's going on here!?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2200362", "score": 0.7487415671348572, "text": "People are quick to criticize others for buying a dog/cat and not adopting. The same reasons to adopt over shop a pet go for humans. \n\nNo need to bring more people into this over populated world when there are children looking for forever homes.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-115960", "score": 0.7454569339752197, "text": "Human lives are more valuable to humans than animal lives. An animal that *has* attacked a human has shown that it's capable of attacking a human. We'd rather not run the risk of it happening again so it's safest to kill it. This goes over pretty well with most human beings, with the exception of some Buddhists & PETA members.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-93789", "score": 0.744591474533081, "text": "For most people it might be the innocence. I get much more of a reaction if a human main character dies than if an animal dies.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2198557", "score": 0.7442243695259094, "text": "In a way it doesn't jive with the whole animal liberation thing, but on the other side I can see why people get pets, we domesticated them so some people argue we are obligated to care for them.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1477233", "score": 0.7417612075805664, "text": "Some animals are assholes just like some people. They do things to hurt others on purpose just like people do and they sit back and act like the injured party when they’re not... just like people.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-241", "score": 0.670625627040863, "text": "That's funny, my second ones are always way more intense." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1415366", "score": 0.6370278000831604, "text": "For example, I get off quicker with girls that are more physically attractive but aren't as good at participating, compared to girls that are less attractive but are really good at it or into it. I mean at least as far as my recent experience.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-474051", "score": 0.637008547782898, "text": "So I’ve been having sex with married men for a long time (open to telling story but only in DM). I have had MFF threesomes before and it’s amazing. But I had my first MMF not long ago and it was fantastic. I’ve been with more than one man but they always wanted to do their part before the next dude got involved. This one I have two sets of hands on me and two cocks in me at all times and I was in heaven. Being double penetrated was fucking incredible. Definitely something I’m going to have to set up more often.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-916118", "score": 0.6369165182113647, "text": "Any guy feel like his stamina was bad, got into cardio and lifting, then began seeing stamina improve? I don’t know if my problem is ever that my cardio for sex is bad. They say focus on your breathing and all, but come to think of it, I think its maybe more just that doggy style feels so good to me ya know? And i feel like the connection between stamina increasing as sex becomes more frequent is that you’re desensitizing yourself. What are your opinions?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-916381", "score": 0.6368736028671265, "text": "I love my partner to pieces, we've been dating for three years and we've been having sex for two of the three. We are both over 18 years old. We have sex frequently, at least once a week, but often times 2-3. Usually in his house, because it's always empty. We've done it in his bed, his moms bed, all of his couches, his kitchen table, his basement, on his washing machine, in his shower. We've also done it in my car and on top of my car several times out in the open.\n\nWe've done just about every position. All types of foreplay. Problem is, I get in the mood, we start getting into it and I'm just like, meh.. I mean it feels good but.. it's all the same! We've done it all before. We've tried me dominating, him dominating, going back and forth between sex and foreplay but lately it's just gotten a touch boring.\n\nI don't know how to spice things back up! I'm having my shark week right now and I'd like for things to be nice and spicy for next week when we go at it again.\n\nSuggestions? :3", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1375245", "score": 0.6368423104286194, "text": "So I had sex for the first time a couple of weeks ago. It was fantastic! I had a great time and so did she. Overall it lasted about 10/15 minutes. Then again last night we thought it was a good idea but we got to it and I only lasted about 1/2 minutes. \n\nRight now my self-esteem is a rock bottom. The only thing I can think of is that the first time I was slightly drunk, does that have anything to do with lasting longer? Thanks guys.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1771545", "score": 0.6367371082305908, "text": "I've been dating this guy for about 3 months now and we started having sex maybe two weeks in to the relationship and have had sex (penetrative) at least 3x/week since then.\n\nAt first I was okay with not cumming every time because I enjoy sex with him regardless. However, it's starting to bother me that *every single time* we've had sex I have not had an orgasm or been anywhere close except maybe once or twice. Even more than that it bothers me that he doesn't even seem to be making an effort especially when we sometimes go three or more times in a row.\n\n\n\nHe'll eat me out every time but only enough to get me wet so he can fuck me. Consequently, I start wondering if I taste bad, smell, or he's just 'going through the motions' to get to the end goal rather than wanting to make me feel good and this has turned me off enough for us to have to stop fucking because I tense up and it hurts too much. The same goes for fingering or any other form of foreplay. \n\nIf he wasn't so sweet to me outside of the bedroom I'd be worried that the only reason we're together is because he wants sex. Hell, maybe it is. I know I'm only the second girl he's ever slept with but his first was someone he was in a relationship with for many years. I find it hard to believe that he was that selfish in bed with her for so long and she put up with it. \n\n\n\nI definitely want to talk to him, I just don't know how to bring it up without insulting him. I just can't believe a guy would just *not care* whether his partner was really enjoying themselves in bed. Is it possible for him to be that naive he doesn't even realize I haven't cum? Could it possibly be that he really just doesn't give a shit? \n\n\n\nI'm so sexually frustrated I'm beginning to consider alleviating this 'female hysteria' at work.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-670650", "score": 0.6367315053939819, "text": "This is definitely gender swapped from the usual scenario, and I don't think it's necessarily common for men to be like this, so it's more offensive to women when a guy doesn't cum than the other way around.\n\nBasically, I can fuck for a good amount of time, and a lot of the times the woman will cum, and then it just won't happen on my end. Which I don't mind. But when you tell some girl that she just ain't buying it. \n\nIt kills my fuckbuddy retention because they'll be into me, but they get visibly offended when it happens. I do the whole \"you're fantastic, I enjoyed you\" type deal but it's not just working out. \n\nNothing's wrong with my dick to clarify, it's just not always going to happen, in the same way it doesn't always happen for a woman.\n\nIs there anything specific I could say or do to not offend them, or is it just going to always work out like that when I can't finish?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-41167", "score": 0.6367167234420776, "text": "That's actually a common syndrome in men. It's called post coital tristesse and is characterised by feelings of sadness, emotional detatchment and regret after sex. Both females and males can experience PCT but men are more likely; There's nothing wrong with you, it's more common than you think.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-913933", "score": 0.6367153525352478, "text": "I saw this question in a Facebook group. Can you have sex with someone more than once and not develop feelings for them? I'm curious, personally I think it's totally possible, I mean you do develop caring feelings of course because you care enough to please each other, but do you want more?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-915816", "score": 0.6367146372795105, "text": "(21F) haven't had much sexual partners. My boyfriend (23M) is amazing, very reasonable, logical and we get along well. He is also great in the bedroom and there are genuinely no real issues there only that I'm a bit kinkier but he has no issue indulging me either.\nFor the past approx. 3 months I've constantly been thinking about what it would be like with other guys. My current is the only person (out of three) I've been with that actually knew what he was doing. Im not very relationship minded either and occasionally the idea that I might not be ready to commit has crossed my mind over the course of the relationship. \nNB we have been together for almost 3 years\nI'm not considering cheating, but the urge for other experiences is getting stronger. When we talk about marriage it's clear neither of us are ready just yet, but we think for sure we would be good for each other. \nI would really want to have the chance to do this without completly alienating him and I would want to pick a time frame (let's say 3 months) to get the urge out my system). I only want two more times but I know overall this is a very experimental and highly likely a bad decision. \n\nAny experience with this concept? How did it go? Are their suggestions to get rid of the urges? (noting he does satisfy me very well)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2308863", "score": 0.6365976333618164, "text": "If your partner has spontaneous desire, don't assume you can always skip doing sexy things to get their engine revving because they are capable of revving their own engine. Spontaneous desire folks are *also* responsive and they love to *respond* to your sexual advances very much!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1599298", "score": 0.6365588307380676, "text": "I was dating a man for 6 months before we became sexually intimate for this first time. The night we had sex , he premature ejaculated twice and was having some major performance anxiety. At one point he started freaking out and said, I can't believe this is happening, I am going limp!! I have never ever experienced anything like this with a man. He became very angry with me. He became aloof and remained aloof for the rest of the night. I feel as though he took his performance anxiety out on me. We never saw each other again after that night. Before we ever had sex, he kept telling me he was worried he wouldn't last and he would disappoint me. I told him that I cared about him and that I wouldn't be. I can't get that night and what happened out of my mind. I can't get the way he looked out of my head. He was so humiliated and filled with shame. He was so vunerable. I tried to remain poised. I'm so distraught over what happened and need advice from a male. This happened on January 30th and I still can't get over it. The way he acted and treated me has turned me off from sex. Someone please help!! Why would he take his performance anxiety out on me?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-914525", "score": 0.6365580558776855, "text": "My husband and I have sex anywhere from 2-3 times a week. Rarely will my husband ever have sex with me twice a day. He is older... 41 and I am 29. Every month or so, we will have a week where we have sex almost every day. I have a much higher sex drive than him. I would have sex every other day if he felt the same. We have been married for a year.\n\nSeveral months after we got married, I brought up the idea of sex toys (mostly because I was tired of being horny constantly) and he was completely put off by the idea of them. Eventually, I got him on board and we went to a sex shop where we bought a few toys. I was elated by this!\n\nAs much as I enjoy my toys, I would rather have my husband. A couple of nights ago, I mentioned to my husband I was very horny. In fact, I brought it up twice and both times he told me he didn't feel the same. I usually drop it at this point but I was soaking wet, and asked if I could sit on his face which he said no to because it always turns into sex.\n\nThe next day, I was even more horny. I texted him before his lunch break. I told him if he was horny too, I would wait to get off. And he said that he wasn't but he would use the vibrator on me. Annoyed, I told him it wasn't necessary, that I would just use it on myself. He seemed rather put off.\n\nMy husband had mentioned to me before that he had been with a few girls that were into anal. And had sex with them in that way. I've never tried it but brought it up a few times. My husband didn't seem enthusiastic about it. One night, however, we had both been drinking and I told him just to put the head in, which he did. It hurt so we switched positions. Later on, I mentioned that he should use his finger instead so I could get used to the feeling. He flat out told me no. He wasn't going to do it and that I didn't want that either. All I could think of was how he had done this with other women...\n\nAnother thing, I'm really into being dominated, dirty talked and being spanked. It turns me on more than anything. Yet, most of the time when we have sex, it ends up usually with him being on top. Don't get me wrong, it's still good... and I'm always happy when I get it. It's just not what I crave. I guess what I'm asking everyone is how to deal with this? How can I make my husband understand my needs? How can I stop feeling resentment when I ask for something and am shot down? I brought it up to him, about how I'm feeling frustrated sexually and that I feel unwanted. He returned with how he doesn't understand how he makes me feel unwanted, but he would try harder. No mention of me being sexually frustrated. So far nothing has really changed. Honestly, I feel like my self esteem is lowering as a result. And I've always thought of myself as an attractive women with no trouble feeling sexy. Even with being married, I have had no shortage of interested men looking my way. I really need advice...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-914440", "score": 0.6365470886230469, "text": "I’m female btw. I can only achieve orgasm via masturbation, so that’s not my complaint. Here’s what needs improvement:\n\n\nI never got much out of oral but the effort turns me on. He stopped even trying years ago. I wish hed try to change it up. \n“Rolling around” is SO important to me. What I mean is when things are hot and heavy and you kinda just melt into the other person, and use momentum to change positions. He is stiff even when the kissing is intense. I like the “can’t keep my hands off of you” type of sex. He doesn’t lose himself in it, he doesn’t get wild. \n\n\nI’ve tried to communicate my needs verbally, but he just sort of shrugs it off, or uses his ADD/depression as an excuse. I’ve tried taking the lead, but I am actually growing resentful of the fact that It’s always me riding him, giving long, drawn out bjs...basically worshiping him. \n\nDepression hasn’t killed his drive. He still lets me know when he wants it. So is he just using depression as an excuse to be lazy? He doesn’t seem to wanna talk about this. He’s rather reserved about feelings. I just don’t know what else to do.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-321187", "score": 0.6365057826042175, "text": "similar to male nipples, it is believed that the female orgasm is a byproduct of symmetrical evolutionary function of the male orgasm. it is also believed that the female orgasm is a reason to have sex. why would she get pregnant and suffer for nine months for no reason? there is also the theory that a female would stay with a male if he is willing and capable of giving a woman an orgasm; it means he took the time to pleasure her. There are many different hypothesis that I learned from my anthro class, but no way to give an exact answer", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-913629", "score": 0.6364942193031311, "text": "Hi, throwaway for obvious reasons. My boyfriend (26M) and I (23F) have been having sex for about 9 months now, but we've been in a long distance relationship during most of the tine so we still haven't had sex that many times. While I enjoy sex with him, and have a rather high sex drive, I haven't been able to orgasm at all from sex. \n\nBefore meeting him I was a virgin, so I don't have a lot of reference as to what works for me. I know I respond more to clitoral stimulation than penetration, but I don't know how to work that in to sex. I feel like part of the issue may be that I'm putting too much pressure on myself? Is that a thing? \n\nI'm also worried that I've let it go on for so long that he's just accepted that I won't orgasm and won't care about helping. How do I vocalize this without sounding like I'm attaching him? \n\nAlso, we've recently taken the step of going without a condom (I have an IUD), and I realized that sex didn't hurt, even though we hadn't had sex in a long while and it normally hurts after a hiatus. Has anyone else had a similar experience? \n\nAny advice would be appreciated. \nThanks!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1598147", "score": 0.6364432573318481, "text": "I never really liked labeling my sexuality, but for simplicity I always told people that I was bisexual.\n\nI am only decently experienced, having only a handful of sexual partners. Some women, but mostly men. None of the women and only a few of the men made it to full blown anal/vaginal sex. I was always the one who bottomed until recently. When I topped him, I wanted to badly and was not nervous, but when I actually did I didn't get much sexual pleasure from it. He was tight, so it kept me stimulated until he lost his erection, and so did I. \n\nI'm not sure what that says about me, or if it something that will always happen when I top. I am also worried that this would happen if I was with a woman. What does this say about me? Has anyone else had a similar problem? \n\nI shouldn't be concerned with labeling, but its hard to not be labelled. And this has gotten me very confused about what to do.\n\nTL;DR: I topped the guy I've been seeing, and went soft probably 2 minutes in. Worried about my 'label' and my ability to preform with a woman. Any advice would be appreciated.\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-38951", "score": 0.636436939239502, "text": "Because it's orgasm focused. Now, that's a bit of an oversimplification. I don't think there's a definitive answer, but if you look at sources like [this](_URL_0_) or [this](_URL_1_) they mention that before there was a \"blow job,\" blow meant orgasm. It's not hard (heh) to see where that connection might come from, and if you start from there, it's even easier to get to the idea of a quick and dirty bit of oral sex being called a \"blow\" job, especially in the older use of job to mean just a quick bit of business. This has always seemed the most reasonable explanation. It's not about \"blowing\" on something, it's about making someone \"blow.\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2266668", "score": 0.6363687515258789, "text": "Hi ladies! I've been seeing this guy lately, and normally, we will have sex several times. The first time, he's usually more aroused and will want to come sooner. He'll try to prolong it and tell me he doesn't want to come yet, which is awesome, but I'm left staring at the ceiling not wanting to move so I don't arouse him, or going back at it too soon so it's only a matter of minutes till it's over. What can I do to cool him down while keeping the sexy vibe?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1773913", "score": 0.636319100856781, "text": "I was a virgin when I met him. We had sex pretty soon surprisingly. Sex for the first time was just blah. It was a bit awkward. He also wanted to impress me so he used one of those dick numbing condoms and help back from cumming for an hour. Didn't feel great since dick numbing condoms felt like burning on my vagina.\n\nThen sex stopped hurting a bit when I bought nicer lube than KY and we stopped using condoms because I got the IUD. But I always felt like I had to pee. \n\nEventually this went away but I didn't feel as much pleasure as I did masturbating. I normally use a vibrator. I have tried with my hands but I take too long.\n\nSome times sex feels good and I feel like I would cum if he keeps going the same rate but he'll slow down because he feels like he might blow his load. Or change positions because he feels like he'll blow his load.\n\nI just thought eventually my pleasure would happen more because the peeing sensation stopped.\n\nI've only orgasmed once but it wasn't that intense as me doing it to myself. \n\nI still enjoy sex. I like pleasing him. It's fun. We do kinda move straight to penetration since we he eats me out, it only feels good for like 5 minutes then it's just okay but he'll keep going because he thinks he'll make the same sensation happen again but it just becomes meh.\n\nHe tries to finger me but his hands feel like sand from callouses or I don't think he's really sure how to play with my clit.\n\nSometimes after sex I feel a rush of euphoria and I can barely walk but it's not the same sensation as my orgasm through a vibrator.\n\nSex is still enjoyable but it's just more meh than I thought it would be. How do I tell him now without hurting his manhood? I feel like we've been having sex for far too long for this to be a gentle breakdown. Plus it might be hard to believe for him since I want sex with him almost as much as he wants it with me. ( i just like having sex with him and making him feel good. is that weird?)\n\nI know it's long. but please help. I am so clueless...\n\n**TL;DR** New to sex (kinda). Always thought the pleasure would just happen eventually just like the peeing sensation went away eventually. Boyfriend kinda sucks at foreplay (rough hands, not sure how to eat pussy). I definitely pleasure him more than me. I still enjoy sex but maybe it can be better?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-242", "score": 0.7371034026145935, "text": "It's depends on how air tight the room is. You will notice this with doors that are tighter to the carpet and not under cut. Take a door that you can't slam because of this and open a window in that room the air will be forced out the window and the door will close easier. Opening or closing a door rapidly will generate lots of air movement. Without somewhere to go it will be more difficult to close. Undercut doors allow air underneath. Similar to Windows letting air outside. Also to note in commercial buildings many glasses enclosed rooms and others have what's called transfer air duct that as well as allowing air out functionally assist in the same way. Source union sheet metal worker. Duct work." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-120458", "score": 0.7000764012336731, "text": "It's a rapid pressure oscillation. Basically, air rushes in through the open window, which increases the amount of air in the car. This increases the air pressure until the pressure of air inside your car is greater than the pressure of the wind blowing into your car. With greater air pressure inside the car, the air tries to rush out again, temporarily decreasing the air pressure inside the car, which makes air want to try to rush in again. It's important to note that this oscillation only happens in some configurations of having different windows open. Some configurations, particularly having only one rear window open, create much bigger oscillations than others.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-261123", "score": 0.6995226740837097, "text": "It has a lot to do with the temperature differential that circulating air goes through. Houses that have cold closet walls in winter arguably experience “weather” when humidity condenses on the wall. Weather essentially occurs between polarities of temperature.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-144845", "score": 0.6995027661323547, "text": "Sound insulation between you and the noise generation. It's the same as being inside your house with a car outside, it's much quieter behind your walls and door than it is if you were standing directly next to your car. As for physics, the only major contributors are sound wave, which still has to do with obstructions. Basically the waves are a bit more broken up once they pass through all the stuff between you and the noise generator. An interesting read is this, which helps explain why cars/planes/trains become louder and then quieter as they pass by: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-273790", "score": 0.6993703246116638, "text": "the warm air cools down quickly. as it cools down, its volume goes down, and the pressure inside the freezer drops, making the door harder to open. after some time, \"replacement\" air comes in through the cooling system which functions by pumping and circulating cold air, which is why the effect disappears after a bit.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-96297", "score": 0.6987126469612122, "text": "You're forcing air into a confined space with no good way of escaping. This increases the air pressure. The only way for it to escape is out the way it came, which eventually it does do once enough pressure inside the car is great enough. As the air inside the cabin leaves out the window, pressure reduces to the point where outside air can come back in the cabin again. This is what creates that cyclical blowing sound, which is most intense in the back of the car. More windows open creates a more stable airflow, but you can never fully eliminate this problem, but it can be reduced in intensity.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-118107", "score": 0.6986488699913025, "text": "Air going in the vehicle via an open window impacts the air trying to escape, creating small vortices [tornados]. It becomes a cycle, air is pushed in from the vortex, which in turn forces more air out, creating another vortex. This movement of air creates pressure, which we hear as sound, creating that loud thump. Edit: To distinguish my reply from others and add more information this is called 'side window buffeting' in car terms, but in Physics is known as Hemholtz Resonance.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-294573", "score": 0.6985451579093933, "text": "They want to have the pressure in the space between the interior and exterior 'panes' equilized. Otherwise, there would be a pressure differential that would lead to volume changes. I'm guessing that would cause the interior portion to distort and obscure your view.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-21590", "score": 0.6984625458717346, "text": "You are right that it's the increase in pressure with a decrease in container (ie the tunnel) volume. The air pressure in the train doesn't increase because the walls bend in though. Train carriages aren't remotely airtight - the increased pressure simply 'finds its way in' through gaps in doors, open windows, ventilation ducts etc.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-136596", "score": 0.6983240246772766, "text": "You're probably thinking of one of [these](_URL_0_). They're called an air curtain, and they're basically just a big blower fan (sometimes with heater). The idea is they blow a curtain of (possibly warm) air down to floor level, across the full width of the opening and their purpose is to keep the indoor, warmed air inside, and the outside air outside, and the point of them is to *stop* the two mixing. They also work to stop insects and other things like that making it inside. Installed properly, the cost of keeping one of those running is far better value than the cost it would take to keep an entire store heated but have a completely open doorway for the heat to rush out.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-175191", "score": 0.6982353329658508, "text": "There are two main ways. Firstly there are cracks in the doors and panels which does allow air through which will bring some dust as well. Once inside there is less airflow so the dust tend to settle. Secondly most materials will give off dust by itself over time as it crumbles. If you were to study the dust in a drawer which have been closed for some time you will notice that most of the dust is tiny sawdust from the walls and ceiling of the drawer.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-109946", "score": 0.6982152462005615, "text": "It is called 'buffeting'. Wind blows into the car, pressurising the car. This increases until the pressure in the car is too great for air to keep flowing in, so it stops. Here the pressure is great enough for it to push air back out, which it does until the pressure drops away. Then the whole cycle repeats. If you have more windows open then the pressure can't build up and peak in the same way.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-24638", "score": 0.6978045105934143, "text": "It has to do with something called Helmholtz resonance. It's the same principle that a flute works under, or when you blow across a bottle. When you open a single rear window the air pressure from the car is escaping and then being pulled back into the same window. This creates the repetitive \"thumping\" noise that you're hearing. When you open a second window you're giving the pressure a second method of escaping therefore balancing it out across the car and outside. [More info](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-59440", "score": 0.6974135637283325, "text": "Time for that high school physics class to pay off! It's called the Bernoulli Principle, and it's actually what enables planes to fly. The principle states that a fluid (which can be a liquid or gas) moving more quickly exerts less pressure than fluid moving less quickly. An airplane wing is designed so that air flows more quickly over the top than the bottom, which means the air below is providing more pressure than the air above, and it creates upward pressure, or lift. When you're driving in your car and you open the window, for a few moments there is a pressure differential as the air outside is moving much more quickly than the air inside, and this differential caused by the Bernoulli Principle causes air to flow out of the car, rapidly dropping the pressure inside the car until it reaches equilibrium with the pressure of the air outside. When you close the window, there's no longer a low pressure force outside the car, and pressure increases to normal levels.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-125425", "score": 0.6963069438934326, "text": "To keep the outside air out, and to maintain the temperature indoors. Also aren't heaters, they're called [Air Doors](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-131101", "score": 0.6961339116096497, "text": "Forget air. Imagine your car is full of pudding. When you shove the door closed, you have to squish the pudding inside the car. What if the window is open though? The pudding just slops out the window.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-4335", "score": 0.6959814429283142, "text": "When air moves over something it creates low pressure, the faster it moves, the lower the pressure will get. Those pipes that stick up out of the roof are attached to the drainage system of the house so when you flush or run the tub, sink, washing machine, etc... the water will be able to go down the pipes and not be stuck like when you hold your finger on the top of a straw and lift it out of the drink. When wind blows over the house, it will create a lower pressure in the drain pipes and the water in the toilet will be pulled in/down just a little bit, and when the wind slows down the pressure goes back to normal and the water will come back up just a little. This can make the water appear to be sloshing or making itty-bitty waves/ripples as it goes up and down.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-145570", "score": 0.6958336234092712, "text": "OK, nobody has explained it yet. First of all, the door is 20-30kgs heavy, and you have to pull it out then turn it and toss it through in an emergency. In the air, the pressure is really high inside the plane, and low outside the plane. This means the air pressure forces the door closed, so you'd never be able to open it. As for the ones on the ends that \"open out\", apparently these open in first, then out. So they still have pressure against them. I guess its designed in a way which means as its pulled in, the angle changes slightly. Either way the positive air pressure inside the plane stops the doors from opening in the air", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1415631", "score": 0.6951562166213989, "text": "I know that this has something to do with pressure, but I don't really understand how this works.\n\nEDIT: Thanks for the answers, I get the idea now. :)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-279858", "score": 0.6950331926345825, "text": "Okay, so vacuum is kind of a relative term. Even the \"vacuum\" of space has particles. Vacuum typically describes a low pressure area, often with quite a notable drop compared to nearby places. So when you have high pressure space next to low pressure space, the low pressure is a vacuum compared to the high pressure. As a result, things like wind, which is the result of low and high pressure space abutting would be representative of a local vacuum, although at higher pressure than you would expect. If you're talking low pressure (say < 20mmHg) I don't really know.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-118502", "score": 0.6939371228218079, "text": "Air moving over openings creates vibrations that can be audible. Think of a really windy day and your windows make a low humming sound during the big gusts. Or maybe you have a chimney that does the same thing. Faster air + smaller openings increases the frequency of the vibrations, and in turn, the pitch of the sound.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-243", "score": 0.6852433085441589, "text": "A part of it is about securing future customers through positive association. If you are 5 y.o. and love football, and everytime you watch it on tv a big coca cola logo is burnt into your retinas, then you're more likely to prefer it once you're older and actually have some disposable income. Thats the idea, anyhow..." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-148208", "score": 0.6509761810302734, "text": "Because FIFA is a private company/organization. The UN focuses on Government-to-Government discussions.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-157721", "score": 0.6507589221000671, "text": "Because their ingredients are not secret. The recipe, the precise amounts of each ingredient, are a trade secret. A bottle of Coke has everything in it listed on the side.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1926609", "score": 0.6506769061088562, "text": "It seems that the players don't care about their sponsorship. In most interviews, they have to be prompted to give a shout out to the companies that sponsor them; even then they sound like they couldn't give two shits, checking their shirts and asking who they are. If i was the company providing the sponsorship, this would anger me to no end; as I am providing gear and possibly funds to help them with their career.\n\nMy question is, are the players maintaining this \" I dont give a shit attitude \" to be cool? or are they actually just that oblivious to the help these sponsors provide.\n\nI don't want to hear an interview where they embellish to sell products and over emphasize the sponsors, but if you're going to give a shout out, know the name of your sponsors and make it sound real for that 20 seconds.\n\n/ rant\n\nEdit : My point was not conveyed properly. Do it well, or don't do it. - As a sponsor I'd rather my logo be a visible presence and not talked about than have the player I support make it sound like they're indifferent about what I provide for them.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-60624", "score": 0.650545597076416, "text": "it's a way to spend the huge amount of cash they have into something that seems productive and interesting and can make them more popular or well known. it's also a status symbol thing.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-58801", "score": 0.6503652334213257, "text": "The calculated value of an NFL team that you see in Forbes Magazine is an estimate derived from many factors, chiefly: their annual profitability, assets such as their stadium and private jets (however much is paid off), and merchandising & TV agreements (which bring in revenue). As for why the Cowboys have managed to reach the top 3 most valuable sports franchises in the world? Their owner, Jerry Jones, capitalized on their success in the 90s to ink lucrative marketing and merchandising deals that catalyzed the widespread growth of their fanbase. They actually have/had an exclusive deal where they can undermine certain NFL rules with merchandising (wearing Nike instead of Reebok, making their scoreboard sponsored by Pepsi instead of Coke) because Jerry Jones swings around a good amount of influence.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-48793", "score": 0.6502903699874878, "text": "This is called \"Private Label\". Factories make stuff that tastes good. Big companies then ask the factories to make that stuff (or similar stuff) for them, and they put their own package and name on it. Both the factory and the big company benefit from that. The product is cheap because the big company intentionally presents it as a cheap alternative to fancy brands and doesn't mark it up a lot. The factory doesn't have to do any marketing for the products, which also recudes the price. There's a big group of people called the Private Label Manufacturers Association. They organise fairs all over the world (but mostly in Amsterdam) where factories and big companies can meet up and talk. That's how they get to know each other.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-172063", "score": 0.6500502824783325, "text": "They are sponsors in that they have committed to pay at least some amount of money to buy shares of the company. If there was no secured funding, the private owners of the company might have no bidders at all. The secured funding also sets a floor on the price so that they don't get unlucky and sell the whole company for peanuts. In addition, there are many rules in place for IPOs so that ordinary investors don't get defrauded by the current owners of the company or other bidders. If they weren't in place, the first bidders might pay 1 cent per share while everyone else paid much more.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2008560", "score": 0.6500362157821655, "text": "Every radio ad, tv commercial, bill board, direct mail marketing letter, etc is paid for by YOU!\n\nIt is built into the cost of everything you buy.\n\nIt is really idiotic Coke and Pepsi play ads. They have been around for generations. There is not a single person in the US over the age of 5 that does not know what Coke or Pepsi is. \n\nSo the effectiveness of their ad campaigns is what..exactly?\n\nI switched car insurance companies, previously with Geico, because not only did they increase my premium, they spent over ONE BILLION DOLLARS on ads last year.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-136987", "score": 0.6498834490776062, "text": "Because they would get sued. The legal system isn't like some kind of beep-boop robot that overlooks totally obvious loopholes. Any company that claimed \"No, we were really advertising the endorsement of Bill Gates, plumber, from Bumfuck, Nebraska.\" would get laughed out of court. As /u/Snewzie pointed out with the Taco Bell ad campaign, a company needs to make it obvious what they are doing to do that. They can't try to mislead consumers and expect not to eat a lawsuit.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-190010", "score": 0.6498255133628845, "text": "Coke sells really well. Diet Coke sells less, so they're trying to increase sales and drive brand awareness. Also it's a company image thing. Diet Coke is falsely sold and percieved as being \"healthy\" so they want to make you think they care about your health.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-55083", "score": 0.6498131155967712, "text": "Companies pay them a large sum per post to advertise their products. Many don't disclose that information which is a big nono.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-48168", "score": 0.6497470736503601, "text": "In some places, there are no laws that protect whistle-blowers. In other places, the are laws which do protect whistle-blowers, but they're ignored (America) because big money interests have bought the political machine. Finally, in small cases like what you're talking about, there are often lots of different factors. For instance, maybe the company wasn't paying it's players. But it was still sponsoring them, paying for lodging, food, travel, and event entries. Some few people would be willing to live for free in order to build their brand. The company recognizes the type of person that they have, and shut down a revenue stream (paying the player) because they are more valuable to the player than the player is valuable to them.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-135332", "score": 0.6496438980102539, "text": "Most of the time the people who go to these places are either already successful or some kind of athlete. The majority of the people you are talking about already have a lot of money to finance these trips. The alternative is usually some kind of athlete like the ones you see on YouTube doing extreme sports (base jumping, paragliding, etc.) In these cases the athletes sponsors foot the bill for the trip.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-68250", "score": 0.6496068835258484, "text": "The live sporting event itself gets better ratings than the regular program. Most people will stick around enough to see post-game interviews that the ads continue to draw more money based on those ratings. It is probably obvious, but rating means money. The more people watching, the more tv can charge for commercials.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-37864", "score": 0.6495186686515808, "text": "College sports are billion dollar industries because the nation as a whole is invested in alma maters, student athletes, sports in its \"purest form,\" and the idea that \"I followed this player before he made it big.\" That's why people like Coach K have multimillion dollar salaries. It's economics, supply-and-demand.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-151779", "score": 0.6494601368904114, "text": "In addition to having a very large population, a lot of that population is well off enough financially to support a child who wants to take gymnastics or swimming or whatever lessons who might go on to get an athletic scholarship to a university. Corporations might kick in some sponsorship money if that athlete wears their gear during competitions and appear in ads, some companies even offer flexible jobs to elite athletes that let them fit their work schedules around training and competition. The vast majority of amateur athletes don't make a lot of money, but there are a lot more ways for an American athlete to make enough money to survive while devoting themselves fully to their sport than in most other countries.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-44519", "score": 0.6494491100311279, "text": "Because the sales generated from the ads is enough to pay for product, advertising, and profit. Just because most people won't buy it doesn't mean *nobody* will buy it.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-26575", "score": 0.6494011282920837, "text": "The phrase \"Superbowl\" is \"trademarked\". When you create a name or term for something unique you can trademark it. Then anyone who wishes to use that name or term in a commercial context must pay the owner of the trademark. This happens all of the time. \"Big mac\" burgers for example by McDonald's. Same with the \"Whopper\" at Burger King. In fact, the names McDonald's and Burger King themselves are trademarked. Symbols and logos can also be trademarked. The Nike swoosh is a good example.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-49355", "score": 0.649179995059967, "text": "Because it is not a quantifiable claim. The same reason that a gas station can have the world's best coffee, or how everything is world famous. Every brand is someone's #1 recommended brand (except Comcast)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-139685", "score": 0.6485648155212402, "text": "This matter has been discussed plenty of times before and the basic idea is that by American standards, having a company with large advertisements on the uniforms of a sports team is viewed as tacky. Having a uniform that seems to show more allegiance to a sponsor than to a team (such as [this jersey with a huge AON logo](_URL_0_) or [this jersey with a huge SAMSUNG logo](_URL_1_)) seems disrespectful to the team, since players are expected to act to the benefit of their teams over all other factors. Based on the culture surrounding their respective sports, Americans seem to tolerate more commercials between gameplay than their European counterparts, but Europeans seem to tolerate more ads on their teams' uniforms.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-244", "score": 0.7820708155632019, "text": "There essentially isn't one. Within an individual product line from a given manufacturer the numbers may mean something, but mostly they are just the name the manufacturer gave to that video card. It's all about marketing. The first number in most cards indicates the \"generation\" of video card they belong to, but this is still just marketing. A higher number doesn't necessarily mean more performance. A high-end GTX 6xx card might outperform a low-end GTX 7xx card, for instance. Basically, you have to look at the charts. The numbers are made up to sell more video cards, not to be informative in any way." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-146191", "score": 0.7394250631332397, "text": "A graphics card contains specialised computer processors that are designed to perform very fast mathematical calculations very fast. They take the load off, or share the load with, the main processor in a computer.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-498292", "score": 0.7386144399642944, "text": "Hello! Post your Nvidia button numbers here, and see if you can find your match! Mine is 18854.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-82832", "score": 0.7362515330314636, "text": "The numbering scheme is arbitrary, set by the GPU manufacturer. For the past few generations, the first number number(s) have incidated the generation of the card while the latter digits ondictae where the model stands within that generations lineup. For example, Amd's 580 is a more powerful card then the 570. Both cards are part of AMD's mid-tier lineup of the 500 series of cards.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-132100", "score": 0.7360143065452576, "text": "Well, for AMD, the first number, ie 7xxx, refers to the generation. a 7xxx series card is newer than a 5xxx series. Similarly, for Nvidia, 7xx is newer than 5xx. for AMD, a 7770 is better than a 7570, and for Nvidia a 770 is better than a 750. There's not really a conversion from AMD to Nvidia, so to know which cards are equivalent, you typically need to look up some benchmarks. If a game lists a 5770 as a minimum requirement, then a 5770 will run it, albeit not very well and on low settings, and all cards from a 5770 up will run it better and better. I'd happy to explain more if you still need explaining.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1404164", "score": 0.7341273427009583, "text": "I'm hoping this is the correct place to ask. I'm pricing some computer stuff, and had a concern about the numbering of some graphics cards. The AMD Radeon GT 7750 and 8400 to be precise. The only thing different in their titles is the number, one of which being higher. I would assume the higher one to be better, but:\n\n7750:\n\n\n8400\n\n\nNot only is the higher number worse, it's ASTOUNDINGLY so. Why is that, and how can I get a good idea of video card quality without having some kind of benchmark cheat sheet beside me?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2321181", "score": 0.7318779230117798, "text": "I've had the idea for a while. Obviously the accuracy is going to be a littleee off since the VRAM confusion.\n\nI plan on using compute scores for AMD cards (same method used for the famous HOW MANY XBONES IS YOUR GPU chart) then cross-reference some cards to their nvidia equivalent fire strike scores so this time around the green team can play along too.\n\nWhat else should I include?\n\nEdit: CPU-side I'll be pulling numbers from Kavari cores but not sure what I'll compare them to just yet", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-191394", "score": 0.7280142903327942, "text": "Each pixel on your screen always shows a certain color, depending on what it is you want to display on the screen. That color needs to be \"calculated\" somehow, depending on the program you're currently running and what it is you're seeing on your screen. Common computer screens nowadays have 1920 x 1080 = 2,073,600 pixels. That's a lot. Therefore, graphics cards commonly have hundreds of a lot smaller processors than your normal CPU is. They can't do the same things than you normal CPU can do, but they can do enough to calculate those colors of the pixels. And since they are so many of them, the calculations go a lot faster than if your normal CPU would have to do all of them on itself, one by one.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-7958", "score": 0.7277001738548279, "text": "> it can't be a bunch of \"if\" and \"elses\", Actually, yes kind of is. Modern languages have ways to allow you to write a lot of machine code in fewer hand-written lines of code, but essentially it all gets converted back into a set of instructions which all basically get and set register values, test comparisons, and change which instructions to do next. To make the task easier, developers tend to write libraries for other developers to use. You don't need to know the instructions to take to the graphics card because the people making the card wrote them for you and bundled them up into nice libraries for you to call. Likewise, the operating system allows ways so you can receive input and send output in relatively few lines while the complier links to libraries with many more lines of code to do those functions.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-46517", "score": 0.7253797650337219, "text": "GDDR, similar to GPUs are very parallel in design. So while you might have \"dual channel\" or \"triple channel\" memory slots on a system board, GDDR memory can be arranged into 8, 16, or 32 parallel channels on the graphics circuit board. This yields nearly linear performance gains in memory throughput since memory chips are accessed in parallel. For this to work efficiently, this requires that the graphics chip itself is also designed to be massively parallel (unlike CPUs) with hundreds (or thousands) of cores / shader processing units that are all loaded up between ticks and all fired simultaneously on the clock tick.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1403875", "score": 0.7249265909194946, "text": "Very very confused about this concept, especially when reading the news regarding the leaked Nvidia Pascal compute performance. \n\nThanks in advance :)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-103436", "score": 0.7229781746864319, "text": "Diminishing graphical returns. Gpus draw triangles and the difference of 100 to 1000 is big 1000 to 10000 is noticeable and 10000 to 100000 is unremarkable. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-856463", "score": 0.7215293049812317, "text": "I know that generally the higher number the better and there are two main classes that are on 300? And 900? Respectively to indicate the newest generations. Can someone maybe explain the hierarchy of GPUs to me and at which point a GPU is better than say an integrated Intel 4600 from a haswell CPU?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-101455", "score": 0.7196249961853027, "text": "Quite literally one of the hugest and most difficult to answer questions I've ever seen on here. Every single layer of abstraction could require an entire CS course to truly understand it. > EDIT : Adding numbers seems to be easy. A bit more complicated, say writing a word file and saving it. \"Seems to be easy\"? Then you surely don't fully understand it. Writing to a world file is even more of an insane question. The quickest and simplest answer I can give there is that even though your RAM is usually explained as a bunch of binary numbers, in reality it's just data - so you could say that the number 65 corresponds to the letter \"A\". Your keyboard can send the binary number corresponding to the letter \"A\", and a whole bunch of abstraction happens, but in the end of things you see a letter pop up on your screen. Really every question here is absolutely huge in scope.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-75085", "score": 0.7192865610122681, "text": "FLOPS and number of transistors is just metrics for some workloads but not others. You might also get different results if you run different benchmarks or different games. Computation power is not the only thing you need for gaming. You might have issues with memory or memory throughput so your computing process gets starved of data to compute. You can have different types of operations so one system needs to do more operations for the same task. There might also be different algorithms for the graphics rendering so one is much faster then the other one.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-33665", "score": 0.7165595293045044, "text": "They're wildly different CUDA cores do the math, VRAM holds the numbers An nVidia GPU has a lot of small CUDA cores in it, these do the math necessary to draw something on the screen, they function like hundreds of tiny CPUs. The VRAM holds the numbers that these cores take for input like the textures for the surfaces and the location of vertexs, and the image that they create as an output. VRAM is just like normal RAM except its dedicated to the graphics card instead of being shared by the system", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1531532", "score": 0.7140111923217773, "text": "The difference is breathtaking. I struggled to play simple older titles, and now I'm flying. Radeon 4870 is 512 mb ram while GTX is the 8gb DDR5. Went from a toddler's toy car to a ferrari. Big jump. \n\n\n\nthis ranking has the old GPU at rank 144 and new one at rank 13", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-855288", "score": 0.7135767340660095, "text": "I'm going to be giving a speech on what to look for in a computer for the casual buyer. I will be including a brief rundown using examples like \"Intel Core i3 2120\" or \"NVIDIA GeForce GT 530\", detailing what i3 means and how an i5 is generally better, stuff like that. I'll also be including RAM and what not in there, but the main thing is a clear yet short explanation of what all the numbers in a cpu and gpu name stand for.\n\nLinks to guides would be much appreciated.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-275600", "score": 0.7131059765815735, "text": "[Here](_URL_1_) is a diagram of a GPU (nVidia 8800 I think). The blueish purple boxes in the middle marked SP are stream processors. Each one is capable of performing floating point operations. [Here](_URL_0_) is a pentium 4 processor. The two units marked FP in the bottom right can perform floating point operations. That should explain why graphics cards are better at it. As for why we don't use them for everything. GPU's are extremely good at processing things in parallel. You can take a bunch of data, and perform the same operation on that data at the same time. This doesn't happen that often in normal computer operation. You are constantly changing what code is being executed, what executions need to be performed. In other words, if you need to do a lot of the same thing, a graphics card is good. If you need to do a lot of different things, a cpu is going to be better.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-262332", "score": 0.7127673625946045, "text": "Put simply, GPUs are designed to do lots of parallel computations. When it comes to problems that scale well with the number of processors applied (like, to some extent, factoring numbers), your graphics card can outperform your CPU.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-155690", "score": 0.7122706770896912, "text": "Mathmatics. Calculate the stuff rather than having large blobs of data to be manipulated. We're very spoiled today with the amount of memory on our computers which means we can put alot of computing to create pre-processed objects, songs, etc. which are faster to manipulate and require less computing power, but more memory. Want to use less memory? Then you require a lot more computing power to calculate everything live. You basically just sit down and try to describe everything mathematically and that which you cannot you add as pre-compiled raw data into the program. **Edit:** The gist is that instead of telling the graphics card \"Hey GFX-Card, I've got a gift for you! It's a gift-wrapped propeller! Do you like it?\" you say \"Hey GFX-card, I've got these two points in space. I'd like to draw a line between them in 3D space where it flexes with < insert formula here > as the line rotates around the X-axis. Store that shape for me in your memory with this name and I'll come back to you later.\"", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-245", "score": 0.7947346568107605, "text": "Although I can't understand what you're saying in the explanation, I think I know what your'e talking about. Old TVs emit a very high frequency noise that is constantly on, even with the volume muted. you might be hearing this from the other room." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2571871", "score": 0.7381722331047058, "text": "I'm hearing-impaired and I normally sit 20 feet away from my TV at a desk which faces the TV. For me to understand the audio the volume has to be 50-60 (of 100) which is LOUD for everyone else in my uncarpeted living/dining/kitchen great room. I'm looking for a solution where I can put a small speaker on my desk which will hopefully allow TV to be 20-30. \n \n\nDoes anyone have suggestions for accomplishing this?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-116976", "score": 0.7352303266525269, "text": "There are signals that tell your device to turn up the volume, but you don't hear those. As for the sound you are hearing it is simply to get your attention", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1722208", "score": 0.7307088375091553, "text": "I was wondering if there's a way to make the audio come out of the tv as well as the headset, right now I have it coming through my headset, but when I have people over they can't hear anything", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-412785", "score": 0.7257682085037231, "text": "Also, what is it? For some reason not everybody seems to notice it, but a TV with or with out being mute makes this high pitched noise. IF i am actually concentrating on the TV i don't hear it so much but if i am busy doing something else it can get quite distracting.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-857616", "score": 0.7246325612068176, "text": "Does what I’m saying make sense? Like I’m watching a show and want to hear the sound. Scrolling through videos though as well with the sound muted and it turns my show’s sound off when the videos play even though they are muted. I just want to hear the show, not the videos.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-9231", "score": 0.7225314974784851, "text": "The max volume produced is determined tv's hardware (how loud the speakers can get), the tv's software doesn't take that into account. There are times when you get a super soft source, either from a different channel, a game console, etc. There are some channels where my volume is 25/100 and others when it's 75/100 due to the loudness of the two sources.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-22555", "score": 0.7220876812934875, "text": "as per the other comment's recommendation, please do make sure your own hearing is ok. But besides that, there are other factors as well. 1. \"deep voices\", or lower frequency sound is easier to hear over obstacles. Perhaps you have something inbetween you and your speakers that keep the higher frequency sounds from reaching you properly. 2. your tv/computer/speaker/whatever might have an equalizer that increases the volume of lower frequencies. This is good for music, but bad for movies. Look for an \"equalizer\" setting and put it on a preset that matches the type of thing you are listening to.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-142886", "score": 0.7176045775413513, "text": "There is a part in those TV's called a flyback transformer. It operates at a frequency you can sense/hear if it is no longer working exactly as designed (age/dirt). It is above your normal hearing range but you can still sense it.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-68112", "score": 0.7172261476516724, "text": "There is always random noise in television feed. When the TV is receiving a stronger channel, the signal drowns out the noise. When the TV is receiving a weaker signal (or no signal at all) the noise drowns out the signal. For example, when you are in a movie theater and the movie is on and blaring music, you can't hear the air-conditioning, shuffles of feet, etc... However, when a quite scene is up, you can easily hear the air-conditioning and other ambient noise. The same happens with TV signals.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2542332", "score": 0.7140418887138367, "text": "Every channel I watch, I can barely hear the TV show or movie or whatever program is on, so I turn up the volume. Then when a commercial comes on, it is insanely loud! Why is this, and how can I fix it???", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1638425", "score": 0.7127906084060669, "text": "Looking to spread sound around the living room but not to increase it. \nI live in a semi detach house and will I'm trying to ensure I can hear the telly without annoying the neighbour. \n\nIs there any suggestions for resolving this?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1721656", "score": 0.7083556056022644, "text": "Recently I've had to play on the screen in the bedroom while my wife sleeps at night. I just turn the volume down to almost muting (so I don't disturb her), but I'd like my sound back. I was just wondering how could I get the sound to a pair of headphones. I'm around 3 meters away from the screen and X1.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-804993", "score": 0.7083404064178467, "text": "As title says, headphones are plugged into remote and unable to turn volume up or down...", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1721838", "score": 0.7082394957542419, "text": "Recently I moved my bedroom downstairs to another room that had a TV. I bought an HDMI-to-HDMI cable so I could play games from my PC on my TV. I decided to watch a movie through my PC one night. The next day I wake up, go to work, and come home to play a game only to find that my PC is no longer sending sound to my TV. The picture is just fine, I just wasn't getting sound the day after I watched a movie through the TV speakers.\n\nOn my PC I have a dual monitor set up and swap out my monitor that uses HDMI and my TV a lot because my graphics card only has one HDMI slot. I have uninstalled my TV through the device manager, restarted my PC, and restarted my TV. I just don't know what could be causing it. I don't need the sound, as I do have headphones, but sound out of the TV can be a nice luxury.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-73127", "score": 0.7080373764038086, "text": "Because soundproofing works both ways and you want to be able to hear what's going on in the rest of the house.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-413450", "score": 0.706978976726532, "text": "I'm pretty picky when it comes to sound but in a dead silent room I can hear the One S up to 4 metres away. Am I crazy or is it annoying to others as well? I might try and put some sort of cover in front of it to minimise the sound. Cheers!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1584677", "score": 0.7066771388053894, "text": "Basically the TV is on like the Video 2 channel so there is no sound coming from it and there is no picture on the screen. Note that the person isn't looking at the TV or seeing any part of the TV.\nFor some reason people can just sense that it's on.. Why?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-131300", "score": 0.7058579325675964, "text": "It could be that mute kills the power to the amplifier, so the sound you're hearing is the very low power source signal passing through the amp to the speakers.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2613727", "score": 0.7058369517326355, "text": "My neighbors are renters and kids. I don't want to hate them but it's midnight and I can hear their music from two houses down. \n\nWhat I can't figure out is that I can hear the music inside almost perfectly but once I step outside (to have a totally reasonable discussion, I promise) the music becomes completely inaudible to me. They aren't even playing it that loud. \n\nSo, my thought is something is catching a resonant frequency in my house and acting as a sounding board/ amplifier. The question is what? Where do I even start?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-118037", "score": 0.7052106261253357, "text": "Speakers don't determine how loud something plays. Amplifiers do. Amplifiers are part of the device you're using to play. If you're running your TV audio through a receiver, the TV has a little amp, and then the receiver also has another, better amp. Putting both up to maximum power could blow out speakers. Using any speaker, you could simply daisy chain a bunch of amplifiers together and blow it out regardless of how the speaker is designed.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-246", "score": 0.8157044649124146, "text": "\"Single Payer\" means that there is a single entity that handles all of the insurance payments to medical providers. In this case, that payer would be the government. Instead of multiple private insurers that each cover a small portion of the population and each negotiate their own prices for procedures... we would have one big insurer that covers everyone and negotiates in behalf of everyone for lower prices on procedures. This would allow for lower and more fair pricing as well as universal coverage regardless of wealth or pre-existing conditions." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-46307", "score": 0.772145688533783, "text": "This is ELI5!! Keep it simple, people. Single payer is basically Medicare for all. We would pay a tax and basically all our doctor and hospital visits would be covered. No more need for deductibles, out-of-pockets, and all that other bullshit related to private insurances. So it's not only better, but MUCH cheaper, too.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-34013", "score": 0.7644317150115967, "text": "> What is single payer healthcare? It's a system where the government acts as a health insurance provider, paid for via taxes, and you don't need to have health insurance through a private company. > What type of healthcare is Obamacare? Obamacare isn't a type of healthcare. \"Obamacare\" is another name for the \"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\", which is a set of laws that governs how health insurance provider must behave. It eliminates the ability for private insurance providers to deny people coverage for preexisting conditions, or to have caps to how much they'll pay. And in order for that to actually work, the law also makes it mandatory for everyone to purchase health insurance (and sets up an exchange to make that easier) -- otherwise, people would just wait to get sick, and then get health insurance, which couldn't be denied because of the pre-existing condition (and that completely destroy the health insurance industry).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-145323", "score": 0.7629255652427673, "text": "The \"single payer\" emphasizes that the entire health care system is financed through the government only, as opposed to many different insurance companies or directly through patients. It is a bit misleading because the government obviously levies taxes to pay for health care, and there are many tax payers, not one. Canada, the UK and Italy, for example, have this in place. The advantages are that administrative overhead costs are low since there is only one organization doing the administration, also it does not seek a profit. Further, the government as single representative of an entire health care providers can haggle for much greater discounts than a single doctor or hospital ever could. A disadvantage is that the people employed in these health care systems, most notably the doctors, are not paid as well as those in countries with profit-oriented health care, so they will always have to live with a certain amount of personnel leaving for places like the US.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-30041", "score": 0.7622228860855103, "text": "An evil, socialist health system where health care is equal for all. See: Most of the 1st world, such as Australia, Britain, Canada, etc. Basically, the health care providers can be privately run, but the funding is provided by the government. This makes (hospital) health care largely free in most cases. Also, the US is the only nation that terms this setup \"Single payer health care\".", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-16363", "score": 0.759530782699585, "text": "Basically, if it was installed in the US, each state would become it's own health care provider. The benefits is that it would save money, cut out the middlemen, and provide a safety net for citizens. You'd have cheaper pharmaceuticals, no one goes bankrupt or loses sleep worrying about bills and doctors can concentrate on fixing patients instead of worrying about if the patient can afford treatment. The downside is you might have to wait a bit longer for non emergency services. A single payer system is based on socialized principals. Every citizen is equal and there's no favouritism. For rich people, it might not be quite as good as having a team of private doctors, but this way insures that everyone is given the same treatment. Socialism isn't like communism. With communism, the government decides what the public needs. With socialism, the public decides what they need and the government makes it happen.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2810510", "score": 0.7519571781158447, "text": "It is single payer. All private health insurance is outlawed except for supplemental insurance for things not covered with your health card. This is the same as what Bernie proposed, although I think Bernie plan even went a bit farther in terms of what was covered.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-169942", "score": 0.7505112290382385, "text": "In the current system in the US, you go to the hospital, you get some treatment or some medicine or whatever, and they write up a bill. Depending on you and your situation, that bill will either go to the government (for Medicare, Medicaid, or other government health programs), to an insurance company (for most people with typical health insurance) or to you, the patient (if none of those apply). So there are multiple possible payers for the hospital to be billing. In a true single-payer system, every hospital bill would just go to the government. They basically act as everyone's insurance company, regardless of age, income, health, etc. Of course there's a bit more to it than that (on both sides) and it's no small debate, but that's the crux of the issue right now: whether the current model needs to be fixed or whether the US should switch to a fully government-funded healthcare system.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-11721", "score": 0.7499358654022217, "text": "It is where the is literally one payer for all healthcare bills -- the government. Instead of having dozens of different insurance providers that doctors and hospitals have to deal with, there is a single point of contact for submitting all claims. Sort of like if the government's Medicare for seniors was extended to everybody.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-169639", "score": 0.7481798529624939, "text": "In the most basic terms, the government gathers a bunch of money from the tax payers (or from government borrowing) and uses that money to pay for everyone's healthcare in the nation. So the government is the \"Single payer\" for all, or at least the majority of, the health care costs in the nation. The specifics vary a lot from nation to nation. Some nations set strict pricing rules for what private medical companies can charge for treatments/drugs, others will only give exclusive right to produce a medical drug/device to the lowest bidder who can meet the government's standards. Pros: Everyone is insured. The lower classes do not have to be constantly worried about the next medical disaster ruining them financially. Cons: Higher taxes to some degree to pay for it all. Of course, this tax burden can be shifted towards the highest income brackets. Economists argue that there are other pros and cons beyond this to single payer healthcare, so I won't go further.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2486774", "score": 0.7472010254859924, "text": "I keep hearing alot how behind America is because we don't have a single payer government health care system. Just curious, are there any downsides to a single payer system that people in other countries experienced?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-93710", "score": 0.7457607388496399, "text": "Both involve the state offering healthcare insurance coverage to citizens. Under a single payer system the state is the only primary insurer and in more generic public option models the state option competes against private insurers.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-192253", "score": 0.7428200840950012, "text": "The insurance companies sit between people and medical services. Single payer reduced the number of middle men who process claims and all that. Let’s middle men = less money being paid to them = cheaper overall cost Also the idea is to get more people and corporations to pay in (taxes) thus spreading the cost. Last I think there’s something about more competition. Right now I can only see certain doctors because of insurance. If I could see anyone it means doctors/hospitals have to be competitive (I may have imagined this one so fact check me)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-22455", "score": 0.7412968277931213, "text": "Unlike single payer systems (like most of Europe), the U.S. has a fractured health system that's grown up from the various different schools of thought and regions where health care began. A hospital in Boston will operate differently and have different standards of care than another hospital owned by a different group just down the road. The quality of care might be similar, but how they go about treating patients is completely different. In addition, because there's no single payer system, different hospitals compete against each other for patients. That means that the hospital with the best advertising, best facilities, best physicians, and best results will get the patients willing to pay the most money or have the best insurance. All those things cost a lot of money to acquire and maintain, which has to come from somewhere.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-74037", "score": 0.7357097268104553, "text": "1) The health insurance industry in this country is absolutely massive. That industry and its lobbyists have a strong incentive to keep the status quo in place (they are in fact incentivized to make it even more complicated). The industry is big enough that it has significant influence in national politics, which is a big reason why any discussion of single payer gets railroaded. 2) There are people who equate single payer systems with \"socialism,\" which means lots of things to lots of people, but for critics of single payer, it effectively means \"satanism.\" There is a huge contingent of Americans who believe that they shouldn't \"have to pay\" for other peoples' healthcare (despite the fact that they already do this through insurance). A lot of these \"ethical\" complaints are fueled by the insurance industry. EDIT: punctuation.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-24869", "score": 0.7353960275650024, "text": "Heres the weird thing. Most polling show that Americans in general are in favor of a single payer system. Most polling shows Americans in favor of a socialized health care system bounces between the high 50% and low 60%. The reason that socialized health care hasnt taken place is due to two main factors. First is that insurance companies lobby a ton of money to keep the current system, because its very profitable. The second reason is deep seated cultural issues that the very vocal minority holds.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1936924", "score": 0.7340036630630493, "text": "For example, Switzerland , Germany and France, among others, don't have single payer. By contrast, when I think of single payer, Canada immediately springs to mind. \n\nWith that being said, why aren't the German, French and Swiss not well received by progressives. Everybody is covered under their healthcare systems. What is the underlying motive for single payer.\n\nAnd lastly , is there a push for single payer in countries that already have some form of universal healthcare to begin with.\n\nI'm just curious. That's all.\n\nThanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-42200", "score": 0.7318536043167114, "text": "Obamacare is a catch-all term relating to the changes to the healthcare system done via the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It isn't a system really in itself. Medicare is a healthcare system where the elderly can have a portion of their healthcare costs paid by a government organization which is funded from most citizens every paycheck. Medicaid is similar, except it's for the poor/disabled.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2810691", "score": 0.7304450869560242, "text": "There’s something to be said about the US health care system. We have innovation that’s why people come to the US to have their kidneys replaced and they don’t go to somewhere like Sweden. I don’t think it’s perfect but I also don’t think the answer is single payer because a mix between private and public still provides those who need care. I think this pandemic sheds light on that. There are tons of private companies working to make tests. One company recently came out with a 15 minute test which I don’t believe would have happened if the only incentive was just to help people and not to make a profit.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-153385", "score": 0.7265951037406921, "text": "Single Payer Healthcare is when everyone pays money to the government, and in return, they all have what is essentially super-awesome insurance provided by the government. The biggest pros are that nobody is refused treatment or has to deal with private insurance companies trying to make a profit instead of taking care of you. The biggest cons are that you get a lot more taxes, may pay more than you end up getting back in the form of healthcare (though that happens with any insurance), and paying for people you think may not \"deserve\" it (which is a personal moral issue). The US doesn't want to do it for a lot of reasons - it's considered a truly socialist policy, and anything that can be legitimately described with the s-word immediately gains opposition from both sides of the aisle. The insurance company lobby is pretty strong too.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-64368", "score": 0.7251490354537964, "text": "Without getting political, the strongest arguments against a single payer health insurance system in the US are: 1) The US is huge compared to other countries with universal healthcare -- 10x larger than Canada, 5x larger than the UK -- and the system might not be effective when it scales up like that. 2) Cost -- See #1 3) The US government is a bloated ineffective bureaucracy, which wastes money on inefficient programs and is slow to react to changes in the economic and social environment. If the lines at the DMV are 3 hours long, how will they do with hospitals? 4) Potential rationing of health services, leading to people who want or need care not receiving it because they're deemed \"less important to society\" either because of their age, health, or perceived utility to society.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-247", "score": 0.645997166633606, "text": "> Considering most people at that time and prior loved in mud huts HA! Humans had already been farming for 9,500 years, living in cities for most of that, China had been a sprawling empire for 4,500 years, Rome had risen and fallen. Just because we hadn't built a steam engine yet didn't mean we weren't causing change to the environment on a massive scale, and had been for ages. And one of the biggest ways was with our stomachs - it's likely that human hunting played a major role in the disappearance of all the megafauna species in the new world, starting perhaps 10- to 20,000 years ago." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-76243", "score": 0.6136958599090576, "text": "Not always the case: In Avatar the humans are technologically superior and essentially take the role of the alien invaders in the film. In Mass Effect the other races often view the humans as aggressive, militaristic, and overly expansionist. In Star Wars the humans are the dominant (although not unified) political force in the galaxy, controlling a plurality of the habitable systems, often to the detriment of the indigenous species. Movies that do depict humans as backwards yokels are usually trying to make a point about our disregard for the environment or occasional militancy.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-305338", "score": 0.6136942505836487, "text": "Unlikely. An impact alone, if it hit the right spot, could put massive amounts of material into the atmosphere. However, such dust would only remain airborne for a few months to a few years (depending on who you ask). This period of time is not nearly long enough to trigger an ice age (i.e., a period of time with substantial continental glaciation). However, if the sun were obscured for even a few months, photosynthetic life would be decimated. As they are our primary producers, this would mean big trouble for the rest of the food chain. It is commonly understood that just such an event marks [the end of the Cretaceous](_URL_0_). Edit: Oh yeah, apparently dust settling out of the atmosphere could cause widespread firestorms. As if having all your sunlight being blocked wasn't enough...", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-247328", "score": 0.6136777400970459, "text": "Again, this is a case of how evolution works. There is no overarching \"end point,\" especially in terms of efficiency. As long as the current system does not have an obstacle to reproducing to the next generation, the selective force against keeping things the way they are will be relatively weak. Even though a given process may seem circuitous, it still works and there may not exist the necessary genetic \"wiggle room\" to evolve to a more \"efficient\" direction. That, or pressure may be guiding the genetics to that point and simply is taking a longer-than-directly-observable time.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-60497", "score": 0.6136494278907776, "text": "There's a lot of ocean. It's hard to actually change the conditions because there's so much of it (pollution diffuses across the entirety of the ocean). On the other hand... it also is a demonstration that ecosystems are actually quite fragile. And that's why we have exterminated so many species and pushed so many into a death spiral....", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-76595", "score": 0.6136236190795898, "text": "The universe is very complicated, and it is not easy to figure out how to sort accurate information from misinformation. Some people figure it out, and some don't. There are also lots of people who devote a great deal of effort to promoting and popularizing various falsehoods and pseudo-scientific beliefs; sometimes they make money by defrauding people, and other times they are actually quite sincere in their delusional beliefs, but in either case, they spread confusion. It is also significant that many false beliefs have very long histories, and then there are people who think that if earlier cultures had these beliefs, they must have had *some* good reason for it. Such people do not really understand how human culture evolves. But again, the world is very complicated and lots of people fail to understand it.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1777125", "score": 0.6136106252670288, "text": "The sandworms of Dune tend to avoid water. And for good reason - water is toxic to them. There are instances where even the giant sandworms are stopped by damp sand.\n\nHumans, as we know, are mostly water. Wouldn't that keep sandworms at bay? I could see a giant sandworm not being affected by eating one human, but shouldn't a large group of people (like an entire Fremen tribe) be safe? \n\nThere are instances where sandworms that were not nearly at maximum size eating entire villages and then happily wandering around. How is all the water not affecting them?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-16108", "score": 0.6135984063148499, "text": "I know we aren't supposed to post just links, but I don't think there's a better explanation than [this WaitButWhy article](_URL_0_). Scroll down to \"The Road From ANI to AGI\" paragraph. Edit: For those about to tl;dr - over millions of years of evolution our brains became really good at recognizing objects, because that's what is useful (even necessary) for survival. Computers are very primitive in comparison to our brains, and they can't (yet) teach themselves without any human assistance, so we have to manually \"wire\" them for image recognition.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-16616", "score": 0.6135602593421936, "text": "Because nature creates bajillions of them, each of them a little different from the other, and lets them run wild. The survivors get to breed. With our technology we don't tend to create bajillions of experiments running in parallel.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-316875", "score": 0.6135458946228027, "text": "Species is a fuzzy concept especially when you're dealing with extinct organisms. Even with existent organisms it isn't easy. Look up ring-species sometime, it's weird. Habitat and morphology are usually the guiding factors for defining extinct species. In the case of neanderthals and humans, they were morphologically different enough to be considered separate species, but they were genetically similar enough that, when they crossed paths, they could interbreed. It's possible that they may be reclassified as a sub-species at a later date.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-260869", "score": 0.6135450005531311, "text": "There are a *lot* of species. It's estimated we still don't know ~87% of land based species and ~91% of ocean species. Considering there are ~8.7 million estimated total, 200 a day is easily unnoticed. Also, the most important species to our ecosystems, that is, the ones we would notice missing, are numerous enough to not have a major risk of extinction. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-205717", "score": 0.6135250926017761, "text": "follow-up question: When there were reductions in arable land, can we trace human causes in some cases? Has deforestation promoted desertification? Has flood prevention turned nutrient-rich soil into nutrient-poor soil?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2099887", "score": 0.6134867668151855, "text": "Edit: 100 million years is a bit much. I was more thinking enough time removed such that our cultures are completely removed from one another.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-31177", "score": 0.6134723424911499, "text": "Without even going into how does siamese fruits/vegetables and siamese humans occur, or whether it's even the same thing (because I have no idea anyway), it's easy to blame natural selection on this one : As animals, being siamese twins is a significant impediment to survival, whereas for fruits, it basically changes nothing.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-225378", "score": 0.6134713888168335, "text": "I can give a very cursory answer, but you might get a much better answer by cross posting in /r/askanthropology. Hunting deer doesn't require a lot of equipment - it is not so difficult even for just an individual with a bow and arrows. Larger game, like mammoth, were probably group efforts. We also have evidence of other tactics people would use, such as bison jumps on the Great Plains. You find a suitably high cliff or other drop and chase a part of a herd of bison off of it. You then harvest what you need from the dead and wounded bison. Just generally, people are very creative in hunting large game.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-114793", "score": 0.613422691822052, "text": "My understanding is that pandas hardly *thrive.* They've evolved into a kind of over-specialized dead-end. They are a dying species, and it isn't just because of humans destroying their habitat. Their caloric and nutritional demands are difficult to supply via the one thing they've evolved to eat. Birth rates for pandas are low, and infant mortality is high. Pandas are going the way of the dinosaurs. Humans are massively difersified. We can get our nutrients from a great many things that can be found almost anywhwere. As much as humans have threatened the food supply of the panda, we are also going to be the only hope for the species' long-term survival.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-222410", "score": 0.6134055256843567, "text": "This question is probably more applicable to r/AskSocialScience . But basically, no. That's not how human societies evolve. There's a ton of factors that go into the development of complex civilizations. Humans modify their environment on incredibly massive scales, so they're not directly bound to environmental conditions in the same way that other organisms are. There are environmental constraints on human societies, but they don't determine how cultures evolve. Also, there were tons of states in sub-Saharan Africa, they're just not mentioned much in history books (which are largely written by people of European descent). The Songhai Empire in West Africa was almost half the size of the Roman Empire, Ethiopia had an urban culture almost as old as that of Egypt, and Great Zimbabwe has some of the most amazing stone architecture in the world.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1409328", "score": 0.6133967638015747, "text": "Because everything we think and do is driven by it, it feels like it's us rather than a drive. Comparing it to, say hunger, being a really easy to understand drive because it happens infrequently. But the self preservation instinct never goes away, it is always there controlling our thoughts, reactions and behavior. \n\nIt's actually a trick it plays, to \"disappear\" and make us think it's \"us\" rather than an instinct. It's kind of like watching a really great movie and feeling like you are there, in the movie. If we were to understand this, we could actually control, and change our thoughts and actions around it. So that instead of making decisions based on a blind primal instinct that is just a selfish need to continue living, we could be basing them on logic, truth and (hopefully) empathy. But again, the problem is seeing it's there in the first place, and understanding how it controls us. \n\nOr is this such a hopeless situation it's not even worth discussing? Are humans doomed to be nothing more than a highly functioning animal driven by the instinct to survive, just another part of the evolution game being played out?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-56451", "score": 0.6133725047111511, "text": "Before we evolved to modern humans, we had already evolved very well for our habitat as endurance pack hunters and omnivorous gathers. Early man's possession of an outsize brain, complex language, tools (even primitive ones) and fire still provided massive competitive advantage. Because we were able to find plenty of nutrition (through effective hunting, flexible gathering and a broader range of potebtial food sources thanks to cooking) , our population growth was sufficient to offset deaths from predation etc.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1173977", "score": 0.6133626699447632, "text": "Humans are just social animals, yes, ANIMALS. Many people neglect that fact cause we are smarter than our cousin apes, but society is what we make of it. A couple of decades ago discrimination was considered okay by the majority, now it's not, either way, except the current law (which has to be followed to avoid dire consequences) and the objective truths, everything else is just arbitrary to follow.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-18864", "score": 0.6133556962013245, "text": "That's a bad way of looking at it. Evolution doesn't go around fixing what's \"wrong\". It just tends to eliminate the stuff that decreases the chance for survival. Nothing about having 2 nostrils is having an adverse effect on those animals that have them. There's even a benefit. Most people have experienced having just a single nostril clogged. This allows for your sinuses to drain (through the clogged one) and still have the ability to breath through the other.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-248", "score": 0.7560721635818481, "text": "There are huge companies out there that you have probably never heard of that make all different components of food and drinks. This includes flavor companies, food coloring companies, salt... pretty much every component on the back of the can was produced by someone else besides the one actually making the drink. So then gatorade has research facilities, pilot plants(kinda like a small scale plant to do trial runs, experiments on a bigger scale) and full scale industrial plants. The researchers figure out the exact formula they want for a product, it gets scaled up once for the pilot plant so they can figure out how to mass produce it and get the engineering kinks worked out and then it goes to full scale production. At the plant, they have filtered water that mixes with either a concentrated syrup or powder and then its pumped into cans or bottles. Then CO2 can be added and it is sealed and labeled." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-72779", "score": 0.6903107166290283, "text": "For the most part they're just soda with extra caffeine. The main ingredients in Rockstar and Monster are carbonated water and sugar. They have some other things like ginseng and taurine, but the sugar and caffeine are really the only things added in a large enough amount to really have an effect. > [According to a recent study, caffeine is the only ingredient that actually works. Participants who drank only caffeinated water had the same brain activity and response times as those consuming 5 Hour Energy](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-157304", "score": 0.6797595024108887, "text": "Supply and Demand wasn't enough of an answer (according to the modbot). So here's attempt number two. Idk if you have ever worked at a place with a fountain pop machine, but each of the flavors are actually bags of concentrate flavor that get mixed with water/co2 while dispensing. Now onto the supply and demand, Coke (the maker of POWERade) has to make these fountain pop concentrates, store them, and ship them to reasturants. Economically speaking Coke is only going to want to make the best selling varieties hints only the BLUE one. Lastly the blue POWERade is sort of a unique flavor wise, compared the the other offerings at the typical fast food fountain machine. It adds a non soda option to the line up.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-76918", "score": 0.6692289710044861, "text": "One is owned by Coke (Powerade), the other is owned by Pepsi (Gatorade). Gatorade came first and is the market leader in its category, Powerade lags behind. Otherwise... its basically just heavily flavored sugar-water with some chemicals in it that the body needs after exercise. Edit: Corrected ownerships, thanks to /u/candiensfan", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2763494", "score": 0.6603699326515198, "text": "Hello. I heard somewhere that gatorade and similar drinks are just water with some salts added, so i suppose it would be cheaper to make it at home.\n\nGoogled it and only get recipes using gatorade and not to make it, also here it is very expensive to just buy it or any of its powdered alternatives", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2576758", "score": 0.6535428166389465, "text": "Anyone else remember the monster that came in a beer bottle? Like a 40 oz? Also rockstar cola? Were they just discontinued? Anyone know where to get them?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-39308", "score": 0.6521347165107727, "text": "Part of marketing and advertising is to generate impulse desires in consumers. You see a commercial for McDonald's, they talk about a Big Mac, you want a Big Mac, you go out and buy a Big Mac. Even if they can't compel you to go out and buy a can immediately, Red Bull and Monster are just trying to keep themselves at the forefront of your mind the next time you're shopping for an energy drink.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-55306", "score": 0.6508604884147644, "text": "They don't produce them, they just pay other companies to produce products to their specifications & print their logo on the product. Sometimes those companies are the same ones that are producing the name-brand products. Sometimes they're factories that specialize in producing store-brand products.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-138336", "score": 0.6492799520492554, "text": "The process of making mass produced orange juice, no matter the brand or what advertising says, is one im afraid you may not want to know. Basically what it comes down to is large amounts of orange juice is stored in large vats for up to a year or more, which causes it to lose both color and flavor. By the time its ready to be bottled and shipped, it is basically a colorless and flavorless liquid. So, what they do is add \"flavor packs\" to it to give it the bright orange color, and put flavor back in it. Flavor packs made in a lab. They get away with calling it \"all natural\" or similar buzzwords because the flavor packets, even though they are made by the same companies that make perfumes, are derived from \"natural oranges\". Simply put your simply orange isnot so simple, or fresh, as they lead people to believe.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-171358", "score": 0.6473572850227356, "text": "I would think that non name brands are more mass produced because most of it is the same product with a different label printed on. Also advertising is expensive, and brands spend millions on it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-26666", "score": 0.6447750926017761, "text": "Brewer here. The company I work for mainly makes beer but we also make sodas ( root beer, cream soda etc). Not sure how other places do it but we use an ingredient called sparkle foam that actually increases the \"head\" of a root beer beyond what simple carbonation can do, in addition to head retention. One of the main ingredients is yucca root, which creates protein emulsions which allow the foam to exist in its elevated state.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-85767", "score": 0.6443969011306763, "text": "Could you give some examples? I'm not sure whether you're talking about mass-produced store-brand goods, bulk goods, or what.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1034099", "score": 0.6441372632980347, "text": "How is it produced? I need it for homework, and i dont know what products form", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-317659", "score": 0.6431378126144409, "text": "Some beers (Guinness) and soft drinks (Monster Nitrous) use nitrogen gas (N_2) for some or all of their fizz. It isn't a drop-in replacement for carbon dioxide because the fizz is rather different.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-3025", "score": 0.6431335210800171, "text": "All comes down to marketing - making a real or apparent difference in the mind of the consumer between your product and your competitors. The most obvious examples are your premium ones - Perrier, Evian, Fiji, that stupid Voss crap in the glass bottle. They sell it at a premium because it's \"exclusive\" by way of being imported from such-and-such spring. Aside from that, some brands market themselves for specific targets - e.g. sports / gym / cycling, where you've got bottled water like Pump with a squeezy-nozzle instead of a cap. Finally, you've got distribution licensing. If you're a restaurant and you have a contract with Coca Cola as your supplier, you're only allowed to sell Coca Cola's brand(s) of bottled water (and they'll sue you if they catch you selling someone else's).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-43658", "score": 0.6430379152297974, "text": "The [Wikipedia article](_URL_0_) doesn't really address its origins, though I would guess that \"lemonade\" is its primary source (it certainly predates stuff like Gatorade). The [etymology](_URL_1_) there appears to be a suffix that generates a noun, so \"lemonade\" = \"thing made from lemons.\" It's usually associated with non-carbonated soft drinks, and I guess a snowball effect has ensured that it remains common: people expect drinks ending in ade/aid to not be fizzy, so people making new non-fizzy products know that adding ade/aid to the name will signal that characteristic. I expect the reason it's often used with sports drinks is that it sounds like \"aid\" and that's certainly an association you'd want to evoke. That, and riding the coattails of Gatorade.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-118646", "score": 0.6422083973884583, "text": "Pop Rocks are made largely the same as any hard candy: you get a sugar syrup up to a boil and boil off water until you get a sticky substance that will solidify when cooled. Then you take that molten hard candy and you put it into a pressure vessel at a few thousand psi and you froth it up. This leaves little bubbles inside the hard candy. They're incredibly high pressure, but they're small enough that the candy is strong enough to contain them. Crust the candy up and package it, then sell it to kids (or adults!) who put it in their mouth. Their saliva dissolves the candy, just as with any hard candy, until they dissolve their way through one of the walls of a bubble of high-pressure gas. That pocket of gas bursts giving a popping effect.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-27269", "score": 0.6413902044296265, "text": "When you buy a bottle of Coke, it comes from a local bottling plant. Coke only has to ship a very highly concentrated syrup containing the flavor across the country & somebody adds water to it locally & then distributes it to stores. Many bottled waters come out of the same factories - they just don't bother adding anything to the water. If you want a 'special' bottled water those have to be bottled at a single location and then shipped all around the world. Shipping is expensive, water is heavy & Evian has to come all the way from France. Then there's always the idiot factor. If you put a fancy label & a high price tag on some tap water, you can probably get people to buy it because they just assume that the more expensive product is higher quality.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-95653", "score": 0.6394059658050537, "text": "They don't do any of the manufacturing. Their suppliers do. Great Value chicken is made by Tyson, Publix brand paper towels are made by P & G, and so on. While the quality is at times below the standard of what you find behind the name-brand label, it all comes from the same place.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-151616", "score": 0.638081431388855, "text": "They charge what people will pay. Energy drinks in general cost nothing to produce and are more or less the same, that's why they spend a fortune on marketing to convince you that they're special.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2762356", "score": 0.6379771828651428, "text": "I know it's funny to be asking this on the energy drinks subreddit, but I personally really love the taste of the classic green Monster but I really don't care for/need the energy part. I know Monster was putting out the unleaded variant a while back but it seems this has been discontinued. Does anyone know where i can find a drink with the taste of green Monster but without the energy part?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-249", "score": 0.7550069093704224, "text": "It's an \"application programming interface\". It's a defined set of methods by which you interface with functions and data of a program from another programmer. E.G. google's API would allow me to submit (programmatically) a string as a search and get back a dataset of results that include descriptive text and url." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-968663", "score": 0.7152959108352661, "text": "I have an opportunity down the road which would involve working with APIs. The company wants to work with a program called loyalty gator, which is basically a rewards program type thing. They also are subscribed to a site called Monday which would also require the use of an API. There are tutorials but I feel as if they're slightly over my head. \n\nHere are some things I have a decent grasp on:\n\nlists/tuples/numbers/strings/relational and logical operators/for loops/while loops/decision structures/functions/dictionaries/few other basic things.\n\nWhat should I be strong in before trying to work on APIs? I'm a little directionless atm.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1933836", "score": 0.7132292985916138, "text": "We are releasing our API next month. And I was trying to find out what are the essential things to make sure before releasing an API of the software, so the effort we put in won't go wasted.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-49633", "score": 0.7131605744361877, "text": "Application Programming Interface. When you think of a language like C++ or Java, those are very broad APIs. Usually when we use the term, it defines an additional set of functions and classes you can use to accomplish a task. I work for a company that makes a Java SpreadSheet API. You add our JAR containing a set of classes and you can make an Excel workbook in as few as 3 lines of code. The API lets you say import class; constructBook(); saveBook(); instead of the epic amount of underlying code it actually takes to have a machine do the work. In that sense an API is you buying/using someone else's effort to meet a programming need.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1661166", "score": 0.712776780128479, "text": "Hey Reddit,\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nJust curious how people learn to use their first API.\n\nWhat was your first API and how did you learn to use it? (tutorial, video, etc?)\n\n \nThanks!", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1663059", "score": 0.7120475172996521, "text": "I'm working on a project and I want my application to communicate with servers/websites (not sure about lingo). \n\nI have to use Web sockets, API / API wrapper, so what are good resources to learn about them?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1935337", "score": 0.7054784297943115, "text": "Hi, I am seeking data for a blog post I am writing related to APIs and would really appreciate reddit's input. \n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nPlease find a short questionnaire of two multiple choice questions at: \n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nWishing you all the best!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1660794", "score": 0.7051834464073181, "text": "I've been trying to use some APIs for a project, and everything's worked fine up until now. I've used requests.get(), and dumped the JSON result. All the APIs I've used was at the form \" but the documentation provides the URL as \" /bday/:name/:from\", \" /tag/{value} \", \" /bucket/:from \" etc... How do I make a request to these APIs?\n\nThe docs in question are and [", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-61023", "score": 0.7046231627464294, "text": "OpenGL is an application programming interface (API), which is a description of how two systems interact. As with any API, both systems need to understand it in order for it to work. With web APIs, the two systems are \"your computer\" and \"a remote server\". With OpenGL, the two systems are \"your CPU\" and \"your graphics card\".", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-969289", "score": 0.7011221051216125, "text": "I never worked with API's but i know what an API is, i just want to get used with working with API's.\n\nI wanted to do a small project, i want to use the YouTube data API v3 to fetch all the comments of a certain YouTube video and then filter to get only the question, so i can do a Q&amp;A.\n\nI know some things i would need like the requests module, API key. But i don't really know where to start and how to make the calls and save the data.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nEDIT: i want to use Python", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-750986", "score": 0.7000042200088501, "text": "I'm making a media player in C#. I've got everything done, but I want to have an option for people to download album art if they don't already have it in their album folder. What would be a good API to use? Ive never used an api before, so advice would help a lot.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-106172", "score": 0.6977939009666443, "text": "In a ELI5. Imagine you are talking to a waiter (front end GUI) and you ask for egg and chips. The waiter goes to the cook (backend) and says \"egg and chips\". This would be the Api call to tell the cook to make egg and chips. The waiter doesn't need to know how to make egg and chips, only that by saying it to the cook that 10 mins later will have it for them. The Api call may have what is called arguments. These are options to help the API fulfilling the request. For example \"egg and chips. Can you make the egg sunny side up\" TLDR: I'm hungry.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-534237", "score": 0.6965943574905396, "text": "After my last post about testing the API via the .NET Framework, a few questions came up on how to test the API. I noticed the documentation area has reference where you can test the parameters (\n\nIf you register for an APIKey (and verify it), you can test the query (#get-work) with a Work ID (and your API Key) you can see the results.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-187479", "score": 0.6953659653663635, "text": "API: Application programming interface - definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software, mostly built by companies to allow 3rd party access REST: REpresentational State Transfer - standardised communication style SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol - platform independent format for sending and receiving messages JSON: JavaScript Object Notation - human readable way of transmitting certain data XML: Extensible Markup Language - set of rules to encode information that is both machine readable and human readable I guess the best really depends on what you want to make. Certain things (like Javascript or 3rd party access to someone else's code-base means you are limited to certain types. Disclaimer: I am not a professional computer engineer. I code for fun.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-10267", "score": 0.6937466859817505, "text": "Libraries are various pieces of code someone else has already written. They leave an API to allow others to interface with that code. This allows programmers to focus on their task so they don't have to re-implement the same algorithms someone else has made over and over. Also, it allows access to parts of code that general programmers may not be as familiar with (eg. using a library to interface with a computer's graphics card when you have little or no knowledge of how to do that yourself).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2427720", "score": 0.6894412636756897, "text": "Let's just say I have a program that is getting and displaying data from an API, what is the BEST way to constantly update/refresh so the data would be live? My first thought would be a constant loop, is this the best way? Or is there a better way to do this? Thanks for any help", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-95292", "score": 0.6887643933296204, "text": "A libarary is a collection of reusable code routines that perform common, useful functions. A namespace is a structured way of naming code routines so you don't end up with two different routines with the same name. An API is a defined way of calling the routine and having it perform its function.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-969951", "score": 0.688331663608551, "text": "I'm a systems engineer by trade and learned various langs over the years, unix c, pascal, bash, etc.. nothing API or OOP related.\n\nWorking with some SaaS systems now and I need to automate a lot of tasks. I have access to the full API and a couple examples, but I'm not really understanding how to delve further and craft my own code to read/write changes in the environment.\n\nWhat is a good resource to get me into the state where I can access an API for platform X, scan a brief of overview of the layout, and then get to work?\n\nI assume a course/book on Python and OOP would be a good start. Any suggestions you may have would be appreciated, I can usually pick things up fast but never was in a classroom environment to study APIs and such.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-84346", "score": 0.6856464147567749, "text": "SDK stands for Software Development Kit.Which means a platform where you can develop a software within a software/workspace. and API is Application program interface which is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. An API specifies how software components should interact.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-52031", "score": 0.6850520372390747, "text": "An interface is basically a way of exposing the way a thing works. Typically users interact with computer programs through things such as keyboard, monitors, mice, or touch. How a program exposes itself and reacts to these input devices is usually referred to as GUI (graphical user interface) or NUI (natural user interface). These are based on graphics and other inputs like voice recognition with the hope of making the interface easier to use. Some programs, especially those designed for servers or light weight devices may instead expose a CLI (command line interface) which is usually just a screen of text where the user types in commands. You may have seen things like the command line or a dos interface which are all types of CLI's. Finally sometimes we want a program to be controlled by other programs. In these cases we need an interface which lets other programs know how they can control the original program. This is often referred to as an API (application programming interface).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2425697", "score": 0.6838552951812744, "text": "Hi all! So recently i got into Go as the next language i want to learn for web apis, already use .NET-Core (C#) and Node.js but the more the better right.\n\nSo i watch some videos read some materials do some code, and i realize many people use frameworks like Gin or Revel or others, hovewer i also came across people saying Golang doesnt really need frameworks to create Rest or other apis, saw a great medium article (and a traverse media video) where they use Mux which doesn't seem like a full fledged web framework and only a \"router\".\n\nSo my question is, how do you do apis? Do you use frameworks? Whats the standard? I'd like to learn how things are done when they are actually done nicely.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-250", "score": 0.772596001625061, "text": "Social responsibility. In general, Japanese culture has a bit more sense of morality in respect to the original creators. They don't want to hurt the creators. Theres also this sense in Japan of following the order of things just for the sake of the law. A lot of westerners will do things they know they aren't supposed to, if they think they can get away with it. Japanese I think are more likely to take the \"safe\" road. Lots of generalizations here, but I think it mostly holds true." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2433908", "score": 0.7305122017860413, "text": "I’ve heard that japan is more loose with copyright. They have doujins and stuff. Specifically I want to sell my jojo bizarre adventure fanart as prints. I heard Araki(the mangaka) actually doesn’t care about copyright that much. He references a lot of songs/music artists in his manga. I won’t be earning much, I’m not that popular. Should I do it or does anyone want to change my view? I’m open to criticism, I’m not well informed of this copyright stuff.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-358630", "score": 0.7303177714347839, "text": "Especially Nekopara since they willingly sell it to the west. \n\nThe nekopara devs do know about the western fanbase right? I'm not entirely sure, but they translate it themselves (As in they purposely translate their game before release expecting their western fanbase to buy it, not wait years and decide to let a translator do it like other games) so it's more proof that they want people outside of japan to play it.\n\nWould make sense to not let their own country's law affect their game when they purposely sell it outside of it. (Or I'm missing something since I honestly don't know too much of their censorship laws)\n\nUnless it's a thing for them to wait and let their game be years old then they release the uncensored version, which seems to be the case with a lot of H-games nowadays. \n\nOr maybe I just don't know any better and everything I just said means nothing. Blah.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-118421", "score": 0.7258259057998657, "text": "It's sort of like the cultural version of a copyright violation. The idea is that a majority culture will take parts of something characteristic of a minority culture and then use it out of context. I haven't seen the Avril Lavigne video, but another recent example was the Katy Perry event where she performed as a Geisha. People who oppose the practice usually do so on the grounds that it represents a sort of taking advantage of other cultures. Why actually watch bother engaging Japanese culture, and the Japanese people that live it, when a non-Japanese person can strip some aspect of that culture of context, sanitize it, and then make money off of it? People who don't see it as problematic emphasize that it's often complimentary, and that no culture really \"owns\" things, since we're all free to express ourselves as we wish. Like any race/culture thing it's a complex issue, and one that can get people pretty heated in discussion.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-129535", "score": 0.7246755957603455, "text": "It's like trying to build your own car versus a ford factory that mass produces them. Japan just has a huge animation industry and there is a lot of people working on it.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-74884", "score": 0.7216994166374207, "text": "It depends on a few factors. If it's an older show, they might only have shitty copies to work with. If it's a new show, it could just be low quality shovelware and they don't care about quality control. Or they could intentionally be putting out a bad copy so that people in Japan don't import it themselves. Prices for media in Japan are traditionally insanely high, to the point where it's often cheaper to actually buy a foreign copy of a product and pay to have it shipped back to Japan than it is to actually buy a Japanese copy. Sending out terrible versions for exports is one way that Japanese companies fight the recursive imports.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-984924", "score": 0.7191543579101562, "text": "I see a lot of fanartists especially from Japan or Korea posting NSFW art on Privatter or poipiku. I don't understand what is the point when you are allowed to post porn on twitter behind the sensitive content account marking. Is there some rules in Japan or Korea twitter that you can't post porn art on twitter? Someone please explain, it seems like so much more trouble having to navigate through and use another site. I don't understand what is the point! If I post NSFW art on twitter will Japanese users not be able to see it?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-11407", "score": 0.7185453772544861, "text": "As a matter of fact, japan as a whole does not like the subculture you're talking about. You're talking mostly about \"Otaku\" and as someone said in another thread about this: \"It's the same with America. Otaku are nerds/geeks, and not the ironic kind either. They're considered the neckbeards of Japan, and some of them do get pretty damn creepy. You have to realize that anime to them is basically cartoons to us (no matter how mature the content may be). How would you feel about an adult who's obsessed with Dora the Explorer? We already look down on Bronies. It's the same thing.\" Basically the neckbeards are mixing adult themes with childish content (I'm generalizing that video games are aimed toward younger people)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-90112", "score": 0.7170555591583252, "text": "Japanese culture is extremely different from american culture, so their cartoons don't have the same cultural taboos as American cartoons do. These differences mean that the stories that are told in Japanese animation are drastically different from stories that are told in America. Many Japanese animated shows are explicitly *not* meant for children, including many of the most popular ones. American cartoons have been largely relegated to children's entertainment.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1151314", "score": 0.7165245413780212, "text": "I'm writing a paper on the cultural differences between American cartoons and Japanese anime. It's apparent that Japanese Anime have a much more serious or mature tone compared to American cartoons, at least early on in the history of it, and I'm wondering what the primary reason for that is. \n\nIf this subreddit has any thoughts on the matter I'd love to hear them.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-170977", "score": 0.7121996283531189, "text": "They absolutely are affected by copyright issues; technically they are all infringing on the copyright of the owner of that IP. But in most cases the single fan art sale isn't worth the time of the company to pursue legal action if they are even aware that it occurred.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-216573", "score": 0.711694061756134, "text": "Is this even true? To my eyes Japanese have many vastly different art styles while western cartoons have maybe 2. Are you sure it's not just familiarity and contact allowing you to better differentiate different styles?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2739592", "score": 0.7102886438369751, "text": "Is it because they want to distinguish internet users from their own country? This is given most countries in the Far East have tighter censorship so, thus their people interacting online makes it a more sensitive affair.\n\nTell me if you agree and if there's an industry explanation.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-40527", "score": 0.7095533609390259, "text": "Because Japan has censorship laws when it comes to their porn. Most Asian porn seems to originate from Japan.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2330828", "score": 0.7087055444717407, "text": "in japan, the voice acting community is so big, there is a form of overflow of voice actors. that is why many of those creepy, chauvinistic anime can always find voice actors, which wouldn't really happen in the west, the market is so big, you can always find a decent voice actor.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2682494", "score": 0.7086983323097229, "text": "Why do they include personal projects that aren't made commercially(like some claymations that are uploaded on YouTube)? If they're going for technicality then it doesn't make sense since there are non Japanese animations there. Are the hololive shorts going to be added there? If a Japanese person made a shitpost animation and posted it on YouTube, does it qualify too?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-92492", "score": 0.7081174850463867, "text": "Look to the motivations of the artists involved, not their education or upbringing. Weird historical fiction isn't exclusively Japanese, and just because a few artists produce it and it becomes popular doesn't mean that the Japanese teach WW2 significantly differently. That being said, I actually don't know how the subject is approached.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1021477", "score": 0.7065423130989075, "text": "Here is the article down below ↓↓↓\n\n\n\n\nBasically, they have banned NSFW and pornagraphic material that comes from Japan, because of the whole sexualisation of minors, personally, I understand the issue but there are bigger things to worry about, no need to get mad at some 2d girls", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1153455", "score": 0.7063145637512207, "text": "ME!ME!ME! video:\n\n\nIt clearly lashes out in opposition to the whole character obsession phenomena. Ironically, the anime industry and, to a lesser extent, comics/gaming thrive off of a strongly attached fandom.\n\n\nI'm almost certain that some if not most content creators would be put off by the idea that a stranger has invested his or herself into a character to the point of being a waifuist. While there is certainly a commercial benefit from someone being in love with your character, there are also other fans that take things seriously but are not so invested as to refer to the character as a significant other. \n\n\nI wonder if it is right to judge content creators like these. Some anime or otherwise \"otaku\" related characters are very much engineered from the get go to be waifu material (both in the serious and colloquial sense). Shouldn't it be considered immoral if someone makes such characters but despises the premise of actually loving one?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1311570", "score": 0.7060455679893494, "text": "So, I want to make contents just like Comicstorian and Comics Explained but with Japanese Comics.. They do voice overs while slide showing the comic contents.. Are the voice over the reason why they are not copyrighted and can be monetized?\n\nI already made Japanese Comics contents on my channel 6 months ago. It's only 3 videos and I gained a lot of views and subs but I don't think I can monetize these old videos since it doesn't have any voice overs.. I want to make new videos but now with voice..\n\nExtra Question: Should I delete those 3 old videos? Since I'm currently being reviewed for monetization..", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-142429", "score": 0.7028877139091492, "text": "Development time for those games is often much lower than other games you'll probably end up comparing them with meaning they cost much less to make. Japanese people are the vast majority of their target audience and hence it would be cost prohibitive to translate the game for other markets.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-251", "score": 0.8420981764793396, "text": "Parody is imitation. Satire is humorous, constructive, social criticism." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-36339", "score": 0.7761875987052917, "text": "From Wikipedia: \"Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming an individual, ideology, corporation, government or society itself, into improvement.[1]\" & nbsp; If you or your group are the ones being ridiculed or shamed it will certainly feel 'hateful'. So, the difference between satire and 'vulgar' or 'hateful' depends on which side of the joke you're on and how far the teller went. My own gauge, admittedly subjective, is that the wit must outweigh the vulgarity.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-128343", "score": 0.7674803733825684, "text": "**Satire:** Mocking or mimicking an idea or scenario with the intent of humorously pointing out its flaws. The cartoon, *South Park*, frequently satirizes pop culture and politics. **Trolling:** Internet pranking or bullbaiting, usually in textual conversation. Trolling is pissing off an internet stranger on purpose. Someone who posts controversial comments in Reddit threads with the intention of starting an argument is trolling.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-83456", "score": 0.7670118808746338, "text": "Parody imitates something for the purpose of irony or ridicule Satire while usually funny, the humor isn't the primary purpose, it instead wishes to offer criticism of something.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-31323", "score": 0.7589718699455261, "text": "Sarcasm is saying the opposite of what you mean, usually in an exaggerated or hyperbolic way. Parody is \"Hurr hurr, you look like this\". Satire is \"Hurr hurr, you look like this, *and that says something insightful and important about our society.\"* All three are overused to the point of exhaustion. You know what's *under*used? Sincerity.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-151106", "score": 0.7463638782501221, "text": "Satire is a particular kind of humor. It is based on the idea of ridiculing another, usually a person in a position of power or authority, on the basis of their vices or their hypocrisy. It is very common in politics. The classic form of satire is to take on the voice/character/mannerisms/position of the person or group being satirized in order to highlight the inherent contradictions or absurdities in their position. The best example working today is Steven Colbert. Putting politics aside, his show satirizes the bombastic nightly news host, in the form of the extreme self-centeredness of the Colbert character. EDIT: Satire is to humor, what good Science Fiction is to literature. At it's most basic level it's about taking the real world and then tweaking it just enough to both tell an entertaining story, and to teach us something about the world we actually live. (and, of course, some sci-fi can itself be satire.)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-80875", "score": 0.7366909384727478, "text": "Parody is \"fair use\" - it's an exception to copyright. There are other kinds of fair use: for example, court filings.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-36921", "score": 0.7195466756820679, "text": "Parody is protected use. Taking another person's work and pretending that you made it yourself is against the law.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-72447", "score": 0.7194838523864746, "text": "There is a concept in US copyright law called \"Fair Use.\" Fair Use says that there are circumstances and situations where you're allowed to use someone else's copyrighted material without infringing the copyright. For example, research, scholarship, and news reporting are all considered fair use. Parody and satire are also considered fair use. There are a lot of complicating factors, but that's the ELI5.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-38773", "score": 0.7128738164901733, "text": "A key component of satire is knowledge. Without knowledge of the issue that is being satirized, a person has no idea what to make of it.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-205783", "score": 0.7095658183097839, "text": "Oh yes, very much so. One of the best examples is the ancient Greek comic playwright Aristophanes who was both famous and infamous for his parodies and caricatures of the living, dead, and divine. For instance in his play *The Frogs* he has a wimpy Dionysius try to bring the recently deceased poet Euripidies back from the dead because all of the current tragic poets suck. Later in the play comes a poetry slam between Euripides and the poet Aeschylus where each parody each other and each other's work. Other plays go even further into parody, humor never really changes.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-103937", "score": 0.709227979183197, "text": "With a simile, you are comparing two different things, and stating that they're *similar*. eg \"He smokes *like* a chimney.\" \"*As* fast *as* a cheetah.\" \"We fucked *like* rabbits.\" With a metaphor, you're stating that one thing *is* something else. The 'something else' is something that you wouldn't normally associate with the first thing. eg \"Life *is* a bitch.\" From Shakespeare: \"A sea *of* troubles,\" the sea is not literally full of troubles.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-150035", "score": 0.6975539326667786, "text": "Comedy tends to be subversive, challenging the status quo. When you make fun of something, you are implying that it needs to change. Conservatism is about largely about preserving how thing are (or were). It is harder to find human in that.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-25227", "score": 0.6975075602531433, "text": "Intent is the primary difference. With an homage, you want the audience to know what you're imitating. Ideally, you're providing your own spin on it to stand in contrast. With plagiarism, you're hoping the audience doesn't know what you're imitating. You want them to think it's your own idea.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-190247", "score": 0.6969950199127197, "text": "Copyright law provides exceptions for satire/comedy... basically, you're not stealing content and using that content for your own benefit directly, you're making fun of it, laughing at it, or otherwise commentating on it in a way that doesn't preserve it's aspects that the copyright protects... more or less. A similar concept is 'transformative' works", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2201560", "score": 0.6937897205352783, "text": "Calling them parodies is a...loose term to use. But would it fall under fair use or are they subverting the law in some way?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-44425", "score": 0.6918484568595886, "text": "COPYright is the right to control who makes a COPY of your work. It isn't to stop your image from being damaged, it's to protect your income from something you created. Parodies are exempt because of fair use, you are adding to someone else's work enough that it is becoming it's own intellectual property, and therefore isn't controlled by them. It's the same idea as commentators playing a video game and talking over it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-184256", "score": 0.6907504796981812, "text": "Because parody is considered [protected under the First Amendment.](_URL_0_) It is exempted from copyright infringement by its very nature.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-137983", "score": 0.6899716854095459, "text": "Satire is protected by law. Not just as 'free speech', but specifically written into legislation. As long as no one could reasonably assume that the piece of satire is a statement of fact from the claimed source, it's legit, it isn't defamation, there's no case. Since no one could reasonably expect a cartoon to portray the real person, South Park can basically do what it wants. I'm super, *duper* serial.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-30620", "score": 0.6885635256767273, "text": "* what they say is often true * when what they say isn't true, it is pretty obviously parody or satire, protected forms of expression", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-29865", "score": 0.68799889087677, "text": "First Amendment has been said to protect parody and satire. They can get in trouble for libel, if their jokes are determined to be outright harmful to the brand, but just making fun of somebody is protected.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-252", "score": 0.7338358163833618, "text": "It's not VIA, it's just via, a word. :-) Anyhow, the answer is simple: most electric lights are actually yellow, so when you look at a lot of lights grouped together from far away, you see mostly yellow light." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-47076", "score": 0.6969549655914307, "text": "The sky looks blue from earth because the sun is emitting tons of light in all wavelengths. Blue light has a very short wavelength, and thus collides with molecules in the air frequently, scattering. The result is that the blue light appears to be coming from every direction, not just from the sun itself. Light with longer wavelengths is less likely to collide with molecules, so it takes a straight path from the sun to your eye. As for why the effect is less apparent in space, I'm not entirely sure, but I would guess that it's because there's not a bunch of extremely bright blue light emitting from the earth. Or possibly it's because of the relative thickness of the atmosphere compared to the distance at which the photo is taken? The effect definitely occurs to some extent: take a look at [this collection of photos of earth](_URL_0_). Many of the pictures have washed out color or a sort of blue glow around the edges.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-175714", "score": 0.696772038936615, "text": "Air is clear,not blue,red, or yellow. Are you actually trying to say why the sky appears blue ? Which intern will devolve why it can actually also appear yellow and red even green.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-113366", "score": 0.6967003345489502, "text": "It is a result of how far the light from the sun has to travel through the atmosphere before it gets to your eyes. The atmosphere scatters sunlight in random directions, but it does this at different rates depending on the color of light. The sun gives off, more or less, white light so all of the colors of the visible spectrum are present. The first light to be scattered is violet, indigo and blue. Next is green , yellow, orange, and red, in that order. The light that makes it to your eyes is the light that wasn't scattered, so when the light has to travel through a lot of atmosphere to get to you, like during sunrise and sunset, it appears redish because the blue light has been scattered off in different directions and doesn't make it to you.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-166667", "score": 0.6965277194976807, "text": "Yes, the light you are seeing is possibly billions of years old and just finally reaching Earth. It is very likely that some of the stars we are seeing right now are actually burnt out and we are just seeing the tail-end of their light.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-310369", "score": 0.6960393786430359, "text": "Are you around a city or town? It's likely a case of sky glow caused by high pressure sodium street lighting which puts out a lot of orange/yellow light. Snow is highly reflective and the snow on the ground can reflect street lighting upwards in to the clouds.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-242560", "score": 0.6957737803459167, "text": "in fact it is so that the linked photo was later colored. Hydrogen is shown in green, sulfur in red and oxygen in blue. Only these false-colors make this image that beautiful, but this also means that the Pillars of Creation look very different in reality. Thats why you would't notice, that you are in such a nebula. But State of astronomy today is that we are most likely not in such a nebula, but if we should notice that with our modern telecopes.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-256487", "score": 0.6955784559249878, "text": "It's just scattering of light by the atmosphere. It's caused by the [Tyndall effect](_URL_0_), where shorter wavelengths (blue) are scattered by small particles (water droplets, aerosols, etc), while longer wavelengths (red) pass through with little scattering.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-102841", "score": 0.6955437660217285, "text": "I suspect it's the same process that causes distant mountains to appear blue, and less contrasted to the sky. Pretty much, it's to do with the thickness of atmosphere between you and whatever it is. The more atmosphere you have to look through, the more a process called 'rayleigh scattering' occurs, which put simply is what makes the sky look blue, as opposed to just black with a bright sun in it, which is how it'd look on the Moon where there isn't an atmosphere. Looking down from a plane, this would cause things like roads to look lighter coloured than they would otherwise. You notice on roads basically because their colour is darker to begin with. The land around them is already lighter, so getting a bit less contrasty is less noticeable than on a dark road.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-284928", "score": 0.6953849196434021, "text": "What you're seeing in lightning is the dielectric breakdown of air. But it can happen in other media, the [electric pickle](_URL_0_) is a fairly well known experiment. In that the pickle glows yellow because the pickle contains a lot of sodium. In fact, wires *DO* glow, that's how old incandescent bulbs work, and what happens if you put too much current through pretty much any ~~wire~~ material.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-3701", "score": 0.6952208876609802, "text": "A little of both. Things in space really do have colors - Mars is red, Saturn is yellow-y, etc. Mostly depending on their dominant chemical makeup. (Mars, for example, is literally rusted, thus the red color.) However, many images from space telescopes and such are... well, not fake, but deliberately colored towards some effect. This can range from something relatively minor, like exaggerating the saturation so that finer details are easier to see, to something pretty major, like assigning visible colors to different non-visible exposures (radio, x-ray, infrared, ultraviolet). In all those cases, the caption usually explains how the image was processed, and the processing is done to aid scientific study of the image. But it still means, it wouldn't quite look that way \"in person\".", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-259429", "score": 0.6950034499168396, "text": "It does. And it's obvious if you have a camera that allows you to adjust white balance. Trying to shoot in shade with the camera set to \"sunlight\" results in images with a clear blue cast. However, human vision adjusts to the color of the ambient light so we don't perceive a very large difference. Similarly, incandescent bulbs actually have a *really* reddish-orange color but it looks much more neutral to the human eye.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-286020", "score": 0.6948485970497131, "text": "It's not so much that they're just colored in as it is that different frequencies of non-visible light are given corresponding frequencies of visible light so that the image can be displayed visually. The pictures themselves are technically accurate, they're just from a viewpoint that humans don't typically have.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-309625", "score": 0.6948435306549072, "text": "The blue of a clear sky is caused by [Rayleigh scattering](_URL_0_) which is an atmospheric effect. So when you're on Earth, small particles in the atmosphere are scattering light and as a result you're seeing coming from both the scattering in the atmosphere and reflection of light from objects on the earth itself. In space, there's no atmosphere. Nothing is scattering the light or absorbing and reemitting it back to your eyes, so everything is black.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-120058", "score": 0.6946582198143005, "text": "Moonlight actually appears slightly bluish to the human eye due to the Purkinje effect, which basically states that at low illumination levels the eye is slightly more sensitive to blue light. The reflected light however is white, the same as sunlight. The sun appears yellowish due to a combination of its blackbody radiation output peaking around the yellow portion (that is, it emits more yellow light than red or blue light), and various atmospheric scattering effects.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-263755", "score": 0.6941776275634766, "text": "Sunlight contains a lot of light from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including stuff way above and below our ability to detect visually. Rainbows are formed by light being refracted through water drops as if they were tiny prisms. When the light reaches a water drop, its trajectory gets bent by an amount that is dependant on the wavelength of light. That is, some colours get more bent than others. This is why the rainbow exists; all the component wavelengths that made up white light have been separated spatially so we can see them, on their own, side by side. This effect would also work on non-visible wavelengths (to an extent), so sunlight that is filtered through rain should contain other invisible \"colours\" of light similarly broken up (although if the wavelength is too long the light doesn't get bent very much at all). I wonder what an infrared rainbow would look like? Oh, apparently [this](_URL_0_). Neat!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-325225", "score": 0.6938037276268005, "text": "The word 'significantly' is a bit open for interpretation, but some regions of the world are certainly brighter as a result of artificial light. Most of the planet is sparsely populated (oceans, deserts, polar regions) and so most of the light output is from a relatively small fraction of the land area. There are plenty of images on the internet of earth at night, one that nicely sums it up in my opinion: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-181447", "score": 0.693795382976532, "text": "Objects above absolute zero emit infrared radiation. That's electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light, except your eyes don't have sensors that can detect it. The camera does. So when the 'invisible light' hits the camera, it is designed to display them in colors we can make sense of, varied by intensity. So an object emitting a lot of infrared radiation (it's hot) might show up as red, while an object emitting a little (its cool) could show up as blue.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-181627", "score": 0.6936849355697632, "text": "Air, particularly the moisture in the air, absorbs red light. So, mostly white light (all colors mixed) beams down from space and strikes the mountain. Some of that light reflects in your direction. If you are near, you see the mountain in full color, because the air absorbs very little light over any small distance. Multiply the distance many times and the effect becomes more apparent. Over the miles, the red light is slowly stripped from the stream of light (it becomes heat in the air) reflected by the mountain, leaving what you see apparently blue shifted.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-262060", "score": 0.6934825778007507, "text": "Color perception is a fluid imprecise thing. In fact what you \"see\" in general is heavily processed by the brain before it becomes a conscious image. I suspect that you think it looks yellow because of the surrounding blue light. Check out this [illusion](_URL_0_) which shows the blue/yellow perception problem nicely (though I wish it were bigger). The yellow tiles on top of the cube on the right in the above link are all grey (colorless) but no matter how many times you tell yourself this they will look yellow because of the blue cast in the rest of the image.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-64303", "score": 0.6934234499931335, "text": "It's the same thing that causes sunsets to look golden and the setting sun to look red. The light is traveling slantwise through a large amount of atmosphere (compared to noon), and during this long journey the blue and green get scattered away, letting the red and orange dominate.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-253", "score": 0.6132597327232361, "text": "> and that's definitely not who I would want backing me if I get in an accident. ...except that, unless you were criminally stupid when signing a contract, in this particular case you get to sue them, i.e. get the government involved. Under capitalism, the government is the policeman, not the entire economy." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-12617", "score": 0.582577645778656, "text": "Also if the company is an LLC, then it doesn't pay taxes on the revenue. The revenue \"passes through\" the entity to the partners/shareholders and they pay the taxes on it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-117202", "score": 0.5825693011283875, "text": "Most conservatives believe that the role of government should be as limited as possible, and that every time the government expands its involvement in the lives of the people, individual freedoms are reduced. For many conservatives, this belief goes hand in hand with the idea that those who are fortunate in life should be charitable, but that this should be a choice rather than an obligation. Others of them just don't want to share their money, but that's a considerably more biased answer.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-753646", "score": 0.5825528502464294, "text": "So I'm somewhat new to market socialism n I think I generally like the idea of worker Co operatives instead of private ownership or state ownership. \n\nHowever what would be the market socialist view of healthcare and other public services (transport, energy, water etc)? Would that be ran by worker Co ops or is it something that should be ran by the state?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-542575", "score": 0.5825496315956116, "text": "In the last earnings call from Manulife Financial (Life insurance company), I remember them saying that they were seeing claims for airline cancellations but not an abnormal number of claims for life insurance. How can that be possible if we are inside a deadly global pandemic?\n\nIt seems like life insurance companies should have a unique and accurate account of how deadly coronavirus is because every claim gets an investigation as to the cause of death. They should have details on co-morbidity etc and claims must be getting denied for these reasons (ie CV19 was not the cause of death as is reported by the WHO).\n\nIs there a consolidated list of unique perspectives to hone in on the truth without relying on biased \"medical experts\"? I feel like someone has probably consolidated the arguments already someplace on reddit?\n\nWhere in the world is the precedent for the doomsday scenario? \nWhere in the world is the precedent for a second wave? \nWhere is the consolidation of antibody surveys?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2485880", "score": 0.5825347304344177, "text": "I've seen people on here talking about how deregulating healthcare will lower costs but I am wondering how you think that would work?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2591185", "score": 0.5824878811836243, "text": "Its not the 'bystander effect\" because the bystanders didn't CAUSE the original problem.\n\nLike if a group of corporate executives cut themselves huge bonuses, but when any of them are pressed about it they all hide behind each other and say \"I agree the bonuses were a bad idea, but I can't control the whole board\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-187826", "score": 0.5824671387672424, "text": "Some background on how pharmacies work: Manufacturers make medicines and send them to distributors who then sell and deliver them to pharmacies. The pharmacies pay an acquisition cost for medications then set the sale price (U & C). On the patient side, insurance companies contract with a pharmacy benefits managers (PBM) to negotiate the cost of medications with each major pharmacy chain. This basically determines how much the medicine will cost to you (the insured patient). GoodRx functions kind of like the insurance company in that they partner with PBMs also and negotiate a price for people who pay cash with their GoodRx card/coupon (as opposed to their insurance). When you use their card to get the discount, GoodRx gets paid part of the admin fee from the PBMs. & #x200B; [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2487815", "score": 0.5824626088142395, "text": "The US stands apart from the majority of western countries in that we have very little government backed health care. I believe such a system would vastly improve the quality of life for nearly everyone living here. The millions of under-employed would be able to get by on less. Everyone would have the same shot at living a healthy life. There's probably nothing else that you could do that would increase the overall happiness of so many people, Businesses of all sizes would pay less per full time employee, and the government could use negotiating power to help lower the cost of life-saving medication. \n\nWhat would this mean for companies who no longer have to provide medical insurnace? Would they offer supplemental insurance?\n\nWould dental and vision be included in health care?\n\nHow much would it realistically cost? What are the realistic options for the US? It seems single payer has the most support, but are there any others?\n\nHealth care is pretty damn expensive, even with insurance. Would universl healthcare bring the total costs down? What would happen to existing insurance companies--aside from a lot of kicking and screaming. \n\nDoes our geography change the price of such a thing? We're a huge country, and unlike Canada, our people are spread out a bit more. \n\nI hope my random array of questions gets some conversation going. Feel free to post a link to previous discussions if these questions are as dull as I fear they are. \n\nEDIT: And most importantly, if someone such as myself wants such a system to be in place, where would they turn to join with a group of similarly minded individuals?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-623471", "score": 0.5824460983276367, "text": "Hi! My friend lives in Seattle, Washington and missed open enrollment. They are uninsured and self-employed. \n\nThey are young, healthy, and would like health insurance with a reasonable amount of coverage including preventative care, etc. They do not seem to qualify for any life event specified here on healthcare.gov.\n\nThey were looking at temporary coverage, however Washington State only allows 3 months of gap coverage per 12 months\\- and as far as I can tell, no insurance company is allowed to offer coverage outside of open enrollment... this would leave an 8 month gap.\n\nSo, what can they do to get normal health insurance off cycle here in WA? Seems like the options are, \n\n1. Get out of state short term insurance \n2. Get out of state individual insurance \n3. Get a job providing insurance/ enroll as a full time student? \n\nDoes anyone know whether the out of state option would be valid if it were really needed locally?\n\nAre there other ideas people have? This situation is frustrating and confusing.\n\nThank you for your help!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-182383", "score": 0.5824241638183594, "text": "Insurance agencies negotiate what they’ll pay doctors for performing types of care. If the insurance won’t pay the doctor what they think they are worth, the doctor can decline to accept that insurance.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-717721", "score": 0.582419753074646, "text": "A common thing I hear is that people enter debt, or even go into bankruptcy, due to medical expenses. These people specifically often do not qualify for their state Medicaid program, nor the ability to afford good health insurance. They're caught \"in-between\", a re-occurring thing I also hear, where they earn to much to benefit from government subsidies, but too little to actually stay out of debt and earn a better future for their children.\n\nWhat are your guys' thoughts? Is it simply mis-management of money, or is there a gap here with coverage, and that those whom are middle-class or upper-working class would benefit hugely from this? Would the taxes be worth it for them in a realistic scenario?\n\nPardon any ignorance I may be expressing :)\n\nEdit: This is for America, if this is not evident.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1961276", "score": 0.582412600517273, "text": "Other than potentially being insanely expensive. I feel like it would provide a more adequate expectation of what to do and how policies would actually function.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-543651", "score": 0.5824114680290222, "text": "Something I feel is under-reported lately is the fact that the ACA (Obamacare) is essentially stable across the nation in it's present state. There are some pockets that the CBO has identified which may need some tweaking to stabilize, but for the most part, the ACA is functional and working. \n\nIt is NOT exploding, imploding, collapsing, falling apart, death spiraling, or enduring any other type of catastrophe that the Trump Administration or GOP may claim. \n\nThat is, unless they take steps to sabotage, torpedo, or undermine the existing structure. \n\nThere are a number of subtle ways they could do this, including instructing the IRS not to enforce the individual mandate, drop court cases which may force/incentivize insurers to stay in, defunding groups that keep the ACA functioning, etc.\n\nThe fact of the matter is that *right now*, the ACA is stable. If it becomes unstable, then it was under the Trump/GOP watch, and it is on their hands. \n\n**The smooth functioning of the ACA is the Trump/GOP responsibility now, since they're in power. We must hold them accountable.**", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-58204", "score": 0.5824112296104431, "text": "Yes, at least in some countries you can. Winning the lawsuit is another game. (You need to prove that the previous owner knew about the problem) That's why when you decide or are interested in buying a company you hire specialists to go through the books and everything else.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1129995", "score": 0.5823702216148376, "text": "There has been a lot of news lately, spawning countless opinions, about corporations in America stepping up. Such as Domino's repaving roads, or Elon Musk (Tesla, Space X) fixing the lead water crisis in Flint. My view is that corporations should continue and increase their involvement. We have tons of issues in our country, whether it be deteriorating infrastructure, pollution, or poverty. The government isn't stepping up, but the political actions it has taken in the past few decades have been to support corporations. With increased power and wealth, coupled with decreasing taxes and regulation, companies should turn towards bettering their communities. Corporations in a sense run the nation, so they should step up and help improve it.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-16074", "score": 0.582315981388092, "text": "China is now far from being an actual communist nation, at least in terms of economic policy. While a lot of industries are state owned or at least state controlled, private enterprising is rampant in the country.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-156936", "score": 0.5822998285293579, "text": "This is why you see so many people complain about socialism. It's not that we worship at the feet of the god of Capitalism, it's that there's no better system for allocating resources than a free market. Artificial government influence in the market is often well intentioned, but virtually always has unintended negative consequences.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1731919", "score": 0.582299530506134, "text": "I have to believe that there is a way companies could offer a legal agreement that is more understandable, while still protecting themselves adequately. To put a tangible example out there: how minimal could a business-to-business service agreement be?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-58019", "score": 0.5822960138320923, "text": "Mostly because they're concerned about big government meddling in their own lives but are happy for it to meddle in the lives of people they disagree with. It's basically just selfishness. You very rarely see people advocating for government intervention to stop themselves doing something harmful or wrong, only because they think *other people* should be stopped from doing things.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-18328", "score": 0.5822904706001282, "text": "Single Payer Healthcare means all health care costs are paid by one entity, like the provincial (state) government in Canada. That entity may get its money from other sources (in Canada the Federal government and a health care tax all working Canadians pay). It doesn't have to be the provincial government, it could be the Federal, it could be one for profit health insurance provider, it could be Bill Gates. Medicare for all is just one implementation of a single payer system. You would take the existing Medicare system and just extend it to everyone not just people over 65 (I think that's the age)", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-254", "score": 0.6930491924285889, "text": "i dont know anything about that specific project, but in general there is an engineer that surveys in the centerline of the tunnel using a theodolite (_URL_0_). you basically move a known point down the tunnel using the previous point along the centerline as a reference. you offset each point from the actual centerline so that you can mark the actual points with a nail along the tunnel wall, out of the way." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-80375", "score": 0.6573508381843567, "text": "Many times they dig the tunnel through the dirt below the water, rather than building a tunnel through the water itself. Sophisticated engineering rules govern how the tunnel is reinforced (strengthened), how it is drained, how it is lit, it's maintenance schedule and other safety concerns.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-235725", "score": 0.656915545463562, "text": "When buildings are built, they have to take the existing tunnels into account. When new tunnels are built, they have to take the existing buildings into account. There are maps laying out everything. It also helps that New York is on some pretty solid bedrock that extends almost up to the surface (indeed, it does poke out here and there in central park). You can read about the geology of the area here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-149390", "score": 0.6557098627090454, "text": "You can measure lengths and angles inside the tunnel without modern tools - not as accurate as today, but good enough to dig tunnels and end up roughly where you want to. The tunnels 100+ years ago were not as long as the longest tunnels we dig today, so deviations were less important.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-14243", "score": 0.6537192463874817, "text": "They don't build the tunnel through the water, they dig *under* the rock that's under the water. [Here is a diagram](_URL_0_) so you can see what it looks like.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-38065", "score": 0.6514111757278442, "text": "Tunnels in cross section are basically arches with the brick or concrete lining acting as the pillars. That leads the stress on the top down to the ground beneath. They will design the tunnels and the routes they take to support the weight above and would avoid hollowing out beneath a building without carefully calculating the stresses they need to account for. Often tunnels will take routes that don't have high loads above, like following the line of a road.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-979899", "score": 0.651231050491333, "text": "We've been discussing methods for not getting all kinds of lost while exploring. Torches on only one side of the wall. Extensive use of signs and maps. How do you keep tabs on where you're going?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-11169", "score": 0.6490275263786316, "text": "In a variety of ways, depending on the exact circumstances. If the geology and cost permits it, they'll just tunnel through the rock under the water, and then seal the tunnel walls with concrete or something to prevent leaks. Sometimes, prefabricated tunnel sections are built on land, then put on a barge, taken to the appropriate spot and submerged. That's how they built the trans-bay tube for San Francisco's BART system.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1979039", "score": 0.6481499671936035, "text": "How did Luke know to jump down that huge way and there would be a tunnel there??", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-96111", "score": 0.6479630470275879, "text": "It's weird you should ask this as I myself googled this earlier today after noticing a tunnel that had recently had maintenance done to it. This article has pretty much all the answers. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2402509", "score": 0.6479431986808777, "text": "I thought I could understand how tunneling works through experimentation but so far it's only made it more confusing. \n\nI created a tunnel in the side of a mountain and had the issue of the resulting hole having a dip at the entrance instead of being a smooth opening. I thought it was because the \"block\" I was interacting with simply cut into the mountain deeper than I thought. I figured this meant that if I created a tunnel on the \"block\" before it a smooth opening would be created. This idea was based on the assumption that the world is created by a bunch of blocks in which a certain volume is terrain, and the rest is air. This doesn't seem to be the case - the resulting second tunnel was a bit deeper than expected, going down about half the width of the previous block and causing an odd step formation.\n\nI'm sorry if that's not the clearest explanation, but regardless is there someone who could explain how tunneling works? The last thing I want is a bunch of janky-ass looking holes in this mountain.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-99824", "score": 0.6464470624923706, "text": "Same way as humans; only trust the GPS so far, and look for the markers signifying construction areas. The huge sensor suite can, with sufficient software, actually make the car more aware than a human driver and many choices can be made faster than a human would need to even realize there was a problem.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-119991", "score": 0.6460312008857727, "text": "They use a [tunnel boring machine](_URL_0_). It's eats whatever is in its path, then pushes forward while adding supporting walls behind it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-63379", "score": 0.6458908319473267, "text": "Two main methods. One is sinking, the other is boring. When you sink a tunnel, you build the tunnel out of segments of concrete, on land, and you barge them out to the site. They're sunk to the bottom of the sea, where they either sit in a trench, or they are anchored to the ground. This is how the Transbay Tube that carries the BART from San Francisco to Oakland was built. When you bore a tunnel, you dig in the rocks underneath the seafloor, and it's really no different from boring a tunnel on land. This is how the tunnel across the English Channel was built.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-187564", "score": 0.6440099477767944, "text": "Sometimes they use giant boring machines that work like a mole, digging the tunnel out, and sometimes they will pre-build the tunnel in sections, sink it, then connect it together / cover it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-180001", "score": 0.6427926421165466, "text": "Train drivers also have to be taught the routes before they're allowed to drive over them themselves. Here in the UK we need to know every speed, junction, station, braking point, gradient, curvature of the line, controlling signal, sidings, tunnel, potential trespassing sites, potential contamination sites and probably some more that I've forgotten. So if I'm booked to drive a specific route, I know exactly where I'm supposed to be at a specific time and I'll know which junction signals to look for on approach.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1556988", "score": 0.6418972611427307, "text": "A new tunnel is being built for the London Underground. Normally, the wizarding world would not be concerned about this, but the tunnel is due to pass through the vaults of Gringotts. Influencing things so the tunnel goes elsewhere isn't possible, as the drills will hit the vaults in three days.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1919947", "score": 0.6414467096328735, "text": "They must have a gyroscope to detect any movement anymalies, color lights that vary depending on that movement, high resistance to timefall, stickers with coded information, and dont forget they emit a coded signal that allows porters to detect them at great distances.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-85426", "score": 0.6403200626373291, "text": "[LIDAR] (_URL_0_) works by flying a plane over the area you want to map and bouncing a scanning laser off the ground. The laser light can get enough back scatter through vegetation to map what's underneath. But lasers can't see through dirt, pavement, stone, or buildings. Some type of [geophysical imaging](_URL_1_) might work, except that most signals will likely be disrupted by all the crap between the surface and the tunnels (old construction, foundations, sewers, pipes, wires...). Not to mention that an active ping - setting off a small subsurface explosion to catch echos, for example - has to be done in the midst of, and somehow filter out all the noise from, one of the world's major metropolitan areas.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-158256", "score": 0.6396742463111877, "text": "The earth is not consistently made up of the same thing. Some areas are made of soft rocks that aren't very stable Other areas are made of hard rocks that are incredibly hard to drill through. It's cheaper, easier and safer to curve your tunnel around these obstacles than it is to just drill a straight line.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-468883", "score": 0.6391577124595642, "text": "They either know where they are or how fast they're going, but not both!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-255", "score": 0.7036399841308594, "text": "Salt water pools still use chlorine, the difference is that the chlorine is produced through electrolysis using the salt as the base material. The advantage is that the salt electrolysis process creates free chlorine ions (the type of chlorine that kills bacteria) and burns off chloramines (the type of chlorine that burns your eyes and smells like strong bleach). As long as they are maintained they will work just as well at killing bacteria, and people tend to find them less irritating, especially if they have sensitive skin. The salt system also has the benefit of \"softening\" the water. They tend to have a higher initial setup cost though, and saltwater is more corrosive than freshwater so you have to keep an eye on the internals and plumbing of the filtration system." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-68480", "score": 0.6681007742881775, "text": "They don't melt. They dehydrate like a dried fruit. It's because they are made up of so much water. Salt draws the water out. In your body, for example, when Cell A pumps some salt in to Cell B, water follows it out. Think of the salt like an attractive lady and the water like horny teenage virgins. When the attractive lady goes next door, the horny virgins follow her out, throwing themselves all over her. You sprinkle the salt all over Mr Slug and all the water in it's body gets drawn out of it's body, shrivelling it up and killing it. Since it's ELI5, I don't know if you want more information about how and why salt draws water out or not.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-106810", "score": 0.6676861047744751, "text": "Hyper = too much. Hypo = too little. Concentrations of gas, liquid, or dissolved solid mixed in any gas or liquid (provided they *can* mix) will naturally flow towards equilibrium. So if you put a bunch of saltwater over *here* and a bunch of freshwater over *there*, the saltwater will flow towards *there* and the fresh towards *here* until there is nothing but one large body of brackish (half-way salty) water. If you stop the solute (the thing dissolved in the other thing) from moving - say, with semipermeable membrane that allows water to flow through it, but not dissolved salt ions or sugar molecules - then the solvent will still attempt to create equilibrium in the system. That means the liquid will flow from where there is a *low* concentration (hypo) to a *high* concentration (hyper) until the concentration is equal on both sides of the barrier.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-160945", "score": 0.6674452424049377, "text": "\"Normal\" saline (NS) is 0.9% saline in water. This isn't a lot, but trust me, it tastes very salty :P NS is isotonic with the blood. Meaning, it has the same percentage of salt that the blood does. So when it's injected you're literally adding volume to the blood. However, the ocean (which is what I'm guessing you're referring to, water water everywhere but not a drop to drink) is 3.5% salt, which is nearly 4 times higher than NS. If you drink this, you have water in your intestines which has 4 times as much salt as your blood. So it will actually pull water out of your blood (osmosis), making you even more dehydrated.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-479008", "score": 0.6672806739807129, "text": "So every now and then over the last 7 years of owning a pool I have lagooned it and had to throw in some chemicals to clear it up.\n\nSomething strange has happened this year. I lagooned it at the end of the season. Now, even though it is too cold to swim I do like to keep it open until december or so for appearances.\n\nHere's the thing though:\n\nI can not clear it up. I have thrown massive amounts of shock in and simply nothing happens.\n\nAny ideas?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-183148", "score": 0.6665746569633484, "text": "Electrolytes are salts. Namely ones that have Na and K. Keeping a certain level of salinity in the fluids is essential for moving water into your cells. The basic concept be is called osmotic pressure. You could probably find a YouTube video to explain it better than I could here.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-53284", "score": 0.6662425398826599, "text": "One method that I have seen used in outback Australia (where a swimming pool can get to blood heat) is to use a fountain to provide evaporative cooling. The fountain can be in the pool or next to it. If next to the pool, the water should be collected and returned to the pool.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-53198", "score": 0.6657509207725525, "text": "Because drinking pure water doesn't pump it straight into your bloodstream where it can rapidly dilute blood. Saline solution is used to maintain the balance between blood and cells of what is called osmotic pressure. If you put pure water into the blood, then this balance would be broken, and you'd have a higher concentration of water in the blood than in cells. It would then attempt to flow into cells to return to equilibrium, rupturing them. Saline solution is roughly the same as your blood already is, and so it doesn't dilute the blood and prevents the same action. Your body will work to maintain this balance, during normal consumption, excreting excess water. Although you can in fact consume so much water that it overwhelms your system and causes the same problems. That being said, it takes a lot of water. This phenomenon is known as water intoxication or water poisoning.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-166522", "score": 0.6647931337356567, "text": "Blood has a bunch of \"stuff\" in it (proteins etc) that make it osmotic i.e. something that would attract water (to try to balance out the proteins) A red blood cell has to maintain a certain volume in order to do its job & it does so by carefully regulating how much it holds onto & what it lets go, and hence controls how much water goes into it Freshwater has less stuff in it so less osmotic so the cells have to move water in & out less in order to stay normal volume Now if you take a cell that is used to being in freshwater & put it in salt water (higher osmotic pressure) then the difference between the stuff on the inside & outside it too great & the water will leave the cell causing collapse Reverse it for salt water into freshwater -- > water will go into the cell -- > cell blows up", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-290029", "score": 0.6646168828010559, "text": "Salt is what you get *after* sodium and chlorine have reacted violently and let off a whole bunch of energy. It's the \"spent fuel\" of that reaction, if you will. For sodium to react with water, it would have to be non-ionized, or metallic. In salt, it's ionized already, and it can't further react with anything.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-41366", "score": 0.6633222699165344, "text": "The purpose of the saltiness in saline is so that it won't sting your eyes. If you get plain water in your eyes it's uncomfortable because it dilutes the salt in the eye lubricant. If you get ocean water in your eyes it stings because there is too much salt. Optical saline solution is precisely made with just the right amount of salt.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-77894", "score": 0.661808431148529, "text": "Saline has just enough salt in it to match the level of salt in your body fluids - remember, tears are salty. Salt in a wound is *way* too much salt & starts drawing water out of body and otherwise mismatches the chemistry of your body.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-25937", "score": 0.6617798209190369, "text": "The blood runs over a membrane which has holes small enough to allow the bad stuff to filter out but the good stuff to stay (e.g. blood cells). On the other side of the membrane is essentially water and salts in the ideal concentration for the body. The bad stuff flows from a higher concentration in the blood to the lower concentration in the dialysis solution through osmosis. The dialysis solution is continually replaced to maintain the lower concentration of bad stuff and keep the osmosis going.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-269815", "score": 0.6611142158508301, "text": "The chlorine species present in pools almost in all cases is the ionic form. Of course, by virtue of thermodynamics, some chlorine molecules will form, but their concentration will usually be negligible.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-125385", "score": 0.6584007740020752, "text": "It doesn't. The resin beads that the salt back-washes over is actually what is making water soft. You can't pour salt into water to make it soft. The way water softeners work is via an ion exchange system. Hard water with calcium and magnesium pass over resin beads coated with sodium ions. When the water passes over the resin beads, it \"pulls\" the calcium and magnesium out whilst \"dropping\" sodium ions out. Thus, you add a small volume of salt to your water as a consequence. But it isn't adding salt that's making the water soft, it's taking calcium and magnesium out.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-245625", "score": 0.6579725742340088, "text": "Ions in solution. Ultra-pure water is a really bad conductor, because the ions don't exist in large quantities and therefore the sub-micromolar dissociations in the water have the ability to transfer current like a large amount of salt can. If you've heard the term \"electrolyte\" this is what it refers to, a charged species in solution that can transfer currents. The conductance of a swimming pool, I might add, isn't stellar but it's enough to be troublesome if enough power is applied. If you're in a large swimming pool on the other side I don't know that I'd be as concerned as in a small tub. When you have a source and sink of identical magnitudes, effects fall off as a function of distance to the third power. (You can derive this from the inverse square law). The potential difference will drain into the ground right next door, and won't pass through you as it would if your body were in the way.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-262151", "score": 0.6553959250450134, "text": "By adding chlorine to a pool, or any chemical additive for that matter, you've automatically given the pool some buffering capacity. Anything that isn't pure H2O will have some sort of buffering capacity, so unless you're pool is using some super expensive filtration systems, you've already got yourself a buffer. Now, to the question: The answer is much harder to calculate or estimate. But, to cause a net change of .5 in pH would require an ungodly amount of HCl and would take hours to equilibriate across the whole pool. Depending on the various convection currents, wind driven currents and other impossible to predict conditions, it can take anywhere for a few minutes to much longer for the pH meter to detect a change.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-119873", "score": 0.6551697850227356, "text": "Think about the particles of water as billiard balls, all bouncing around on the pool table. Sometimes, with the random collisions and chaotic bouncing around, one of the balls gets going so fast that it jumps out of the pool table. That's like standing water, when, even if it's cool out, some particles still manage to 'escape' the droplet. The hotter it is, the more more the particles jiggle around, so more pool balls jump out. Get it hot enough, and it's guaranteed that a ball couldn't possible stay within the walls of the table.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-129738", "score": 0.6550170183181763, "text": "Your body doesn't need pure water, it actually needs slightly saline water. When you drink lots of water, the salinity level drops, and the body excretes some (by making you need to use the bathroom) in order to bring the salinity back in tolerance. This is why, when a dehydrated person goes to the hospital, they get treated with saline rather than just plain water.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-190770", "score": 0.6548580527305603, "text": "Because the liquid within the cells need to be the same as the salt content of the water. This is because the salt level or lack of salt in the water causes their cells to either shrivel up (called hypertonic cells) or enlarge (called hypotonic cells), which leads to their death because they cannot function as needed. If the water outside of the cells has the same solution as inside the cell, it is called isotonic. This means they are able to function properly. Some sharks, bull sharks for instance, can osmoregulate. This means that they can balance the solution within their cells to the same level as the water they are currently in. Pretty neat huh!?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-151608", "score": 0.6547033786773682, "text": "What is happening is osmosis. Salt draws the water out of their bodies and kills them, they don't dissolve or turn to sludge. Slugs have thin skin which water can pass through.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-256", "score": 0.7722668647766113, "text": "A driver's license is a state-issued document accepted by state governments certifying your identity and ability to drive. A passport is a federally-issued document accepted by international governments certifying your identity and travel eligibility and history. Whereas you can get away with a temporary driver's license printed on a DMV receipt printer, a passport has a LOT of liability tied to it and basically is your country insuring you as \"This person is a Normal Person\" The cost comes from the legal backing, as well as whatever background checks they need to run on you" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-682722", "score": 0.7270380854606628, "text": "I see online that is $55 but then the place says they do passport photos for $15. So is it 30+25+15 or just 30+25?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-329152", "score": 0.7268678545951843, "text": "Past assistants: how long was the turn around time between your appointment with VFS and when you got your passport with visa back in the mail??? I know this has been asked before, but I can't remember what the general answer was.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1189981", "score": 0.7254610061645508, "text": "I sent in my driver’s license and my doctor faxed the info that they asked for, but I saw on another site that folks were having to get passport photos to take and that you can’t have on glasses. My first appointment is Thursday and I need to get to trying to get a decent picture if my DL one isn’t good enough. I’m in Florida. I’d appreciate anyone who actually knows how this is done to help me out here. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2810636", "score": 0.7215794324874878, "text": "I have successfully uploaded my drivers license however my passport is expired and they are not accepting my medicare card. What else can i try short of renewing my passport?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-949122", "score": 0.7200419306755066, "text": "I need to get a passport there is no pressing deadline buy last i checked on the state department the cost was a minimum of $150 is there any exemptions I am not aware of or programs I can use in New York?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1836882", "score": 0.7186973690986633, "text": "Hey friends! I submitted my passport on the 2nd, I need to fly on the 30th of August. Because I don't have photo ID atm, I had to use two referees. I was told by the passport office that this might \"delay\" the process slightly. I asked if it would delay it past the expected 3 weeks - Was told no, but it will likely take 3 weeks.\n\nEven though I've received this advice, I just wanted to get some personal experiences from other people who've been in this same situation with having 2 referees - How long did it take you to get your passport back? I'd be interested to know about how long it took for normal applicants as well!!\n\nThank you!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2397291", "score": 0.7178444266319275, "text": "I'm scheduled to leave the country on July 21 for a wedding, and recently learned my passport expired.\n\nThere is a projected 12-week door-to-door wait time for \"expedited\" passport renewal by applying directly with the U.S. Dept. of State (up to 6 weeks processing and 6 weeks mailing on front and back end). Apparently, there is a huge backlog right now due to the pandemic shutdowns.\n\nSo, I'm planning on using Fedex RushMyPassport Services to get my passport renewed quicker. The FedEx website projects a 4-week, 2-day wait time on average (although its not clear if this estimate is still valid with the pandemic backlogs), which should get me my passport just in time if I submit my application today.\n\nDoes anyone know how long I should expect my passport renewal to take with Fedex RushMyPassport Services? Does anyone have any other suggestions for expediting my passport renewal? Some posts have mentioned contacting state senators or congressmen (link below), but I'm not sure if I should do this before or after having submitted my application, or exactly how I should go about this (I live in Massachusetts btw).\n\nRef: ", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2440719", "score": 0.7145395874977112, "text": "I just realized my DL expires in less than 2 weeks. I have a flight this week and by the time I'm coming home, the license will be expired by 2 days.\n\nSince it takes a while to get a new license, you think they would deny my flight for having a 2 day expired license?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1576448", "score": 0.7136087417602539, "text": "My driver's license is expiring this weekend and I renewed it 3 weeks ago but it hasn't yet arrived. They gave me a temporary paper driver's license so I'm not too worried about that, but I'm worried about whether my driver's license can still be used as ID.\n\nCan my expired driver's license serve as a form of ID if I get pulled over or if I just want to buy some alcohol? Or do I have to bring my passport with me everywhere I go until I get my new driver's license?\n\nThank you!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1574740", "score": 0.7128357291221619, "text": "Hi y’all\nI just renewed my license and they said that it can take up to 45 days!\nA few years ago I got it mailed within a week\nIs it really going to be that long?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2442763", "score": 0.7123932838439941, "text": "I actually went to the DMV by Penn Station this past week, and the process took so long that I left (going on four hours.) I would very much like to avoid the DMV as long as possible but I don't know if I'll have trouble around town with an expired license (I get carded at bars every once in a while.)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1574232", "score": 0.7121480107307434, "text": "Apparently in NYS, you cannot do this online, only at the SS office on Exchange (ugh) or through mail. Has anybody successfully mailed their drivers license and passport to the SS office for a replacement? Or do you have tips on when the best time to go down to the office would be?\n\nI attempted an in-person renewal and the wait was over 2 hours", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1082520", "score": 0.7116860747337341, "text": "I'm a Canadian. I am a US resident under a TN visa.\n\nI tried to get a California state ID at the DMV. However their scanner wont work with my passport (apparently a common issue for \"foreign passports\"....) so now I have to do manual review for SEVERAL MONTHS (I read that the backlog might be up to 8 months).\n\nI need the state ID to open a bank account at chase bank. I already got my SSN. On the phone they insist that I need a US passport or a US drivers license / state ID.\n\nI can't wait 8 months for a USD bank account. Right now I'm being paid to a Canadian account in USD with RBC, but this is inconvenient because I have no branches, ATMs, ACH, and very very high fees.\n\nDoes anyone know where I can get a decent checking or savings account at a decent USA bank? I have:\n\n1. an SSN\n2. proof of employment / income\n3. proof of residency (utilities bills)\n4. canadian passport and drivers license", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-154442", "score": 0.7115938067436218, "text": "passport is universally accepted. your driver's license most likely won't be accepted outside of US. nor will your state ID. it's because the agency doesn't have any history or method authenticating it. the consulate in germany isnt' going to be calling the dmv in delaware or the dmv in brazil to try to see if it's a real ID or a fake one.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-344732", "score": 0.711584210395813, "text": "I haven't received my IND letter yet, and my flight is in two weeks. I'm really worried about applying for the MVV in my country too close to the flight and not receiving my passport back before the flight (they ask for 10 business days to put it in the passport)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2099115", "score": 0.7102311849594116, "text": "I goofed and submitted a pic of my expired NJ drivers license. Just resubmitted the correct one. Do you think this means another 3 weeks' wait time? \n\n\nAnyone goof like this before?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1574562", "score": 0.7098084092140198, "text": "Yesterday, I tried to schedule my driver's exam to get my license in NJ. It turns out that the MVD gave me incomplete paperwork, because they didn't stamp the permit in the spot that validates it for driving and they didn't write down the number which allows me to register for a driver's test. After calling them, I found out that I have to basically re-apply for my permit- which means digging out 6 points of ID and the form from my high school which states that I have passed the written driver's exam- wait another 6 months or until my 18^th birthday (which is luckily only 3 months away), and then I can take the practical exam to get my license. I'm pretty pissed that a bureaucratic error cost me so much time, so I want to remind everyone to **double check everything and ask questions about every part of it** when it is given to you so that you don't end up in a shitty situation like mine.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-744658", "score": 0.70975661277771, "text": "Yeah, after months of working on this lengthy visa process I finally received my visa in the mail today. What shocked me was seeing they have my birth year listed as 1977 instead of 1997... No idea how that could have happened because 1. I checked that application religiously for errors. 2. My birth year is listed in my passport itself 3. How could no one notice when my passport photo is included, no one thought, “hey this 42 year old looks really young..” \n\nNot sure what I should do to correct it. Drive 4 hours to the Atlanta office to issue another one? Wait another 2 weeks to do it via mail and pay all the fees again? Or do nothing and hope no one notices??", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1580211", "score": 0.7081303000450134, "text": "I'm going overseas in the beginning of December. My parents disapprove of this and confiscated my passport. My mom gave it to my dad, who took it with him to Maine (I live in Pennsylvania). Is there a way for me to get my passport back without paying the $170+ for replacement? They're not going to use it for identity theft, just to keep me in the country.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2443474", "score": 0.7081113457679749, "text": "So technically when you move to another state you are required to get a new license for the state you are moving to within 30 days. I have lived here in Oregon for about 2 and a half years now without doing so and still have my Washington license. I have been to the DMV twice within the time frame i have lived here, the first time to switch my plates and second time about two weeks ago to renew my tags. Both times i was informed i needed to get my license switched over. The only reason i have not is because when i submit my application to take both tests they take your old license away. \n\nMy question is simply: If they take my license and i fail the test what happens? I know they will reschedule a test, but do i get my old license back?\n\nI have a job and a residence here and i would very much not like to walk to work at 5 am every day. But i also don't want to get in any trouble or get fined.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-257", "score": 0.8154326677322388, "text": "Quite often, its not. Many times you can combine a rebate with incentivised financing and end up much cheaper than your bank. For example, my wifes 2012 altima is currently financed at 0.5 percent and we bought it several thousand below invoice due to rebates/dealer incentives. No banks/credit unions were anywhere close at the time. The cheapest was around 4% at the time. Where dealerships get you is with all of the add-ons like extended warranties, window etching, undercoats, etc and you will get offered those regardless of whose financing you use." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2085569", "score": 0.7746052742004395, "text": "Which of these two options is better in your opinion?\n\nHere's my situation: I want to spend approx. $10k on a car but I want to maintain liquidity. $10k is relatively tiny and I'd rather pay over a longer period as I could take the 6-7% interest hit on a $10k car easily. I also have very good credit and have my own personal line of credit from a big bank with a low interest rate.\n\nShould I purchase the car cash, go through my personal line of credit, or go through the dealership's financing option?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2085151", "score": 0.7727068066596985, "text": "So it's been a while since I bought brand new car. Went to few dealers in town, cars I've looked is small cars that are around $17,000. I told salesman I'll bring cashier's check and give me the best price since I had enough money to buy out right. They tell me I will get a better deal if I finance through them, offering $500-1000 more discount. I asked what's the difference when I can pay it right off thinking they are going to make money off of interest. I figured there will be some type of penalties for early pay-offs etc. But\ndealers are telling me there is no such thing, some asking only 1 payment or at least 4 payments before I can pay in full.\n\nSo if that's the case, why are they pressuring people to finance through them? It doesn't seem very logical.\nAny thoughts guys?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2803892", "score": 0.7725868225097656, "text": "I recently started shopping around for a certified pre-owned car and was wondering if anyone had experience with loans from different financial institutions? \n\nI first applied to local credit unions and was approved before going through the dealership. After finding the car I then applied through the dealership and was able to get a better rate from Bank of America. I was hesitant to go with BoA as I had read some not so good things about them. However with the reduction in interest rate BoA is sounding like a better option. \n\nI have all of the other details that I can think of figured out: down payment, trade in value, pre-purchase inspection, and the vehicle I'm looking to buy. \n\nMy situation is as follows: \n\nLocal credit union: 3.74% for 60 months \nBank of America: Initially 3.49% and reduced to 2.99% for 66 months \n\nMy fiance and I plan on paying extra on the loan to pay it off early and as long as there is no penalty for paying off the loan early BoA sounds better all around. \n\nI've also emailed the credit union to see if they will match BoA's rate. \n\nIs there something that I'm missing or a reason I shouldn't go with BoA? \n\nThanks everyone for the insight. \n \nEdit: After looking at the paperwork for the loan there is a line which says that there isn't a penalty for paying off the loan early but should I do so there is no refund on the finance charge. It sounds like I won't be able to save money on interest by making additional payments to the principal. I don't fully understand so any help is welcome.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2084536", "score": 0.7711113095283508, "text": "I'm considering buying a used car from a Toyota dealership. I've heard that dealerships have an incentive to get you to finance through them rather than pay in cash. Based on this idea, I'm thinking of going through with the financing then paying it off the first month. Is there any downside you can see with this strategy? I've heard there's loan initiation fees. Would there be any difference on the taxes? Thanks in advance, I appreciate your help.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-135541", "score": 0.7613115310668945, "text": "Dealers have lines of credit they use to finance the cars they hold on their lot, so they pay interest while the hold the car in inventory and then pay the principle when the car sells. And they turn the inventory faster than you may realize.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2085308", "score": 0.7604454755783081, "text": "I always thought that the dealership gave you a monthly payment plan, but then I came here and saw people talking about loans. Are they bank loans? Is the dealership payment plan considered a loan? Should I secure a loan from a bank before I buy a car?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1630705", "score": 0.7558282017707825, "text": "I can't call a dealership due to having issues with my phone service because of the pandemic...\n\nBut I'm extremely curious. Banks usually don't finance cars that are under $8,000 but when I go on sites like CarFax, there's tons of dealerships selling cars for half that amount.\n\nCould you get a loan through this type of dealership or some type of payment plan, or do they expect you to pay the full amount upfront?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2086241", "score": 0.7547568082809448, "text": "I work in auto finance, and I see this constantly: When you purchase a new car with a higher interest rate (over 9ish percent), you can end up paying over $10k in interest alone.\n\nWhen signing the paperwork for a car purchase at the dealership, every bank contract has a section showing the amount financed, the interest that you're paying over the term of the loan, the total of those two amounts, your interest rate, and other useful numbers. Look over these numbers so you can see what you're actually paying. Look at the interest you're paying, and remember that this is essentially the fee that you're paying the bank for the privilege of taking out this loan.\n\nRemember, you can still back out of the sale at this point. You can choose a different car to save money, make a larger down payment, or cut out back-end items like service contracts. Your interest rate or trade value may even be slightly negotiable. \n\nDon't throw away 10, 15, 20k in interest when you could save money so easily!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1631269", "score": 0.7533049583435059, "text": "I have never purchased a new car that has been financed by a dealership. Is this a good deal? Should I still look to finance through my bank? Any sort of advice is very appreciated.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-59343", "score": 0.7529968619346619, "text": "The bank gives you enough cash to buy the car outright and then provides options (how much and how long) to give them their money back. Usually they charge you a little extra (interest) for using their money.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-137266", "score": 0.7523431181907654, "text": "A lot of dealerships also own their own finance company, which means even if you have shitty credit, they'll write a loan at 29% interest if they have to just to sell you a car, when no bank would touch you. No one will ever get a free car.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2084394", "score": 0.751392662525177, "text": "Perhaps I am misunderstanding something, but I'm trying to get the cash incentive on a car but also get it financed. (Not necessarily from the dealership) I thought I read here that it's possible. Am I confused?\n\nFor what it's worth, my credit score is ~810, so hopefully I'm able to get it financed. Is it possible to guess what would a reasonable rate be?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2083847", "score": 0.7507489919662476, "text": "Hi all,\nI’m looking at financing a car for about 25k. I plan to put 5k down. I was wondering how do I put that down? Should I give the 5k to the dealer, reducing the price to 20k, which I’ll finance the remainder through my bank? Or does my bank pay the dealer the full 25k, and I give the 5k down payment to the bank?? \n\nI’m confused by this, but both roads seem to lead to the same outcome. Are there any advantages or disadvantages to either route?? \n\nI’m from New York If that matters.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2084581", "score": 0.7492705583572388, "text": "I'm getting ready to purchase a used car and I've agreed on a sales price with the other party.\n\nI'm getting ready to contact my credit union (not sure if it's any different than dealing with a bank, but figured I'd include the detail regardless). I'm curious if I have the ability to negotiate with my credit union lendor on my potential interest rates. They offer different interest rates based on a new car from a dealer and a used car from a private party. I basically would like to request the lower of the two, obviously. I have excellent credit and have been a member of the credit union all my life.\n\nDo I have any bargaining power on this or am I at the will of their interest rate policy, whatever its set to?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1632765", "score": 0.748605489730835, "text": "This might be a stupid question but hear me out and understand my situation. \n\nThis is my first time going the financing route because all of my other cars were purchased with cash. \n\nMy friend gets cars from auctions and ships them to people out of the country and he happened to the find the exact car I wanted with all the upgrades and bells and whistles with mileage under 40k clean title everything. At the dealership it would definitely cost at a minimum 10k more. But most of his clients pay cash for his cars and I can't shell out that kind of money on a car. \n\nMy question is this; How should I approach a bank or a credit union for a pre approval or a loan for a car that hasn't been won yet? He told me he has some clients that regularly do this but this is all very foreign to me. Please help.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2086042", "score": 0.7481206655502319, "text": "We are going to be placing our house on the market within the next few months, and we want to start looking at what a bank will actually lend us.\n\nWe have been planning on when to get my wife a new car for a while now, and now would be as good a time as any financially. If possible, I'd like to take advantage of dealerships trying to clear inventory(used) before the end of the year. \n\nMy only question is: will buying a car and getting a loan with a monthly payment that is the same or slightly higher have any effect on the interest rate we get on the mortgage?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-664035", "score": 0.741328775882721, "text": "I recently purchased a vehicle that I fully anticipated financing through my local credit union. I was able to secure a 2.99% fixed rate which I was satisfied with as a 22 year old with a sizable student loan balance.\n\nThe dealer stated that my credit unions advertised auto interest rate was good, and they and the dealership had done enough business together that they had a speedy process to get the loan approved and issued. I think great, let's do this.\n\nSalesman tells me it's important to shop the rate at other competitive banks, which I guess I consented to by showing some sort of agreement, I don't remember the exact conversation. What I didn't realize is I was hit for 4 hard inquiries, 2 from other \"competitive\" local banks, 1 from the dealer. Why the hell did this happen? I only noticed this happened bc my credit score dropped bc of too many hard inquiries within 2 year.\n\nBest rate I was given was with my credit union which I wanted from the beginning, so bc of that and simplicity of keeping my direct deposit and loan payment under the same roof, it all made sense. But now I have this credit hit for 4 hard inquiries when 1 would've sufficed. Why do they do this and is this normal? It seems insane that buying a car will drop you from excellent to average in the hard inquiries column of a TransUnion score.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-67668", "score": 0.7409489750862122, "text": "Usually the entire process will take place within the car dealership. You select the vehicle you want to get and they will run your credit and find an entity willing to offer a loan of the appropriate amount of money. Afterwards it is just signing a bunch of papers and everything is done for you.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2806105", "score": 0.7397716045379639, "text": "Hey all, I know this has been asked but I couldn’t find one to more of my situation so let me explain a bit. \n\nLast year, I bought a car with 5.08% interest rate, under my name only. I had no prior “car history” on my credit history with excellent credit per Credit Karma. \n\nThis year, we are looking for another used vehicle with roughly 40% down. My husband also has excellent credit and a few paid off cars under his belt. We will try to get financing outside of the dealership before hand, but my question is: \n\nWill having me co-sign help lower the interest rate? Whether it’s on the loan at a bank or at the dealership?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2085304", "score": 0.7388498187065125, "text": "Hello! I live in Canada (Ontario to be specific). I do not personally know a lot about cars, buying cars, anything like that. I apologize if my terms are incorrect or inaccurate. I will do my best to explain the situation, and then what I am asking for advice about.\n\nMy mom is looking to buy a Volkswagen Beetle. We are afraid to finance through a dealership because my dad got screwed with his truck payments when we did it that way before. They have decided to finance through a bank for this vehicle. The person who has been dealing with them is a finance manager at a place called Car-Link Financial. This company will not work with private sellers and only with dealerships.\n\nMy parents are trying to find the most cost effective way to go through with this. My dad's monthly payments on his truck were really high and we recently found out they didn't need to be that high even though that is what he was told at the dealership. We definitely cannot afford another monthly payment that is $300+ or something like that.\n\nI have been sending links to the finance manager to Beetles my mom has found online that she is interested in, and he will be getting back to us about calculating the monthly costs and whatnot.\n\nAfter sending him two links, one to a 2005 Beetle and one to a 2007 Beetle, I received this reply from him:\n\n\"Ok perfect, I will work on the approval first and then give you quotes on vehicles. It would be much more cost efficient with a newer year vehicle. Banks give out very short terms for anything older then a 2010 which raises the monthly payment. You would be better off getting a newer vehicle with a lower and more affordable monthly payment also getting more longevity from the vehicle.\"\n\nFrom what I understand, he wants my mom to buy a more expensive vehicle because the payments will last longer but can be less expensive. Buying a vehicle from the year 2009 and below means we have less time to pay it off, and would have to pay more monthly to fit inside their limit. I'm confused as to what happens if we don't pay it off \"in time\" or whatever.\n\nBasically, we're looking for advice on what would be the best route to go for getting a Beetle. The year isn't much of a concern for my mom as long as it's in decent condition. We cannot afford an astronomical additional payment and are looking to not get screwed around! Two of my coworkers just financed through a dealership and are now in horrible financial situations, one of them also without a car because her old one broke down. I am nervous, not overly willing to trust everything this man says, and equally as unwilling to trust a dealership.\n\nSome reassurance on the situation would be greatly appreciated! Or if you have advice on another route to take, that would also be amazing. Thank you!\n\nIf I have left out any information that you may need to better assess the situation, feel free to ask in the comments.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-259", "score": 0.8872973918914795, "text": "> Why do aeroplanes/airplanes have headlights? Aircraft commonly land at night when it is dark. Being able to see the ground when coming in for a landing is important because they need to touch down at a reasonable speed. So not to put too fine a point on it, they are so the pilots can see when it is dark. You know, like with regular car headlights." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-134991", "score": 0.7709380388259888, "text": "Not really an eli5 question but: The wingtip lights are red and green, not red and blue. Those are the navigation lights. They help increase the aircraft's visibility to both air traffic control and other pilots both on the ground and in the air to prevent collisions. The left wing is always red and the right wing is always green so the aircraft's orientation can be quickly determined. The flashing lights are the strobes, which are activated during taxi, takeoff, and landing. They make the aircraft extra visible on the ground. They're actually separate lights from the navigation lights, but they're located close to each other on the wingtips, so it's likely their brightness just drowned out the navigation lights to your eyes. Planes have a bunch of other lights as well. Some, like the lights I mentioned, are just for other observers, and others, like the taxi lights and landing lights, increase visibility for the pilots.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-171557", "score": 0.7519978284835815, "text": "If something goes wrong and the aircraft crashes upon takeoff then not only may interior lights go out, but there are likely to be dangerous things outside such as raging fires or debris that renders the area impassible. Having the windows open means light from outside can enter and make the interior visible, as well as provide vision to those hazards so they can be avoided. That way people won't be struggling to reach an exit which has a massive jet fuel fire on the other side for example.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-189122", "score": 0.7511767745018005, "text": "Because take off and landing are the most dangerous parts of a flight and most likely for a crash to happen. The lights have to be off and blinds up so your eyes are adjusted to the outside brightness/darkness aiding the speed and safety of a possible evacuation", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-61432", "score": 0.7417307496070862, "text": "The cabin lights are dimmed in case there is a problem and they need to evacuate. The dim light inside means it doesn't take as long for your eyes to adjust to the dark if you need to get out of the plane and follow directions to safety in a hurry", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-86142", "score": 0.7323228716850281, "text": "In the event of a crash there might not be any electrical lights inside and it might become very dark. Also when the shutters are open passengers inside the airplane can look outside to orient themselves and decide the best way to evacuate. And emergency crew on the outside is also able to look inside the aircraft to see if there are any smoke or fire inside the cabin and more effectively direct their attention to where it is needed.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-126565", "score": 0.7276872992515564, "text": "Have you ever walked out of a well-lit room and into the nighttime darkness? Everything's dark and indistinguishable at first, because your eyes need a minute or two to adjust. After a few minutes outside, you can start to see with much more clarity. That's why. They want all eyes to adjust to the outside darkness so that not only is it a little easier to see the runway and land the plane, but so that everyone, passenger and crew, is more capable of handling themselves in an emergency. If something goes wrong you don't want everyone trying to adjust their eyes to the dark while also trying to unbuckle themselves or reach for masks or flee the plane or herd the passengers around or do whatever it is that needs doing.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-29987", "score": 0.7242771983146667, "text": "In order to see a shadow, something has to be between you and the source of light, something which would only happen for a fraction of a second for things at the height, size, and speed of an airplane. Something also has to have an angular size large enough to occlude the source of light. An aircraft at 10k+ feet has an angular size smaller than the sun.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-3558", "score": 0.7239994406700134, "text": "Lighting hits planes all the time as most of the time it just passes thru the plane but some times it can make the plane explode. [the plane explode ](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2618024", "score": 0.7239388823509216, "text": "I often stay outside after the sunset, and I've often noticed planes with unusual navigation light configurations. As far as I understand, the standard is to have a green light at the right wingtip, red at the left, then a steady white light at the tail, three white flashing lights (wingtips+tail) and the red beacon. \n\nHowever, sometimes I've seen (and heard) both jet and prop planes that lacked the white lights at the wingtips and instead had red and green lights fading in and out, sometimes I've seen them with white lights only, and recently there was a jet flying by that seemingly only had the red beacon light active. \n\nI also often crosscheck then on Flightradar24 And ADSB exchange, and there usually is nothing there. I do sometimes spot military and private planes during the day that don't appear on tracking websites, but I can't really see their lights. \n\nIs it possible that some of the planes really do use these configurations, or are my eyes just playing tricks on me?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-245628", "score": 0.7218905091285706, "text": "> easy on the eyes That's part of the reason. It's meant to keep pilots calm in combat and allow for easier transitions when looking inside and outside. The VVS started using it in WW2 but it's been kept around with some interesting innovations; for example, Fulcrums and Flankers have instruments that glow under UV light rather than conventional night lighting, which is supposed to reduce eye strain when combined with the blue cockpit color. I'm not sure how scientifically grounded the VVS's ideas about this are, though. The calming effect might be total bullshit, so you'll need someone with a background in psychology to answer that (I'm just a plane nerd).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-179914", "score": 0.7180851101875305, "text": "they are moving very slow compared to you. And you are seeing a very large image. You might be seeing an area 50 miles long. Its takes a car a very long time to travel 50 miles. If you fly at night you can easily see headlights from very high altitudes. If you look close enough you will be able to distinguish between non moving and moving lights. Like street lights versus headlights. Or during takeoff, while you can still see cars, just focus on two things. a car and a building. pay attention for 5 seconds and you will see the movement.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-192217", "score": 0.7164222598075867, "text": "Most cars these days come equipped with \"Daytime Running Lights\" (DRL), which means at least one part of the headlight system is turned on at all times even if it's the middle of the day and there's no ta cloud in the sky. It's a safety feature that helps make your car more visible. It might not be as useful on a bright sunny day, but it can be nice when the clouds roll in and the sky turns dark, and *especially* it's useful in the rain when people forget to turn their headlights on manually.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-100370", "score": 0.7160884141921997, "text": "That is mostly for take off and landing, and it's because if something goes wrong (most likely time for accident) and the plane needs to evacuate, more visibility helps access the situation outside and determine which side to evacuate from, any obstacles outside the plane like external fire, dangerous terrain, etc.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-86451", "score": 0.7146166563034058, "text": "When you are in a plane, you are in a bright cabin looking out a window. Just like when you are driving at night and you cannot see well out the windshield because the inside lights of your car are on, you cannot see out the plane window. The internal light reflects off the window, diminishing your view of poorly lit objects. When you are on a mountain, you are probably far from cities, there are probably no lights sources near you. The stars have no competition. There is no glass reflecting ambient light. Its also hard to look straight up in a plane. That might help your view. As would having the cabin perfectly dark.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-142256", "score": 0.714076042175293, "text": "Cars' headlights need to be carefully focused and shielded so they throw strong light down the road but not in the eyes of oncoming drivers. That means the light has to come from a small source (a single point would be ideal) so the surrounding mirrors and lenses can focus it. Neon and/or fluorescent lights can't do small, strong sources. So instead cars use halogen bulbs by default. Nowadays more and more cars are using advanced, focusable lights that are more efficient than neon/fluorescent lights anyway, like HID or LED.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-368807", "score": 0.7114181518554688, "text": "I keep thinking about this Kobe crash and how they're saying it was most likely due to the fog. But how come airplanes will fly when it's pitch dark or through clouds, storms, etc? Isn't that visibility just as bad? Are they more equipped to handle it than a helicopter? Please explain, thanks!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-16829", "score": 0.710968017578125, "text": "They produce a narrow cone of light using focusing optics, since most people only want to see what they're pointing at/where their car is driving towards. It would take *a lot* more power to illuminate a wider cone equally well. Now, I'm going to hazard a wild generalization, and inform you that American cars suck badly in that particular regard. Most cars have their lights angled downwards precisely not to blind other drivers; American ones, not so much.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-58320", "score": 0.7078176736831665, "text": "Headlights improve visibility of your car regardless of whether it is night or day. You may not need them to see, but other drivers can see you better when they are on. Thus, some roads or some weather conditions can require you to have them on. I drive with my lights on 100% of the time. Night or day, rain or shine.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-56385", "score": 0.7073270678520203, "text": "Some planes [like this Bf-109](_URL_0_) were painted light blue on their underside and ground colored on the top side. But without its own illumination the plane is always going to be darker than the daylight sky behind it. And with advances in radar technology there's barely any point since you'll detect the aircraft long before you can see it with your eyes.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-303204", "score": 0.7060466408729553, "text": "What do you mean? Those lights are incredibly bright, and are built within reflective lenses designed to be as visible as possible. They are bright because they are built that way. Plus, they are flashing, or moving, and the eye tends to lock onto moving objects.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-260", "score": 0.7385481595993042, "text": "The temperature that your body sleeps at is lower than the temperature your body maintains the rest of the day, this is for energy conservation and obviously to let your body rest. Simply put, keeping the temperature in your room lower may help your body to achieve this lower resting temperature. This makes falling asleep and staying asleep easier." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-137809", "score": 0.701099157333374, "text": "A variety of reasons, actually. First, there is an obvious psychological reason, you associate cold with working or going to school, and a nice sunny day with laying in the beach. As to actual physiological reasons, first you've got homeostasis, the body will fight to keep you at your optimal temperature, and if it's too cold or too hot, your body will work extra to regulate temperature. The body is a lot more efficient at raising your temperature than at decreasing it, so it works harder in the sun. Also, you sweat a lot, and might be slightly dehydrated. There is also the fact that there are chemical changes induced in your body by the sun.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-101514", "score": 0.700476348400116, "text": "People tend to get sick more often when it's cold for two main reasons. First, people tend to gather inside and closer together more. This increases the opportunities to spread germs. It also means people are less likely to be going out and getting sunshine/exercise and doing other things that generally keep you healthy. Second, cold air dries out your nasal passages and suppresses your immune response there. As a result, it's easier for germs to infect you when you breathe them in. That's why there's an increase in colds in winter. A third, sort of related reason specific to the flu is that the flu virus survives better in drier air. Cold air holds less moisture, so it's generally drier. As a result, the flu virus tends to do better in the cold than in the heat.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-45744", "score": 0.7002257108688354, "text": "It does make a difference. Stay too cold for too long and your body's immune system will weaken. Cold air makes it easier for viruses to stay suspended in the air droplets that people cough and sneeze about. So it becomes easy for them to enter the air you breathe. Add to that, the cold air that enters your nose and mouth can temporarily constrict blood vessels, and slow down the protective ciliary movement of mucus, you can have a good landing spot for airborne viruses to move around and land to cause infections. The warmer your body is, the lesser blood it's going to try and shift around from the peripheries to the core.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-43070", "score": 0.6994363069534302, "text": "Colds don't cause the cold, but coldness can negatively impact your ability to prevent and deal with diseases. But the primary reason why people get more sick in the winter is that we stay inside more and are in close quarters with other people more, which are ideal conditions to spread disease.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-188277", "score": 0.6984903216362, "text": "I think it would be the association with sleeping. In my case, I grew up in a tropical area and when going to sleep, we would turn on the air conditioner. I associate cold with sleep.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-97181", "score": 0.6980581283569336, "text": "Your body likes to stay a certain temperature, and bodily functions run best at that temperature. If you get too cold, your immune system takes a hit. This makes it much easier for viruses to attack and make you sick, once you come in contact with said virus. (Edited with clearer information)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-39410", "score": 0.6972333192825317, "text": "Your body automatically pumps less blood to your extremities (feet and hands) when you are cold so that your internal organs continue to function. Your hands are kind of asleep from lack of blood flow.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-20031", "score": 0.6969196200370789, "text": "The body tends to follow a set sleep schedule and when you do sleep your core temperature drops. If you stay up past your usual sleep cycle your body will still drop in temperature around the same time which is why some people feel cold late at night, but since you aren't sleeping the body heats back up so the transition from cold to warm feels more drastic. Same reason you go to bed at the same time almost every night. You feel tired, body temps drop and you go to sleep but if not it just cancels it and core temp goes up again until you are ready to sleep.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-108877", "score": 0.6944666504859924, "text": "Your pain nerves are more efficient at sending signals to your brain when they're slightly cooler than your normal comfortable body temperature. Cold makes your body better at telling you about pain.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-141146", "score": 0.694347620010376, "text": "Because you spend more time in enclosed spaces with poor airflow in the winter. That means viruses can more easily spread to different people causing more people to get the flu/the cold.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-148756", "score": 0.692661702632904, "text": "The main reason is actually that when it's cold, you end up spending more time in indoor heated environments in close proximity to other people. It means germs and virus's can spread much more easily. Also subjecting yourself to extreme weather conditions may make it harder for your body to stave off germs. But this does not mean regular cold days.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-186595", "score": 0.6920031905174255, "text": "Your body goes into a limited form of hibernation mode when sleeping, this includes reducing the amount of heat generated in your body by burning calories just to keep warm. This \"sleep mode\" activates after long periods of wakefulness.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-119289", "score": 0.691917896270752, "text": "In general you need to lose a degree or so of body heat to have a good night's sleep; your metabolism slows down and that's part of the process. If you actually wake up in the middle of the night, you'll probably notice that your pillow feels pleasantly warm.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-160543", "score": 0.6891658902168274, "text": "Cold air is very dry. Your nasal passage plays a big role in humidifying the air you breathe before it passes on to the lungs, so it produces a lot more fluid in the winter when we are breathing a lot of dry air.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-34197", "score": 0.6891376972198486, "text": "Probably because your body temperature drops when you sleep, typically being the lowest around 4 am. Your temperature from its daytime peak to nighttime trough could be ~1 degree F different.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-65129", "score": 0.6881292462348938, "text": "No idea but completely useless shitty info: now that it's getting cold out where I live, I wake up cold pretty often in the morning and after hitting my first snooze alarm, I lay down on my floor and plug my space heater in and lay in front of it and take a quick nap. I'm noticing I like doing this more and more and I'm wondering if it's because it helps my back feel better.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-322070", "score": 0.6867904663085938, "text": "Your brain is trying to raise your body temperature (to fight infection). It does this by sending out signals that activate the pathways associated with feeling cold. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-109975", "score": 0.6863955855369568, "text": "This question always gets answered with the received wisdom that goes something like. 'It's not because of the cold, it's because we spend more time in the warm indoors with other people....' well that's not actually true, it IS because of the cold AS WELL. When we're cold, our bodies restrict blood flow to our extremities, including our nose, to protect the vital organs. Less blood flow means less white blood cells reaching the nasal passages so infections which start there are less likely to be fought off in the early stages and so they're more likely to get bad enough for us to notice them.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-15470", "score": 0.6854424476623535, "text": "Your body produces a sleep hormone called melatonin when it is dark. This makes you sleep better and has other beneficial health effects. Sleeping in the daylight, or with lights on, or even just staring at a screen before bedtime can disrupt this melatonin production and lead to inefficient or incomplete sleep and prevent the beneficial health effects.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-165845", "score": 0.6853532791137695, "text": "The coldness causes your blood vessels going to the brain to constrict, resulting in the brain getting less blood and oxygen. Protip: press your tongue against the soft part of the top of your mouth to make it go away quicker.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-261", "score": 0.7755544185638428, "text": "Generally through the blood stream or the lymphatic vessels. When a contagion attacks a specific organ I.e. Hepatitis, it is because something about those cells allows that particular pathogen to attack/reproduce better than they do in other cells. They don’t move towards that organ specifically, they just keep getting pumped through the bloodstream until they find a good place to start reproducing, or they’re killed by the immune system" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-302351", "score": 0.729374885559082, "text": "There are only theee ways for you to get an infection: inoculation (meaning that a pathogen directly enters your body, such as through a cut), direct spread (meaning that infection spreads from one body part to an adjacent part), and hematogenous spread (meaning that infection spreads from one body part via blood to another, possibly distant, body part). Lungs are often inoculated directly, since they are exposed to airborne pathogens. Simultaneous infection in two joints is almost certainly hematogenous spread.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-36302", "score": 0.6947029829025269, "text": "Infection is rare, but if you have an open wound that is not cared for properly and you come in contact with the bacteria, you are at risk of becoming infected. The infection spreads very rapidly and symptoms can be present within a few hours. Medical treatment should be sought immediately, as severe tissue damage requiring amputation can occur in a matter of days.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-92981", "score": 0.6915443539619446, "text": "Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person; every droplet of a sneeze has the potential to infect, and so do other fluids as well. It also stays virulent after death, so touching the dead body during funeral rites also has the potential to infect. There is a pretty high chance you will be infected if you do come into contact with the fluids of a sick person, but if you don't then there is very little chance of catching the disease. Even with all of this; most of the problems with spreading during this epidemic have been because of extremely poor facility conditions and the medical practitioners often having little or no access to water or proper hygiene equipment. A large portion of the people getting infected are themselves health workers attempting to take care of the sick in appalling conditions, which could be solved with better equipment and education about how the disease spreads.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-24250", "score": 0.6878666877746582, "text": "Yes, the infection spreads eventually to more parts of your body, causing damage in a range of ways ranging from release of toxins or waste products, to actually eating your tissue, to triggering an overreaction of the immune system.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-655637", "score": 0.6870118379592896, "text": "I’ve found that a lot of the information available on the virus is either very general (wash your hands, can be spread by touching an infected source and then touching your face, etc) or so specific/technical that it is difficult to fully comprehend without a foundation of knowledge specific to the medicinal field. I’m looking for something between those ends of the spectrum. \n\nWhen it comes to transmission via contact with contaminated surfaces, how does the virus spread?\n\nI am specifically wondering about things that are frequently touched by many people- handrails or door handles on the lower end of that extreme and pin pads on the upper end in terms of overall surface area vs number of times touched. If someone with the virus interacts with something like a door handle, and they shed the virus, how much can the virus subsequently proliferate from that specific source? I’m not talking about a person catching it there and then going on to further spread it themselves once infected- I’m just talking about that specific source. \n\nExample: if someone touches a doorknob and sheds the virus there, how much of the virus is then left behind by the next person who touches it? Am I as likely to catch it if I’m the first person to touch it vs the 10th person to touch it? There has to be a finite amount of the virus there to spread right, or am I wrong for assuming it can only replicate within a host?\n\nWhen I touch something like an accept button on a credit pin pad, am I worried about the last handful of people who have touched it, or the past 100? \n\nObviously the appropriate response is to just sanitizer afterward regardless, but I’m more curious than anything.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-125329", "score": 0.6794502139091492, "text": "A malignant tumor is one that spreads to other tissues. This can either happen directly to nearby areas, or it can happen by metastasis. Metastasis is when distant tissues can be infected by, for example, crossing into the blood stream via the lymph nodes. There they can spread to dangerous area like the liver or the brain. Once they get to these new locations they continue to grow, crowding out the normal cells that should be growing there, and causing organs to fail.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-295864", "score": 0.6792025566101074, "text": "Not under normal circumstances. For one, whole cells would not normally be able to cross the digestive tract intact. Even if you had a perforated ulcer or some other method of crossing this barrier, your immune system would normally reject the foreign tissue, as it would any other allograft, unless it was a good antigenic match *and* your immune system was severely repressed. As far as I'm aware the only \"contagious\" forms of cancer in humans are caused by viruses that have transforming properties, either directly (e.g. retroviruses and herpesvirses) or through the induction of chronic inflammation (e.g. Hepatitis C).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-153662", "score": 0.6771873235702515, "text": "Ebola is incredibly infectious once you've been exposed to it; it takes far less contact to become infected than most other diseases. The disease can also cause vomiting and diarrhea, so it creates a lot of bodily fluids to be potentially touched. Finally, it remains infectious even in a dead body for a good bit of time, so people can get infected while cleaning the corpse for burial. Health care workers tend to get sick because they're exposed so frequently; because the virus is so infectious, even the slightest mistake can cause them to be compromised.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1061806", "score": 0.6731990575790405, "text": "It’s transmitted through sexual contact or blood and stuff like that, so how does the first person get it? (First post on my new account :D)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-13561", "score": 0.6727591156959534, "text": "For many diseases, symptoms come not from the infection itself, but from the immune system's attempts to stop the infection before it gets out of control. Some organisms have ways to evade the immune system, at least for a little while. If these organisms can grow while they're doing this, then they can be spread.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-281278", "score": 0.6720518469810486, "text": "In short, Ebola preferentially infects endothelial cells and is highly cytotoxic to those cells. So once it is in the bloodstream, it damages the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, causing circulatory system damage (or failure) causing the characteristic rashes, bruising and bleeding. As of now, Ebola is not easily spread. Most infected victims are family members, health care workers and others who have had close personal contact with the victims, such that they had contact with body fluids. However, now that the virus is spreading and is in contact with large population centers, it remains possible that natural selection will give rise to strains that can be transmitted a little more easily. It is not likely to ever become as easily transmitted as, say, influenza. Or if it does, it is likely to lose virulence. The bottom line: A deadly (Black Death-like)global Ebola pandemic is extremely unlikely.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-295602", "score": 0.670682430267334, "text": "Some illness are caused by infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc that can spread between people or animals and cause disease. Many of these are contagious, but many aren't as well. In order to a disease to be contagious between people, the infectious agent needs to be shed in a high enough number in an infective form and in a location that will allow it to pass along. Other disease are genetic, due to toxins, trauma, cancer, or other causes that originate within an organism or are due to a substance which cannot be passed along.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-110970", "score": 0.6691915392875671, "text": "So by highly infectious I assume you mean that it doesn't take much to infect someone? So with some diseases, only a few virus particles could start an infection, but with others, like anthrax, take quite a lot of spores to cause an infection. It depends on how the disease works and which one it is. Contagious on the other hand refers to how easily it is transmitted from one person to another. So if the virus can't survive in sunlight or out of the human body for more than a few minutes, it is quite difficult to transmit, as it basically requires direct transmission of bodily fluids, but if it can survive in droplets of water you sneeze out, like influenza, then it has more ways of getting into someone, and is easier for it to get into someone's system. Hope this helps :)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-262780", "score": 0.6685304641723633, "text": "It's not spreading in hospitals very much. It's spreading among people who don't go to hospitals until after they become very ill. Most of the problem is due to very poor and primitive living conditions and people lacking the knowledge to protect themselves. Remember the image from yesterday? If you don't want Ebola, don't touch the vomit, urine, or feces of someone with Ebola, don't fondle the bodies of people who died from Ebola, etc. It's stuff like that. That's where most, but not all, of the transmission is coming from. The reason they are isolating people is that the disease is just so deadly. It's not like the flu where most people will recover with no long term effects. Half the people or more who come down with it are dead within 2 weeks. They just don't want to take chances. Even a single drop of saliva is enough to infect someone.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-158685", "score": 0.6675316691398621, "text": "A contagious disease is one that is easy to be exposed to; if someone sneezes in the same room as you, you might get sick. An infectious disease is one that is easy to actually get once exposed. The example would be only a few drops of blood touching you causing you to get sick. You're not likely to be bled on in day to day to life, so that isn't very contagious but is very infectious. Ebola is generally considered to be the latter case. It's easy to get infected if you're in a risky situation, but somewhat harder to put yourself in a risky situation if you don't frequently rub down corpses or clean up shit or touch people's blood.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-321829", "score": 0.6669089198112488, "text": "Cancer \"Moves\" when single or small groups of cancer cells detach from the main tumor and flow through the blood until they hit something to reattach to. Then they start growing again. So yes, Cancer could spread to a transplanted organ. From might be different, because the reason cancer isn't attacked is because it is one of the body's own cells. If it came from another body and wasn't \"approved\" by the body, I bet it would be destroyed. However, if the transplanted organ is compatible with the new body, then I would say that the cancer would be too (That one needs confirmation).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-310071", "score": 0.6664767861366272, "text": "When a person is infected by the rabies virus, it is usually through a bite to an extremity like a hand or foot. The rabies viruses spreads throughout the body through your nerve cells, meaning that it takes a relatively long time (days, weeks, even months) for the virus to spread from the initial point of infection to your brain (where it causes the worst damage). The slow spread of the virus to the brain gives your body ample time to mount an effective immune response from vaccination, even if the vaccine was given after the initial infection event.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-295828", "score": 0.6663864254951477, "text": "It can be transferred from human to human via organ transplant, but all organs are screened for cancerous growth prior to transplant. Some have gone undetected but the percentage is extremely low. Cancer can form via viruses transferred from person to person such as HPV, EBV, Hepatitis viruses. [Source](_URL_1_) The only 'contagious' type of cancer known is Tasmanian Devil tumor disease. This type of cancer is spread through sexual contact ONLY in the devils. This is caused because of low genetic diversity through their MHC. [Source](_URL_0_) Edit: formatting", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-273240", "score": 0.6660321354866028, "text": "It depends a lot on what the infection is, for things like a cold its pretty much confined and a lot of symptoms like the sore throat are due to your bodies reaction to the infection and trying to keep it contained. But others can and will spread. An infection that gets everywhere in your body is pretty damn serious (and kind of rare). I didn't quite understand the last part of your question though. Source I'm a biomed student about to graduate", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-303928", "score": 0.665868878364563, "text": "In humans, cancer spreading from person to person is extremely rare, but it can happen. Usually the new host will reject transmitted cancer cells. There have been case reports of this happening in a number of cases and cancer types (so it isn't just limited to leukemias or other hematological cancers). Usually these cases are the result of organ transplants or stem cell transplants (as in bone marrow transplants) but they can also happen through various types of puncture type exchanges. Also cancer transfers during pregnancies can occur. Again, all of these circumstances are extremely rare and in the transplant cases, often times the cancers are reported to resolve once immunosupression is removed. [Here is a review that contains references for most of the cases I've mentioned](_URL_1_). It should be said that cancer can also be \"infectious\" due to viral and bacterial causes. And that there is a famous case of [contagious cancer in the Tasmanian devil population](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-262", "score": 0.7581453919410706, "text": "Not everyone is equally susceptible to addiction to cigarettes. I can chain smoke for a few weeks and then just stop for a few weeks without it being an issue. I'm not sure why that is true for me but its possible it may be because I was around second hand smoke a lot as a child." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-28167", "score": 0.7195296287536621, "text": "Your body can get addicted but you won't pick up the mental habits of you don't know what you did. They are two different things.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-10445", "score": 0.7187440395355225, "text": "The only reason someone wouldn't get high is if they don't actually inhale. Which probably happens more often for first timers since your body isn't used to breathing in smoke.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1784315", "score": 0.7183964252471924, "text": "As someone who smokes (or use to smoke), I understand addiction. But nothing about alcohol is addictive and I can't wrap my mind around the fact that some people are alcoholics, but do understand they may have some underlying personal problem. How does alcohol help?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-155910", "score": 0.7160015106201172, "text": "They don't choose to get addicted. It's a process that eventually leads to addiction, at which point they've lost the chance to choose. The matter is settled. You NEED the drug now. You have no say in the matter. They certainly chose to use it that first time, but who amongst us can say that we've never made a poor decision and decided to indulge in something pleasurable that we shouldn't have? The problem with drugs is that once you make that first bad decision, your ability to stop that freight train quickly vanishes. It's a nasty terrible thing that I wouldn't wish on my worst enemy.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1784927", "score": 0.7159366607666016, "text": "I'm pretty young, I've been smoking since I was like 12 or 13. I've gone through ALOT of packs. But I'm still not physically addicted, I've gone without it for weeks but as soon as I have money to spend ( which is almost all the time ) I go out and get cigs. As soon as my parents leave the house I go and puff it fast on the porch, I feel like I really want to smoke and I love doing it, but I'm not physically addicted, I feel great when I'm not smoking but I feel like I really want one all the time.\n\nCan anyone explain this to me?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-115286", "score": 0.7157840728759766, "text": "It's possible to get psychologically addicted, it depends on the type of person you are. The strength of the addiction will vary wildly from person to person. It can also cause or contribute to certain mental problems IF a genetic disposition for those exists. On the other hand, cannabis also has many medical benefits. In Israel, for example (which apparently has just decriminalised it completely), it has been used for years to treat seniors for various pain problems (Parkinson's etc.). The Israely military uses it to treat PTSD. Socially, it can either make you paranoid and freak out a little, or make you relaxed and sociable. It depends on your psychological makeup and the mood of the moment. It also usually makes people enjoy food a lot, so a minor problem resulting from weed is a bloated stomach ;-)", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-309035", "score": 0.7146650552749634, "text": "[Profoundly addictive.](_URL_0_) That's popular press, but worth the read. It may be hyperbole or apples-to-oranges to say \"more addictive than opiates or cocaine\", but I think a case can be made. To quit smoking there is both physical dependence and mental addiction. The physical dependence is significant, but your body can rebound in as little as three days from the physical need for cigarettes. Rewiring your reward and association areas in your brain will take much longer. Add in the fact that quitting causes stress and weight gain, and you can begin to see why one out of five Americans still smoke despite cost and knowledge of adverse health effects. Yet many people do quit everyday, and cold turkey seems to be the best method to achieve a lasting break from the addiction.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-99171", "score": 0.7146217226982117, "text": "> 21 Before I even read this, I was going to tie it into alcohol. Most people I've known that took up smoking did it when they were out at bars and drinking. Presumably someone they knew was smoking, and being drunk, they don't have enough of a filter to not try it themselves. At this time, the buzz is enjoyable enough, and the product is addictive enough, that they'll do it again. Some of these people continue to only smoke while drinking, and others go on to become regulars. This doesn't cover all new smokers, though. In most cases I'd say they don't see the harm in trying it once, and they become regulars without intending to.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-38258", "score": 0.7139602303504944, "text": "Some people are predisposed to get lung cancer, some people are more resilient. Also, some people smoke way more. waay more. a pack is 20 cigarettes, and there are people that smoke MORE than a pack a day. I'm an ex smoker and at most i only smoked five cigarettes a day. there are people that can't kick the habit but only smoke one or two cigarettes a day. While smoking isn't good for you it's a much different story if you're burning through 30 cigarettes a day rather than 3 a day", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-18476", "score": 0.7139397859573364, "text": "Nicotine is addictive much like caffeine, but it's not just the nicotine that causes addiction. There's hundreds of \"ingredients\" in a cigarette. When you light it on fire, the combustion turns those hundreds into thousands. You eventually become addicted to several of those chemicals. I don't know which ones specifically because it's basically a cocktail. However, it's not just nicotine. Nicotine is shown to have a handful of benefits but it's under a negative light for obvious reasons. I would argue nicotine is nowhere near as addictive as the other additives in a cigarette.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-42531", "score": 0.7137306928634644, "text": "Nicotine is an addictive chemical that is in cigarette smoke. There's other stuff in there too. People that don't like smoking, don't like the taste or feeling of smoking but, if you gave them nicotine skin patches or pills for long enough, they'd become physically addicted to the chemical, just like a smoker is.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-112194", "score": 0.7133769989013672, "text": "It's an easy trap to fall into. I smoked for two years after being the most anti-smoking person ever. Basically there's the social pressure, a lot of people still subconsciously see it as grown up and cool, particularly when celebrities like Johnny Depp smoke. I would also say most people start smoking when out drinking and not thinking rationally. So many people are \"social smokers\" but they're already on that slippery slope. As soon as you have the occasional cigarette when sober, you're done and in the trap. Also they taste disgusting, so you think \"this is gross, I will never get hooked!\" And ironically you think it's ok to have another because it seems to give you a bit of a buzz when combined with alcohol.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-6800", "score": 0.7124429941177368, "text": "Addiction to cigarettes comes in two main ways. The first is the physical habit. Cigarette smoking is a repetitive, comforting practice - a less athletic version of Tai Chi. So merely smoking the cigarette is enjoyable even if you exclude the pharmacological effects. It should be obvious that this provides no benefit except to the person who is actually smoking the cigarette. The second is the nicotine in the cigarette. However, the nicotine is almost entirely absorbed by the body. You can't realistically get 'high' off of second-hand smoke - the smoke you see exhaled is particulates and other largely inert chemicals. So there's no chemical rush from secondhand smoke to get addicted to.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-160704", "score": 0.7118058204650879, "text": "Because smoking isn't a 100% guarentee of getting cancer, it only increases your chance. You can smoke a pack a day your entire life and not get cancer.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1785356", "score": 0.7114671468734741, "text": "You have probably seen these TV commercials of the war on drugs that claim that even one use is enough to get you addicted, and your reaction was probably \"it's bullshit\".\n\nWell, let me tell you now - it's not totally bullshit. \n\n**Before I continue,** I'd just like to say that not everyone gets addicted. Even though not everyone that tries a drug gets addicted to it, the addiction to a drug is already determined after the first use, in my opinion. Every person is different, and while some people will become easily hooked, others never will because they are resistant to addiction (for example, people with ADHD are significantly more vulnerable to drug addiction than the normal population because of their low dopamine levels. People with higher dopamine levels will be more resistant to addiction). Also, not every drug is addictive in the same way.\n\nHere's why I think addiction starts after the first use:\n\nAfter using a drug for one time, you don't really get physically addicted to it. But if you think about it, the use of this drug has changed your life. You are not the same person anymore, because you have seen that you can be a better person and feel really nice, and this is an experience you would never forget.\n\nEven if you don't get withdrawal symptoms after the first use, you remember how good it made you feel. You remember how awesome everything was while on this drug. You just start liking it. You want to experience these nice sensations again, so you want to take the drug again. You're not physically addicted yet, but you'll always like this drug because you'll never forget how good it made you feel.\n\nOf course, as I said before, this doesn't apply to everyone and to every drug. But we can forecast addiction after the first time of using a drug.\n\nAs an example, take Cocaine. A person who struggled all his life and dealt with low self esteem, a lack of motivation and dysphoria takes Cocaine. He then has high self esteem, motivation and he just feels awesome. His life has changed. He's finally a new person - he has high self confidence, he is more social, can easily focus and get things done. He's not yet neurologically dependent on Cocaine, but he'll never forget his good experience with Cocaine and how it changed his life. He'll want to take it again and again, because it filled a hole that he always felt in himself. He'll never want to return to his old \"crappy\" life.\n\nAnd this is why, in my opinion, people who will get addicted to drugs will already be addicted after their first use. They'll have no noticeable symptoms of withdrawal, but they are addicted to the experience. This is how it starts, in my opinion. Even if you take a drug once and felt really good, but didn't take it ever again, it still changed something in you permanently, and you'll never be able to change it back. It doesn't have to be necessarily bad, but if you liked the experience, it has changed something in you. Something in your point of view, something in your life. Deep inside, something in you is just not the same.\n\nWhat do you think? Do you agree?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-149600", "score": 0.7110077738761902, "text": "There is no specific index for how addicting something is. There are indexes to measure how addicted a person is to a substance (several, but notably the ASI (addiction severity index). People respond very differently to substances. Generally speaking, the measurement of the substance is based simply on the rate of addiction to the failed attempts at quitting. this doesn't very well capture the likelihood upon use that you will become addicted, it measures how much \"stickiness\" the addiction has once established.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1785455", "score": 0.7098571062088013, "text": "I've been smoking since 10 years ago (now 27) and it's been like once a week in the beginning. But smoking frequency has been getting progressively worse (more often, lol) and in 2020 it was like 80% of the days. The last couple of months were practically nonstop so last week I've got rid of the weed I had and now looking for new hobbies and motivations in life (that I was replacing with weed before). It's not so hard for me when I don't have it around but next to impossible when I know it's there.\n\nBut, I feel pity that I wasn't able to control myself and completely banning weed for life is an overkill and missing opportunities for applying it in helpful ways. So for now, I've decided not to buy it but allow smoking it if somebody offers.\n\nI have a deep respect for those who quitted for life, but I feel I would be happier and would think more of myself if I knew that I could control my desire rather than avoid it forever or become a social smoker with no weed of his own.\n\nDo any of you have any tactics or experiences of keeping weed in some limited capacity? Like, do you get stronger cravings after you relapsed? Or does the use disorder requires professional attention to get rid of (if at all possible)?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1786125", "score": 0.7096275091171265, "text": "Everyone I know smokes. Every one of my friends are smokers. My family are all smokers, my mother, my father, my sister, my brother in law. My mother has been smoking for many years (+30), I have witnessed the detrimental effects. I have heard my mother cough and stutter to breathe, waking up dominated by that 'smokers cough', the clearing of the 'morning throat', as I would put it. I have see my relatives go through absolute pain and suffering related to smoking affiliated diseases. Some have died. I have experienced the detrimental effects myself. I am only 21 and have smoked since I was 16, perhaps 'properly' since I was 17. A pack a day at most. I want to stop. I feel the effects it has over me when attempting normal activities, cycling, running, just being young and enjoying fucking around. I fully realize how utterly ridiculous it is to be a smoker. I have quit for an actual notable length once, for seven months. I started again due to drunkenness and a slippery slope from there to regular smoking. Every time I mention it to a doctor they say it should be easy, 'You haven't been smoking for long, it shouldn't be so hard.' I have tried nicotine mints. I have tried abrupt cessation. I just feel so linked to having a cigarette. Having one when I'm bored. Having one when I'm driving. One with a drink. One when I'm wasting time. One with a multitude of various different of triggers. I enjoy cigarettes, I realize the situations in which I have one are linked to my nicotine cravings. I find it hard to stop, even being a relatively new smoker. Those who have quit, how do you maintain power over that will to light up again? I'm sure, those who have been smoking for longer would find it incredibly harder, but you have managed, how do you keep going with your endeavor? \n\n**TL:DR: Can't stop, how'd you maintain being a non-smoker?**", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-117302", "score": 0.7089382410049438, "text": "It's personal experience, so take it for what it is. I know many people who tried smoking and got sick because they weren't used to the nicotine. It wasn't the case with me. It made me a bit light-headed, relaxed and very focused. It's a nice feeling. Smoke brakes at work are nice too, you get to talk with people, do something together and overall it's a social activity. I've made a few friends that way and met a few really swell gals. Addiction doesn't work the same as they show you in PSAs, so it lures you into the false sense of security. You don't get dependent from your first pack, or the second one. It takes a while to develop that habit. Then you become agitated when you hadn't had a smoke, then you smoke for a relief. TL;DR It feels nice and takes some dedication to become an addict.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1784383", "score": 0.7086688876152039, "text": "You can not get addicted to pot! It's just that you like it so much you decide to do it over and over and over again. You can quit anytime you want! But who the hell would want to do that? :D", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-263", "score": 0.8156786561012268, "text": "They get both volume and density, but there's an effective limit on how dense muscle tissue can be since it still needs to move and breathe and heal. There's less of a limit on volume, and it's also more visibly noticeable." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-73635", "score": 0.7665514349937439, "text": "In a large bicep developed from resistance training (weights) the increased muscle bulk largely reflects increases in the *size* of individual muscle fibers rather than an increased *number* of muscle fibers. (a little misleading, as a muscle 'fiber' is really a bundle of 'filaments') In a muscle there are the filaments (that do the gipping and sliding, imagine your fingers sliding together) in groups called sarcomeres, the sarcomeres are in groups of fibrils, the fibrils are bundled together length-wise into fibers. The fibers, when vigorously exercised with resistance training, have more energy converting areas, more filaments and more fibrils. Plus there is more connective tissue between all the cells.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-285545", "score": 0.7491620779037476, "text": "the muscles you refer to are called skeletal muscles, which are muscle that are used for movement. skeletal muscles are made of muscle fibers which have many bunched up structures called myofibrils. myofibrils are divided in sections called sarcomeres that each contain a small array of actin and myosin filaments. upon contraction of the muscle, these filaments overlap each other, and since there are thousands of these sarcomeres in each myofibril, and there are hundreds of myofibrils in each muscle fibers, and there are hundreds of muscle fibers in a muscle, the little force generated by each contraction of each sarcomere adds up, creating a useable force for body movement. it's the compression of your muscle in a microscopic scale which makes more mass encompass a smaller volume, making the muscle appear bigger. so yes, your muscle just gets more dense when you flex it _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-56619", "score": 0.7471829056739807, "text": "It's denser. For a given volume of muscle and fat, the muscle will weigh more. Just like for a given volume of lead and feathers, the lead will weigh more.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-139039", "score": 0.7437589168548584, "text": "it's not totally clear that there is in fact a difference - but what you're asking about is probably [myofibrillar vs sarcoplasmic hypertrophy](_URL_0_). the eli5 is that it's hypothesized that: * if you tend to need a lot of energy out of your muscles (e.g. high-rep bodybuilding schemes), they will store a lot of sugar-containing fluid in them, causing them to be bigger but not necessarily stronger * if you tend to need a lot of strength from your muscles (e.g. low-rep powerlifting schemes), they will add contractile proteins which help them produce force, but not get noticeably bigger this is something of a false dichotomy, because generating muscular force requires using energy, and using muscular energy requires generating force - so any kind of strength training will result in increased contractile proteins and increased sarcoplasm in your cells.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-278163", "score": 0.7419328689575195, "text": "Muscle does **not** decrease in volume when flexed. Muscle is isovolumetric. The reduction in length is accomplished by an increase in width. First, I'm not sure it's an actual rule that a tense body sinks & a relaxed body floats. Second, floating depends all on density, and easily the way you can most profoundly change your density is with your lungs. The only way this statement is true is if \"tensing the body\" is accompanied by 'not inhaling' (if you flex your abs & intercostals, you blow out the air in your lungs) in which case your density would be increased.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-155816", "score": 0.7408919930458069, "text": "Because of how the weight is distributed. You can use more of your muscles at once with a wider distribution of weight.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-142476", "score": 0.7400588393211365, "text": "muscle is more dense than fat. fat is less dense than water. if you are adding one but removing another you stay the same", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2377956", "score": 0.7382317781448364, "text": "Many trainers say that time under tension is important to build muscle while others say that the total volume lifted is the most important factor. \n\n\nIn this study it is shown than slow concentric contractions induce greater muscle thickness than fast concentric contractions, although fast eccentric contractions resulted in the greatest change. \n\n\nI haven't seen any good meta-analysis specifically for resistance training that compared slow vs fast resistance training. Anyone has any good articles ?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-3209", "score": 0.7377437949180603, "text": "There's an mathematical law that pops up in nature called the [square-cube law]( _URL_0_) which simply states that as an object gets bigger, its volume increases faster than its surface area by a factor of a cube compared to a factor of a square. This is relevant to biomechanics because muscles get stronger according to their cross sectional area, which grows with the square of the radius of the muscle. The volume (therefore weight) of the muscle (and the rest of the animal) grows with the cube of the radius of the animal. This means smaller muscles are proportionally stronger per unit weight than larger muscles, because the volume shrinks faster than the cross sectional area. Other small animals use hydraulic pressure and not muscles to move, but the explanation is the same.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-176444", "score": 0.7377157211303711, "text": "Exercise generates heat, which makes the liquid between muscles more flowy, so they move more smoothly and more easily against each other. You're basically lubing up your muscle fibers.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-261852", "score": 0.7355639934539795, "text": "Muscles are filled with actin and myosin filaments that do the actual work of contraction. After exercise, the muscle cell releases signals that promote the synthesis of new actin and myosin filaments. This may partially be stimulated by breakage of existing filaments. Either way, the muscle cell ends up with more filaments than before, and grows to accommodate them. This is known as hypertrophy. In some cases you might also get hyperplasia, in which muscle cells divide to produce new cells. But most of the time, increased bulk is primarily due to hypertrophy.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-20713", "score": 0.7352049350738525, "text": "This is a handy chart I ran into one day. A huge guy at the gym explained it this way. High weight low reps makes muscle more dense/strong. Low weight high reps makes muscles larger. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1415399", "score": 0.7350775599479675, "text": "Great discussion going on Greg Nuckols's Facebook page, with Nuckols and Nathan Jones (/u/Strikerrjones, who wrote the original The New Approach to Training Volume) on one side, and Eric Helms and Brad Schoenfeld on the other side. Actually, it's not really as if there are sides, because what they disagree upon is probably on the margins. But in a nutshell, Nathan wrote this great article that concluded that \"when talking about hypertrophy-based training, it’s more useful to think of “training volume” as “total number of hard sets per muscle” than “sets x reps x load.”\"\n\nGreg had posted a sneak preview of an article building on Nathan's article. Eric chimed in, which sparked off the great discussion. I think Eric's conclusion, may be the best way of looking at it: \"the total volume of work that provides a training stimulus to fibers is what largely determines hypertrophy wi[th] all other things equal.\" That is, assuming adequate intensity (&gt;70% in trained subjects).\n\nThe example he used to illustrate the above conclusion was: \"let's say you do a set of 5 to failure with 85% of 1RM, with that load you are probably getting a training effect from rep 1. So, that's roughly 4.25 arbitrary units of effective volume (.85x5). However, if you were to do a set of 10 to failure with 75% 1RM, maybe only the last 7 reps provide a training effect. So that's roughly 6 units of effective volume (.75x.7).\"\n\nI don't know how to link directly to the comment, but I highly recommend you check out all of their Facebook pages, they drop a ton of free information on there all the time.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-247470", "score": 0.7344836592674255, "text": "Heart rate and stroke volume increase which increases your cardiac output, so your heart is pumping more blood throughout your body per minute then when at rest. Blood flow is also redistributed away from non-essential organs and to muscles, so they can receive more oxygen and nutrients for energy. Warming up also allows more muscle fibers to be recruited or primed so to speak. For example in resistance training when you are working your way up in weight during warm up sets your muscles are being primed to recruit more and more muscle fibers, so that they can handle the heavier weight. Tendons and ligaments also become more flexible, allowing for greater range of motion and decreasing risk of injury. For your example specifically it would be mostly the increased cardiac output and blood redistribution that's making the difference.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-30893", "score": 0.7326305508613586, "text": "That's not exactly how it works. But strength is affected by several factors; one of which is muscle mass. So a bigger muscle sill be a stronger muscle. However, you also get stronger through neurological adaptation, which basically means your nervous system learns how to utilize more muscle fibers, and exactly how to move in order to apply the most force. That dense, hard look isn't so much a result of training methods as much as body composition. When you get really lean, your muscles will look more solid, whereas if uou have more bodyfat, you'll look softer.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-51520", "score": 0.7323902249336243, "text": "You can tell someone asked a good question if you're more confused after thinking about it, than you were before. Even a simple muscle like the bicep has \"communities\" of muscle fibers that work together, depending on the angle, strength demands, endurance demands, etc., so in the first few months of strength-training you get big strength gains with no visible changes, just because these networks are learning to work in tandem. Does the connective tissue between muscles amplify this effect? Now I'm curious, why are the segments so irregular? Very few people have symmetrical abs . . .", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-169246", "score": 0.7271116971969604, "text": "Muscle is denser than fat, in the same way that iron is denser than cotton. So the same *volume* of muscle is heavier than that same volume of fat but the mistake most people make is saying that a pound of muscle weighs more than a pound of fat, but of course a pound of anything weighs exactly the same as a pound of anything else -- one pound.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-114266", "score": 0.7241705656051636, "text": "Like you're 5; You have two balloons: One is filled to be bigger but is filled with air. One is smaller but filled with water instead. Which one is going to have more impact when thrown? Some people work out to make their muscles bigger, some work out to make them more dense.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-101581", "score": 0.7230635285377502, "text": "If something feels like it is heavy, and you then train your body, it will indeed feel lighter. But at the same time, because your body has more muscle to work with, it can divide the load over a larger amount of muscle mass. So the applied exertion is lower as well. The answer to your question is: Both are true. However, it's not just about the strength of your muscles, but also about the technique you are using. The better you manage to convert the force that you are using into movement of the object, the less you need to exert yourself to achieve the same result.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-37352", "score": 0.7230418920516968, "text": "One major factor is that heavier weights (which can only be lifted in the lower rep range) stimulate the central nervous system more. Higher reps drain muscle glycogen more, so the body responds by increasing the glycogen stores in the muscles. They attract water, which makes the muscles swell.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-264", "score": 0.7582523822784424, "text": "Only if he committed the crime across the line. For example, if I knock over a Quickie Mart in KS, and then flee to MO I've only committed a crime in KS. If a kidnap a guy in MO and take him to KS now I've committed a crime in both states as well as federally. Its the cross-border nature of the crime that is important, not where the criminal is located. If I knocked over the Quickie Mart in KS *from* MO that'd be federal too. I don't know how I'd manage that though :P" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-67747", "score": 0.7148062586784363, "text": "Federal crimes are defined by the federal legislature (the Congress) and enforced by the executive, through the federal police (the FBI) and federal prosecutor (the Attorney General). They are tried in federal courts and those convicted might serve time in federal prison. Most crimes are state crimes, like robbery and murder. There are special federal versions, for robbing a postal worker or murdering an FBI agent. There are distinctly federal crimes, like bank robbing and kidnapping, where criminals are considered especially likely to cross state lines to avoid prosecution. There are also federal crimes, like customs and immigration, where the crime is committed against the government itself. It's a huge and complicated system, something like 23,000 pages of laws.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-90019", "score": 0.7067212462425232, "text": "If you commit a crime, and flee across State lines, the United States Federal Government is responsible for returning you to the State in question to face charges. This is accomplished by the US Marshall's.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-48062", "score": 0.7052851915359497, "text": "The federal governments and the states have *joint sovereignty*. States are only limited when federal law or the federal constitution clearly constrain the states. But when it comes to criminal law, in general they can act independently for making specific acts illegal. However, cities do *not* normally share sovereignty with their state government. Rather, the state constitution and laws grant the cities limited powers. Often cities have *no* power to criminalize an activity. They may be able to forbid it on city property or public ways, they may be able to prohibit things through civil cases, but they can't make them illegal unless the state has an explicit provision for that. So for example, if a state allows gambling, a city could prevent it for practical purposes through zoning, so that no one could open a casino, but they can't criminalize it, meaning someone would go to jail for gambling within the city limits - unless the state gambling laws explicitly say cities can do that.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-88229", "score": 0.7017150521278381, "text": "The way it works in the United States is that you have two sovereigns. You have the federal government and the state government of whatever state you are living in. The two operate, more or less, independently. Thus, an activity can be legal under one sovereign but permitted under the sovereign. Anyway, yes, the federal government *could*, in theory, arrest people for violating a federal statute. But state law enforcement is under no obligation to enforce federal law. Also, I think people get the \"federal law trumps state law\" mixed up. It's true that federal law trumps state law, but that only comes up when you have a court trying to decide what law to apply. The federal government cannot force a state to enforce federal law; all the federal government can do is enforce its own laws. Moreover, because the federal government is supreme, the state government and state law enforcement cannot prohibit federal law enforcement from doing its job.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-34168", "score": 0.7014054656028748, "text": "Well, there's a difference between state and federal law in the US. If you break a state law and get sentenced to jail time - > state prison If you break a federal law and get sentenced to jail time - > federal prison", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-136317", "score": 0.6999688148498535, "text": "Where I live you have city police, county police, and state police, and of course Federal police (FBI). All police within a state can perform law enforcement duties if the need arises like if an officer from another city witnessed a murder. He can arrest that person. However, a county's sheriff deputy cannot actively patrol another county and, for example, issue parking tickets because he's outside of his jurisdiction. I remember as a kid in my parents car witnessing a high speed chase. The guy was speeding toward the state border. As soon as he crossed it the state police (which typically patrols highways) had to back off because he'd be outside of his jurisdiction. However, state police can coordinate with other state police or the feds if this happens.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2440625", "score": 0.6970824003219604, "text": "I am just looking for well-defined case law or Court decisions that address: \n\n* A police officer from State A enters State B, but is lied to, interfered with, or attempts to make an arrest and is obstructed **while on State B soil** ABSENT \"fresh pursuit\". \n\n* A person from State A lies to and obstructs police from State B **while on State A soil** and is convicted/acquitted by a Court \n\n* A person from State A obstructs State B police **while on State A soil** and is subsequently arrested while entering State B at a later time \n\nI am fighting a battle because - and yes I FREELY admit - I lied to out of state police officers explicitly because I assumed they had no jurisdiction or law enforcement powers while on my home State's soil.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-95847", "score": 0.6952956318855286, "text": "There are about four primary levels. Federal jurisdiction, state, county, and then local. The federal is supposed to deal with any crime or matter that either crosses state boundaries or on federally mandated lands. Then from the state level down state troops used to just patrol the highways, but their roaming has increased I some cases to town and city roads also. County sheriff's are the same idea just in the county roads. Then the local police maintain the the smaller portions of city ,town of village. There can be major over lap and egos that determine who gets the lead on certain cases and incidences.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1342069", "score": 0.6946007013320923, "text": "Example: You're at the middle of the Red River bridge, which is the border between Texas and Oklahoma, when a cop catches you changing lanes without signalling at the middle of the bridge. There is no line on the ground that shows you where the exact border is, so for purposes of writing the ticket and deciding which state to apply laws in court for, how do they know which state you committed the crime in or stopped and get pulled over at? Would they have to bring in a surveyor to find the exact line? Would they just go with the jurisdiction of the police car that pulled you over?\n\nExample 2: What if a cop caught you possessing marijuana while you're standing exactly on the state border, but you're standing on the border between colorado and another state so whether or not you committed a state crime depends on which state you're in? Again, there is no line on the ground demarcating the border, so Would they have to call in a GPS surveyor to see which state you're standing in? What if there WAS a line on the ground, and you were standing EXACTLY on the line when you have marijuana?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2609532", "score": 0.694510817527771, "text": "&amp;#x200B;\n\n I've heard about people getting banned from entering a state due to committing a crime in said state as a non resident , so I'm just curious to know if such a punishment exists .", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2384671", "score": 0.6940315961837769, "text": "In the United States, many states have many laws that are different. In fact, a lot of times, they are exact opposites. I understand that the US is a big country and that there are many cultural and geographical differences between states, but they are, as the name of the country says, united and have been for the last 242 years.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nHere are some of my main points:\n\n* The United States is one country, and its laws being different separates the states. This might cause division between the people of the United States as every state is under different rules and regulations, creating a cultural gap.\n* It is inconvenient for laws to be so different in different states. For example, if I live in a state in which I can turn right on red, but I go on a road trip to one where it is illegal to do so, I shouldn't be fined for turning right one red. One cannot be expected to learn every different law of a state before going there.\n* It is immoral for laws to be different, because there is only one law that should exist. For example, if you are able to smoke weed in a state, then shouldn't you be able to do so in another? The only thing separating the two is a line. Borders shouldn't affect morals.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-176222", "score": 0.6889224052429199, "text": "People would be subject to federal law when crossing state borders, potentially punishable by jail time.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-121940", "score": 0.6886028051376343, "text": "Police: City level law enforcement. Sheriff: County level law enforcement. Primarily focusing on the areas outside of cities. They tend to run the Jails, and will often provide police services for those towns too small to have their own police departments. State police: State level law enforcement. FBI: Federal level crime enforcement. Missing persons, multi-state crimes, serial killers, drug trafficking, people trafficking, terrorism, etc. US Marshal: Federal level law enforcement, focusing primarily on those that skip out on bonds. They also protect those in witness protection program. Some States also have elite police units like the Texas Rangers that function like the FBI but limited to their state.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-75265", "score": 0.6879478096961975, "text": "It's not violating federal law. The fact that Colorado has legalized pot does not mean that DEA agents cannot enforce federal law in Colorado. Rather, it simply means that Colorado police will not arrest them for pot-related crimes; DEA agents, however, are welcome to enter Colorado and arrest people for pot-related crimes against federal law. If Mississippi tried to ban abortion, the superiority clause would take effect, which means that federal law would trump state laws, and Mississippi would not be allowed to ban abortions.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2441383", "score": 0.686515212059021, "text": "I searched all over for this and couldn't find an answer. To clarify, we all know Washington, D.C. doesn't belong to a state. So what happens to a person who commits and is convicted of a felony in the city? If they are sentenced to prison, where do they go? A federal prison? Maryland or Virginia state prison? I understand it's federal land but it doesn't seem like an offense that would land you in state prison anywhere else, like burglary or assault would put you in federal prison.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-24613", "score": 0.6845260858535767, "text": "AFAIK the controlled substances act is valid federal territory by way of the commerce clause (i.e. interstate commerce is regulated federally). You don't really see the DEA going and busting the guy selling drugs on the street. They target large operations that distribute drugs broadly and over borders, be they between states or between the US and other countries.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-95301", "score": 0.6838478446006775, "text": "State and Local police do not actually have the authority to enforce federal laws unless they are instructed to do so by Federal authorities or have parallel laws at the local and State level. The Federal law enforcement agencies can still enforce Federal law if they choose to, but they have been instructed to not do so.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-126338", "score": 0.6776407361030579, "text": "Murder is normally a state crime. It basically becomes a federal crime if the person murdered is a law enforcement officer, a federal government employee, if the murder involves drug trafficking, or if it is an act of terrorism.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-156437", "score": 0.6772321462631226, "text": "State and Federal crimes are different systems. A State employed law officer (which includes city police) can only enforce State laws. Federal laws are enforced by Federal officers such as the FBI or Marshals service. If the State has chosen to not duplicate a Federal law (such as those that have legalized Marijuana consumption) then the local police have no authority to arrest you. So based on the information you have given it appears that it is not a crime in your State to record things in that manner so it would require contacting a Federal level officer to enforce it. Now the theater can instead take the persons information and file a lawsuit against them for copyright infringement in federal court.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-148859", "score": 0.6770187616348267, "text": "They have different jurisdictions and enforce different laws. Muni cops are responsible for the city and enforcing city ordinances. They'll pull you over for speeding on a city street, for example. State cops enforce state laws on highways and unincorporated areas of the state. They'll pull you over for speeding on the freeway. There are also county cops (sheriff) and federal cops (FBI), each with their own jurisdictions and sets of laws to enforce.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-265", "score": 0.6644496917724609, "text": "We found replacements for chlorofluorocarbons and drastically cut down the rate at which we released them into the atmosphere. The holes are still there but have stopped growing and are on the path to recovery." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-315514", "score": 0.6310614347457886, "text": "It probably lasts much much less than that. Anyway, the red spot is exactly in between two belts, parallel with the equator, that move at different speeds (they are basically jet streams). Some vortices are bound to happen at the interface between the belts. By chance, what we're observing now is a single very large vortex, and maybe a ton of much smaller ones, so small that we don't see them in small telescopes. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-190886", "score": 0.631015419960022, "text": "Thinner or lack of atmosphere and no precipitation/flowing water on their surface. First, anything that is smaller than one of those Extinction event asteroids that are larger than a bus burns up in our atmosphere. There are several factors (size, speed etc.), but to generalize. Anyways, most of the meteors that hit Earth burn up/explode harmlessly in our atmosphere and don't make it to earth to _make_ a big crater. Second, water precipitation and erosion. There ARE lots of asteroid craters on earth, but where there's sufficient rainfall, the natural course of erosion has worn down the crater walls and filled in the rest. [That one in Quebec is a good example.](_URL_0_).. imagine how big that impact must have been.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-686940", "score": 0.6309929490089417, "text": "Seriously, is there a reason for this strange phenomenon? I remember this being a problem 10 years ago - how hard can it be to fix?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1873088", "score": 0.6309770941734314, "text": "I just wanna know… wtf happened to Ebola? It just reappears every 27 years, like “IT” or what?! …", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2675939", "score": 0.6308838129043579, "text": "... \"There's absolutely nothing we can do about it.\"\n\nIt would certainly account for government actions like this: \n\nAnd this: \n\nWhat other explanation could there be? The \"governments are asleep at the wheel\" theory of climate response just sounds a bit naive to me. It's not exactly reading the tea leaves at this stage to guess that it's time for Deep Adaptation. At some point you just have to put two and two together for yourself. I don't think governments are ever going to come right out and admit that we are totally screwed. You have to surmise it from their actions.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-262521", "score": 0.6308518648147583, "text": "Apart from [mass extinction events](_URL_0_), the Earth's atmosphere has been pretty conducive to life forms (including humans) right since [about a 1 billion years ago](_URL_1_).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-271257", "score": 0.6308408975601196, "text": "The Jet Stream has been holding in a more northern pattern than normal. This has not just affected the NE US, but all of North America and at least some if not all of Europe. I am not sure what the Asian situation is. tl;dr Alaska stole your snow.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-59094", "score": 0.6308297514915466, "text": "After a storm there is\"that smell\" that's caused by lightning. Normal oxygen is just two oxygen atoms bonded together. When lightning strikes it makes it so a 3rd oxygen can bond to it. Why it makes that smell because of the third oxygen I don't know but it does. I know this doesn't answer your question but I love this answer and never get to tell anyone. Edit: a word", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-309896", "score": 0.6307815909385681, "text": "> 5% less would affect our breathing > So it seems we have a good balance of the stuff It's not that we got lucky and our atmosphere has the correct balance of oxygen for us to live. Organisms that are alive today have been optimized through evolution specifically for our current oxygen blend. In prehistoric times, many types of insects grew to be gigantic by today's standards due to a [higher percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at the time] (_URL_0_). Essentially, the pace of evolutionary change has historically been able to keep up with atmospheric changes of oxygen in the atmosphere. That's one of the reasons why climate change caused in the last hundred years or so is such a big deal. The changes we've been observing recently are happening way too quickly for most species to be able to re-optimize, including ourselves!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-164711", "score": 0.6307347416877747, "text": "It's ozone. The static electricity rips apart oxygen gas molecules in the air, and some of them recombine into ozone.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-834303", "score": 0.6306942105293274, "text": "Just a shoot the shit question but wondering if a nuke were to fall on Los Angeles, what would the affect on Orange County be?\n\nComplete devastation, radiation poisoning, a need to evacuate from dangerous fallout or not affected?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1169712", "score": 0.6306624412536621, "text": "Is it ever explained why they couldn't have just nuked the Faro plague while it was still small? Seems like it would be a pretty effective response.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-217596", "score": 0.6306613683700562, "text": "The myth of the US warning Hiroshima citizens comes up on this subreddit a lot, and /u/restricteddata wrote a [great post explaining how this didn't happen](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-269219", "score": 0.6306565403938293, "text": "[This picture](_URL_0_) sums it up quite well. In case it's unclear: UV radiation breaks the bonds holding O2 molecules together in the upper atmosphere. Each oxygen atom can then react with an oxygen molecule to make ozone (O3). More UV radiation can break up the ozone into oxygen atoms that can react to form more ozone. This absorption is what blocks UV rays.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-219051", "score": 0.6305361390113831, "text": "I'd like to piggyback on this if I may; I was considering posting a question here this morning anyway. What kind of warning did people have for major storms (hurricane and otherwise)--what kind of visual clues are there that we know people were aware of? Generally, how has meteorology developed over time (as distinct from \"this storm is punishment from the gods\")?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2414558", "score": 0.6304973363876343, "text": "I had sewage run off into one part of the ocean, but now my city is expanding in that coasts direction. I moved the drainage pipe pretty far away, but the place where it used to be just remains purple with pollution. I've played quite a lot, a lot of time has passed by, but it seems to remain the same. Will the ocean ever clean itself up? Sorry, can't post pics now.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-309365", "score": 0.6304432153701782, "text": "Do you mean the Trinity test rather than Tsar Bomba? The thought was that the temperature would be high enough to ignite a fusion chain reaction in the atmosphere. Of course it didn't happen, because we're still alive.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-873303", "score": 0.6302838325500488, "text": "I have always been an astronomy nerd. I look up most of the time. I have 3 sightings to tell you about, the first being the \"best.\" The second two I will illustrate for reference, and I have some things to say about airliners and clouds. I live and have lived in central FL US since 1988.\n\n\n\nIn 1999 my friend and I were taking a walk with our GFs on the local golf course. It is pretty dark there at night, good skywatching to be had, and very romantic. It was near 23:00 and we were approaching our favorite tree to sit under and kiss the pretties. It was winter, and the sky was superbly clear. Orion was up and I was well oriented. I catch this light, the magnitude of the ISS and tracking across the sky at the correct rate. I pointed it out, and we all awed at its coolness. I was sure it was the ISS. Then that light stopped moving and started getting brighter. In the span of a minute it went from what I thought was the ISS to something I could best perceive as a beachball sized blue-white light about 30ft above us. The light in our eyes was extremely bright, but we nor the ground around us were illuminated. It came even closer very slowly and soundless, and we being young fools ran for our lives. \n\n\n\n2010 Driving to school near a small airport I saw against an overcast sky, a much darker grey object quite far away est 3 miles. It was a diamond shape on its side: &lt;&gt; I am fairly certain I saw some sort of weather balloon. The small airport is very near a University, but the size really surprised me. \n\n\n\n2004 Swirling thunderstorms, saw a vortex ring. It is a tornado ring basically. It was only about 80 ft up and 30ft across. Such a cool thing to see. I will probably never see one again. \n\n\n\n1992-1998 Back to that golf course. My friend and I used to marvel at what appeared to be lights dropping out of a \"Mothership.\" It took some time, but I determined that the headlights of airliners were being refracted through always imperfect clouds. As the airliner approaches a cloud bank, its lights track up and down the face of the cloud. We only saw the down track, as we are not above the clouds. \n\n\n\nI think I am pretty smart guy, I understand what I am seeing most of the time. But that first thing still bugs me. \n\n\n\nLove the sub, thanks for having me.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2674822", "score": 0.6302800178527832, "text": "Things we know on this sub: \n - It’s worse/happening faster than expected \n - We are in uncharted waters in terms of CO2/temperature \n - At the CO2 level we are at now, Earth’s sea level was about 60 ft higher \n - Earth can and does go undergo rapid changes in climate \n - IPCC consistently underestimates risk and is conservative in its estimations \n - Things bend, until they snap \n - Complex systems do this through cascading failures \n - We are entering the non-linear stage \n - Humans are terrible at estimating long-term danger \n - Blue Ocean Event is expected to happen in the next few years \n - After ice melts in a liquid, the liquid heats up\n - This happened twice before: Bronze Age Collapse/Migration Period and Roman Collapse\n - Scarcity breeds conflict for resources (Syria, Yemen) \n - Nuclear weapons and a new arms race\n - Migration is already happening from countries closer to the equator\n - Nature (ocean, land, air) is dying before our every eyes \n - Methane. Lots of it \n \n\n\nDid I miss anything? If all of these are true, how long do we really have. What really is the worst case scenario, how soon will it occur, and how big is the probability it will occur?\n\nEdit: Inertia and the C02/temp lag, thanks /u/Rhaedus", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2677200", "score": 0.630186915397644, "text": "How can we, as regular humans, help out with climate change? It's seems like a lot like politicians can't care less, and that it isn't an issue. What can we do?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-266", "score": 0.7792195081710815, "text": "your eye is full of liquid called the vitreous humour. when you press on your eyes, you're increasing the pressure of that fluid inside the eye; that in turn causes pressure to be applied to the nerves in the back of your eye, on your retina. those nerves get confused and start sending out random signals that you see as cool-ass patterns." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-153580", "score": 0.7398954033851624, "text": "They're called [phosphenes](_URL_0_). Essentially, putting pressure on your eye causes the light receiving cells on the back side of your eye to think they are seeing colors.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-49789", "score": 0.738289475440979, "text": "It's actually what pressure on your eyes looks like. The eyes are only capable of perceiving light, and they stimulate the optical nerve to send the information to the brain, where it's processed. Now, the nerve can be stimulated other ways (when you get punched or if you apply pressure). However, the nerve, even though \"activated\", can only recognize only one type of stimuli: light. That's why you see phosphenes (the colors and shapes) when you rub your eyes.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-312135", "score": 0.7369637489318848, "text": "When you press on your eye, the image its called a \"pressure phosphene\". Pressing on your eye stimulates your retinal nerves to interpret the pressure as light. Besides rubbing your eyes you can \"see stars\" after a head bump or even a strong sneeze if these events cause the retinal receptors to fire. Another common reason for seeing something weird when pressing your eye is floaters. the little bits of protein floating in the vitreous humor (clear liquid) inside the eye. Floaters are ignored by your visual system if they don't move.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-14012", "score": 0.7357064485549927, "text": "I believe the colors you're talking about are known as \"phosphenes.\" Pressure on your eye causes your retinal ganglion cells to activate in a very similar way to how they activate as a response to light, so when you tightly shut, rub, or press on your eye, it stimulates your retina and causes the illusion that you are seeing little particles of light or different colors. Source: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-179302", "score": 0.7314473986625671, "text": "Your eyes are basically fleshy lenses for trapping light. When you put pressure on them, you change their shape slightly, distorting the light they receive.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-11012", "score": 0.7291550636291504, "text": "The LI5 version is that the response serves three purposes: 1. You massage the muscles around your eyes, which can relieve tension that builds up after a long computer session or some such. 2. Your eyes can stop producing enough fluid, and rubbing them stimulates the production of that fluid (basically tears) and rubs it around to the dry areas. 3. Last and most interestingly, increased pressure on your eyeball actually triggers a reflex that slows down your heart rate a bit to calm you down or prepare you for sleep. Credit goes to /u/SkyOfTheSky", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-175120", "score": 0.7285122275352478, "text": "The pressure activates the cells in your eyes, which send nerve impulses to your brain. It attempts to interpret this pressure as if it were light, but with no image to see it just kinda comes out looking strange, like visual noise. The reason it appears to be at least somewhat symmetrical is that the pressure is over a very large area, rather than a very small area expected. Since your eyes are curved this area becomes distorted around the edges.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-179459", "score": 0.7274585962295532, "text": "They don't have a purpose. Pressure can stimulate the same cells in your eyes that light can. So when you scrunch the muscles around your eyes and create pressure, they send signals to the brain. As far as your brain is concerned, 'signals from the eyes\" are from light, and it uses those signals to draw images. So it gets the signal, and tries to draw the \"appropriate image\" but since it is essentially nonsense stimulation, you get spots/squiggles instead of a picture.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-72568", "score": 0.725737988948822, "text": "This phenomenon is called [phosphene](_URL_0_). When light hits the cells in the eye, these cells send a signal to the brain to give an image of what is seen. These cells are called photoreceptor cells, and their main means of activation is when a photon of light hits them. Another way to activate them is via mechanical stimulation (aka applying pressure to they eyes). When you apply mechanical stimulation, the subsequent activation of the cells will be random (not patterned), and when this signal is transmitted to the brain areas that are responsible for generating an image, you will see weird patterns instead of the normal images that would be generated by photon-induced stimulation.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-71406", "score": 0.7252228260040283, "text": "What you are describing is called a phosphene. They are thought to be caused by the inherent electrical charges produced by our retinas, even when our eyes are closed. Phosphenes are rings or spots of light produced by pressure or tension (direct, non-light stimulation of the visual system) on the eyeball. This is why rubbing your eyes (with your eyelids closed) makes the colors and lights stronger.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-114833", "score": 0.7250969409942627, "text": "Your eyes are filled with a somewhat thick fluid. When you rub your eyes, this causes the fluid to apply pressure onto the retina. This pressure tricks the light sensing cells into thinking they are receiving light, so the cells send signals to the brain. Your brain interprets this as light and you see spots / rings or other false light sources. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-157220", "score": 0.7242286801338196, "text": "Some of the [neurons](_URL_0_) in your eyes that process light are also activated by pressure. This sort of effect is called a [Phosphene](_URL_1_).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-80767", "score": 0.7232758402824402, "text": "The thing you're seeing is a phenomenon called 'Phosphene' - which is when you see light without light actually entering your eye. When you put pressure on your eyes, it stimulates the retina which causes the weird colour patches you see. So yeah - everyone sees them, and no, they're not damaging. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-323503", "score": 0.7227789163589478, "text": "I'm on my mobile right now, so I'll come back and edit in some sources later, but by and large this is a fatigue or stress response. Additionally, excessive caffeine can cause this to happen as well. It really is fascinating how sensitive our eyes are to general stress.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1902244", "score": 0.7225657105445862, "text": "I’ve been seeing this pattern for years: whenever I look at a bright background (usually the sky) and I finally found a great simulation of what it looks like- is this something to worry about? I’ve never had a migraine, don’t have a family history of migraines, and only experience it when looking at a bright background", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-306103", "score": 0.7225232720375061, "text": "I learned that in 8th grade biology, so bear with me if it isn't that accurate. That phenomenon is called \"Phosphene\", it is caused by mechanical and electrical stimulation of the retina and thus doesn't require actual light entering the eye. When you apply pressure to your eye, the cell membranes get streched which causes a sodium ion influx which in turn causes a depolarisation that your eye registers as visual stimulus. That's as much as I remember, maybe someone else can give a further explanation", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-873631", "score": 0.7223318219184875, "text": "Sometimes after meditation or after waking up I see a strange goldish (at least I think it was gold, it seemed \"higher\" than gold somehow) grid pattern up in the sky, it's only in the sky. I don't see it anywhere else and looking away and looking back it remained for a few minutes. was the most curious thing, I've seen it both night and day. It didn't seem perfect either, more of a criss crossy pattern but it definitely had a uniform grid like appearance. \n\nedit: it was definitely IN the sky, I could observe it as if it were real, focus on different parts as I moved my eyes and looking elsewhere, things looked normal. I also noticed that I could see the reflection and specular highlights of this when I've seen this at night (hallucinations usually don't include external environmental details like casting shadows or reflecting light correctly)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-92538", "score": 0.7222638130187988, "text": "Could be a few different things. Do you mean when you rub your closed eyes, shut them very tightly, or otherwise apply some kind of pressure to them? Those are pressure [phosphenes](_URL_0_). They happen because you are stimulating the nerves connecting your eye to your brain, which normally respond to light, in a different way. Do you mean after looking at a bright light? That's a positive [afterimage](_URL_2_). It happens, probably, when your retina cells have been overstimulated and so continue to send impulses along your optic nerves to your brain. Do you mean after having your eyes closed, in a very relaxed state for sometime, such as when you are going to sleep? Probably a Level 2 [closed-eye hallucination](_URL_1_), which unlike the above causes, is happening entirely in your brain. None of these are anything to worry about!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-129501", "score": 0.7220830321311951, "text": "Your eye transmits one type of information to your brain -- *visual* information. And typically, that information comes from light entering your eye; this is the only stimulus that your eye knows what to do with. When you put physical pressure on your eye (such as rubbing them with your palms), you are providing your eye with a *different* kind of stimulus, one that it does not know what to do with. So your brain does its best to interpret this unfamiliar stimulus coming from the eye in the only way it knows how -- as an image.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-75953", "score": 0.7214703559875488, "text": "At the back of your eye there is a thing called an optic nerve, which sends visual signals to the brain for processing. The pressure causes a disruption and distortion of the signals, making your brain interpret weird colors.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-267", "score": 0.7235171794891357, "text": "Saudi Arabia has oil and wants money. USA has money and wants oil. It's pretty much as simple as that." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1634752", "score": 0.6862409710884094, "text": "Saudi seems to have a very religiously conservative culture which seems opposed to western values. \n\nWe are also closely allied with Israel.\n\nWe are the top two oil producers which would make me think competitors.\n\nI’ve read that like FDR stopped there after WWII, is that how it started and how has it persisted?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-99651", "score": 0.6845705509185791, "text": "Simply put, Egypt is a vital ally to the US in the region and they are also allies with Israel. We also get 1.3 billion dollars of military hardware from the US due to the peace treaty with Israel. Aside from that, we also control the Suez canal which is a vital waterway in the world which helps in transporting goods, and mainly either oil from the middle east or US military carriers. In addition, the previous regime also helped in the CIA rendition program, which is when the US ships high profile prisoners from places such as Gitmo and we \"make them talk\".", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-155412", "score": 0.6830829977989197, "text": "Oil & alliances. Everyone has to play ball with the big oil providers, and SA is one of the big ones. But the US also has a lot of political troubles in the Middle East, and SA has been one of the more reliable allies in the past few decades.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-54363", "score": 0.6808145046234131, "text": "Just because a few very wealthy, individual Saudi citizens give money to or otherwise support groups with ties to terrorism is no reason for the U.S. government not to have a strategic alliance with the Saudi Arabian government.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-83724", "score": 0.6806737184524536, "text": "Quite simply, Saudi Arabia has a lot of oil and Syria doesn't. Also, Saudi Arabia has a long history of working with the US and Syria does not.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-176713", "score": 0.6802853345870972, "text": "Saudi Arabia is standing on a lot of oil. The U.S government thinks oil is the [most valuable material prize in world history](_URL_0_). The Royal family of Saudi Arabia (the house of Saud) let's the U.S have control over the oil and the money the oil creates. Which means the U.S loves the Saudi government. Saudi citizens(like the ones who bankrolled 9/11) don't like it but the house of Saud keeps those citizens from open rebellion so it's fine. As long as the U.S has control over Saudi Oil and Oil money the Saudis can do whatever terrible things they feel like.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-73581", "score": 0.6789035201072693, "text": "The Saudis have something against everyone who doesn't subscribe to their very particular extremist branch of Islam. The U.S. is one such place, but so is most of Europe, most of Asia, most of Africa, most of the rest of the Americas, and indeed most of the rest of the Middle East. There're very few people the Saudis would get along with if they didn't happen to have the world's largest oil reserves.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2472435", "score": 0.6780591011047363, "text": "The Saudi led war in Yemen is a war with the objective of quelling the sedition of the Houthis which are supported by the Persians. Saudi Arabia and Iran being naturally in a cold war and battle for dominion over the middle east logically want control of this area. \n\nThe United States is allies with Saudi Arabia and so in supporting them in their war we are, in turn, going to receive benefits from them as well. \nIf we abandon the Saudis, not only will our ally be upset with us but they might also cancel the current deals they have with us, they might invest less in the US, oil prices might spike and worst of all, they can lose Yemen and the Persian influence can domino effect to Oman as well. \n\nIf we hadnt supported our allies in WW1 and in the Gaddafian war, things could have been a lot worse. \n\nThis is why I think we should support the Saudis \n\nOn the contrary, I think we should also pull out of Syria. That place is such a nightmare and rabbit hole. \nIf we pull out of Syria and focus instead on Yemen and Venezuela, we could get a lot more done in a lot less time", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-73621", "score": 0.67110675573349, "text": "We're not in the habit of sanctioning countries for what they do domestically. We like Saudi oil and they're relatively stable for the region.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1635653", "score": 0.6687443256378174, "text": "From a purely self-interest, economical point of view it seems more rational to appease the petroleum-rich Islamic nations by being anti-Israel. Also, being anti-Israel may prevent terrorist attacks by appeasing Islamic extremists. Is it just cultural affinities? I realize there are a Jewish lobbying organizations in the United States, but I doubt that these organizations are influential enough to significantly affect policy decisions. Or maybe it's the 20+ million Evangelical Christians? Or do the politicians in the U.S (as well as the general population), genuinely believe Israel is in the right when it comes to the occupation of Palestine? Because the rest of the world seems to disagree. I am not passing judgement on the legitimacy of Palestinian self-determination or the radical Jihadists' desire to annihilate Israel (although I do have opinions of my own), I'm just looking for answers as to why the U.S has such a pro-Israel stance while the rest of the world does not.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-115520", "score": 0.668061375617981, "text": "Many reasons. For one the Saudis have Oil and Billions of dollars. Second we want to be on the good side of the Sunni's as Iran is Shiite. We also want to be on the good side of Qutar and Saudia Arabia as they are planning on building a gas pipeline through Syria as soon as Bashir is gone and have it go through Turkey. Which will in return cut profits from Russia who is currently the largest supplier of gas to Europe through the Ukraine. See how everything is all related? We are all pawns in a global game.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2739795", "score": 0.6678725481033325, "text": "The United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have shared long, rich cultural, strategic partnership with each other since the past century. Hundred years after the first establishment of formal diplomatic relations amongst our two nations, in age where multi-polarization of world has descended ours into chaos, with alarming nuclear proliferation that led countries to drop out of formal obligations and conflicts that violate the Charter of the United Nations, renewed commitment is needed between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Untied States of America to cement our relationship for the next hundred years.\n\nIn the past, the United States has been a key player in the region, and their combat abilities have been great help for the Kingdom and the Gulf. We see need for renewed commitment necessary as Iran inches closer to wielding nuclear weapons, and world likely descends further into chaos. The Kingdom suggests minimum requirements to be established and continued to further our strategic relationship with the United States and our mutual allies, regional or otherwise:\n\n- Ground Capabilities: 120 x Stryker vehicles, 30 x M1A3 tanks\n- Maritime Capabilities: 1 x *Gerald R. Ford*-class carrier, 1 x *Virginia*-class submarine, 1 x *Zumwalt*-class destroyer, 2 x *Freedom*-class LCS\n- Air Capabilities: 16 x F-35As, 20 x F-22As, 36 x V-22 Ospreys, 23 F/A-18s, 22 x E/A-18Gs, 16 x CH-47s, 1 x VH-71 helicopter, 1 x KC-46 Pegasus refuelling tankers, and 59 x UCAVs.\n\nSaudi Arabia also suggests space collaboration in anti-ballistic missile defence systems, infrared systems, allowing shared use of expendable launch vehicles, and teaming up to build reconnaissance, guidance, advanced high frequency satellites that serves both the people of US, and of Gulf.\n\nFurthermore, both nations agree to easing visa restrictions/frictions for government, military officials of both nations, and sponsored candidates, allowing concerned persons to avail multiple entry visas valid over extended periods of time. It is also needed that US considers the threats to Saudi Arabia regionally, and treats Saudi and Gulf infrastructure, petroleum export and border/coastal protection as critical US strategic interests, as they are. As we stand, working towards countering and achieving deterrence against Iran, while preventing nuclear proliferation should be the key focus of the United States and Saudi Arabia, and our allies in Gulf.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-138909", "score": 0.6660892367362976, "text": "Many reasons. A non complete list: US using middle east states as war buffer against Russian communism during cold war US supporting the israli's. US supporting rebellious free equality culture", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-97316", "score": 0.6643978953361511, "text": "Yemen was recently taken over by a rebellion, and the rebels support the Saudis much less than the former governement. Hence, they're intervening in order to restore the former governement.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1019132", "score": 0.6641780138015747, "text": "It seems like America supports Israel through pretty much anything. Just wondering if there is any easily explained reason for this or if it is more complicated than that?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-12523", "score": 0.6634956002235413, "text": "Turkey is a Nato country with strategic position between Europe and Middle East. Because it is an ally, it is dealt with silk gloves. Kind of like authoritan Saudi Arabia is an important ally for the US in the Middle East, and US doesn't really raise up the humanitarian crimes of Saudi Arabia.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1020479", "score": 0.6602685451507568, "text": "What exactly does America get from being an ally with Israel? As far I knew, the US sends millions upon millions in aid every year, just for the current PM to lament about a lack of support from the country. \n\nIt seems the US has always been an ally of countries that weren't pro-Muslim?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-108012", "score": 0.660135805606842, "text": "Yemen has one of the most active and aggressive branches of al Qaeda which poses a major security threat to Saudi Arabia. They've also tried in the past to attack the US both through their own operations and by inspiring home grown terrorists. They control a decent amount of territory in Yemen as well. The current conflict there is semi-related, but has more to do with Northern Shia (Houthi) opposition to Southern Sunni rule. Yemen was split into two countries in the past, and those old divisions remain.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1910465", "score": 0.6569249033927917, "text": "Saudi Arabia murdering Jamal Khashoggi and this gaining MSM attraction a wag the dog? We all know Saudi Arabia does this type of stuff, so do some of the US' best allies why this?\n\nWhy does this gain momentum over all the things Isreal has done, why does it surprise everyone \" **ON BOTH SIDES** \" ? \n\n\nCould the swing in caring be TPTB using their media empire - Lets not forget no matter our political views the same people own all the MSM and they make money off our divide. \n\nI feel like its very likely that they're wagging the dog not to hide anything but to let SA know they can flick a switch on them just like they can with the US. \n\n\nJust a theory wonder what everyone else thinks.\n\nSorry should start title with an I*", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-178155", "score": 0.6546528935432434, "text": "Civil war, Saudi Arabia backing the faction which is aligned with them and in the process senselessly/carelessly slaughtering civilians while also causing a famine/mass starvation. The U.S.A. is providing Saudi Arabia with a huge arsenal of weapons (bombs). Recently it was leaked that the U.S. involvement in the Yemen war is solely due to billions of dollars tied up in weapons contracts (this was already obvious but it then became even more undeniable).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-269", "score": 0.739046037197113, "text": "your water heater heats water to anywhere from 120 to 180 degrees F. So in order to keep you from burning yourself cold water is mixed with the hot water to make a comfortable temperature. when a toilet is flushed it pulls a few gallons of water. thus, limiting the amount of cold water available to cool the shower." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-118685", "score": 0.7011760473251343, "text": "The hot air created by the hot water pouring into the shower area rises and creates a little vacuum within the shower. This causes the air-pressure on the outside of the curtain to be greater on the inside so it \"blows\" the curtain in towards you. Alternatively, this is because YOU are so hot that the air heats up and rises resulting in the same affect, but double so because the curtain can't resist your sexiness. Probably the later of these...", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-27225", "score": 0.6987208724021912, "text": "As someone who has worked on shower valves and systems, What /u/Herdnerfer said is semi correct. The hot water tanks are usually always on, but the water that reaches your shower first is all of the water that has been sitting in the pipes since you last showered. This has to get run out before the hot water appears. But this is not the only reason. Shower valves are not stationary. They adjust the outflow of the shower valve based on the input. There are designed to prevent scalding: a situation where a higher pressure of hot water comes flowing through the valve. The valve is designed to throttle the hot water to keep the outflow temperature the same. This is why even if you don't touch the handle the temperature can change. The shower valve is attempting to keep the output temperature the same even though the hot water input is quickly rising in temperature.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-79363", "score": 0.6965426802635193, "text": "Hot air rises, and the hot water warms up the air inside the shower. This means the air inside really want to float up and away, but needs air to come in to replace it to fill the vacuum, sucking in the sides of the shower curtain. You can stop this from happening by simply leaving a bit of a gap between the wall and the curtain; you'll be able to feel air coming in there to replace the hot air floating up and out.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-183825", "score": 0.6964104771614075, "text": "In addition, a hot tub has its water somewhat static. When you enter, the hot water transfers its heat to you but stays roughly where it is, so it kind of forms a shield of slightly colder water around you. You notice, when you move inside the tub it gets hotter briefly. In a shower, there's new hot water constantly touching your body, its gonna be hotter.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-178216", "score": 0.694656252861023, "text": "I believe it is because the heat from the warm shower rises up and out the top and brings the cooler air in from the bottom which pulls the curtain in.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-124922", "score": 0.6944285035133362, "text": "Shower water cools a lot as it falls. It's not nearly as hot when it hits the bathtub as it was when it came out of the shower head. How the water was heated, electric or otherwise, would have nothing to do with it assuming it leaves the shower head at the same temperature.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-100603", "score": 0.6930912137031555, "text": "reduction in the pressure of the cold water, since some of it diverts to the toilet, but the hot water remains at full pressure", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-272719", "score": 0.6921157836914062, "text": "You are showering with hot water which heats the air, the hot air rises and needs to be replaced by more air which comes in from the bottom because its cooler. This causes the curtain to be pushed by the colder air.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2402834", "score": 0.6911022663116455, "text": "Hey guys my shower hasn’t been getting hot but my sinks get to a hot temperature. Any advice?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-48577", "score": 0.6906425356864929, "text": "My sister is a CNA, she noticed this helping old people on the toilet. She says it's because the body spend energy keeping the urine in your bladder at body temp. Then you pee and momentarily drop your body temp because that nice warm bladder is now empty. The greater the volume of urine, the better it feels to pee, but more heat is lost.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-55458", "score": 0.6901300549507141, "text": "Hot air rises. Hot air rising up over the top of the shower causes a low pressure inside the shower, sucking in the curtain.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2065192", "score": 0.6890708804130554, "text": "That way when someone flushes the toilet, it doesn't just throw little flecks of toilet water all over the place, and it also causes the smell to stay confined. Maybe another version has built in air fresheners/purifiers that activate after the flush is over.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-121792", "score": 0.6856400370597839, "text": "It draws cold water. In old plumbing systems, this reduces the amount of cold water which can be sent to the shower, which means you end up with mostly hot water.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-138526", "score": 0.684514582157135, "text": "Copper is rather expensive, so a single line usually runs from the home water entry point and is shared by all the bathroom fixtures. This means when water is drawn by two of the fixtures at the same time, there is less cold water for each of them. Showers get the right temperature by mixing a flow of hot and cold water together (the knob or knobs control how much of each is mixed). So when water is drawn by another fixture, there is immediately less cold water available while the hot water supply is unchanged so the shower increases in temperature.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-20219", "score": 0.6842100024223328, "text": "The inside of most shower faucets looks like a nose. There's one \"nostril\" for hot water, and one \"nostril\" for cold water. The way that the faucet works is that there's a disc with a single hole in it in front of these two nostrils. When the faucet is off, the nostrils are blocked. As you turn the handle, the hole goes in front of the nostrils, passing cold first, then a mix, then hot. The hot water is always very hot, and the cold water is always cold. The temperature you get is a result of them mixing in proportion to how open they are based on where that hole in the disc is positioned. That's why you end up sometimes with very hot water with a small turn of the nob. It doesn't take much to suddenly introduce a lot of hot water, or to push it far enough that only the hot water is open. As a result, there's a huge increase in temperature for a small motion.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2312978", "score": 0.6839847564697266, "text": "I've wondered this for years. Water coming out of the showerhead can feel quite hot, but if allowed to collect in the tub, it feels lukewarm, even if only a few minutes pass. I can sit in the tub while the shower is still running and the tub water feels lukewarm.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2403066", "score": 0.683438777923584, "text": "All other sinks/showers in the house get super hot water, so I know it’s just this shower. I have the type with a “lever” that you turn counter clockwise ~90 degrees for full/hot.\n\nWatched a lot of videos online and was confident I could adjust the “gear/knob” to allow more hot. However, this is what I see instead, which is not like any of the videos I’ve seen!\n\nAny ideas?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-82279", "score": 0.6833032369613647, "text": "The shower or bath tap simply lets out more water than the sink. An easy way to test this is to fill up a container with each to see how fast it fills up. This allows the shower or bath to flush out all the cold water in the pipes between the faucet and the hot water boiler faster than the sink.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-348044", "score": 0.6829887628555298, "text": "I've experienced this with multiple showers. Sometimes it's a shower that has two knobs (one for hot, one for cold) and sometimes it's on a shower that has a single knob and shower cartridge. What mechanism allows this to happen?\n\nEdit: This image helps illustrate what i'm talking about", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-127698", "score": 0.6820350289344788, "text": "This happens because the water just behind the faucet (in the hot water pipe) has been sitting there for a bit and come up to room temperature or so. But the pipes that are inside the heated part of the house only hold a few seconds of water. After that first bit of room-temperature water runs out, there's a bit of outside-temperature water from where the pipe goes into the attic or basement or runs through a non-heated part of your house until it reaches the water heater. In Florida (and presumably other hot locations), if your pipes run through the attic, during the summer the opposite happens where the water gets *hotter* because its been sitting in the hot attic all day.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-270", "score": 0.7097420692443848, "text": "My impression is that most of them are aware that some kind of big, huge, technologically advanced world exists, but they don't know shit about it. Commonly they are uncontacted because they want to be: being contacted tends to screw them over. (They flee from contact, or hear rumors from neighboring contacted tribes.) Either they have few useful skills and end up in the bottom of the heap of capitalism, or they get massacred by brutal 3rd-world mining and logging companies. OTOH, they likely have very little idea of the scale or workings of industrial civilization." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-920902", "score": 0.6716355085372925, "text": "I'm a member of the Merherrin tribe of NC.\n\nWe're based in NC but I live in Maryland where I was born and raised. I feel like I've always been on the outskirts of tribal life because of how far away I am. My grand parents were heavily involved and my father and aunt are involved (not on any councils but they attend a fair amount of monthly meetings). I go to our powwow, though never in regalia. I want to. I have some I inherited but part of me feels like because I didn't grow up near tribal grounds, because I don't attend every festival and meeting (I'm working on being better with that), I haven't earned the right to even though I know our history and our customs. I'm not an expert, but I know more than a random person on the street. I'm not crazy for thinking that am I? \n\nAnyone else have feelings of disconnect sometimes?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-243254", "score": 0.6679661273956299, "text": "The concept of self-awareness is itself still not very well-defined. \"Self aware like we are\" even less so. So it is very difficult to approach your question as stated in a rigorous and scientific fashion. That said, there has been ample research geared towards distinguishing whether or not particular species are self-aware. The [mirror test](_URL_4_) *Jadugarr* references is one important experimental technique. The capacity for symbolic communication that has been observed in [Kanzi](_URL_4_) and other trained apes is another line of evidence suggesting these species already possess a considerably degree of self-awareness. The apparent capacity for elephants to [mourn death](_URL_4_) is another compelling indicator of self-awareness, as is the ample degree of cultural complexity exhibited by [killer whales](_URL_4_) and several other species of cetacean.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-222763", "score": 0.6616724133491516, "text": "While the media likes the image of uncontacted peoples, very few of these groups are truly isolated (the Sentinelese being an exception). That said, this is really more a domain of anthropology and so you would get a better response from /r/askanthropology.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-660777", "score": 0.6580396890640259, "text": "Like this messes me up thinking about. Indians were there, but the entire world didn't know it was there. Then a guy comes, there are people there (did they just appear on American land) so technically he didn't discover anything?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-514513", "score": 0.6567457914352417, "text": "Hi! I have been noticing that a lot of native influencers are encouraging people to learn about and engage with their native heritage. But there is another group who kinda sides with the thought of...if your family didn’t teach you, then you don’t need to know. However, due to reform schools and genocide many parents and grandparents chose to not teach these things. As a new generation is finding interest and intrigue with their heritage. I think the biggest “We are still here” statement would be to teach those about the culture. But I am finding many who feel that if your family didn’t pass down the information the heritage is already dead in your family. \n\nI have been thinking about it a lot as there are aspects that were passed down (food, pow wows) and things that weren’t (language, original belief systems). As I attempt to learn more many times I am met with cold shoulders as if it’s too late. \n\nI understand (I think) the skepticism of not wanting to commercialize or trivialize customs and tradition. But I also wonder if there is a way to find a middle ground for those that have Tribal membership, and can prove their ancestry. Without exploiting the culture. \n\nSo I would like to know the thoughts! Am I thinking about it all wrong? \n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-238742", "score": 0.6546480059623718, "text": "Well, there are a few ways of looking at this. All of them make your question impossible to answer. One could say that all of our civilization that we know about is one giant isolated tribe, since there are no aliens intervening. By looking at it this way, the \"tribe\" that we are can clearly be said to have developed the Scientific Method. Another way of looking at it is, I would assume what you meant, the small tribes hidden away in the Amazon. These tribes have not developed a Scientific Method. The biggest thing here is that, even if they had, we would have no way of knowing. The very act of observing these isolated tribes means that they are inherently not isolated. I hope I make sense here. I suppose this isn't the answer you are looking for. I'd be glad to go more in-depth on any other details.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-34672", "score": 0.6535801291465759, "text": "No, but they recognize you as their pack leader. If music plays, whatever. If the pack leader is doing something, best pay attention .", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1172614", "score": 0.6530129909515381, "text": "When I was much younger, I lived on a reserve, but moved off of it before I could really remember a ton. My parents never talk about it either. Within America, I'm pretty much just a white person because that's what people recognize me as. Should I even try to reconnect?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-214991", "score": 0.6499398946762085, "text": "Not trying to answer or insinuate an answer but I am wondering if a response can also address the dynamics of organization in the native cultures. For example how did the Aztec and Incan empires play a role in this acceptance versus other tribal areas that were perhaps not as well organized/oppressed. I recognize that the Aztecs in particular were also in a severe \"down\" period when first contact occurred.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1350994", "score": 0.6489994525909424, "text": "So I've seen some posters for a regional powwow a few times, and I've always wanted to go- I've always wanted to learn more about the local Native culture, but reading it from a book seems silly to me when there are real people to talk to.\n\n However, as I'm not a Native (I'm an Irish/Russian mutt) and I don't know anyone who identifies as such (just a few 1/16ths that have never been involved/ were raised outside the tribes), I'm worried I might be intruding. How would ** *you personally* ** feel if a white woman showed up to one of your festivals unescorted?\n\n I realize that your answers won't all be the same, I'm just trying to figure out the general feeling people have and a good way to approach the situation (or if not to, if that's best).\n\n The regional tribe is the Mohegans, if you're wondering, and I'd be interested in going to learn what I can about the culture, and maybe buy some crafts/supplies and watch the dancing (if that's \"kosher\"- for lack of a better word).\n\n**EDIT: Also, if there are any Mohegans on here- I do end up going, is there anything I should know about how to behave? (besides the obvious stuff like please, thank you, treating people like human beings, etc.)", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-135206", "score": 0.6462321877479553, "text": "From a Peruvian law perspective, it would not be illegal to encounter an uncontacted tribe. There is no crime that consists in having contact with such groups. However, since Peruvian uncontacted tribes have the right to apply their customs as their law, disturbing them could lead to local punishment (which could be very violent or even deadly, considering the fact that they see the \"modern\" person as an invader). This punishment would be considered legal. Oh the other hand, every person has the constitutional right to self defense. If the tribe attacked the person, he/she would be allowed to defend him/herself and vice versa. It is irrelevant whether the attacker is a \"modern\" person or an isolated tribe.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-216879", "score": 0.645608127117157, "text": "While not exactly on topic, [here is a previous answer I wrote](_URL_9_) that you might find relevant. In it, I discuss the concept of \"sovereignty\" and how it would have been (and still is) part of North American Indigenous political thought, though it might be viewed and manifested differently. It would stand to reason that if Indigenous communities viewed ourselves as commanding and exercising sovereignty, the notion that we consider ourselves \"countries\" or nations would also hold true - provided that we realize our interpretation of it could be widely different than how many see things now, which doesn't invalidate the claim.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1947172", "score": 0.6455606818199158, "text": "I want to experience a prolonged period with a group of indigenous human beings. I'd like them to not be involved with modern human civilization (although I realize this is largely impossible). \n\nAny tips? Advice? Experiences?\n\nEDIT: Thanks for all of the feedback. I realize contact is something to be seriously studied and considered before any action is taken. I don't just want a vacation, but am interested in learning the ways these people live firsthand. I will take your advice into consideration, thanks a ton!", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-222817", "score": 0.6454274654388428, "text": "Due to trading, it is entirely possible that tribes as distant as the Iroquois and Aztecs knew of each other, however they likely did not know specifics about the other culture. We do know that trade networks were fairly extensive and that objects such as walrus tusks were found in the central plains and what is now Mexico while buffalo hides made the reverse journey. Since traders also carried information, knowledge of these distant tribes most likely bled throughout the region, however we do not know how accurate this information was. Sources: _URL_1_ _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-106624", "score": 0.6449207663536072, "text": "We're a social species - our whole survival depends on social cohesion and group unity. Someone living outside of societal expectations was a potential threat to survival, so such nosy behaviour works. Now that we're no longer tribes but multi-million person metropolises and countries in the hundreds of millions those behaviours manifest rather differently because 'the group' is huge and people living outside of societal expectations are rarely a menace to the group as a whole. Of course that's just my take on it, all question about human behaviour are ultimately speculative. There's no real way to test why people do these things.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-231562", "score": 0.6436451077461243, "text": "There are stories of precontact writing north of the Rio Grande—I accept the possibility but haven't seen proof. Incredible amounts of information are recorded through visual means (Anishinaabe birch scrolls, petroglyphs, hide painting, shell bead appliqué and woven belts, pictographs, quillwork, wood carving, etc.), and some anthropologists are widening the definition of \"writing.\" Items from totem poles to wampum belts can be \"read\" by knowledgeable people. That said, Mi'kmaq has an aboriginal system of ideograms. [More here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-833313", "score": 0.6434571743011475, "text": "Do humans do any for of mediation without being fully aware? I’ve been curious about that for quite a while now", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-208194", "score": 0.6434139013290405, "text": "As far as I'm aware, most treaties between the US government and the various Native American tribes are still in effect. That's the legal basis for NA sovereignty. In fact, I remember a few years ago a local (I live in Washington State) tribe wanted to conduct some whaling, and they were able to do it because their treaty specifically allowed such things. That seems like a pretty good indication that there are still treaties in affect, all other examples aside.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-194565", "score": 0.6412670016288757, "text": "I'm not sure if this is what you meant or not, but even if it's not, it's fascinating. In WWII there were groups of natives in the pacific islands who were almost entirely ignored when the Japanese and American navies came through to build bases on their islands. Since the navies were uninterested in the natives and never bothered to explain themselves, and there were no people from modern society interacting with the tribes, the natives were completely unaware of who the people on the bases were and what they were doing. Famously, some of them understood the people on the bases to be gods, and even decades later were mimicking the actions of the runway crews and drilling soldiers on reconstructed runways, hoping to call the \"gods\" and their supplies back. These are called [cargo cults.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-193003", "score": 0.6410490274429321, "text": "Which tribes and where have you seen this?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-271", "score": 0.7267182469367981, "text": "Because the source of your sore throat is not lying around on the surface of your throat, but within the soft tissue surrounding it. Its like saying that washing your chest with a bar of soap should alleviate a chest cold." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-325090", "score": 0.6897826194763184, "text": "An antiseptic is not an antibiotic. Alcohol is a common antiseptic, bacteria are not going to build up and immunity to alcohol.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1497353", "score": 0.6887429356575012, "text": "I’ve had a pretty bad case of the flu for the last four-five days, of the last three I’ve had a really really bad sore throat. Bad to the point where a single swallow is beyond my pain tolerance and over those last three days, I’ve probable had ~3 cumulative sips of water, zero food, and four doses of NyQuil/Extra Strength Tylenol. Normally I drink quite a few bottles of water a day and I eat loads of food a day to keep up with my metabolism, so these three days have really hit hard. When my cravings for some water over take me, I try a few drops on my tongue and swallow but even that much is enough to make me double over as it feels like someone is stabbing my tonsils with red hot knives. I’ve tried all the home remedies, gargling warm salt water, cough drops, etc etc but they don’t seem to have any affect. \nI’m going to go to the doctor tomorrow but holy crap, I don’t think I’ve ever craved food and water as much as I do now so if there’s a quicker remedy then I’d prefer to figure it out ASAP. Just biting through the pain and drinking a bunch of water isn’t an option- just one swallow is intolerable. \n\nThanks for your time and help", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-241448", "score": 0.6884415745735168, "text": "The [Mayo Clinic](_URL_1_) recommends salt water to relieve a sore or itchy throat. [This New York Times article](_URL_0_) cites [this study](_URL_2_) that showed a decrease in upper respiratory tract infections among people who gargled with salt water several times a day during cold and flu season. My personal experience is also that salt water does indeed reduce the pain of a sore throat. I haven't usually gargled with salt water when I *didn't* have a sore throat, even if I did have a cold, but perhaps I'll start... I'm a teacher, so can pretty much always use another boost against colds!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-114989", "score": 0.6846975088119507, "text": "It's an inflammatory response that your body generates against the invading virus. Inflammation is the first step in mounting an immune response against viruses and bacteria, and since the common cold infects the cells in the back of your throat (your upper respiratory tract), this is where the inflammation occurs. While there is no way to get rid of it other than to let resolve on its own, ibuprofen can help reduce the swelling and anesthetic cough drops (for example, Sucrets) can help numb your throat so you won't feel it as much. Other than that, just drink lots of water and get lots of rest.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-48846", "score": 0.6835262179374695, "text": "Not a doctor, but I did just go to the doctor and had this explained to me. The reason you feel like shit in the morning is because you've been laying down all night, so the mucus just sits and builds up instead of draining. The sore throat is caused by infected mucus resting on the throat throughout the night, causing inflammation.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-25707", "score": 0.6834613084793091, "text": "Normally your body does a good job of getting rid of your everyday bacterial infections. You might have several colonies of harmful bacteria thriving inside your body but you won't even notice. However, when your immunity system is busy dealing with a widespread viral outbreak, like the flu, bacteria might take advantage. To deal with throat infection I recommend mouthwash. Once you feel your throat getting dry/sore, that's the bacteria settling in. Apply mouthwash several times to get rid of them. It will be over before it becomes a real nuisance.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-279482", "score": 0.6796200275421143, "text": "I'm working with a bare bones knowledge about this stuff because recently I haven't been paying much attention in my pathophysiology course, but... I remember reading that most of what we feel is actually our body's reaction to a pathogen, not the action of the actual virus/bacteria itself. Fever, congestion, inflammation - all the body's work. Sore throat - there are viruses that attack certain parts of the body so apparently the pain of a sore throat is a combination of the virus killing your cells, and inflammation (body bringing white blood cells to kill said virus). Or so I've been told by my class notes. Someone correct me if I'm wrong on anything.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2774", "score": 0.6795486807823181, "text": "Generally it doesn't, it just moves the germs away. Kinda like washing mud off your hands doesn't destroy the mud, just moves it elsewere. That's with regular soap. Do not use antibacterial soap. Or antibacterial anything for that matter. Getting rid of germs seems logical (after all, that's what causes diseases), but doing that messes up your immune system, causes allergies and other health problems. That doesn't mean you should start living like a caveman though, find the balance. source: med school", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-88828", "score": 0.6758869886398315, "text": "because when you have a cold your throat usually gets a rash from all your infected cells killing themselves, and swallowing solid food is like scrubbing that rash with some steel wool, so sane people stick to liquids. Also heat soothes the rash, so warm soups feel good to swallow (like putting a warm cloth against a rash). These days the consumption of soups and broths for sick people has become more or less habitual, so it's just a thing you do whether or not you get the sore throat.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-308908", "score": 0.6741507053375244, "text": "Many reasons, but here's just two: first of all, symptoms of strep throat are due to your immune system responding to the infection, and taking away the infection would not instantly shut down your immune system response. Second, strep throat isn't a thin layer of bacteria loosely attached to the back of your throat. Strep attacks the cells in the back of your throat and kills them, while squeezing in between them and creeping deeper and deeper into the tissue in your throat. (And that's not even considering the possibility that it gets all the way into your blood, which is a separate problem.) Listerine, meanwhile, is just a surface rinse (and a pretty weak one, too).", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-53274", "score": 0.6735197901725769, "text": "Honey acts as a anti-inflammatory agent and reduces swelling and inflammation. It soothes irritated skin, glands, and mucus membranes inside the throat. It contains an enzyme called glucoseoxidase, which fights bacteria and kills infections. Honey has natural anti-bacterial and antiseptic properties that kill those bacteria and gives complete relief from sore throat. Honey acts as a hypertonic osmotic, helping to draw excess fluid out of inflamed tissues and relieve pain. Source - _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-289459", "score": 0.6725601553916931, "text": "[Here](_URL_0_) is a well-cited review of several antiseptics, including the ones you mentioned :)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-28365", "score": 0.6721890568733215, "text": "Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why is gargling salt water known to help with sore throats, but eating chips doesn't? ](_URL_1_) 1. [ELI5: How exactly does gargling salt water help a sore throat? ](_URL_5_) 1. [ELI5:Why does gargling with salt water help a sore throat? ](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: Why does gargling warm salt water help a sore throat? ](_URL_8_) 1. [Does gargling saltwater really help with sore throats? ](_URL_2_) 1. [ELI5: Why does gargling with salt water soothe a sore throat, but getting salt in a wound burns like hell? ](_URL_6_) 1. [ELI5: Why does gargling salt water make a sore throat feel better? ](_URL_7_) 1. [ELI5: Why does gargling warm salt water help soothe a sore throat? ](_URL_4_) 1. [ELI5: How does gargling salt water help? ](_URL_3_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-58037", "score": 0.6708895564079285, "text": "They don't really help you get better (I guess menthol as an antibacterial agent might have some minuscule effect on bacterial infections, but coughs and blocked airways are more commonly viral in nature), but they can help alleviate the discomfort by keeping your airways clear - usually through some chemical that either breaks down excess mucus or inhibits the production of mucus.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-107630", "score": 0.6703013181686401, "text": "You wouldn't expel whatever would ordinarily be causing the irritation. So it would likely ultimately be removed by the movement of mucous down the back of the throat into the stomach.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-69643", "score": 0.6701954007148743, "text": "It's diluted with water to about 2%. Also, your body has peroxidase, which quickly converts it to oxygen and water (hence the fizz). It's NOT a very effective antiseptic.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-294757", "score": 0.6701787114143372, "text": "The problem with the common cold (usually caused by Rhinovirus) is its binding to an ICAM-1 on our host cells. The amino acids they have to bind to our host cell are in a canyon almost. So our host antibodies cant bind them thus we cant clear it. Its hard to stop it, but the world is filled with smart people and one day maybe someone will :)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2531390", "score": 0.6694242358207703, "text": "I've been getting a sore throat for a week now. Before I wasn't able to talk at all, but now my throat is very scratchy and dry. On top of a dry and scratchy throat yesterday when I sneezed there was a lot of drool and so far the saltwater method isn't working. What else should I do?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-90319", "score": 0.6694100499153137, "text": "ACTUALLY, there is no evidence that anti-bacterial soap is any more effective than regular soap! _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2544878", "score": 0.6690415143966675, "text": "I woke up with a sore throat today that was really bad. In the afternoon, it got better. It's still there though. What can I do to make it go away?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-272", "score": 0.693581759929657, "text": "They do, and it causes inflation because the money doesn't have any material value behind it. Money is just something we use to represent value. Without creating the value, the printed money isn't anything more than paper, which in turn, makes every piece of money less valuable." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-128695", "score": 0.6588026285171509, "text": "No, the United States Constitution (which is the rules of the game as far as Congress and the Executive Branch are concerned) does not have any such mechanism. It could be possible in the future if the Constitution were to be amended", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-4143", "score": 0.6587756872177124, "text": "The price of oil (and by extension, gas) fluctuates wildly in response to geopolitical events and supply factors that state governments have no control over. Rather than try to budget in advance for such an impossibly unpredictable revenue source many governing bodies opt to impose a tax on volume instead. It's not perfectly predictable either, but it's a lot easier to plan for. You'd hate to budget for a 10% tax on $5 a gallon gas and then have the price crash to $1.30 a gallon for nine months.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-30419", "score": 0.6586799025535583, "text": "Because it is assumed your bills are paid on time. Same reason the police don't file a report on you everyday saying \"Didn't commit a crime today\"... because it's assumed you didn't... until you do.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-89804", "score": 0.6585865020751953, "text": "There are 100 people in the US. Every single one of them has $10, so there are $1000 total in the US. Some of the people are farmers and decide to sell some of their milk. Everybody likes milk, so the farmers decide to sell a gallon for $1. You have $10 and you say, \"What the heck, I like milk. I'll buy it!\" Now the US government says, \"Good news, everyone! We printed out $10,000 for everybody!\" Everybody in the country now has $10,010. Pretend you are a farmer. Will you still sell your milk for $1? Central banks can effectively change the money supply of a country. Obviously it wouldn't be as drastic as my example, but the basic principle holds. Edit: Changed \"world\" to \"US.\"", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-136106", "score": 0.6585732698440552, "text": "Every country has different economic needs. Sometimes you need to remove currency from the economy to fight inflation, sometime you need to encourage inflation and add a lot of currency, and there are many other controls that countries use. If everyone had the same currency then most of those controls would be impossible. That is a major part of the problems that Spain and Greece have had recently. They had major economic problems but none of the mechanism necessary to address them because they were on the Euro and had no control over their money. This also means that any country on the currency having economic problems can drag every other economy on the planet down the drain because they tank the value of the currency.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-39382", "score": 0.6585591435432434, "text": "It is important to understand why specifically a currency is under pressure. In Venezuela for example the government is printing money and if they stopped printing money (because they adopted the USD) they wouldn't have money to spend on those things they are currently printing money to pay for. In Canada, where the value of the currency had dropped by a quarter over the past few years, the reason is related to the fall in the price of oil. If/when oil recovers so will the currency. For Canada having a floating currency allows it to bring market efficiencies into its trading relationship with the united states and thus a separate currency is a real benefit. Really it all depends on why the currency is going down. However yes a lot of countries would be better off adopting a different currency. Mostly however that is going to be the case where the government is more destructive to the economy than the disruption caused by tying yourself to the swings in another country's currency.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-240868", "score": 0.6585077047348022, "text": "It never has to \"get paid\". Government debt is not like personal debt; it is sustainable at large nonzero numbers forever.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-159820", "score": 0.658446192741394, "text": "Because the Euro. It doesn't make sense for the world to use the same currency when individual countries are still making their own monetary and fiscal policy.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-710945", "score": 0.6584238409996033, "text": "A strange curiosity gets me on this, if unfortunately the budget stalemate lasts a while could some of these local offices have their utilities shutoff, leases terminated and forcibly evicted, etc?\n\nAre government agencies exempt from this, or does this remain a possibility? Or, if anything would that be the kick they need to get their act together?\n\nThanks for any insight.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-50974", "score": 0.6583521366119385, "text": "They could pass a law to automatically have certain raises and such in the debt limit, tied to some measurement etc. Many economists think this would be a pretty reasonable method, perhaps not optimal overall, but a very reasonable and good one. However, this is political unreasonable. Budget and debt bills are highly sensitive political issues, and no one is willing to give such enormous political capital away for free. tl;dr: Its just politics", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-51680", "score": 0.6582849621772766, "text": "Two reasons. One, that will cause inflation. Two, cash is not inherently valuable, it's basically an IOU. Giving people cash to settle debts won't actually solve anything. Here's an analogy that helped someone else understand. You own a store, and you owe your friend $500. So, to settle the debt, you print out a $500 gift certificate to your store and give it to him. It may seem like the debt is settled, but all that really does is give him a piece of paper saying that, at any time, he can come to your store and take $500 worth of stuff from you. Either way, you're losing $500. It's basically the same with cash. The reason we're in debt to China is because we've taken a greater value of goods and services from them than they've taken from us. So, if we send them $1 billion, they can come and get $1 billion worth of American goods and services with that cash, and give us nothing else in return.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-17156", "score": 0.6582770347595215, "text": "Yes, they could. What you're describing is called \"pegging\", which is when a country \"pegs\" their currency to another at a fixed rate. Many countries do this for various reasons, they usually peg to the American Dollar, Euro, Pound, or another major currency. The other way to do this is through the free market. Currency is a product just like any other, supply and demand will set the price just like any other good if left alone. In practice, most countries are somewhere in the middle of the two options: they allow the free market to determine the price, but their central banks also intervene to keep the price in a certain range.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-46079", "score": 0.6582428812980652, "text": "Simple; it's not worth it to go to the trouble of making what would be a difficult if not impossible to enforce law to prevent such minor damage. Anyone who can't be bothered to read the facts and come to reasonable conclusions is so foolish that no law is going to make them immune to manipulation.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-16440", "score": 0.6581963896751404, "text": "The US banking system was [developed in the 70s](_URL_0_), and has not been updated since. They save up days worth of transactions and then actually perform them all at once, which saves them a lot of effort. If Bank A has 10,000 transactions totaling 1 million dollars to go to bank B, and Bank B has 10,000 transactions totaling $800,000 to go to bank A, it's much easier to add up the transactions and then just send the difference. A single $200,000 transaction is much simpler than 20,000 transactions. They assumed that data transfers would take place by air-mailing data tapes, so a few days delay wouldn't matter much anyway. Data transfers take place by internet now, but they've got no competition to encourage them to modernize—every bank in the country has signed on to this system (they have to, if they want to do business with other banks).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-91306", "score": 0.6581681370735168, "text": "It's bad if your country is unable to make the payments it has set on its debts, because then other entities will decide it isn't safe to lend you money anymore (since they aren't getting it back as agreed) and won't want to do so. That takes away a valuable tool for funding activities in your country, limiting you to cash on hand. If you *can* make the payments, then it is not necessarily bad at all. But it does *sound* scary to many people, and so politicians will still use it as a scare tactic.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-99917", "score": 0.6580842733383179, "text": "Printing money to pay off debt doesn't actually do anything. The real value of trading is in goods and services, not cash. So, we're in debt to China because we've been taking more of their stuff than they've been taking of ours. If we give them physical cash, then they can still come to the US, spend it, and take our stuff. So, here's an analogy. You own a store, and you owe your friend $50. So, you print a $50 gift certificate to your store. It would seem like the debt is settled. But now, he has a piece of paper saying that he can take $50 worth of stuff from your store without paying for it. So, essentially, nothing has changed.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-175236", "score": 0.6579957604408264, "text": "I believe that is called the \"Screw the Poor\" economic model and while the rates required to sustain the government burden vary depending on the population and how much it spends, I don't think there is any way that can be considered \"viable\". The issue of course is that the poor spend a far large proportion of their income in consumption than the wealthy. Someone living paycheck to paycheck likely spends near 100% of their income in consumption while someone making $20 million a year almost certainly isn't actually consuming that much on a yearly basis, instead spending a small fraction (although still more than the poor person in total). So while the amount the poor person pays is less the impact on their life is much, much greater. Therefore whatever amount is required to keep the government running is likely unsustainable for the poor person, or trivial to the wealthy person, or both.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-76990", "score": 0.6578753590583801, "text": "In many jurisdictions there in fact are. At least round where I live (northeast), most states can do this this at the state level. - they can get a warrant 24/7 if the have cause for one. i suppose it may not be the case in other parts of the country. It all boils down to how much tax dollars they want to spend.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-166741", "score": 0.6578662991523743, "text": "Wire transfer between central banks. At this point its basically moving some numbers on two computers. They are not going to ship a pallet of cash and checks are unlikely for the same reason - security of transfer.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-120385", "score": 0.6574211716651917, "text": "They increase the pay. This is fine because the government prints more money, in higher amounts. Not that it really matters because money is completely worthless at that point. In the worst hyperinflation, money at the current price becomes worhtless in less than a day. The thing is that any ability companies had to affect things has already been lost once the hyperinflation starts. They can't do anything, and doing anything just makes it all worse. edit: check out this image: _URL_0_ This shows why nothing can be done once it hits a certain point.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-273", "score": 0.691394567489624, "text": "The premise of your question is basically flawed. We can't eat almost anything. About half of the red berries in existence are poisonous to us but not to birds, for example. The same is true about mushrooms. Also, not everything that is edible is food. Uncooked grains are edible, but you would eventually die if that's all you ate. OTOH, if you cook it into bread, you're pretty much good to go." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-39916", "score": 0.6567335724830627, "text": "Grass has plenty of proteins. The problem, for humans at least, is that the cell walls are cellulose which the human digestive system can't break down. Cows have several stomachs. One of them called the rumen has a wider variety of bacteria to help break down cellulose. Cows also regurgitate what they eat and then chew it some more, which is called ruminating (animals that do this are called ruminants). Horses are not ruminants. They have single chambered stomachs, but also an enlarged and specialized cecum in the bowels where plant matter is fermented by bacteria and broken down.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-82859", "score": 0.6564955115318298, "text": "Because when we evolved, fatty, salty, sugary foods *were* healthy foods. Fatty and sugary foods are very good energy sources, and fatty and salty foods tend to be good nutrient sources, so when you're living in the wild (or even just living on a premodern farm) you want to get as much of them as you possibly can. They're only unhealthy in modern times, because we've developed the technology to mass produce and deliver unlimited quantities of them. tl;dr: This is like asking \"if our bodies need water so much how come we can drown?\" Getting too much of a good thing is harmful.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-4741", "score": 0.6564933657646179, "text": "Sweet implies calories, and animals need calories to survive. Animals evolved not knowing where their next meal was coming from, so it benefits them to eat as many calories as possible while they can. By making calories pleasurable, it creates a desire to eat them.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-49690", "score": 0.6564863324165344, "text": "You are right, sort of. On a bigger scale at least. We like sweet things because sugar was free energy. We can't stand rotten meat because it will kill us. However, it's not perfect. Small things we don't normally eat won't necessarily be influenced by this, as not enough people have died from it to make not liking it an evolutionary advantage. Cyanide supposedly taste like almonds (I haven't tried it, of course). Belladonna tastes sweet. Etc.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-64105", "score": 0.6562281250953674, "text": "I'm sure it's the same reason you don't do what you're supposed to all the time. Do you always drive exactly the speed limit, never hit the snooze, never eat something that's bad for you, never drink or smoke or do drugs, work out everyday, etc., etc.? Willpower is a finite resource, for dogs and humans.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-95245", "score": 0.6562231183052063, "text": "A lot of animals don't have great digestive systems - most of the nutrients pass right through their body. In order to get those nutrients, the animal has to process the food more than once. Some animals, like cows, barf up the food to chew it several times before swallowing again. Other animals, like rabbits, just eat their poop to get the nutrients they missed the first time around. Dogs do both. People do neither.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-270985", "score": 0.656194806098938, "text": "Because most foods are proteins and energy compounds. Where as medicines are usually synthesized chemicals that very closely resemble another the body is used to(like LSD is to serotonin) and directly accepts it in use. Sometimes medicines are exact chemicals. Adrenaline and epinephrine for example. But to be fair a lot of foods still do interact after and during digestion. Just not to such extents.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-151358", "score": 0.6559861898422241, "text": "It's tasty because we've evolved to crave things high in sugar, fats, proteins, and salts because those were the most-energy and scarcest of resources during our primitive years. They're bad for us because we eat too damn much of it at a time. We've never needed to evolve a counter-balance for our cravings. Eating sugars, fats, and salts aren't bad for us - it's the fact that we're eating several times more than what our bodies were meant to handle.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-128348", "score": 0.6559317708015442, "text": "With teeth, it *mostly* comes down to sugar, animals don't eat it With pooping, its toilets, if you were to go \"naturally\" it would mean squatting down, if you did, you would much less need to wipe. And our diets affect our poop too.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2613645", "score": 0.6558309197425842, "text": "Just some hours ago, my grandpa asked me to climb and pick the remaining plums from the tree. I noticed my pug, Hilda, running around the tree every time a plum fell on the ground.\n\nWhen I went back down, there weren't as much plums on the ground as I thought there would be. Went inside, and found that my pug loves to eat plums.\n\nI also found the white sheets of the sofa covered in sugary, sticky plum juices. \n\nI need to buy a new cover sheet for my grandparent's sofa.\n\n**EDIT:** Plums are bad for dogs. Didn't know that; glad I posted here and you guys told me. No worries, Hilda's totally fine.\n\nThere are no more plums on the tree, so she can't just steal one. She does steal hazelnuts, tho. AFAIK they aren't dangerous, but there's some chocking risk.\n\nSadly, I cannot just prevent her from picking up fallen fruits—the only other option, beside some coaching, is to lock her inside. But we do now keep an eye on her when she's in the garden.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-39854", "score": 0.6556636095046997, "text": "Theobromine is an alkaloid stimulant that can damage your central nervous system. Humans can metabolize it easily so it takes a lot to cause any harm to us. Dogs metabolize it very slowly, making it very dangerous because it can very quickly reach toxic levels.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-92435", "score": 0.655657172203064, "text": "The biggest reason is that chocolate if full of fats. The fats slow down the rate of which sugar is being absorbed. If someone has really low blood sugar you want to be getting them glucose quickly so something like jelly sweets are better. It's not a case of NEVER give them chocolate only it's not as good as a lot of other alternatives.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-10308", "score": 0.6555444598197937, "text": "Any pathogen (whether viral, bacterial, protozoan, prion, or whatever) in your meal is going to be something that's already perfectly adapted to living in human beings. This isn't really the case with, say, fish. That's the main problem. Your risk isn't terribly high, but somewhat higher than it would be eating something else.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-251617", "score": 0.6554424166679382, "text": "The mechanism of effect of alcohol is the same in other animals, but there are two major caveats. One is that pets are obviously going to be much smaller than humans (in almost all cases), which means they can tolerate a smaller dose. Also, they won't start off with any tolerance, and the amount of the enzymes that digest alcohol will vary between species. Finally, the vulnerability of different parts of the central nervous system will vary, but this effect is more minor than the others, especially in the case of vertebrate pets (and most pets are vertebrates). In general, the risk of giving alcohol to pets is greater than humans simply because with a much smaller sized animal the effects will be greater and the area between \"intoxicated\" and \"deadly ill\" isn't as large.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-62387", "score": 0.6553183794021606, "text": "Many are eaten around the world, from insects to dogs and cats to snakes and other reptiles. It's not common in Europe or N America, but that's not the world.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-164405", "score": 0.6552167534828186, "text": "Most animals don't have jaws that move like ours' do - especially carnivorous predators. Our mouth and teeth are designed to have a grinding action, whereas pure carnivores have more of a cut/rip/tear kind of thing going. That said, animals that *can* do it do often bite their tongue (dogs can do that when they're panting hard, for example).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-184945", "score": 0.6551692485809326, "text": "Humans can eat raw food and regularly do...people eat raw fish (sashimi and ceviche), tartare (raw beef), raw eggs, live bugs and all manner of raw fruits and vegetables. And as long as they are prepared with care and eaten fresh people are generally just fine...I think perhaps you are thinking of rotting food or food that has been exposed to the open for too long. One of the main considerations is what kind of bacteria has settled in to a particular item of food making it dangerous because certain bugs (like e.coli) can be fatal for humans but are actually beneficial bacteria for many animals.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-72822", "score": 0.65511554479599, "text": "There was a point in human history (Not that long ago, from an evolutionary stand point) where food was much harder to acquire. Where basic calories were more important than overall nutrition. So we evolved in order to prefer foods that were high in calories and sugar, as they were the largest sources of nutrition and fairly rare, meaning that we wanted to consume as much of it as we could in order not to starve. Unfortunately this instinct still exists, and in a huge abundance of food in a modern world - A lot of us cannot control the impulse to gorge on huge amounts of high calorie food.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-292851", "score": 0.6549292206764221, "text": "I'm a little confused how no one has mentioned that dogs, cats, cows, horses etc all exhibit different skin color and bone structure. These differences are greater in degree than found in humans.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-97761", "score": 0.6548188328742981, "text": "It would be reasonable to expect there to be good evolutionary reasons for this. If we ate the same food day in day out we'd be at more risk of missing important nutrients than if we eat a varied diet. Some animals have what appears to be a very dull diet - sheep for example might be assumed to eat just grass, but actually they eat dozens of other plants as well. Some even eat nestlings of ground-nesting birds, believed to be to counteract calcium deficiency.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-275", "score": 0.7144487500190735, "text": "They're modular and self-assembling. The first structural piece under the rotation head, the lifter module, is more complex than the rest; it includes slides and jacks. The complete assembly process involves anchoring the base and setting up the horizontal arm. Once that's ready, the lifter module jacks up the head and the arm, and the crane lifts a structural segment off a truck and into place. Once the new segment is bolted in, the jacks retract and are bolted onto the new top structural segment. This process is repeated until the crane is as tall as it needs to be. Disassembly is the same process in reverse, with a caveat. If there is more than one crane involved, they may build around a crane within the building, so long as at least one crane is outside to lift out the pieces. The last crane, however, always has to have enough clear space to disassemble itself in the same process in reverse that it assembled itself with." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-146642", "score": 0.6743100881576538, "text": "Modern skyscrapers are typically built with a \"curtain wall\" design; there's a massive central column that takes the weight, and then the floors stick out from it and the walls hang down from those. The effect is that each floor basically just has to hold its own weight, and the heavy load is borne by a huge column of reinforced concrete.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-127808", "score": 0.6737257242202759, "text": "You aren't watching the site 24/7. Cranes are mostly moved at night, or early morning, like other construction equipment. Different companies will do it differently, but most have a central location for storing heavy equipment.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-120785", "score": 0.6731181144714355, "text": "Typically the ground-floor elevators each visit only a certain range of floors (e.g. \"express to floors 30-45\"). For *supertall* buildings there is an express to a *sky lobby* from which new, different elevators go to higher floors. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-319647", "score": 0.6712312698364258, "text": "A space elevator would not be a huge tall building. It is more likely to be a long cable, lowered down from geostationary orbit, and anchored at some point on the ground. The [Space Elevator](_URL_0_) Wikipedia page has some discussion on construction. You would either build the cable in orbit, or launch a cable on a spool into orbit, and then lower it down. Building a tall skyscraper type thing that tall is far, far beyond speculative engineering at this time.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1873052", "score": 0.6706762313842773, "text": "I went up there this week and there were a bunch of cranes and stuff— what’s going on there?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-97369", "score": 0.6706376075744629, "text": "They build a massively strong infrastructure/core first. This includes several floors beneath ground and lots of concrete and steel to \"anchor\" it in. Then they essentially \"hang\" the rest of the building onto this massively strong frame. The frame is built in such a way that it is allowed to move a bit, even bend, without breaking. This is important for high winds, earthquakes, and other potential forces acting upon it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-181161", "score": 0.6695396304130554, "text": "First off, high rise remodels are typically cosmetic... removing and replacing surfaces like floors, carpets, kitchen/bath fixtures. This would in no way threaten the structural integrity of a building. Same goes for exterior fixes like window replacement. To get materials up inside a high rise, buildings typically have freight elevators that can be used to move materials... they are larger and designed for moving people in/out and for hauling building materials. In rare cases, they may even use the top of passenger cabs to move oversize items that won't fit (my grandparents had to do that with a sofa once when they lived in a high rise without a dedicated freight elevator. It does take longer to move materials in and debris out, and this can be an added cost to such jobs.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-188178", "score": 0.6683478951454163, "text": "You dig a deep pit until you hit bedrock, form the substructure of the skyscraper using beams and build the structure of the rest of the skeleton. Generally they will have a single core for the building made of reinforced concrete with thick steel beams and girders. From the core you will brace the building with more beams and build the floor space. Depending on the location and size of the building you will need reinforcements in the form of dampers to prevent excessive movement at the top and against environmental effects.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1444086", "score": 0.6681498289108276, "text": "ive always wondered when you see these 200 + meter skyscrapers, how do they keep them perfectly straight when building ? Considering most of the work is done level by level, a slight error in measurements will mean the tower will slowly taper off to being crooked. Is there special tools that they use ?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1571351", "score": 0.6646652221679688, "text": "Do they build them in house? Is there like a secret construction zone we don't kniw about? Do they like bring up a machine that melts screen into each others and makes a bigger screen? And how do thet get anything upstairs that's big and heavy? Do they have a secret cargo elevator which necessitates there's a secret underground and secret tunnel to get there? Are there any people that can explain this for me?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-33669", "score": 0.6624484658241272, "text": "It's pumped up with electricity. The first few floors run on city water pressure; the rest is pumped up. Most have a large reservoir tank on the roof that distributes it via gravity after it's pumped up. There's many variations on it, but that's the basics.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-241111", "score": 0.6605391502380371, "text": "A crane that climbs up the outside of the tower as it's being built. _URL_2_ Has an illustration at about 13s. Similarly, construction cranes can build themselves (skip to 1 min if you want) _URL_0_ and climb up the sides of the buildings they are building (about 2 mins in.) _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-150193", "score": 0.6583340167999268, "text": "Yes. They dismantle the crane. Often they will use another crane that's lower to assist in the dismantling. Here's a time-lapsed youtube video: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-6030", "score": 0.6573024988174438, "text": "A crane can build and disassemble itself. They build what they can on the ground and then let the crane take over. There is no way I'd be able to explain it better than this video. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-39271", "score": 0.6554186344146729, "text": "In very tall buildings, very few if any elevators go all the way from the bottom to the top. Some have them, and they are usually 'express' elevators that only take you from the ground floor to the very top. Since most people are not going all the way to the top in a skyscraper, they have \"elevator banks\" that can take you up a certain number of floors, then you have to take another elevator if you need to go further. This saves space (imagine if all 73 elevators went from the ground to the top, the whole building would be nothing but elevators and elevator shafts) and saves time, grouping different floors to different elevator banks so people going to levels near one another will use the same banks, instead of everybody using different elevators that would have to stop at many different floors.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-59505", "score": 0.6542061567306519, "text": "Actually, floors do not support the floors above them. The floors are connected to support beams, and these support beams are basically the skeleton of the building. Also, metal is very strong. A 1/4\" screw can easily lift a person. The thing that causes the most concern when building a skyscraper is actually wind.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-242228", "score": 0.6521748900413513, "text": "The short answer is they don't. Modern steel and reinforced concrete are very strong by the standards of historical building materials, and can support many, many times their own weight before collapsing. Other techniques such as the use of I-beams allow the strength of these materials to be used while minimizing the weight of material needed, thus further stretching the maximum load. Even so, many modern skyscrapers push against the bounds of what is possible with current techniques, which is why you don't see the current height records getting beat by leaps and bounds over the competition with any regularity. With the tallest buildings, such as the Burj Khalifa, they are actually built to be somewhat conical, being far wider at the bottom than the top, in order to have more material to distribute their weight across, thus milking a bit more height out of what those materials can handle.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-225712", "score": 0.6515467762947083, "text": "In Europe I have seen similar set ups with usually a winch wheel at the top. They were basically used to lift heavy stuff up to the second floor. Often in merchant shops where they needed to get barrels of goods up to the second floor for storage.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-108993", "score": 0.6509583592414856, "text": "The tallest structure in the world is only 829 meters tall. When you start building things that tall, you run into problems with how air currents shift around the structure. Since it's so big, it has a large surface area and a ton of mass and unless you dig down really deep, it will be top heavy and the wind will cause it to wobble over time. This is why the world's tallest skyscrapers have giant pendulums at their center, to lower the center of mass and provide counterbalance to the natural wobble of the structure. It's a really expensive venture, and really not worth it for a roller coaster ride. Not to mention that the energy of motion in a roller coaster comes solely from how high up the structure is, so the higher you build it the more energy you're putting into the car's acceleration. Put it up too high and have something go wrong then everyone on board is dead. It's expensive, unsafe, and it hasn't been done before which makes it that much more expensive and unsafe.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-103842", "score": 0.6501950025558472, "text": "Because they are. Tall buildings are built to flex. It helps in the case of earthquakes, and even just day-to-day wind movement. Tall buildings have various forces impacting them. Updrafts will have unequal pressure on the different sides of the building, pushing it one way or another. If the buildings were truly rigid, this would make them crumble. Aside from the weight issue, this is why steel is used instead of straight concrete. Steel has some flex, some give, to it. The taller the building, the more away there will be. Really tall buildings can have the top of the building move 5+ feet under certain conditions.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-276", "score": 0.6421570777893066, "text": "Its not intended to be consumed as alcohol. Vanilla extract is well known way for minors to get alcohol." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1312773", "score": 0.6100299954414368, "text": "I wanted to order the hot honey with white meat and they said I couldn't.Not even with an upcharge(Which im totally willing to pay). The guy told me just to mix the honey with hot sauce and its basically the same thing.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-611400", "score": 0.6100119352340698, "text": "I saw two too-good-to-be-true bottles on sale on the most used private sale website in Switzerland.\n\nScams are quite unusual here. So I contacted the guy and he refused to meet (...covid reasons...). Strange.\n\nAll his TF bottles are sealed. Is that even a thing?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-202300", "score": 0.6099814176559448, "text": "I can't speak to the historicity of the process, but I can tell you as someone who smokes, cures, salts, and dries meats, there's a big difference between all of them. Cooking a piece of meat just cooks it, but doesn't preserve it. It will still go bad in a few days without refrigeration. Whereas dessicating a piece of meat (removing all the moisture) via drying, curing, or smoking will preserve meat for a very long time. Months, or even years if stored properly. There's a huge advantage to having a large store of preserved food, especially for people hunting large game, or dealing with a single season of available meat (like migratory game or fish).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-282663", "score": 0.6099799871444702, "text": "There isn't just danger in eating bacteria. If that were true, you could just cook everything all the way through and be fine. There is also danger in the toxins that the bacteria excrete while they live, many of which aren't destroyed by alcohol or cooking. In the meat packing business, when an infection has been discovered in some of the beef, it isn't thrown away or destroyed. Depending on what they actually found, it just might be down-graded to a lower quality of beef - like the kind that has to be cooked before eating. Because they can't sell it raw anymore, that's the beef that ends up in canned soups and chili and such, because they can cook it themselves to ensure that it's bacteria-free.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-850349", "score": 0.6099454760551453, "text": "Was going to buy a decanter but realized the seal on those aren't very tight.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2497608", "score": 0.6099374890327454, "text": "I was in many italian restaurants and have had authentic carbonara maybe once or twice. \nWhy are they cooking cream based carbonara? It’s really easy to make egg based sauce.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2716303", "score": 0.6099226474761963, "text": "If not, why not? Why is it hard to find them in typical American grocery stores? I find them in Spanish ones.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-122678", "score": 0.6098827719688416, "text": "Not every state requires you to show ID to purchase alcohol. I'm not sure how it works in other states, but in Texas there is no law requiring any form of identification for the purchase of alcohol. The sale is legal so long as the person is 21 years of age or older. The reason merchants ID is that if they sell to someone under 21 years of age, they get in big trouble. That rule does not apply if the merchant checked the ID and it looked legitimate. So the scheme works like this: if you sell to someone under 21 who had a good fake ID that fooled you or you sell to someone over 21, then you don't get in trouble. If you sell to someone under 21 where you aren't fooled by a good fake ID, then you do get in trouble. Most stores have a policy of not IDing anyone who looks to be at least 40 because it can slow down check out time and would get very annoying for senior citizens and there's very little chance of mistaking a 20 year old for a 40 year old.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1592394", "score": 0.6098657250404358, "text": "As a New York transplant for college, I find myself stumbling into various random alcohol rules that seem to be generally designed to make life difficult. For example, in Mass, out of state driver's licenses are technically not valid for ID, and I'm supposed to carry my passport around to verify my age. This rule, enforced at seemingly a lot of places, TD Garden, Comcast Center, just seems irritating. Similarly, restrictions on places doing business selling beer and wine and the oddly named cordials, seems flat out bizarre. Combined with Boston's lack of anything open after 2:00 with the exception of Victorias and South St Diner, just seems like the city hates its college reputation and mentality, and would like everyone to get to bed when it says so. My favorite so far is that a wildly succesfull business on Huntington Ave, BHOP, got shut down by the city for being open too late, and it's cost-prohibitive for them to get the all night license. It just seems like the city and state are out to \"get\" all the proprietors and kids in Boston, rather than encouraging growth of businesses and removing restrictions. Thoughts?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-143827", "score": 0.6098102331161499, "text": "Ph changes because of storage requirements and FDA approved nonsense. In small terms the restaurant ranch is fresh and the store kinda has lost its freshness due to the preservatives added. I was the cook who made all the ranch at 3am. It sucked but it was Soo good with French fries and sea salt.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2037812", "score": 0.6097569465637207, "text": "title.\n\nThe closest thing to alcohol I have is vodka. I would love to save a trip to walmart if possible.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2418077", "score": 0.6096943020820618, "text": "I was planning to send some portuguese typical foods and wines, and I'm affraid the goodies get stuck on customs or something like that.\n\n\nI was thinking cured meats, I don't know how you call it there but I think its something like dry sausages.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-268588", "score": 0.6096309423446655, "text": "Yes, but not in large quantities. You can drink pure alcoholic drinks that contain only trace amounts of water and are almost pure ethanol. You can also drink various oils that are used for cooking.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-92980", "score": 0.6096187233924866, "text": "There are certain ingredients which are banned, and that can not be used in any capacity. Since the creation, importation, transportation, and use of these ingredients are strictly regulated, there is little fear that they are going to end up in consumer products, especially major ones that many people use. So the government focuses on testing the product itself, rather than what's in it. Things like the [technical data sheet](_URL_0_) are compiled, determining the product's features and the risks associated with using it. Same thing, Coca-Cola has to submit to quality controls, and they have to have their sugar and caloric content independently verified. But as for what's in it, they don't really care.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1594488", "score": 0.6095041036605835, "text": "Dear Sydney wine drinkers:\n\nI'm going to have a go with drinking more wine instead of beer, maybe it's part of getting older, but a bottle of wine has a different meaning than a six pack. I want to start nurturing my wine side. It's also great for long conversations.\n\nBeing from overseas, and a bit new to wine in general, I really have no idea which wines are good here.\n\nI know that it is subjective, and that's why I'm planning to try a few, but at least I want to try some that other people enjoy.\n\nAlso, if I like the wine I would probably drink it often, so it can't be super expensive. For the purpose of this experiment, I need to be able to buy it with a $10 bill.\n\nI'm sure some of you guys have your own favourite wines, I'll be happy to try them, red, white, whatever. It has to come in a bottle though. No goons allowed.\n\nI'm sure you can buy crappy cheap wine, but I'm looking for a good quality, fairly priced wine that you actually enjoy, and not just want to get wasted with.\n\nI'm really curious to see your suggestions, thanks!", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1893078", "score": 0.6094245910644531, "text": "Hi there - I have a bottle of 1999 Chateau Lafite Rothschild Bordeaux. It's been sitting in my parents house, horizontally, for the past 12 years. Can't say temperature control was on anyone's mind, but it's been in the same wine cabinet for that long and never touched. \n\nWould anyone even go about purchasing this from me from a merchant/collector? Is it worth anything?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-3316", "score": 0.6093177795410156, "text": "Why *wouldn't* they be allowed? There's no law forbidding the printing of a suggested price on a product. In fact, lots of companies do it, including many different brands of potato chips, [like these](_URL_0_). Generally, the company that produces the food item will only sell their product to retailer who sign a contract agreeing to sell it no higher than the printed price.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-811325", "score": 0.6093080043792725, "text": "Hey.\nI recently became in charge of tobacco buying at a fairly upscale wine/spirits/cheese shop in western Massachusetts.\nI have slowly been introducing pipe tobacco onto our shelves as well as some M.M. cobs and a few Dr.Grabows.\nThe problem I've been running into is with the distributor we've been using (Core-Mark). \nThey are great for stuff like Captain Black and Prince Albert but I'd like to ultimately sell higher quality tins and maybe some higher end pipes that they just don't carry.\nIs there anyone here familiar with the distributors/tobacco laws in my region that might be able to point me in a better direction?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-22327", "score": 0.6093063950538635, "text": "It's the result of market research. I'd like to try those too but as long as people choose Cool Ranch over more unusual choices we're never going to get them. Shelf space is not unlimited, and it's especially a problem in vending machines. They only want to stock the most popular items of each type.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-95954", "score": 0.6092721223831177, "text": "here's a direct quote from wikipedia: For example, Richelieu Foods is a private-label company producing frozen pizza, salad dressing, marinades, and condiments for other companies, including Hy-Vee, Aldi, Save-A-Lot, Sam's Club, Hannaford Brothers Co., BJ's Wholesale Club (Earth's Pride brand) and Shaw's Supermarkets (Culinary Circle brand). Another example is the Cott Corporation, which manufactures private-label beverages for supermarket chains. McBride plc is a Europe-based provider of private-label household and personal care products.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-278", "score": 0.714410126209259, "text": "That's not really how treaties work. Treaties aren't like \"you get to keep all the land you've taken,\" they always specify very exact borders. If Country B truly had no will to fight, they would have given up all of their land (which is basically what an unconditional surrender is). If Country A didn't take advantage of the situation and got a treaty that wasn't as favorable as it could have been, tough shit; they should have thought of that before they signed the treaty. Of course, they could just break the treaty. There weren't any real international institutions in place to enforce that sort of thing, but you don't really make any friends with a reputation for breaking promises." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-368275", "score": 0.6780456900596619, "text": "What did a war zone look like in medieval times? Was that even a thing? If there was land between two nations without forts or castles would there be constant fighting in the \"open\" land? Could/would traders still be able to travel to a from towns in the area? are these silly questions?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2610021", "score": 0.6738241314888, "text": "What if it willingly joined the Central Powers?\n\nWhat if it joined the Entente either willingly or due to German invasion?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-209854", "score": 0.6734884977340698, "text": "Becuase there was an influx of new resources or allies for any side that looked that it would lose for quite some time. When it looked like the Emperor would conquer the northern German states, Denmark intervened. When Denmark lost, Sweden intervened. When the Swedish arms looked like they would conquer, the Spaniards intervened on the side of the Emperor. When Sweden's luck ran out, the French intervened against the Spaniards and started subsidising the Swedish army. Towards the end of the war, the final question was to who was going to pay the armies to disperse and not run around commanderless like a horde of locusts on the countryside. When Königsmarck captured Prague 1648, the Emperor realised that he could not turn the situation around and paid up. Basically, both sides thought for a long time that they could get a better peace if they just kept on fighting for a while longer.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-488973", "score": 0.673486053943634, "text": "What if sometime between the Sack of Baghdad (1258) and the Fall of Acre (1291), the rulers of Crusader States see their position as hopeless and that no help from Europe is coming. So, instead of looking west for help, they look east and agree to bend the knee in exchange for help in reconquering Jerusalem. Assuming the Mongols accept them into the fold, what happends to the Latin \"Viceroyalty\" of Jerusalem?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2179546", "score": 0.6731379628181458, "text": "At the Battle of Vienna the Ottoman Empire had Austria, and by consequence, all of the HRE by the balls. A defeat here would have very well meant the fall of Western Europe, given time in the aftermath of the 30 Years War. They were saved by a Polish Coalition calvary army numbering 18,000 charging directly into the heart of the Ottoman flank, shattering their will and breaking the siege, saving Europe.\n\nNow let's say that the Polish don't arrive, what happens? How is Europe and the world changed?\n\nScenario 1: The Polish army simply refuses to help the fading HRE, besides they need those calvary to deal with the Swedes ransacking the Baltic.\n\nScenario 2: The Polish army is sent but intercepted and destroyed in an ambush by a dispatched Janissary army.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-219817", "score": 0.6731259822845459, "text": "This seems like a question more suitable for /r/Historicalwhatif due to the infinite possible outcomes of this situation. It is possible someone else on here could at least help you understand what each side planned on doing, if you were to ask for that. Edit: hopefully [this](_URL_0_) will help you", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-204091", "score": 0.673051118850708, "text": "Can you narrow it down a bit, time and culture wise? Certainly in the Middle Ages there are numerous works of history written by people actively involved in warfare, alongside tons of works written by non-combatants. Are there specific issues or questions you have on this subject?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-627888", "score": 0.6728140711784363, "text": "So I'm not a history expert, which is actually part of the reason I asked the question without advancing much of my own opinion. But the outline for my thought process is something like this: There was a populace of a region of a country who identified more strongly with a neighboring country by a rather large margin. They partook in an armed revolt against their home country. They petitioned the neighboring country for annexation. The neighboring country obliged them and declared them a new state/territory. The majority of the populace was okay, and maybe even supportive, of this action.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-222103", "score": 0.6726980805397034, "text": "That question brings up an interesting point. Armies in the Middle Ages were largely feudal (speaking of Europe and the near east) and thus would not be assembled at all unless conflict and war loomed. That said, there was great variability; states such as Byzantium employed professional standing armies that remained constantly mobilized and ready for combat. The Byzantine army, however, was only used as a last resort; the emperors preferred complex diplomatic and political schemes to outright warfare, so in that sense the army saw less combat than it would have otherwise. The feudal armies of western Europe were assembled for specific goals (invade this country, capture this fortress, etc, etc) so in that sense they were more likely to see combat. Hope this was what you were looking for!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-212169", "score": 0.6726229190826416, "text": "There's a great book called \"The Devil's Broker\" that discusses mercenaries in Renaissance Italy (not middle ages, but in the same ballpark), and it had some interesting details. Notably, although the English and French concluded formal hostilities in one of their wars, the English king made minimal effort to round up and bring home all of his combatants. Some of the mercenary groups that plagued Italy were largely made up of English ex-soldiers who'd stayed in France and just kept on plundering. Depressing, but intriguing use of essentially abandoned soldiers as cats-paws by the English to keep the French from getting back up too quickly.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-204766", "score": 0.6724497675895691, "text": "Narrow it down. The middle ages lasted from the 5th century to the 15th. So they span over 1000 years with a lots of historic events. Early middle ages: the Frankish empire under Carolus Magnus saw the *Panzerreiter* (usually translated as cataphract), the predeccessor to the knight. Henry the Fowler used the Panzerreiter in 933 to defeat the Magyars. His Son, Otto I., finally defeated the magyars at the Lechfeld in 955. The Teutonic Knights conquered Prussia and led the Germanization of the area: _URL_0_ The Knights themselves became useless after the Swiss introduced the long pike for the Pikemen. _URL_2_ After that, the knights lost much of their influence and the Landsknecht played a big role in the military of that time. The Doppelsöldner was some kind of elite force. Or suicide mission. _URL_1_ _URL_3_", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-213133", "score": 0.6723356246948242, "text": "Life becomes unpleasant for the townsfolk, especially once you consider that the attacking army will be looting the town and raiding the countryside for supplies. Plus, if the defenders start running out of food, they can start expelling women and children from the fortifications in the hopes that the attackers will leave them alone (Battle of Alesia, technically not medieval era though).", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-232783", "score": 0.6716952919960022, "text": "Regarding the Barbarian/Roman example you have cited, that's not really how it worked. Its not like Gaul was a game of RISK between the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germans would more likely sack a town as opposed to \"take\" and clear it out for settlement. And besides a lot of \"barbarian\" vs Roman warfare was more akin to civil war than conquest (for example the Goths). And when Germanic peoples \"invaded\" an area with the intentions to stay most modern scholarship believes that it was just small bands of elites who would move in and rule the natives. I know this doesn't really answer your question but I thought it would be helpful to point out that the premise of the example in your question doesn't really match historical reality.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-487610", "score": 0.6708861589431763, "text": "Hello, and sorry for my bad grammar, English is not my first language.\n\nI always wondered about this yet I haven't read a single history book about this.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-195836", "score": 0.6702695488929749, "text": "I cannot speak to the earlier part of the Middle Ages, but for the later Middle ages you may be interested in these previous answers from me: You may be interested in these other posts: * [What portion of soldiers would be armoured in late medieval battles?](_URL_1_) * [English Arms and Armour in the 100 Year's War](_URL_2_) * [English Arms and Armour during the Wars of the Roses](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-212660", "score": 0.6699321269989014, "text": "Well to be frank. Throughout the whole war, the Kings of England relied on Chevauches (Not sure if I spelled that right) or basically just pillaging French villages for money, they where always out of money and parliament hated giving money to them. Also their armies where much smaller compared to the french and the reason they won such amazing battles was due to terrain, positioning and tactics. The French often led massive armies into tight areas and, in medieval times, large armies where hard to control. Hmm what else. The Scots where also fighting them at times and I guess all in all, the French could outlast them due to population and good or lucky diplomatic negotiations Edit: HAH to be frank! I kill myself some times", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-224333", "score": 0.6689642667770386, "text": "Hi, can you please specify a particular historical context that you're interested in? Like medieval Europe, ancient Near East, etc. AskHistorians does not allow \"throughout history\" or \"example-seeking\" questions as they don't lend themselves to in-depth historical discussion. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-196571", "score": 0.668613076210022, "text": "Not got enough info to give a proper answer at present (will check back later to see if any gaps need filling in from other's answers will be happy to do a spot of research, am interested myself) But thought you'd be interested that this question is a basis of an established thought experiment in game theory _URL_1_ (see pages 3 and 4) As this shows the 'universal game' (or disorganised conflict) ends when a player runs out of resources. This happened when the wars of the Roses diverted English belligerents to have to defend territory much closer to home. There was also internal strife caused by the costs of the war which undermined English efforts and culminated in the Peasant's revolt. _URL_0_ The English at this point still held possessions in France so they still had a buffer zone despite their internal vulnerabilities.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-232366", "score": 0.6667337417602539, "text": "Reverse question: How common was it for battles/sieges to not be determined in this fashion? By which I mean how often was single combat fought in this fashion, only for the losing side to decide \"nah, that didn't count, we're just going to continue what we were doing?\" And how often did the winner have to run for his life?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2499303", "score": 0.6662316918373108, "text": "Other than lots of starvation (so much starvation), how would a world with medieval (specifically from around the 1100 mark) cope?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-279", "score": 0.730684220790863, "text": "The position places the body in a way where the damage to the body will be minimized. _URL_0_ this is the result of not bracing. Bracing minimized the forces to the body" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-132587", "score": 0.6935812830924988, "text": "Depending on the type of accident, the primary purpose of the seat belt is to make a survivable accident even more survivable. If your plane breaks apart at 36,000 feet, your seatbelt isn't going to do you any good. But if you were in a controlled crash landing (much more common), they want you to not get bounced around like you're on a trampoline. As for why just a lap belt and not a larger seatbelt, it's a factor of convenience and how much it would actually help. They basically did the math and figured out that if you're in a crash that's survivable, you really don't need much more than something that crosses your lap. Anything more adds excessive cost (in terms of engineering and testing solutions) as well as inconvenience to the customers while adding very little extra to your chances of surviving.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-175072", "score": 0.6932330131530762, "text": "Bracing usally places long bones ( arms , legs) and other large support structures ( pevlis, spine) in line to take the full force of the impact. This usally ends up causing multiple fractures. This causes massive internal bleeding, and if enough of that happens for too long you die. Think of it as being at the beach by the ocean, a waves are coming. If you try and stand there braced you can stand up to the smaller ones but at a certain point a big enough wave will knock you over. However if you lay back relax and float the waves will travel through and around you and a big wave that would have knocked you over does very little to you. Of course there will eventually be a big enough wave, or you will be in the wrong spot during a wave, that you will still get knocked around no matter what.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-5553", "score": 0.6912878751754761, "text": "1. Takeoffs and landings are the most potentially dangerous parts of the flight. Electronics reduce focus during safety briefings and awareness during the takeoff/landing. Reclined seatbacks and ajar tray tables reduce passenger mobility in the event of an emergency, when the ability to evacuate the plane are of utmost importance. 2. Flight attendants are so adamant about enforcing the rules (even to the point of moving you from a malfunctioning seat) because they can personally be held liable if a passenger does not follow these rules.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-95118", "score": 0.6911283731460571, "text": "The best explanation I can find is that there's an emergency exit from the crew rest area in the vicinity. There's a picture (albeit from Qantas) here that shows it - it's apparently in Row 71 on there though. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-281993", "score": 0.6910303831100464, "text": "The rudder. If I understand your question, commercial jets have a safety test called \"one engine out\" where they have to prove that they can overcome the moment caused by the off center force and land the aircraft. That moment is huge btw", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-30716", "score": 0.6902235746383667, "text": "The overhead compartments are like a foot over your head. If turbulence causes the plane to drop a couple feet, your head is going right into them.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-53888", "score": 0.6898868083953857, "text": "So that in the event of an accident, it is possible to see outside and see any potential dangers and also allowing outside rescuers to see inside. The vast majority of airplane accidents are during takeoff or landing, and are actually usually while on the runway itself, so it's useful to ensure a clear view of the side of the plane from inside and the inside of the plane from the outside.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-144126", "score": 0.6888173818588257, "text": "It's all about safety, in case there is an accident. You know, accidents do happen even to planes taxiing (notice the two i's in taxiing). Blinds up so there is more light inside the plane, and make it possible for resque workers to look inside the plane from the outside. Seat up to give more room to get out for the person behind. Trays away also so they're not in the way of getting out.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-165504", "score": 0.6887044906616211, "text": "The main reason, other than it possibly interfering with the plane, is safety. Take off and landing are especially dangerous times and they need to make sure you are paying attention to safety information and are able to get out if something does happen.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-313721", "score": 0.6884085536003113, "text": "I've been in severe turbulence with the seat belt sign on. Even the stewardess was strapped in. A guy two rows up was not buckled in. All of a sudden the plane dropped and unbuckled guy smashed his melon on the overhead carrier. He was not only a danger to himself but had he hit another person, he could've caused some real damage. There's also take off and landing. Most crashes occur on take off or on landing. If you are not buckled up you just become a flying projectile.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1555318", "score": 0.6879849433898926, "text": "Is this a regular thing now? Isn't this height-ism? And why, if I am also VOLUNTEERING to help in the event of an emergency, am I required to PAY for the privilege? Maybe if the plane goes down I will start charging for the use of the exit -- I paid for it anyways.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-8033", "score": 0.6871047616004944, "text": "It's a hole. There are two panes of plastic separating you from the outside, creating an air pocket. With the pressure change varying so much with altitude, if the air pocket were sealed in, it would more than likely explode. The reason the pocket exists in the first place is to create an insulating cushion to minimize heat loss in the plane.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2599377", "score": 0.686914324760437, "text": "A question that popped into my head recently. Would love to hear the answer from the people controlling the plane!\n\nI figure it's like being taken to the ER if you have a heart attack in front of a hospital. Nobody's going to leave you dying on the sidewalk, but you will have to pay for the medical attention.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-23464", "score": 0.6857922673225403, "text": "It depends on the size and age of the plane. A lot of smaller planes have fixed landing gear, so they just land on what they have if they have a burst tyre or one of the wheels falls off. On most planes, large or small, with retractable gear, there is an emergency gravity release system - this uses gravity to lower the gear at a set speed which is limited by air pressure inside the gear system. The pilots then rock the plane from side to side to make sure the gear locks into place. On some older planes (maybe some newer ones too, I'm not sure) there was a crank or pump handle that could be used to lower the gear in an emergency. Besides that, if it comes to it, the pilot has to land the plane on it's belly, which can be a very risky maneuver for large planes with underslung jet engines, but for smaller planes with either a nose mounted engine or engines built into the wings this is a bit safer.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-189401", "score": 0.6856424808502197, "text": "People keep mentioning the possibility of damage to extended flaps (which I'm sure is a secondary reason), but the main reason is to keep the plane on the ground. Flaps are designed to create significantly more lift at low speeds at the expense of increasing drag. They deploy them on takeoff and landing so the plane can transition to and from flight at lower ground speeds, which reduces stress on the airframe and landing gear and is just easier for the pilot to manage. If you leave flaps deployed on the ground you risk gusts of wind lifting one or both wings while the aircraft is parked. That's bad. Since they also increase drag (especially in landing configuration) in windy/gusty situations they also increase the forces on the brakes and chocks while parked. The risk of the aircraft moving uncontrollably, tipping, flipping, etc is all significantly increased with the flaps down on the ground. So they retract them when they don't need them.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-73862", "score": 0.6846988797187805, "text": "There is one reason to crouch, and that's if the pilot accidentally bumps the cyclic control (the stick you steer with). That can cause the whole rotor disc to tilt over, significantly lowering the distance from the blades to the ground at the edge of the rotor disc. But mostly it's just a reflex, when heavy pieces of metal are whirring around in the air right above your head, you instinctively crouch to keep your head safe.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-86142", "score": 0.6840961575508118, "text": "In the event of a crash there might not be any electrical lights inside and it might become very dark. Also when the shutters are open passengers inside the airplane can look outside to orient themselves and decide the best way to evacuate. And emergency crew on the outside is also able to look inside the aircraft to see if there are any smoke or fire inside the cabin and more effectively direct their attention to where it is needed.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-270820", "score": 0.683928906917572, "text": "Thrust always acts relative to the center of mass, so in the event of an engine loss, the plane will tend to rotate \"away\" from the active engine. The pilot (or autopilot) will counter this using trim in the case of normal asymmetries, or the control surfaces in the case of large, or emergency imbalances.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1650898", "score": 0.683760941028595, "text": "Hello,\n\nI was recently flying with German Eurowings from Berlin to Porto and 3/4 through the flight, the announcer announced something along the lines of this:\n\n\"We're losing altitude\"\n\"Please make sure that your life vest is within your arms reach and please read the safety manual\"\n\nI've flown over 20x during my life and I've never heard anything like this, nor been anxious about flying. Was I dreaming or did I hallucinate or is this truly a common practice with some plane companies?\n\nThank you!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-100382", "score": 0.6828382015228271, "text": "I suspect (though I am really just pulling this out of my ass) that it's not really that they need you to turn it off. I think it's more like, take-off/landing are the most dangerous parts of a flight, and they want everyone to be prepared for an emergency. But if they *said* \"be prepared for an emergency\", then people would panic", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-280", "score": 0.7422815561294556, "text": "Non rechargeable batteries are based on an chemical reaction that is not reversible. Edit: electrically reversible that is." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-126915", "score": 0.7050877213478088, "text": "Batteries employ reduction/oxidation reactions, also known as electrochemical reactions. Two compounds are contained in the battery, one is an oxidiser and the other a reductor. When you use the battery, the reductor lets go of some of its electrons, which flow out of the negative terminal of the battery, through your equipment (providing electrical energy to it), and back into the battery, via the positive terminal to the oxidiser, which takes up the electrons. These chemical reactions are reversible. A charger pushes the electrons the other way around, reversing the chemical transformation of the oxidiser and the reductor that occur when they exchange electrons. One important reason that you cannot charge the battery very quickly is that the process of charging/discharging generates heat. This must be dissipated, which takes times. Also, sometimes compounds must migrate towards electrodes in the battery. This also takes time.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2068", "score": 0.7050543427467346, "text": "Imagine that your battery is an opaque water bottle. When you first get it, it has some amount of water in it. You have no idea how much water is actually in it because you can't see the water. It has a weight to it but that doesn't tell you anything because you have no reference. For all you know, it could be empty or it could be full. The person who sold you the water bottle tells you to fill it up until you can't fill it up anymore. You do so. You know now it is completely full of water. You can now weigh it and get a reference point. When the water bottle weighs this much, it is full. When the water battle weighs half as much, it is half-full. Basically, without that initial reference charge your battery could report 100% charge when it is actually only 25% full.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-272827", "score": 0.7050248384475708, "text": "Sure, if the distance between electrodes is really small then there are processes (like SEI formation or lithium metal formation... I forget the word for that) that can short them out eventually. On the other hand, if the distance between electrodes is really large then the performance of the battery decreases. I know this isn't a super in-depth answer but I thought I'd get the ball rolling in case you didn't get more responses.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-273153", "score": 0.7049219608306885, "text": "Dead batteries packs often have only a few cells that are truly dead. You can refurbish them by picking the cells that are still good and building a new battery pack with them. Of course since it's made with old cells the battery won't be has good as a new one.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-299990", "score": 0.704913318157196, "text": "I always find it easy to think of electricity like water. In this situation you have two pools, the portable charger and the phone battery. If your phone pool is low then the circuit board in the charger acts like a pump that takes water out of the charger pool and pumps it into the phone pool. This allows it to take all of the water out of the charger pool and put it in your phone pool. This fills up your phone pool even to the point of being fuller than the charger.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1627263", "score": 0.7048768401145935, "text": "Only type of rechargeable battery in the world that you literally buy it for life. Does anyone know of any good nickel-iron battery backups for home use that exist? Since it's a small market I'm a bit uncertain about this.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-140252", "score": 0.7046865224838257, "text": "Because some of the electricity goes to run the phone and the rest goes to charging the battery. That's why some phones can work without a battery if they're plugged in. Some can't just because of the charging circuitry.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-316393", "score": 0.7046099901199341, "text": "LIPO (Lithium Polymer) Batteries need a constant stable charge and do not do so well when left dead for months at a time. If you are going to put batteries away for longer than a week or so, charge them to half capacity first.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-115682", "score": 0.7043161988258362, "text": "Different brands can have different design and capacity. Ideally you shouldn't mix cells of different chemistry, maximum capacity, and state of charge. The reason is that you want the cells to have the same voltage, and maintain similar voltage as they discharge. If one dies sooner than the others, it can leak caustic electrolyte. Plus the other cells are likely to be replaced prematurely. Edit : changed \"current capacity\" to \"state of charge\". \"current capacity\" is ambiguous.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1626129", "score": 0.7042522430419922, "text": "How do you guys charge \"custom\" rechargeable batteries in your chargers? For example, Thrunite's 21700 battery that comes with the T2 has a plastic piece enveloping and extruding above the button top. I'd like to charge such batteries in my charger. Do you just cram some small bunched up wire above the button top to reach the contact on the charger (doesn't seem like the solution I'd like)? Perhaps a weak magnet with high conductivity that fits on the button top?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-6581", "score": 0.7042326331138611, "text": "In general, for charging batteries like lithium ion cells, there is a maximum safe voltage that shouldn't be exceeded (keep in mind batteries can hold a ton of energy, and you don't want that released uncontrollably). This generally means that as the charging cycle comes to a conclusion, the voltage of the charging circuit increases to a constant level, and because the cell voltage increases after that, the current flowing into the battery tapers off.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-246311", "score": 0.7041504979133606, "text": "If you put the batteries in the device like that, you get a higher resulting voltage, with the same current for every single battery. They don't short, because the voltage of every single battery is the difference in electrical potential between its poles, so the positive potential of one battery is the negative one of the next. Since electrical power output is voltage multiplied with current, you effectively double (or whatever amount of batteries you put in) the possible power output of the battery pack if you serialise them like that.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-314192", "score": 0.7039916515350342, "text": "It is true for all lithium cells. Lithium cells can be damaged by voltage above 4.2. They can be charged quickly up to 4.2 V and then the charge voltage is kept constant and the current declines as 100% charge is reached. Other battery types like Ni-Cd, Nimh and lead-acid can be charged at full current up to 100% as long as the charge terminates at that point.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-153999", "score": 0.7039642930030823, "text": "The charger can adjust the voltage used for charging, using a higher voltage when the battery is low then stepping down the voltage as it heats up and/or nears full capacity to prevent it from becoming damaged. This requires both the battery and the charger to be able to utilize the different voltages and for there to be communication when to switch.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-14469", "score": 0.7039205431938171, "text": "I don't know the scientific reason, but I can answer your question using an analogy. Imagine an elastic band. If you kept stretching it, eventually, it will lose it's elasticity. That's the same principle with rechargeable batteries.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-254194", "score": 0.7038804888725281, "text": "[Most rechargeable chemistry AA batteries have energy capacities of ~2-3 Watt-hours, charge capacities of ~2000 milliamp-hours](_URL_1_). [A healthy person can maintain an output of 75W](_URL_0_), so recharge could conceivably be done in minutes. However, the real limitation of recharge rate is the internal resistance of the battery. Discharge/recharge currents generally need to be limited to about 400 mA or less to prevent overheating and explosion. So for a typical rechargeable AA battery with a capacity of ~2000 mAh you are talking several hours to safely charge the cell. EDIT: I should add that it is difficult to continuously deep cycle most batteries, so you actually get a small fraction of this energy out, so recharge doesn't take quite as long as these calculations suggest, but you're still talking the better part of an hour for most AA cells.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-3791", "score": 0.7036611437797546, "text": "Short answer - badly. longer answer - they monitor the amount of energy that they are using and cross reference it with the measured battery voltage. If the battery voltage gets low enough that it's a good assumption that it's nearly dead, then the device re-calibrates its own estimate of what the capacity is.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1627307", "score": 0.7036526203155518, "text": "I recently bought a battery-powered drill, which turned out to have a defective charger (or two defective batteries). I of course threw the receipt away before checking that it worked, so no refund or replacement.. I just want to know if there's a simple way for me to make it work.\n\nCaveats:\n\n* I know next to nothing about electronics\n* I have a very limited tool set (screwdrivers and that's about it)\n\nPics\n\nIt's 12V, and I guess the circuit board is meant to stop the charging once the battery is full. The green diode lights up once it's connected to the 12V, and I think the red is meant to light up while it's charging (though the manual says it's supposed to be the opposite). The red diode lights up for a fraction of a second when I attach it to the battery but doesn't stay lit. And, of course, the battery doesn't charge.\n\nPlease ask if you want me to provide further details, but I'm not able to do things like measure voltages etc.\n\nCould I, for example, just rip out the circuit board and connect the 12V directly to the battery without making it explode?\n\nUpdate: It's a write-off. This one goes in the trash, new one's in the mail.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-307232", "score": 0.7031854391098022, "text": "Quite obviously whatever reaction produces an electron imbalance (re: a current) has to be reversible. In primary cells the chemical is denatured destructively and cannot simply be reversed by applying a current. A secondary cell is defined by having a reaction that is largely reversible by applying an external power source. Basically you're moving electrons from the negative terminal (or half) to the positive terminal (or half). \"Recharging\" a battery simply moves it back. For instance, as you discharge a battery the positive terminal becomes more negative. If you apply a higher voltage to the battery the electrons on the positive terminal will migrate through the circuit to the negative terminal and collect there. Wikipedia has all sorts of explanations for secondary batteries.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-303328", "score": 0.7031754851341248, "text": "Basically, the rate of charge, measured in current, is proportional to the difference between (1) The charger's voltage and (2) the battery's voltage and (3) inversely proportional to the battery's internal resistance. So; as the battery's voltage gradually rises, it increasingly \"pushes back\" against the charger's voltage with its own \"back electromotive force\", or EMF. What I've described is a simple case, modeled after a capacitor with a constant internal resistance. Some batteries have rather more complicated chemistries, and their 'back EMF' remains more constant. These kinds of batteries need 'smart' chargers with temperature sensors to detect a fully charged state, as the incoming energy stops being stored as back EMF, and is re-radiated as heat once the battery is charged.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-281", "score": 0.8173410296440125, "text": "We have a lot of kids who play soccer, but the vast majority are in recreational leagues, not serious youth development programs like Messi went through. Those are growing along with the domestic league, though - the MLS Academy system just started four or five years ago." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-34767", "score": 0.7633378505706787, "text": "This isn't an answer, but something very closely related that has puzzled me. Youth soccer is incredibly popular in the US. Nearly every school district has a youth soccer league, at least where I'm from (California). People play soccer all the time with friends. The American Youth Soccer Organization claims to have more than 600,000 kids playing every year, and they're just one of the two major leagues in the US. It seems that it's specifically professional soccer that hasn't caught on.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-22707", "score": 0.7167841792106628, "text": "I don't know about other sports, but the youth system for soccer works differently that the youth system with sports in the US. In the US, a football player will play in high school, go on to play in college, then get drafted by the NFL. With soccer in Europe, the team signs the player when they are still a kid. For example, David Beckham joined Manchester United when he was 14 years old. The kid then goes through the club's academy and if they are good enough, eventually get promoted to the senior team when they become adults. So, college soccer is not a thing in Europe because college aged players for the professional clubs instead. I don't know about sports other than soccer.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-63814", "score": 0.7145711183547974, "text": "There's so much more that goes into a good sports team (not just soccer, any sport) than just talent. You have to have a good coach (or in this case, manager), enough fans that companies consider it worth the money to invest in the organization, and good scouts to find that talent. You're right that, with such large populations, these countries should have great national teams, but if theirs not enough money, those players won't play, or the scouts might not be able to find them, or the manager/coach might not be good enough to utilize the talent. Comparatively, Portugal and Brazil, countries known for having great national teams, sink a LOT of money into soccer. It's the national pastime for them, everyone plays it as a kid, and they have good enough organizations that they can find those great players and groom them from a young age. Tldr: it's more about the money than volume of people", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-45345", "score": 0.7118037939071655, "text": "Related question, why doesn't India, a country with a billion + population, have a soccer team? Even though it is a very popular sport there, and I'm sure out of all the billions of people there, they could sum together a proper team.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-541196", "score": 0.7087998986244202, "text": "I'm looking at Australia, which has a similar multi-sport culture as the US and soccer is about 4 or 5th on the list and yet they have been much better than the US for the most of the 2000's. They only have 1/10 the population and started later than the US in launching a domestic league, but more Aussies have successfully transferred from the A-League to Europe than Americans from MLS. And their national team has performed much better in tournaments (2006 WC got further than the US and qualified for 2018). Also, the Aussies seem to have a proper soccer pyramid figured out and they're planning on pro/rel once a 2nd division fills up. They don't have the problem of leagues and clubs folding repeatedly and \"Soccer Warz\" never happen. Why is a country with a similar sports culture with 1/10 the population and fewer resources progressing so much further than the US?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-48459", "score": 0.6945657730102539, "text": "It's a cultural thing. In the US, there is not much of a men's soccer culture so the best male athletes will be directed to other sports like football or basketball. Compare to somewhere like Brazil, Spain or Germany where soccer is basically the one main sport. In the US, soccer is a popular sport for both male and female children. When the boys grow up, they will usually transfer to another sport if they can. When the girls grow up, there isn't that pressure so they remain playing soccer. There is more egalitarian funding and attention to women's sports in the US while some other countries discourage female sports.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2204679", "score": 0.6941341161727905, "text": "With a new youth movement coming for the USMNT, I wanted to know some young players with exceptional potential coming through the ranks: Abroad or Domestic?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-947296", "score": 0.6917606592178345, "text": "Having grown up in the US, would he consider joining the USMNT? As far as I know, he's not a full US citizen so this could be moot.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-686235", "score": 0.679341733455658, "text": "I hear this argument all the time here on reddit and in real life and it's a very unsophisticated argument, as well as seemingly (demonstratively?) false.\n\nI posted this on r/sports but was downvoted to oblivion but I was trying to provoke a discussion because I think its a valid question.\n\n\nI'd be interested to see what people think is the real reason our mens team isn't doing as well as we hope, when it comes to the World Cup etc.\n\nI'd argue its because of two factors:\n\n1) Soccer is a very different game when it comes to the player/coach relationship; in most american sports the coach dominates the decision making of the game and players just execute, whereas in soccer the coach sets up the general outlines of each half but the players must work out for themselves how the plays are executed on the field. Its a very different type of thinking, than other sports in the United States.\n\n2) The pay to play model that has dominated soccer academies (up until recently) which forced out a lot of talent just due to basic economics. Luckily in the last couple of years this has changed.\n\nThoughts?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-65088", "score": 0.6768590807914734, "text": "I can't give you an official answer only what I have gathered from what I've seen. Soccer is huge for women's sports in the US. a large percentage of girls I knew growing up played soccer throughout most of their schooling. I imagine this has been going on for a long time. Given time the talent gets better. The programs get better. The teams compete at higher levels. I knew boys who played soccer as well but not as many as girls. Boys tend to go into one of the big 3 sports here. I guess all those years of women's soccer getting bigger in the u.s finally paid off. I'm not surprised the women's teams won the world cup before the men's team did. In fact I'm not sure the US mens team will ever win a world cup. I don't know if this is the real reason but to me this makes sense.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1925531", "score": 0.6754798293113708, "text": "Sports fans routinely argue about the popularity of their favorite sport compared to other sports. Often, people say \"why should I care about the popularity/finances of a sport? Just enjoy what you want\" or something to that effect. I disagree with this line of thinking for two reasons.\n\n1. There are a limited number of athletes on earth. Also, there are limited number per country. Those athletes will naturally gravitate to the more popular sports in that nation. This matters to soccer fans in countries like the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa etc. where soccer isn't the most popular. In the USA and Canada, soccer comes behind football, basketball, baseball, hockey, and maybe even lacrosse. This puts the national team in soccer in soccer at a disadvantage compared to \"soccer countries\" like Brazil or Germany. On the flip side, basketball fans in countries like Britain or France are at a disadvantage because athletes in those countries would rather play soccer because it is more popular (Spain is probably the only \"soccer country\" that can get short guys like Ricky Rubio to play basketball instead of soccer but that's rare too. It's not like the United States where guys like Chris Paul, Russell Westbrook, Markelle Fultz etc. would never dream of playing soccer). Another example is Odell Beckham Jr., WR for the NY Giants. He grew up loving soccer but quit playing that to play football. I imagine fans of the US National Soccer Team aren't too happy about that. They should be concerned with the popularity of sports. As should basketball fans in countries that routinely get clowned by the US.\n\n2. Sports fandom is a zero sum game. I hear people say \"Sports fandom isn't a zero sum game. You can be a fan of many sports\". I just don't buy it. For example, on Monday Night's During the NFL season, Monday Night Football and Monday Night Raw (WWE) run at the same time. You can't watch both, so you have to choose one. More people choose the NFL thus the NFL is more popular. Also, most people don't have an unlimited amount of money for tickets and merchandise. They choose to buy tickets to just one team or choose to buy jersys of one team. Watching multiple sports on TV is one thing, but truly investing in multiple teams (through tickets and merchandise) is another.\n\nBecause of these two points, I believe the popularity of a sport does matter.\n\n\n\n_____\n\n&gt; *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-988329", "score": 0.6754571199417114, "text": "I don't see why we can't scout for Youth Players in all countries \nFor instance my personal pet peeve is Wales \nYou can scout in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic Of Ireland but not Wales. \nWhat other countries do you think you should be able to scout from but can't ?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-62775", "score": 0.6730448603630066, "text": "Because America's Major League of Soccer isn't the best in the world. The best soccer leagues in the world are overseas, so all the great players go there... and you know Americans don't care about: - Stuff they're not the best at - Stuff happening overseas", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-228705", "score": 0.6721333265304565, "text": "Soccer is popular in the US, but in a different way than you might see in other countries. Soccer in the US is very popular in suburban communities amongst youth (U17). The term 'soccer-mom' entered the popular discourse largely due to this phenomenon. As more recent immigrants to the US bring their sports ethos with them, *international professional soccer and cricket have seen a rise in popularity.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-33806", "score": 0.6721162796020508, "text": "Less interest due to more focus on other sports -- > Smaller number of young people signing up and starting youth leagues + less money -- > Smaller talent pool -- > Weaker players make it to the local and national teams.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1937628", "score": 0.6700962781906128, "text": "Im a huge fan of pop culture in the USA, I've never been in the country so everything I know about is what I watch on the news, read in college and pages like cracked, reddit, cheese burguer, etc. So I lack information of some social issues that I could only understand living there. As a big soccer fan I've always watched that the MLS stadiums are always full but also I've read jokes on twitter, the simpsons etc. that soccer is not very popular and considered boring so my question is, what is the archetype of person in the USA who likes soccer? It's a huge majority of latin people who goes to the matches? What happens in states where there aren't much immigrants? Well thanks for helping me understand more your culture with issues that I can't find on books...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-148943", "score": 0.668724000453949, "text": "The U.S. itself produces a lot of baseball players, obviously, as it's our national past time and a popular sport. If you look at most of the other countries MLB players come from, both Hispanic and otherwise, they tend to be places where the U.S. government/military had/has a lot of influence. Which includes a lot of Central American and Hispanic Caribbean countries.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2203752", "score": 0.6679013967514038, "text": "With the MLR, there should be more opportunity for young players and there should be a better calibrate of players coming through. So my question to you folks is this: when do y’all see a truly world class player coming through to play for the US national team? And by world class, I mean a really top level player not ‘just’ someone who will go to play in Europe.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2205306", "score": 0.6663748621940613, "text": "Do you think it will happen in the USA? If so how long do you think it will take? I think every time the world cup happens it brings a lot of awareness and excitement to the sport in the USA. I still don't know if the league will ever get enough advertising power to play the players anywhere near the NBA of NFL. I also wonder if the sport grows enough in the states that the talent pool of American players will grow and the MLS could be competitive with European leagues.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1027367", "score": 0.6659887433052063, "text": "There are 18,165 football clubs in France for 2, 225 595 football players who are all members of the French Football Federation.\n\nAbout 350,000 of them are between the age of 11 and 14 where detection really begins. The best among them will be allowed to join a special middle school specialized in sports. There are about 500 such schools (all public) in France for about 60,000 students.\n\nOut of these 60,000 only 800 of them will join one of the 25 \"pre-training centers\" in France, half of which are sponsored by French professional football clubs.\n\nOnce there, they are no longer schools students who play soccer, they become soccer players who carry on their studies: 5 training sessions a week like the pros.\n\nAfter a year, only 350 of them will be picked by a professional club's youth academy. There are 40 youth academies in France (20 in Ligue 1 20 in Ligue 2 as all clubs in ligue 1 and 2 must have a youth academy).\nThis training lasts for about 5 years. Each year, these youth academies produce about 70 new professional players.\n\n60,000 at the beginning, 70 at then end. Public money finances most of the process (youth academies do get some public money). So of course we are pissed when players like Niang]( or [Pogba - just to name the most recent famous ones - get picked by non-French clubs, as there is no European regulation protecting the work done by hundreds of French coaches/educators *as far as I know*. Le Have did get some money for Pogba who left when he was 16 for Man-U, but his two previous clubs got zilch. Surely, they should get rewarded.\n\nNevertheless, the French system is one of the best in the world, producing solid football players year after year.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-282", "score": 0.7039778828620911, "text": "The Freedom of Speech does not grant you the right to say whatever you want, whenever you want, it merely prevents the GOVERNMENT from restricting your right to free speech. When it comes to private institutions, they are free to set their own rules regarding things like speech, because you always have the option to not use them. You are still allowed to keep your right to free speech, Tumblr is simply denying your ability to use THEIR website to do so." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-11746", "score": 0.6682081818580627, "text": "People are confused. Corporations are not people and don't have \"human rights\". However corporations are legal entities. They can own property and enter into contracts. For example if a corporation opens a bank account, money in that account belongs to the corporation, and not to the owners of that corporation. This is done primarily done to shield owners of the corporation (or stockholders) from its debts and liabilities. Let's say a corporation makes a mistake and injures someone who then files a $1,000,000,000 lawsuit against it. Only the corporation will be on he hook, not the stockholders. A corporation is also a separate legal entity for tax purposes. Corporate profit is taxed before it can be distributed to its shareholders.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-61918", "score": 0.6681997776031494, "text": "I'm not 100% sure what you're asking about here, so I may be off-base. Your question seems to be about how anti-competitive practices (like licensure for doctors and lawyers) can be codified by the government when generally that kind of limitation on competition wouldn't be allowed. The short answer is because government regulations (I must have passed the bar to practice law) aren't treated the same as private agreements. Basically, the government needs to be able to regulate these kinds of important industries even if it does (arguably) create a barrier to some competition. Any regulation increases the costs of being in the market, and arguably reduces competition from a theoretical maximum. But protections against monopolistic practices were created by the government and were intended to give it more power to regulate, not tie their hands.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-70599", "score": 0.6681923270225525, "text": "It depends what you consider censored. If you mean sexual expression for example, this is largely due to America's past as a more Puritan society. Language is also for similar reasons. In many formats, America is far less censored than any other country due in a large part to First Amendment freedoms. It is because of this that sometimes items may seem censored simply due to the massive flood of information that may drown something out.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-69492", "score": 0.6681706309318542, "text": "Because the government pissing the US off doesn't necessarily represent their people in their entirety and even if it does, America doesn't have a problem with people's opinions but governments actually doing shit that's pissing them off at a world stage. What that means is that they' can't just reduce a country to charcoal and leave their people to pick up the pieces any more.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-33074", "score": 0.6680653691291809, "text": "Freedom of speech and assembly doesn't mean you can just say whatever you want whenever and where ever you want. There are restrictions upon it. You can't incite panic or riots, make threats, lible or slander, you can be kicked off or banned from any private property for saying things the owner doesn't like, you can't block emergency services to protest. If you're in the military these are much more restricted by the UCMJ.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-687666", "score": 0.6680437922477722, "text": "Edit: Or rather, why can't the US government allow the companies to work together to limit supply in certain situations?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-87828", "score": 0.6680397987365723, "text": "In America, we're free to do nothing. Mandatory tasks aren't free. It could also be argued that voting or withholding a vote are both expressions of free speech, so forcing one or the other would violate the 1st amendment.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1499833", "score": 0.6680145263671875, "text": "1) As you know, our Constitutional amendment is related to government, not private individuals. I know you don't care, but I'm pointing it out. You think it's about \"the principle,\" when it's really about you thinking Alex Jones is pretty cool \n\n2) Alex Jones isn't being banned for being conservative, or prickly, or whathaveyou. He's being banned for saying that Sandy Hook never happened, that the parents are paid actors and liars, that no one died, and pushing this theory endlessly. He's being sued for it. He's countersuing to have the private information of the parents released. This constitutes harassment, which violates the rules of these sites\n\n3) Violating rules gets you banned from places. It is why so many get banned from KiA. It's why InfoWars itself bans people.\n\n4) Alex Jones still has platforms. He has his app. He has his radio show. He has his website. He has his newsletter. He has his webstore selling overpriced snake oil. If you want to hear what Alex Jones has to say, you have no problem finding him\n\n5) Furthermore, telling private entities that they can't ban people for violating their rules would probably violate their freedom of speech, no? Forcing Facebook to allow people to propagate Pizzagate garbage violates their own freedom, and opens them up to potential lawsuits when more gullible KiAers go to Comet Ping Pong Pizza armed to the teeth\n\n6) Alex Jones speech is still free. He has not been arrested. No one is locking him up. No one is putting tape on his mouth. Again, he has plenty of avenues to spread his gospel of lunacy", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1788549", "score": 0.6679060459136963, "text": "A couple of my friends and I were talking about what the world would be like if there was no religion. The topic of free speech arose. One of my friends claimed that there would be no free speech if not for religion. That seemed like nonsense to me and I disagreed immediately. I pointed out that the issue of free speech arose mainly because of political issues and that religion is the total opposite of free speech. He thinks that free speech arose in rebellion to religion. I don't really know who's right and I just needed some help. Thanks :)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-112363", "score": 0.667854905128479, "text": "All forms of government come down to the will of the people. Even if something isn't technically \"allowed\", as long as no one objects, the government can do whatever it likes.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-57645", "score": 0.6678155064582825, "text": "In order for free expression (speech, writing, music, painting, etc) to be illegal, it has to have no socially redeeming value. This is an area of law called \"obscenity\". For example, in the past, pornography was banned, but court rulings found it to have socially redeeming value. For a more contemporary example, child pornography banned / believed to have no redeeming value. The law that was struck down would have treated animal torture videos the same was as child pornography - making it a criminal act to make, distribute, or possess them. The problem is that animal rights groups will sometimes secretly film animals being abused. The law would have turned them into criminals. So the judge struck it down because it would have limited the ability of animal rights groups to protect animals.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2740110", "score": 0.6677459478378296, "text": "The past three years have been ripe with government scandals and controversial legislature that destroys - or at least erodes - the rights of citizens. \n\nThe events I consider are:\n\n* The passing of the NDAA, which allows for indefinite detention of citizens accused of terrorism.\n* The NSA scandal, in which it was determined that the NSA is storing away logs of most of our communications (hence the storage capacity of the Utah Data Center), which could be used with only a small amount of effort to accuse anyone of being a terrorist (and detain them indefinitely).\n* The NSA's role in defeating and undermining Internet security, for the purpose of spying, which aimes to restrict the actions of citizens over the internet via fear, and limit the internet's functionality as a secure communication medium.\n* The police/military response to the runaway bomber in Boston, which involved searching people's homes at gunpoint and without warrant, door to door. This also included a massive military response typical of government crackdown on massive, dangerous gangs, cults, and dissident movements, but only to find one kid.\n\nFor these reasons, it seems that our liberty to be secure in our homes, papers, and speech is more and more limited by the day.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1508107", "score": 0.667690098285675, "text": "When someone says something controversial, there seems to be a sizable backlash on how they were able to say what they did. \n\nMy question is, do you believe in the right to free speech? If not, what limitations should exist, who should enforce them and how will we ensure that agenda-based limitations aren't put on our ability to voice concern?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1508361", "score": 0.6676810383796692, "text": "In a prior post, many responders stated that civil rights don't exist but only \"natural rights\" exist.\n\nWhat are our \"natural rights\"? Where are they articled? How can government protect our \"natural rights\"?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-94405", "score": 0.6672933101654053, "text": "The US doesn't label groups as \"hate groups\", because there are no laws against hate speech in the US. Of course, there are laws against using speech to threaten others, or to incite people to violence, but the US takes freedom of speech quite seriously, and merely saying things like, \"I hate < race/religion/nationality > and wish they were all dead,\" is perfectly legal.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2470799", "score": 0.6671975255012512, "text": "On a similar note, do you think companies should be allowed to fire employers for their political beliefs?\n\nI feel that many cannot speak up over fear of losing a job, college enrollment, ect. I think its fair for people to be afraid to speak up due to ridicule, because if they feel passionate enough they should feel comfortable in debating such ridicule. However, when you lose your job, or are expelled from a college, their is not much you can do to combat this.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1509675", "score": 0.6671046018600464, "text": "All the political discussion I see is either bickering back and forth about how the other is wrong, or a circle jerk. I want to see people actually changing their minds about things, including me.\n\nNo matter what, I can't seem to justify from a moral standpoint, any sort of tyranny that hinders our freedom. As long as you're not initiating force against someone or their property, I don't see how it's acceptable to use force against them.\n\nLike a business charging a ridiculously high amount of money for a product/service, and/or paying their own employees a ridiculously low wage and offering no benefits. I get how people don't like that, and they shouldn't like it. The thing is, if people want to pay for that product/service, then I can't justify saying that they absolutely cannot. Nobody forces them to pay, if they don't value the product/service more than their money, then clearly they won't be spending the money on it.\n\nSame thing with an employee. Nobody forces them to work there, with freedom they're always welcome to try and find employment elsewhere, start their own business, or whatever else they'd like.\n\nInterfering with either of these processes is saying that consenting adults aren't allowed to partake in certain activities. Whether it be buying/selling goods, having certain forms of sex, taking drugs, it's all the same morally to me.\n\nI get that people have practical arguments, but I really need to stick to the moral argument, as all practical arguments I've seen get bogged down in unimportant details and way too much headache. I understand concerns like \"what about roads/healthcare/etc...?\" There are answers to all those questions, but that's a completely different discussion.\n\nSo, morally, why is it a good thing to use force to prevent people from making voluntary/consensual choices? Help me to understand this and I'll be quite happy.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1121222", "score": 0.6670033931732178, "text": "Reddit has continued time and time again to defend United Airlines, Disney, Political parties (incorporated entities), when they abuse the law and lead to not just injustices but loss of life and physical harm. They cover it up every time.\n\nReddit is not the front page of the internet. It is the front page of corporate internet. Take a look at /r/all/top. How much of that could have been made as a commercial?\n\nIf you don't like corporations controlling what you see stop consumer corporate media. That includes Reddit. Do not think because you read Reddit that you are informed.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-36823", "score": 0.6669762134552002, "text": "The government regulating businesses because they're trying to do unfair things is a well established duty that they carry out. You see this with all manner of different regulatory laws, from antitrust to minimum wage to labeling requirements. If they didn't then you'd see monopolies running rampant and workers and customers being taken advantage of in any way possible. As for the specific authority that the FCC is using, their authority is ultimately derived from Congress and they have most recently used some of the language of the communications act of 1934, as the internet has assumed many similarities to the communication channels in use at that time. That's the act that defined what a common carrier would be for the sake of communication regulation and is the act that the FCC used to classify ISPs as common carriers, since that's how they've behaved since their inception.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2740104", "score": 0.6669061183929443, "text": "When I was bullied in school, (I graduated a month ago from high school), most of the time people would threaten force to take what was mine, mostly food. It stopped a few years ago when I stood up and didn't take their threats seriously. Is taxation no different however? The government threatens force to take what you own. The difference is they have an overpowering military that you can't possible resist as an individual and they are not afraid to use force, which makes it far more oppressive. You are more likely to be killed by a police officer than a criminal or terrorist. The government appear to be the largest and dominating criminal force, and since might makes right(pretty much what the government runs on), they are not the \"bad guys\". The bad guys are the ones who are weaker as government would appear to believe. They can use there stolen money to propagate that they are good because they represent the violent mob rule, in the case of a democratic society such as the United States. Anyways that doesn't even count the fact that government dictates in other ways such as marriage and religious beliefs. Or discrimination such as in my public high school they discriminated against males regarding restrooms, I used an anonymous account for privacy ( and the update ( It ended swiftly after I organized a peaceful protest and the plan scared the school to revert the policy. Either way bullies frustrate me beyond belief and come in all forms. Regardless, I showed mercy to the people I was bullied by who stole and vandalize my stuff, and I become friends with some of them. Note I didn't exactly have many friends, probably because I was autistic and can't understand most people. I have been know to be friends with people I didn't like out of desperation. Abraham Lincoln once said \"Do I not destroy my enemies when I make them my friends.\" Still though, that doesn't mean I agree with what they did and I let them know not to steal or vandalize my stuff or others. I am firm and bold about my religious and political beliefs which conflict with most of my friends. I have drifted away from being an appeaser, since it caused more harm than good in my scenario. Please correct me if I am wrong, I don't belief that ignorance is bliss.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-283", "score": 0.7540218234062195, "text": "It's usually for a convention, which will run for several days. Some people wear the same costume to multiple conventions, others make a new one for each one." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1204310", "score": 0.7130613327026367, "text": "Oh boy I have a lot of questions, I used to be into cosplay back in 2013 but I was uninterested for a while, now for the past year or so I’ve been interested again.\n\nThings are a little different now though, back then i would just dress up, make impressions etc and that would be enough and fun etc, but now I want it to be a little more. I want to put a bit more effort into actually looking like the character so that people will immediately be able to tell who I’m cosplaying as. I mean some of that is obviously makeup to transform into other ages and sexes etc. And just generally things to look like the character you’re dressing up as\nFirst question though is:\n\nCan you change your appearance using makeup to look like another race/ethnicity to look more like the character you’re cosplaying as or do you just have to be a different ethnicity version of the character? Like let’s say I’m Chinese but I want to cosplay as a character who is French, what do I do then? \n\nAnd does ethnicity even matter at all?\n\nAnd what kind of makeup should you get? probably a dumb decision but for a starter I’ve made a cosplay haul list on wish that includes brushes, body paint and a bit of eye makeup, should prolly get wigs too but for now I’ll be trying to go easy\n\nI actually forgot about half of the questions because my thumb is bleeding, nobody asked for that piece of information but I thought i should let it be known that I probably have more questions coming sooner or later\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-863848", "score": 0.7121836543083191, "text": "Me personally, I find the idea of walking around a massive con not only being the only person cosplaying a particular thing, but having no one even know who you’re dressed as, to be hilarious and a very good idea. I’ve got plenty of my own ideas, but I could always use more.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2621355", "score": 0.7118679285049438, "text": "(Note: I debated with myself for bout 15 minutes before posting this, I'm not sure it's going to blow over well but, here goes nothing)\n\nThis is probably going to be an unpopular opinion, but me I kinda dislike cosplay, but like it at the same time. Hard to explain\n\nMy personal opinion doesn't lead me to believe that people shouldn't do it, and people are free to do as they please, no disagreement there. It's fun and cool for a lot of people. \"You do you\" but I'm a bit of a lore and character \"snob.\" I think if someone's going to cosplay, they should do it right or as close to the character design that they're portraying. ESPECIALLY if someone's going to spend a lot of money and time to go all the way and do something extravagent.\n\nI know some cosplays are pretty much done for the fun and within a persons means, but I've seen a few very well done cosplays with a bit thrown off that just makes me wonder \"why would you do that?\"\n\nI'm not saying must be perfect, but a friend of mine I was talking to about said this \"Adding shit just to add shit\" (he has harsher words than me), and I agree.\n\nThis came up a short bit ago while I was browsing Deviant art for Shyvana pictures. \n\nI've seen a few cosplays that are excellent, and look pretty good! There's one girl who did Boneclaw Shyvana, and while she didn't have the face or muscle to match(doesn't matter really) the costume and make up was great! \n\nNow Shyvana is a very close character to my heart, I know every little thing about the character and what not, so I was a bit taken aback when I saw not one, but 2 cosplayers in Shyvana costumes that had given her Fangs.\n\nI'm not exactly sure as to why they'd add fangs to a character that doesn't have any.\n\nThis conversation sparked: \n\nI admire the person for giving so much effort into the costume and it looks great no doubt, but why add fangs? She doesn't have any... There's a lot of detail into the costume and yet she missed some obvious details of the character she's portraying?\n\nI know the counter arguments \"Why would you care?\" \"It's up to her interpretation\" I agree, but It still doesn't stop me from wondering why someone would put an exorbant amount of effort, and essentially get it wrong? \n\nI personally have no qualms with \"genderbent\" cosplays or cosplays by people with skintones different from the character (I mean no one has blue skin!) If a black girl cosplayed shyvana I'd see no difference from a white girl(We're all human :D )\n\nThis definately isn't exclusive to Shy, but I've seen it happen in quite a few cosplays over the conventions and gaming events I've been too.\n\nMy personal and probably unpopular opinion, If you're going to cosplay, at least pay attention to the fine details and don't add/take away things by random preference.\n\n(Yes I'm well aware that I'm a pretty terrible person)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-864476", "score": 0.7099688649177551, "text": "I went to a small convention here in New Zealand recently which has a big League booth and following and decided it was my chance to wear my Cosplay I'd made about 6 months ago. It needs a few things added, but it worked for the occasion.\n\nHere's a link to the Imgur album with a couple of pictures in it \n\nAnd the rest are on my Facebook page :) ", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-99101", "score": 0.7088208198547363, "text": "> Isn't saying cosplay enough? \"Joker and Harley Quinn cosplay\" is fine. > Also all of the Halloween costumes- Are Halloween costumes also cosplay? Conceptually, yes, but you probably wouldn't say it that way because it isn't part of the same \"scene\". If you bake a cake for Thanksgiving you aren't a \"baker\" in the same sense as the guy who owns a bakery down the road. Wearing a costume of a character from a movie or series is certainly cosplay but in the context of Halloween it is just dressing up in a costume. > I feel as though cosplay has a dirty connotation to it.. but perhaps that's just me. There is certainly prejudice of it being seen as nerdy. But as above, there is a difference between dressing up as Batman on Halloween and dressing up as Batman at Comicon in the middle of July.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-971604", "score": 0.7080979943275452, "text": "Hello /r/Cosplay\nI am new to the cosplay culture, and I am working on something along with someone who I commissioned a cosplay work with and I am interested into Participating into a cosplay contest/masquerade. I am not sure how I will be able to pull this off and I can show the WIP of what has been done so far. I am trying to be a feminine version of Kirito from Sword Art Online and I am not sure how to pull off the strutting that comes for a contest/masquerade.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1832244", "score": 0.7079887390136719, "text": "Probably a dumb question, but is there any other outfit you can wear and keep that pose, or no? I was kind of hoping I could get wacky with it", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-863225", "score": 0.7079506516456604, "text": "I have been thinking of doing my first cosplay and wanted to do ether monster hunter uragaan armor]( or [Natsu Dragneel from fairy tale.\nbut the monster hunter armor is pretty advanced so ill do Natsu first. and i have some questions. \n**should i retro-fit clothes or make new?** because i have no idea how to make new...\ni think id be easier to retro-fit, but i haven't done either one. \nWhat do you think?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-863184", "score": 0.7073460817337036, "text": "I'm working on my second cosplay, and with both the ones I've done so far I've noticed that I've had to work with a pretty hefty budget. What are some ways that you save $$ while still creating an incredible costume?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1125831", "score": 0.7071582078933716, "text": "I see the term \"CosPlay\" constantly,. but I don't understand why people don't just say \"a sweet superman costume\", but they say \"a sweet superman cosplay\". CosPlay leads me to believe there would be an action behind it since adding the word \"play\". But the only difference I can make of it is the girl is the costume is hot, or the costume is being worn at an event.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1013239", "score": 0.7059016823768616, "text": "Maybe they're stupid questions but I'll still ask just to be sure.\n\nThe first is, if your cosplay includes a weapon, are there any specific standards to be met for it to be considered fake? Take a bow for example. Do they check it when you're getting in to make sure you won't hurt anyone? \n\nThe second is, if you go to a convention do you have to warn them about your cosplay or can you just go there with no fear? \n\nThanks for taking the time to read this and for answering. They may sound stupid but I keep thinking about them.\n\n\nEDIT: I forgot one. I need a wig for my first cosplay and I was wondering if you could suggest a website to buy it from.\n\nThe cosplay would be Senua from Hellblade: Senua's sacrifice", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-972757", "score": 0.7051645517349243, "text": "Alright, so I'm pretty new to cosplay and I have a real difficult time putting together outfits to make it contour my body..\n\nI can use templates pretty well and I can sew with my machine great, it's just putting it all together.\n\nAny advice?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-864963", "score": 0.699510395526886, "text": "Someone asked me in the Friday Banter threads to post pictures of my cosplay, so here you go\n\nFor the Casual cosplay, the scarf was made using this pattern, and not to toot my own horn but I think it came out pretty damn awesome.\n\nFor the superhero outfit both the scarf and the main part of the arm gauntlet were freeform single stitch crochet (some puff stitch on the gauntlet....or was it bobbin stitch...), though the base of the gauntlet was made using a modified version of this pattern", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-863261", "score": 0.6984893083572388, "text": "Has anyone ever tried to just build their outfits off of casual outfits from anime characters? I'm talking about realistic outfits that are in a good amount of shows. For example I was browsing on Amazon and saw this shirt that is the exact same shirt that Shirou wears in Fate/Stay Night.\n \nJust kind of had the thought and think it would be cool to be able to be able to casually cosplay things all the time without people thinking you're filthy weeb trash, haha.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2740572", "score": 0.6979407668113708, "text": "Hi, I'm fairly new to reddit and I've been scrolling through this community and all the cosplays are amazing. I'd like to post some of mine here, but my photos aren't very good, and I'm very self conscious about the photo quality. I usually take photos by myself in front of a window or light, and they're either boring or the lighting messes up the whole photo. Any tips for self photography?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-951556", "score": 0.6973879337310791, "text": "So I'm a huge fan of video game cosplayers. I don't cosplay personally after a rather uncomfortable incident during my first time at a expo and it put me off. \n\nBut there's one thing I've always wondered and I kind of wanted to ask but have felt really.. well.. nervous about asking it.\n\nThere are a bunch of reasons why I'm nervous but one of the main ones was that I don't want to come across as if I'm bashing anyone or stating what people can and cannot wear because that's no my intention. It's just something of a trend in female cosplayers that has bugged me for a long time as to why they do it and it's hard to ask that question without offending those who partake in that side of it or enjoy it. I don't have anything against those who do just a curious confusion about it.\n\nWhy, when cosplayers make female version outfits of Male characters, do they tend to make it... sexy/skimpier? \n\nI don't want to link examples because that's just a hornet nest but it's when the female interpretation has full on cleavage even though the male version is a much higher cut. It's usually a skirt/dress version of the outfit and there's always way more skin being shown and often skin that has sexual connotations like really high slit cuts that show panties or really low cut tops to expose more of their chest or midriff or whatever. \n\nI know this typically happens in MMOs or RPGs where the default male avatar outfit is skimpier on the female version - but there's a different reason for that. Why do women actually do this themselves? \n\n**Update: omg! Awesome responses thank you :) it's hard to ask these kind of Qs without offending people.**", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-964648", "score": 0.6968973278999329, "text": "So me and some friends are planning to go to an upcoming event on late October. I’m cosplaying as my avatar from Star Wars the Old Republic, a 2 lightsaber wielding Sith Marauder. I’ve got everything planned but don’t know where to start, to make it a good cosplay.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-438617", "score": 0.6968703269958496, "text": "I was a skyrim character and would LOVE to see all the photos that were taken of it! It's an amazing feeling to have your blood, sweat, and tears form into an awesome cosplay that everyone compliments! \n\nYou can see a photo of my cosplay here for reference", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-863540", "score": 0.6961647868156433, "text": "I seem to have the hardest time with this. I always seen tons of awesome costumes at my con, but when it comes time to figure out what I want to make next, I'm always at a loss! \n\nI like a lot of nerdy/geeky things but there's not much that I'm super into anymore and I don't really want to invest a few hundred dollars into a costume of something that I only passively like. I can't exactly force myself to like more things but I NEED new ideas/sources. \n\nAnyone ever run into this slump before? How'd you dig your way out?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-971374", "score": 0.6957960724830627, "text": "I have no idea how to do anything related to cosplay, and I would love some help from the community!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-284", "score": 0.7011943459510803, "text": "This is asked a lot, but here it goes. North Korea would react violently if any force tried to offer aid to those in the camps. If North Korea acted violently, there would probably be a war. If there were a war, China would be upset. China doesn't want millions of refugees and nuclear radiation at it's borders." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-222652", "score": 0.6655329465866089, "text": "When the [Eight Nation Army](_URL_9_) took Beijing, all the countries committed rape [except for the US and \\(ironically\\) Japan.](_URL_8_) Japan was quite horrible to the Koreans and Chinese in WWII, kidnapping large numbers of women and forcing them to serve the army as \"[comfort women](_URL_7_)\". As they got more diseased, they'd be moved down from the officers to the NCOs to the privates. It really was a horrible, institutionalized system, and something that I don't believe any of the Western armies did during this time period.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-216067", "score": 0.6653971076011658, "text": "If you look at the German soldiers captured when the 6th Army surrendered at Stalingrad, which was about 90,000 soldiers, only about 6000 ever saw Germany again. Of those most didn't see Germany again until the 1950s. The Soviet Union had declared that they were not a continuation of Tsarist Russia and thus they didn't see themselves as signatories of the various conventions of warfare, such as the Geneva and Hague Conventions, and due to this both Germany and the Soviet Union saw the war between them as basically anything goes. This meant that the fair treatment and quick return of POWs when the war ended were not seen as high priorities. The future for a German soldier captured in WW2 was pretty bleak. They could be starved, tortured, used for hard labour, and even if you survived it could be a decade after the war ended before you ever saw home again.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-158141", "score": 0.6633853912353516, "text": "They do ask for and receive assistance in the form of food aid occasionally, but it's not equally distributed and doesn't help to solve the reasons for the famine in the first place. Receiving large amounts of foreign aid wouldn't be beneficial to the North Korean régime. It would be an admission of their failure to provide for the basic needs of the people, it would likely come with conditions attached that would weaken their power (improving human rights, stopping nuclear research, etc.), and if the population start seeing food parcels stamped with \"USA\" or \"Japan\" it will undermine the government propaganda about how evil these places are. It would also go against the economic policy that NK has always followed, in which the main economic goal is to be fully self-sufficient.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-66770", "score": 0.6630512475967407, "text": "Germany kind of as a...history of massive human rights violations when nobody would help their people escape to safety. When they say \"never again\", they mean they want to prevent that kind of horror everywhere they can.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-188054", "score": 0.6599379181861877, "text": "The International Criminal Court in the Hague. This is an offshoot of the UN and has its roots in the Nuremberg trials after World War 2. After we won the war, we put Nazis accused of war crimes on trial at Nuremberg. Those that were convicted were sentenced to imprisonment or death. In theory, that's precisely what the ICC would do. In practice, however, it's somewhat moot, partly because the US will never allows our own people to be tried there no matter what they did and the US has enough power to make it impossible to enforce things upon us, and partly because the modern paradigm of \"war\" is against unrecognized groups that don't qualify, from the US's viewpoint, for Geneva protections and instead are tried here or held indefinitely in our prisons, and no one but us seems to be going around capturing people in battle, so there's very little for the ICC to do. They did prosecute war criminals from the Balkan wars in the 1990s, though.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2776151", "score": 0.6594555377960205, "text": "Seems no countries want to help the North Korean citizens. Everyone knows what the government is doing is oppressing yet no one wants to take action. Seems like that country is doomed forever.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-233287", "score": 0.6588134169578552, "text": "First, the term is internment camp, not concentration camp. Don't get me wrong, they were not the most pleasant places to be, but they were not Auschwitz. The worst part about American policies towards Japanese Americans was the abuse of civil rights and the outright theft of property, but internment camps were like a Motel 6 compared to German concentration camps. As to your question, see [this thread](_URL_0_) discussing the same issue. In it, /u/HippopotamicLandMass cites a lot of good information and [an older thread](_URL_1_) from /u/cordis_melum on the subject. The quick answer is no. The Chinese and Korean communities made efforts to show their loyalty to the US and to show their ethnic differences from the Japanese.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-230296", "score": 0.658362865447998, "text": "I can't say for sure, but off hand could it be because it is squashed between WWII and Vietnam, two wars that had profound impacts on the US? Korea, although horrible, had little impact on American day to day lives, not like WWII and Vietnam. I could be wrong, but this is something I've wondered too as I think North Korea is becoming increasingly prevalent in the media today. Would be nice for it to be taught so that people knew the background.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-110645", "score": 0.6577739119529724, "text": "National Socialism - as in the context of Nazi Germany - was just a name. North Korea is officially called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - and it certainly isn't democratic or a people's republic. Whilst semantically you may be correct, in reality you cannot say the words 'national socialism' without it automatically having connotations of Nazism", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-16750", "score": 0.6574649810791016, "text": "North Korea is perhaps the most brutal, repressive regime in the world in terms of how it controls its population, acts irrationally, etc. which is why there are many who would like to see its government replaced with something less repressive. The conflicts that arose in the Middle East as part of the Arab Spring are closely tied to the battle between standard dictators, religious fundamentalists who want to install religious theocracies, and citizens who want democracy. Once the dictator is removed, two sides with very different views compete to fill the power vacuum. While North Korea is a dictatorship, there is no religious faction that would try to grab power in a power vacuum. Nor is South Korea a similar form of government that might see citizens emboldened to rise up were the North successful. A more likely scenario would be the South taking the North under its wing, helping establish a more democratic government, and perhaps working toward re-unification like we saw in Germany.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-68639", "score": 0.6566924452781677, "text": "Countries or organizations can only give aid at the pleasure of the North Korean government, a government that maintains its power structure through convincing its population that the rest of the world is living in conditions far worse than them, and any attempt to educate that population is fiercely countered with torture, imprisonment and executions. Every time you hear about negotiations with North Korea for the release of an imprisoned foreigner, that is the result of the world's attempts to help the country.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-218140", "score": 0.656431257724762, "text": "Nazi Germany had established concentration camps [as far back as 1933.](_URL_0_) Chaplin also [stated in 1974](_URL_1_), \"Had I known of the actual horrors of Nazi concentration camps, I could not have made The Great Dictator.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-100719", "score": 0.6556668877601624, "text": "Unlike Germans, the Japanese haven't adopted a group-guilt mentality, haven't educated their people on the atrocities of war, and haven't denounced their generals and politicians. In fact, in today's Japan, schoolchildren are taught that it was necessary to go to war to combat Western imperialism in Asia, and the government is actively refusing to acknowledge Japanese war crimes. While every German knows Holocaust, Mengele and Auschwitz, not many Japanese know of Unit 731 or Rape of Nanking. Western allies are partly to blame as well. While Germany had to go through the process of *denazification*, the Japanese didn't. German generals and politicians were tried and executed at Nurmberg, the Japanese were granted immunity by the Allies.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-227637", "score": 0.6555142402648926, "text": "Additionally, what was the NATO plan if Warsaw Pact forces went streaming through the Fulda Gap in an act of war? edit:Thanks for all the help and answers!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-37953", "score": 0.6549035310745239, "text": "First of all there is China. They don't want US military at their borders. It won't cause WW3, but perhaps a proxy war.. Second problem is that NK is fucked. No country has money to fix it and no country would want to deal with refugees. People of North Korea are unskilled labour. Third is \"why?\". Why would anyone want to deal with it? They are mostly harmless and destroying it or merging back with SK would create more problems than it's worth. There is little to no benefit, expect for feeling morally superior. No country is qualified to play \"world police\".", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-230911", "score": 0.6543867588043213, "text": "You'll find the answer to your question in these two answers from the FAQ: 1. _URL_1_ 2. _URL_0_ To summarize: After WWI all sides felt they needed to rein in the unmitigated use of chemical weapons for humanitarian reasons. The Germans also felt rightly that if they used chemical weapons then the allies would use chemical weapons on them in turn: mutually assured destruction. After the allies gained air superiority it would have been suicide for the Germans to use them as now the allies could do the same, but from the air. As to why they used them in concentration camps and not the front, the treaty banning chemical weapons had a ~~corollary~~ loophole for \"lesser races,\" which for the Germans certainly included the Jews and other unwanted peoples.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-198775", "score": 0.6528863906860352, "text": "I don't understand - do you think they didn't? The DPRK is very similar to Stalinist Communism. In fact, other than the incorporation of East Asian thought to the concept, it is almost purely Stalinist. Everything in North Korea from propoganda, to management of resources, to handling of dissidents, to Gulags, to war with America, to cult of personality, to military tactics is based on Stalin's USSR. So I'll need to understand what you mean by your question if you aren't asking for an explanation of why they *are* Stalinist. Do you mean to ask why the USSR did not micromanage it like a puppet state a la Afghanistan or East Germany?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-26850", "score": 0.6528513431549072, "text": "Not a historian but I have been to both countries. Germans are very ashamed to even give you directions to the concentration camps. Japanese still sell some comic books and even video games aggrandizing WWII. The Germans make education on such atrocities mandatory, the Japanese do so much less.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-119584", "score": 0.6526930332183838, "text": "North Korea is pretty much the last Stalin level regime that still exists. In these regimes, this kind of stuff is necessary to maintaining order. When hard work isn't rewarded, like in any Socialist (Stalin socialist, not Hollande Socialist), you need to motivate them. Stuff like this is a good way to do that. Similarly, you need to stop potential dissidents and others that threaten the regime. These camps take those people, as well as their families. A regime that doesn't govern at the will of the people, doesn't let people leave, and fails to reward hard work essentially has no other option. Stalin didn't want to eliminate his own people, but he still employed similar tactics.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-168008", "score": 0.6523712873458862, "text": "Germany did a great job dismissing Hitler's delusions and many Germans were completely embarrassed by the actions of their country. Remember, the concentration camps were a well kept secret until they were discovered to the dismay of everyone around the world, including many Germans", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-285", "score": 0.7852191925048828, "text": "We actually don't use mercury anymore, we use alcohol. But the simple answer is because as a liquid metal it is conductive, and expands and contracts predictably (importantly, linearly) with temperature changes. Further, unlike water, it's freezing point is low enough there is little change of that happening, and even if it somehow occurred it wouldn't make the thermometer explode as water would." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-298356", "score": 0.7445108890533447, "text": "Mercury expands when heated. This can be uniformly predicted. The thermometers are calibrated in volume so that 1'C heat increase results in a certain volume change, and therefore a change in height which you can mark off and read.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-32520", "score": 0.7433406114578247, "text": "Mercury use to have a lot of uses, like thermometers and manometers (measure pressure), because it was such a dense fluid it could measure a lot more than water (less dense would require a larger column for the same scale). So it goes back to a reference of function, much like 1 horsepower where engines were sold on the basis of how many horses it could replace. By now they're just kind of commonly used in their fields, but can easily be converted to any unit you like, we use them in engineering once in a while for fluid dynamics but typically stick to kpa and psi.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-83274", "score": 0.7405907511711121, "text": "That is exactly what makes mercury special and useful, that its chemical structure doesn't require as much heat to reach a liquid state. Most metals make strong bonds because they share their valence electrons (outer electrons), requiring lots of energy to turn them into liquids. Mercury does not readily share it's valence electrons, so it does not form strong bonds. This means it can easily be broken up, and it only takes a small amount of energy to do so. Room temperature is enough energy to break mercury apart from solid to liquid.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-301756", "score": 0.7354029417037964, "text": "I'm reaching back a few years to my undergraduate chemistry degree, but: You could make a weak case for mercury acting as a solvent, but then that's only one of many properties of water that earthly biology exploits - high specific heat (for thermal regulation), self-ionisation (for acid-base chemistry, buffering, etc), vapour pressure (various roles) and so on...", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-149435", "score": 0.7306262254714966, "text": "Well Mercury has no atmosphere. So nothing to retain heat. This means that while it gets obscenely hot on the light side, all that heat dissipates when no longer exposed to a heat source.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-303175", "score": 0.7301424741744995, "text": "Think of the earth as a counter example. The average temperature of the earth is 3000-5000 degrees Celsius if you take the entire volume into account. Conduction through rock obviously isn’t sufficient to bring the temperature of the crust anywhere close to the average. If temperature isn’t homogenous on earth, why should it be on Mercury? The reason the earth has a relatively stable temperature at the surface isn’t due to conduction, which is slow and local, but because of convection in the atmosphere. Weather carries energy around the globe and stabilizes the temperature. Mercury, with a much thinner atmosphere, gets a full blast of unfiltered sun in the day, and has little to hold the heat in at night, Hence the huge temperature swings as radiation moves more freely, both in and out of the planet.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-297052", "score": 0.7301017045974731, "text": "The rigidity of solids comes from the strength of the bonds between adjacent atoms, which in turn comes from how readily they share electrons (to use non-technical terminology). Now it is only the outermost electrons that really matter, and mercury happens to hold its outermost electrons very tightly. As a result, the bonds between adjacent mercury atoms are easily overcome by comparatively smaller amounts of heat than is the case for typical metals, and so rather than forming a solid, it forms a liquid at room temperature. You can read a longer description [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-84545", "score": 0.7256269454956055, "text": "As the heat rises, the liquid (alcohol or mercury) gets bigger in volume. I don't remember what it's called. They make thermometers very precise so it tells the correct temperature when the liquid reaches a certain level.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-244673", "score": 0.7187345027923584, "text": "They used thermometers. Simply take a mercury tube, mark the height of the mercury at the freezing and boiling points of water on it, divide the distance between those marks into 100 smaller sections, and each one indicates one degree Celsius. Then when you put the thermometer in some other air or water the level of the mercury tells you the temperature.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-311507", "score": 0.7142329216003418, "text": "mercury has a unique electron configuration where electrons fill up all the available subshells. Since this configuration strongly resists removal of an electron, mercury behaves similarly to noble gas elements, which form weak bonds and become solids which melt easily at relatively low temperatures. source: wikipedia", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-50825", "score": 0.7132790684700012, "text": "Mercury can also be solid or gas just like any other metal, but it has a lower melting point than others so it is liquid at room temperature. This is because it has only a weak lattice structure when solid and so takes little energy to break the lattice apart, hence lower melting temperature.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-131221", "score": 0.7131037712097168, "text": "Because temperature is a measure of the excited state of a material - particle velocity. It's predictable what the effect on \"temperature' is when you remove all particle velocity.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-303318", "score": 0.71225506067276, "text": "Well first, gallium is not liquid at room temp. It's liquid at skin temp which is a bit above room temp. A bit of an important distinction to make. Mercury is a liquid for a few reasons. First let's look at it's valence shell: It's got a full \"d\" shell which makes it particularly bad at making bonds so any bonds it does form are going to be on the weak side (the empty p shell is so far away from the nucleus that it doesn't have a lot of power in the way of accepting bonds). In addition, it is different from Cadmium because it is experiencing the lanthanide contraction. What this means is that, because of the f shell not providing adequate shielding of nuclear charge, the radius of Hg is very similar to Cd (as far as I know little data on Copernicium exists so I can't comment to that). This means that Hg will hold on to that full d shell even harder than expected causing bonds to be harder to form and its aggregate state to be a liquid.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-295223", "score": 0.7088136672973633, "text": "The temperature of the core of a planet will depend on several factors: leftover heat from formation of the planet, heat generated through mechanisms like friction and radioactive decay, mass of the planet, ratio of mass to surface area, etc. So I don't fully understand what you're trying to ask, but mercury is small and has relatively little geological activity. Any heat from formation would have already been dissipated. It's estimated core temp is only around 4000 °F. Venus, the second and hottest planet, should have a much warmer core, around 10,000 °F. Jupiter, the largest planet, probably has the hottest core. It emits more heat than it absorbs from the sun, and it's core temp is estimated around 50,000 °F. I don't know if that answers your question, but hopefully it illustrates that distance from the sun is not the primary factor that determines the core temperature.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-232", "score": 0.7086490392684937, "text": "At a basic level you can think of temperature as the average molecular energy of a system. Temperature can be measured in different ways, but they all come down to measuring changes in heat energy (molecular motion and jiggling). In everyday thermometers, what is measured is how a liquid (originally mercury) expands with temperature, travelling up the bulb. The expansion is due to the atoms in the liquid moving faster and pushing on each other harder. In devices called thermocouples, the temperature affects how well a piece of metal conducts electricity, which can be measured precisely. There are also infrared thermometers, which measure the heat energy in the form of light that objects give off. It's important to note that temperature isn't the same thing as energy, but the explanation requires delving into the wonders of thermodynamics, which is a bit too complicated for me to ELI5.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-301510", "score": 0.7059572339057922, "text": "No, that's not always the case. For example, Mercury (Hg) and Bromine (Br). Mercury has a melting point of -38.8 C, lower than Bromine's melting point of -7.2 C. However, Mercury's boiling point is 356.7, a lot higher than Bromine's boiling point of 58.8. This also works comparing Mercury with water (0C melting point, 100C boiling)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-324287", "score": 0.704646646976471, "text": "There is also a concern of pressure. What pressure is the Helium at when at 0K? To determine state we need to know pressure as well. For example, if you put water in a bell jar and through vacuum decrease the pressure as it nears 0 atm the water will boil. Temperature is not the only factor for a material's state. As for the specifics of Helium, I've not a bloody clue, but I'm sure if the pressure were appropriate we could form a solid substrate of helium of some sort. Though there are others here who will have a much better answer than I will.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-167497", "score": 0.704535186290741, "text": "The laser is just to help aim. The thermometer measures heat by how bright the object glows. When something gets hot it glows, depending on the glow color one can calculate the temperature. The sensor in the thermometer can register colors not visible to the human eye.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-250984", "score": 0.7019765973091125, "text": "As far as I can tell, nothing particularly interesting. [Barium is less dense than mercury](_URL_1_), so it will float on the surface at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, you can make a number of [compounds/alloys between them](_URL_0_), none that seem to be anything to write home about. I'm interested in what made you think of this mixture particularly.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-287315", "score": 0.6996458768844604, "text": "With help of [black-body radiation](_URL_0_). Any object at non-zero temperature radiates and by measuring the frequency/wavelength of the radiation of such an object, you can determine its temperature.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-288", "score": 0.8235411047935486, "text": "[Source](_URL_0_) The cup (or shell) amplifies the ambient noise, which is the thing you hear. Many people believe it's an echo of your blood, this can easily be disproved. Try to exercise and put the cup to the ear. The noise is no louder, even if you hearth is beating faster." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-18733", "score": 0.7756325006484985, "text": "When you set a cup down on a table, it causes the table to vibrate. That vibration moves the air around the table a little bit, which causes all the air in the room to move a little bit (like when you throw a rock into a still pond, and the ripples spread out across the water). Hearing is just that air vibration pushing on your ear drums a little bit. Speakers produce sound by moving forward and backwards, which pushes on the air in the room, and makes it move in the same way that setting a cup on a table does. The speaker moves, the air around the speaker moves, and then the air moves your eardrums, and you perceive the sound.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-58468", "score": 0.7697573304176331, "text": "When you speak into the cups or cans or whatever your voice is making the air vibrate which makes the cup vibrate. Vibrations travel better through tighter (denser) things so when you tighten the string it pulls all of the tiny strands together and makes it really great for vibrations to travel through. Then the second cup acts as a speaker and starts vibrating the air again so you can hear it.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-175935", "score": 0.7684687376022339, "text": "Surfaces reflect sounds. Surfaces of certain sizes reflect sounds of particular frequencies. A cupped hand will reflect some high frequencies more than others. The diameter of the \"cup\" focuses those frequencies into your ear canal, emphasizing them. Since these sounds, which would normally pass your ears unnoticed, are now emphasized, they are perceived as a rushing sound. Also, your position is space is given a reference as your brain interprets sound for clues to your location in relation to all sound-reflecting objects around you. Cupping your hand behind your ear interferes with those clues. Wait until you're older and your hearing naturally becomes less sensitive to those high frequencies and you'll find the effect is diminished or non-existent.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-184933", "score": 0.7674819231033325, "text": "It's the squishy of fluids around your eyeball/socket. You can hear it because it's not an internal sound you're used to (your brain is constantly blocking out a shit-ton of noises your body is producing like the flowing of blood, your heartbeat, etc.) and it's _right next to your ear_.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-26364", "score": 0.7647365927696228, "text": "Everyone keeps saying that it is the sound of blood, but while it might be that in part it isn't really the bulk of the sound. You could just as well hear that if your ear was completely blocked by an earplug. What you are hearing is ambient sound resonating within the chamber of the seashell. You can try this with a cup by holding it a short distance away from your ear, then pressing it to your head so it blocks out intruding sound from outside. If it was just blood then the sound you heard wouldn't be reduced when you pressed it to your head.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-62002", "score": 0.7646756172180176, "text": "Its the pillow itself. put your ear as close to the pillow as you can without touching it, then touch it with your finger, you'll hear similar sounds.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-192078", "score": 0.7610840201377869, "text": "It mostly is **not the sound of blood flow** in your ears. It is ambient sound bouncing around inside the cavity before reaching your ear. But don't just take my word for it, go get a cup right now and listen into it from an inch or so away. Hear that rushing sound? Now press the cup to the side of your head around your ear, blocking as much access to the outside as possible. Notice how it goes almost completely silent? Obviously blood is still flowing in your ear but that wasn't what you were listening to. Blood can be heard if all outside sound is blocked, but that isn't what people hear in seashells.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1980163", "score": 0.7609657049179077, "text": "It’s hard to describe but i think it’d be similar to the Doppler effect (or maybe it is the Doppler effect). It’s like it kind of slopes in pitch from when the drink began being poured to when the liquid reaches the top of the cup/glass. What is that?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-88616", "score": 0.7578482031822205, "text": "That sound is the fluids naturally in your ears, moving around. The empty shell makes it echo and easier to hear.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-16460", "score": 0.7535280585289001, "text": "Inside your ears are small chambers lined with even smaller hair like structures and filled with a fluid. As you move through space, or the room, your brain is taking note of how those hairs move in the fluid. It's constant feedback to your brain on which direction you are moving. When you drink, this fluid is diluted and flows a little easier. When you turn your head, the fluid sloshes around more than usual giving confusing signals to your brain.Its similar to being car sick. In that case, your ears are telling you you're moving but your eyes looking at the inside of the car and telling you that you are sitting still.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-28663", "score": 0.7523342967033386, "text": "Its equalizing the pressure in your ear with the outside pressure. Just like cracking open a can of ~~beer~~ soda. I like to close a water bottle on the ground and open it at 6000 ft or so. Its mildly entertaining.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-133503", "score": 0.7520093321800232, "text": "That's the Eustachian Tube opening and closing. It does this to equalize air pressure and drain mucus from your inner ears.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-318891", "score": 0.7513062357902527, "text": "It's the [Hot Chocolate Effect](_URL_0_). The powder carries (entrains) air into the beverage, which lowers the speed of sound in the cup. This changes the characteristic frequency of the system, and so what you observe is a change in pitch.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-80936", "score": 0.7503034472465515, "text": "See the [wiki article on seashell resonance](_URL_0_) for more details, but: It's a chamber that amplifies both the sound the human body produces, and the ambient sounds that are around you. When you cup a hand over your ear as a sort of lower-volume equivalent, you're blocking out a lot of the external sound and that increases the ambient sound that your body itself produces by comparison, so you brain doesn't just filter it out like it does your normal heartbeat. Because the white noise it creates is very similar to continuous crashing surf in the distance, it sounds quite a bit like the seashore.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-239543", "score": 0.7499768137931824, "text": "This is essentially the Hot Chocolate Effect. When you first start stirring the coffee air bubbles get trapped inside the coffee reducing the speed of sound in the it lowering the frequency. As the bubbles begin to get released from the coffee sound travels faster in the liquid and the frequency increases again. Here is a short wikipedia article that goes into a bit more detail. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-14065", "score": 0.7494598031044006, "text": "It’s a disparity between two senses. take for example spinning with your eyes closed, you feel that the you’re spinning but you can’t see so the effect is worsened. For headphones it is much the same if you wear both cups you expect to hear from both cups and when you don’t the experience is jarring, this is further proved by the fact that this feeling doesn’t occur when you only have one cup on.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-185433", "score": 0.7487173676490784, "text": "Sound is vibration, it basically bounces all different angles. When you cup it off it bounces to your hand and goes to one direction. So instead of the speaker sending vibrations all over the place. It sends it all over the place but your hand makes the sound bounce back to onedirection making less vibrations heading towards directions you dont hear", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-35137", "score": 0.7462396621704102, "text": "It's called the [hot chocolate effect](_URL_0_) and is mostly likely caused by the trapped air bubbles changing the speed of sound through your drink.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-240806", "score": 0.7440385818481445, "text": "There are two parts to the sound - one is the friction between the two fingers as they rub past eachother quickly. The second is the impact between the finger and the fleshy part of your lower thumb, which acts somewhat like a drum - in slowmotion you would see a wave travelling across your skin away from the area of impact. EDIT: Wow! This comment really doesn't deserve gold, but thank you so much, stranger! Have a lovely day! < 3", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-94346", "score": 0.7423678040504456, "text": "The sound is from liquid inside the cochlea. The hands reflect the sound onto your eardrums, making the sound audible. This works the same with sea shells.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-289", "score": 0.7232913970947266, "text": "Your body temperature decreases to initiate sleep. The recommended temperature for a good night’s sleep is 60 to 67 degrees. That’s a lot lower than what I think most houses are at right now. So if your house feels too warm and you’re noticing it when you lay down for bed that’s probably why. I know the first sign every year for me to break out my a/c is when I lay down at night even though it was most likely hotter during the day" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-183134", "score": 0.6871200799942017, "text": "That's because you body is usually on room temperature, also your body temperature varies (if you ever say those movies where they show infra-red vision) - its naturally coldest on the outside. (Which is why if you stick a finger in your mouth, it feels warm)...I digress. So you feel warmer when you are in a bath at 32° C, because your body/skin is used to colder temperatures.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-67049", "score": 0.6870841383934021, "text": "My understanding is that it is mostly to do with sleep cycles. That groggy feeling comes when you wake up in the middle of the deep stage of sleep (sorry my understanding is not very accurate) this is similar to why you can nap for 20 mins and feel great but an hour nap can leave you feeling crappy. When I am going to have a short sleep I use an app called sleepy time which tells me the ideal time to wake up. It doesn't stop me feeling fatigued at the end of the day but it definitely makes waking up easier. Disclaimer: me no science, me just me and me do what works.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-179035", "score": 0.6870553493499756, "text": "The brain actually needs to cool down a couple of degrees in order to go to sleep. When you’re outside, it is likely colder than when inside your home. This can make you sleepy. Blue light from screens also causes people to say up and be less sleepy.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-801550", "score": 0.6868684887886047, "text": "It's hard to explain, but sometimes I almost feel like a little kid the night before going to the amusement park or something. Sometimes I'll feel super excited or energetic , almost a bit nervous or anxious but I have no idea why, because nothing is going to happen that I know about, but it impacts my sleep because I just can't lie down with this feeling, and it's hard for me to do anything because for some reason I feel like I have to do something but I don't know what", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-33295", "score": 0.6868561506271362, "text": "Change of location can do that. When you associate sleep to a location it feel refreshing to sleep else where. you can also get this by putting you head at the foot of the bed some times. -citing my sleeping prowess 28 years experience", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-60183", "score": 0.6868541240692139, "text": "ELI5ish version. Your body has alot of sensors under the skin that send messages to the brain. If it feels cold, it sends a message to the brain so that you can fix it. If it feels hot, then you start sweating. Certain chemicals can irritate these sensors and make them send messages to the brain, so the brain says \"get it off.\"", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-81792", "score": 0.6867636442184448, "text": "This is similar to a previous topic, except [this ELI5](_URL_1_) was saying you'd feel worse at night due to your cortisol levels dropping, which is what [this article describes.](_URL_0_) Basically your cortisol peaks during the day and therefore your body is not actively fighting off infections or viruses, so you feel better. At night the cortisol drops and your white blood cells begin attacking your illness... so you experience a fever, headache, and other symptoms of your immune system going to work. In the morning, your body has been fighting illness all night so your face is plugged up, you're dehydrated, and you're having to get up and move around after lying down for hours, and it's unpleasant. Chances are you didn't sleep very well, and this will make you feel worse. So it's a combination of your horizontal position, combined with a restless sleep and an active immune system that makes your cold symptoms feel worse in the morning.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-171553", "score": 0.6865566968917847, "text": "Your brain realizes that there's something that prevents you from going to sleep, it stops its attempts to put you down, and instead gives you a feel of energy in order to help resolve the problem at hand, be it fighting off a predator, or finding shelter. The brain keeps you from feeling the true tiredness you have. However, once you do get the sleep you need, you'll wake up sore, weak, and in mild pain that was hidden from you.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-94924", "score": 0.6860349774360657, "text": "It goes back to what you said. We detect changes in temperature, but not temperature itself. Feeling warm is nice because it takes us from being cold to being warm. However, feeling warm isn't nice when you are overheated; being in front of an air conditioner would. It's all about what maintains homeostasis at the given moment. We probably have an inclination towards warm over cold because of the time spent in the womb. We were quite literally birthed from warmth and have an innate desire for it, perhaps.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-276610", "score": 0.6858194470405579, "text": "The human body continuous produces quite a bit of heat which it needs to be removed to avoid overheating. When the temperature of your environment is also similarly hot, heat will either transfer more slowly out or transfer *into* you. This makes you feel hot. Sweating is one method of removing heat from the body mainly if the sweat can evaporate taking even more heat away.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-728187", "score": 0.6856249570846558, "text": "*EDIT: Most likely cause is a side effect of the medications I take (Fluoxetine and Dextroamphetamine). Apparently, some side effects like excessive sweating can pop up out of nowhere.*\n\nFor the past four years, my sleep schedule has been to fall asleep at around 8pm-9pm and wake up at 5am sharp. Recently, I’ve been having issues with falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up. \n\nI have been waking up in the middle of the night (usually 2:30am-4:30am) absolutely drenched in sweat, to the point where my shirt is visibly damp. The same happens if I wake up at my normal time of 5am—super sweaty. It’s not a cold or a hot sweat necessarily, but it smells absolutely rancid. Like neckbeard-who-doesn’t-shower rancid. I’m having to wash my sheets twice weekly just to deal with it. I haven’t been having nightmares or sleep paralysis, in fact I haven’t really been dreaming. The weather’s been cooling off. I always have a fan going in my room. \n\nI’ve tried no blanket, a thinner blanket, just a sheet, no pajamas, just pajamas, fan on full blast, fan on lowest setting, fan off, window open, window closed, and every combination of these one could think of—no dice. This has not been an issue until fairly recently.\n\nIt started around the same time as the west coast wildfires, could that maybe be part of it? Or is it just a weird coincidence? The closest fire was about 4-5 miles away. \n\nIt’s getting ridiculous and I’m starting to spend more money than I have to on laundry detergent and more time than I have to washing my only set of bedsheets.\n\nIf anyone has any ideas as to the cause or a solution, please let me know.\n\nThank you!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-175981", "score": 0.6855424642562866, "text": "So contrary to popular belief it’s not due to loss of circulation and the return of circulation (well circulation can have a large input in certain circumstances but it’s not what causes the sensation felt and can in fact not be involved at all that is to say it can be and is often caused under conditions where good circulation is maintained) but rather it’s usually caused by the nerve to the limb being compressed by weight or position and essentially loosing connection to the brain. As this connection is re-established the nerve endings in the limb fire off randomly - causing the tingling felt. The longer the nerve is compressed the stronger the sensation. As I said above it can happen even when blood flow is maintained in your example id hazard a guess this was the case and as explained your nerves were just compressed for a long time while you slept causing the intense reaction.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-298492", "score": 0.6855331659317017, "text": "Your body's temperature set point is controlled by the hypothalamus. When you have an illness that causes a fever, levels of hormones called pyrogens are elevated. This causes the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature set point, which gives the sensation of feeling cold. The body responds with increased muscle tone, or even shivering. The increase in body temperature helps the immune system kill off the infection. _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-60518", "score": 0.6851288676261902, "text": "IIRC, when you're lying down and it's cold, your body diverts blood away from your limbs, towards the core of the body, to raise and retain heat. Because of this, your fingertips and toes generally feel \"cold\" and numb.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-104661", "score": 0.6848495006561279, "text": "I learned about this researching how to help my kid be a better sleeper. Essentially, you are over-tired. There is a \"sweet spot\" for everyone regarding the time they should go to bed (just the right level of drowsy). Once you get past that, your brain thinks there must be an important reason for you to continue to stay awake, so it sends you a surge of adrenaline. When you lay down, your body just isn't able to relax that quickly.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-138710", "score": 0.6847414970397949, "text": "Because you push out a lot of air in your lungs and ypu limit the blood flow coming to your brain. This makes you feel really tired / think you're gonna pass out ( you actually can)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-28998", "score": 0.6847193241119385, "text": "The human body naturally gives off heat to keep itself at a comfortable temperature, and gives off even more heat during physical activities. When faced with hot surrounding temperatures like warm water, the body (which is now unable to get rid of its excess heat due to being in an already hot environment) will tell itself to further reduce its own physical activity to prevent from overheating. That’s why you feel sluggish and don’t want to move much when in a hot bath or jacuzzi.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-730131", "score": 0.6847080588340759, "text": "Like sometimes I am tired throughout the day, can feel myself getting tired in the late evening, can't exactly sleep at midnight, but then when I stay up longer (and get more tired)it gets even harder to sleep (even while my room is dark)?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-40237", "score": 0.684663712978363, "text": "Im convinced that my blood flows to my head while I'm lying down causing my brain to think in overtime, preventing any sleep whatsoever. Because that's what it feels like.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-173620", "score": 0.6845521926879883, "text": "Your metabolism slows down before/when you're sleeping. It speeds up right before you wake up. Therefore you fall asleep and stay asleep at the point where your body is producing the least amount of heat. So you bundle up with blankets. In the morning when your metabolism gets moving again, you produce more heat, and suddenly all those blankets become WAY too much.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-290", "score": 0.724087119102478, "text": "It is entirely possible and definitely a thing, such apps and sites did pop up when 3D touch became a thing with the iPhone 6 release, but IIRC Apple labeled the use of the phones in this way a liability and these apps were removed from the app store, but some websites are still around such as TouchScale." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-904986", "score": 0.6877955198287964, "text": "I really love my iPhone 6, but unfortunally I don't have the longest fingers. I use my phone with my right hand, and it's always a hassle to go back in an app. It's pretty hard for me to reach \"&lt; Back\" or swipe my finger from left to right. So if someone could make it work from the right side of the screen to the left, it would be very appriciated. If someone is unfamiliar with the gesture, here is a video I recorded of it: ", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2080529", "score": 0.6876353025436401, "text": "I can add reactions both on my PC and iPad but for some reason I can't on my iPhone, why? A friend of mine has the same issue. Sorry for my ignorance, if there's an option for that or something that isn't enabled. (All of them operating on the same account).", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-780467", "score": 0.6876082420349121, "text": "Hey guys, I am working on a bird app and wondering if there is a way to represent the size of the birds without using a bird graphic or words. I would like to have 5 different sizes from very small, small, medium, large and very large. Ideally this would be on buttons of equal size. I can post a picture of what I currently have if anyone is interested.\n\nIt seems interesting to me that while we have measurements and words to describe size, I couldn't think of a good representation of size.\n\nAny ideas welcome! Thanks!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2573386", "score": 0.6875191926956177, "text": "Hey guys, a couple months ago I made a post on here saying that I was making an app that sent motivational kanye quotes to your phone .\n\nI got a good build running and even sent out betas to users, but I ran into one problem...Apple\n\nBasically, Apple has a policy where they no longer allow apps that they view as \"One trick ponies\" in the app store, and according to them, an app of this type isn't allowed. This kind of killed my motivation, as this was my first app and its basically going to be rejected by apple until they deem it worthy of being in the store. I wanted to start this as a simple project, not have it be this big thing, and being forced to shove in random features until apple deems it worthy takes the fun out of the project for me.\n\nI kept getting comments asking for updates, and while the rejection of my app sucked, I don't want to give up. Thankfully, there's good news. I have the whole project right here on GitHub. \n\nFeel free to do what you want with this project, its written in swift. Currently its too low on features to get approved for the app store. If anybody wants to come and finish what I started and put it in the store, you are free to do so. I don't want my lack of motivation to kill this project. If anyone does take on this project and has any questions they want answered, feel free to message me.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-908757", "score": 0.687418520450592, "text": "You drop your phone. Nothing is cracked or shattered, but the performance just isn't what it used to be.\n\nI want an app that could tell me something like \"Ouch! That impact is going to cause a problem with the software that monitors your app battery usage and put significant strain on the top right corner. Be careful. Another drop like that and there's an 85% chance your screen will shatter and the front camera will be unusable\"", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2756732", "score": 0.6873536109924316, "text": "So, I'm an ios developer and I want to build an app as a side project, but I don't have nice ideas.\n\nIf you want your idea done for free let send me a pm and I might build it.\n\nPS: you won't get anything for your idea, it isn't a business partner search!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2756049", "score": 0.6873162388801575, "text": "Hello! First of all, Mods, if this post isn't ok please remove it.\n\nI am a young developer interested in building a fitness app, and I already have some good ideas. But before I begin, I want some more perspective from others who may not necessarily be following the same program or routine as me.\n\nThere are a lot of fitness apps out there...and my goal is to make one that automates their features as much as possible into one neat toolkit.\n\nThis is going to be something that I'll need to start small and build my way up towards, so I'd love to hear your ideas", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2082513", "score": 0.6872897744178772, "text": "I am just curious if the program reads anything else in the device? I’m just skeptic since I have work apps on my phone with sensitive data but I would like to use some game hacks. In order to upload them I would have to use impactor...I tried the Spotify hack back in the day but I used Xcode to upload and felt more comfortable.\n\nThanks for any help with this!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2008638", "score": 0.6871906518936157, "text": "So I've become obsessed with baking.\n\nAnd this probably sounds ridiculous. \n\nBut watching many baking videos includes gram conversions. And they are weighing their flour and sugar and water instead of saying \"2 cups\". \n\nIs this common in America?\n\nI'm about to buy a scale and see if it helps at all. \n\nCheers\n\nWow: tremendous answers. Thank you all. I have the Paprika app, and I just learned it converts your imperial/Americans measurements to weight. I'll be double checking in Bing as I go along. Weighing seems like the right direction.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2755921", "score": 0.6871582865715027, "text": "I apologize if this isn't the right place for this. I've got a couple of app ideas that's I'd like to get off of the ground. I'm looking at different options/companies to build these apps. When talking to people, what types of questions should I be asking? Here's what I've got so far.\n\n1. cost (obviously)\n2. how are updates handled (cost, new features, etc)\n3. service plan? If there are bugs, do I have to pay to fix them? How long is the app covered?\n4. requirements? do I mock up screens, is that something they can help with?\n\nAnything else that I'm missing?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2756450", "score": 0.6870202422142029, "text": "Does anyone have experience bringing an app to market? I have, what I think is, a fantastic idea and would like to make an app to try it out. I do have some programming experience and am currently taking classes to learn more, but I'm not sure if I should try to do everything on my own or outsource the programming. I know it will be expensive, but does anyone know how expensive? I do know enough that I could make minor programming changes after having this outsourced. Would it be more worth it to find a technical cofounder?\n\nIf anyone has advice or experience with this it would be greatly appreciated!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1202194", "score": 0.6869469285011292, "text": "Buying and testing products on my extremely sensitive/rosacea-prone skin has turned into a large ongoing project. \n\nI’ve bought enough products and samplers over time that I’m having trouble remembering what has worked/not worked/caused adverse reactions/etc. \n\nDoes anyone use an app or something to keep track of this? Excel spreadsheets kind of overwhelm me, wondering if there’s a simpler (but comprehensive) way to track this info.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2302997", "score": 0.6869348287582397, "text": "It's been awhile since I posted here, but I recently decided to start working on one of my projects again. \n\nLast year I posted about building my own 8 outlet power strip with an audio jack to connect temperature sensors. It was basically a raspberry pi, relay, and outlets. The pi was running a node server that could read the temperature sensors over i2c and control outlets.\n\nAt that point I stopped working on it. Recently, I was playing around with a homebridge server to connect my home automation devices to apples homekit and integrate all my different devices into one app. I thought it would be a good idea to see if i could integrate the api i wrote last year. Worked like a boss!\n\nNow, I have an 8 outlet power strip that can be controlled through Apple's homekit. I still got a lot of work to do but I wanted see if anyone had an interest in this project. Im still playing around with it and haven't dedicated any real time yet.\n\nAre any of you interested in this project and would you like to join a slack channel to discuss it further?\n\n\nEdit: Looks like this sub lost interest in DIY. I used to post here more often and would get much more feedback and interest.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1303379", "score": 0.6868394017219543, "text": "I made this a few months ago \n\nTFT Calculator is a helper app for your item goals. You can choose the items you want to go for and it'll tell you what items you need and how many.\n\n\nStopped updating the functinality and just updated items for the new season. Since I don't really know who my users are would you guys mind trying it out and giving user experience criticism. \n\nI'm planning on reworking the whole app.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-28442", "score": 0.6867935061454773, "text": "Some scales have metal pads that you stand on. It will run electricity through your body and by measuring the resistance, it can calculate the thing you have mention. However, this is at best an approximation.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2572774", "score": 0.6867818832397461, "text": "Used to test back in the 2.0 iPhone Dev Team pwnagetool days. Before that I worked QA as a tester for a multi platform VG publishing company back in high school. I understand the cost in development and the need for a full array of devices and os versions for proper QA. Happy to help! \n\nFurthermore, I have previous obligations preventing me from downgrading my 9.0 devices; I'm expected to see it through until GM. Both computers are on the latest build of win10(fast loop).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-817514", "score": 0.686639666557312, "text": "I’ve started to make a native jellyfin music client for iOS. It’s pretty straight forward, I’m mainly going for simplicity and taking design queues from apples default music app. \n\nOnly addition to jellyfin is the ability to show an artists top songs. I thought id reach out and see if there were any feature that you guys would find useful. So far I’m thinking of maybe building a platform to share playlists\n\n\nStill a long way off being complete but I’m making steady progress. I should also not I’ve never developed for mobile before so my ability might be a little limited. \n\n", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1934494", "score": 0.6865971684455872, "text": "Here is a URL to some code I wrote to utilize my team's Android phones' sensors. I put in documentation and everything :D. Feel free to use it at your disposal, or even add to it.\nI know I would have appreciated something like this last year, but I wasn't at that programming level yet :\\.\nThe repository's README and PhoneSensorExample.java should have enough explanatory information.\nI have yet to write code that makes it automatically unregister, so for now, just make sure to unregister it at the end of your code (As seen in the example code).\nFeel free to pm me or post below for comments and questions.\n\nEDIT:\nThis was reposted from before, where it was labeled as \"[help]\"", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1450112", "score": 0.6865458488464355, "text": "Been digging through this.\nI found a pinch node that seems to only work if two fingers are touching \n\nAnd found several discussion on it with no solutions.\nIf anyone knows how to get the info from the pinch increasing/decreasing I should be able to manage from there", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2573811", "score": 0.6865067481994629, "text": "With the iOS 7 JB released, I became very interested in developing MS/CS Tweaks.\n\nI googled a bit and just found programs and tuts for OSX.\nSince I'm on Windows/Linux I can't use a Mac.\n\nI'm not a total noob in programming itself, because I can programm in C++ and python, but I'm a total Noob in Objective-C.\n\nYou all in this sub are developers.\nCan you please give me an advise/tutorial for developing a Tweak?\n\nThanks in advance", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-291", "score": 0.6362267732620239, "text": "The rocket engines push against the exhaust that is being expelled. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It's exactly the same as if you were wearing ice skates (standing on ice, obviously) and holding a bowling ball. If you throw the ball forward, you'll slide backwards. This is not because the bowling ball is pushing against the air. It's because when you push the bowling ball forward, you're also pushing yourself backward. With a rocket, the exhaust from the engines is the bowling ball." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1660369", "score": 0.6044119596481323, "text": "This question popped in my head after reading that liquid water would instantly boil in space because of the drastically low pressure. In order for it to boil doesn't it need to absorb energy from somewhere else? If liquid water was in an environmental with low enough pressure to boil instantly but nothing around it to absorb energy from (I'm picturing a kind of ideal void) would it still boil or just sit there?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2619462", "score": 0.6043960452079773, "text": "I looked all over google for this already, but do model rocket engines come in total impulse or specific impulse?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-71143", "score": 0.6043766140937805, "text": "Think of it like a submarine going too deep into the ocean- you reach a point where the pressure is so immense you are crushed. The gas giants do not have \"air\" flowing over \"ground\" like a rocky planet, it's a dense atmosphere that gets so dense it's basically liquid, then so dense it's basically a gooey solid, much like the hot molten rock of the mantle layer on a rocky planet. While made of \"gas\" (Hydrogen) it's so hot, and so dense it's insane. There may or may not be a solid core within but it's not going to be anything you can say you \"landed\" on considering the density on your way down. You would not say you \"landed\" on the core of Earth after drilling though super hot dense semi-liquid mantle.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-258730", "score": 0.6043757796287537, "text": "Forces due to acceleration and gravity are indistinguishable without external information. There's surprisingly little difference between the inside of a spun wheel and the planet's surface; in both cases the force of gravity increases slightly as you move in the direction of the gravitational force, and the smaller the radius of the object, the more rapidly the force increases; and in both cases the surface is slightly curved (just in opposite directions). Since in both cases the force of gravity is normal to the surface, you'd get a slightly curved pool in the space station for exactly the same reason you get a slightly curved ocean on Earth. Similarly, the Earth's gravity doesn't directly induce currents and neither will the rotational \"gravity\", but convectional currents (which occur with temperature differences due to the variable density of fluids at different temperatures) will occur in both cases (but wouldn't in zero gravity).", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-248123", "score": 0.6043644547462463, "text": "Space isn't really \"cold\". In fact, most of the volume of the galaxy is occupied by a gas with a temperature over a million degrees. However, this gas is so dilute that on a human scale it's effectively a vacuum, and so it doesn't really have a meaningful temperature. Space is actually a really good insulator. It can actually be an issue keeping things cool in space, because computer components produce heat and there's no conduction to get rid of the heat.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-319847", "score": 0.6043587327003479, "text": "So there's a deep misconception here I've encountered with some of my students. There's this false logic rooted in the idea that once astronauts get outside the atmosphere, they're weightless...therefore (they mistakenly reason) gravity only exists up to the limit of the atmosphere. Here's the thing: the astronauts still experience Earth's gravity, almost as strong as someone standing on the surface. They are constantly falling towards the Earth, it's just that their sideways motion is fast enough that they keep \"missing\" the ground and continue to fall. The reason they seem weightless is because the spacecraft surrounding them is also in free-fall at the exact same rate - relative to the spacecraft, they experience no force. You'd experience the exact same weightlessness if you were in an elevator that was in free fall (provided air resistance in the elevator shaft was negligible)...though the landing might suck.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1818586", "score": 0.6043403148651123, "text": "It needs so much hydrogen to create a star. Space is almost void and empty. How all the hydrogen needed for the star formation gathers at one place?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-279082", "score": 0.604331910610199, "text": "During the initial climb you're fighting gravity and only achieving dangerous speed in a near vacuum. During reentry you're being dragged ever faster by gravity through a dense medium. Basically you're coming down a lot faster than you went up.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1387169", "score": 0.6043179035186768, "text": "I know that automobiles still exist, at least in the Starliner Gemini concept art they do, but I highly doubt they run off of internal combustion. Probably electric or whatever powers our ships.\n\nBut maybe low-tech worlds or outlaw bases would use them because that's all they could build/scavenge?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1169690", "score": 0.604289710521698, "text": "Galactic hub and anomaly missions don’t count. I’m talking really in the middle of nowhere. \n\nI did once, they waved at me, placed trash in my inventory and ran off.\nAt the time I was poor so the trash was good money.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-177397", "score": 0.6042765974998474, "text": "You are completely right. When a rocket slows down it loses kinetic energy and that energy needs to go somewhere. When a rocket fires its engines it spews out a lot of propellant at high speed. When the engine is pointed in the direction of travel these exhaust gasses will get the speed not only of the rocket but also from the combustion in the engine. So the exhaust gases have a lot more kinetic energy then the rocket. This is because the rocket gives its kinetic energy to the propellant. And this causes the rocket to slow down.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-832816", "score": 0.6042217016220093, "text": "How do they go from not moving to accelerating? Obviously I'm conceptually stuck in classical mechanics and I don't know how to replace gravitational potential energy. Like...this seems to violate Newton's first law.\n\nEDIT: Is it that they are already moving through time? So initially from an external frame of reference they are moving only on a time axis (call it x) but their mass bends space such that to continue traveling parallel on x they actually converge in space (the y dimension in this model)?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-239479", "score": 0.6042200922966003, "text": "Space isn't empty, there's dust, gas, pebbles/rocks/particles (micrometorites) etc. out there all of which will eventually wear away at the probe. The record containing the sounds of Earth that was included on Voyager was designed to be somewhat resistant to erosion by these things and NASA expected its playable lifespan to be several hundred million years. So in answer to your question - yes all probes will decompose into their constituent atoms given a long enough timespan.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-237445", "score": 0.6042180061340332, "text": "Mostly the same way other jet engines work, expansion of gasses due to combustion produces the needed thrust. In the case of a scramjet the air is compressed simply due to the high speeds while being forced into the inlet and decelerated to a lower mach before combustion. The exhaust is then raised back up to a higher mach through a convergent-divergent nozzle. Interestingly, scramjets will only operate properly at near hypersonic velocities.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-266291", "score": 0.6042062044143677, "text": "It doesn't. Escape velocity is simply the speed an object would need to be launched at if you wanted to leave the gravitational pull of the Earth, without receiving any additional power. So, if instead of burning a rocket, you just tossed it really hard at once. That is all it is, and it doesn't account for things like air friction. Under powered flight, you can leave the Earth at any speed you want. For more discussion, see the other discussions on this topic [here](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-187383", "score": 0.6041755676269531, "text": "Zero-G is the equivalent of floating in space. Anti-Gravity is science fiction, unless you simply mean anything that goes against gravity strongly enough to move againat its pull (anything from a rubber band launched upwards to a rocket engine breaking out of earths orbit).", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-150637", "score": 0.6041564345359802, "text": "A solid understanding of Newton's laws of motion, with minor corrections from Einstein's general relativity. All you need to know, more or less, is how much thrust your engines give you (what speed you can reach) and the effects of gravity. It's not quite as simple as pointing in the right direction and going there, because the earth, sun, and everything else is exerting a force towards them. Luckily, Newton and Einstein provided the tools we need to work out how these affect a rocket, at least well enough for practical purposes.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-341670", "score": 0.6041556000709534, "text": "Sorry, I'm kind of new and just curious. I know the effect would be very minimal for most craft if they did have a pull, but could you theoretically build a craft that was so big, you could orbit Jeb around it? I just couldn't sleep last night and began thinking about huge rocket designs and that made me think of this.\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-146105", "score": 0.6041398048400879, "text": "Pretty tough to explain, but Nova did a pretty good documentary on absolute zero where they covered that. [Here is a clip of it](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1386493", "score": 0.6040934920310974, "text": "I have this thing where I won't allow RCS thrusters to be placed on solid fuel boosters. I don't know if this is the case, but I feel like they can't be put on solid fuel boosters in real life because they're just a propellant core surrounded by a solid metal sheath. You can't fit the necessary piping and reaction chamber in them, unlike in liquid fuel tanks where you adjust the shape of the tank or go between the two tanks.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-292", "score": 0.6853981614112854, "text": "Having a monopoly is not inherently bad or illegal. What is illegal is using your control over a market to stifle competition. That's when the government steps in and companies are broken up." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1731772", "score": 0.651025652885437, "text": "Cooperatives are democratically operated businesses owned by individuals for their mutual benefit.\n\nWe could pool our money together and try to buy it. We would just need to figure out how to run it democratically...", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-752", "score": 0.6509920358657837, "text": "There are a couple of reasons I can think of. 1. A lease is nearly a 100% write off as it is an expense. If a company gets a loan on the building only the interest would be a write off. 2. Buying a building with cash locks in a lot of capital to a single asset. Capital that could be used for other ways of increasing productivity. 3. Selling a building can be a long drawn out process depending on the market. So if a business decided to move they would have a difficult time scheduling that when compared to a lease where they know when the lease is up and can plan accordingly.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-70615", "score": 0.6509849429130554, "text": "Most of them do, to a certain extent. Revenue means value, value means stronger stock, stronger stock means money. What is the point of limiting the amount of money a corporation can make or keep? Aside from limiting performance? Also, 15 billion dollars brought in, when your operating costs are 12 billion, isn't a whole lot of profit.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-152317", "score": 0.6507654190063477, "text": "Back in the olden days, when cable was new, it was considered a \"natural monopoly\", like power generation/delivery, in that it is more efficient to have a single provider build a single infrastructure and supply to the whole town. Now a days, it seems like the best solution would be to have a single infrastructure supplier (a private company) but forbid that private company from providing content, and then just have many content providers rent the right to use that infrastructure. But good luck getting Comcast/Time Warner/etc to give up their right ot a full monopoly.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1823815", "score": 0.6507567763328552, "text": "Hi guys, \n\nI was wondering what is the point of allowing foreigners - who are not planning on moving to a country - to open up a business in a country?\n\nDoesn’t this simply take away business and profit from other local businesses? Also on a bigger scale like Amazon it goes beyond this and monopolized entire markets and essentially crushes any small ma and pa shops in a local economy trying to start a business?\n\nIf so, what is the point of it? I understand some of the economic benefits, like increased competition enhances innovation and efficiency potentially which is good for consumers. Any other economic benefits though? What about local businesses?\n\nAlso, this would create jobs of course but then these countries would depend on these companies instead of building up their economy on their own, which seems to be an issue considering the fact that if the country were to ever raise corporate taxes for example on these companies to raise revenue for things like healthcare, the company could simply close up shop and along with it lose many jobs in the process no?\n\nAll the best and thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-721284", "score": 0.6507522463798523, "text": "I know it used to be procurement, but now I think I've seen something about 'acquisition'?\n\nAnyone have a link to the most updated version? Thanks!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-113004", "score": 0.6507300734519958, "text": "Well I'm not sure of the details but your description doesn't really sound right. My guess is that they allow you to buy shares in the company and then match whatever you buy. So if you buy $1000 worth of their stock, they give you another $1000 worth of stock.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1129741", "score": 0.6506441235542297, "text": "Is there some reason that Google couldn't use a crowd funding platform to generate the money necessary to spread Google Fiber more rapidly and run different campaigns in different cities? I would gladly throw an unreasonable sum of money at them to stop corruption from screwing up the Internet that I grew up on here in Concord, NC (30 mins from Charlotte).\n\nIt seems that this oligopoly that Comcast and Time Warner are about to create is largely protected by the inability for any competition to get approval/funding support from cities. I imagine that it would be much easier for a competitor to get through the city if the city doesn't have to toss in a large chunk of money themselves.\n\nI don't understand the legal or business logistics of such a thing, though. I imagine I can't be the first to have ever had this idea? Why can't it be a thing?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-48224", "score": 0.650514543056488, "text": "Firms use wealthy investors’ money, along with their own, to buy, fix, and sell companies. They may identify a company that’s losing money and take it private by buying all the stock. They fix the company by changing management, selling off divisions, closing portion of locations, etc. and get it on more stable grounding before taking it public again, selling it to another company or operating it as a portfolio business.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1961588", "score": 0.6505023241043091, "text": "All of these politicians (IN THE UNITED STATES) can accept \"*campaign*\" money from corporations and lobbyists and there's no laws against it. This makes no sense to me.\n\nFor example, a federal judge cannot accept money from a corporation because it can lead to corruption in the court system.\n\nWhy can someone who makes decisions for thousands or even millions of people be allowed to accept money from corporations and lobbyists, especially since EVERYONE FREAKING KNOWS THEY'RE BEING BOUGHT OUT! I just can't see the upside to having a system that's so easily corruptible...", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-171610", "score": 0.6503073573112488, "text": "Most of the time it is due to two companies merging or one company acquiring another. When this happens, companies will rarely change their names if the brand identity is already established in a particular region. Checkers and Rally's merged in 1999 but did not rebrand their stores. Kroger acquired Ralph's in '89 but decided not to rebrand as well. It's simply a marketing decision, sometimes a company will decide to unite all stores under one brand and that's when you'll see name changes.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-137986", "score": 0.6502605080604553, "text": "It's possible because it's in the contract. You can put whatever you want in a contract as long as it's not illegal. And there's nothing illegal about having a contract that says, \"If you agree to this contract, I will sell you the house, and you agree to let me continue living here.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-62417", "score": 0.6500506401062012, "text": "> Wouldn't it be simpler? It would also be simpler if Walmart, Target, and Costco were all the same company but they aren't. Private companies are separate because they developed as separate entities and they either do not wish to merge or are prevented from doing so by government action. It \"being simpler\" isn't really a motivation for them.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1961847", "score": 0.6500083208084106, "text": "I understand it as the government gets more money available for them to invest(like corona relief)? But what if there aren't enough buyers? And why does the news word it as \"funneling cash into financial markets until the US economic recovery is secure\"? Does that mean that one can expect that that money is simultaneously reinvested in bussinesses, reading that headline? \nSorry for the many questions", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-110511", "score": 0.6499255299568176, "text": "They can! But stuff can get really complicated really quickly. Like what does \"stuff\" or \"have\" or \"split\" mean? For example: * If one partner bought $200 in stock pre-marriage and it's not worth $20,000? How do you divide that? * If one partner sold stock for $200 while married, but it's now worth $20,000? * If one partner has $5,000 in debt? * If one partner supported the other while he or she was in college. Can you quantify how much that was worth? And so on. It can all get really complicated really quickly. Plus, do folks even know how to file something with a court? Do they know the relevant paperwork? For most people it's a completely novel thing. Even if both people are in total agreement it's usually worth paying a little bit for attorneys who can make everything go smoothly. It's like paying a mechanic vs doing the work yourself. Sometimes it's worth paying money to have a knowledgeable expert do it rather than trying to learn and do it yourself.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2173885", "score": 0.6498668193817139, "text": "Prof: You've always got to look at the other side of the argument. You've got those nutjobs that say the market is the most efficient form of distributing resources, claiming that \"supply and demand\" will always determine an adequate price of sale. They never look at the other side of the argument. They never consider government to be better at determining efficiency through regulation. You'll always - *always* - have cases of suppliers creating artificial scarcity, for example, driving up prices.\n\nMe: Uh...But that'd hurt the supplier? If they drive up prices, their competitors will simply take advantage of the lost customer base by default. That's how competition works.\n\nProf: Yes, but you're assuming there are multiple suppliers. When you have oligopolies, you need government regulation to ensure competition. \n\nMe: But every oligopoly or monopoly in the world exists *because* of government regulation. Or over-taxation, subsidisation or various other intervention. If it was a free market with low barriers of entry, competition would solve the problem.\n\nProf: No. Government regulation exists to prevent monopolies, and ensure they provide fair services. Remember - you have to look at the other side of the argument, okay?\n\nI swear, I've gone two years in uni without meeting a prof like that, but today was my lucky day. I never thought they were real, but I was wrong.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-137703", "score": 0.6498593091964722, "text": "It means they endorse it and agree with it. That way, when it's debated on the floor, people can say \"X company agrees with this legislation, it's obviously the right move to make.\" It doesn't necessarily (though *can*) mean they're contributing money/resources to it.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-132634", "score": 0.6498324275016785, "text": "The lack of a consolidated market puts the power in the suppliers hands, allowing the health care industry to drive up prices. If you have one big insurance agency then they can threaten healthcare providers and pharma companies to get cheaper rates (as they represent a large portion of their market). This is not the case in the US.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-322979", "score": 0.6498235464096069, "text": "Another issue that has not been mentioned is simply licensing and other issues of control. You may need or want a feature that is not available in a particular language, or use said language in a given platform. Depending on the licensing that may not be possible or the cost for licensing fees may not be approved. This happened not so long ago when Microsoft was doing things with Java that the company that owned the language, Sun Microsystems, did not approve.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-166325", "score": 0.6497742533683777, "text": "People buy and sell portions of ownership in companies. That's what a stock market is. How they work? That's why you're going to business school, to learn! In reality, the answer is too long to type here.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-293", "score": 0.7003822326660156, "text": "Vitamins are not food and they are not drugs. They cannot regulate them because currently they do not have the authority to do so. They (or some other part of the government, I am not sure) would have to reclassify all vitamins to make them a drug and therefore able to be regulated. Edit: Also the FDA does not make any drugs, they regulate the companies that makes drugs. I am not sure how the FDA changing the classification of vitamins would magically make them more beneficial." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-339930", "score": 0.6648839116096497, "text": "Didn’t work my last post correctly...\nMorning, afternoon, evening, or bedtime? \n\nSo I take a couple different supplements. I usually take them all in the morning together but I’ve been hearing that some (like magnesium) should be taken at night. \nGeneral info: I’m a 24 year old female with chronic migraines, polycystic ovarian syndrome, IBS/constipation, and anxiety. \n\nBelow is the list of supplements and what I take them for:\n1. Multivitamin (more info below)\n2. Magnesium 500mg (Migraines, constipation) \n3. Fish Oil 1000mg (heart heath/PCOS)\n4. Vitamin D3 1000 IU (always have been vitamin D deficient)\n5. B12 1,000mcg (just purchased this today. Hoping for energy support). \n6. Primadophilus (genera probiotic) \n\n\nMULTIVITAMIN CONTENTS:\nVitamin A 2500 IU\nVitamin C 60mcg\nVitamin D3 1000IU\nVitamin E 22.5 IU\nVitamin K 25mcg\nThiamin 1.5mg\nRiboflavin 1.7mg\nNiacin 20mg\nVitamin B6 2mg\nFolate 400mcg\nVitamin B12 6mcg\nBiotin 300mcg\nPanthothenic Acid 10mg\nCalcium 500mg\nIron 18mg\nIodine 150mcg\nZinc 15mg\nSelenium 20mcg\nCopper 2mg\nManganese 2mg\nChromium 100mcg\n\nI’m also going to start taking Riboflavin when I can. \nThank you!", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-20018", "score": 0.6643301844596863, "text": "They are not sold as medications. They are sold as supplements. They do not have the same rules.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2534415", "score": 0.6642805933952332, "text": "**Background:** I've now entered my 7th decade. For the last twenty years we've been doing much to improve our health and slow our aging to the \"optimal\" rate of decline, if that isn't an oxymoron.\n\nIn addition to load bearing exercise and diet control (guided now by Martin Berkhan's /r/leangains protocol), we take a great many micronutrients and supplements - a slew of vitamins, minerals, TMG, CoQ10, etc. These include Quercetin (senolytic) and NR (NAD+ precursor).\n\nBy our GPs' estimations, we're in good shape. Nevertheless, the degradation of time is unmistakable. Also, despite efforts, our progress has not been perfect. My body fat percentage is still too high at around 22% and my wife's is at around 25%. We're attempting now to drift that down to &lt;15% and &lt;20% respectively.\n\n**Improvements:** At our age, we're willing to take greater risk. So we're looking for new avenues. I see Datasanib and Rapamycin are on the horizon, but they're prescription controlled in the US. I see too the increased use of Metformin.\n\nMetformin has my interest as it's been heavily used for decades and its risks are well understood. But it too is prescription controlled here. Further, there appears some confusion as to links between Metformin and dementia. One article says there's a link,]( and another article in the same journal says [it's actually a benefit.\n\n**Questions:** What protocols do you here follow? Also, if desiring say Metformin, how can one obtain it legally in the US for such off-label use? How do you resolve contradictory evidence such as the above Metformin example?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-161783", "score": 0.6641230583190918, "text": "There are a few problems with just taking multivitamins. First off, there is a lot of evidence that the body isn't terribly good at absorbing vitamins and minerals when taken in pill form. So just because you take the multivitamins doesn't mean you can really use them. Perhaps more importantly, fruits and vegetables provide a large portion of your dietary fiber which helps keep your bowels working properly. Sufficient dietary fiber has also been linked to reduced risk of colon cancer.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-337888", "score": 0.6636698246002197, "text": "(backstory) I had went down a rabbit hole on google searching for the recommended daily intake of a mineral, and it took about 30 minutes to look at multiple sources and get a solid answer. \n\nAnyway, I decided \"Why not look up the recommended daily amount of other vitamins too?\" since I haven't been eating the healthiest. I didn't want to spend 10 hours looking up every single vitamin, so I looked up an automatic generator for it. \n\nI was wondering how accurate this kind of generator is ( It takes into account your age, weight, height, gender, and activity level to give you a good estimate of what nutrients you need. \nAlso, is the generator less accurate if you have a weird weight to height ratio? ..I am 15F, 5'5\", 94 lbs (I am not underweight, just a thin person)\n\nIf you think there's a better way to calculate daily vitamins/minerals, I am open to other solutions.\n\nI hope this was the right subreddit to post this on. And also, this isn't a super important question.. since I've never paid much attention to what foods I'm eating, the only direction to go is up.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-340059", "score": 0.6636627912521362, "text": "The brand of margarine I'm familiar with comes with some vitamins, for instance 200% of the RDA of vitamin D per 100 grams of margarine, and it does not contain transfats. If your intake at some point were inadequate, and you didn't have any of your preferred source of it around, would you be most inclined to think 1) \"I'll prioritize getting enough vitamin D, even if it comes from margarine, which may have some not so healthy ingredients too\", or 2) \"Not getting enough vitamin D for a limited period is less of a problem than increasing my margarine consumption\"? Also, would your answer differ a lot, depending on activity level?\n\nI guess it boils down to a trade-off question concerning quantity and time, but I'm not even sure how I would answer this question in a general - let alone detailed - way.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-29324", "score": 0.6636412739753723, "text": "Nutritional information is required by anything regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, but since alcohol is regulated by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau instead(which doesn't require that info), it doesn't have it. Source: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-176299", "score": 0.663515567779541, "text": "It's the law (in the USA anyway). The US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) decides what has to be specified on a food product label. So, even if you don't have whatever the nutrient is, you have to say that you don't. The info about what is and isn't required is here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-14170", "score": 0.6629580855369568, "text": "It's not obvious what it *should* mean. So having the FDA regulate it wouldn't be fair to the people whose products don't meet the FDA definition.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-338461", "score": 0.6626091003417969, "text": "I was wondering how vitamins came to be. Who discovered that Glucose was good for joints, or Vitamin D is good for you. I know there is a lot of trial and error on their (Scientists?) part. The reason I ask is that every time I start a vitamin regimen I get very Ill and I want to know what I'm doing wrong or if my vitamin levels are so on point that I don't need them. \n\nSorry. Several questions and I jump around a lot.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-338674", "score": 0.6621066331863403, "text": "So I accidentally picked up the women' once daily multivitamin vs the prenatal at Trader Joe's. The packaging looks the same and I've been taking these pills for the past 3 or 4 days; I'm barely 5 weeks pregnant. I was scrolling through the ingredients when I notice an herb I'm not familiar with Dong Quai. A quick google search and I realize this herb is used to induce labor and miscarriage. Why in the hell would Trader Joe's put this next to a prenatal vitamin? Why is this ina woman's daily supplement? Why isn't there a big warning on this bottle about pregnant women? I'm freaking out. I'm trying to figure out how bad it is and the bottle is so generic. I needed to share and freaking out! Does anyone have any experience with this and abortion/miscarriage. How much did you have to take before it affected you? I will be contacting my Dr about it tomorrow. \n\nUpdate: Thank you everyone for your comments. They,ve been really helpful. Dr said to stop taking it immediately but commented that the dosage was likely too small, and I had taken it for too short of time to cause miscarriage. Again thank you for your comments everyone:)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-338035", "score": 0.6621060967445374, "text": "Hope everyone is good – I’m just starting my new supplement regime for the week and wanted your opinions.\nI’m deficient in vitamin d (levels of 36) and ferritin (levels of 22).\n\nMorning:\n-\t1 x Probiotic (Optibac Extra)\n-\t1 x Centrum Advance Multivitamin\n\n\nAfternoon / Lunch:\n-\t2 x Wild Nutrition Food Grown Magnesium \n-\t1 x Ultiboost Immunity from Swisse Me Brand (Contains 435mg vitamin C, 28.5mg magnesium, 6.25mg Zinc and 0.5mg Copper)\n-\t1 x Ferrous Sulfate 200mg\n\n\nEvening / Dinner:\n-\t1 x Ultiboost Immunity from Swisse Me Brand (Contains 435mg vitamin C, 28.5mg magnesium, 6.25mg Zinc and 0.5mg Copper)\n-\t1 x Solgar Vitamin D 4,000 iu\n-\t1 x Solgar vitamin K 100mcg\n-\t1 x Ferrous Sulfate 200mg\n\nNight / Bedtime:\n-\t1 x Pure Encapsulations Magnesium Citrate 150mg\n\n\nOn Wednesday, Friday and Saturday I’ll be taking 2 x Vitamin D, so 8,000iu to increase my levels quicker.\n\n\nAny opinions / suggestions welcome.\n\n\nThank you.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-102727", "score": 0.661732017993927, "text": "Because as the makers of these supplements do not actually make any \"medical claims\" (i.e. can treat xyz, or can lower abc...) on the packaging, the supplements are not considered drug, and thus do not require evaluation. Also, under the Dietary Supplement Act, the maker of the supplement is not required to provide data on the safety and effectiveness of the supplement, and the FDA is only allowed to step in if the FDA can provide proof that the supplement is unsafe. Makers of supplements are extremely careful to avoid any language that can be construed as medical. The makers of Cherrios was once slapped down by the FDA because they claimed the cereal can \"lower cholesterol\", because they used a medical claim in the packaging, the FDA automatically reclassified the cereal as a drug and fined General Mills for false advertising.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-250541", "score": 0.6614820957183838, "text": "After looking at different sources, I would have to say that this requires an answer that is both yes and no. From various sources, I have found that the liver can store vitamin D in enough quantities to last for 1-4 months. However, there is also the consideration that there is a negative feedback loop when producing vitamin D from sunlight exposure to prevent toxic levels in the bloodstream. Thus, I believe that the majority of vitamin D storage comes from dietary supplements, not sunlight exposure. For your second question, search for liver on wikipedia, and it'll give you a good list of vitamins and minerals: > The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose (in the form of glycogen), vitamin A (1–2 years' supply), vitamin D (1–4 months' supply), vitamin B12 (1-3 years' supply), iron, and copper. It's a good read if you want to learn more about liver function.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-340027", "score": 0.6611701846122742, "text": "Okay so i have a quick question, most of the vitamin supplements i buy, have pretty much 100% RDA for everything, sometimes if i buy just a supplement for one thing such as vitamin A etc, it can go as high as 300%, What are the problems with this, if i am taking too much what happens to it. Also if i take a supplement in the morning, and eat normally throughout the day, will some of the nutrients from whatever i eat, just be made redundant? and if so would it make more sense to take a supplement at the end of the day?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-57969", "score": 0.6610430479049683, "text": "Multi-vitamins will simply help fill deficiencies in your diet. If you are short on a specific vitamin, a multivitamin may help ensure you get what you need from it. Really the only reason to take one is if your normal diet is lacking. If you regularly eat balanced meals, including a variety of fruits and vegetables, a multivitamin probably won't help much; any extra vitamins over what you need a simply passed through in urine without helping anything.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-122158", "score": 0.660973310470581, "text": "Homeopathy has no active ingredients so that would put a hard stop to that idea. \"Supplements\" may have active ingredients but are unregulated mainly because they don't legally claim to do anything. They don't *want* to be regulated.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-33373", "score": 0.6605905890464783, "text": "If you just take one there shouldn't be a problem, some vitamins and especially minerals can be a problem in very high dosages. The quantity in those pills is the RDA (recommended daily amount) your body can handle many times more before it becomes a problem. (don't take more than we thought the bottle says though!) Of course, if you suffer from certain medical conditions this may affect how your body treats excess intake, in those cases always ask your doctor about supplements.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-338837", "score": 0.6599829196929932, "text": "I take a multivitamin/multimineral every morning as well as Vitamin D just in case. I also make sure I eat some fruits and vegetable in my OMAD meal. \n\nThere are actual some vitamins we do not need to eat everyday:\n\nVitamin A\n\nVitamin B12\n\nVitamin C\n\nVitamin D\n\nVitamin E\n\nVitamin K\n\nIf you eat lot of one of these Vitamins in a single meal, your body will store the extra in your fat cells or your liver and it will last for several days later.\n\nFor example, 1 ounce of almonds have about 50% of your Vitamin E needs for the day. If one day you eat 4 ounces of almonds (a whole cup) you wont need to eat anything with Vitamin E for over 2 days. Spinach is loaded with Vitamin E too so having spinach with almonds will let you go even longer without Vitamin E.\n\nBasically if you have no allergens to these foods, I strongly reccommend you rotate through all 8 food groups throughout the week or every other week).\n\nVEGETABLES (Potassium, Selenium,Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K)\n\nFRUITS (Vitamin C and Potassium)\n\nSEAFOOD (Omega-3, Iodine, Vitamin B12 Vitamin D)\n\nNUTS / SEEDS (Vitamin E, Magnesium, Copper)\n\nMEAT / POULTRY (Zinc, Iron, Vitamin B3, B6, B12)\n\nEGGS / DAIRY (Calcium, Iodine, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1-B6, Vitamin D, Phosphorus)\n\nBEANS / LEGUMES (Fiber, Folate, Manganese, Magnesium. Molybdenum, Copper, Vitamin B1)\n\nGRAINS (Fiber, Folate, Manganese, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Copper)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-304212", "score": 0.6597660779953003, "text": "There is absolutely no difference between synthetic and naturally-occuring vitamins. If it's the same molecule, it's the same molecule. Anyone claiming otherwise is either misinformed, or is a nutty adherent of [vitalism](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-294", "score": 0.804908275604248, "text": "> why is it the only French speaking region of Canada? It's not. It's only the only province where French speaking people are a majority. > How come since Quebec was British owned and subsequently part of an independant Canada, English was not able to replace French? To avoid uprisings, the British accepted that it would keep its laws, language and religion thinking they would eventually assimilate. People decided they wouldn't and made efforts to preserve those. To this day, Quebec still works on a different legal system than the other provinces. > Is French still realy the dominant language of Quebec? Yes. > Do most people speak it there? Yes > What are the languages though in school/shown on tv/ radio etc.? School teaches some English but not enough to qualify as bilingual. Media produced in Quebec are in French." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-216951", "score": 0.7569517493247986, "text": "Follow up: why isn't the area \"as Dutch\" as Quebec is French?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2404978", "score": 0.7265724539756775, "text": "Bonjour /r/Quebec!\n\nLong story short: Born + Raised in Quebec as an Anglophone. I have a basic knowledge of French but my long term goal is to become bilingual. I’m curious to know why the government does not provide free French courses for Quebec residents.\n\nMerci beaucoup!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-123981", "score": 0.7038912177085876, "text": "A lot of people don't like the fact that politicians traditionally have had to pander to Quebec to get elected. So Quebec winds up getting a lot of money and favours given to them that other provinces don't seem to get. Not all people in Quebec are French, but almost all French Canadians are from Quebec.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-217585", "score": 0.6947269439697266, "text": "Quebec was first colonized by France. Although it had been conquered by Great Britain in the [French and Indian War](_URL_0_), the vast majority of its residents were French-speaking Catholics at the time of American independence. Britain enacted the [Quebec Act](_URL_1_) of 1774 (note the year) to deal with the concerns of these residents. In particular, it guaranteed their right to adhere to the Catholic faith. During the American Revolution, the Americans [invaded Quebec](_URL_2_) in an attempt to bring the Quebeckers onto their side. However, they preferred to stay with the British. After American independence, many English-speaking Loyalists moved to the Province of Quebec (which then included parts of today's Ontario) in order to stay within the British Empire.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1393765", "score": 0.693877637386322, "text": "Try to find a stop sign.\n\nThere many, many countries in the world where French is an official language, but Québec is the only french-speaking part of the world that translates their stop signs, writing \"ARRÊT\" instead of \"STOP\"\n\nBonus: if you see a dual language ARRÊT/STOP sign, and want to make a precise guess in Canada, chances are you're in New Brunswick, which is the only officially bilingual province in Canada: while Canada itself has 2 official languages, all of its provinces except one only choose only one of the languages as its official language.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2179534", "score": 0.6903652548789978, "text": "MONTREAL, QC - Many residents of Quebec has expressed unhappiness due to the lack of the french language within the campaigns that are taking place within Quebec.\n\n\n\"C'est donc ben triste que les ne prennent pas l'éffort de parler français dans une province française!\" Expressed Jean Bellevue of Trois-Rivières, \"N'ont t'ils pas du respect pour notre culture?\"\n\n\nCurrently, disapproval has been expressed at many public figures, including the Liberal Incumbent for Laval-Rive Nord and the Leaders of both the Libertarians (Reformed) and the Conservatives.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-73904", "score": 0.6902240514755249, "text": "The three main centres of French settlement were along the St Lawrence river between Québec and Montréal, in Acadie (what is now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) and at the mouth of the Mississippi at Nouvelle Orléans. All three areas were largely French speaking until recently, and two of the three still are. The rest of the territory owned theoretically by France was populated by natives and a very small number of French traders, trappers, etc. When the English took over those territories in what is now Canada, they guaranteed the rights of the people to keep their language and religion (The Québec Act of 1774), seriously irritating the 13 future US colonies by doing so. Except for Acadie, whose inhabitants were largely expelled. [tl;dr] those areas with significant French populations tended to stay French speaking. Those areas without, didn't.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-39100", "score": 0.6886045336723328, "text": "Usually because of either a historical tradition - like if your country's official language was French for the 300 years you were a French colony, and now you're not, it's likely to continue being one of the official languages - or because there exists a significant population of speakers of that language in your country.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-232874", "score": 0.686715841293335, "text": "You are entirely wrong in your assumptions. French is, indeed, a lingua franca in Western Africa, and is spoken widely from Côte d'Ivoire to Morocco by something close to 120 million people. A better question would be why it didn't completely displace local languages (Wolof, Arabic, etc.) as happened in Spanish colonies. Also, Quebec definitely uses French. English is widely spoken because of the proximity with English-speaking regions of Canada and the US, but French is the mother tongue of most nonetheless.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-111297", "score": 0.684859573841095, "text": "Way back (e.g. 17th-18th century), both England and France were colonizing North America. England and France fought wars over land. England won. The French, rather than being slaughtered or forced to leave, were allowed to remain in [their own settlements](_URL_4_). Over time those descendants moved to what is essentially present day Quebec. French settlers, who lost a war, stubbornly held on to their own culture and language. When Canada was confederated, the French demanded their own special sets of rights before they would join. - their laws are based on French Napoleonic Code, rather than English Common Law - all of Canada is officially bilingual (English+French) because of Quebec Today, two hundred years later, they still consider themselves a special subset of the rest of Canada. Think of them as Canada's version of Ireland. They're still mad they lost the war, and want to continue to be grumpy victims.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-205900", "score": 0.6786048412322998, "text": "One of the main reason for the Acte de Québec was to contain the agitation in the thirteen colonies and to avoid it to spread any further. The risk was real. Some american rebels came to Montréal to propose an alliance with them. In fact, the act did not change much in Québec. Some would argue that it only officialised what was already the reality. Even if the royal proclamation of 1763 imposed many rules, most of them were not put to practice. The amount of english immigrant coming from the american colonies was lower than expected in Canada. Because of that, the oath was not applied because the administration needed people that spoke french. Also, the seigneurial regime was still in function during the royal proclamation period.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2611232", "score": 0.6772388219833374, "text": "I find a lot of tax money is being spent to preserve French and a lot professional workers are leaving because of the language laws?\n\nDoes it worth it? why?\nHow else would you fix it?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-224199", "score": 0.6763445138931274, "text": "French and Quebecois, in terms of language are probably more different than say, British and American. There is a lot of different vocabulary, and the accent is quiet different. English has had a bigger influence on Quebecois, for example the Quebecois word for watermelon is 'melon d'eau' (a transliteration of English) while the French word is 'pasteque.'", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-14258", "score": 0.6641227602958679, "text": "In Canada at least, mostly everything is done in English as far as I know. I believe there are squads (or the equivalent) which are specifically designated as francophone for soldiers who speak french, but I'm pretty sure these (if they still exist) make-up only a very small percentage of the armed forces and probably wouldn't be deployed in places where English communication would be necessary. Keep in mind that, although Canada is bilingual, roughly 85% of the population speaks English fluently. While French is an official language of the country, the use of spoken French is primarily limited to specific geographic regions (like Quebec) and for official government services (where one has the option of requesting service in French). You can honestly live in major Canadian cities like Toronto and Vancouver without ever hearing anybody speak french in person.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2677374", "score": 0.6604847311973572, "text": "Quebec has just voted again to remain a part of Canada. It is glad to hear that the country isn't breaking up.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1730612", "score": 0.6563448309898376, "text": "Living in Nova Scotia as a French parent, having difficulty obtaining French pre-school for my daughter due to extremely long waiting lists, it is clear that the demand far exceeds the supply, I was wondering why this critical stage of language learning is not protected under the charter. I'm sure any studies would show that French daycare and pre-schools would prove fundamental in learning and developing French outside the home. I'm not sure if any of you can answer, but any insight would be greatly appreciated.\n\n*Minority Language Educational Rights*\n\n*Marginal note:Language of instruction*\n\n*23. (1) Citizens of Canada*\n\n*(a) whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside, or*\n\n\n*(b) who have received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province,*\n\n\n*have the right to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in that language in that province. (93)*", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1248040", "score": 0.6562504768371582, "text": "This is my second attempt for February, instead of Best Healtcare locations in Québec.\n\nSo, you want to know what it is like to travel or live in Québec when you only speak English ? This is the guide to follow.\n\n(It's not complete yet, I want feedback and ideas in comments to improve the guide)\n\n**Speaking English**\n\nAdapted from yohanb: Apart from some remote regions, Most French speakers understand some level of English. They are usually able to speak it as well, but a bit less so. So unless you go deep in rural areas you should be able to get understood, if you articulate and speak slowly.\n\nIf you have an accent, like a southern U.S., Australian, or British accent, be especially careful to speak clearly, and avoid regional expressions. Quebecers are not used to these and may struggle. They are used to the U.S. mid-western accent.\n\nFinally, if you took some French lessons in your life, you may think you'll be able to understand a lot. Well, what you learned is French from France. Quebecers not only have a pretty different accent, they have a different vocabulary. A lot of spoken words cannot even by written, they are words that have been altered (badly) throughout history. They know the correct form, but it's everyday slang. However, if they show you the same courtesy by articulating, speaking clearly and use the correct form of the spoken words, you should be fine.\n\nmpierre add-on: There is a book called \"Speak Québec\" **[update: it's now out print]** which lists the differences in the French spoken by Québec residents and international French.\n\nIt covers the pronunciations, conjugation and there is a dictionary. It is written in English, for English speakers learning French, but it isn't a French language class. You also need other material.\n\n\n**English content**\n\nThe CBC has English and French radio stations across Canada and as such, you have almost full coverage across Québec of English radio station from the CBC.\n\n\n\non Cable, you have access to both English and French programming, including \n\n----------------------------\n***Québec by Région:***\n-------------------------------------\n**Montréal**\n\nThis is the region with the highest concentration of English speakers. The west-island in particular is almost English only. In most of the Island of Montréal, you can get by with no knowledge of French, but I would not venture too much in Rosemont-La Petite Patrie since it's mostly French-Speaking.\n\nMontréal is the metropole of Québec and the Montréal area contains roughly 50% of the Québec population, and perhaps 90% of the non-French speaking population, including immigrants and English-speakers.\n\nSpeaking of which, some of the English speakers of Montréal are immigrants from other provinces or countries, but there is a big population of English speakers that are from families established in Montréal centuries ago. \n\nMontréal has a vast network of English-Speaking radio station and had an affiliate of every Canadian English TV network - Global, CTV, CBC.\n\n**Québec City**\n\nFrom engelk: Has the oldest newspaper in america, IN ENGLISH!!\n\nTwo local English tv stations via airwaves, CBC and Global plus tons of English tv stations on cable.\nThere are many church of many protestant anglo-saxon denominations.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-235015", "score": 0.6559310555458069, "text": "The issue is that both have changed. While Quebec French has maintained some features of earlier forms of French, it's changed things that European French hasn't. Quebec French trills /r/ more often, which is older, and shifts /ɛ/ to /æ/ in some contexts, both of which are relics of older sorts of French. But affrication of dental consonants is a Quebecois innovation. That's true of virtually all times two languages diverge. Haitian Creole preserved very old colloquial French things, too, as do different dialects of English. Northern England preserved \"thou\" until quite recently, and didn't undergo certain parts of the Great Vowel Shift, but also does funky things with consonants. American English preserves the \"r\" sound where it was historically, but lost vowel sounds that many varieties of British English preserved. Every language changes over time, without exception.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1047028", "score": 0.6552895903587341, "text": "(chuis anglo de l'Ouest). Je remarque que les Québécois ne semblent pas savoir que ce programme existe et à quel point c'est populaire. Aujourd'hui, un peu plus de 25% des élèves canadiens prenant leurs études primaires et sécondaires en français sont en fait des anglophones hors Québec. (je viens de chercher les chiffres et même moi j'ai été étonné. c'est 430k en immersion française hors Québec contre 1,2M élèves totals au Québec... j'imagine la grosse majorité en français). \n\nun peu de contexte puisque plusieurs ne savent pas. le programme a commencé en 1971 (sous le méchant Trudeau père... Alberta l'a détésté aussi, haha), le taux d'immersion a accru rapidement dans les années 1980, puis se stabilisait dans les 1990. Depuis 10-15 ans le taux reprit et particulièrement dans les années 2010 c'est +4-5% par année (contre +0,5% accroissement de la population des élèves au Québec et +0,1% hors Québec). C'est peut-être grace au soulagement de la peur de la souveraineté (que vaut le français dans un Canada sans Québec ? je crois que 1995 a fait vraiment peur aux parents) ou peut-être parce qu'on témoine les premiers élèves d'immersion en français mettant leurs propres enfants dans le programme - le début d'une seconde génération d'immersion et la première qui a au moins un parent qui peut les aider avec leurs études. Leur parent peut même leur lire un livre en français ou écouter une émission / un film avec eux. Alors cette nouvelle génération va, selon moi, trouver l'apprentissage beacoup plus facile. (étant donné aussi qu'ils ont l'accès à plein de culture québécoise et même française ces jours-ci. Auparavant ce n'était que la seule chaîne francophone sur la télé dans une maison anglophone. bonne chance de consumer la culture francophone hors classe)\n\nsaviez-vous ? \nqu'est-ce vous en pensez ?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1082180", "score": 0.6544519662857056, "text": "I’m currently working as a planner in Ontario but may one day want to work in Quebec given that much of my family lives there. I see that Quebec is regulated by the OUQ rather than the CIP and that there is no reciprocity agreement, which is frustrating especially considering the CIP has reciprocity agreements with organizations around the world. \n\nFor those who have experience with Quebec and other jurisdictions, how important is certification through the OUQ? Is there any chance of someone who isn’t a native tongue learning French well enough to operate in a municipal environment given francisation policies?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-295", "score": 0.6897207498550415, "text": "It's probably a combination of reasons. Humans like to be awake all day and sleep all night. And we take our cues from the sun. If it's raining it's darker, so our bodies think, hey almost time for bed! Let's get sleepy! The other reason is ( I'm not to sure about this one so other redditors feel free to debunk me! ): When we're in our mommy's belly we're constantly surrounded by the sound of her body, her digestive system gurgling but mostly the sound of her blood circulating. Which is a constant rushing sound. Rain kinda sounds like that, just like a rolling car, or vacuum cleaner. This makes us feel safe and comfortable. And again sleepy. Fun facts about this: If you drive a long way and don't have any distracting sounds like a radio the sound of your car can cause 'highway hypnosis' causing you to relax and fall asleep behind the wheel. Babies, when they're tired fall alseep very easily in the car or when a vacuum cleaner is running. Because it reminds them of being inside mommy's belly." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-114835", "score": 0.6551799178123474, "text": "A lot of it has to do with water tension. If you've ever filled a cup to the brim, you could see it takes only one small drop of water to have the top overflow down the sides. This is the same with the clouds and heavy downpours. Sometimes, a cloud just holds too much water, and one drop causes it all to fall", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-39598", "score": 0.6550899147987366, "text": "2 possible reasons - One, many people find it easier to sleep if it's colder in the room (you can search ELI5 for more explanation on why that is). So if it's a cold rainy night, it could just be the cold. Another reason is that rain is a good source of white noise. Generic, steady noise helps you sleep because it stops your brain from noticing quick, harsh sounds. When it's dead quiet, it can be hard to sleep because you notice every little sound, such as a pipe banging around, a neighbor's footsteps over your head, or even your bed creaking. With some white noise, your brain just tunes out the white noise and you don't notice the softer sounds.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-184138", "score": 0.6535259485244751, "text": "Rain comes from clouds which will have different densities and volumes of moisture within them. That's why some clouds can be really puffy and some thin and everything in-between. If there's enough moisture that it gets to that point where it's too heavy that's when rain starts. That'll happen at different points within the same cloud. The clouds also continue to move through the sky based off of wind and air pressure. Because of this you have different clouds raining at different rates passing overhead. So if it's really heavy rain, then light, then all of a sudden heavy if you're looking out the window for instance, it could be one cloud the had a part of it that just hasn't collected enough moisture to rain yet or you could have a few clouds passing by that are both heavy with rain or a combination of those kinds of factors.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-30667", "score": 0.6534610390663147, "text": "There's actually a mood disorder called \"Seasonal Affective Disorder\" [(SAD)](_URL_0_) Some experts think it's genetic. Some think that people's hormones fluctuate throughout the year and people with SAD just have more severe fluctuations. There're other reasons, too. When it rains, atmospheric pressure [drops](_URL_1_) and causes swelling, which is why some people can \"feel\" a storm coming. Other people just feel more pain, which has a direct impact on their mood. Another study says people are just [happier](_URL_2_) in sunshine, so the reduced frequency of sunny days in certain seasons can take that from them and affect their mood that way. There's been a lot of research done in this area. For more info, I suggest you look up SAD to start.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-537216", "score": 0.6532558798789978, "text": "I find it a lot more relaxing to sit in my room and listen to the rain rather than contemplating a sunny one.... the sound the rain is relaxing and the thunder adds something relaxing to it as well, because it feels random, you cant predict the next one, and when it finally happens, it feels satisfying, and when you get to see ray of light caused by it it is even much better.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1980526", "score": 0.6531136631965637, "text": "It rains quite often during the day, but most of the time there's no thunder or lightning with it unless it's at night. Never quite understood why.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-46303", "score": 0.652960479259491, "text": "There isn't an official reason why this is, but there are some speculations on why it happens. If you sleep for 10+ hours, that means you didn't drink any liquid for 10 hours and whatever liquid you had prior to going to bed are in your bladder. Dehydration is known to cause dizziness and headache, which could feel like being tired. Also people often sleep too much during the weekend to make up for too little sleep during the weekday. Irregularities in sleeping schedule tend to cause tiredness too. Another possible reason is your body produces too much melatonin when you sleep longer than intended, that extra melatonin will take longer to dissipate after you wake up.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-115668", "score": 0.6523145437240601, "text": "I quite like a rainy day. Windy bright dry winter days piss me off.. I imagine people think they don't like rainy days because it's darker.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-94154", "score": 0.651857316493988, "text": "Clouds don't drop water in order to \"rise\" or go higher in the sky. The wind is pushing the clouds and all the air beneath them toward the mountain. When it reaches the mountain, there is no where for the air to go except up, so the whole column of air goes up. The reason it rains when this happens is due to the temperature of the air. The further away from the surface you go, the colder it gets. Also, warmer air can hold more water vapor than cold air. So moist warm air rises, cools off, and the cold air cannot hold the water vapor anymore causing rain drops to fall.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-179879", "score": 0.651401162147522, "text": "When a person is ill their body will raise its temperature to try and kill the bacteria that is causing the illness. That leads to sweating and that leads to dehydration.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-110427", "score": 0.6513586044311523, "text": "Well, two things are happening. One, your body is losing water/electrolytes to sweat (breathing with your mouth open, as you often do when it is hot, also contributes to dehydration). When the body dehydrates, it has to work harder in order to function correctly. This is especially true for the brain. Two, your body is overheating. You are a mammal, which means you are endothermic--you produce heat inside your body. When the temperature outside is close to or hotter than your ideal internal temperature, this causes the body to become stressed in an effort to regulate the heat. Since movement generates even more heat, it is in your body's best interest not to move around too much. Hence, the fatigue associated with heat. I am not a doctor or a biologist, but that was the explanation that I was always given.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-48172", "score": 0.6510064601898193, "text": "Their skin needs to be damp for them to breathe properly as oxygen passes through it, so the rainy environment allows them to travel up! Sometimes if the soil is *too* wet, they have a hard time breathing due to lower oxygen levels.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-126931", "score": 0.6509722471237183, "text": "Because the winds blow the newly created ozone that came from the lightning of the storm. And often you will feel the wind and smell the ozone before the storm before the actual rain. [Source](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-120958", "score": 0.6509721875190735, "text": "I believe it's because we're located in an area where the prevailing winds blow to the north. This brings warm, humid air from the south, which cools down at the higher latitudes and produces rain (cool air holds less water than warm air, so warm humid air becomes cool dry air + rain). On the bright side, the weather is on average slightly warmer than other places at the same latitude.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1299917", "score": 0.6504079699516296, "text": "I just think that rain has this indescribable beauty about it. There's no better feeling than walking in the woods while it's raining. Sunlight just makes me feel empty inside.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-163044", "score": 0.650239884853363, "text": "When it rains, the oils and chemicsld float to the surface. That's what you're smelling. It's also why the first few minutes of a rainstorm is when the roads are slickest. As for hot weather; heat causes fumes to be more active. Thus they get released quicker and travel farther.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-260841", "score": 0.6500393748283386, "text": "Running or walking will both result in rain falling on your head. But the faster you run the more rain will collide with the anterior side of your body. I'd say there is a happy medium somewhere", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-128263", "score": 0.6499282121658325, "text": "When becoming dehydrated, the body responds by releasing hormones to promote solving the issues - dehydration, as a survival instinct. Correct me if I'm wrong but Cortisol is one of these hormones (stress hormone). Which in excess can cause fatigue and headache, like when you stay dehydrated long enough for it to build up.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-5293", "score": 0.6496562361717224, "text": "That weight is spread across a huge volume! Clouds are really massive and you can think of them like fog or mist. The very tiny water droplets that make up a cloud are so small they get carried up into the sky by rising warm air currents. Once up there the tiny droplets combine getting bigger and bigger, until eventually they are too big to be held up by the air currents. So down they come in the form of rain.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-185463", "score": 0.648918867111206, "text": "To add to the above comments, our bodies aren’t running at full capacity when asleep. A lot of brain functions and therefore bodily functions shut down or perform at a percentage of their day time capacity, so less calories and water are consumed by the body. In contract, 8 hours at work without water would leave plenty of people feeling parched to say the least.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-296", "score": 0.8694868087768555, "text": "Smoking by itself is actually insufficient to properly preserve foods. Smoke is an antimicrobial and an antioxidant but only protects the outside of food, so it is usually combined with other processes like salt-curing and drying which protect the interior of food from bacterial growth." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-289445", "score": 0.8129528164863586, "text": "(PhD Bacteriology) \"Smoking preserves fish by drying, by deposition of creosote ingredients, and, when the fish are near the source of heat, by heat penetration\" ref: _URL_0_ In fact, smoking is not a very good way of preservation. There are lots of bacteria and fungi that don't care about the smoke at all, and will grow in spite of it.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-173689", "score": 0.7884396910667419, "text": "I may have found yer answer, matey. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why does smoking preserve food? ](_URL_4_) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does smoking and curing meat work? ](_URL_1_) ^(_14 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does smoking meat help preserve it? ](_URL_2_) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does 'curing' meat work? Eg. Serrano ham, pepperoni. ](_URL_0_) ^(_14 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why is it that smoke can kill me but cooking meat using smoke is common practice? ](_URL_3_) ^(_7 comments_)", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-109836", "score": 0.7874712347984314, "text": "There are two preservative properties of smoking. 1. Heat from smoking cooks the meat, kills off germs. 2. The smoke contains chemicals that cause protein on the meat's surface to polymerize (bind together in long chains). That's why smoked hams and turkeys have that slightly toughened, chewy skin on the outside. Germs cannot penetrate through this tough surface, and therefore cannot spoil the meat underneath.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-158990", "score": 0.7458716630935669, "text": "These processes are sort of opposites, if you think about it. Curing meat is about preserving meat without cooking it. Smoking meat IS cooking it, albeit slowly. When you smoke meat you're basically cooking it low and slow. Really low and really slow. And that process relaxes all the connective tissue and makes taste moist (despite the fact that it's really cooked to hell and back). Because it's swimming in collagen. If no collagen is present, then you just get dry smoky meat, which is okay, too. Curing is different. Curing is basically salt and time. First, salt curing kills microbes and bacteria in your meat by removing the water in them. It also removed the water in the meat itself, making it harder and condensing the flavor. This dry meat is also less susceptible to new bacteria and microbes, because they want a moist environment.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-202300", "score": 0.7403542399406433, "text": "I can't speak to the historicity of the process, but I can tell you as someone who smokes, cures, salts, and dries meats, there's a big difference between all of them. Cooking a piece of meat just cooks it, but doesn't preserve it. It will still go bad in a few days without refrigeration. Whereas dessicating a piece of meat (removing all the moisture) via drying, curing, or smoking will preserve meat for a very long time. Months, or even years if stored properly. There's a huge advantage to having a large store of preserved food, especially for people hunting large game, or dealing with a single season of available meat (like migratory game or fish).", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-207690", "score": 0.7385109066963196, "text": "The quick answer is salt. Smoking and drying also preserve meat; and then, sailors might not eat meat every day in any case. Ships would also bring live animals - maximum freshness! - but there was obviously a limit to this technique, since you had to bring their feed as well. Finally, consider that before 1600, long voyages weren't so routine as they later became; most shipping was port-to-port within Europe or the Med, and if not literally within sight of land, at least somewhat close to it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-127920", "score": 0.7331989407539368, "text": "Because it's not smoke. Instead of burning the plant material, you're just cooking it. Cooking it activates the chemicals that get you high while also evaporating them off of the plant material. /r/vaporents can talk about this much better than I can, but that's the gist.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-60365", "score": 0.7265646457672119, "text": "When you burn wood at a low temperature some of the chemicals will only be partially broken down. Most of the smoke will be CO2 and steam however there will be some sot, alcohols and acids. These last chemicals will add color and smell to the smoke. When you let the smoke go over a piece of meat some of the chemicals will dissolve into the moisture of the meat. It may also react with the meat changing its color and texture. It will also help kill off bacteria which means you do not have to cook it as well. When you eat the meat the chemicals from the smoke will be released again and you will smell some of the aspects of the smoke as you are eating.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-46824", "score": 0.7260854840278625, "text": "There are some ingredients that keep the cigarette lit. You'll notice if you smoke a cigar or cannabis that you have to keep lighting it on fire. Ammonia is usually part of the process that increases the amount of nicotine in the smoke. Several others change the way the smoke smells or looks like (it doesn't make it less harmful, just less noticeable). So there are reasons that things get added to the tobacco, reasons that you see in other foodstuff (like making fruit more visually appealing, etc). Keep in mind the most dangerous stuff is the burning tobacco itself. Removing these additives won't make tobacco safer to use.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-185396", "score": 0.7224592566490173, "text": "I am a smoker. While I don't really have an educated answer, I can make a guess. Our mouths are used to the taste of a cigarette. If we don't smoke for a while, it feels more satisfying compared to lighting one back to back. After food is just another opportunity to get that satisfaction. I like smoking one after a meal.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-136457", "score": 0.7214234471321106, "text": "Curing is a process that involves using salt(normally) to kill organisms living in or on the meat. Smoking technically counts as a cure, I believe, because compounds in wood smoke are hostile to microorganisms as well. The basic idea is that by inundating the meat with antimicrobial substances, you prevent rotting, mold, parasites and the like from setting in. Thus the meat remains safe because beyond oxidization and dehydration the meat will largely remain the same over time, since no organisms will act on it.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-29111", "score": 0.7205346822738647, "text": "There are various ways of preserving food: salt (meat jerky), sugar (candied fruits), acid (pickles), heat (sundried tomatoes, smoked foods), and cold (frozen and refrigerated foods). Preservation of food prevents the original food items from living and prevents bad things from living off of it. The roof of your mouth is alive and does not want to be preserved. Exposing it to too much of any of those mentioned above will make the roof of your mouth unhappy.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-157513", "score": 0.7196357250213623, "text": "By burning the tobacco you are breaking apart the molecules, this causes the ash to hold together by nothing more than very weak forces and friction. The 'cherry' holds together better because the tobacco has yet to burn completely and there are fewer broken molecules. Think about your pieces of tobacco as being made up of long, heaped, chains, break sections of those chains and you still have a heaped pile however it is more likely to fall apart.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-136625", "score": 0.7194724082946777, "text": "It changes the amount of air you inhale - the the ratio of smoke to air changes depending on how it's rolled. Air can make things taste nicer, as it changes how long flavour is in touch with your mouth.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-246788", "score": 0.7175548672676086, "text": "I've seen the same thing done with orange peels and tobacco to keep the tobacco moist. The moisture from the rind migrates to the tobacco.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-311072", "score": 0.7161290049552917, "text": "They are essentially for taste, to preserve them and to keep it burning.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-34162", "score": 0.7157428860664368, "text": "Classically, food would be sealed in a can and then the whole can would be heated. Killing bacteria and enzymes inside the can. Which delays spoiling significantly. Because the can is sealed, new bacteria cannot get in, so the food is preserved.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-165019", "score": 0.7130611538887024, "text": "This is not something you can put in an ELI5 format. There is probably more than one answer; I am just giving you the answer that I know. My best attempt: One of the compounds in smoke reacts with an enzyme which converts it into an oxide. This oxide is highly reactive and can react with nucleotides in DNA to cause damage to your genes. If a certain gene gets altered a certain way, that cell will become cancerous.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-171443", "score": 0.712128221988678, "text": "Both work by basically burning your ingredient, and then pulling the smoke of the burned ingredient (by you inhaling it) through water to cool it and to make it not as dry, so its more comfortable to inhale than just pure, dry, hot smoke", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-154681", "score": 0.7098378539085388, "text": "Fresh meat is sterile on the inside. The curing process basically keeps the outside of the meat dry (the smoke is mainly to keep flies away) and lets it dry. Water content is also reduced through the use of salt. Without water, the meat doesn't provide a good environment for bacteria to grow. Cold cuts are full of water, and also have been sliced, exposing them to bacteria (also present as a result of mixing etc during production). It's a pretty good environment for bacteria to grow in.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-297", "score": 0.7378303408622742, "text": "This is due to how the movement is processed in the brain. Very basically, there are certain neurons that are firing in response to the moving pattern. The moving pattern is constant, so they are firing continuously. When you look away those same cells continue to fire because they've been doing so for however long you were looking at it. Your brain knows that the moving pattern is no longer in focus, but it still takes a bit to inhibit the neurons and stop them from firing. It's why optical illusions [like this one](_URL_1_) work." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-283950", "score": 0.7007734179496765, "text": "What you're seeing is not a solid circle, but it's a result of your own biological process called 'persistence of vision', in which things you see persist for a small amount of time. The object holding the laser pointer is spinning faster than your persistence of vision takes to wear off.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-311451", "score": 0.7007589340209961, "text": "This is a complex [stroboscopic optical illusion](_URL_0_) that basically occurs when the framerate at which a spinning object (especially one with radial symmetry) is perceived/recorded it different than the speed at which it is actually rotating.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-313574", "score": 0.7006916403770447, "text": "You're moving your eye in an attempt to follow the image, but when you move your eye the image moves as well (because it's part of your eye), so you move your eye more to follow it. The same thing happens with floaters. If you focus on something in the distance that isn't moving then you can keep the image from moving around as long as you don't try to look directly at it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-87487", "score": 0.7005168795585632, "text": "This is called the [wagon-wheel effect](_URL_0_). It happens when the rotational rate of the spinning object exceeds what our brains can pick up (our internal refresh rate). The object eventually spins fast enough that your brain is only able to catch the frame when the blade/spoke/whatever is advanced just behind the position in the last frame it perceived. So it looks like it's going backwards. Imagine if an airplane's propeller blade were a clock. When the propeller spins clockwise at a rate that induces the wagon-wheel effect, what you are seeing are frames of the propeller blade when it is at the 12'o clock position at cycle #1000, 10 'o clock position at cycle #1050, and 8 'o clock position at cycle #1100", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-174313", "score": 0.7004575133323669, "text": "ELI5 Answer: Your eyes see things by seeing changes. When nothing changes, we can't see anymore. Complicated answer: Image burn-in. Humans see light as an \"excitement\" of the cones and rods in our eyes. If we continue to stare at the same image without it changing, the excitement ends even though the image does not. If you stare at anything for a while, you will notice that your peripheral vision starts to fade and eventually your primary vision starts to fuck up as well.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-266", "score": 0.7004352807998657, "text": "your eye is full of liquid called the vitreous humour. when you press on your eyes, you're increasing the pressure of that fluid inside the eye; that in turn causes pressure to be applied to the nerves in the back of your eye, on your retina. those nerves get confused and start sending out random signals that you see as cool-ass patterns.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-48688", "score": 0.7003968358039856, "text": "Warmer air is less dense, so it rises. As it heats unevenly and rises and mixes and swirls with the surrounding air, you get a weird random mess of different air densities. As light moves between areas of different densities of air, it gets bent/refracted/etc. The end result is that we see those ripples as we look across a hot street or the hood of a car or whatever. I'm not actually a physicist, but I answered anyways. I hope you're not mad.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-173137", "score": 0.7003118991851807, "text": "When light passes through something, it bends a bit, and light bends a little different in different temperatures of air; so if a mix of different temperatures of air is swirling around, anything you look at through it will be woobly.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-271472", "score": 0.7001170516014099, "text": "I'm not sure I quite understand what you're asking, but I'll take a stab at it. You're correct when you say that when you look at a wave, it oscillates (goes up and down) in 2 dimensions. However, in 3d, this means that the wave can take on any number of orientations in that extra dimensional space. We call this orientation \"polarization.\" You can have light that is polarized vertically, which means it oscillates up and down, or horizontally, so sideways, or any angle in between. Fun fact: your polarized sunglasses are designed to only filter out a specific polarization of light (horizontal). This is because when light reflects off of a surface, it usually comes off horizontally polarized, and our eyes perceive that extra intensity as glare. Furthermore, you can also have light that behaves as a spiral, like you mentioned. This is called circularly polarized light, and is created when you have a combination of vertically and horizontally polarized light.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-43097", "score": 0.700115442276001, "text": "Your eyes have nothing to do with it. It's all in your brain. When you stand up, your blood rushes to your legs, which causes reduced bloodflow to your brain. Your body quickly corrects this by increasing your blood pressure, but in the instant before that happens, the reduced bloodflow to your visual cortex causes the \"seeing stars\" phenomenon. Also, if someone has a problem that causes their blood pressure to not regulate correctly, they can pass out when they stand up for the same reason.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-147857", "score": 0.6996319890022278, "text": "I think there are a few things involved. I have absolutely no scientific knowledge to spout, but I'd guess its got something with how much info our eyes can process each second ie. the refresh rate. Kinda along the same lines, a standard movie is shown at 24 frames per second, and that seems to be enough to convince our eyes that there is constant motion even though it's a series of still pictures. A different example is a wheel. The part that is touching the ground at any one time is actually still, but yet our eyes don't pick that up. The two ends of the pencil are moving at different speeds and our eyes struggle to process these two bits of information and gives us the bendy pencil effect. I dunno, just a few guesses there. I hope someone who can answer this properly comes along because it's a cool question. Upvote.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-245541", "score": 0.6994545459747314, "text": "OP, upon hearing your description, i believe this is the answer you are looking for - it is a visual phenomenon that occurs most distinctly when looking into the sky. I notice it can be even more pronounced when riding in a plane: _URL_0_ Edit: the cause of them is still pretty hypothetical - an interesting alternate hypothesis I've found reading the book published by the builder of the Coral Castle in Florida, was that this phenomena is our ability to see individual electrons moving about.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-49632", "score": 0.6993359327316284, "text": "Your eyes are relaxing. The brain is getting a signal that something feels good and it attempts to 'savour' the *feeling* by not really bothering to look at stuff. When your eyes relax and aren't attempting to take in information, they might close, roll upward, or just glaze over.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-248343", "score": 0.6987926363945007, "text": "Sometimes, the information that reaches our eyes from the world is ambiguous and can have multiple interpretations. There is no \"mistake\". Here are several other examples of so-called bistable images or ambiguous figures: [Necker Cube](_URL_1_) can be seen in two orientations [Face-Vase](_URL_2_) [Duck-Rabbit](_URL_3_) [Old woman / Young maid](_URL_0_) In all of these cases, information present in the image can be organized in multiple ways. For many bistable figures, the percept automatically reverses every once in a while (as is the case with the spinning dancer). This can be a function of where you look, what you focus on, or cortical dynamics. There are thousands of studies on these and related phenomena (e.g., binocular rivalry). I am unfamiliar with any that suggest that the effect is retinal (that is, eye-based).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-177304", "score": 0.6987155079841614, "text": "The muscles that control what your eyes focus on relax, which means they aren’t specifically working to look at something. This makes your eyes ever so slightly move, not enough for anyone to notice but enough so that your brain can’t make sense of what each eye sees, and just throws up a blurry image instead. It’s as if your eyes are looking at something off in the distance, even though you’re meant to be looking at something close. Or vice versa.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-60346", "score": 0.6983917355537415, "text": "The nerves in your eyes are normally triggered by light, but they can also be triggered by pressure. Basically, you're tricking your brain into thinking your eyes are looking at something.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-81534", "score": 0.6981130838394165, "text": "Your brain does interpret specific parts of your retina to be \"up\" and \"down.\" If you could somehow turn your eye around in its socket (you can't) then the image would be upside down. However, much of your sense of which way is up comes from your vestibular sense (essentially some water filled ringed tubes in your inner ear).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-76138", "score": 0.6979313492774963, "text": "O don't think of it at slow motion, I think of it as frames. Every time the light flashes we got a frame that our eye perceives (more flashes per second means a more fluid movement of the object).", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1901086", "score": 0.6977111101150513, "text": "As the title says, there are wavy lines in the sky whenever I look up to them but it completely disappears when I look down or when the sky turns dark at night or from the whether. Any help or advice would be appreciated thanks \n\nWould appreciate it if people would tell me if this is a problem that they are having as we as it reassures me that it is not my monitor at fault here.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-874086", "score": 0.6975019574165344, "text": "Especially on light background, when shifting around the eyes I see these types of things: \n\nOnce seen, they are hard to unsee, and easy to obsess about.\n\nCurious as to how many here can see them at will and how many don't know what the heck I am talking about.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-298", "score": 0.654329240322113, "text": "Way back when there weren't multiple channels whose only purpose was cartoons. There was a MARKET for cartoons, but not a huge market. What day and time are kids most likely to be available year-round to watch things marketed towards them? Saturday mornings. During the week they're in school. Sundays, might have church. Later in the day Saturday, might have family activities. Parents might even try to sneak in a little sleep by sleeping until 8 or 9, and kids might be able to get up early and watch cartoons." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-13947", "score": 0.6205307245254517, "text": "The way it was explained to me is that there's a mentality in the United States, and probably most of the Western world, that most cartoons and comics were originally intended for and targeted towards children (and to a lesser extent, the parents thereof), a mentality that's only recently falling apart. Japan never adopted that mentality, and it's just as legitimate form of storytelling as books or live-action shows and movies.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-90112", "score": 0.6204953789710999, "text": "Japanese culture is extremely different from american culture, so their cartoons don't have the same cultural taboos as American cartoons do. These differences mean that the stories that are told in Japanese animation are drastically different from stories that are told in America. Many Japanese animated shows are explicitly *not* meant for children, including many of the most popular ones. American cartoons have been largely relegated to children's entertainment.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1424698", "score": 0.6203795075416565, "text": "I hear plenty of us 80's kids say that about 90's kids (Saturday morning cartoons, early Nintendo gaming, Nickelodeon etc). What is the pre-1980's version of this?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-198230", "score": 0.6201519966125488, "text": "Further question, could this extend to other cartoons like Charlie Brown, where adults are never shown, let alone given true lines? Does it have something to do with secondary characters in general?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-48233", "score": 0.6176960468292236, "text": "Schulz didn't want to create a cutesy strip that was all rosy and fun, because that's not how life is. Children in particular are mean to each other all the time, and there's no point trying to gloss over that. Charlie Brown is an \"everyman\" character. Anyone who has ever felt disappointed or insecure at some point -- and let's face it, that's most of us -- will identify with him. And it's that identification -- the thing that makes you think, \"Yep -- story of my life\" -- which drives the success of that particular strip.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-105621", "score": 0.6170136332511902, "text": "Basically, more effort was put in. These cartoons used to be a lot more expensive, so you could hire more animators and have them take more time doing things. But this wasn’t sustainable and things had to change. When these cartoons came to tv(something a lot of people are mistaken about is that the old Looney Tunes weren’t tv episodes. They were shorts shown in movie theaters), animators had to come up with a lot of tricks to bring the cost of animation down. Hannah Barbera are (in)famous for a lot of these. They will reuse animation, reuse backgrounds, have cars move off screen and play a crash sound rather than animating a crash. And yes, these cartoons weren’t as good, but animation wouldn’t have survived without these changes. Eventually the techniques were refined(computers helped a lot) but TV animation never really hit the same level as those old shorts. Animated films shown in theaters were able to maintain this level, but they had more money and time to work with.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-27591", "score": 0.6166132092475891, "text": "It's too much work and effort for the artists to draw a new set of clothes every episode. Plus, most cartoon characters are recognised by their clothing and have an \"iconic look\"", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1145403", "score": 0.6164335012435913, "text": "The donut cop characters reminded me a lot of my childhood, as soon as I saw them I had a flashback. But I could not pinpoint where I had seen them. It was either a Saturday morning cartoon, a toy, or possibly even a comic. For the life of me I can't remember and it's bugging me. \n\nAnyone have any similar reaction, or can guess what I'm talking about?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2201282", "score": 0.616263747215271, "text": "The the tone and story of older cartoons was much more \"mature\" and complex. Like the old Powerpuff girls cartoon had an episode in which the girls nearly beat Mojo to death because they were angry, whereas the new ppg cartoon is much more kid-friendly and simple. Same for shows like the new and old Ben 10 and Teen Titans and the difference in art style between the new and old She-Ra.\n\nWhat happened during the years that made cartoons change so much? New rules and regulations?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2808491", "score": 0.6161525845527649, "text": "People think that Always Sunny is satire and that the characters are extreme exaggerations of personality archetypes but in reality they are pretty ordinary people. \n\nSure there's some TV stuff like Charlie biting Santa's neck and not being arrested but for the most part the stuff they say and the stuff they do are things that normal people would say and do. They avoid the politically correct microscope by saying they're satire but really they're just not politically correct and neither are most average people.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-92477", "score": 0.6159975528717041, "text": "Certain cartoons like Peanuts, the Charlie Brown cartoon clearly did this on purpose to show how foreign the world of adults is to children. They even had unintelligible voices when they spoke", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-160300", "score": 0.6158186793327332, "text": "Western cartoons are generally aimed more at children, and anime generally has an older audience. By staying episodic in the kids shows they can just jump in and out of the show whenever, because kids have shorter attention spans. Because anime is geared towards older people, they are able to have story arcs that are very long. There are obviously some shows that don't do that, but in general that's the reasoning", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2716399", "score": 0.6148708462715149, "text": "I'm talking about the ones that the King of Cartoons and Certified Babe Dixie introduce every episode. They look like they are from the 30s or some shit and are about nothing. Are they actually old cartoons or are they something the show makes?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-4669", "score": 0.6147827506065369, "text": "I think it's less that kids 'instinctively' like cartoons, but rather that producers understand what kids will like and cater to that. Cartoons are a big part of that, obviously, but also live action shows like teletubbies, yo gabba gabba, and sesame street, for example.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2201378", "score": 0.6142429709434509, "text": "I honestly don't know why. I'm talking about cartoons that was made in the 70s that is so bizarre and unconventional that you can't help but to not love. Yes include your \"Scrappy Doo\" side kick character as it adds more to the absurdity. I'm talking shows like Laverne &amp; Shirley in the Army, Partridge Family 2200 Ad, The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang, Jose and the Pussycats in outer space, Robot 3 Stooges, Harlem Globetrotters with superpowers etc. I said something about the Fonz cartoon that I made sound normal, while it's not as it's about Fonzy traveling through time with some girl from the future and an anthro cartoon dog. Gilligan's planet is Gilligan's Island crew in space instead of an island. I know these shows are terrible cash grabs to most people and completely cheesy. That is why there a guilty pleasure. There like these weird fan fictions of famous tv shows that got green light for tv. They are always absurd. You can't take them seriously, if you do, you won't like them. The whole extra animal character they add adds to the absurdity. There is Goober and the Ghost Chasers where it's the \"Partrage Kids in a Scooby Doo clone complete with their own dog character. Heck the dog character looks like he listened to too much Bob Marley and became his biggest fan. I don't know why I find good in these I don't know, i'm just a weird guy.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1151314", "score": 0.6142141819000244, "text": "I'm writing a paper on the cultural differences between American cartoons and Japanese anime. It's apparent that Japanese Anime have a much more serious or mature tone compared to American cartoons, at least early on in the history of it, and I'm wondering what the primary reason for that is. \n\nIf this subreddit has any thoughts on the matter I'd love to hear them.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-139616", "score": 0.6107149720191956, "text": "Money and merchandise. You know why a large number of those cartoons existed? To sell action figures, videogames, t-shirts, advertisements etc. Some may have had genuinely passionate teams making them which resulted in a genuinely great show, but that is coincidental to the interests of the corporations who commission them. Old shows don't sell new products, so they're relegated to nostalgia slots for stoners and students.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2178092", "score": 0.6101767420768738, "text": "mine would have to be Saturday morning cartoons, once you get a job and head out on your own and start to party at night, getting up that early just seems like to much work. When I was kid I could do it no problem, and not even care that the sun was not up yet!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-818373", "score": 0.6095074415206909, "text": "I wanted to make cartoons since I was little, and I did for a while- but my main inspiration was Disney so I created characters that were nicey nice. I'm almost afraid to try to make cartoons that push boundaries or are annoying or raunchy, but that is whats funniest! Also, I sit at my laptop, go into flash and start to plan stuff out and I lose steam so quick, especially after I hit a speedbump. I dont know how you guys have the patience to get cartoons done and done well, but I'm envious.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-112414", "score": 0.6083226203918457, "text": "They took inspiration from American animation \\(e.g. Betty Boop inspired the big eyes in Japanese animation\\). Because there never was a moral panic surrounding comic books and cartoons like there was in the US in the 1950s, Japanese animation \\(and comic books that formed the basis for many of them\\) never regressed into \"child\\-friendly\" torpor like in the US. By the time anime started spreading from Japan, there was a robust animation tradition in the country, with adult themes \\(the Japanese public didn't associate cartoons with children's entertainment\\). Japanese animators had learned how to animate a lot on the cheap \\(the distinct anime style means that you can teach a lot of people how to draw the same film\\). In the 80s interest picked up in Japanese culture in general and anime and manga with it. A lot of themes that were rare in US culture was common in anime.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-299", "score": 0.7688227295875549, "text": "CERN is basically trying to find out the origins of our universe and how everything works by using a very large particle accelerator to accelerate particles to 99.99991% the speed of light and have them collide with one another. When these particles collide they break apart and that is when we can see what holds particles together and how things work. Only problem is that there is years of data to go through and experimentally proving everything will take a long time. There is no real threat from this, what you see online is just that, \"conspiracy theories.\" People believing that smashing particles will create a black hole and destroy the world." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2248043", "score": 0.7151376008987427, "text": "I’ve seen a few comments around reddit sort of blaming things on something called CERN.\n\nEx: \n\nWhen I googled it the only thing I got was that it’s the European Organization for Nuclear Research.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-3827", "score": 0.7028066515922546, "text": "What CERN drama? I can find nothing significant about CERN in the news. Are you sure you didn't find a five year old fear-mongering website about how \"oh the LHC will destroy the wooooorrrrlldddd!!!!1!\"", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-144396", "score": 0.6891707181930542, "text": "Why? Because most people are pretty much totally ignorant when it comes to even the most basic science. A lot of people think the Sun goes around the Earth, that the seasons are caused by the Earth being closer or further away from the Sun, etc, etc, etc. Wouldn't expect them to understand science of CERN's level. It's just ramping up the power of its beam that it uses to smash particles. Nothing weird. The Earth gets hit by cosmic rays more powerful and that hasn't opened a portal to hell, created a black hole that swallowed the Earth, etc, etc, etc.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-687840", "score": 0.6880744099617004, "text": "I know it could help discover the Higgs Boson, explaining the reason for mass, but what are some disadvantages with particle accelerators (doesn't matter which ones). Spending 7billion euros on the LHC alone must hinder the country somehow, right? What are other issues that particle accelerators bring about?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2676262", "score": 0.6875905394554138, "text": "I saw this thing on youtube it was on cern by anonymous. Cern is talking like they are creating a universe on top of ours. They know something's going to happen. Is this misdirection? \n\nThey also said it got broken down in 2008. In my reality the cameras are what broke and it wasn't a problem with magnets\n\nEdit. By cameras I mean measuring equipment. Lol", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-276592", "score": 0.6796161532402039, "text": "[This description of the LHC](_URL_0_) from CERN should help get you started.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-98935", "score": 0.6777628064155579, "text": "For the average person... probably fairly little. There's unlikely to be anything hugely interesting in it that CERN haven't already revealed. What CERN have done is taken some old data from some experiments that they've run - they've done all the analysis that they want to do on it, and are now throwing it out there and saying \"your turn!\" CERN themselves suggest that it could be used for \"inspiring high school students to the training of the particle physicists of tomorrow\", so I'd guess that they're rather hoping it'll be picked up from an educational standpoint over and above anything else.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-34020", "score": 0.6758896112442017, "text": "CERN was formed after 12 European countries signed a treaty agreeing to combine their scientific research agencies into a single organization in 1954. They've expanded a lot since then, and many non-European countries, like Russia and Japan, now participate as cooperative observers. Most of their funding comes from governments, the four main donors being Germany, France, the U.K., and Italy. Given that they've played an integral role in the development of the internet, most people are probably in favor of the spending -- although I can't find any solid popularity polls. They've also been at the forefront of subatomic particle research pretty much since they were created, so they've got that going for them as well. Their budget for this year was about 1.2 billion Swiss Franks, or 1.3 billion US dollars. Given the number of participating countries, this isn't a terribly large amount to split.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-250519", "score": 0.6657058596611023, "text": "Well, there are multiple reasons not to be concerned. As has been pointed out, the only theory that predicts the LHC would produce a black hole also predicts that they would radiate away in mere nanoseconds. But of course you could play the \"what if\" game and say \"well, what if they produce the black hole but don't radiate away right away?\" Well, the other reason we don't fear is because the LHC is actually producing lower energy collisions that what happen in the Earth's upper atmosphere all the time. Those haven't caused us problems ever. Of course some people will still ask \"what if...\" even after they hear that, but at this point they are simply taking guesses and are no more scientifically sound than saying \"what if drinking Koolaid resurrects the dead in the future?\"", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-258964", "score": 0.6626328825950623, "text": "This is a complex question because, like the space program, there's a lot of unpredictable bonus technologies that come along as a by product. The world wide web and medical imagining technology owe an awful lot to CERN. Would those have been developed without it in the same time scale? Probably not but it's difficult to prove that.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-5955", "score": 0.6625380516052246, "text": "Think about the difference between the filament of a light bulb being at about 2550 Celsius vs your entire house being that temperature. Obviously that is the difference between business as usual and your entire house burning, melting, and exploding at the same time. That very high temperature at CERN was in a very small area for a very brief period of time. The total amount of energy was fairly small, just very concentrated at that instant.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-264508", "score": 0.6606618762016296, "text": "You can read about the LHC on pages of the CERN website designed for non-scientists. You might want to take a look at [this](_URL_0_) and poke around the site as well. The very simplest idea: The LHC takes two beams of protons, and gets them moving at very very very high speeds. Then the beams are aimed at each other at points; this leads to some collisions of one proton with another. Since *E=mc^(2)*, the kinetic energy (i.e., energy of motion) when there are proton collisions can be converted into the mass (mass corresponds to *rest energy*), leading to the production of new particles. Thus, by studying the results of the collisions, the products of the collision can be identified and studied, including new particles not previously seen or predicted.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-255209", "score": 0.6601093411445618, "text": "It could be quite dangerous, though survivable. An accident happened in 1978 when a Soviet physicist stuck his head in the beam of a particle accelerator. He survived, but was hospitalized for some time. You can read more about it here: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1870977", "score": 0.6583988070487976, "text": "This morning, the Large Hadron Collider]( at [CERN]( started taking data from proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 [TeV]( This is 6.5x higher energy than the LHC was able to achieve a couple years ago (back when they discovered the [Higgs boson, setting a new record for the highest-energy man-made particle collisions.\n\n**sweet video that CERN put together**\n\n----\n\n**Why?**\n\nMuch of our current understanding of the universe is based on the Standard Model of Particle Physics, which is kind of like the periodic table and the laws you learned in chemistry class, except for subatomic physics. The Standard Model explains so much about how our universe works. \n\nBut there are many things we've observed that cannot be completely explained by the Standard Model (dark matter]( [dark energy]( [neutrino masses](#Mass), [Higgs mass stabilization](#Further_theoretical_issues_and_hierarchy_problem), etc.), and there are indications that we're just seeing a subset of a much larger and more general theory. There are many proposals for this more general theory ([various supersymmetric models]( [models with large extra dimensions and thus require more energy to create.\n\nSo we collide protons at very high energy and see what comes out. We can also simulate what should come out if only the Standard Model was true, and then look for discrepancies between the Standard Model and the experimental data. Then, for each of the proposed theories of new physics, we can simulate what should come out and see if that can explain the discrepancies.\n\n**Who?**\n\nAlthough CERN is a strictly European organization, and there are thousands of European scientists and engineers in CERN and all the experimental collaborations, there are also thousands of American, Canadian, Japanese, Korean, etc. physicists working in these collaborations. Basically, it's likely that most of the experimental particle physicists (and their grad students/postdocs) at your university are involved in one of the experimental collaborations and go to CERN every once in a while.\n\n**Are you going to create a black hole or strangelet that will destroy the Earth?**\n\nNope. As high as this collision energy is, all of these collisions are still many orders of magnitude less energetic than the cosmic rays frequently slamming into Earth's atmosphere. If there were any danger in going to higher energies, we wouldn't be here anyway.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-250636", "score": 0.6561753153800964, "text": "> I assume CERN could be considered both a facility and a machine Not really. CERN is an organisation which runs (and is usually synonymous with) the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. It was founded in 1954. Presumably you're conflating CERN with the LHC (built during the 2000s). There are lots of accelerators and detectors at CERN. The LHC isn't even the first accelerator to occupy that 27 km tunnel. CERN uses around 1.3 TWh annually, of which about 70% goes to the LHC and its detectors _URL_2_ _URL_3_ This is a factor of ten less than the smelter in [this comment](/r/askscience/comments/3cs1as/-/csygsv4)", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2265186", "score": 0.6534610390663147, "text": "Hello ! I was talking with a friend and we don't remember the real reason why they hacked CERN, my friend think that it was for additionnal data but it seem really risky for something like that while I think that it was neccesary for them to use CERN technology for one of their project (most likely the key for the time leapt machine that olabe used over and over)\n\nPlease don't spoil SG0 since I am waiting for the entire anime to be released to binge it.\n\nThank you !", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-236372", "score": 0.6529907584190369, "text": "[CERN's web site](_URL_0_) has a pretty good page describing their power usage. CERN uses 1.3 terawatt hours of electricity annually. That’s enough power to fuel 300,000 homes for a year in the United Kingdom. They're connected to 2 substations, one on the Swiss side ,and one on the French side. They're mainly using the French substation, and keep the Swiss one for backup. They also schedule their tests so they use less power during winter months to avoid overloading the grid.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-272595", "score": 0.6515927910804749, "text": "It's called a particle accelerator, and no, with any kind of macro-mass of the \"particle\", it breaks containment pretty quickly. And by breaks containment, I mean blows a big hole in the side of the thing. Even using protons or electrons, breaking containment of the beam cuts steel and concrete and makes it radioactive.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-177506", "score": 0.6492967009544373, "text": "Makes two tiny dots hit each other very very quickly in the name of science. Comes with a slight risk of creating a mini black hole if not done right. Side note: I think there was a scientist who stuck their head into a collider or some giant hollow conduit or something, and got blasted with a ton of radiation. I'll look it up and come back with an edit. Edit: His name was Anatoli Bugorski. And it was in a particle accelerator. Edit 2: Changed LHC to particle accelerator in the initial edit. Thank you kind soul for pointing that out.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2677222", "score": 0.6487903594970703, "text": "I've heard that CERN has been able to generate small emounts of antimatter. With a large enough super collider, could one (hypothetically) generate enough power to power, say, a city?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-300", "score": 0.6491613984107971, "text": "It's largely a US thing, and only in some states which consider mortgages to be a \"non-recourse debt\". The debt is secured on the property, but the borrower isn't personally liable for the debt beyond that security. If foreclosing and selling the property doesn't cover the full debt then the lender can't pursue the borrower further." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-385063", "score": 0.6166987419128418, "text": "So we called and asked them how we could resolve this, and they said we could pay it all off at once, a 6 month payment plan, or a 2 year payment plan, each one more expensive.\n\nSo they sent us a \"Stipulation of Judgement or Dismissal\" document, which basically states that we forfeit all rights, they can accelerate at any time without notice, and that we have absolutely no recourse for action if they screw up.\n\nCall me crazy, but I'm not so sure I should be signing this document; it seems very one sided. My question is:\n\nIf we take it to a lawyer and get it rewritten, will they accept our counter offer? Do they negotiate like that? Or is this standard collection practice and if you get yourself in this situation you should just prepare to bend over and take it up the kiester?\n\nTIA", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1579577", "score": 0.6166905164718628, "text": "Thanks in advance for any advice or thoughts guys, I’m going to try and keep this as honest as possible but want to avoid anything identifiable just in case. So I’ll lay down the dot points.\n\n- family member needed money when I was young and had just lost a parent and got an inheritance. \n\n- I offered a loan of money\n\n- The exchange would involve me owning the percentage of that value of a property family member owned\n\n- it was agreed by stat dec only and had wording to the effect: “at any given time in the future x% of property will belong to” etc etc but did not state that I could force the sale \n\n- family member then won’t pay back the money, saying it isn’t an option\n\n- family member then buys a franchise, a cruise, overseas trips, new cars, all whilst I work several jobs to stay afloat\n\n- I now have young children and ask again\n\n- Says can’t afford it, but will retire mid-year and says “I can pay you off in full.”\n\n- I ask how family member will get the property valued to figure out the % value, as I’m concerned will try to only pay what I originally paid\n\n- no reply\n\n- since then, another cruise. \n\n- I already have a caveat but given it’s based on a stat dec I don’t know if it even holds water\n\n\nSo, what can I do? I don’t want to screw anyone out of anything, I just want my money so I can look after my family. But I can’t afford to pay a solicitor if it’s going to mess up what’s left of my living family and cost me money for no benefit. I just can’t trust the family member to pay it back with all the selfishness and lies. \nAny thoughts?\n\nEdit point: it has been 11 years", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1732113", "score": 0.6166704297065735, "text": "I'm considering a hard money loan for a property with some issues. (1) Permit noncompliance. (2) Neighbor's house built such that it encroaches on subject property. These issues are challenging but solvable.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nClearly one exit strategy is just to sell it when the hard money loan is due.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nWhat about if I wanted to convert it to a regular bank loan when the hard money loan is due? Is it true that each and every thing on the following list typically need to be solved in order to qualify for a regular loan?\n\n1) There must be a clean title with no issues (such as neighbor's encroachment).\n\n2) There must be no permit violations\n\n3) It must be making income, with tenants in there for some length of time.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI'm pretty sure 1 is required, but is 2 always required? Is 3 required or helpful?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-578960", "score": 0.616622805595398, "text": "I'm sorry if this is the wrong sub as I wasn't sure if I should post it in a finance subreddit. I'm also sorry for the post length and all over the place writing. I work overnight and just got off my shift. TL;DR at the bottom.\n\nMy mom is not very good at keeping jobs especially in recent years. She's had two mental breakdowns, actual medical conditions, and has been at times generally irresponsible. These three things have all lost her a job at some point though I will be fair and say that she has also been fired over BS stuff a couple of times. Suffice to say, income has not always been stable.\n\nWe bought this house around 2008. I don't believe my grandparents cosigned on it back then, but as a 12/13 year old I did not our financial situation outside of it wasn't great and it was good to know that we weren't going to moving out after a few months for the 11th time. At some point, my mom refinanced the house and used my grandparents' house as collateral and had them cosign.\n\nI'm fuzzy on the middle, but in 2015 my mother started working a part time over night job which sometimes gave full time hours and made okay money. I think it was around $10/hour. I was also working during this time to make ends meet. It was somewhere maybe slightly before or during this time she had her first mental breakdown and began to live with my grandparents. There was a time where she came back for a month but found her way back to living with my grandparents. Somewhere along here, she convince me to take out a student loan to pay bills which I still haven't been able to pay off.\n\nI was finally able to convince her to find another job that was full time at the beginning of 2018, and she eventually found a receptionist job at a meat processing facility. I joined on later in September as one of the production crew but ended up only working one day as I found a better job. I believe this upset the manager there as shortly after my mom was fired for what sounded like a BS reason. She has been unemployed since.\n\nMy grandma was diagnosed in November with lung cancer. Stage 3, I think. This obviously put a stress on our whole family and finances with all the long drives, hospital stays, doctor visits, and prescriptions. My mom has been probably the most supportive person in our family and has given my grandma rides and stayed with her in the hospital when my grandpa could not.\n\nThis past December, our oldest cat passed away after 3 days at the vet. We couldn't pay the bill right away and the only way to get a payment plan was through a credit card associated with the vet which my mom's credit score prevented her from getting. It is in my name and we are slowly paying it off.\n\nWednesday, she texted me to ask me to take the loan under my name and other money problems. I have been helping her pay bills including the house load as she does not get enough money from unemployment to cover everything. Plus, I still live in the house and would like use of the water and electricity.\n\nI don't like the person that my mom is. She is a liar, hoarder, chronic work avoid-er, and selfish. But she can be kind and has other good traits that my current frustration prevents me from thinking of. Most of all, shes my mother and I do love her. I don't know whether I should do this or not. I feel guilty for getting for getting her fired. I don't want my barely started life crushed from more of her debt, but I also don't want to ruin her or my grandparents. I almost feel like I'd rather sell the house than take on that debt, but that would displace my sibling.\n\nShould I sign for the loan?\n\nTL;DR: My not so grown up mom wants me to sign for our house's loan because she has bad credit, is unemployed, and my grandma's (who also signed the loan) cancer is putting strain on finances. Should I put the loan in my name or is this just a really bad idea?\n\nThanks for reading and for any advice you can give.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1063593", "score": 0.6165441274642944, "text": "So I inherited a house with my dad 6 years ago from my grandmother(its completely paid off). I've been living there since, but as things progress in my life and I don't picture having a family in that house for various reasons - I'd like to move to a different area. \n\nIdeally I'd like to rend the house out(I know if I sell it in 10-20 years I'd regret it when any refi is paid off and I'd have that extra income), but I would need to remodel it which would require a cash out refi. I would also use part of this to consolidate my student loans so overall I'd have a lower monthly payment of debt then what I currently have.\n\nMy main questions are:\n\nIs there a service I could use to determine if I'd have good odds of renting out my house and how much I can expect given the area I live in?\n\nIf I do the cash out refi, how hard would it be to get another mortgage on a house within 6-12 months(the down payment wouldn't be an issue)? THIS mortgage would be not just in my name, but my wife's as well. The refi would just be in my name.\n\nAre there any other options I can/should consider?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1164857", "score": 0.6165288090705872, "text": "Basically, I took out student loans to the tune of$60,000 for my undergraduate degree. I graduated in the middle of the recession and was not able to keep up with payments, even though I had two jobs (bartending at a country club and working at a show stable). \n\nI ended up getting a decent job, where I was able to maintain my bills for a good year+. When that project ended, I moved 12 hours from family and a fiancé for a job where I made slightly less, was responsible 100% for all bills by myself for the first time, and realized I was struggling a bit too late. \n\nAside from that, I was basically just a lazy fuck with finances. For instance, I moved from a house, turned off all electric and gas, and I thought all other bills to the house. Nope. I forgot cable. Six months later, I'm hit with a $500 bill, which could have all been avoided if I would have had a forwarding address but I was living in a hotel for 2 months with my transfer. \n\nI need help. I have desperately been paying bills, paying extra, etc to help reduce my debt. I paid $10,000 on my student loans at the end of last year by cashing out company stocks. I have my savings building every month, with a separate account that I don't have a debit card or checkbook for. In an emergency, I can have the funds transferred, but I haven't done that yet. I have a 401K, but I really want to be contributing more, which is what I was looking at last year when I made the choice that I wanted to hit my student loans hard for the next few years.\n\nWhat can I do? For instance, on the cable bill, can I call them up, tell them what happened and with the fact that I paid on time every single month (never a day late in two years and two months), would the do some type of credit forgiveness? I know that's only one hit, but that would be one less thing bringing me down, and several months closer to having a good credit score.\n\nRight now, my credit score is poor. Would anyone recommend a small personal loan ($500 or $1000, which would go to the student loans of course)? Or is that the wrong thing to do? \n\nI'd like to get a subsidized credit card, but I'm too scared to apply, because I don't even know if I'm good enough for that. I can take insults, and shame-on-you's, I just need motivation, direction, and help. My parents filed for bankruptcy twice, even though my step-dad has a very lucrative business. I wish I would have learned from their mistakes, but I just didn't.\n\n*Edit* A word", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1580831", "score": 0.6165071129798889, "text": "I recently turned 38. Prior my divorce two years ago, I agonized deciding whether or not to sell my house. I decided to sell and finalize the divorce shortly thereafter.\n\nHowever, six months after the house was sold, due to a combination of my realtor severely underselling my house and suddenly skyrocket property values in the area, I realized the value of the house was actually almost double what it was sold for.\n\nThat value represents all the money I've ever managed to save during my adult life (20 years) times two--or forty years' worth of savings.\n\nAs much as I may try, it is hard not to think about the obscene amount of money it cost me. If I hadn't made that decision, I would have been on the fast track to true financial independence--the dream that kept me alive for years. That dream is no longer possible, at least not until I'm very old.\n\nMy head spins thinking about the realtor who just wanted a quick buck and the buyers who dragged out the sale, not really being able to afford it, dragging out my divorce along with it.\n\nI talked to a therapist who recommended buying a cheaper house so that I could at least get closer to my goal of financial independence. I made offers on five houses, all of which ended up having multiple offers, and I was outbid on them all. Now I'm looking at building a small, affordable house--one that will be half the size, in a worse area, yet more expensive than my old house--and that's still looking like my best option.\n\nThe one thing that would make this better is getting the money back. I can't sue. I signed the papers to sell my house. I dug my own grave, and that's what kills me the most.\n\nI know not everyone can afford a house at all. I've since learned about \"wealth shock\"; one component of the theory suggests that losing a large sum of money is at least as bad as not having had it at all.\n\nI thought perhaps new relationships might put all of that out of my mind, but those haven't gone well, either. The few friends I managed to make recently moved away. I tried dating, but those didn't turn out well; a couple seemed disappointed when they realized I didn't have a house.\n\nI know I'm supposed to \"move forward.\" That doesn't change the circumstances. When I was in my twenties, I coped with my anxiety by telling myself I would be soon financially free. I actually had that achievement in my grasp, and now it's gone--at least not many years from now, when I'll be old anyway. And it's because of a decision I made myself.\n\nI know I shouldn't ruminate on the past, which is why I'm focusing on the tangible: What should I do? Should I live cheap and try to get closer to that now much-harder-to-reach goal of financial independence, or should I try to re-establish my old lifestyle, knowing that I'll be working for the rest of my life?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1580623", "score": 0.6165016293525696, "text": "mom is getting old, trying to think of what to do with the house. i rent an apt right now, no family of my own. \n\nive thought of renting it out, any other ideas? \n\nthe house is paid off", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-35637", "score": 0.6164944171905518, "text": "Companies \"pre qualify\" people with decent credit ratings for consolidation loans. Better credit means you would be less of a risk to loan to. But in order to remove as much risk as possible, a borrower needs to have a good income to debt ratio. If your ratio is too high, its too risky to loan a large amount of money because the risk of default is high. Also, if its an unsolicited offer, it could be a scam. Might want to monitor your credit and accounts for a bit.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1705787", "score": 0.6164899468421936, "text": "I have a USDA loan designed for Rural areas allowing 0 down. I am now upside down roughly 25% with a 6% interest rate. I keep being told I can not do a streamline Refi. Ideas?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2224955", "score": 0.6163795590400696, "text": "I met this person and he showed me places I could rent to. I willingly gave away my ssn, date of birth and name to him. I never saw the place and the paper he gave me does not look like the apartment I was even considering. \n\nI just called Experience and put a fraud alert where they supposedly will call my cell phone if someone tries to open a line of credit but it is no guarantee the lender will do that. \n\nShould just consider locking my credit completely? Aside from needing a new place to rent... I dont need to open any new credit. Or should I instead think of a credit monitoring service? Or what would you recommend I do?\n\nI will be going back to his office tomorrow and asking to see his business information to see if he is on the up and up. What should I ask to see?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1581427", "score": 0.6163404583930969, "text": "I live in Ohio\n\nI bought a condo for my mother when my brother passed away. I paid for the whole thing cash with the money from life insurance. My mother wanted me to put it in my name because she doesn't have the best health.\n\nI don't really talk to her because we don't get along. She is crazy and a drug addict. But after my brother passed I felt bad and she was couch surfing so I decided to help.\n\nShe informed me a couple of days ago that the condo was going up for a sheriffs sale because she hasn't paid her HOA fees since September and has had multiple police calls for various reasons.\n\nThe lawyer told me they sent any info about what was going on to the condo even though they know I don't live there. On the last citation from the sheriff it listed that me and my spouse were in a domestic dispute. I don't live there and I'm not married so I don't see how they even have terms to do this.\n\nThe sale is on the 13th and I tried to stop it but it is to late for a hearing.\n\nI don't care about losing the condo at this point I'm done helping her with anything but I don't want to have a foreclosure on my credit", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1066276", "score": 0.6163368821144104, "text": "Im 30 years old with a 15 year fixed rate loan on my house at 3.5% (11.6 years left). I currently owe 104k in principal. \n\nZillow estimates my house is 213k. I seen a very similar house down the street with less square footage than mine sell for 270k 2 years ago, and prices have only risen since. \n\nMy kitchen is very outdated and kind of beat up. as well as 2 of my 3 bathrooms. (i remodeled one of my bathrooms during quarantine myself) \n\nI was thinking about performing a cash out refinance and dumping about 50k into the property. I suspect that if I performed the following I could get a potential 300k appraisal for the property:\n\n* Remodeled kitchen\n* Remodel the 2 bathrooms\n* Touching up the hardwood floors\n* painting the whole house\n\nI added a very nice stamped concrete patio to the backyard a couple years ago. I love this house, but i highly dislike the fact that it has a boiler system instead of central air. This makes the summer times annoying as i have to have a dedicated ac unit in each room (already installed). I had 2 companies quote installing the ductwork for a central air system and furnace but it did not seem like practical investment. \n\nI make about 100k a year, have 120k in my 401k. Have about 10k in savings tied up in stocks, and about 7k in credit card debt. \n\nThe credit card debt is from yoloing a skin reduction surgery after massive weight loss (no regrets). I have been paying this down rapidly and expect to have the credit card debt paid off by the end of the year, at which point i will be debt free minus what i owe on the house. \n\nI was contemplating doing the BRRRR real estate investment strategy from youtubers i have seen online. Is this actually practical given my circumstances? I would like to someday build my forever home from the ground up but am willing to grind a couple investment properties along the way.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2805589", "score": 0.6163216233253479, "text": "Working on F1 OPT in the US, have EAD valid for 1 year. Total debt back home is of $40k with 14% compound interest. SoFi is pre-approving a personal loan at Term 5-year Fixed Monthly Payment $766.36 Rate 5.625%. I do not plan to keep it for 5 yr. I have enough income to clear the loan in 1.5 yr max. Should I go for it ? They may do a hard pull on my credit for actual approval. Should I take the chance? Major reason to clear of loan back home is 1. Bank policies not flexible with respect to larger payments and early total payment 2. Cosigner back home will get free of the obligation 3. If I am in the US, I can handle it better locally in regards to communication 4. I feel process/service of SoFi will be definitely better than my bank 5. It will reflect positive on my credit report that I could take a loan on big amount and actually pay it off. Please comment/suggest/warn. I can really use some help. This is first time I am attempting something like this.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2116902", "score": 0.6163128018379211, "text": "So I started university this September and while I was there I had some issues with Student finance and around October time I was notified by student finance that they could not pay for my Tuition loan which meant that I had to drop out for the year\n\nThe issue I’m having right now is that I signed a contract to live in a house with an Agency but since I have no money to pay for the remainder of the contract and I’m not allowed to leave what can I do? I’m not a student anymore and have no way to pay for it and my parents are not well off enough to pay anything so is there no way legally to break contract?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2142574", "score": 0.6162821054458618, "text": "To give some reference.... \nI had a loan for 7k and was making multiple payments and giving that company everything I could. I didn't make much but I paid it off. Each time when I would do 500 or 1k or something big. I'd treat myself. \nOr for mandatory expenses... Or bills... If you make large payments and you feel like nothing was accomplished so you get that coffee or treat you wouldn't normally do... Because you paid a large chunk of money somewhere else and don't feel like it amounted to anything....", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-809653", "score": 0.6162667870521545, "text": "I just found out my mother has put the family home up for sale. This won't affect me directly as I have my own home but it will affect my inheritance. She has a gambling problem and is 1. Going to sell the house just as we enter a potential crash and 2. Will more than likely piss away that money leaving me to pick up the pieces once again. \n\nIs there any way to contest a sale of a home?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1064884", "score": 0.6162588596343994, "text": "I thought the lender was required to remove PMI below 78% LTV per the Homeowners Protection Act. Bank wants me to pay $150 for a broker price opinion to have it removed. \n\n77.5% is LTV to original sales price\nNo missed payments\nLoan is 4.5 years old and estimated LTV of todays value is 70%\nI understand they want to ensure my home has not plummeted in value, but that should be their concern to investigate it with a BPO.\n\nIt’s only $150, but I don’t feel I should be required to pay and use their service for a BPO.\n\nThoughts?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1582054", "score": 0.6162554621696472, "text": "Long story short...\n\nLoaned my father in law $25,000 in December of 2017 for him and his fiancée to buy a new home. The agreement was that we would live rent free in his old house for 3 months and that he would pay us back $23,000 no later than April 15th. This was all confirmed and agreed to via text messages so we have proof that he agreed to that.\n\nWell, we found out today there is extremely little chance that he will be paying me back on time. \n\nMy question is, because it wasn’t discussed previously what would happen if the loan wasn’t paid back on time what options do I have to charge interest or at least provide an extra push for him to get on top of getting me my money back?\n\nAny advice is much appreciated, thanks.\n\nEdit: Located in New Mexico", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-76293", "score": 0.6162290573120117, "text": "A bank gives you money to buy real estate. You then agree to pay the bank back over a predetermined amount of time, usually 5, 15, or 30 years at a fixed rate of interest. While you technically own the house, the bank can take ownership of the house (foreclosure) if you stop paying.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-301", "score": 0.7379323244094849, "text": "Human females can't produce the same quantities of milk that female cows can. It wouldn't be very profitable. Plus, notice that we mostly drink milk that comes from animals that like to graze on grass, like cows, goat, and sheep. Humans eat a lot of junk food and other stuff that doesn't make for very good tasting milk." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-271676", "score": 0.6981636881828308, "text": "Where does milk come from? And I don't mean anatomically, when and where did humans start drinking milk?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-91026", "score": 0.6977220773696899, "text": "You can of course realise that \"sucking on the underside of a cow\" is probably the dumbest possible way it happened. After all, what do we drink when we're infants if not milk? And, of course, human curiosity will find out our milk is actually tasty. So you start trying the milk of other animals, preferably docile, and find out hey, this milk is pretty cool, and there's just loads of it. As for where to find it, you only need to look at what seems brimming with liquid, and being sucked on by baby cows. As to how we got to cows, I do imagine we would breed them or just live closeby to them for their copious amounts of meat and docile nature, leading to a very easy to procure food source. As for a more scientific answer, have a look: _URL_0_. I guess since it happened such a long time ago, we don't really know what our interaction to these animals was like.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-150713", "score": 0.6974957585334778, "text": "Babies get milk from their mothers. Humans (even ancient ones) weren't stupid. They could see that baby cows pretty much do the same thing with their mothers.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-62608", "score": 0.6967582106590271, "text": "We don't have to. We started doing it because it helps digestion, kills harmful bacteria and aided in long term storage. The middle point, killing bacteria is why most humans can never go back to eating raw meat. Much like raw milk, both contain bacteria that when ingested at a young age, we can create an immunity to, meaning we can continue to do so later in life. Since most of us only ever eat cooked meat and treated milk, we never build the antibodies to fight the bacteria, meaning if we ate or drank truly raw meat or milk, we'd get sick, possibly die.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-85420", "score": 0.6966902017593384, "text": "They are all undesirable. In general cow's milk is not a perfect food for human adults, though the dairy industry would like you to think it is.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2009636", "score": 0.696671724319458, "text": "Humans, like the holy cows that give us our bone sustaining juice, are able to produce milk too. Does this mean that babies know something that we do not? Please enter your opinions in the comments, ONLY THE STRONG BONED MAY ANSWER.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-52957", "score": 0.6958074569702148, "text": "To answer this question simply: No, we don't need milk. There are plenty of other ways to receive the nutrients that it provides. So many families buy milk because a lot of convenience foods require it, like oatmeal, boxed macaroni and cheese, boxed muffin mixes, cereal, etc. Also, if you live in the United States, then the dairy industry has huge lobbying power in Washington DC. So there is a strong push for dairy products whether it be through advertising or in schools or anywhere. The dairy industry wants you to believe that cow's milk is an extremely important part of your diet, when in reality it doesn't have to be.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-287097", "score": 0.6947799324989319, "text": "Differences in digestion, and in nutritional needs. Humans are biologically omnivores. We can eat a huge variety of foods without problems and we are healthiest on a varied diet. Cows are specialized to eat grass, which we can't digest well enough to use as food. But that specialization means they have to eat grass, or at least something similar to grass. On the other side from cows would be animals like house cats. They are specialized to thrive on a diet that's almost entirely meat and will die on a vegetarian diet. From their teeth to their stomach, to their digestive enzymes, to their intestines, to their nutritional needs, cats and cows are suited to eat their specific diets, and thrive on them. And feeding them a diet they aren't suited for causes problems from weakened immune system to organ failure. Humans though can thrive on diets of mostly meat, and diets of mostly plants, and all kinds of diets in between.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-838425", "score": 0.6938620805740356, "text": "It seems to be a popular myth that cows produce milk their entire lives, and need to be constantly milked or else they become uncomfortable.\nThe truth is, cows are mammals - which means they only produce milk after giving birth so that they can feed their child. \n\nUnfortunately this means that on dairy farms, the calf has to be taken from the mother right after birth so that humans can take the mother's milk instead. If female, the calf is raised to have the same job as its mother: be continuously impregnated for milk. If male, the calf is put in an isolation crate and killed for veal.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-79864", "score": 0.6925055980682373, "text": "They're both right to a certain degree. Most mammals stop being lactose-tolerant shortly after they start eating other food. And indeed, most humans do too. Lactose *tolerance* is mostly prevalent in people of European origin. As it turns out, milk is a good source of calcium, which is hard to get from other sources. So for those who can drink milk, it is encouraged.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-37576", "score": 0.6916775703430176, "text": "That doesn't seem very energy-efficient - you first have to feed woman some food, and then get some of it back as milk. It's much easier with cows - they eat grass which is very easy to grow, and that we (humans) don't really like (beacause our digestive tract is not really suited for gras). Energy efficiency aside, I can see human milk being used as a delicacy, but then you have to find a willing female to donor you milk, which would probably be tricky and make human milk an rather an expenisive food.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-318671", "score": 0.6910757422447205, "text": "I just want to point out that the argument that \"Humans are the only animals that drink milk from other species, so it must be bad\" is a logical fallacy, [Appeal to Nature](_URL_0_). Humans are also one of the only species that cooks food, thinks murder is bad, condemns rape, etc. So that's a bad argument against drinking milk from a philosophical standpoint.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-7838", "score": 0.6889283061027527, "text": "> I've been seeing a lot more evidence that humans are not designed to continue to drink milk after infancy. And yet here we are, drinking milk, as impossible as a bumblebee's flight. Don't pay too much attention to this \"evidence\". It is true that *most* mammals stop being able to process lactose after infancy, but for the large majority of people of European descent that is not the case. Unless you yourself are actually lactose intolerant, this argument carries no weight. As to the other concerns, you can certainly look for products that are organic/non-GMO. Cows produce milk and *must* be milked, so as long as that is done humanely I don't see a moral issue there.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-182982", "score": 0.6877148151397705, "text": "Because they dont just switch overnight. Any mammal who drinks milk as a baby is slowly introduced to other foods over time. That’s why it’s called weaning. They still drink milk, just less and less. Eventually they stop drinking their mothers milk and eat strictly whatever else that species eats.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-30443", "score": 0.6861670017242432, "text": "It became the cultural norm when it filled an important societal need and now it is just accepted because it is normal. The need: People can't eat grass. Large parts of the world grow almost exclusively grass. Cows can eat grass. If you eat the cow, you no longer have a cow. Also, milk can be converted to cheese, which keeps well, while meat rots unless you salt it, which is expensive when you are living primitively on the prairie. So you drink the milk. Cows are a technology we use to convert grass into food.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-192075", "score": 0.6856192946434021, "text": "Technically milk from any mammal is not the same for any mammal, as cow and goat milk is not enough to sustain a newborn baby. I believe it varies between humans and animals. Human breastmilk is designed for humans and humans alone. Maybe animal milk is more universal and made up of the same basic proteins so that animal species can adapt fairly well without a nutritional loss. I imagine the amount of time dependent on milk is also a factor, as animals are eating solids within a few weeks to months, whereas humans need breastmilk for the first year and do not rely on solids until after that.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-190227", "score": 0.6834465265274048, "text": "Firstly, it just doiesn't taste very good. Pig's milk is watery, and quite gamey. The real reason though is that pigs simply don't produce very much milk, and don't like being milked. Cows have been domesticated for thousands of years, and selectively bred for milk production and docility. Pigs, on the other hand, will put up a hell of a fight.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-98744", "score": 0.6808435320854187, "text": "It was probably someone with a dead wife and a young baby to feed. Humans are unique in creation for drinking another animal's milk. But we're also unique in not eating the placenta at birth and using iphones. In many ways we're a special case.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-32925", "score": 0.6803652048110962, "text": "There was a genetic mutation about 8,000 years ago that allowed humans to keep consuming milk into adulthood. It made the domestication of dairy cows possible, and made the populations who had the mutation a *lot* more survivable in harsh climates. Later, into modern times, that mutation led to a lot of very delicious cuisine options (everybody loves pizza), and people who can't digest dairy products straight up still have ways to eat them through various ways like lactose-free milk and digestive aids.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-321852", "score": 0.6797518730163574, "text": "Aside from a few rare instances where a baby mammal happens to get adopted by a mother of a different species, humans are the only ones to do this. To drink the milk of another species, you need to engage in the very complex behavior of capturing mammal species, holding them in captivity and feeding them until they produce offspring, and then milking them. This sort of thing wasn't even seen in _humans_ until after the advent of agriculture. Alternatively, it would be possible for a species to somehow sneak its offspring into the care of another species of mammal, the way cuckoos and cowbirds sneak their eggs into the nests of other birds. But no mammal species actually does this.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-302", "score": 0.6545795202255249, "text": "Silicon is the other element other than carbon that would form long complicated bonds that life could evolve around. Though it is almost certain that another life form would be carbon based this gives a way of creating a \"totally new life form\"." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-11937", "score": 0.6217724680900574, "text": "I think the term *unnatural* is a description of something that would not occur in nature if it were not from human intervention. I understand that we (humans) are also natural and perhaps you could argue that technology is just a *natural* process in our evolution therefore nothing is unnatural. However, we tend to think of ourselves as above nature for the purpose of the word 'unnatural'. The reason we think ourselves above nature may be because we are so much more consciously evolved from every other animal. With that said, plastic is unlikely to occur in nature, so it would be a man-made, unnatural thing.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-102310", "score": 0.6217360496520996, "text": "It's because life on Earth is dependent upon it. Plus it is one of the only known substances that can be a solid, liquid, and gas within a narrow temperature range, something that is vital to life on Earth. Water is also really great at dissolving stuff.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1171293", "score": 0.621726930141449, "text": "So, I've noticed that 9S calls the hostiles \"machine lifeforms\". I may be wrong, but I think that a lifeform is usually organic in nature, isn't it? \nHere's the video with a timestamp. It's at 6:35. ", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-172352", "score": 0.6217242479324341, "text": "The blue colour is largely due to an anti-reflective coating that helps improve the absorbing capacity and efficiency of the solar panels. Silicon is used in solar panels partly due to its ability to absorb most wavelengths of light and produce an electric charge, and partly because we can commercially produce near-perfect crystals of it at a relatively low price.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-170364", "score": 0.6217203140258789, "text": "Those plastics (and modern ones) are made with anti-combustable materials. Over time and being exposed to UV light, those chemicals leech and coalesce at the surface of the plastic. Some computer parts also emit Ozone, with degrades to Oxygen, both of which are corrosive. Given enough time and exposure to these things, those plastics will turn yellow, then brown, and also become brittle. All colors of plastic with be affected, but it's on white and tan that they are most noticeable.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-41265", "score": 0.6216797232627869, "text": "Remember how in the beginning the hominid things touched the monolith and suddenly understood that they could use tools? Aliens left that there to help intelligent life develop on Earth. They left a similar one far out in the solar system so when we were ready we would be able to find it. The weird baby thing is the next stage of mankind; as different from us as we are from chimps.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-418122", "score": 0.6216530799865723, "text": "\"One of the science fiction fantasies that haunts the collective unconscious is expressed in the phrase \"a world run by machines.\" \n\nIn the 1950s this was first articulated in the notion, \"perhaps the future will be a terrible place where the world is run by machines.\" \n\nWell now, let's think about machines for a moment. They are extremely impartial, very predictable, not subject to moral suasion, value neutral, and very long-lived in their functioning. \n\nNow let's think about what machines are made of, in the light of Sheldrake's morphogenetic field theory. Machines are made of metal, glass, gold, silicon, plastic -- they are made of what the earth is made of. \n\nNow wouldn't it be strange if biology is a way for the earth to alchemically transform itself into a self-reflecting thing. In which case then, what we're headed for inevitably, what we are in fact creating, is a world run by machines. \n\nAnd once these machines are in place, they can be expected to manage our economies, languages, social aspirations, and so forth, in such a way that we stop killing each other, stop starving each other, stop destroying land, and so forth. \n\nActually, the fear of being ruled by machines is the male ego's fear of relinquishing control of the planet to the maternal matrix of Gaia. Ha. That's it. Just a thought.\" - TK", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-180413", "score": 0.6216124296188354, "text": "That silicon (along with some other stuff) is shaped into transistors. Transistors are essentially switches with no moving parts that run entirely on electricity. By organizing switches in complicated patterns you can construct engines capable of handling logical statements and doing arithmetic. You can google things like [logic gates](_URL_0_) and [adders](_URL_1_) to see (relatively) simple examples of this. You could theoretically accomplish the same things with comparatively giant mechanical switches (in fact, this is how some of the very earliest computers worked).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-106809", "score": 0.621525228023529, "text": "There's a couple reasons, [I think this page has a pretty good rundown of several of them for the Cassini camera in particular.](_URL_0_) In a nutshell: it takes a long time to develop a probe from design all the way through launch, so its electronics will always be a bit out of date by the time they fly. The camera has to survive some really extreme conditions in space, for many years, with no maintenance. Deep space probes to distant planets tend to have low bandwidth because the radio signal is so weak at that range, so they need to be very efficient with data. Consumer-grade cameras actually have designed-in \"cheats\" to easily take good looking pictures for the human eye under Earth lighting conditions, but taking scientific pictures in deep space means designing for different lighting, filters, and sensitivities.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-152062", "score": 0.6215090751647949, "text": "ELI5: They have proteins in them that fluoresce with UV light. For more detailed explanation _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-293914", "score": 0.6214514970779419, "text": "Crystalline silicon isn't perfectly rigid; it has a stiffness of about 160 GPa (depending on the direction). Can you be more specific? Are you asking about stiffness, strength, or brittleness, for example?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-183099", "score": 0.6213958263397217, "text": "Mostly because an electron microscope has to operate in a vacuum. Living cells don't care much for those. & #x200B; Also, sometimes what you're looking at under a scanning electron microscope has to be covered with a very very very very thin layer of a metal (known as sputter coating) to make the image come out better, and that would definitely be counter productive to life. & #x200B;", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1657709", "score": 0.6213948726654053, "text": "Or some other durable material? Making them require air under pressure seems like they're more prone to failure than some sort of engineered solid material. What's the reasoning behind the current design?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-222472", "score": 0.6213668584823608, "text": "Rubber was already a widely circulated material in common use since the Dutch landed in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies). For the use of plastics in mass production like the famous bakerlite telephones, you have to look into the industry of production of 'durable goods'. By and large, they were widely adopted as they filled a niche that industrial engineers at the time sorely needed. Wood was not precise enough and metal was expensive. Suddenly you have these synthetic materials you could make into all sorts of shapes and sizes and COLOURS. Colours was a bit thing - previously you had paints and powder coating, but now you could have bright vibrant colours in your product that you didn't have to send off to the painters. Nifty for the engineers!", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-774287", "score": 0.6213262677192688, "text": "* **IT'S ALIVE... OH, DEAR.:** Alien]( \\- Alien creature wreaks havoc on the crew of a space ship/station. The two films almost exclusively take place in the cramped space of their craft.\n* **BROLY:** Dragon Ball Z: Broly - The Legendary Super Saiyan]( Ball Super: Broly\n* **TWO MINDS, ONE BODY:** Venom](\n* **ANTI-HERO ORIGINS:** Catwoman](\n* **DEADLIEST OF SPECIES:** Alien](\n* **GAMING GONE WRONG:** Gamer]( Call Up]( Player One\n* **KAAAAAAAAHN!:** Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn]( Trek: Into Darkness\n* **MONSTERS IN NEW YORK:** Godzilla ‘98]( Kong '05](\n* **MAN VS. MACHINE:** The Terminator](\n* **GET TACTICAL MARINES!:** Predator](\n* **Author! Author!:** Mary Shelley's Frankenstein]( Stoker's Dracula\n* **Monster Maker:** Frankenstein]( Frankenstein\n* **CAMEROOOOOOON IIIIIN SPAAAAACE!:** Aliens](\n* **ADMIRABLE PURITY:** Alien]( Thing '82\n* **THE BRITISH INVASION:** Paul]( World's End]( the Block\n* **THERE'S SOMETHING IN THE MIST!:** The Fog '05]( Mist\n* **THE COUNTESS OF ABINGDON:** Lara Croft: Tomb Raider]( Raider\n* **THE GILL-MEN COMETH:** Creature from the Black Lagoon]( Shape of Water\n* **THE KIDS ARE IN CHARGE:** Monster Squad]( Goonies\n* **STEPHEN SOMMER'S MONSTERS:** Van Helsing]( Mummy\n* **MONSTER MADNESS:** Van Helsing]( Squad\n* **MUSICAL LEGENDS:** Walk the Line]( Rhapsody\n* **DEL TORO'S CREATURE FEATURES:** Hellboy]( of Water\n* **OVER AND OVER!:** Groundhog Day]( of Tomorrow]( Death Day\n* **GHOST SAILORS AND INCLEMENT WEATHER:** The Fog '80]( Fog '05\n* **FOUND YOUR TAPE:** Cloverfield](", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-316155", "score": 0.6212236285209656, "text": "> but surely the only reason life on earth thrives on water is because there is an abundance of it That's not the only reason. Water provides an [advantageous medium](_URL_0_) that is not necessarily the case for any other random element. Another thing to bear in mind is that, of course, with water/carbon based life, we actually know what to look for. We can detect faint chemical traces in distant atmospheres. It is much harder to see some un-expected chemical composition and say \"Well, perhaps that's life,\" and definitely not as simple as \"focus a good telescope and look for something to grow.\" This is not to say, however, that scientists have not hypothesized [other forms of life.](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-313109", "score": 0.621035099029541, "text": "As far as I’m aware, all DNA for living things is made from ATCG on Earth. There are viruses and such that use single and double stranded RNA which contains uracil instead of thymine, but those are generally not considered to be living things.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-126165", "score": 0.620854914188385, "text": "Because they're big ceramic bowls. You could make one out of foam rubber, but I can see some downsides to that.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1850648", "score": 0.6208520531654358, "text": "What material are motherboards made of as the insulator? It says silicon is a semiconductor so I am guessing it's something different.. I read something about a kind of resin as well. Paper covered resin. I am wondering if this is what I need to use.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-13710", "score": 0.6208349466323853, "text": "Those are nebula which are composed of enormous quantities of gas and dust. Unfortunately such pictures often include false color in order to show the different structures; astronomers often capture such images with the use of filters which help detect certain elements but this means that in the final composition the color of a section doesn't tell us what it is made up of. All the different colors imply is that it is different stuff, likely large amounts of hydrogen in many cases.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-303", "score": 0.7418996095657349, "text": "This doesn't directly address any existing lawsuits between those companies, though they are involved: you might find this episode of This American Life extremely useful in getting a better understanding of what goes on in patent law concerning software - I know I did: _URL_0_" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-107324", "score": 0.7004159688949585, "text": "It all comes down to money. Both Samsung and Apple believe they are losing money when the other company is using their patents, so they sue. At the same time though, when Apple uses certain Samsung components in their devices, they do that because using those components saves them more money than making them themselves. Really, if a big company is doing something the reason why is always going to be money.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-35096", "score": 0.6989367008209229, "text": "Qualcomm developed a lot of the technologies behind LTE, and have patents on them. When a company's technology gets incorporated into a standard like LTE, they have to promise to let other people use those patents under \"fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory\" terms (which makes sense, but isn't exactly well defined). Apple is claiming that the terms Qualcomm wants aren't fair- they're charging too much and making them pay extra for patents they don't want in order to get the ones that they need in order to make phones with LTE. They're also claiming this as an anti-trust issue: Qualcomm makes their own processors (if you're in the US, pretty much any flagship phone other than the iPhone uses Qualcomm chipsets), so Apple is claiming that they're doing this in order to make it more expensive to use their competitors.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-22356", "score": 0.6983631253242493, "text": "As for who is winning, I think that'd be Gibson, Dunn and Morrison & Foerster (Apple's legal team) and Quinn Emanuel (Samsung's). Pretty sure those guys are all laughing their way to the bank, win or lose your legal team gets their fee. As for who is losing? I'd say the consumer in the short term but hopefully this may drive innovation through necessity to break away from established design and processes. Between Apple and Samsung, technically I think Apple is 'winning' the judgements but the general feeling I am getting is that the public see it as Apply trying to bully Samsung out of the market because they're afraid of strong competition so in terms of PR it could be argued Samsung are doing okay out of all this. (Just my opinion.)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-103861", "score": 0.6980025768280029, "text": "From what I gather, it supports technology growth, rather than hinders it by allowing other companies to use and build upon existing designs. Think of it like open source software. With the amount of patent trolls out there, and slap fights over trivial similarities between products (Apple and Samsung), it's good to see a company release their patents for use rather than hoard them to sue other companies for profit. That being said, I really know nothing on this subject.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-910463", "score": 0.6912006735801697, "text": "I get the basics of the concept: Engineers develop technology/interface/process, implement it in their products, and someone tries to get licensing money out of them for an existing patent.\nBut from what I'm gleaning from these reports... yahoo news](#5i2NZwK), [new suit]( [bloomberg ... the patents in the Apple case are fairly general, could apply to tons of products, and a couple of the patents were just created a couple years ago - surely after all of this was already \"invented\".\n\nFor instance (pretend like these things don't already exist): I write a sci-fi book containing a face recognition software that unlocks devices. Can I file a patent with the appropriate verbiage and drawings of a dude looking at a device, the device scanning his face, comparing it to previously recorded data, that then unlocks access to the device? Mind you, I don't actually build this thing, just explain the concept. Five years later, Microsoft is the first company to implement this technology in a device, but they don't contact me to license my brilliant idea. Can I sue them and, more importantly, win?\n\nSecond, these patents seem like they can get into fairly nitty gritty territory. Wouldn't juries have to have serious technical background to understand whether something is in violation or not?\n\nThanks!\n\nThese are the patents: \n7,334,720\n\n8,118,221\n\n8,336,772", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-908457", "score": 0.6911055445671082, "text": "Hi\n\nCould someone explain to me how patents for like phones work.\n\nLike I know Microsoft has some kind of patent for phone radios or something like that, so every phone manufacturer need to pay them. \n\nAlso, Apple got a patent on multitouch on the first iPhone and Android did not get it in yea", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-155956", "score": 0.6905504465103149, "text": "The \"Pixel\" takedown notice has nothing to do with patent trolls. That was DMCA abuse. Both DMCA abuse and Patent trolls have been fairly significant issues for several years.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-8942", "score": 0.6861774921417236, "text": "Companies have been suing each other as a form of stifling competition since the beginning of... well, since a long time ago. Apple is in the news recently because they are doing it a lot. They are exploiting a patent system that allows this kind of environment. > What could this mean for the future of technology? This is it. You are witnessing it right now. The only change would have to be a big one and (this is going to make me sound preachy) it would probably have to come from you as a consumer. An ELI5 is too coarse and rough to explain the underlying problem. I suggest reading a few essays: _URL_0_ _URL_1_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-109826", "score": 0.6854789853096008, "text": "Those things are only ever really pursued against companies who are dominating forces in their respective markets or if the public makes a big stink about it. MS got hit with it because almost everyone uses Windows, Google gets hit with it due to the multiple markets they are involved in and dominate over. Apple has never really dominated any markets except for those few short years after everyone realized Blackberries suck and before everyone realized Androids are awesome.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-131478", "score": 0.6829631924629211, "text": "Couple of points. First Apple didn't patent round corners. They had a design patent which covered the whole device in look and feel. It had round corners, but that on it's own is not enough to protect a design patent, nor stop someone from using round corners. You are probably relating to the Apple vs Samsung case. In that case Samsung copied every aspect of the device, software, packaging and advertising. Which is why Samsung lost. The media just glosses over most of the findings to click bait the anti-Apple stuff. A design patent is more for protecting the design of something (not an invention in the sense you think). They were made to protect the fashion industry and designers who were getting ripped off due to loop holes. One point of a design patent, everything in the design patent has to be infringed on. Just one component of it is not enough to bring someone to court. The Shower one sounds more like a utility patent. So without a link to it, I can't comment on it.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-43884", "score": 0.6796177625656128, "text": "Google, Apple, and Microsoft are all publicly traded companies. Because, unlike a private company, they are ultimately obligated to provide good returns to their investors, if it's legal and it saves them money, they're obligated to do those things.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-60078", "score": 0.6754629611968994, "text": "This was litigated in the early years of the software industry. Basically the courts ruled that it would be crazy to have patents apply to things like menu structure and function names since it would place a huge burden on users who would have to learn completely from scratch anytime they used a different company's software. Likewise, the idea of a spreadsheet or a word processor is too broad to be patented. Google couldn't just take the code that, say, allows excel to build a frequency table, but they could definitely write code that did the same thing themselves.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-110223", "score": 0.6752170324325562, "text": "You come up with some great idea that will help your classrooms day-to-day life. You tell teacher about it and she says \"what a great idea, AyeGee, I'll make sure you get credit for it.\" Timmy and Bob also come up with ideas for your classroom, and both their ideas are similar to yours. All three of you told teacher about it at the same time. Now, you could all start fighting over whose idea it was, but instead, you partner up with Timmy. It's BOTH of your ideas. Now who has more pull with teacher against Bob? You: google Timmy: Motorola Bob: Apple (primarily, really all the other phone makers) Teacher: Patent office Arguments between kids: Lawsuits Google now owns all of Motorola's patents, which gives them a wider array of things with which to say \"No see, we patented this tech\" either before others, alongside others, etc. This is a simplistic view, but hey, you said LI5.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-910234", "score": 0.673505425453186, "text": "One of the most baffling tech deals in recent times has been the Qualcomm and Apple patent settlement. \n\nApple has stayed away from Qualcomm for so long to avoid their monopoly on mobile chips. They even went as far as exclusively using Intel cell modems on their iPhones in the past years— which have inferior performance than a comparable Qualcomm cell modem in many ways that even an Apple fanboy would complain. \n\nBut now in April 2019, Qualcomm and Apple suddenly strike a deal to drop all litigation and settle things? I wonder what kind of deals went on behind closed doors to reach that kind of decision. A lot of the public reasons make sense: Apple wants early access to 5G chips and Qualcomm is the only competent 5G chip maker at the moment. That would be before their acquired Intel cell modem business works on Apple/Intel 5G chips for use after the next 2 years. \n\nI have a wild conspiracy theory that Qualcomm and Apple are colluding to kill the Android premium flagship smartphone market once and for all. Qualcomm, with their monopoly on mobile chips, have done numerous bad things for Android devices in the past. Some cite Qualcomm as the single worst contributor to killing off the Android tablets or Android smartwatches market. \n\nApple does not acknowledge competition at all, but they have deep pockets. They have acquired numerous services or apps in the past only to make them Apple devices exclusive when they used to be cross platform. \n\nNow in 2020, you have Android smartphone OEMs coming out with truly insane pricing for premium flagship smartphones. They have been constantly randomly increasing flagship prices even more aggressively ever since the iPhone X’s success. \n\nNow in North America, a top of the line flagship Galaxy S20 Ultra costs $1400 USD starting price. That’s a much higher starting price than even iPhone Pros, and a $400 year over year increase from the top of the line model 128GB S10+ to the 128GB S20 Ultra. Apple is rumoured to make the iPhone 12 Pro series prices the same, and the iPhone 12 to be $50 lower than last year. We can’t forget that a Galaxy S20 or S20+ also is more expensive than their comparable counterparts iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max respectively. \n\nSamsung is far from the only one who have come out with insanely expensive Android premium flagship phones in 2020. Xiaomi, and OnePlus were once known for their “flagship killer” prices. Now in 2020, the top of the line OnePlus 8 Pro is *more* expensive than an iPhone 11 by $100 more. OnePlus has nowhere the brand image or reputation of Apple. \n\nAnalysts contribute these insane price increases to Qualcomm mandating 5G use on Snapdragon CPUs and making them so expensive. However it may as well be the greed of Android smartphone OEMs, who think they can just imitate all the worst aspects of iPhone strategies and become like Apple. It has happened to other things in smartphones, like dropping headphone jacks, wireless charging, and ultra wide lenses. They make these baffling decisions for no reason other than that Apple has done it. \n\nHistorically, Android phones were always known for better cutting edge specs at lower prices than iPhones, and that’s what made them so popular to tech enthusiasts. Today, there are very few advantages an Android premium flagship offers over an iPhone, especially with Android OEMs’ greedy pricing model. With Tim Apple lowering iPhone prices or making them constant over years, and Android OEMs constantly rising up to over $999 or insane $1400 levels, there has never been a worse time to buy an Android premium flagship. \n\nMy wild conspiracy theory is that Qualcomm and Apple have colluded to kill off the Android premium smartphone market once and for all. It has happened in the past to other Android device segments like tablets and smartwatches, due to Qualcomm’s greedy monopoly. However it may as well just be the insane greed of Android smartphone OEMs, who believe if they copy Apple’s worst strategies, they can become like Apple. Any thoughts?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-146622", "score": 0.6695221662521362, "text": "They aren't violating any of Microsoft's trademarks- that only covers names and logos. They aren't violating any of Microsoft's copyrights- that covers things like source code or documentation and Apple isn't using any of that from Microsoft. They are using things that Microsoft has patented, but Microsoft and Apple have a patent licensing agreement in place so Apple is allowed to do things that Microsoft has patented.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-36634", "score": 0.6691985726356506, "text": "Apple said HTC infringed on 10 of its patents. The court ruled that it did infringe on 1, but not the other 9. The ruling would ban the sales of HTC android phones in the US starting April. In reality, either HTC or google will make a change to it's product so it doesn't infringe on the patent. Whatever they do will be very similar, and almost all customers will never notice the difference. The net impact, will probably be something around a couple hundred man hours of work, and a bunch of time talking to the press.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-107780", "score": 0.6685113310813904, "text": "Two reasons. 1) They're probably not legal, but someone has to take the time to identify knockoffs, track down the vendor, etc. 2) Patent litigation is so expensive that Apple and Samsung are only going to do it where the rewards are big enough to offset that cost - Apple pursues Samsung because Samsung is the biggest smartphone competitor.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2390342", "score": 0.6683381795883179, "text": "Microsoft's recent work in patent wars, UFEI locks, and tablet licensing has got me worried that Microsoft may quash Android by forcing OEM's to abandon/produce sub-par android devices.\nJust wondering how other people are feeling about the news articles lately?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-126940", "score": 0.6682126522064209, "text": "Apple also creates their own operating systems for their phones, not just the hardware. If they feel they invented the concept of pinching to zoom before Samsung did and that Samsung stole that idea from them, then that's why they would sue.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-790699", "score": 0.6680842041969299, "text": "They've lost about every battle to Google and Apple thusfar but going forward Microsoft will have a quantum computer (if it all works for them) and my question is where will Microsoft go with this? What will distinguish them from the rest and where's their future lie. I can tell where Apple and Google's futures lie but I cannot tell when it comes to Microsoft.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-304", "score": 0.7345364689826965, "text": "The executable files of a game are basically just a bunch of machine code. Machine code are instructions executed by your computer. By using a so called Dissassembler, you can turn the machine code into a somewhat human readable format called \"Assembler language\". If you are good, you can then analyse the code and modify to circumvent copy protection mechanisms, e.g. by taking the copy protection code out or jumping over it." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2329331", "score": 0.6975857615470886, "text": "So I have cracked Cities Skylines and added it to my steam library, with the goal of being able to install content from Steam Workshop .So I don't have to download each file and paste it in the folders. Of course, this doesn't work, because Steam doesn't register it as the real game but like a random file. So can you redirect content from Steam Workshop to files of the cracked game? I read that you can copy the content from Steam files but I can't find the files of the workshop in \"Program Files 86/Steam/steamapps\". (I don't know if this makes sense to you but if you know a solution it would be appreciated.)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-59189", "score": 0.6972565054893494, "text": "Mostly it's really a software thing. Your computer's operating system doesn't know what to do with the code on the game's disc; the disc (and the code it holds) is set up in a way that only the relevant console (and it's own operating system) can make sense of it. In ELI5 terms, it's basically \"square peg round hole\", just with discs and operating systems.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1462861", "score": 0.6962615251541138, "text": "I naturally can't post links, that's the second cracked game using newer version of Denuvo, the first being Rise of the Tomb Raider.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1777555", "score": 0.6962096095085144, "text": "So I haven't been doing a lot of gaming lately and started a few days ago. I normally download from fitgirl repacks or skidrow.\n\nI've noticed that the game save location is different than what the game would normally use. Why is that?\n\nIs there any reasons for crackers to put the save game in a different location? \n\nAlso, the save games work from only that location and it doesn't work if I place a save on the vanilla game's save location.\n\nI have played a lot of cracked games but mostly the save games would go under the original directory the game was intended to save such as under Documents or AppData. This is pretty new for me. \n\nThanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1812434", "score": 0.6956753134727478, "text": "My friend has a bad habit of looking for cracked games, and he found kenshi. He made me download his cracked version of the game and we ended up loving it so much we wanted to support it and were willing to pay for it, despite having all updates and no practical reason to pay for something we already had.\n\nI guess this is a \"the world isnt as bad as it seems\" kind of post, you can nag about how we pirated it in the first place or how we made it right\n\nOh for anyone else using the crack, its worth mentioning that FPS on the crack is like 3x worse", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-85146", "score": 0.6951669454574585, "text": "The short answer is DRM. Digital Rights Management. These days the disc is pretty much just an install-to-harddrive thing; the only thing you need the disc in for is to launch it. But then you've also got DRM communicating between the console and servers; they can constantly check if your game is legit each time you log on to the servers (or if anyone else is already logged in using your product key, they can detect from that, that one of you is using an illegal copy).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-142875", "score": 0.694682240486145, "text": "Unless development documentation had leaked to the public, pirates would have to reverse engineer their target platform. This process usually involved looking at how the game system behaved given an existing program (a legitimate game) but also could include decapsulating chips and looking at them with an electron microscope to figure out how the internal circuitry worked. After this, pirates could create their own toolkits for writing games. The lack of official documentation combined with the difficulty in completely reverse-engineering a game console is why many pirated games are rather unstable and crash-prone. Some pirate game manufacturers even went as far as to design their own expansion chips for the NES (check out iNES mapper 90 if you're interested).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-398854", "score": 0.6942005157470703, "text": "New to pirating games. I don't wanna get stuff with weird installation processes or bugs though. Need stable self contained stuff I can pass around on a drive and just run off the drive if I want to. Where can I get games like that?\n\nAlso, a repack is basically changing how the files are set up so the filesize is a lot less, right? Why don't game devs just do that to begin with? Are there any drawbacks to it?\n\nWhat's a scene group?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-82734", "score": 0.6936575770378113, "text": "When a game is created, it is a hodge-podge of code and assets and all. The code portion of that is the source. When the game is bundled up, all of that is wrapped up in a package and the code is scrambled and altered in a way where the system can still read it, but it's not something that be easily reverse engineered, to prevent people from getting to that source code which is the result of thousands of man hours of work and research and can contain very valuable resources the company wishes to retain control over. Releasing the game is sort of like baking a cake and without the source code, you have to piece together the ingredients and recipe without any help. It's not *impossible* to do, but it's very arduous and in most cases, not worth the effort.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-726567", "score": 0.6927561163902283, "text": "Back in the era of NES it was common for games to give you passwords instead allowing you to save your game (for technical reasons). I've been noticing some videos on cracking passwords for these old games on reddit recently and it reminded me of sitting around with friends trying to guess a password for hard games so we could skip ahead. Did you guys ever try this? Were any of you successful?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-58224", "score": 0.6922051906585693, "text": "The console downloads pretty much everything but it can be left encrypted; your console has the file but it cannot make sense of it. When the game releases they just send the key and it can be decoded.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-24057", "score": 0.6918442249298096, "text": "Lets say that the game its a house. Denuvo was a lock to the the door. They found a hole in the wall, the lock wasnt craked yet.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-725228", "score": 0.6918268799781799, "text": "Is there such thing as cracked World of Warcraft and is anyone playing it?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1529188", "score": 0.6912019848823547, "text": "Hey guys I downloaded civ 6 and the instructions are the following but I'm confused. Can someone please elaborate?\n\n2. Burn or mount the image\n3. Install the game.\n4. Copy over the cracked content from the /Crack directory on the image to\nyour game install directory\n5. Play the game\n6. Support the software developers. If you like this game, BUY IT", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2425407", "score": 0.690223217010498, "text": "I'm not sure if i should put this up in /r gaming but it seems appropriate here. I've recently started watching people doing speed runs of tons of games so my question is, how are gamers able to find all these exploits that allows them to finish a game in minutes what took me weeks to complete? It almost seems like random things to do so they can cut out hours at a time.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-400336", "score": 0.689064085483551, "text": "Best place for Linux cracked games? Im hoping to switch to Linux soon because of the recent Atom Bomb vunerability in Windows, wheres the best place to get Linux games? Is there a website that does linux only games, and lastly, has DOOM been cracked on Linux?\n\nIf you know a site then please PM me.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1513149", "score": 0.6887167096138, "text": "Hey guys so I just found out my gf cheated on me so Im sending her back all her shit, amongst which theres a collection of vita games.\n\nI want to break them but I dont want there to be proof of it being messed with, what should I do? Dump them in water? alcohol? anyone knows???", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-7087", "score": 0.6886077523231506, "text": "Honestly, your not looking hard enough. A quick search on TPB turned up what your friend was looking for. For brand new games they need to be cracked first. That usually happens pretty quick. But once a developer sees it up their going to find a way to bring it down. Or set up a nice honey pot. Not all developers are like this. Not all developers even care their game is going to be pirated. Most have accepted the fact that if someone wants it, their gonna get it. Plus heavy DRM is hurtful to your actual customers in different ways.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-399777", "score": 0.6880624890327454, "text": "I've seen on some pirated programs that its possible for the program to send information to the programs creator, with things like your ip address and evidence that you've used an unlicensed version of the program. This has always pushed me away from downloading programs and I'm wondering if theres any evidence of games doing something similar. I'm thankful for any information related to the subject as I can't find any. Thank you everyone!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1577086", "score": 0.6875215768814087, "text": "I'd like to play my beloved games, but I don't want to actually open the box or tarnish any of the pieces by touching them or letting casuals even see them. Any advice?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-305", "score": 0.6987450122833252, "text": "Assume carbon ratios in living organisms within an environment are constant (perhaps it may vary for terrestrial vs. marine). The ratio only remains constant for that orgnanism while the organism is alive (just assume this is due to respiration). Any change in the \"known constant\" and the currently measured value yields a number of years since the organism died." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-281917", "score": 0.6634947061538696, "text": "By absorption/absorption, depending on what it needs to filter out. The simplest ones are activated carbon, last time I checked. This works for a range of the usual suspects that you need to filter out. The complex ones specifically tailored for known compounds can contain a modified substrate that is highly reactive towards whatever it needs to absorb. Like an alkaline surface modification of a resin substrate to let it absorb toxic hydrogen sulfide (which is a weak acid) for instance. & #x200B; So essentially it is \"just\" a powdery substance with a massive surface area (1000m²/gram +) that allows it to absorb anything more reactive than air molecules.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-312090", "score": 0.6634827852249146, "text": "You can use a different isotope. Back in the bad days there were two different competing standards. John Dalton first suggested using Hydrogen-1, and set that equal to '1' mass unit. This ended up being the standard used in Physics for a long time. Later Wilhelm Ostwald suggested using Oxygen and set that equal to 16 mass units. This was the standard for Chemistry for the early 20th century but unfortunately they didn't know that natural oxygen is a mixture of multiple isotopes, which is a non-trivial flaw. In the late 50's various scientists decided this was kinda dumb, and an effort was made to standardize. Carbon-12 was chosen, somewhat arbitrarily but it does have a few advantages. It's between those two different measurements so 'no one wins' and also minimizes disruption of all the 'pre-unification' literature. It was also used as a standard in mass spectroscopy, which makes it relatively easy to measure against.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-313838", "score": 0.6633913516998291, "text": "You can estimate a [molecular clock](_URL_0_) from sequences of DNA using rates of mutation events. These may then be calibrated to fossil records to determine actual ages of nodes in a phylogenetic tree. From this, you can calibrate divergence dates of species (or genera or higher), and these macroevolutionary events may then be compared to migrations, natural disasters, etc.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-203330", "score": 0.6632710695266724, "text": "You may have a difficult time getting answers as what you linked to stems from pseudoarchaeology and has not been peer reviewed nor is it a valid historical or scientific claim as it has zero backing. It’s part of a long chain of rubbish closely connected to a fraud (Graham Hancock). This particular author is more obscure than Hancock but you may be interested in a previous [discussion](_URL_1_) by /u/commodorecoco regarding this type of work.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-118035", "score": 0.6631863713264465, "text": "That is because charcoal is produced in a low oxygen environment under heat. The water in the wood is cooked out and a lot of extra compounds that would rob the carbon of oxygen for CO2 formation have been burned off, too. You're left with essentially pure carbon that is ready to consume all the available oxygen for itself.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-302003", "score": 0.6631278991699219, "text": "I assume what you're talking about is the fact that when calculated individually, global carbon fluxes into and out of different carbon reservoirs were not adding up to equal the observed atmospheric changes (i.e. we should find that dAtm/dt = dOce/dt + dTerrestrial/dt + dHuman/dt). I can't remember the original paper you're referring to (though I also have a vague memory of it) but a recent update of the Global Carbon Budget does not seem to run into that problem: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-321875", "score": 0.6630786657333374, "text": "Distance from stability is not the sole determining factor in the lifetime of a nucleus. As a side note, ^(14)C decays by beta **minus** and ^(10)C decays by electron capture. Neither emits positrons.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-15149", "score": 0.6627913117408752, "text": "There's lots of different ways to do it. The technique, that u/Sablemint mentioned is one way to do it, but it only gives part of the picture. Another method is to use various organic chemistry techniques, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) which indicates the positions of the hydrogen atoms in an organic (carbon based) molecule. You can you spectrophotometry, which gives an idea of what functional groups are present in a molecule (for example, dopamine contains 3 hydroxide (OH) groups and an amine group (NH2)). You can also use mass spectrometry to break the molecule in specific places, and then measure the mass of the fragments. There are several other techniques that can be used as well and then the information from these different techniques are pieced together to figure out the structure of the molecule.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-23411", "score": 0.6627240777015686, "text": "Because scientists have very good methods of measuring the carbon dioxide levels in the air that can go back thousands of years: _URL_0_ . The carbon dioxide levels in the air are directly related to the temperature of the world. You can see that there is an oscillation in the temperature that repeats every 100,000 years. Just recently, we hit the peak again and if anything, it should be cooling down. But very recently, tied with when we started heavy use of coal, natural gas, and oil in the past century, the carbon dioxide levels have been higher than ever recorded.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-314538", "score": 0.6624568104743958, "text": "No it cannot because the half life is only 6,500 years which means effectively after 70,000 years or so it is gone. You can however date Earth using lead isotopes as was first done by C. C. Patterson and he got an age of 4.55 billion years which still stands today. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-264982", "score": 0.6624501943588257, "text": "They take core samples of earth and ice. By comparing the thickness of the layers, and the composition of the layers, you can have a pretty good idea of some of the things that went on. It’s somewhat conjecture, backed by a bevy of evidence and experiments. Even so, it’s clear that since 1880 the climate is getting warmer, with evidence that it’s been accelerating in the last 50 years or so.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-140041", "score": 0.6620794534683228, "text": "Pretty much. Carbon-based compounds are so numerous and varied that you're bound to find them in anything derived from something that was once alive. Coffee beans were alive, gum has sugar which comes from plants (and natural gums which also come from plants), etc. Organic chemistry, or chemistry based on carbon, is about 50% of all chemistry.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-285585", "score": 0.6620475053787231, "text": "None. We have fairly reliable methods of determining the age of early human remains, and there have never been any found that fit that bill. The trends undeniably point towards life spans lengthening since ancient times (largely due to technological and sociological advances).", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-110171", "score": 0.6620407104492188, "text": "Some of the Carbon dioxide (CO2) will combine with Water (H2O) to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3). Additionally, with regards to carbonation, you can \"force carbonate\" water / beer / soda using high-pressure CO2, by forcing the CO2 into solution with water. Effectively, the CO2 fills spaces between the water molecules, and if held at high pressure it will stay \"in solution.\" Any excess CO2 that doesn't dissolve in water will slowly bubble out (which is what makes it bubbly) when the pressure is released (opening a bottle of soda or a beer). Let me know if I'm way off base, this is just my understanding of it via my time working in a brewery.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-72220", "score": 0.6620279550552368, "text": "CO2 is made from carbon and oxygen. Although there are many, many steps in between, the basic chemistry of what's happening is that the tree uses energy from sunlight to split CO2 into carbon and oxygen. Oxygen is released into the air. Carbon is combined with nutrients from the ground to make a tree. Seriously over-simplified......", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1230842", "score": 0.6619282960891724, "text": "i'm wondering how do scientists collect information such as CO2 emissions during old times, early AD times, especially when there are limited technology during that time.\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-256817", "score": 0.6616886854171753, "text": "Depends how hot the magic flames are, but with the right equipment and expertise, wood ash and people ash can be differentiated. The authors of [this paper](_URL_1_)(beware paywall, sorry), found that mitochondrial DNA can be amplified from remains cremated at temperatures up to 600ºC. However, this DNA was found in identifiable bone fragments, which would give away the remains without any testing. They also found that the ratios of strontium isotopes in bone did not change with cremation temperature (they tested up to 1000ºC, and would thus be a good forensic tool for completely burned remains. Look up stable isotope analysis to get a feel for what kind of information it can provide. It's not as straightforward as DNA, but sometimes it can reveal amazing stuff, like where the organism lived. [These guys](_URL_0_) used a particle accelerator to determine that a sample of ashes had not once been bone, since they lacked phosphorus.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-255343", "score": 0.6616255044937134, "text": "When the Treestump grows, it becomes thicker too. Now because that takes a long time this process has to happen throughout a lot of seasons. In winter there‘s less energy for the chemical reaction that is used to grow wood, which leads to a slower growing process, this is where you can see a dark „ring“ on a tree stump. That is also the reason why counting the rings lets you determine a trees age. It basically lets you count the amount of winters that the tree has grown through! Im sorry i cant go further into the chemical process, but if youre interested there are probably a lot of articles on the internet about wood and treestumps that can explain it better than me :)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-244243", "score": 0.6614606976509094, "text": "Sometimes spectroscopic methods can actually directly detect intermediates. Sometimes intermediates can be isolated. Sometimes you can label certain atoms with isotopes and test, whether your mechanism makes sense. Sometimes, kinetic analysis speak for a certain mechanism. All in all, you can usually not \"proof\" a mechanism in a very strict meaning of the word, but we can sometimes be pretty sure about it. But: A f***ton of OC books contain mechanisms which are plausible, but not at all well characterized.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-154761", "score": 0.6613802313804626, "text": "You're confusing a lot of different things here. First of all, grams measure mass, not weight (although they are directly correlated on the same planet's surface). Secondly, no, oxygen does not weigh the same as carbon. To determine an element's atomic mass, look at the bottom number on its square on the periodic table. Thirdly, combustion engines burn hydrocarbons, which are molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon. Hydrogen is the lightest element, so replacing it in the chemical formula with oxygen will have a drastic effect on the mass of the chemical. I checked, and a carbon atom weighs about 12 atomic units (au), and oxygen about 16 au. This means CO2 outweighs a carbon atom by about 3.66 times. It's been a long time since my last chemistry class, and I'm not inclined to sit down and work everything out, but if you worked it out using molar masses and the proper chemical equation, you'd probably get the answer your girlfriend found.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-307", "score": 0.6909096240997314, "text": "It basically comes down to pH value of the whey and it's drained. Casein is bonded by calcium phosphate (which is where the calcium comes from) and as the pH decreases it becomes soluble and is drained away." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-306110", "score": 0.6563460230827332, "text": "They're ingredients that started life as milk, but were processed before being added to the product. Possibilities include (but are not limited to): * Cultured or fermented milk such as yogurt or cheese * Enzymatically processed milk (to remove lactose, for example) * Isolated milk components such as caseinate or whey proteins", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-80182", "score": 0.6562099456787109, "text": "If you mean cheddar, it's dyed. There are two theories about why. One holds that cows raised on grass and so forth yield milk that makes a slightly yellow cheese (from the richer milk and so forth), which is true. So when wisconsin farmers started moving their cattle to feedlots and started feeding more grain and less grass, they dyed their cheese to satisfy consumer demand. The yellower cheese was higher quality, do they dyed the lower quality stuff so we wouldn't know the difference. The other theory is that they dyed it to distinguish wisconsin cheddar from all others.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2693354", "score": 0.6560753583908081, "text": "Hi there! I am not a yogurt maker (yet!), but I have been trying to understand the process of yogurt making and was wondering if I could ask a question?\n\nI've read through some beginner's guides, and they all recommend using whole milk and a culture to make yogurt, but I see that most commercial non-additive plain yogurts list 4 ingredients: skim milk, cream, 'milk protein concentrate', and bacteria culture (in that order, so there is more skim milk than cream). Is there a particular reason why they would mix skim milk and cream instead of using whole milk? Is it just cheaper to make, and is the result the same? And what is this omnipresent added 'milk protein'? \n\nSo far, the only commercial yogurt I've seen that uses whole milk has been from Riviera, which uses whole milk (first ingredient), skim milk, milk protein, culture, and some added vitamin. It tastes more 'milky' to me and the texture is a bit more 'crumbly' (like dessert tofu) and less creamy, but I'm not sure if it is because of the ingredients, the different milk (they are a non-GMO kind of company so they say they use special feeds), or the method of preparation.\n\nThanks in advance!", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-243244", "score": 0.6558533906936646, "text": "[Grass (along with many other green vegetables) **does** contain calcium](_URL_0_). Some plants contain it in fairly high concentrations.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-122886", "score": 0.6558048129081726, "text": "Many (sometimes most, depending on which population you are talking about) people in Asian are lactose intolerant. They also don't have the same history of keeping cows for livestock as European populations have. This means they historically had little access to cheese, and very little interest in it, seeing that most people couldn't digest it anyway.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-115105", "score": 0.6552256345748901, "text": "Not sure how you made the jump from yogurt to wine and pickles. Wine and pickles are likely too acidic for bacteria to grow. I imagine fresher cheese has more live cultures/probiotics aka \"good\" bacteria than you think.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-958960", "score": 0.6551366448402405, "text": "It just has this off flavour. I like a nice aged cheese, with a complex and beautiful flavour. I hate the milky flavour of fresh goat cheese. I just can’t eat it. Mozzarella is fine on a pizza or other things, and I LOVE cheesy pizza, but I don’t like it plain.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-307909", "score": 0.6549740433692932, "text": "No.... I've heard this before by someone who thought acid in milk will degrade bone. Milk has a lot of calcium which is absorbed and used in basic cellular processes, important organ function and stored in bones as hydroxyapatite crystals. Osteoporosis is caused by a lot of things but essentially the osteoblasts that lay down bone lower their activity while osteoclasts that break down bone remain active. This leads to a net breakdown of bone and causes low bone density and will lead to symptoms of osteoporosis.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-115834", "score": 0.6545736193656921, "text": "It could be the lactose or it could be the casein. Humans were made to consume human breast milk - in the past kids often breastfed until the age of 6 years old, or thereabouts. Cow's milk is totally not a normal thing for us to consume. It's good but it contains different things, and different amounts of things, than human milk does and our bodies reject it. I suppose for some people consuming human milk as an adult might cause some tummy issues. Lactose gets a lot of attention, but casein causes problems for many people as well.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-124688", "score": 0.6544725894927979, "text": "Pasteurization and ultra-pasteurization, or treating it with heat to kill bacteria. This gives it a longer shelf life. However it also kills good things in the milk, so I know to make cheese at home they don't recommend ultra- pasteurized milk. You'd be lacking some of the good bacteria needed to produce cheese. Something like that. Also our cows know that if they don't give us good milk we'll turn them into hamburgers, not gods.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2010533", "score": 0.6542491912841797, "text": "So I was just wondering. What is the difference between eating cottage cheese with some whey protein mixed in and just drinking milk? Judging from the esteem cottage cheese and whey protein are held in I'd imagine it would be better than just drinking milk but I can't figure out why seeing as milk basically is cottage cheese plus whey protein. So what gives, is one better than the other or are they the same thing?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-61948", "score": 0.6541935205459595, "text": "Cheese is traditionally made in large blocks or wheels. These large chunks 'go bad' on the outside, protecting the inner cheese while it ripens. The outer rind is removed before it gets to you. The problem is that you've got a 2\" thick slice of cheese that wants to form a 1\" rind on both sides - there's nothing left in the middle.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-16191", "score": 0.6538863182067871, "text": "It curdles like regular milk because it has fat, protein and sugar similar to regular milk. Bacteria in the almond milk eat the sugar and excrete acid. This acid causes the protein chains to shrivel up and form tight webs that trap fat globules and squeeze out the water. These lumps of fat globules trapped by protein webs are the curds. This is essentially how tofu is made, but with soy milk instead of almond milk, and it's how many non-dairy cheeses are made.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-163634", "score": 0.6538593769073486, "text": "They carefully control temperature and humidity in the places where they age cheese. Yes, your fridge is temp controlled, but it's much more humid than you want for aging cheese.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-47751", "score": 0.6537452340126038, "text": "Cheese aging is achieved in a cellar, with a specific temperature, humidity, etc. Its a pretty controlled process, just leaving cheese in your fridge for too long will do no sort of aging.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-31791", "score": 0.6536598205566406, "text": "Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [Do different kinds of cheeses have different melting and boiling points? ](_URL_2_) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do some types of cheese melt when heat is applied? ](_URL_1_) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do different types of cheese melt differently? ](_URL_3_) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do somethings like cheese melt when heat is applied but eggs solidify? ](_URL_4_) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does something with cheese get greasy and oily when you reheat it? ](_URL_0_) ^(_10 comments_)", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-41573", "score": 0.6534805297851562, "text": "I don't know if cold melted cheese taste any different from cold non-melted cheese. If they taste the same, it would come down to [taste being more sensitive when things are warm](_URL_0_). This would mean with warm, melted cheese you can pick up many more flavours and that's why it tastes different.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-15154", "score": 0.6532204151153564, "text": "When they make cheese it's in a cozy bath with all the right bacteria to make cheesy goodness. People control that bath so that bacteria that makes things gross doesn't get in there. You and I have all sorts of gross making bacteria hanging about our places. When the cheese is exposed to that bacteria it goes bad. The softer the cheese, the worse it is. Hard cheese like Parmesan gets dry if you leave it out, but only a little bit of the surface goes bad.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-119541", "score": 0.652454137802124, "text": "It cannot be replicated without dairy because it is by definition dairy. Specifically it is the fats and proteins separated from the whey then eaten fresh or aged. If you do not use milk, it is not cheese. Just beef is from a cow. Cheese tastes good because it is fats and protein.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-192075", "score": 0.651449978351593, "text": "Technically milk from any mammal is not the same for any mammal, as cow and goat milk is not enough to sustain a newborn baby. I believe it varies between humans and animals. Human breastmilk is designed for humans and humans alone. Maybe animal milk is more universal and made up of the same basic proteins so that animal species can adapt fairly well without a nutritional loss. I imagine the amount of time dependent on milk is also a factor, as animals are eating solids within a few weeks to months, whereas humans need breastmilk for the first year and do not rely on solids until after that.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-308", "score": 0.8231932520866394, "text": "> Basically, how is this caused, and why the hexagon bokeh is always perfectly shaped? Both of those answers are because it is the shape of the lens aperture of the camera. [This link shows what structure is causing the shape.](_URL_0_)" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-242584", "score": 0.7724941968917847, "text": "Yes, the water is acting like a lens. The drop is a sphere, so a spherical lens. Usually lenses are polished to aspheres to reduce spherical abberation. Sphere. sphere sphere sphere. The image is forming between the drop and the camera.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-55142", "score": 0.7716064453125, "text": "Because the aperture of the camera has [six blades](_URL_0_). This will cause lens flares to look hexagonal. If there are more blades, it will have a different geometric pattern.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-106320", "score": 0.771425187587738, "text": "Because that is the shape the aperture flaps on the inside of the lens make. [Here is a good example of what I'm talking about](_URL_0_) The size of the hexagon determines how much light will be let into the lens (the aperture, or f stop). The blurred rain drops you are talking about, or lights in the background are called 'bokeh'. You can actually make custom bokeh by outfitting your lens with [something like this](_URL_2_). With this on the lens, the light travels through a heart before it reaches the camera's sensor (instead of the hexagon). [Here is an example of the result] (_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-258496", "score": 0.7526860237121582, "text": "I think you are thinking of blooming. Light blooming is caused by scattering in the lens of your eye. (Anything imaged by the eye will undergo little scattering, but it is just that with a bright source, the scattering is actually noticeable.) Wet weather can contribute atmospheric scattering. Then again, I am not sure exactly which phenomenon you are referring to. Do you mean perfectly regular hexagons (in which case blooming would not explain it)? In photographs or in scenes perceived directly with your eyes?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-251327", "score": 0.7454817295074463, "text": "This is only true if you take a picture of an out of focus light source and it happens because of the shape of the aperture blades in the lens. 6 bladed aperture: hexagon shape 8 bladed aperture: octagon shape ..and so on. That's why expensive lenses have more aperture blades to make that shape as round as possible. You can even cut out your own aperture blades from cardboard and make fancy shapes like [this.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-273002", "score": 0.7407837510108948, "text": "> Does it have to do with the design of the aperture? Nailed it (though lens aberration also comes into play). The phenomenon is called [bokeh](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-185438", "score": 0.7358940839767456, "text": "Because the lens in the eye is designed to focus through lens = > water = > air layers. Without the air layer, the lens is incorrect because it depends on the curved water = > air boundary that not present when you're in water.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-248191", "score": 0.7357175946235657, "text": "The basic way water is done is that it's a polygon plane as the surface, and the \"water\" effect you see is applied to the player camera once the camera is below or crosses the \"water\" threshold (either crossing the plane or passing below a set point in the game world). Remember that a camera is located at a single point in space, but the Field of View is three dimensional. The camera has to activate the effect once inside the water depending on your position, so when you are near the surface, the camera might be above the \"water\" threshold but the surface polygons clip through part of the camera's Field of View giving you the effect you've mentioned. I believe modern games might use better systems, but this is what I know from playing around with it myself.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-79012", "score": 0.7336119413375854, "text": "Speculating, but I'd imagine it's because the lenses in your eyes are adapted for the refractive index of the air. When the air-filled spaces of your eyes are filled with water instead, the focus is off.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1038955", "score": 0.7332843542098999, "text": "From the opening scene of Saving Private Ryan to Titanic. How come a camera lens never has water droplets or blurry vision when it clearly got wet? I seemed to have this problem with my go-pro often but wonder how hollywood found a solution. Thanks!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-251454", "score": 0.7296276688575745, "text": "[caustics!](_URL_1_) The particular shape in the image is caused by the [meniscus](_URL_0_) around the floaty thing acting as a lens.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-303978", "score": 0.7262792587280273, "text": "Water crystalizes into a hexagonal structure, and the gap in the centre of the hexagon is what gives it its low density. [diagram](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-280976", "score": 0.7254683375358582, "text": "[Bokeh](_URL_1_) is an artifact of the camera aperture. A camera lens controls how much light it lets in using an [iris diaphragm](_URL_0_). This is a mechanical way of making an adjustable round-ish hole. More expensive lenses will tend to have more \"sides\" to this diaphragm, giving a more rounded appearance. Because of how camera lens optics work, the shape of the iris only noticeably affects the parts of the image that are out of focus.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-301652", "score": 0.7216433882713318, "text": "Because of their curvature and refractive index, the water droplets are effectively acting as small magnifying glasses, [as shown in this diagram](_URL_2_). What they are magnifying in this case is [the pixels](_URL_0_) making up the display, each of which is separated into red, green, and blue subpixels, [as shown here](_URL_4_). P.S. The net effect is nicely illustrated by [this picture](_URL_3_), which was [earlier posted on Reddit](_URL_1_).", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-180347", "score": 0.7211364507675171, "text": "It coats the surface of the lenses with water-compatible molecules. Instead of moisture forming separate microscopic droplets which scatter light in all directions, it spreads out and forms a single complete layer that doesn't distort the light.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-312378", "score": 0.7210451364517212, "text": "It's not the water it's the glass. On a super zoomed in level the glass is often scratched, chipped and also has impurities such as dust etc on the surface. This is what causes the bubbles", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-283090", "score": 0.7185710072517395, "text": "Do you mean chromatic aberration, which looks something like [**this**](_URL_0_)? If so, that is caused by lenses (and materials that act as lenses, like water) having a refractive index which depends on the wavelength of the light. Since natural light contains many wavelengths of light, the colors focus to different points, a phenomenon called dispersion, and the colors separate creating that colored outline effect.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-46124", "score": 0.7182555794715881, "text": "Im not an expert on physics and definately not on optics, but I assume that this is caused by the different temperature, changing the density and therefore the breaking of the lights/reflections. (Same as objects in the water are not 100% where you are seeing them due to the water and the changes in density refracting the light)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-125289", "score": 0.7172932028770447, "text": "A drop of water refracts light differently than the air that the camera is looking through, so it will be out of focus. Underwater, light is still refracted, but in one direction, so the camera is focused correctly.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-252854", "score": 0.7169767618179321, "text": "It's likely an effect of your eyes (and your camera's sensor). Your laser is bright enough (really really really bright) that even your eye's green and red cones are being activated, though they aren't as sensitive to that wavelength you're using as the blue cones. It happens in the water because the water scatters far more of the laser light out of its original path and into your eyes than the air.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-310", "score": 0.6840959191322327, "text": "It is *not* an infinite amount. It is less than 4. In *does* take an infinite amount of digits to explain precisely what the amount is, but that's about being precise, not about being huge." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-276605", "score": 0.6498842835426331, "text": "\"Endless non repeating numbers\" shouldn't seem weird to you. There are infinitely more \"endless non repeating numbers\" than there are numbers that terminate or repeat. The set of irrational numbers is uncountably infinite, and the set of rational numbers is countably infinite. We just happen to use irrational numbers seldom in our day to day lives because they're inconvenient, so we don't see them much. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-275352", "score": 0.6496978998184204, "text": "In ordinary Euclidean space, there is no such thing as \"at infinity\". Every point has a set of finite coordinates, and there is no point at which two parallel lines intersect. It's possible to work with other geometries in which lines behave differently, such as [projective space](_URL_0_) which is basically normal space plus \"points at infinity\".", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-153095", "score": 0.6496866345405579, "text": "Pi represents the constant factor between a circle's circumference (the distance around it) and it's diameter (the distance across it). As a circle grows or shrinks, the size of its circumference and diameter are directly proportional. Circumference/diameter always = pi.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-289402", "score": 0.6495640277862549, "text": "The point is that in real life there aren't any infinitely sensitive rulers. You can't measure anything with infinite precision; anytime you measure a length and get a number, you're really getting an interval. Maybe you think that your tile is 30 cm wide, but what you really know is that it's anywhere between 29.9cm and 30.1cm (assuming your ruler has a precision of 1mm). You can make better rulers, but there's always going to be finite precision, some interval of results you can't distinguish. Because of this, in real world measurements the distinction between rational and irrational numbers is not very relevant. We almost always state results as rational numbers with a finite amount of nonzero digits, followed by a margin of error. So the answer is no, you can't measure irrational numbers in real life, but you can't measure rational numbers either. You can only measure intervals, with ever growing precision.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-239069", "score": 0.6495580077171326, "text": "What are some weird places that Pi (or another mathematical constant if you have one in mind) turns up? e.g. not seemingly related in any way to circles.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2059696", "score": 0.6493443846702576, "text": "Hello everyone! So, in a recent post on r/NoStupidQuestions someone asked whether the \"average\" of random circumferences could be a perfect one. Now, I don't know the answer to that, but many comments were saying that you can't average infinities. How could one explain such a concept to someone who doesn't have a calculus knowledge?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-2060007", "score": 0.6492841839790344, "text": "Have you heard of the following sequence:\n\n(Nth Prime - 3) / (Nth+1 Prime - 2) Starting with the prime number 7:\n\n\n\n1st term: 4/9\n\n2nd term: 4/9 * 8/11\n\n3rd term: 4/9 * 8/11 * 10/15\n\nSum the terms as N goes to infinity\n\n|Term |Value |\tSum |\n|------|----------|----|\n1st term|0.444444444 |\t0.444444\n2nd term|0.323232323 |\t0.767677\n3rd term|0.215488215 | \t0.983165\n4th term|0.177460883 |\t1.160626\n5th term|0.135208292 | \t1.295834\n6th term|0.10015429 |\t1.395988\n7th term|0.089793502 |\t1.485782\n8th term|0.071834801 |\t1.557617\n\nSo I've come to find out that as n--&gt; Infinity, the sum will approach 4.\n\nThis is really interesting, because if you layout the sequence like so:\n\n4/9 + (4/9 x 8/11) + (4/9 x 8/11 x 10/15)... = 4\n\nAnd you multiply each side by 9/4:\n\n1 + (8/11) + (8/11 x 10/15)... = 9\n\nSubtract 1 from each side and you get:\n\n8/11 + (8/11 x 10/13) + (8/11 x 10/15 x 14/17) = 8\n\nYou can keep applying this trick to get a series that adds up to whatever nth prime - 3 that you want!\n\nThought that was neat.\n\nI came to this conclusion after playing around with prime number sieves and if sexy primes (p, p+6) have twice the asymptotic density as twin/cousin primes then I think the Sum of this series must be equal to 4.\n\nHave you heard of this? I can show you my work if interested.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-288820", "score": 0.6492160558700562, "text": "Pi is defined as the ratio of circumference to diameter of circles in a specific geometry (namely, the Euclidean one). It's not relevant to pi what shenanigans circles may get up to in other geometries. Your circle has a different ratio, possibly, but the connection to pi is flawed. An idealized human has two arms. Some have one. That does not make two sometimes equal to one.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-281539", "score": 0.6491419672966003, "text": "The set of numbers in the range -infinity to +infinity is by definition the set of real numbers. Imaginary numbers are not real numbers, and this, are not on that interval. The imaginary unit *i* is defined as the square root of -1, and there is no real number that satisfies that definition, so the word \"imaginary\" is used to describe the fact that it isn't an element of the real numbers, or \"not real.\" All imaginary numbers are expressable in the form a+b*i*, where a and b are real numbers and b isn't zero. It's important to note that imaginary numbers and real numbers are two completely different sets of numbers, and no imaginary number is also a real number. However, operations on the set of imaginary numbers are not closed, meaning that performing an operation on two imaginary numbers does not necessarily yield another imaginary number. For instance, *i^i* is equal to a real number, aproximately 0.202. Does that help?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-19414", "score": 0.6488996744155884, "text": "I would use the concept of division: If you cut something in half, then cut it in half again, then again, then again ... how many times can you do that? The answer is infinity, because no matter how small it gets, you could always still cut it in half.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-290471", "score": 0.6488503813743591, "text": "There are different ways, especially for pi. I'll focus on ones that are easy to understand, which may not be the most efficient. Because the tangent of pi/4 radians (45 degrees) is 1, the inverse tangent of 1 is pi/4, and by approximating the inverse tangent function as a polynomial series, we can calculate it as: pi=4 x (1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 - 1/11...) This is Leibnitz' formula (although it was known earlier in India), and is really slow (it takes hundreds of terms to get a few digits). e is the limit of an exponentially growing process as the rate gets smaller and smaller. That means we can calculate e as the limit of (1+1/n)^n as n goes to infinity. (1+1/1000)^1000 =2.717, for example. Another formula for e is the sum of reciprocal factorials: e=2 + 1/2 + 1/6 + 1/24 + 1/120 + 1/720... where each denominator is 1x2, 1x2x3, 1x2x3x4 etc. These formulae involving sums will make sense if you've taken a class on calculus.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2061288", "score": 0.64879310131073, "text": "Say, my algorithm can only use 1MB of memory. Is there a limit to how far can I calculate pi, assuming that I only need one digit and don't care about all the previous digits of pi?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-306854", "score": 0.6485363841056824, "text": "There are several ways to construct families of transcendental numbers : For example you can use [Gelfond-Schneider theorem](_URL_0_). So for example 2^(sqrt(3)) is transcendental. But the downside is that you first need an irrational number to be able to construct such number. Another way is to use [Liouville numbers](_URL_1_) which are all transcendental. But note that these are only very particular cases of transcendental numbers. (for example, pi and e are not Liouville numbers) To conclude, it is in general very difficult to know if a given number is transcendental or not. The usual example is that we don't know if (pi+e) is transcendental or not.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2059599", "score": 0.648296594619751, "text": "the sum of this series is really bugging me. so much so that i'm questioning the rules of dealing with infinite series. to preface i'm not a mathematician i'm a layman at best. but i've watched a few videos where they talk about this series. they give proofs for how you get there. but honestly those proofs are beyond dissatisfying. they hardly even seem rigorous. most of it just seems like fooling around with the rules of adding infinite series and then erroneously equating thing together.\n\nfor instance in this video. \n\n\n\nwhen they add the series together by shifting the series over. i find it hard to believe that such a monumental change can really just be explained away by claiming it's just a simple +1. shifting the series over like that would create a divergence from their original series that grows the more down the series you go.\n\nnot to mention that since 1+2+3... is the sum of only integers there's no way for it to result in a fraction, let a lone a negative number. the series never progresses towards a negative number and it's only addition so it would be impossible for it to even reach zero let alone a negative number, or a fractional negative number. it's not a diverging series so the reasoning of taking the average of the 2 divergent results like they did the +1-1+1-1 series makes no sense. \n\nedit: is there a subreddit where i can ask this question without being downvoted? i was hoping i could come here (since this subreddit is about math) to learn something without being derided for not knowing. if people think i'm asking this question for homework or something i'm not in school. i'm just curious about math, i ran into this particular problem while watching numberphile videos.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-239813", "score": 0.6482361555099487, "text": "Essentially this same question was [asked](_URL_0_) about 10 days ago, but: There's really no such thing as \"infinite radius\" because infinity is not a number and doesn't behave like a number. That said, in some situations, it's convenient to think of straight lines as being (in some sense) circles \"of infinite radius\" (with center at infinity). That's not very rigorous though, and isn't perfectly compatible with the notion of circles of finite radius.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-29075", "score": 0.647839367389679, "text": "PI is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter. Turns out, it remains same for all circles. So, in units of this ratio, we can calculate a lot about all things that are circular or at times, curved. For example, you can use Pi to calculate the area of a circle. Then, say that a cylinder is just a lot of circles put on top of another and calculate the volume of this cylinder. All these calculations work out because PI stays the same! [If you're older than five] Then, you can use this ratio to express angles (the radian system) and calculate all sorts of things like the area under a sin curve. From this basic trigonometery, we venture into geometry, calculus and what not. In all these subjects, PI shows up because it gives a real number measure of a lot of quantities associated with curves.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-298349", "score": 0.6478086113929749, "text": "Yes, there are functions that reach infinity before other functions, but no, a parabola does not reach infinity before a line. A line, say y = x, and a parabola, say y = x^(2), are both finite on (-∞,∞). Thus neither of them reach infinity in a finite time, even though the parabola has much greater slope than the line. Both functions asymptotically reach infinity only in the limit as x goes to infinity. A function like y = tan(x) has places in (-∞,∞) where it approaches infinity. These are called singularities. The limit of tan(x) as x goes to pi/2 is infinite, so one could say that tan(x) hits infinity at pi/2. Note that you have to be really careful about saying things like functions \"hitting infinity\". In calculus you'll learn more about limits and when it's okay to say some function has an infinite limit. Also, if you're curious about more questions like this, /r/learnmath is a good place to go.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-313458", "score": 0.6477192044258118, "text": "According to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_), the record for the computation of pi's digits is about 22 trillion. Regarding e, instead, [this site](_URL_1_) shows that the current record is 8 trillion digits. I am not sure if these are the most recent records", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-73656", "score": 0.6475592851638794, "text": "First it helps to know that there are different \"sizes\" of infinities, it gets a bit technical but the most common example is that there are \"more\" real numbers than there are rational numbers (just the fractions). You can make a list of all the rational numbers (that is, you can count them) but there is no way to make a list of all the real numbers. Math people might say that is because there are \"too many\" real numbers to list, that is, the infinity of the real numbers is bigger than the infinity of the rational numbers. All that above is just meant to give you the sense that there are bigger infinities then just things you can list. The infinite list is the \"smallest\" infinity and is sometimes called Aleph-naught, or Aleph-0. Then the other Aleph numbers just count the bigger and bigger infinities. That is overly simplified and leaves out all the technical nuance, but it should get you through a basic reading on the subject.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-280730", "score": 0.6474349498748779, "text": "No. This misconception is wrongly used to prove many false things such as pi=4 or that the sum of the legs of a 45 45 90 triangle equals the hypotenuse. However, Vihart can describe this about 6.28318530718 times better than I can so i'll just link to her video on the subject. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-311", "score": 0.8027383685112, "text": "Because the question in the wild is not so much if you win, but if you get injured. If the large animal stands and fights, yes, it might kill the small animal, but maybe the small animal takes a chunk out of the big animal's leg. Then the big animal has a gimped leg, can't run, can't catch prey (or escape other predators), and it likely dies." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-86811", "score": 0.7601324915885925, "text": "Some animals do this as an expression of happiness. I work a lot with rabbits and farm animals that run for joy. Like rabbits will zoom around and sometimes bounce in the air/\"binky\" (leap for joy) Cows, llamas and goats also run short areas for no reason. Rabbits run in patterns that seem to have no purpose but they mean something in rabbit behavior. Like circling often is affection or playing tag. I am unclear on the biological reason to tear around in a small space on a professional or technical level. I assume it's also just fun like running around the yard as a kid, just in animal form. Also in rabbits they run at another rabbits in fights and do crazy jumps so it could be something like play but to hone skills.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-175428", "score": 0.7577393054962158, "text": "A couple of observations: first, many animals *wait* until the car is just about to hit them rather than running away early. Second, they usually run *across* the car's line of motion rather than away from it. Here's what I think is going on: Suppose you're a small animal, and a large predator is coming straight toward you. What do you do? You can't just run away from it, it'll chase you and it's already going top speed. But the predator is big and heavy, so it *can't turn very fast*. So you wait until it's almost reached you, then you run *sideways* to its direction of travel, forcing it to make an abrupt turn, while you turn to run back the way it came. By the time the predator manages a U-turn and gets back up to speed, you're long gone. I think small animals are doing exactly this, except that evolution hasn't prepared them for a 2-ton \"predator\" going 70 miles an hour.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-153246", "score": 0.7575355172157288, "text": "i am just guessing so don't quote me but, animals usually stay away from each other. If they spot each other it is ok but they don't approach, they just give each other space, but when you do approach it might be threatening... again i am just guessing", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-45577", "score": 0.7552828192710876, "text": "People treat small dogs like fucking toys. They're so cute that they invariably get away with a lot of behavior that we wouldn't tolerate from big dogs. This, coupled with general lack of understanding on how to discipline dogs, leads to small dogs being treated like human infants instead of pets. Aggressiveness is a natural consequence once the small dog is no longer a puppy, and is now a toy-sized animal with behavioral problems. Source: Cesar Milan, pre-divorce", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-15389", "score": 0.7544732689857483, "text": "Oooh, I know this! The key to their freakish exoskeleton Hulk powers is their teeny tiny size. That said, it's a matter of physics that the smaller the animal, the stronger it is relative to its size and weight - If I remember correctly, it's all about the disparity between mass and the surface area of their muscles. The strength of a muscle is down to how large the cross section of the muscle is, and the volume of the animal is what determines how much mass it has. The technical term is a strength-to-weight ratio, and the strength-to-weight ratio of smaller animals is larger than bigger ones.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-147259", "score": 0.7541131973266602, "text": "An animals size depends on it's environment and how it needs to survive. If the animal is small this shows it doesn't need to be any bigger to survive - therefore there's no point in it being big. The same applies to larger animals - they need to be larger to survive. It's all to do with evolution, in the rainforest they never needed to be any larger (as there is enough food and not enough major threats), therefore they never evolved to be larger. Hope that helped.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-9694", "score": 0.75362628698349, "text": "Part of the answer is the relationship between size and mass. If an animal is half the size, it's one-eighth the weight - so the smaller an animal is, the stronger it is in relationship to their weight. This allows very small animals to perform relatively amazing feats of strength. Additionally, fleas have a special adaptation for jumping - rather than flexing their muscles to leap into the air, they repeatedly flex their leg muscles to put tension on a \"spring\" made of elastic protein. Then they release that tension all at once to jump.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2022483", "score": 0.7523146867752075, "text": "Ok full disclaimer I know nothing about the brain size to smarts ratio.\n If you take say a jack rustle or a chihuahua who have tiiiiiny heads and therefore tiiiiiny brains and compare them to a great dane or bull Arab or even a standard size dog like a border collie or golden retriever, they have a huge difference in brain size but are very similar in learning capabilities and intelligence. Yes some dogs are more easily trainable than others but bigger picture they can all be taught the same tricks and understand similar levels of verbal and audio cues and have similar reasoning skills. \n\nDoes significant difference in brain size have nothing to do with difference in intelligence? \nDo little dogs have the same brain make up (for lack of a better word) just scaled down? Like if you took a large dogs brain and shrunk it would it be the same as a small dogs brain? \n\nHonestly I just have no idea how brains work! \n\nTLDR: Wouldn't little dogs and big dogs act really differently if they have different sized brains, how do brains work if they can be such different sizes but still operate the same? \n\nObligatory I'm on mobile disclaimer.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-323557", "score": 0.7507091164588928, "text": "As a physicist I can only argue that all smaller animals are proportionally stronger, since muscle strength depends on the crossection of the muscle, which scales roughly with the square of the size of the animal, while weight scales roughly with the cube of the size. Hence the smaller the animal the easier it is to be stronger in relation to it's body wheight. As to how their muscles are structurally different I don't know.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-185645", "score": 0.7487507462501526, "text": "In movies, it is because it looks right. But it is also realistic, due to the 'square-cube law' - that strength increases by the square of length, but mass increases by the cube. So you'd expect animal 3 times bigger to be 9 times stronger, but 27 times heavier - proportional to it's mass, the bigger animal is 1/3 as strong. This is why small fleas can jump so high, but elephants can't jump at all.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-178775", "score": 0.7469336986541748, "text": "The smaller animal has a higher surface area to volume ratio so would lose more heat and possibly needs better insulation. It also probably doesn't need the sort of tough fur able to withstand hunting prey through undergrowth etc. Adult animals still have soft fur layers for insulation but more durable hairs growing through to provide a tougher outside layer.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-108739", "score": 0.7438395619392395, "text": "it could be because theyre typically prey (given their size) so instinctively they need to be ready to defend themelves. this also would explain other behaviors such a quickness, hiding, and any behavior that makes them look menacing (such as puffing out fur/feathers)", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-185104", "score": 0.7430689930915833, "text": "It's not clear that animals in general are getting smaller. The evolutionary postulate called [Cope's Rule](_URL_0_) suggests the opposite, though it doesn't appear to be universal. Giant prehistoric animals are exciting to learn about, so people are disproportionately aware of them. However, you're probably familiar with some counter-examples; many natural history museums have displays of the horse evolving from smaller ancestors.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-178152", "score": 0.7425512075424194, "text": "In my experience they typically aren't. Even if they fight/butt heads, it's to establish a hierarchy not out of anger. Even around humans they are very calm. I'm assuming you're asking after seeing something like the running with the bulls. I don't know for certain but my guess is those animals are out under a certain amount of stress putting them in a protective state (thinking they are under threat). They are prey and humans are predators, it's only natural to defend themselves. Source: Beef Farmer", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-59037", "score": 0.7401379942893982, "text": "It's a saying. Some animals pick up on physical cues of meekness and, alternately, react to aggressive gestures too. Similarly if you swat at a bee or let yourself get taken up in fear and start jumping about it'll probably get agitated and become aggressive as an attempt to defend itself from perceived attack.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-974", "score": 0.7394282221794128, "text": "They were just born smaller then the rest, and when it comes to feeding time they get pushed to the side by the bigger puppies. Why it happens is just genetics, they got the short straw and ended up a little smaller, aka they are the Runt of the litter.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-24573", "score": 0.7381024956703186, "text": "Generally speaking, the smaller the **mammal,** the faster the metabolism. That means higher body temperatures, and faster heart rates, respiration, and aging. To give you some other animals for comparison: a mouse will die of old age at around 1 year. A rat, 3-5 years. Horses: 25-30 years; elephants: 50-70 years. *There are some giant breeds of dog, but they tend to have shorter lifespans than others; largely, their hearts can't take the burden of the oversized body. The way we get dogs of unusual shape or size is through generations of inbreeding, which comes with crappy outcomes for the individual animals. As far as I know, there isn't a single huge or tiny breed of dog that doesn't have a genetic tendency towards one or more serious health issues. *Edited again for clarity.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-300223", "score": 0.7378821969032288, "text": "It may not be the only reason, but physical activity is generally cheaper for smaller animals than for larger ones - loosely, the energy required to move your body depends on its mass, which scales with the cube of size, whereas the muscle cross-section doing the moving scales with the square. This is the same reason why e.g. fleas can jump distances that would be utterly ludicrous if scaled up to human dimensions. [edited for clarity]", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-183748", "score": 0.7366920709609985, "text": "I'll note the psychology on this is somewhat speculative. There is an evolutionary basis for this. Not all threats are able to be fought or fled from. A young rabbit may not be able outrun a grown fox and certainly cannot fight it, but it can perhaps avoid being found by holding perfectly still. Other animals will go limp and \"play dead\" around predators to appear less appetizing.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-242533", "score": 0.7361670136451721, "text": "I think you're reasoning that a large bird could obviously beat a small bird, so why bother defending the nest if the large bird knows that? Well if the two bird were to enter into conflict, it would come at a cost to both of them (energy, risk of injury, risk of predation, etc.). Now a bird defending its nest is going to be more likely to risk these costs, because its fitness is tightly linked to offspring survival. A large bird might just be sacrificing dinner. It's an extension of the life-dinner principle. I'll add that, although size is very important in determining the outcomes of conflicts within species, it's not always a great predictor between species. Sometimes smaller species are better/quicker/meaner than larger species.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-312", "score": 0.7351915240287781, "text": "Henry Ford has been credited with creating the weekend as we know it today. Apparently the normal work week used to be six days, and Sunday was the day of rest. When Ford was paying workers $2 per day (maybe $2.50, not sure), the going rate at the time, there was lots of turnover and constant hiring and training, so Ford decided to double the rate to $5 per day to reduce turnover and keep employees instead of constantly training new hires. At the same time, he also decided to make a five day work week to give his employees Saturday off, thinking they would buy more cars to ride around in for the weekend. The local business community told him he would bankrupt his business. The day after he ran a full page ad in the paper for the $5 per day jobs, there were massive lines of people applying for jobs with Ford. The idea was extremely successful, and the weekend was born." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1011026", "score": 0.6960782408714294, "text": "Well you basically work or go to school Monday till Friday,weekends are meant to be the best bc you can rest(unintentional rhyme) and do whatever you want,saturday then is better than sunday,bc sunday is the day where you have to prepair for monday(school),saturday is just sick", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-42360", "score": 0.6915839314460754, "text": "Western culture is largely based on Christianity. Christian doctrine says that God laboured for six days, creating the world, and then rested on the seventh day. This is the basis for why Christians work for six days and get to rest and worship their deity on the seventh. Saturday being part of the weekend is a very modern notion.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-686704", "score": 0.6908718943595886, "text": "I know it sounds a bit absurd, but a coworker jokingly mentioned it and it made me curious. For example, adding an additional weekend day after Sunday before Monday.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1618029", "score": 0.6868810057640076, "text": "Me and my friends are always talking about how short the weekends are and how there is never enough time to recover from the stress of the regular week. We say a 4 day work and 3 day weekend system would allow people more free time to relax and get more done in their own lives so when the work week comes around you are happier and able to perform at higher levels. I know I would much rather work 4-10 hour days than 5-8 hour days. Anyway, I was just wondering what Reddit's opinion is on this idea.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2178244", "score": 0.6839361190795898, "text": "As a working person I consider it's not enough to have only 2 days as a weekend. I wish we had 3. We could call this additional day, let's say, Athinday. And as a result we would have an 8 days week. We still would have 365/366 days in a year, but less weeks in it. Is it possible in theory?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-174241", "score": 0.6791154146194458, "text": "Sunday is the first day of the week for Christian and Hebrew calendars. Saturday and Sunday being \"weekend\" is due to the labor movement in the 19th century. People used to only get Sunday off work (to go to church). Secularly, monday is the first day of the week.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-719672", "score": 0.6763989925384521, "text": "What’s special about weekends? What changes when the weekend ends?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-16281", "score": 0.6761414408683777, "text": "There will always be: - people with weekdays off that work a weekend day - part time workers - retirees - people who work flexible hours - housewives/husbands - people using their breaks - people on annual leave/holiday Naturally they generally add up to less than the usual weekend numbers, but it is evidently enough to have been financially viable since shops were first 'invented'.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-160987", "score": 0.674514651298523, "text": "The week is designed according to Genesis. On the first day the Sun was created (Sunday), and so on through six days of creation. On the seventh day God rested (the original Jewish sabbath, Saturday).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-224938", "score": 0.6738158464431763, "text": "A day of rest is in the Bible (as in \"and on the 7th day (after Creation) God rested\") to the Jews this was the Sabbath (celebrated on Saturday) and to Catholics this day was on Sunday (the day Jesus resurrected) Having both days was much more recent. It's part or social reforms limiting the work week to 40 hours etc. (someone will have to fill in the details) There were other cultures that had a 7 day week, I'm just letting you know why we have the weekend. It would have become official when going to mass was expected or mandatory. I don't know who had a day or rest before that. Jews (and much more recently 7th Day Adventists etc.) always took not working on Saturday seriously.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-84088", "score": 0.6716664433479309, "text": "In the late 60s, Congress voted to move a bunch of federal holidays (previously assigned specific days) to the nearest Monday so that federal employees could have 3 day weekends instead of a random day off in the middle of the week. When MLK day was made a federal holiday, they followed that pattern.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2299428", "score": 0.6710965037345886, "text": "It's a day and a half and ends on Saturday... What happened to Sunday being an weekend?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-219413", "score": 0.6651147603988647, "text": "Historically, throughout Western Europe, Sunday was the first day of the week. This goes back all the way to the Hebrew Bible, in which the seven-day week ran from Sunday (\"the first day\") to Saturday (the Sabbath). It's also preserved in Portuguese, where Monday is *Segunda-feira* and Friday is *Sexta-feira*. (This contrasts with most of Eastern Europe, where there is a long tradition of the week starting on Monday). So the question is not so much why the US considers the week to start on Sunday, but why many Western Europeans have changed to considering it to start on Monday. I imagine that it something to do with secularization and the two-day weekend, but don't know for sure; hopefully other contributors will have better sources. Source: Zerubavel, *The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week*", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1232363", "score": 0.6649831533432007, "text": "I don't remember if I've always \"worked\" on weekends, mainly because for the first decades, nothing I did felt like work. I started as a freelance artist, added freelance writing a few months later, both of which I did every day. After a few years, I become a theater actor. director, and freelance music producer, too. There were no theater rehearsals on weekends, and I did most of the music production on weekends. I recall that I wrote a lot on weekends, but I don't remember if it was personal writing or a mix of personal and client stuff.\n\nJump ahead to when the only freelance thing I did was ghostwrite fiction, I'd write every day. I did a little less on weekend days, and I did a lot of editing rather than actual writing.\n\nJump ahead again to when I became poor as hell because my only client (never doing that again) died, and I'd work every day doing whatever I was freelancing in at the time. None of it paid well; it wasn't writing.\n\nWhen I finally got back to freelance writing after a year or two without it, I didn't have weekends. I tried to make Friday and Saturday weekend*ish*, but a lot of the time I'd still receive messages, extra work, and revisions on those days (I had no say/couldn't say no). Sunday was my Monday. As I had one client that made weekends impossible, I did stuff for other clients on one of my \"weekend\" days too.\n\nDuring the phase where weekends were impossible, a friend and I were discussing how in freelancing there aren't really weekends or holidays. They worked up to 14 hours a day, even on weekends. Though, I should specify that they're not a writer, they're in the gaming industry.\n\nFinally, we reach the present. Three of my clients take weekends off--they don't email or message at all, and I think it's fantastic. One client works less on weekends, only working to give out assignments to anyone who wants them. \n\nThey do this \"excess\" thing; they take content ideas they've scrapped because they're not high on the priority list, and they give some to any of their freelancers who want it over the weekend. I'm taking some this weekend because I want to earn back what I impulse spent this morning. (\"Need new masks ... oh, Paul Smith has masks. Hey, that shirt looks nice. That shirt looks nice. That shirt looks-- Damn it.\")\n\nIf it weren't for stupid😠 Paul and his stupid😠 nice stupid😠 shirts with their stupid😠 little stupid😠 monkeys on them 😠, I'd be free to use this weekend as a weekend. I guess I have a choice now.\n\nWith such variance with my own weekends, clients' weekends, and friends' weekends, I'm just genuinely curious. What's your weekend outlook, and has it always been what it is now?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-212324", "score": 0.6620985269546509, "text": "While not directly answering your question, I wanted to point out that the weekend is observed on different days on a number of countries throughout the world. Israel observes the weekend Friday - Saturday, while most Muslim majority countries observe is either Thursday - Friday or Friday - Saturday. These are both for religious reasons. The weekend that most of the West celebrates originates from the Christian Sabbath being on Sunday, with consideration for the Jewish Sabbath on Saturday adding an extra day of rest later on. Also, Saudi Arabia last year switched its weekend suddenly from Thursday - Friday to Friday - Saturday through a royal decree. This was the allow the country to interact more with international stock markets, since it is such a large exporter of oil.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-138118", "score": 0.6613997220993042, "text": "Back in the 1970's the US government decided to move some holidays to Mondays so that people could have a 3 day weekend and get more rest and enjoyment from them. Certain ones were not moved, religious ones such as Christmas and Passover since those were not the purview of the government or ones whose significance owed to the date, 11/11 for instance.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-132472", "score": 0.6608055233955383, "text": "In the U.S. it was mainly union driven demands that started around the 1920s. It used to be the factories would operate on Saturdays (closed on Sundays for Church). According to Wikipedia, Henry Ford's factory seems to be one of the first major factories to completely shut down on Saturdays starting a M-F schedule.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-19263", "score": 0.6581871509552002, "text": "The beginning of the week is also one end; Sunday is at the front end and Saturday is at the back end. Imagine the week as a ruler, with Sunday at one end of the ruler and Saturday at the other end. See how they're both on the end of the ruler? I had thought that in most English-speaking countries, the week was structured the same way. Perhaps there's a bit of a language barrier going on here? If so, please do let me know if it would be helpful for me to clarify! EDIT: I see three responses in this thread, but only two are visible. Commenter who is not u/hoffmania1, you should check to see if you're shadowbanned!", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-205761", "score": 0.6556481122970581, "text": "You may be interested in the FAQ section on [Weeks, weekdays, and weekends](_URL_0_), which has a couple of relevant past posts for reference and as a starting point for discussion.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-799185", "score": 0.6547118425369263, "text": "Wasn't that a thing? I'm not religious, but I vaguely remember being told that in ancient times Sunday was strictly for rest, and working would be a sin?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-313", "score": 0.5982645153999329, "text": "The media is owned by corporate capital and has been shifting culture from progressive collectivism to ineffectual individualism for decades on purposes. The real opposition to Obamacare is not over its actual impact on the economy or personal freedom, it is about squashing any impulse towards collectivism or solidarity and replacing it with self-defeating individualism. \"Organized capital and vertical monopoly GOOD and organized labor BAD.\" Progressive movements are floundering in iterative intersectionality and back-biting while capital prospers unopposed." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-149477", "score": 0.5682955980300903, "text": "The definition of slave has expanded a bit. It is less about someone in chains being bought or sold on the auction block, and more about being trapped in an economic situation you cannot easily escape. You immigrate to a new country where your don't speak the language or understand the culture, and you are completely dependent on your employer to feed and house you. You earn a wage, but you are also being charged room and board, so you make next to nothing, and never get ahead. In theory, you could walk away whenever you wanted, but where would you go, trapped in a strange country without any money. > why does their government not protect them? Because their home country is poor, and having some other country take some of their poorest citizens off their hands isn't seen as a bad thing.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-112885", "score": 0.5682412981987, "text": "> if the poor are unable to sustain What do you mean by this. Poor people aren't starving in the street, but they aren't becoming not poor. That a seems like \"sustaining\" to me. > What would be the outlook on the future of the USA if the working class was to collapse? You'd have to describe what that would mean. How could a working class \"collapse\"? Are you saying if unemployment massively increases? Or something else?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2588495", "score": 0.5682399868965149, "text": "I've always been interested in worker cooperatives as an alternative to rigid hierarchies of traditional businesses or organizations. I'm still in school but have worked in non-profits and as a Youth Worker and most of the problems we come up against are to do with management not understanding the realities of their own organization and the clients that they're supposed to serve. I've always thought Social Work would be the perfect industry for worker cooperatives, so do any exist or is it possible to start one?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1020907", "score": 0.5682352185249329, "text": "At this moment, their are an estimated twelve million illegal immigrants in the United States, and while the many sources say the number has leveled off they don't account for the children that they are having.\n\nI consistently here from both my friends and the left that this isn't a problem and that everyone should be welcome into the United States as we are a country of immigrants. But I just don't understand everyone's positivity regarding the subject.\n\nBack in the mid to late seventies my grandfather was a stone worker and earned a great deal of money doing it. My father and his brothers often worked for him at the pay of 10$ per hour, take note that this was in the early eighties and if we calculate inflation they were earning $28.90~ dollars (Admittedly not full time, though the pay was constant even for his other employees.)\n\nWhile some say the median average of a stonemason today is $19.00 anyone with experience or knowledge in the industry know that no one can make a living doing it anymore due to a much lower rate of pay. Why is that? Illegal Immigrants have flooded the industry and are willing to work for much lower pay.\n\nThis is just the one, most personal example of 'They took our jobs!'.\n\nThe other things I'de like to take a look at is food stamps that are often paid to large families due to them not being able to support the amount of kids they are having. This is happening, at quite a fastrate as well, which is one huge reasons the 'stagnant' number of illegal immigrants in the States isn't as stagnant as you think. These families are eligible for welfare and food stamps just like every other person and everyone seems to just ignore it for the sake of being nice?\n\nIs my train of thought wrong here, are they causing as much damage as I've been lead to believe or is it a non issue the republicans are pushing for the sake of gaining votes?\n\nSorry if I ranted a little, but I really do wanna here the other side of this topic, and even change my view if the facts are on that side.\n\n\n_____\n\n&gt; *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***read through our rules]( *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki]( *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us***. *Happy CMVing!*", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-83264", "score": 0.5682309865951538, "text": "A better educated workforce is helpful in many ways. Big companies who are considering staying or relocating to an area strongly consider the available talent in that area. Bringing or keeping big companies that employ lots of people is super desirable for those communities. Better educated folks are also more likely to create new businesses themselves or innovate within existing companies in ways that expand businesses and increase the number of jobs. It's definitely a long term investment but many folks think it's worth the money to give the people of our communities a better chance to have a successful career.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-751697", "score": 0.5682134628295898, "text": "I am mostly pro-UBI, but I have a big question mark. I tried looking at the FAQ and went through the Anti-UBI filter, but I didn't see it addressed, so I'm making a post. \n\nI live in Romania, an ex communist dictatorship country. We have a number of liberal parties, and one big party that's a remnant of the old communist party, and which has been winning elections for 30 years (it's called PSD - most defining fact about it is that the current leader has been condemned twice, for electoral fraud and corruption, and has been recently reelected with unanimity).\n\nPart of PSD's strategy is to bribe social categories to vote them. Most obvious are pensions (google \"special pension\" scandal, with huge amounts for certain people) and civil servants, that now make more money than the private sector, while offering abysmal services. The situation is ultimately unsustainable - there are literally no sources of income to pay for that - but they only care short term. Another election with a majority and they can rewrite election and justice laws to that they'll stay in power indefinitely. This is not a theoretical scenario, this exact thing happened recently in two other countries in the area: Hungary and Poland. \n\nSo my problem here is this: paying civil servants to basically vote for your party is more or less what UBI would do, if we could afford it here. All you need is one party to say they support huge, unsustainable increases in UBI, and you basically have to count for poor people to say \"no, I shouldn't receive so much money\". Think about countries with a real multi-party system as well. \n\nHas this ever been successfully addressed?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-172218", "score": 0.568198025226593, "text": "taxes are reduced on big business to help boost investment. this short term tax cut is supposed to help society in the long term effect by providing more opportunity for jobs and investments. it really only works for middle class people and up. so basically trickle down economics kind of screws poor people. hence why there is so much poverty in America. but there is no perfect system because of the human’s greed for money.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-671759", "score": 0.5681540369987488, "text": "I know a lot of liberals are saying that women make 77 cents less than their male counterparts. However, I heard the libertarian's counter point and it's not that they are individually making less, it's just that women work less than men do as a whole. That being said, I want to say that **I am not a misogynist**, I believe women should be treated equally to men in what they do. So if a woman puts in as much hours, does as much work, and have as much education and experience she should be paid the same as a man with the same qualities. \n\nIt's just that as a whole, women tend to be the care-takers. They also (as a whole) tend to chose lesser paying jobs. Ie; There's more men in engineering sciences. And there's more women in social sciences (Ie; psychology, etc). I believe that women are capable at doing whatever they want, however, women (as a whole) tend to have interests in jobs that pay less than some men do. And that is the reason why there is a gender gap. I believe we have evolved as a society to not discriminate against someone based on gender and race (for the most part at least).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1129804", "score": 0.5681445598602295, "text": "The premise is that, as automators, we are the cause for removing inefficiencies from society, so it should be our burden to propose alternative solutions to the mass-unemployment that may come.\n\nKnowing this, how could one argue UBI shouldn't be further developed and deployed to those who lose their jobs?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2326367", "score": 0.5681251883506775, "text": "Howdy everyone. The most recent episode of Hear The Bern has been released. Why do American workers face some of the weakest labor protections - and consequently some of the highest inequality - in the developed world? To find out, Briahna turns to Dr. Lane Windham, a Georgetown professor and author of Knocking on Labor’s Door, and Ryan Grim, DC Bureau Chief at the Intercept and author of the new book We’ve Got People. Dr. Windham tells a story of workers, including women and people of color, fighting for access to union rights on the eve of the country’s turn toward neoliberalism. On the political side, Ryan describes the Democratic Party’s fateful pivot away from labor power and toward big money politics in the early 1980s.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\n&gt; “There are a lot of folks out there who say, ‘It doesn’t impact me, I’m not a union guy, I’m not a teacher, I’m not a civil servant.’ Let me tell you how it does matter to you. Wages are going down in this country for everybody. When you destroy unions there will be no standard at all, nobody left to negotiate decent jobs for the middle class.\" - Bernie Sanders\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nDiscussion topic ideas:\n\n* General primary discussion\n\n* Sanders Calls on McConnell to put $15 Minimum Wage Bill on the Senate Floor\n\n* Legislative Package Introduced to Encourage Employee-Owned Companies\n\n* Previous episodes of Hear The Bern\n\n* Recent / upcoming polls\n\n* Thoughts / questions on the state of the sub\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nSuper important stuff:\n\n* Donation Link.\n\n* Sign-up to volunteer if you haven't already. \n\n* Make sure that you're registered to vote.\n\n* Join the discussion on our Discord\n\n* Volunteer to help revitalize Feelthebern.org\n\n* Sign up to be a Citizen Co-Sponsor of Bernie's Medicare For All bill\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nIn an effort to keep things somewhat orderly, try to post new topics as their own parent comment. Somewhat off-topic discussions are allowed, but please adhere to the rest of our guidelines. Meta-discussion is encouraged (subreddit related questions, comments, or requests).\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nLet's chat!", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1750849", "score": 0.568123996257782, "text": "The laidoff/furloughed folks dont have income or jobs right now and could use some good will. Yes, healthcare workers are exposed but they have money to pay for what they need at regular price. They dont need to save money, the laid off workers do", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1401999", "score": 0.568121075630188, "text": "You have people on the Egalitarianism sub for just one example, who say Feminism is only about women and that men's rights are listened to. There's also people who say rather mean things as well to male feminists in the world. Why can't they see that women have been for centuries in most cultures, discriminated against because of the patriarchy? Why can't they see that women have to be uplifted to the same wavelengths as men? \n\n They can't understand any of that because they're not looking to spread Egalitarianism, they're looking to spread hatred and sexism. They like playing the victim card and bullying others who disagree. Just my take.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-752127", "score": 0.5681114196777344, "text": "They may say \"some jobs require authority and hierarch to function the same way the military does\" is this even true and if so could these jobs fade away from the system and those people offered jobs to transition to, what are those jobs. I'm new to learning about these things and really want workplace democracy to be something we implement, I hate the slavery like dynamic of working in capitalist workplaces.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2199461", "score": 0.5680941343307495, "text": "I know there are negatives to have -200 workforce etc, but are there any disadvantages to having too high of a workforce of a certain tier? You would think there would be assuming these people would be unemployed.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-182603", "score": 0.5680897235870361, "text": "The premise of your question is incorrect in two ways. First, overall wage growth *is* sought by economists. Second, mild to moderate inflation is tolerated (and, in some ways, good), but high inflation is bad and runaway inflation is an economy that’s about to die. In the US, the main job of the Federal Reserve is to keep inflation in check. They do that with a few tools, most visibly the interest rate. They’ve been doing an amazing job on that; we haven’t had high inflation in a long time. They are an under-appreciated forced for good. Without them, the economy would veer off the road.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-34574", "score": 0.5680856704711914, "text": "What happens in America is because of the extremely low minimum wage the poor have to work 60+ hour weeks in order to get by, when you work this much you don't have the time/energy to make meals, so you rely on unhealthy food (McDonald's, microwavable food). It's not that they can't afford to buy the food, they can't afford to take the time to prepare it.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-73017", "score": 0.5680292248725891, "text": "Because people couldn't survive working 20 hours a week... Most of the world has troubles at 40 as is... This is why a lot of people work more then 1 job... Let's say you work at McDonalds for 40 hours a week and make 400$ a week (just to be even) Now the law changes, we can only work 20 Hours.. So now we only get 200$... But we were barely able to live at 400$... So we look at the Harvey's across the street which needs someone to fill in for the same 20 others ... So you fill it to make the difference... Nothing was achieved except traveling stress for the worker. Now what about specialized jobs where that isn't possible or so easy? Is that person expected to make 50% less? How does he make all the payments he use to make with half the cash? Only 1% of the world is rich", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-752254", "score": 0.5679903030395508, "text": "From economists perspective \n\nNo economist uses the terms capitalism and Socialism and according to them true free markets and socialism are bad although not impossible \n\nHowever most economists do support welfare and even more labor participation (policies like Switzerland and Germany\"s universal multi player healthcare seem to help keep peace of mind related to medical issues as well as discourages dependence too ) and Australia\"s HECS loan system and Canada's tuition freeze model seem effective too ( though I think the tuition freeze model is a bit debatable)\n\nIt either has to be Free market or no market where I see people discussing this : /", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-150477", "score": 0.5679599046707153, "text": "From what I understand about Aussie politics this is your mainstream left and right difference. Australian Labour Party: Left. Social Democracy. Rich pay more taxes to avoid income disparity and make health care and education affordable for all. Mostly supportive of workers and unions. Gay rights and environmental protection are also important to many in this party. Liberal Party. Right. Conservative liberalism. Pro-business. Free and open markets. Social safety nets must not lead to overly high taxes. People should have to be able to take care of themselves rather than the government doing it for them.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-751630", "score": 0.5679365396499634, "text": "some reviewers might be paid off for a positive review while some will have obvious biases, but the main question is what purpose do they serve from a marxist/communist standpoint?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-315", "score": 0.7057175636291504, "text": "Computers run off of binary code which is basically a bunch of 0's and 1's. So when you write a program in any programming language or in terminal/command prompt you are really just typing in a bunch of 0's and 1's that the computer can easily read." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-67612", "score": 0.6704217195510864, "text": "Beneath the OS is some highly complex programming known as a kernel. That kernel describes how programs execute, interact with memory, and control the basic operation of the OS. Each kernel is different based on how it's been designed, the hardware it's been written on, the choices of algorithms that decide transfer and execution, where two major kernels are XNU used by Apple in OS X and NT by MS in Windows. Unless a program has been written to properly take advantage of the kernel, it won't run. It's as if you're talking to a friend in English and he responds in French. You won't understand what he's saying, and he won't know what you're saying. Without some modifications of the kernels whether it's at the OS level (Apple's Boot Camp and hackintoshing Windows hardware) or at a virtual level (VMWare virtual machines) you can't physically run programs on different OSes.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-144700", "score": 0.6703345775604248, "text": "When you write a computer program, you write it using a human readable language, for example C, Java or Python. For example, this is what a basic \"Hello world\" program (a program that print \"hello, world\") looks like in C: #include < stdio.h > main( ) { printf(\"hello, world\\n\"); } Things like \"include\", \"main\" and \"printf\" are instructions for the computer that tell it what to do. The computer, however, doesn't actually know what this code means. Instead, the code first needs to be translated to \"machine code\", which the computer does understand, but is very difficult for humans to read and understand. This process is known as \"compilation\". When you download a game, the game's executable files are already in machine code, after the compilation process was done. This means that you can't really understand how the game works just by looking at the files. However, if you have the original source code, it means that by looking at it you can figure out how exactly it works.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-39175", "score": 0.6702303886413574, "text": "There are two main parts. First, one has to decide what sort of syntax to use, and how the language should look and work. Every programming language is capable of the accomplishing the same things (mostly), the difference is in how you *get* it to do these things. Second, and most importantly, you have to write a program (a compiler, or interpreter) which translates your programming language into something more standard. This standard could be bytecode, or it could be simply another programming language. Without this second part, no one will want to use your language (even you), because it won't *do* anything. It's a great exercise to write your own compiler for a very simple language (brain**** is a popular one, due to simplicity).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-2524312", "score": 0.6700769066810608, "text": "For the life of me, I cannot understand how this is the link between hardware and software for computers. I'm familiar with the LC3 and I've programmed assembly for it, if that helps you formulate an explanation?\n\nI understand that the instruction set architecture is basically the building block for software, but I don't understand just how that... happens?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-968197", "score": 0.6699960827827454, "text": "I want detailed explanation from binary to modern internet processor knowledge and then I want to move on with programming.\n\nAny suggestions to websites videos or anything??", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-968392", "score": 0.669975221157074, "text": "In a lot of my computer classes there are programming assignments given out to make sure we have an understanding of what we learned in class. I was wondering if anyone had any good programming ideas that I could try to program. I have been trying to think of ideas, but I cannot seem to come up with any good ones. What are know so far are\n\n\nclasses\nstructures\npointers \nand all other implied basics. \n\nI am open to any suggestions, including ones that would require me to learn some new material (actually preferably ones that would require me to do some reading) So if anyone has any ideas, or old projects from their old classes let me know. \n\nAlso topics in general that I should read on. My next semester I am taking assembler programming and pc game development.\n\nThanks for reading.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-968037", "score": 0.6698698997497559, "text": "I don't know where to start. I want to teach myself how to program as a supplementary skill to whatever I plan on taking in university(probably physics), but I don't know where to begin or what I should even learn. I want to be able to make web pages and make programs. Can someone tell me what I need to learn, what should I start with, and what are all the things that I will eventually need to know?\n\nOh and I already have some basic knowledge of Java(even less knowledge of C++).", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-969880", "score": 0.6698595881462097, "text": "I started my first foray into programming (Python) a couple of months ago. Being someone who has poor working memory and can really only process new information visually/spatially (i.e. not written/verbal), the complex, linear nature inherent in even the most basic programming logic doesn't come easy for me. \n\nWhile I'm sure that the most sensible and effective answer to this question is to keep practicing and it'll come in time, sitting back and accepting a passive approach such as this isn't really my style. I'm sure like most of you who are here, my fondness for programming comes in part from my inclination for wanting to do things more efficiently and faster than the normal course would allow.\n\nI've discovered the more obvious tricks myself already like drawing out nested 'for'/'if' loops on paper/whiteboards, using overly descriptive comments, and what not but as things are starting to get more complicated I just wanted to see what other strategies folks here have used as crutches for these cognitive makeups that tend to prove adverse to programming? Better yet, are there any resources, whether specific to programming or otherwise, you've found like books or lessons that have helped you strengthen these areas? \n\nTIA!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1689876", "score": 0.6697624325752258, "text": "hi guys!\n\ni have been trying out programming and now i have a few questions~\n\nhow do you make a program like microsoft word? i have been making simple programs using java, but they just run on the command line. what tools do you use to make a program with a gui?\n\n\nwhen you're playing league of legends, how does the server keep track of where everyone is? does it use a s q l database?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-575802", "score": 0.6696840524673462, "text": "Salam, Shalom, Peace.\n\nI recently had in mind such analogy when trying to understand archaic chinese :\n\nChinese writing could be regarded similar to modern programator lunguage (c+, java,) \n\nFew are able to write it, few are able to understand it. They write pictural symbol and we understand it. They write unfamilar words and the machine is able to understand it...\n\nOne day, programing a website will be as easy as writing a story on a blank paper. I mean with the I. A which is coming soon the cpu should be able to translate in programator lunguage. I want this picture one the top of the page. Put it in the middle. Justify the text, and so on.\n\nUnfortunately, if we compare with chinese history, we can be afraid that programators will never create such lunguage (even if they can) because it will mean that they will loose their purpose...\n\nWhen you look at History the chinese scholars protected their lungage very much for more than 2000 years. It is only recently that chinese went from sinnogram to alphabet (pinyin).\n\nWhy ? I am sure you understand why...", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-26137", "score": 0.6696247458457947, "text": "We would do operation on qubits instead of bits. But for most programs and programers nothing would change, the wonderful thing about programming languages is that they are an abstraction. How things wiggle around underneath to get the job done doesn't really matter so much. [Quipper](_URL_1_) is a functional programming language tailored to quantum computing and use the exact same syntax as [Haskell](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-968302", "score": 0.6696231365203857, "text": "The majority of IDEs I've tried have some sort of training wheels. \n\nExample: the code works with string/array without me including those libraries.\n\nAny help ?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-181913", "score": 0.6694223284721375, "text": "The first computers were operated with switches. Those switches were manually flipped to indicate the input into the computer. Later on there were things like memory which allowed a set of switches to be set, a button pressed to enter them into a \"register\" or set of memory values, then the switches flipped to another set of values and entered into a different memory register. That quickly became tedious so later innovations included easier ways to enter binary values such as punch cards where holes or lack of holes indicated binary digits, and strips of tape with holes similarly indicating binary settings.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-969806", "score": 0.669257402420044, "text": "I’ve tried tons of tutorials and online courses but I can’t seem to wrap my head around anything. Basic code is hard for me to understand and writing anything from scratch isn’t even an option. But I really want to learn how to code so does anyone have any tips for understanding logic?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-3187", "score": 0.6691522002220154, "text": "Well in some cases, it does. But that's another story. Consider what computers do: very simple tasks, *very* fast. They don't (usually) screw up. Now hacking consists, fundamentally, of finding cases where people told the computer to do the wrong thing. At a very basic level, this is a deviation from expected behavior, which makes it...unpredictable. Computers suck at it because it's a *difficult* problem that can't easily be broken down into simple problems. Or in a nutshell, it is very hard to predict the unpredictable.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-967557", "score": 0.669119119644165, "text": "So I basically have no idea about anything related to arduino but I'm facinated by programming little microchips. \nI'll get an Arduino Mega soon iirc those little programmable chips are really inexpensive so I am looking to buy some but I have no idea which ones are programmamble and which ones have allready a specific functionallity", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-969333", "score": 0.6690735816955566, "text": "Here is a series of videos which teach those of you who can't program how to program from scratch.\n\nPart 1: - Hello World\n\nPart 2: - Variables\n\nPart 3: - If Statements, Switch Statments and Boolean Expressions\n\nPart 4: - Looping", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2060496", "score": 0.6690047383308411, "text": "Everything in a computer comes down to 0s and 1s. Computers are machines which run programs, which must always be translated into machine language in order to satisfy the requirements for said programs' execution. The earliest predecessors of the modern computer were strictly mathematical machines (e.g. calculators, the abacus). Even today's elaborate and complex beauties rely heavily on numbers and values for data allocation and countless other operations. In addition, several colleges and universities, as well as multitudinous other STEM circles, tend to compartmentalize computer science with mathematics.\n\nIn any case, I was just curious. \n\n(And I apologize if this question seems too ambiguous or opaque. I'll qualify details, if needed.)", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-103433", "score": 0.6689989566802979, "text": "There are a few things that work mostly like you described. Metaprogramming and Genetic Algorithms. Metaprogramming is the act of making a program that dynamically changes itself in some way. Genetic Algorithms tests new versions of itself to create a better version. (Survival of the fittest) Here's a robot that teaches itself how to walk (not sure if 100% related) _URL_0_ and there is a robot that has no program on how to walk but it teaches itself once powered on and then remembers how to after.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2524185", "score": 0.6689761281013489, "text": "I'm in an assembly class as an electrical engineer. I've taken a course on C.\nFor my final project, we have to code something in both assembly and C. The teacher wasn't very specific, he just had us turn in a project proposal and work off of that. Basically, the program should have pseudocode, 2 pages of assembly, and the corresponding C code.\nMy idea at first was to implement a 16 bit pic 24 board's tris and lat registers and turn them high or low. It was incredibly difficult. Probably just way beyond my knowledge.\n\nI then had the idea of implementing a traffic light(s) at an intersection with some pseudocode pertaining to how many cars the \"sensor\" picks up, which should be inputted by me/the user. I'm sure this would use some else/if statements. I'm unsure, however, if this is complex enough to warrant 2 pages in assembly? Could anyone possibly tell?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-316", "score": 0.7463204264640808, "text": "The way we find these planets is to monitor the amount of light coming from a star and then see if it drops slightly occasionally. If it does then that means the star is partially obscured by a planet transiting across the front of it. We do not have that perspective on planets beyond the orbit of earth as there is nothing bright for them to obscure. We cannot see them with telescopes because they are too dark and/or distant to detect, the best we can do is look for slight changes in the orbit of objects we can see (such as Pluto) to see if they are being affected by the gravity of something unknown." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-318791", "score": 0.7076332569122314, "text": "Our solar system is a third-generation system, seeded with the heavy elements left over from the previous two generations of stars. Some of that material may well have been part of second-generation planets at some point in its history (there were no first-generation planets), but if you're asking if there are any large chunks of dead planets from previous systems, the answer is not unless a rock from a dead system just happened to wander into the solar system and get trapped by the sun's gravity. This is possible, but it would have to be on the fringes of the solar system. The WISE Survey of our solar system concluded that we can rule out any undiscovered planets the size of Neptune out to 700 AU, and any undiscovered planets the size of Jupiter out to 1 light-year.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-285613", "score": 0.7074943780899048, "text": "There are two planets that are closer than are closer to the sun than Earth. There are millions or billions of stars we can watch for transits. Even if only a small fraction have planets and a smaller fraction of those can be seen from Earth, there are still many many more planets that we could see transiting than just two. There is also the issue that Earth moves around outside of Venus so the angles line up less often. Exoplanets are so far away that the Earth's position is not relevant.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-133086", "score": 0.7074616551399231, "text": "Galaxies are ridiculously big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big they are. Planets, not so much. And galaxies are super bright and shiny, what with all the stars. Again, planets not so much. They're tiny and dull and don't reflect a lot of light, especially when they're as far away as we think planet 9 is. Again, it's [ridiculous how big just our solar system is](_URL_0_). Between the two, it's really damn hard for us to figure out where planet 9 is. \"But we can see planets in other solar systems!\" Noooot really, no. We can see their shadows when they pass in front of their star, and that's about it. We're really damn good at getting a lot of information from that, but that's just about all we got to work with. And we might be able to spot one or two planets in a different solar system - maybe even several - but not necessarily the kind of cold, far-out rocky planets like planet 9.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-7445", "score": 0.7074050307273865, "text": "A few million light years away? That is an insane distance. Our entire galaxy is only ~100,000 light years in diameter. Even one lightyear away would be too far, not only is our planet not that bright, it is minuscule in comparison to the sun so anyone trying to look for us would just see our big, bright sun. This is a struggle we have in our search for planets outside of our solar system, no telescope is powerful enough to see them, however we are able to detect them by other methods.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-38492", "score": 0.7070775032043457, "text": "What we have done is calculate a range of possible orbits. However we do not know where in its orbit it is. In any way it is very far away and relatively tiny at that distance. Imagine you know someone dropped a rubber duck in the Pacific ocean two years ago and you know exactly where and when they did so. You could go through all the current simulation programs and find out all the potential places the rubber duck could have gone which would have limited your search area. However even a fraction of the Pacific is a huge area and it would take you weeks or months to search though it for the rubber duck. Similarly we know kind of the area of the solar system where there could be a planet but it would take decades to look though everything.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-301372", "score": 0.7065978050231934, "text": "There are plenty of \"rogue\" stars that are extragalactic! As for a solar system outside of a parent galaxy, it's possible - though we've yet to observe any for obvious reasons (our scope of view is limited to the Milky Way for any practical planetary observations).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-286516", "score": 0.7063071727752686, "text": "No, there is not another planet opposite the Sun from us. There are a lot of ways that we know this: First, we've looked, and it's not there. We have a whole host of probes all around the solar system, orbiting Mars and Saturn and in free orbit of the Sun, and any of them that aren't in the Earth's orbit or Lagrange L1 or L2 points are quite capable of looking at the opposite point in our orbit and seeing that there is no other planet there. Second, such an orbit would be unstable. If either the Earth or its hypothetical twin were nudged just a tiny bit (which happens all the time as the planets of the solar system tug on each other), it would fall out of equilibrium and one would start catching up to the other, and they would both destabilize each others' orbits. Third, such a planet would influence the orbits of other planets, especially Mars and Venus, and we have such a huge amount of data on the precise positions of the planets over several centuries that the effect would be extremely noticeable.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-11659", "score": 0.7059894800186157, "text": "The ability to see so far in space is based solely on light. Pluto does not give off light itself and is too distant to reflect visible light from the Sun. When we are looking at distant galaxies through a telescope we are looking at the stars in the galaxy. We have not yet been able to visually see an exoplanet (planets outside of our solar system). We have however confirmed the existence of exoplanets by [other means](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-833192", "score": 0.705859363079071, "text": "Will we finally get a picture of what the planets a few light years away look like and which ones are habitable? How long will this take and how is it possible if they aren't aligned right to pass in front of their stars? But my biggest question is will we know where the closest earth like planets are?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-282003", "score": 0.7053974866867065, "text": "It is a very large universe. Since there are runaway stars out there from galactic collisions, I can see no reason those stars couldn't have carried planets with them. Think of it this way. Nothing in our solar system has enough gravitational effect on earth to come even close to the Sun's. So if the sun were to wander off, we are either going with it, or whatever causes it to wander off.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-644889", "score": 0.7053151726722717, "text": "I might very well be wrong, but as far as I know every new planet that we discover is so far away that it would take generations for us to be able to fly there. Why then search for them and announce it like it's a big thing?\n\nOr do we simply only look for alien life?", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-315834", "score": 0.7046571969985962, "text": "The short answer is that we don't know. We used to think that stars might very rarely have planets, and that the solar system was an outlier. Then we started to look for them, and we found planets almost everywhere; around big stars, around small stars, around almost every type of star. That doesn't mean that every star has plants, though. Stars in dense clusters might not allow planets to have stable orbits; other phenomena might limit planet formation as well. In the end, there are probably (speculation time) as many solar systems with a ton of planets (like us) as there are solar systems with no plantes.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-265688", "score": 0.7044810652732849, "text": "There isn't any reason to assume that our solar system is any different than other star systems. But in any case, the Oort cloud has never even been detected in our own solar system so we really don't know about other star systems.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-75417", "score": 0.7044318914413452, "text": "Planets in other solar systems we see because they pass in front of their star, so we see the void in the star (it dims it). We can't actually see it just by looking at it. If there is a planet 9, it's not being illuminated by anything (it's so far out, it's not really getting much light from our sun, so we have to use different means to spot it (look for variations in other planets' orbits due to gravity from another object, other parts of the EM Spectrum). Imagine it's midnight and you're in a field. 1 mile away there's a very large bonfire and there's a person dancing around it. half a mile in the other direction is a guy wearing all black, also dancing, but no fire near him. You'll see there is a person dancing around the bonfire, but you won't see the other guy dancing.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-321007", "score": 0.7042470574378967, "text": "That's not an ideal comparison for a few reasons: -There are billions of stars to look at, a small fraction have detectable planets but most of them do not. There is only one sun so we can't get statistics on multiple versions of our solar system. -Most planets are detected by the light they block as they pass in front of their host star. That doesn't work for something farther from the sun than the Earth. -Most planets we detect have very short orbits compared to our solar system, so that periodic signals can be observed. Planet Nine is expected to have an orbit of thousands of years.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-644370", "score": 0.7038729190826416, "text": "This is the best tl;dr I could make, original\n*****\n&gt; NASA has found new evidence of 219 planets outside our Solar System.\n\n&gt; If confirmed, they would be added to a small but growing list of Earth-sized planets that occupy our corner of the Milky Way galaxy, supporting the idea that rocky worlds are more common than we once thought.\n\n&gt; Earth-sized planets are of particular interest because they can teach us about how our own planet formed, and because there&amp;#039;s a small chance they could harbor life.\n\n&gt; 2,335 exoplanets confirmed, and 21 of them Earth-sized and in the habitable zone - so far Kepler spots planets by looking for dips in the brightness of the stars they orbit, known as a &amp;quot;Transit.&amp;quot; When scientists see this happen, they then study each signal to confirm that it&amp;#039;s coming from a planet passing in front of the star and not some other anomaly.\n\n&gt; The division now is between two categories: &amp;quot;Super-Earths,&amp;quot; or rocky planets about 1.5 times the size of our own, and &amp;quot;Mini-Neptunes,&amp;quot; gassy planets more than 2.5 times Earth&amp;#039;s size.\n\n&gt; Not an ending, but a new beginning Kepler can still hunt for planets, but photons from the Sun don&amp;#039;t generate as much force as a reaction wheel can.\n\n\n*****\n**Summary Source**]( | [FAQ]( \"183574 summaries so far.\") | [Feedback | *Top* *keywords*: **planet**^#1 **Kepler**^#2 **telescope**^#3 **exoplanets**^#4 **star**^#5\n\nPost found in /r/space]( and [/r/Techfeed.\n\n*NOTICE*: This thread is for discussing the submission topic. Please do not discuss the concept of the autotldr bot here.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-40860", "score": 0.7035998106002808, "text": "The short version is that the bodies in the outermost portions of the solar system have odd behavior, which can be explained at least in part by the presence of a planet roughly the size of Neptune exerting it's gravitational influence. > Wouldn't we have seen it by now? It's entirely possible we wouldn't have. The sky is rather large, the object in question would be moving rather slowly. Furthermore, most of the planets of our own solar system are easily visible because of reflected sunlight, but this thing would be so far out that it wouldn't be reflecting much back, so unless you knew precisely where to look it'd be very difficult to accidentally find. Remember that we actually found Neptune using this same process; Uranus had behavior that didn't make sense unless there was another planet out there that we just hadn't found yet. Someone made a model that predicted approximately where the planet would be, and lo and behold we found Neptune.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-835476", "score": 0.7034481167793274, "text": "If we sent a satellite in such a direction... How long would it take before it reached a distance where it could image the solar system like a \"bird's eye\" view?\n\nAnd like I said, if there is an undiscovered planet beyond pluto... Somewhere in the Oort cloud... Could it help find it?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-292684", "score": 0.7032620310783386, "text": "It is higher than any we know of, but that's more a limit of our detection capability for extrasolar planets. Our methods aren't good at detecting planets that are far from their star. See [here](_URL_0_) and sort by number of confirmed planets.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-278836", "score": 0.7031770944595337, "text": "[It's *very* rare.](_URL_1_) We generally cannot view individual stars within other galaxies--[though there are exceptions](_URL_0_)--let alone find the planets which may orbit them. Only in the case of supernova are we made aware of an individual star outside our local group. Hopefully someone more knowledgeable on the topic stops by and gives you a better answer.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-317", "score": 0.7964924573898315, "text": "\"Crapware\" refers to all of the pre-installed apps that you don't want, but the device will not allow you to uninstall. \"Rooting\" means basically taking control of the device in such a way that you can do things that it normally doesn't permit you to do, including uninstalling \"uninstallable\" apps. The term comes from UNIX operating systems, where, aside from the normal user accounts, there is a \"root\" account that has absolute permission to do anything it wants, and will not be restricted in any way by the operating system." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-123649", "score": 0.7508044838905334, "text": "there's plenty of malware out there for smart phones, there's even an article in /r/technology that shows smart appliances have been infected.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1551844", "score": 0.7491440773010254, "text": "An investigation conducted in February by the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) found a pre-installed backdoor malware in these four phones that were bought in online shops as random samples:\n\n* Doogee BL7000\n* M Horse Pure 1\n* Keecoo P11 (the manufacturer provided a clean firmware update)\n* VKworld Mix Plus (malware installed, but not active)\n\nThe malware classified as Andr/Xgen2-CY transmits various identifying data to a malicious C&amp;C server. It additionally includes a function to download and install further software, or, malware.\n\nIt's not possible to manually remove the malware, only by installing a cleaned firmware update. Currently such an update is only provided for the Keecoo P11; on this smartphone, the malware was called \"wireless update\".\nThe malware was found in February, so I assume that there was a 90-day disclosure deadline.\n\nThe head of the BSI commented:\n\n&gt; Our research clearly shows that IT devices with pre-installed malware are obviously not isolated cases. They endanger the consumers who buy these cheap smartphones and eventually pay with their data. A particular hazard also arises when the infected smartphone is used to control the smart home including window security or alarm system. In order to prevent such attack scenarios, we need a joint effort, especially from the manufacturers and the dealers, so that in the future such unsafe devices can not even be sold.\n\nSource (in German): Warning about pre-installed malware]( warnings on the [M Horse Pure 1]( and on the [Doogee BL7000]( the article on [heise.de.\n\nMy comment to give a bigger picture: The BSI conducts such investigations on a regular basis, and, for example, found in a previous investigation similar malware in the smartphones of three manufacturers, two of which are Chinese and one Polish. The BSI estimated that, within Germany, there are 20 thousand active devices with data sink-hole connections to malicious servers, emphasizing the pervasiveness of this malware.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2026822", "score": 0.7412910461425781, "text": "Some few times when I am in a browser, it randomly opens either sketchy scam sites that pretends to be google, or pop up messages like \"there is a virus on this phone\", and \"this phone is 36% damaged\".\n\n\nIt isn't really bothering me, since it doesn't really happen often, but I am kind of afraid that it has access to do more damage than just annoy me. \n\n\nMy phone is not really rooted. I messed a year ago when I used a root method that did not work with kitkat. So my phone thinks it is rooted, but nothing gets root access \n\n\nThanks", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-909518", "score": 0.736821174621582, "text": "Almost bricked my phone because I used the American firmware.\n\nOh and a rooted phone can block all ads. My data consumption has dropped by like 30%.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2213838", "score": 0.7328728437423706, "text": "Topic. :) Also would pure android be better than some other modified Android OS? Best website for Rooting phones?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-909825", "score": 0.7257330417633057, "text": "We manage some phones - while I know many people love their Androids, I could never from a security standpoint think of recommending it to normal users. \n\nFrom FortiNet's threat landscape report:\n\n&gt;We found that 14% of all our malware detected was targeting Android devices, compared with iOS at only .0003% of all malware. This makes a strong case for open vs closed operating systems.\n\nPretty interesting. One of Android's main problems is that there are hundreds of versions too while iPhones push for a more uniform fleet when it comes to OS. Apparently this was somewhat of a problem for Cisco as well, as it's hard to make an app (AMP) that can cover all the different versions of Android out there.\n\nI thought they were way closer - even more so after Android's sandboxing became stronger.\n\nSo how can one possibly defend rolling out a fleet of Android devices for normal users?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-8742", "score": 0.7228285670280457, "text": "You're mixing up unlocking and rooting. Unlocking is taking off a restriction that prevents you from putting a SIM Card (which is a little card that says who you are) into your GSM (t-mobile and at & t in the US) phone. When the phone is unlocked, it will let you just take your phone to the other network and have it worked. To remove something like bloatware, you need to *root* your phone. Rooting isn't illegal, though it may void your carriers warranty. What rooting does is allow you to install custom software and remove carrier bloatware. If you have an Apple phone, the process is called *jailbreaking*. I am not sure if anything similar exists on Windows phones.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-116907", "score": 0.7223711609840393, "text": "The TL;DR is that messing with your phone happens on a lower level than messing with your computer. For context, imagine if you suddenly had to start flashing a custom bios because the manufacturer made it so it could only run their flavor of Windows 10.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2212964", "score": 0.7213300466537476, "text": "Can you suggest a list of 3 cheap Android phones easy to root?\n\nThanks!", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-72400", "score": 0.7206679582595825, "text": "Most of the tune up apps are malware in and of themselves. Of the ones that aren't they don't actually tune anything up. And because many delete registry files they can do more harm than good.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-68890", "score": 0.7195807695388794, "text": "*Flashing* is updating the \"firmware\", which is like software except it's supposed to stay more or less permanently (except for updates like this, of course). It runs the phone's most basic functionality. So called because this sort of thing tends to live in something called flash memory. *Rooting* is gaining all access to everything the phone can do, even if the phone maker or service provider doesn't want you to. So called because the super-ultra-mega-user in most kinds of systems is called the root user. *Bricking* is screwing up in such a way that the thing no longer works. So called because now you can only use it as a brick.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2707789", "score": 0.7189226746559143, "text": "Newbie here, been reading a lot about rooting but not sure if it's necessary.\n\n1. What exactly is rooting your phone? and how will it help me?\n\n2. If I'm using PdaNet, is it necessary to root?\n\n3. Which 'Metro phone' is best for rooting?\n\nPS. I've seen numerous videos on Rooting, however, none of them discuss WHY you root a phone (i guess its because its illegal). That's why i posted this NAIVE question (for clarification).\n\nthanks", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1108391", "score": 0.7188072204589844, "text": "I'm starting to believe it's all bullshit, and what they're really doing is extracting more personal info from your phone. Easier for them to say \"bug fixes\" than \"data mining.\"", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-393271", "score": 0.7187198996543884, "text": "All the tech sites I've found through Google are telling me to root my phone in order to remove the pre-installed apps that won't uninstall. Not only do I not know how to root a cellphone, I don't even know what that means. \n\n(I have a Samsung Advent.)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-153778", "score": 0.7159931659698486, "text": "Go to r/technology and search for 'android malware', there will be a lot of hits. A lot of them are about malware that imitate legit popular programs. The most recent one imitated Viking Jump to create a zombie botnet. Consoles and mobile OS systems tend to have restricted permissions to installing and running code.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1466919", "score": 0.7156606912612915, "text": "Some people say that it should be done so that the malware in the phone could be erased, if there is any. I have read somewhere that doing so increases the speed of the phone. I want to know if that is true or not.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-241040", "score": 0.7156472206115723, "text": "The allegations say that the company manipulates (Android) phones, i.e. end-user devices, by installing software that gathers information about their users that is sensitive. The engineering part of this allegation is completely mundane: any OEM is able to install their software on phones by design. On the subject of what sensitive data such software may access on a device, there is vast amounts of research and PoCs (encryption keys, metadata, etc) so if you can limit your interest down to something I can point out some bibliography.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2758503", "score": 0.7146588563919067, "text": "We're doing a small project for a hackaton about smartphone use. Feel free to help!\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\n", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-394080", "score": 0.7139841914176941, "text": "Thank you all for your input. I think I have enough information to move forward with this. So consider this thread solved.\n\n\n\n I come from team Apple where jailbreaking is as centralized and it can get. I can visit their subreddit and easily get the information I want from the sidebar alone. \n\nI want to get my feet wet with Androids and, to be honest, the introduction was poor. The biggest issue I have so far are:\n\n* The apps I cannot uninstall\n* The lack of Adblock (more on that in a second)\n* And privacy concerns (goes back to my first point)\n\nI have heard of rooting even before jailbreaking or even getting into Android. I looked into it again, just to be on the safe side and the benefits, according to this article, that appeal to me are points #3 and #4, respectively:\n\n* Removing pre-installed OEM apps\n* Ad-blocking for all apps\n\nBoth points lead back to all three of my initial points. I *want* to root my phone. I *want* to use my phone the way that *I* want. But what is my **GREATEST** issue in all of this? The lack of curated rooting-related posts, articles, guides, you name it. I can go to this site and it'll give me the tools to jailbreak whichever iOS version I happen to run and takes me directly to the official sites. \n\nThere is NO chance I'll get malware from these methods because they're the official tools from reputable people. On Android, there is no such thing. I look up guides on how to root and I'll find tools that people have said are fake and install malware such as iRoot, Kingroot, Kingoroot, etc. \n\n**What I'm looking for are genuine, reputable rooting tools and guides that won't install malware on my phone and works as intended.**\n\nI have visited r/androidroot but it offered no useful information other than letting me know that iRoot was spyware in this post. Not even the sidebar has information I find useful. Look at r/jailbreak 's sidebar in comparison to r/androidroot 's sidebar. In the former sub, everything is organized neatly and has useful information, unlike the latter sub.\n\nI hope someone can help me here and thanks to anyone who helps me in advance.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-52041", "score": 0.7125349044799805, "text": "Well that's the thing. Smart phones most certainly CAN get infected by a virus EXACTLY like a computer can. Slightly different architecture and security holes. But nothing all that different.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-319", "score": 0.7593816518783569, "text": "Your repertoire is the body of works that you have learnt and are able to perform. You may have one or many pieces in your repertoire. In this context, it sounds like you are being asked for pieces of contrasting style, or from different periods in the history of classical music. If you fulfill the latter, then you pretty much automatically fulfill the first - for instance you could have four sonatas from the Classical period, and you would have to strive hard to make sure they all offered contrasting elements. Or you could choose four different sorts of pieces from the Classical period and show the variety that was present in just one period. Or (and this seems like the safest bet), you could choose four pieces from different periods and they would almost certainly provide plenty of contrast. I'm thinking in terms of Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, 20th Century, and Contemporary/Modern periods. There is no end to the variety of different styles and types of work since the 20th Century." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-495485", "score": 0.6957441568374634, "text": "I can play standard repertoire, especially the entry-level concertos (i.e Bruch) easily, but I want to get good enough to where I can blindly read difficult concertos, for instance, the Tchaikovsky concerto. I have lots of time because I'm far from graduating high school. I just want to know if repertoire actually teaches you something or its more like something that supplements what I want to achieve (technical proficiency).", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-100133", "score": 0.6793996691703796, "text": "It's simply a way to differentiate a given piece without going through the individual catalog numbers. It tells you what key the piece is in. It should also be said that not all classical music is differentiated that way.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-143811", "score": 0.6696802377700806, "text": "/r/classicalmusic will be happy to help further and provide some good examples. A symphony is a large work, commonly four movements (sections) long. A series of any movements for any instrument is called a suite. NB there is a pause between movements which should never have applause! A concerto is a work for a soloist backed by an ensemble like a symphony orchestra or string quartet. Violin and piano are popular solo instruments to write for, and therefore to learn. Choir concertos are known as cantatas, when the words are dramatic like in a play its an opera. A sonata is also often four movements, though for any single instrument. The first movement must have a specific structure to qualify. Sonatas are very typical solo material aside from shorter individual pieces. A waltz is a style of music rather than a type of musical work, so it can be composed for anything. It is a 'three-time' dance with characteristic 1 Strong-2 weak-3 weak or \"Oompahpah\" bass, common in the 1800s Romantic Era.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-135421", "score": 0.6634293794631958, "text": "Both K and KV mean the same thing: Köchel-Verzeichnis. It is a catalogue for Mozart’s entire works. A lot of composers have their own catalogues (created by someone other than them), and I believe in Mozart’s case they are chronological, AKA K 453 was written around the time of K 454. Useful for when referencing a specific piece that doesn’t have an actual name. A Kyrie is 1 of 5 parts of a Mass. A Mass is a religious piece of music, sung by a choir. Edit: missed the last part. A movement is a different, mostly separated section of the same musical piece. Think of a book. Different but related chapters.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-495216", "score": 0.6631479263305664, "text": "I'm a bit of unique situation. I stopped taking piano lessons in 5th grade and many people I encounter consider me to be gifted. Since 5th grade I've been entirely self taught in piano, mainly playing only the music I wanted. I'd take up a few month project of learning a Debussy piece when I was in high school, and a bit of Rachmaninoff when I was in college. But I haven't been in constant practice of classic music since. \n\nHowever, I have actively worked in church's as a piano accompanist and organist. And has worked as a accompanist around town in the local schools, theaters, and operas. I am skilled at what I do, but as soon as I look back at traditional classical repertoire I become lost, and soon find I am in over my head... help?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-858373", "score": 0.661841094493866, "text": "I know this is an awkward title, but here’s what I mean. We generally call all music written for a large orchestra, or even for a small orchestra/soloist, Classical Music. But Classical Music is also a period of music, roughly corresponding to what would be called the NeoClassical Movement in art and architecture. So my question is how did Classical Music become the moniker for everything from Baroque to Impressionism and modernism?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1640100", "score": 0.6579543352127075, "text": "How can I further define what in \"classical music\" I enjoy? It's hard to express to others what I like, and hard to search for stuff too. \n\nI'm not necessarily looking for specific recommendations on pieces. What are some ways one could narrow down their meaning of what \"classical music\" they like? In what ways would you specify what classical music you prefer? Thanks", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1230285", "score": 0.6545082330703735, "text": "I've been listening to a lot of classical music lately, and I live it, but I would like to be able to understand the patterns and characteristics behind each song, and what makes Beethoven Beethoven, or what makes Bach Bach.\n\nI did take piano lessons for a little less than four years so I gave some background on music theory, but it's very little.\n\n Thanks!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-136002", "score": 0.6526550650596619, "text": "For the most part, the different terms refer to the structure of the piece (Sonatas tend to adhere to [sonata-allegro form](_URL_2_)). Many types also refer to the type of song/dance/poetry that they initially accompanied ([ballades](_URL_1_, [minuets](_URL_0_)). It can be helpful to think of them as different styles/types of poetry: sonnets, limericks, epics, haiku, etc. They're all poetry, but are structured differently enough that they're not necessarily the same thing.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-31451", "score": 0.6523478627204895, "text": "A very simplified definition of a motif is \"a recurring subject, feature, theme, idea, etc/a dominant idea or feature.\" In music the motif of a song or piece is the central recurring core, a note/line/riff/segment that keeps appearing and which the rest of the piece is framed and built around. This can also be extended to over an entire group of pieces with a single motif. For instance, if one were to listen carefully to many movie/tv/video game soundtracks, often many of the songs composed specifically for a movie or whatnot will share a recurring motif. Edit: [As an example](_URL_0_) listen carefully to the brass section in each segment of that clip and the motif should be fairly easy to identify.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-66669", "score": 0.6521705985069275, "text": "Here's my layman's opinion: Baroque is characterized by extremely regular beats and a regularity to the music throughout the piece. The key doesn't change (I'm sorry, I can't explain key to a 5 year old!) [Here's an image](_URL_2_) of baroque music. Note that all the notes look the same! Each part of the music sounds recognizably like another part of the music in the same work. Classical music is more sophisticated than baroque, but not too crazily different. [If you look at the sheet music](_URL_1_) you'll see that there's more of a variation on the piece. Compare two measures (the notes between the long up and down lines) and they may look very different. Romantic music has its shit all over the place. From one moment to the next, the work may sound very different. The chords are not as traditional. Often, the range of the piece can be large. If you hear cannons in the music, it's likely romantic ;) Here's what I think of as typical romantic era [sheet music.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-42451", "score": 0.6520705223083496, "text": "\"Classical Music\" actually refers to music produced between 1750 and 1820. Russia and Europe were the cultural centers in these days, and thus they produced most of the memorable popular music for the time period. Sort of like asking \"Why does it seem like most of the big musical hits from the 50's were American?\".", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-787703", "score": 0.65180903673172, "text": "I'm low rated and shouldn't focus on openings, but I do have a repertoire I stick to. After every 'long' game (OTB games and online rapid) I look up theory afterwards, see were I went wrong and make notes. \nHowever, most of the time it takes a while I face the same line/opening again and when I face it again, I forgot most of it.\n\nWhen I look into a repertoire book (Like playing e4 e5 a classical repertoire) I'm amazed that there are people that can remember all that stuff!\n\nDoes my memory suck? Is this easier when I am much stronger or does this just takes years and years of playing the same repertoire?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1605634", "score": 0.6513082981109619, "text": "I've spent the last God knows how long working on the first movement of Mozart's A Major sonata. It's improved my played a lot! I'm completely sick of Mozart now however haha. At least for the time being.\n\nAnyway, I think I'm pretty much done with it now and ready to think about what I want to learn next. My current 'repertoire' consists of...\n\nMozart (K something or other) A Major sonata 1st movement\n\nMozart K 282 first movement\n\nBach Prelude in C from WTC 1(and a little bit of the fugue...)\n\nGoldberg Variations Aria and Variations 1 &amp; 2\n\nVarious Bach Little Preludes...\n\nMilhaud Romanze sans paroles 1\n\nChopin Nocturne in B Major (ish)\n\nA Thousand Miles\n\nThat easy Yann Tiersen piece from Amelie\n\nPhilip Glass étude 2\n\nI really have no idea where to go as there's so much rep I like, I thought it would be good to go for something romantic or 20th century though as I've mostly worked on classical and baroque pieces recently.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-124579", "score": 0.6510366201400757, "text": "I think you are comparing apples and oranges; music meant for two different settings. Long classical pieces are meant more for an evening at a concert hall. The short vocal performances are meant for radio really. The better comparison to the long classical piece would be listening to a whole concert recording of whatever pop singer. And vice versa many of those long classical pieces could be broken down into smaller movements if one wanted.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-575335", "score": 0.6474792957305908, "text": "I'm relatively new to classical music, although I've always been fond of the genre, I've really gotten into it the past two months. I really enjoy the works of George Gershwin so far; his work is very jazz-influenced and I've always loved jazz.\n\nI have a question about orchestras, more specifically, how the age ranges work. Would say, \"Concerto in F\" by Gershwin be too difficult for a high school level orchestra? Which pieces are better for the younger/less advanced orchestras in comparison older/more advanced orchestras? Or does the age not matter and it's all up the skill level? I'm really curious!\n\n[Update] Thank you all so much for the replies!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-183772", "score": 0.6471495628356934, "text": "I don't think I can explain it 100% correctly as I only learned about it recently. But from my understanding it is a music that is about exploring a moment(some note, sequence of notes) it often repeats the same pattern multiple times with very small changes to see how it sounds. I would suggest having a look at composer Philip Glass. I hope this is what you were looking for. I only heard about minimalistic music associated with composers.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1605801", "score": 0.6462364792823792, "text": "Classical music, the second cornerstone of western music. Came (and comes) in many different varieties and flavours, and contains arguably the finest works of musical history.\n\nApart from the obvious who do you listen to questions etc., I'd like to ask what do you generally look for in a piece of classical music. I've recently noticed that traditional symphonies feel for some reason very tiring for me, and I've found liking in more semimodern stuff such as Stravinsky. While I find something such as Handel aesthetically pleasing, I cannot play it for too long before feeling it become rather tiring. I find the unpredictability and dissonance more exciting (which is odd, since I also enjoy Steve Reich and Philip Glass very much).\n\nI made this topic because for a subreddit lauding itself to talk about high-quality music discussion, it is weirdly focused very tightly on modern indie rock.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1309198", "score": 0.6457921266555786, "text": "Piano major and planning to go graduate school master program.\nNeed to choose one more audition repertoire which is (Impressionistic or contemporary work and 20 or 21 century composition at the same time)\nAnyone knows or has idea, please share with me.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1342274", "score": 0.645156741142273, "text": "Many of the incoming freshman i teach either come from a pop music background, or are jazz students fulfilling their required year of classical study. I often get inquiries on how to go about developing an interpretation and what an interpretation entails. I put together this rough draft of a outline to be used with demonstration in a lesson. I instruct them to take single phrases or small passages no more than a few measures each and focus on developing 3 main areas. Rhythmic Considerations, Timbre/tonal choices, Dynamic Structure. Let me know what you thinks\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI. **Rhythmic considerations**\n\t-Pulse:(speed, even-ness, and levels of pulse -i.e. whole note, hlf note, qtr note pulses and also dotted pulses such as the dotted quarter in 6/8) -Subdivision Considerations: (evenly executed, detached?, tightly exectued? swung, rubato)\n\n- Rhythmic motives(single cell and larger phrases) ex. Tango rhythmic motive: one measure of 4/4 dotted qtr, 8th note, qtr, qtr.\n\n-sequences ex. Baroque music and Bach\n\n\n-Articulation Scheme: general vs single cell motives\n\t\t-Definition of articulation: Predetermined duration, character and accents of individual notes played in groups to systematically form a predictable pattern i.e. motive)\n\t\t-General Articulation refers to the broader context of a piece and can apply an to an entire section, passage, or whole composition. These are to be executed with a specific affect in delivery. Demonstrated example: legato, staccato\n\n\n-Single Cell motives are shorter in length and can vary from a couple of beats worth of notes or span the length of multiple measure. These cells are to have a predetermined set of parameters and characteristics, in regards to duration, timbre, accents and affects. All are to form a single motive or statement that is to be replicated relatively similar in each of its appearances in the given piece of music. Demonstrated example: the subject of a fugue. Sequences. Call and response type of counterpoint. Ornaments such as appogiaturas, leading tone, trills\n\n\n\n\nII. **Timbre/Tone Considerations**\n\t-Overall qualities i.e. bright, dark, round, warm, sharp, soft\n\t-Strive for an evenness of tone given the respective timbre.\n -make deliberate choices on different timbres for different phrases.\n\n\n\nIII**Dynamic Structure and Execution**\n\t- Essentially, how you transition from loud to soft\n\n\n-The idea behind phrasing dynamics is to manipulate and execute the change in volume at an even rate to reflect a quality similar to breathing and speaking. As well as to reflect harmonic and melodic implications of tension and resolution.\n\n\n-How dynamic structure ties into communicating the form of a piece. To be determined either through one's own organic interpretation of a line or through score markings such as forte, piano, cresc, decresc, and also broader affect markings like tranquillo, dolce, fuoco, animated.\n\n\n\n\t\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\nIn conclusion, all 3 work together in cohesion to form a specific character for any given passage or phrase. For the listener, It is the culmination and presentation of these multiple conceived \"characters\" that come together with their appearances and reappearances, their storytelling, and their contrasting against one another to ultimately form a complete statement, phrase, or idea. These characters originate from both the mind of the performer and through his/her own interpreted idea of the intent of the composer. Said intent will be communicated through published score markings.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-321", "score": 0.8050690293312073, "text": "They need to take a breath for their next cry. Longer pauses adds more intensity when the second cry hits." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-124554", "score": 0.7530753016471863, "text": "Explain the title better! Seriously though, babies are very base or primal in their behaviour and they'll cry about anything really. And since being tired isn't a nice feeling, they'll start crying because they want it to be made better. Eventually they'll tire themselves out enough to fall asleep.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-129374", "score": 0.748633623123169, "text": "There are three big reasons why young children cry easily First, crying gets people to help them. When young children cry, people around them generally make an effort to make the problem go away, so they've learned that crying makes things better. Second, young children don't have much experience, so things often seem worse than they are. If someone drops you off and says they'll be back in a few hours, you probably believe them so you don't worry; but small children have trouble with concepts like \"they'll be back soon\" so to them they may have just lost their mother forever. Third, young children haven't learned to regulate their emotions yet. When you or I find out that Taco Tuesday has been cancelled we feel disappointed but we've learned to cope with that disappointment; young children haven't learned those skills yet so they let all those emotions right out", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-92911", "score": 0.7474797368049622, "text": "When you're crying, or sobbing, as someone's pointed out, your throat tends to constrict. When it's constricted, you have to gasp for air, since your need for air hasn't changed. When you're focused on what's making you sob, you often forget to breathe. That's why it's common to remind people to \"just breathe\", because it's such a common thing. I did it just now because I was typing this. Forgetting to breathe combined with a restricted air tube will do that.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-131227", "score": 0.7461698055267334, "text": "From birth, crying is their only means of communication. Slowly, they learn other ways: smiling, laughing, eventually saying basic words and then sentences. As their communication skills get better, they cry less and less. Children's brains are also less developed (of course) so they get upset at things very quickly without using logical and critical thinking.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-143269", "score": 0.7422177195549011, "text": "Crying is a primitive way for babies to communicate \"I have a problem and I need help\" before they know language. As they grow up, and are capable of getting attention in other ways, or handling the issue themselves, they no longer need to cry. The other aspect is the social component. As people get older they are expected to handle problems without crying, and often looked down upon if they do. As most people do not like being looked down upon, they try not to cry.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1882888", "score": 0.741946816444397, "text": "As someone who doesn't have kids yet, I am curious how long parents, and others, think a child should cry/whine/scream, etc. before the parent(s) steps in and tries to console/shush the child in some manner. I'm not bothered by the noise -- I realize that I have no idea what's going on with the child and parent duo and don't judge -- just curious what others think about kids carrying on in public.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-160461", "score": 0.741856038570404, "text": "It depends on the age of the kid, and sometimes the kid themselves. Some babies cry for no good reason - give one of those a dirty look and you're golden. Others need a \"reason\" - a balloon popping nearby usually does the trick. If the scene is of someone trying to comfort a crying baby and you can't actually *see* the baby's face, odds are it's a doll and a recording. Kids old enough (and smart enough) to do as they are told just need to know when to cry.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-93921", "score": 0.7406481504440308, "text": "I don't think it is the default. I think it is learned behavior. Infants cry because they don't know how to speak, its all they can do. Adults respond to it teaching the lesson if you cry someone will help. As they grow older and learn more words we have to unteach that lesson and teach them to use those words when they get emotional. Source: I've got four kids", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-321653", "score": 0.7383609414100647, "text": "None of my kids cried at birth, so I looked into this a long time ago. The research validated that babies may or may not cry, that they cry as a means to gain air into their lungs, and that crying is innate, as is smiling. The innate aspect is likely a warning / defense mechanism that is isn't likely a cry==warning process - rather it is a sound the infant can produce and they quickly receive a reaction to it. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-92894", "score": 0.7377541065216064, "text": "Sleeping is a gradual process. You don't go from wide awake to sleep. There is a period of drowsiness. Some babies do not like this feeling and will express it through crying. Additionally, when tired almost everyone is a bit less tolerant of stimulation; even as adults we just want to be left alone. Babies can easily become overstimulated even when awake and this is exacerbated when they get tired. There is also some correlation here. Many babies fall asleep after having been fed. Feeding a baby is one of the common responses to a baby crying. So we have: *cry - > get fed - > get tired* becomes *get tired - > cry* in a sort of Pavlovian way.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-178079", "score": 0.7365440726280212, "text": "Crying is a response to extreme emotion- I’ve seen people cry from being scared, angry (kind of the same thing) etc. it’s a natural way to release those pent up emotions. You wouldn’t need to cry over something mild happening, like say, your food order being late, unless you already had a bunch of unexpressed emotions that were piled on.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-89301", "score": 0.7342374324798584, "text": "A newborn cries A LOT. All the uncomfortable experiences/pain they will feel will be the worst pain they have ever felt. They don't have anything to relate it to. As the child grows up, things that previously made them cry don't make them cry because they've experienced it before and are increasing their threshold of pain. For example, a 4 year old with a cut on their hand will cry because they might not have ever experienced it before, and the pain might be the most pain they've ever felt on their hand. A 15 year old with the same cut can feel the exact same pain but won't cry because by that point, they've probably felt worse pains. Pain can tend to be pretty subjective. This is just one factor. Crying is a symbol of weakness, and adults don't like showing weakness (especially males). This is a cultural factor. Also, adults have a much higher ability to rationalize.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-179786", "score": 0.7341872453689575, "text": "Wait half an hour. If it takes longer than that, they congratulate the parents and find a different infant. If they have a tight schedule, naps can be scheduled around it to time crying.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1882910", "score": 0.7307859659194946, "text": "Small kids when get hit by sharp or blunt or pointed object almost cry instantaneously.\nThe pain forces them to cry. They give in to the urge of crying, right away.\n\nAs they grow by months or years they understand that the pain by a hit/strike/burn remains the same and that only they get stronger.\n\nThey get stronger every time they do not give in to the urge of crying. A little later they dont have to force themselves to not cry. Due to the compounding stength and mental endurance, they learn to observe the pain and learn to move on and lo!, they are adults now.\n\nThis is very similar to NF. Initially you give in, later on you understand that the urge will stay the same, you have to change. And little later you have conquered it due to the compounding victory of the past endurance.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-2644459", "score": 0.7305296063423157, "text": "I'm not sure how to describe it other than the type of breathing when someone is crying. It sounds like you are taking breathes that are short bursts of air. People often look at me as if they think I'm crying.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2054003", "score": 0.7281131744384766, "text": "Baby is 6 months old but this has been an ongoing issue for..ever? Except for the occasional car ride nap, he always cries at naptime and bedtime until he abruptly falls asleep. Usually after 5 mins or so. For naps he'll wake up 20-30 mins later and resume crying. Bedtime usually goes more smoothly. But always the crying. No matter if he's held or in his crib. Is this a version of normal? When I read about babys taking 20 mins to \"settle\" in their cribs this is not what I envision. And it's always very sudden when he stops crying and he's out like a light. Not even sure how to google this!", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-176473", "score": 0.7269412279129028, "text": "For very young infants, it's not so much \"knowledge\" as instinct. Natural selection has favored babies that make noise when in need over those who are silent when in need. For older children like toddlers, positive reinforcement leads to a habit of more intentional crying to get attention.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-106370", "score": 0.726608395576477, "text": "Most baby animals make specific sounds to alert their parents. It doesn't sound the same as human babies crying for the same reason animal sounds don't sound like human speech.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2055441", "score": 0.7232483625411987, "text": "Our 6 week old has screamed non-stop for 3 hours. Just when my wife and I thought we were winning, as he was on the brink of sleep, he suddenly switches up his breathing pattern and jerks about to stay awake before crying again. Happens all the time to parents but why?!", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-117516", "score": 0.722935140132904, "text": "As a father with two kids under 5, I can just offer some insight into why this might happen naturally: when babies are born, they don't really respond to anything. It's several weeks before they smile at all. When you spend a lot of time with a baby, hoping it will respond, you pay attention to what works. If a particular sound makes the baby laugh or smile, you tend to repeat it, and remember it the next time they're crying. Babies start to understand speech before they can speak, but it happens slowly. As you start to get a hint that they're starting to get it, you tend to speak in whatever way gets them to respond the most. So whatever theory ends up being true as to why, parents seem to naturally rediscover it by trial and error, because it works.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-322", "score": 0.7484604716300964, "text": "I'm not so sure they do. I drink apple juice, grape juice, and orange juice and I notice they do change in taste year in and year out and also season in and season out as the source of the fruit changes as seasons change in different parts of the world. So answer is, they don't control it. Some batches are better than others." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-186056", "score": 0.7015061974525452, "text": "After processing, pasteurization, and storage, orange juice loses of its flavor and aroma so they add \"flavor packs\" (made of orange product such as oil and pulp) to reflavor it so it always has a consistent taste. There are different breeds of oranges which contribute to different tastes along with picking and eating them whether they are ripe enough or not.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-53887", "score": 0.7004797458648682, "text": "The process of making fruit juice shelf-stable tends to break down a lot of the components which give them flavor. 'Bright' flavors in particular don't survive the high-temperature pasteurization process. People develop expectations of what certain foods should taste like and the people where you live likely don't expect apple juice to have the flavors lost, but do expect orange juice to have them. It is likely that you can purchase perishable apple juice (often called 'cider' in the USA) in the refrigerated section, particularly in the autumn when apples are in season and should you do so, you would find it has a much more complex flavor.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-303943", "score": 0.6988592743873596, "text": "Some artificial flavors are the same chemicals as those found naturally. For example, octyl acetate provides the main flavor for citrus fruits. This can be found naturally or produced by the reaction of 1-octanol (can be made via the Ziegler alcohol synthesis) and acetic acid (vinegar). This alternative may be cheaper and more industrially feasible than smushing oranges. You don't get the nuances of the many other molecules that contribute to the flavor of oranges, but you get the gist of the flavor for cheap.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-59541", "score": 0.6984216570854187, "text": "Unless you're getting it right from the fruit, most juice is pasteurized. (Both from concentrate, and not). This basically kills the flavour, so an additive is put in. This typically separates when sitting, so shaking disperses the flavour additive evenly throughout, making it taste 'better' than if it'd been sitting.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-160470", "score": 0.6977866888046265, "text": "They can't make *every* flavor. Since they're creating them artificially, some flavors will be less accurate than others. IMO, lime and watermelon are two other natural flavors that they can't properly reproduce.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-181145", "score": 0.6974400281906128, "text": "Juice is 99% water, 1% dissolved solids. You can just evaporate off the water until you're risking the solids coming out of solution. Sometimes you can keep going and create a dry powder of juice/milk solids, sometimes you can't if there are other liquids present or the solids aren't stable in air. This is pretty standard practice for anything that gets shipped. Most juices are concentrated as much as possible near their original farms and mixed/rehydrated later. Nobody's paying to ship millions of gallons of 99% water across the Pacific when it's practically free on the other end.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-62923", "score": 0.6955887079238892, "text": "Orange juice you buy at the store is juiced months ago and they let it sit in huge tanks so the flavor is gone. They then add their own special propriety flavor package into it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1340937", "score": 0.6942595839500427, "text": "Say some juice company intentionally tweaked the amount of sugar there is in 250ml? Is there any control to prevent this from happening? What are the consequences?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-67155", "score": 0.6942535638809204, "text": "Part of the reason juice companies use concentrate is so that they can keep their juice tasting similar throughout the season, despite different types of oranges being harvested from different countries even. By mixing the concentrates, it gives a uniform blend to their juice throughout the year. For example, when the winter oranges are harvested, part of their juice is added to summer concentrate, and part of it is frozen or canned. Then during summer, vice versa.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-781401", "score": 0.6941413283348083, "text": "I have been testing various different ways to extract vapable flavor concentrates from fruits, something that many people believe is not possible on a small scale. \n\nThe flavors I have managed to produce won't taste like vaping candy, but it will produce the flavor you extract from. it doesn't contain sugar or oil, doesn't gunk up the coils or wicks. The process I use is just a still.\n\nTo start, I use a sharp razor to slice THE THINNEST slices of the rind or skin of the desired fruit (lemon and orange are easy). try to make sure you are bisecting the cells of the rind, you will smell a very strong flavor of that fruit while doing this.\n\nuse the razor to 'chop' and 'dice' the sections of rind you have sliced off, as mechanical force is the first step in the breaking down of the cells in question . When the cell wall is broken, the inside of the cell which contains the pectins is exposed, accounting for the flavor you are experiencing.\n\nNow, transfer the shavings into a glass jar and then fill the jar almost full with distilled water.\n\nNow you will need a heat source, I use a crock pot as I believe boiling or even simmering water will produce more bitter flavors. Keep the crock pot on a lower setting, filled with water. once the water becomes the desired temperature, it's time to make a still out of this setup.\n\nUse tin foil or whatever you are comfortable with to mold a funnel-like shape on top of the jar, forming as proper a seal as possible on the rim, and then mold that funnel piece around a straw or piece of adequate tubing. Bend the whole structure so that the straw leaves the jar at around a 45 degree downward angle for dripping.\n\nNow place the jar with the shavings in the middle of the crock pot, with the straw hanging over the edge of the pot leading down to another container which will capture the distilled flavor. You may want to use foil to seal the top of the crock pot as a pseudo-lid as the water in the pot will evaporate rather quickly and will need to be replaced.\n\nThe process can take days, but after the time you will have a container filled with what is essentially fruity water, but the flavor will be relatively strong as the fruit matter had time to steep in the water as it distilled. This is the flavor concentrate. Feel free to strain as muc as you like, but since this process is relatively low-heat most of the sugars and oils will still be in the glass jar with the fruit pulp, and the drippings are safe to vape once added to a VG and H20 mixture.\n\nAgain, this will not taste like vaping fruit-flavored candy, and I am still tinkering to try to figure out how to retain high sour-notes in flavors like green apple.\n\nany expansion on the subject is appreciated. Hopefully people get good results like I did.\n\nI have made lemon, orange, tangerine, grapefruit and green apple flavors this way, all tasted like the fruit they came from but lacked a serious sour punch, probably due to the fact that it contains no fructose after the distilling.\n\nThoughts?\n\nThis is a very simplistic way of removing things we don't want to vape.\n\nThere may be something to be said, however, of replacing the distilled water in the jar with the fruit matter with ethanol. Usually catalysts are used to facilitate the production of esters but heat could work over time.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-302469", "score": 0.6936788558959961, "text": "Natural flavor can be anything found in nature from real juice to boogers and everything in between. The good folks in the marketing department learned early on that printing, \"Made with real juice\" on the label would be a selling point - so, they use it when they can. They also learned that printing, \"made with crushed insects\" might lead the consumer to reach for the competitors product. So, they came up with creative phrasing to cover for obvious appetizing shortfalls. If \"natural flavors\" was a good thing, they would tell you specifically what it is.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-48799", "score": 0.6936230659484863, "text": "The other juices certainly exist, and are (for example) more common in Mexican markets than in American ones. The less common ones tend to be extremely sweet, very thick/pulpy, made of relatively costly/uncommon fruits, or made of fruits that are only in season a short time and thus rarely available in the surplus quantities needed for industrial production of juice.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-111519", "score": 0.6925027370452881, "text": "This is just speculation, but I suspect that the pasteurization (heating to kill bacteria in the juice, so that it stays fresh in the bottle) may have something to do with it. I listened to an NPR segment about the origins of Tropicana OJ a while back, and it explained the pasteurization process fairly well. (I'll try to find the link) It seems reasonable to believe that the heating would mess with the flavor, breaking down certain things that make fresh OJ taste the way it does.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1181234", "score": 0.6880293488502502, "text": "FROM HIS ROYAL KOMBUCHANESS, 2007:\n\n\"If people have to make it on their own it can be too much of a science project,\" says [GT] Dave who salutes those who do make it themselves but aims to offer a quality product to those who can't. A tactic Dave uses in converting consumers to the joys of kombucha is a taste of the familiar. \"I noticed that if I just added a hint of fruit juice, it would give it a different color and a hint of a flavor that [consumers] were already familiar with, so they would be more inclined to embrace it,\" he explains. Zielinski, who bought some of the beverage and makes her own brew, employs this juice addition to make kombucha more palatable to her kids and friends. \"You only need a teaspoon,\" she says.\n", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-127978", "score": 0.6875799894332886, "text": "The juices on the shelf are long-life and don't need to be refrigerated.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2787", "score": 0.6875237822532654, "text": "If you grow fungis and other microbilogic stuff in a lab you can get all kinds of flavours. Its a missleading term. Technically it is all natural but it doesnt mean the flavour in your orange juice is from oranges...", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-190616", "score": 0.6831601858139038, "text": "OJ from concentrate is mostly sugar, sometimes with pulp. It’s concentrated by cooking it down (much of the time) and a lot of flavors are lost that way. This is counter acted by adding in some orange oil or other flavorants naturally found in oranges. Unfortunately, they are usually missing flavors and are not always in the right proportion.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-308422", "score": 0.6828135251998901, "text": "In some cases there is a very specific molecule that gives a majority of the characteristic to a natural flavor. If that happens to be true and if the molecule happens to be fairly simple then it can be manufactured in huge quantities for low costs using chemical industry. For example, limonene provides a citrus taste, ethylvanillin tastes like vanilla, cinnamaldehyde tastes like cinnamon, etc. Not exactly, because the natural flavors contain a whole family of other molecules that subtly affect the overall taste, but enough for artificial flavorings to seem very similar to the natural examples. Fun fact, artificial banana flavor comes from isoamyl acetate, this is the core flavor compound in ripe Gros Michel cultivar bananas. Of course, modern bananas are of the Cavendish strain, which taste different and don't have as strong an isoamyl acetate smell, which is why artificial banana flavor tastes different to modern bananas.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-181295", "score": 0.6817624568939209, "text": "Concentrate is when they take the water component from fruit juice which allows you to store it until you want to use it and then you just add water. The issue is that concentrate often has preservatives and added sugar.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-67443", "score": 0.6810834407806396, "text": "I was having this conversation with my wife _yesterday_. A few reasons: 1. It's availability is _very_ seasonal. You don't see very many seasonal beverages - too expensive to market. For this reason you do see it on locally made juices, but rarely on widely distributed ones. 2. Watermelon tastes less good, fast. Think how great orange juice is when it's fresh and how not great it is when old. We're not accustomed to that same gap in the flavor of watermelon. 3. It separates.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-323", "score": 0.6882597208023071, "text": "The heck where are the comments? The behavior is called mirroring which we humans have accepted as affectionate behavior. When babies babble in their cute high pitch voices, we also babble back. When cats miaow, we miaow back. Same with kittens" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-91897", "score": 0.6533452868461609, "text": "I would assume it's because a shhing noise is what we hear in the womb, and it calms and soothes babies when you loudly shush them. I've heard that mothers across cultures all \"shush\" their babies when they are little. Maybe it is ingrained from us very young to continue using the phrase on adults.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-54940", "score": 0.653006374835968, "text": "I'm curious about this too. When I play with my dog, she makes little snorting sounds that I like to think are giggles, like a little kid playing. Not the same as \"getting the joke\" but definitely playful.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-54378", "score": 0.6526215076446533, "text": "Because they've been trained to. Dogs are curious about sounds. People whistle to get their dogs attentions. Because they want the dogs attention, some form of interaction likely follows. Maybe he gets food, maybe he gets petting. So 'whistle = nice thing' means \"Hey i\"m going over to that hairless thing that whistled!\"", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-22255", "score": 0.6526153087615967, "text": "I didn’t know this was a thing. I believe people like babies in general. Even adult animals will sometimes protect human babies.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-141201", "score": 0.6526116132736206, "text": "It's a means of communication. It's like our hand gestures. You learn it, and do it voluntarily but can become second nature (involuntary). [Here's](_URL_0_) something by Animal Planet \"Puppies don't come right out of their mom's womb wagging their tails. The majority of them don't begin wagging until they are about a month and a half old when they have a need to communicate with their litter mates or mothers.\"", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-100853", "score": 0.6525918841362, "text": "Wolves don't. Dogs do. So the thinking is that the domesticated dogs are successful because this \"communicative\" trait was preferred by humans. I don't think, though, dogs are actually taking to us.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-143139", "score": 0.6525647640228271, "text": "Most people in the United States don't speak like this, but this used to be the way most English speakers used to speak. Wine and Whine used to sound different. At some point a lot English speakers dropped the H sound. From what I understand, the \"H\" is still around in England, particularly in the north. In the U.S., it's mostly rich people. ELI5: You know how when you were really little, some sounds were hard to say, so you said \"Toof\" instead of \"Tooth\"? Saying \"HWat\" is hard, so gradually English speakers started saying \"Wat\" instead. But there area few places where the sound is still around. Explain with a Futurama reference: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-27580", "score": 0.6524880528450012, "text": "There was some research on this a long time ago published in Acoustical Society of America where they had xrayed parrots to see what was going on when they mimicked certain sounds, I believe their conclusion was that they uses their oesophagus, trachea, and glottis to create pressure build-ups and bursts that mimic the way our lips behave when we say /b/ or /p/. **edit** This is the article, unfortunately it doesn't seem to be available anywhere free online, _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1815", "score": 0.652448296546936, "text": "Lots of factors. Some of them are physical - people have different pitched voices, different body sizes and differently-shaped insides, and that changes the way anything that comes out of their mouths sounds. And some of it is psychological. Some people, perhaps through shyness or social convention or just a habit of keeping their mouth tightly shut, actually stifle the laugh so it comes out as a snort or a pffffft sound. Someone else might be a big brash extrovert and let out big belly laughs. A lot of people will also have a fake laugh when they feel they ought to laugh at something out of politeness, and that probably just sounds like whatever their idea of a normal laugh is.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-299699", "score": 0.6522080302238464, "text": "Yup! Look [here](_URL_0_). The short answer is that in areas with crowded urban development (e.g. pavements, buildings, roads), birds sang with lower frequencies, since lower-pitched sounds travel better in areas with hard surfaes and are less likely to be scattered. However, in areas with higher noise levels (e.g. traffic), birds sang with higher frequencies. The noises we make tend to be lower-pitched, so birds have to adjust to avoid getting masked by human noise. One hypothesis for this phenomenon is that in noisy urban environments, young birds may not hear the low notes produced by other birds, leaving them with an exclusively high-pitched repertoire.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-62145", "score": 0.6521885991096497, "text": "My best guess would be that laughter is sort of built in to the human brain, almost like instinctual, like crying when you're sad or screaming when you are in pain, and isn't taught to you. Basically because it's built in it isn't affected nearly as much by a persons ethnicity or location as their language is. For example, every cat I've ever observed, regardless of breed or location, hissed when it felt threatened and purred/rubbed up against something when it was pleased. **TL;DR laughter is part of the human's natural language in a way words are not.**", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-182107", "score": 0.6520142555236816, "text": "Audio Engineer here: & #x200B; It doesn't always. Sometimes it's low end frequencies feeding back from a subwoofer into a mic stand or similar. & #x200B; The reason that *most of the time* it's high pitched is because: * The speakers are better at reproducing high pitches * The mics are better at picking up high pitches * High pitched sound waves don't need as munch energy to get from point A to point B as lower frequencies do, so they don't die out as fast as lower frequencies. When I tune a sound system to prevent feedback, there are usually at least 3 or 4 frequencies I have to filter and they are pretty well spread across the audio spectrum.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-144031", "score": 0.6519637703895569, "text": "I don't know the exact science of it, but as far as I'm aware, when you smile, you use certain muscles in your face and around your mouth. When those muscles are in use, it changes how your mouth normally moves when you're speaking. I believe that the pitch goes up slightly which is why you can 'hear' when they're smiling.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-26313", "score": 0.6519515514373779, "text": "We're biologically tuned to love creatures with certain characteristics - big eyes, pudgy round faces and limbs, tiny mouths, etc. - because that's the way our young need to be designed for functional reasons. (I know you said you understand that part, but someone else might not.) Psychologically, this is so deeply ingrained in our makeup that our brains have an unconscious reaction to those elements in other creatures. Because it is an absolutely critical element for the majority of humans to feel that instinct, it has to be extremely strong - on a par with our need to procreate. It isn't just humans, either. Many animals have been shown to feel affection for the young of other species because most babies share the elements we call \"cute\".", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-859006", "score": 0.6518529653549194, "text": "Yes, I’m aware that it is a generalization and not all nerds talk like that. But I noticed that a lot of people who are perceived as “nerds”, or fall toward the bottom of the social latter, have nasally voices that are usually monotonous. I’m not asking because I’m judging them, but because I have a voice like that and I feel people assume I’m a nerd because of it. I wouldn’t really classify myself as a nerd, although I do have some interests that would be considered nerdy. I feel like different social groups have a voice associated with it, for example, jocks, cheerleaders, stoners, hot girls, etc all have a stereotypical tone of voice. Why is this?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-143269", "score": 0.6518266797065735, "text": "Crying is a primitive way for babies to communicate \"I have a problem and I need help\" before they know language. As they grow up, and are capable of getting attention in other ways, or handling the issue themselves, they no longer need to cry. The other aspect is the social component. As people get older they are expected to handle problems without crying, and often looked down upon if they do. As most people do not like being looked down upon, they try not to cry.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-182159", "score": 0.6517801880836487, "text": "It's all about communication. To be successful animals we had to learn to communicate with eachother and so a complicated mix of body language, facial expressions and speech evolved. Many animals communicate in similar ways and sometimes similar expressions mean the absolute opposite - smiling is a sign of friendliness to humans but in apes (or monkeys, I forget) smiling and showing the teeth is really threatening. Likewise, eye contact shows we're paying attention to eachother but in cats can often show wariness and distrust. So we evolved loads of different ways to communicate to convey ideas and emotions so as to become successful organisms.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-80972", "score": 0.6516485810279846, "text": "I'll add that it's also learned social behaviour - humans are orally-focused and tend to show affection by getting up close and in the face of their affection object. Dogs get rewarded as puppies when they do that kind of exploratory licking to a human who gets all up in their face so they learn that licking is translates to affection for humans. Face-to-face stuff can normally stress a dog out unless they're pretty sure there's no threat to them - dogs commonly use actions like turning away or sniffing the ground to demonstrate that they won't be a threat, especially when greeting each other, and even when they're playing with other dogs they tend to bite at the neck and legs more than straight-up mouth play.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-142333", "score": 0.651595413684845, "text": "I'm guessing it's a sort of onomatopoeia. Like \"buzz\" for insects or \"meow\" for cats. When people cry, sometimes it sounds like \"boo hoo\", so it sort of stuck. Same with \"wah!\"", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-995301", "score": 0.6515551805496216, "text": "I just noticed that when I talk to strangers it’s in my kinda deep natural voice and when I talk to my friends it’s higher", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-324", "score": 0.7769586443901062, "text": "Threads tend to be deleted because they break some subreddit rule (no joke posts, post must be a question). Comments tend to get deleted because they break Reddit rules (doxxing, copyright infringement). Of course, either can be removed for the other reason." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-2161137", "score": 0.7372124195098877, "text": "Newf** here.. Every time I'm on a thread/bread, all the comments I see are from several hours ago.. how do you see the most recent comments ?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-851184", "score": 0.7370625734329224, "text": "Does this happen for everyone?\nClearly added censorship.\nWonder if anyone else noticed or cares?\nIt's pretty lame.\n\nWhy delete/not show all the responses if only the deleted comment apparently broke the rules.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-448880", "score": 0.7370225787162781, "text": "I think the app updated last night. Yesterday I was able to delete a comment and its replies while still keeping the parent comment visible. Now I can’t figure out how to do it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-225087", "score": 0.7362257242202759, "text": "[Meta] Sometimes I'll see '1 comment' written under the OP, but I can't see any comments. Why?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-22748", "score": 0.736141562461853, "text": "The mods probably \"nuked\" it. They have functions that will let them easily remove entire chains of comments. Some comments that are fine probably get removed in the process, but it's just easier to do a mass delete of ones that are mostly bad rather than cherry picking.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2028655", "score": 0.7358772158622742, "text": "If you long click a link in a thread, you can pop up a context menu and select share link. This doesn't work when viewing the comment in a profile and trying to do it from there.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-563224", "score": 0.7353774905204773, "text": "The reasons are twofold:\n\n1) Submissions can receive new comments despite being removed by moderators. Dividing a discussion between the original submission and the one in /r/undelete makes it harder to follow and participate in.\n\n2) The comments in /r/undelete are rapidly degrading into censorship conspiracy vomit. As the sidebar makes no mention of intent WRT admin or moderator level censorship, such conversations do not aid this subreddit at best and alienate potential subscribers at worst.\n\nAllowing a small group of vocal users to subvert the intent of /r/undelete would be greatly unfortunate.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2439978", "score": 0.7349134683609009, "text": "Click on permalink under the comment itself, then add /?context=X where X is how many levels of parent comments you want to show. Enjoy!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-563062", "score": 0.7345843315124512, "text": "Is there a way to collapse a comment thread without hiding the top comment? Pardon my ignorance if there is, I just switched over from Relay and I'm still trying to figure things out.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-563217", "score": 0.7334726452827454, "text": "(sorry about typo in headline)\n\nThis (deleted) submission:\n\n* \n\nhas two links to it:\n\n* \n* \n\nHowever, only one of these shows in the \"Other Discussions\" tab:\n\n* ", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-1744829", "score": 0.7333953976631165, "text": "If you enable the setting then all replies to a deleted or removed comment will be hidden and the comment itself will be collapsed. Users are still able to uncollapse the comment.\n\nsuggested here: \n\nsee the code on github", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1745688", "score": 0.7326054573059082, "text": "Ok so mot sure if it's a bug or not, or if it's know behavior, but this happens. \n\nIf the poster's account is deleted, Relay will mark all comments from deleted accounts with a blue highlight. \n\n\n\nNot really sure what can be done about that as there's no way to distinguish OP's post without the name.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-564749", "score": 0.7308554649353027, "text": "I would love it if we mods were able to see deleted posts from users. Even if we could only see them if they were submitted to our own subreddit.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-198827", "score": 0.7288962006568909, "text": "Is there any reason the mods keep shadow deleting all the comments? one or two were quite helpful", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-195761", "score": 0.7284807562828064, "text": "Why do these threads always say they have a couple comments but there's nothing here? Are people shadow banned?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2027333", "score": 0.7272781729698181, "text": "A post in a subreddit I mod was removed by automoderator after receiving too many reports. \n\n\nI reapproved the post but now new comments are not appearing. I have made numerous test comments. \n\n\nI have tried removing and reapproving, marking as spam and reapproving, and reporting and reapproving, on both New and Old Reddit. None seem to work and any new replies I have made are not appearing. \n\n\nThe user in question has advised me they are getting notifications for new comments, but they are not visible on the post itself to them either.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2248280", "score": 0.7270569205284119, "text": "Long story short, there was your typical Greta Thunberg thread on a subreddit I belong to, with the typical uninformed tribal, motivated reasoning and selective knowledge conversations. Such is reddit.\n\nI happened to already know a few things about some inconsistencies in the story and posted factual evidence, with mainstream citations, in response to a question in a comment, and linked to that comment from a few other relevant places (where people incredulously asked for *evidence* of impropriety) in the overall thread.\n\nNext thing you know, the entire comment section turned into one of those situations where you see all these comments as [deleted]. It seems to me, a few years ago the [deleted] comments would remain, but nowadays, reddit seems to have been fine tuned such that the fact that the moderators had laid waste to a discussion, deleting 75% of the comments, is completely hidden from people who may happen on the thread later.\n\na) Has something changed with mod tools or default reddit behavior, in that deleted/removed comments are now entirely purged from threads, rather than hanging around so people can see moderators are removing them?\n\nb) Moderators can nominate individual users to be banned from the site entirely for violations, does something similar exist in the opposite direction, or do subreddit moderators have absolute authority? I violated no subreddit rules, and was given no warning, but got banned with an explanation of \"This comment **may** have fully or partially contributed to your ban\" - no attempted explanation of what was wrong about it or anything.\n\nI'll post some details and links to the archived thread in a followup post, but was interested to learn as much as I can about the official rules first. I think it's an interesting story, and helps explain the phenomenon where regular people believe that ~*if* something is legitimate and important, *they would have heard about it*. It doesn't even require a complex organized conspiracy - if you step outside the line of orthodox beliefs in run of the mill subreddits, your factual information will quite likely be removed from the record according to the political principles of the subreddits moderators. Personally, I don't believe this is \"by design\", as if it's some huge reddit platform conspiracy, more likely it's just indoctrinated people being themselves.\n\nAnyways, if anyone can point me to some accurate *and comprehensive* current details of moderator capabilities, that would be very helpful. \n\n\nI'll post some specifics later in a separate submission including an archive that shows the removed comments.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2028912", "score": 0.726396918296814, "text": "When you're viewing the permalink for a single comment in a post, like one that was linked from another post or in the user profile, the LFC button will open up the entire comment thread but with a couple bugs:\n\n* Comment sorting breaks. My default is set to Top but it appears that loading a post in this manner sorts them by Best, although the Sort button still shows Top as the selected sort\n\n* Toolbar autohide doesn't work properly; if you start at the top of the thread and scroll down, the toolbar will hide but immediately reappear. This behavior continues until you reach the comment you were originally viewing on its own, at which point the toolbar will hide normally.\n\n* When the post loads, it still focuses on the original comment, placing you partway down the thread instead of at the top. This may be intended but feels clumsy--if I click the LFC button its because I want to see the original post just as if I had clicked it from the front page.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2029506", "score": 0.7261207699775696, "text": "If you go to my user overview, you can see the last three posts that I've made. But as of this posting, they are still not appearing in the actual thread. If you click on \"permalink\" or \"context\" for the last three posts if takes you to the thread but shows you all posts with no posts highlighting. To ensure that it wasn't just in a single subreddit in case I had been banned, I posted in both r/Skyrim and r/TheLastAirbender with the same results.\n\nMy last three comments were made 10 minutes ago as if this posting and I'm hoping this issue may resolve itself with time. But just in case it doesn't...\n\nUPDATE: I just checked r/new and noticed that, although some posts say that they have 4 comments, no comments are shown. Example. Is it just me or are there other people experiencing this bug?\n\nUPDATE 2: It looks like there are many other people experiencing this problem. I checked out reddit using a proxy and a different browser with the same results. I think all of reddit may currently be experiencing this bug. Is there anyone who is currently NOT experiencing this problem? Your comments will be invisible to anyone experiencing this bug but it will still come up in my inbox, so please post a comment below and I will repost relevant info here for all to see.\n\n**UPDATE 3: It's been fixed, at least for me.**", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-144045", "score": 0.7246265411376953, "text": "A lot of times, especially if you see a huge chain of deleted comments, it's because a moderator has decided that the originating comment of the chain has blatantly broken a rule on the sub. For instance, a thread marked \"serious\" will have obvious joke reply chains deleted. /r/science has certain rules that top level comments have to adhere to, namely that you have to provide references to any claims you make.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-325", "score": 0.8638099431991577, "text": "Because according to FDA regulations, any foods that has 0.5 g of trans fat or less PER SERVING can be labelled as trans fat free. In big bags of chips, the manufacturer can jiggle the serving size so that each serving will have less than 0.5 g. But small bags of chips are generally considered to contain only 1 serving, and so they can't divide out extra servings to screw with the numbers." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-834718", "score": 0.7362415194511414, "text": "when you first open that bag, the potato chips (crisps for non-Americans) are this perfect crunchy crispness, and they are the one thing we desire when we want fresh potato chips. you buy that large bag because it's cheaper by volume...\n\nbut when you come back to the same bag a few days later, the chips have gotten all greasy. they no longer have that same perfect crispness nor that perfect flavor. why does this happen?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-188726", "score": 0.725488007068634, "text": "I would suspect 2 things: one, different definitions of serving size (bulk quantity of mass). And two: Fritos are VERY “wet” and greasy compared to most chip brands. The fat is mostly from the oil. So greasier chip means more fat", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-134821", "score": 0.7213504314422607, "text": "Two reasons: 1) Potato chip bags need to be packed with air so the chips don't get squished/crumbled. 2) Having a larger potato chip bag makes consumers think there are more potato chips in the bag. It's cheaper to fill a larger bag with more air than more chips. Edit: Citation: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-317326", "score": 0.7208478450775146, "text": "In a biochemistry class last year I seem to remember that trans-unsaturated fats are not made in biological systems. So when unsaturated fatty acids are made by the body they're always cis, which makes me think the trans variety won't be metabolised very well in the body and therefore cause a greater increase in cholestrol and therefore arterial plaque etc. In regards to trans-unsaturated fats looking like saturated fats, this is just on paper but in reality (in 3D) they're different too.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-559838", "score": 0.7083880305290222, "text": "Chip bags aren't elastic, so they compress the same no matter what the content as long as the internal pressure remains the same. So am I crazy in thinking that they could replace some of the volume of the air inside with additional product (as long as the pressure inside remains the same) without compromising the structure of the chips any more that what's already in the bags now?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-79727", "score": 0.7063168883323669, "text": "Two factors here, size and absorption. In the US, the FDA ensures that you are accounting for all the food in your package. This matters because when you pop in the bag, you are changing the product in manner that is going to make the *useful* food you get out of it different than what they have to account for. Say what???? So in an unpopped bag, they have X amount of popcorn, and Y amount of fat. Then unpopped info is going to add up all the stuff and tell you what's in it. But when you pop it, you're changing the structure of the popcorn and removing it from the bag. When you do that, you're going to leave a lot of stuff behind. The oil/fat the popcorn pops in gets absorbed into the bag, in a measurable way. They then provide you with the average nutrition information of the popped popcorn *after accounting for the stuff that gets left behind*.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-305927", "score": 0.706127941608429, "text": "The FDA did an idiotic thing and allowed them to list that a product has 0g trans fat or is \"trans fat free\" if it has less than .5g of trans fat per serving. Retarded I know.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-161399", "score": 0.7044036388397217, "text": "It's actually nitrogen. They replace the air with nitrogen to inhibit the growth of air-breathing bacteria and increase the shelf life of your chips. Also, by partially inflating the bag there is less likelihood of the contents being all broken and smashed by the rough and tumble of transportation.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-295079", "score": 0.7035126686096191, "text": "The most part will be tricky, as labeling requirements are easily [manipulated](_URL_0_) by adjusting serving sizes and staying under 0.5 grams per serving. The Nestle Tollhouse Break and Bake cookies for example, contain \"0g trans fats\" per serving of 1 cookie. The ingredient list is pretty upfront that it actually does contain hydrogenated oils in the form of margarine, so each cookie can contain up to 0.49 grams of trans fat. Cardiovascular disease is on the decline as a cause of death, though that could simply be because of less smoking.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-299648", "score": 0.6995603442192078, "text": "Most of what is in the bag is a gas such as nitrogen, rather than air, to help keep the contents fresh and prevent them from being crushed in transit. Adding more chips would make it more likely that they would be crushed. It's deliberate that most of the bag is empty.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-39295", "score": 0.699540376663208, "text": "A) The larger the bag the less air they need to add by percentage of volume to protect the chips. B) size of bag is irrelevant since you're buying weight, as has been noted C) It's probably a perception thing since you might be hungrier on the lunch line. D) Stop eating Doritos at school. Drink more water.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-560129", "score": 0.6994054913520813, "text": "Opening a potato chip bag upside down redistributes the little bits of salt and flavoring to the rest of the bag, and even though turning the bag upside down does the same thing it doesn’t do it as well.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-61532", "score": 0.6972489356994629, "text": "Basically, the body takes the fats you eat and either adds it to your body, incorporates part of it into things the body needs and breaks down the rest for energy. Here is the problem....you can't break down trans fat molecular bonds as easily (and in some cases not at all) as you can cis fat molecules. Your body is designed to break down cis fat molecular bonds, not trans fat molecular bonds. The cis vs. trans thing has to do with how the fats are set up at a molecular level. It is like trying to use a Philips screw driver on a flat-head screw....you can't do it. So, you incorporate fat into your body that you can't break down. You incorporate these molecules into temporary cardiovascular repairs that become stuck that way because your body can't deal with them. The end result is cardiovascular disease in people who would have otherwise not had it.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-294258", "score": 0.6960610747337341, "text": "Your understanding of the meaning of *cis* and *trans* in organic chemistry is correct. Except for the low quantities found naturally in some foods, trans fatty acids are introduced in modern food processing essentially by accident. In short, they are a by-product of the partial hydrogenation process that is used to transform liquid (vegetable) oils into solid, longer-shelf-life synthetic fats like margarine. Chemically, the hydrogenation process involves reducing the C=C double bond to a C-C single bond by addition of hydrogen; however, if the process is not carried out to completion, some of the cis-C=C bonds get isomerized to become trans-C=C bonds. Trans fatty acids are unhealthy because they mess up the body's metabolism of naturally occurring fatty acids. They change the composition of certain cell membranes in blood vessels, leading to coronary artery disease. They are also linked to increased incidence of Type 2 diabetes, though that mechanism seems less certain. [_URL_0_](_URL_1_)", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-67789", "score": 0.693992555141449, "text": "The air inside the bag gets saturated with moisture and no more can evaporate from the chips. Also the \"air\" is usually nitrogen which means the chips cannot oxidize and change in flavor that way.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-5387", "score": 0.6924374103546143, "text": "The bag is filled with nitrogen. Because the chips sit in this altered atmosphere, no moisture, no oxygen, and no micro organisms, the chips stay fresh, crisp, and in top quality longer. Here's more about modified atmosphere packaging _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2011280", "score": 0.6913810968399048, "text": "So I was talking with my girlfriend about this. She likes candy, sugary stuff, where I like chips, greasy salty stuff.\n\nBut when comparing a serving of chips and a serving of candy having the same amount of calories, which is worse for you? \n\nI'm thinking regular potato chips compared to wine gum, liquorice or milk chocolate.\n\nEdit: Where I live trans fat has been banned since 2003, so not considering those.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2498575", "score": 0.6866043210029602, "text": "Lets say im eating a bag of chips then i move outside eating that same bag why do the chips suddenly taste different?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-55347", "score": 0.6851099729537964, "text": "The \"processing\" you're referring to is probably \"hydrogenation\": on a chemical level, they're taking unsaturated fats and making them into saturated fats (very simplified explanation). Unsaturated fats are the more \"healthy\" of the two; you get them from plants; they exist as liquids (oils), such as corn oil, flax oil, etc. Saturated fats are the solid animal fats, like butter. Hydrogenation is exactly what it sounds like, you're adding more hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fat, causing it to be more saturated, making it more solid. Transfats are the byproduct of this process. Now, one would think, \"if unsaturated fats are more healthy, why hydrogenate them and screw them up?\" Preservation. This is where some people argue about margarine being better than butter, but in reality it's just as bad (one might say worse, because at least butter is more natural).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-119665", "score": 0.684705376625061, "text": "It has to do with the way your body packages and uses them for energy. Trans fats come from regular cis fats when they have been hydrogenated. Normally this process removes the double bond, but a side product is a trans carbon chain, which means they form a trans double bond, which forms a Z shape. The body has to normally processes “Cis” double bonds, which form a C shape. Essentially the body can process and store the Cis much easier than the Trans, which results in a build up of triglycerides, which are a glycerol molecule with 3 fat chains. These float around in the blood and are “sticky”. They can easily clump and form blockages which are deadly to people that consume a lot of them.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-326", "score": 0.7647610306739807, "text": "Fertile river valleys that create a lot of good agricultural land. The same reason that the Nile delta is so much more populous than most of the rest of the area. There are lots of other similar examples around the world. It's also worth noting that China and India are *big*. In terms of land area, China is actually larger than Canada." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1019260", "score": 0.7263340353965759, "text": "I don't know. Has China and Ancient China always been the most populous nation , country or empire in this world ?\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\n1. Are Chinese more sexually active ? That's what happens when you ban Netflix ... (just kidding) Doubt that is the reason, there is no evidence showing Chinese are more sexually active than other races?\n2. Is it because of all the Chinese concubines in Ancient China and mistresses and infidelity in modern China ? \n3. Sure China is among the biggest country in the world (in terms of land mass), but not the biggest. China's land mass is behind Russia, Canada and USA, and yet none of these countries have near a billion people...Canada has less than 40 million citizens\n4. Less than 10% of China is arable land. 58% of China are mountains and 28% are deserts. Compare that to India with more than 50% arable land. No wonder food security is among China's top priority.\n5. Throughout Chinese history, there were many wars, famine, flood, earthquakes, natural disasters, migration, including man made disasters (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution etc...) many million of Chinese died and yet China is still the most populous country. Kinda look a lot like India and many other countries actually : wars, famine, flood, natural disasters, migration etc... \n6. Even with the one child policy, China is still the most populous country in the world (at least in modern times)\n7. TLDR: So why is China the most populous country in the world ?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-205975", "score": 0.7259870171546936, "text": "Sorry that I can't actually answer your question - my knowledge of Chinese history is insufficient for anything I say to be better than a guess at best - but China has nowhere near Three Billion People. It has approximately 1.35 billion people. For comparison, India, the second most populated country in the world has 1.24 billion people. This is also nowhere near the stated 2 billion person gap.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-46192", "score": 0.7238039970397949, "text": "While very large and rich in resources, it has fewer people than Argentina, Poland, or Sudan. There are cities in China with almost as many people as Canada. In addition, culturally, politically, and diplomatically, they are similar to their close allies the US and the UK, and don't have much to add to what those countries are saying on the world stage.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-217678", "score": 0.7222103476524353, "text": "This is really more a question for /r/askanthropology, but here's the gist of it: you can't compare the US and China. They may have similar amounts of arable land, but the US has had a much shorter time to grow a population built almost entirely off of the descendants of immigrants. China has always (since the beginning of history, and for the majority of the time of human settlement) had the most people in the world. It is a resource rich area with a lot of water to grow crops in. Rice is a very stable staple crop to grow, and cities were established there very early on.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-81789", "score": 0.72128826379776, "text": "China & India have had massive populations for hundreds of years because of (at the time) advanced farming techniques.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-177942", "score": 0.7207502126693726, "text": "China has only one major ethnic group (Han Chinese). India has numerous major ethnic groups and languages in different region (Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, etc). And India has a huge caste system. This mean that the people have different ideology. And the government in India is more corrupted than the one in China. India is a huge democracy state but it has a huge population. Even with big population, the China government can make things work due to the strict laws of being a communist state (is easier to implement things).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-125912", "score": 0.7205801010131836, "text": "It largely comes down to arable land. Canada and Australia just don't have anything like the right climate to support such massive populations and the agriculture required to sustain them. Here in Canada, a huge portion of the country is essentially a cold desert, and in Australia they have the opposite problem. The US is another matter, as there's a huge amount of high quality farmland. And as a result (well, there are other factors too, but this is a major one) they have the third largest population on earth. So it's not as though the US is relatively empty or anything. China and India are both huge countries with ancient civilizations and intensive agriculture using just about all the available land in areas with large and fertile river deltas. They've been among the most populous places on earth for a very long time now; this is by no means a recent thing.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-625492", "score": 0.7198852300643921, "text": "So I was looking at an interactive map of the population (here is the link and it is just so remarkable that not only has India been so incredibly populated, but also that unlike China and Europe, they have not had any huge drops in population.\n\nWhat made this location so special it sprouted such a huge population, and how did it stay so well maintained?\n\n*I am referring to the geographic region which is now called India. I know that it was not 'India' 2000 years ago.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-73340", "score": 0.7188197374343872, "text": "Because as the world moved into the international modern era, European powers were dominant (and much more of the world was Christian at the time - Christianity's lost a lot of ground, and much of the current population is from recent high birth rates in India and China).", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-13942", "score": 0.7141396999359131, "text": "China has a problem; they have a lot of citizens and not nearly enough jobs to keep them all employed. One of their solutions has been to invest heavily in construction resulting in the building of cities for a population they just don't have.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-40688", "score": 0.7131008505821228, "text": "China has a population of 1.39 billion people. Some of their medium (in relativity) metropolises are larger than some of the largest cities in other countries by 2-3 times. This inherently means there are going to be A LOT more applicants. To top it off, they're coming from a population that has mainly migrated from a rural lifestyle to urban areas. For a lot of these types of people, college is their way to join the modern world. I have friends in China with college degrees in urban metro areas who grew up without running water.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-36980", "score": 0.7123040556907654, "text": "The US has one of the largest populations in the world. The US is #3 behind China and India. The US is also one of the richest countries in the world. We've got twice the population of Russia or Japan and nearly 4x the population of Germany, the other large wealthy (ish) countries. A large, rich population with lots of discretionary income means that they're going to spend a bunch of money on entertainment. English is also a big help. Every American & many people around the world speak it, so you can make blockbuster movies with huge budgets and expect people to watch them. If you compare this to India or China, they might have larger populations but they have less money to spend and movie producers have to worry about having dozens of different languages limiting the audience for a movie.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-776697", "score": 0.7122104167938232, "text": "China has a population, climate, population density, health facilities and infrastructure comparable to us yet their average daily new cases the last few days have been around 12 while it's around 120k here in india. What exactly are we not doing that China is doing?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-58683", "score": 0.7118294835090637, "text": "For the cities, it's mainly because Asian countries have seen a very rapid transition from people working on farms to people moving to \"The Big City\", whether that be Beijing/Shanghai/Mumbai/Tokyo/etc., to make a lot of money compared to what they earned in a rural village. China, for example, had under 10% of its population living in urban centers back in the 1960's. Just 50 years later, that figure is significantly over 50%. That's a ton of people moving into a pretty small area in a really short time frame.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-135943", "score": 0.7111144065856934, "text": "[India had a much higher birth rate than developed nations](_URL_0_). But unlike countries with even higher birth rates, India is also rapidly developing with a much greater demand for labor force to work in their industries. Most people living in rural India are engaged in subsistence farming and there are very few other opportunities, thus people are attracted to the city since they can find jobs there.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-142165", "score": 0.7105478644371033, "text": "China's *always* had a massive population. It was one of the reasons why people didn't believe that Marco Polo's diary was true, because he described one of their cities as comfortably housing 2 million people, while Venice (largest city in Europe at the time) had trouble keeping 100,000 in sanitary conditions.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-216098", "score": 0.7091274857521057, "text": "Land, most of the land in 'China Proper' is very fertile and good for forming. Also if you look at it from a area point of view, China is like having a united Europe, doesn't the European Union have over 700 million people? A large country like that, with such an abundance of fertile farming land, would generally have a big population. Look at Vietnam, Korea and Japan. All small area sized nations with substantial populations.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-134699", "score": 0.7090064287185669, "text": "There is more than a billion people in India, so lots of stuff happens. Basically, the population of India is similar to North and South America. And India, unlike China I imagine, has a relatively free press, so stuff can get reported. And then, after a couple of times, it becomes a trend and captivates people's attention more leading to more coverage. Cultural factors also play a role, i.e. a system that denigrates women may lead to more rape. But I don't know the statistical difference. Maybe some of these are reasons?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-542054", "score": 0.7089291214942932, "text": "India has the 7th largest land mass]( Also ranks 33rd in [population density.\n\nI do think that population is a big concern in that the resources are limited and diminishing. Other than that most problems are due to concentration of population in small areas (Mumbai) and wide open spaces that are left unhabited.\n\nThe cry of overpopulation often seems like an excuse by the inefficient government that is unable to provide resources and infrastructure.\n\nThoughts?", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-59023", "score": 0.7071022391319275, "text": "They were taken over by the Soviet Union who destroyed their culture, history, and natural resources leading to sharp economic decline. Their birth rate declined after the 70s sharply but is now rising again (59% of their population is under 30, one of the highest in the world). They also at one point had more Buddhist monks per capita than anywhere else on Earth, 20%+ of the population. Those guys don't have kids. The main reason is just that it's a small, landlocked country with economic troubles and not a whole lot of resources. It's kind of in the middle of nowhere, not particularly close to urban Chinese cities, surrounded by Siberia on one side and the massive Gobi Desert on the other side. All in all a recipe for basically zero immigration. China is many times the size, and has lots of coastal areas that have spurred trade, immigration, and a powerful economy.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-327", "score": 0.7414266467094421, "text": "It's not about electrical safety directly. If you use a metal hull as ground, especially in salt water, electrolysis can cause corrosion." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-252907", "score": 0.7028236985206604, "text": "it uses induction, much like if you have an electric toothbrush there are no metal contacts but it gets charged, or at least mine works like that. It works because an electric current in a wire will produce a magnetic field, this magnetic field can the induce an identical current in another wire nearby. This would mean that the connectors would not need to be touching and could still pass the information through a barrier such as air or in this case the waterproof casing.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-242475", "score": 0.7026821374893188, "text": "Earth ground acts as a giant capacitor. In order to discharge into it, you need to be conductively connected to it. Specifically, there are layers of soil which are semi-perpetually moist, and the water in them contains minerals; they are, therefore, an excellent place to dump excess charge. In order to do so, you have to drive a conductive stake deep enough into the ground to reach those layers, and then connect your grounding wire to that stake. See [wikipedia](_URL_0_), which includes a picture of a grounding electrode.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-139745", "score": 0.7024034857749939, "text": "ground doesnt mean ground as in earth. it refers to the metallic frame that carries current away from vital components. the electronics would be \"grounded\" to the body of the craft carrying them to maintain an even charge across the entire circuit.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-53835", "score": 0.7022547721862793, "text": "Grounding essentially is wiring a house so that if for instance it gets struck by lightning, or there is a power surge, the energy has somewhere to go. that isn't the wiring in the house. Grounding allows excess electrical to go into the ground where it dissipates \"harmlessly\". Also when working with electrical circuits, if they aren't grounded, and you by chance tough a live wire, YOU just became the ground, and you could get electrocuted.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-44234", "score": 0.7012742161750793, "text": "Electrical 'ground' is usually assumed to be 0V, but even between and within houses where the wiring is literally connected to a metal rod driven into the ground the actual value of 'ground' can vary. (This is a problem in my neighborhood, century-old knob-and-tube wiring can have all kinds of problems that are either subtle and difficult to diagnose or just burn the house down.) Poor grounding and fluctuating 'ground' can show up as noise or hum in electronics. Plugging everything that carries a signal into a surge protector can help keep signals clean, keep everything at the same ground level, and protect your equipment when the neighbor bridges the coax and main electric lines when trimming the wisteria and the coax stops being just a signal.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-242943", "score": 0.7004597783088684, "text": "The idea behind grounding the metal parts of an appliance, is so that under normal conditions those parts are not in electrical contact with the voltage applied to the internal circuitry. The point is so that if something goes wrong and the high voltage in the circuitry accidentally connects to the metal case, the electricity will flow to ground rather than through someone's body who is touching it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-70409", "score": 0.7003608345985413, "text": "If youre talking about like transatlantic data lines. Then its with ships with big ass reels of big ass wires. They are very thick cables so they just sink to the bottom and chill there.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-32914", "score": 0.6989419460296631, "text": "A ground is a way to disperse electrical charge. Usually by just using the ground. Your house is grounded via large copper spike, or the ground is tied into a large network of metal like rebar. The middle plug on your outlets is the grounding plug, and occasionally you will have special fuses along your electrical system called \"Ground Fault Indicators\" that stop the flow of electricity if it detects that electrical charge is flowing in a direction that isn't to the ground. Without a ground to disperse electricity it will build up and possibly short. Shorts cause heat, which cause fires.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-123440", "score": 0.6987870931625366, "text": "Think of the cathodic protection system as a battery of sorts, except the electron flow doesn't power anything. The anode used for protection (typically zinc on boats) react more readily than the steel/aluminum hull of the vessel with salt water. The zinc \"eats\" all the free floating electrons the hull reacts with, either by direct contact with the water or when the electrons flow through the hull of the vessel to the zinc. If you want a funny way to remember, think of chemicals like drunks at a bar. Zinc and steel like electrons, zinc is drunk and wants to go home with electrons even more than steel. Even if steel is talking to electrons. Zinc will show up and woo electrons better than steel can if they are at the same bar.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-30610", "score": 0.6943851113319397, "text": "If you have a faulty appliance that becomes live, the current from that will try and find its way to earth in the easiest way it can. If the appliance isn't earthed (grounded, to use American parlance), the easiest way for that current to reach ground might well be through you, which would give you a shock and possibly have worse implications. Earthing it gives the current a better route - it's got a nice bit of copper wire between the appliance and the ground to go through, which it'll take in preference to trying to go through your body.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-238049", "score": 0.6941409111022949, "text": "Ground is literally the potential (or voltage) of the ground. So it's a convenient reference point (0V = ground), and it's also a good safety feature. Things are \"grounded\" so that, if some wire or component breaks and connects to ground then it blows a fuse or circuit breaker. Without a ground the piece of equipment would just be at whatever voltage the wire is at, waiting for you to come over and touch it. Also electrons go towards ground from a negative voltage, and come from the ground to a positive voltage. Basically ground is a (practically) infinite source or drain of electrons, set at 0V.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-190282", "score": 0.6933827996253967, "text": "It's a safety feature on electronics that have a metal exterior, to prevent people from getting shocked, in case the wiring inside gets messed up and touches the case. It grounds the actual metal exterior. I guess it's only necessary if you value your safety, LOL. How and why it works is actually really interesting! _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2338644", "score": 0.6932247281074524, "text": "Gday from across the blue surf, Aussie sparky here and just joined this subreddit. Googling this just made my head hurt so thought I would ask the source - you guys.\n\nReading a lot of replies to some questions on the subreddit had me scratching my head. \nHere in Australia we have a Multiple Earth Neutral (MEN) system to protect people - essentially earth is tied to neutral so any fault to earth will cause a direct path to the MEN link, tripping the RCD at the main switchboard. But sounds like you crazy hootin shootin yanks don't have this set up. \nAlso notice you don't have have any Earth pins on your 120v outlets? What's up with that? How is the person protected from a fault to ground on a Low Voltage outlet?\n\nWhen I was in my trade school I asked the following question - \"by tying earth to neutral, aren't we essentially creating our own demise, because if we deleted all MEN connections, there is no way current can get back to its point of supply, so it can never give you a boot\" the reply was simply \"yes, that is correct, but the risk of one person have one MEN link in a system will jeopardise the entire grid and put everyone at risk\"\n\n**TLDR** Assuming you guys have found a way around the requirement for an MEN, what do you guys have for protection against faults to earth then? Scare faults away with your .50 caliber desert eagles is all I have as a possibility so far.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2612759", "score": 0.6918653845787048, "text": "I just got handed the task to design a grounding system for a rather important building in a rather important place with rather disinterested managers. The complex consists of 5 buildings and six 5-6m dishes, of which \"grounding\" has been completed for all but the main building. I'm still pulling plan and soil data used for the other jobs, and looking into how far they got into working in this building's grid. \n\nI was amazed that they just left it like this, since the complex design makes it more of a liability to have an unfinished, multiple building grounding in a place I've been told has the strongest lightning discharges in the state.\n\nThis is a mess on its own, so I could use some help on what to look for first and start on. This is the first time I take over someone else's unfinished business, and some of the pieces of the puzzle may just be completely missing. \n\nI apologise if this is the wrong subreddit.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-246401", "score": 0.6900389790534973, "text": "It disperses. I like to compare (for simplicity) electric effects to water and rivers and lakes. Picture grounding electricity as rain landing in the ocean. It found an area of lower potential and now it is at a universal potential distribution where it doesn't have anywhere to go or any reason to go there. Electricity is just moving electrons. Once they get to the earth, the reason that the electrons moved in the first place has a negligible effect on the earth as a whole, so it reaches equilibrium. The reasons for the magnetic poles is drastically more complicated.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1444147", "score": 0.6891723275184631, "text": "We recently had cable installed, and the installer told us that there wasn't a close grounding point to connect it into the house ground (something about their rules saying it has to be within X feet), so we'd have to get an electrician out to ground it. He left a ground wire drop, and said that it would literally be just grounding that one wire. \n\nFrom what I can tell, it would basically driving a rod into the ground, and connecting the wire to it. Am I wrong here? Do I have to get something specific? Or is it as simple as driving a grounding rod into the ground and attaching the wire to it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-299652", "score": 0.6866292357444763, "text": "Here's a [short NOAA video](_URL_1_) about it. Essentially, the high conductivity of the ocean means that the charge does get spread out over a large area, and can electroshock fish or other organisms that are near the surface. However, lightning strikes are [rare](_URL_0_) over the ocean.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-245908", "score": 0.6862581372261047, "text": "If you want to make sure something is at the same potential as the earth, you need to actually connect it to the earth. Preferably through a nice, low impedance connection, like one or more buried copper-clad grounding rods. Connecting it to a piece of iron will not do that, regardless of the size of the piece of iron. A better question is why you would want to do that. Electrical wiring is connected to earth ground simply to ensure that there isn't a large potential between the wiring and ground, so you don't get shocked if you touch an appliance and a metal pipe at the same time, for example. There is no reason anything else needs to be connected to earth ground.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-2303911", "score": 0.686198353767395, "text": "I am re-posting the question asked here: \n\n\n\n\"A generator is sitting on a rubber isolation pad and is in no way Earth Grounded. A grounding stake is placed in the earth and connected to one side of a light bulb, and the other side of the bulb is connected to the Hot side of the generator. So the generator’s neutral and ground wires go nowhere.\"\n\nI think: this is an open circuit and will not work.\nThe electrician thinks: electricity will flow from the generator, and to ground; which will light up the light bulb. \n\nThe electrician thinks the earth is a big electricity sink sucking up all electricity. He thinks that electricity always finds the easiest path to ground. I tried to explain that electricity finds the easiest path to complete a circuit, and the only reason typical household current flows to the earth is because the power plant and power poles are also grounded.\n\"\n\nWhen it is said that a \"complete\" circuit is needed for current to flow. If a \"complete\" circuit is needed for electrons to flow, then why do lightning strikes happen? There is no return circuit for the charges to go back to clouds. Thus, it seems earth is an sink. \n\nAlso, when one says that \"the only reason typical household current flows to the earth is because the power plant and power poles are also grounded\", how do the charges know which transformer to go back to? there could be many such power poles / power plants with all of them grounded to earth. So why won't the charges flow to these other power plants/poles. I know, this seems to be a silly question, but it is bothering me. AFAIK, charges flow if there is a potential difference between two points.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-87279", "score": 0.6855363845825195, "text": "Electricity always wants to go to the ground as fast as possible. It will be hard to fully explain this at a 5 year old level but I will do my best. Water by itself is not actually a very conductive substance. When electricity is applied to water, the current of electricity is actually jumping from molecule to molecule (in this case, ions but I am trying to keep it simple) until it can reach a ground. Because of this, tall objects like trees (which go straight to ground with little deviation) are more often hit. When lightning strikes an open body, there are so many paths to ground through the billions of billions of molecules that its potency becomes watered (heh, puns) down. It spreads out and becomes less potent very quickly. Fish still can be electrocuted and probably do feel something when lightning strikes. But I would be willing to bet that they only would get hurt if they were near the top/at the epicenter of the strike.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-329", "score": 0.726150393486023, "text": "Probably because with each year that goes by, you have a longer frame of reference to what time feels like? I don't think I phrased that well, but what I mean is that if you are 5, one year is 20% of your entire existence. If you are 50, one year is 2% of your life. So, to get the same feeling of \"long ago\", it takes more years, the older you get. Same concept as why summers seem to fly by compared to when you were a kid." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-871809", "score": 0.6849623322486877, "text": "Before around 2007, I haven't thought world has changed or weird at all, everything was always same, every day was same. (I mean, my life and the world are always changing but I couldn't feel anything core has changed)\n\n1997-1999 was crazy years, people claimed Jesus will come back from sky and there were many 'end of era' events around world, but even then, I didn't feel the world was 'weird'.\nI just thought people are sooooo bored now they want Jesus come back with thunder and apocalypse.\n\nBut from 2007-2012, something was a bit off.\nAround that time, season and weather abnormalcy in my country/town was crazy. Never have experienced that. I'm used to extreme weather because we have both 'horrible summer/siberian winter' in one area. But even to me, weather was too strange.\n\nSince then, from couple years ago I started to experience Mandela Effect, and I can't explain or pinpoint what is exactly wrong or different, but world has changed.\n\nPeople, world news, weather, season, politics, atmosphere, everything.\n\nOf course it could be just because world has actually changed.\n\nSince the 2008 world economic collapse, nothing is same. and this is 21th century, now we can watch movie on our phones and no one think it's strange.\n\nBut that is my point.\n\nThose technical development and social changes don't feel strange. They are just changes that happened as era/age evolves, world will keep changing and someday we'll see flying cars. \n\nBut something is off since 2007-2012, I don't know how to explain this feeling.\n\nLike...something 'core' has changed? One day you woke up and your wife is suddenly different person kind of thing? No, I haven't experienced that, I just brought a example.\n\nAnyone is feeling that too? Ever since then, there is this feeling that I'm on a different planet which is 99% similar to Earth, but 1% is different.\n\nAnd I don't know if it's only me, time flies too fast. If it's 'becoming old' thing, why do I suddenly feel from 2012 time is ticking faster?\n\n-------------------------------\n\nEdit: I wanna add one more thing, I've witnessed a lot of chemtrails in the sky during that time and still seeing them, but chemtrails in that period was worst in my memory.\n\nI swear they were not contrails, because what kind of contrails cover the entire sky every couple of days? They literally covered the sky like a checkered rug.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1942897", "score": 0.684417188167572, "text": "Ever since 2012, I felt like things went south and also things begin to feel different almost like this whole world felt like a dream.\n\nWhat am trying to say what if some of us transfer realities or time lines and this is why the vibe feels different. I'm saying this because of my personal experiences and maybe some people might disagree with me because it happened to certain people, i might be wrong and basing it on my bad luck; me trying to find a reason to find an answer. But I feel like this is a realist dream for me, I'm uncertain of how things will unravel themselves in the future, maybe it was on purpose that we switch realities for some reason but why?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2591000", "score": 0.6831241846084595, "text": "I'm somewhat new to investing, but from research i have done, i cant seem to find a reason that this would be 08 all over again. Seems like a due correction that's been waiting to level out the last 5 years of amazing growth we have had. All the stocks i want right now are super cheap, feels like a bargain. Why not buy more?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-164364", "score": 0.6830386519432068, "text": "Anyone else feeling REALLY old due to this question?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-2390113", "score": 0.682652473449707, "text": "People praised the end of 2020 like midnight would bring a magical end to a terrible year, and they keep acting like something big changed. As far as I can see, nothing is all that different.\n\nThe point I'm making is that a lot of people around me act like something has already changed when really it still feels like 2020.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1066", "score": 0.6782755851745605, "text": "People tend to be nostalgic and look back on the past with rose tinted glasses; forgetting bad events or remembering them more fondly than at the time they took place. When something is in the past and not going to happen again or cause you any problems in the future it is much easier to look back on it with a happy thought. Plenty of young people do it too. Go over to /r/gaming and you will find that 10-15 years ago was the high point in media when everything was wonderful.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-136995", "score": 0.6782264709472656, "text": "That will always be open to interpretation. We're still feeling the effects of economic events that happened decades ago. History doesn't really sort itself into convenient boxes like that.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2343479", "score": 0.6781871318817139, "text": "I don’t necessarily feel anything. It feels like my days are passing by and I’m seeing everything happen in 3rd perspective. Things don’t feel real. I’ll think of days that just happened and they feel like distant memories, as if they happened years ago. Does anyone feel like this?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-144872", "score": 0.6754236817359924, "text": "I hope someone answers - I get this too and it often feels like (possibly is) that my dream thT I remembered was years and years old even.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-30513", "score": 0.6732063889503479, "text": "Because they're still too close to view with much objectivity, and are blending together in your perception. While decades in close proximity to each other will have a lot of common influences, they do have distinct characteristics--and you'll start to notice them more as more time passes. We're only halfway through the 2010s and the early part of one decade will tend to blend into the late part of the previous.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-71683", "score": 0.6726200580596924, "text": "[Did you ask this exact same question three years ago?](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2530659", "score": 0.6724387407302856, "text": "Specifically, my 3 years of university. \n\nI'm a 21 year old Masters student and I'm doing my Masters in a different city to where I did my undergrad.\n\nAnyway whenever I think about my time as an Undergrad it feels like a distant dream. I mean I know it happened and I can recall events/things that happened, but it feels like I am recalling someone else's life.\n\nThe entireity of my 3rd year feels like a hazy blur. If however I play certain songs that I associated with the time period, *then* it feels like I'm instsntly transported back to that time period. Almost like going back in time.\n\nIf it makes any difference, I drank a lot of alcohol during those 3 years. Did no drugs other than occasional weed. \n\nIs this normal?\n\n**TLDR - Wondering if this feeling of my past not feeling real and being someone else's is normal. It is a personal issue of mine I guess.**", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2390879", "score": 0.6714431643486023, "text": "I feel like 2010-2020 not much happened technology-wise, we just got faster cheaper versions of stuff that already existed in 2010.\n\nAm I forgetting some advances of this past decade?\n\nEdit:\n\nAlright after reading 500 comments, I’m gonna say the answer is no, a lot has happened this decade when you look at it all together.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-100694", "score": 0.6708961725234985, "text": "It's so that when the year changes the current software doesn't feel \"out of date\". This process was started by the car industry.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-15020", "score": 0.6693783402442932, "text": "Perhaps is rose colored glasses thing. We remember things better than they really were. I mean, think about the best day of your life. When it was happening did you stop to yourself and day \"this is the best day of my life, i need to stop and take note of it\". Probably you didn't realize it was the best day of your life until after it happen. By then, you were seeing it in a better light than the actual experience. Nostalgia feeds into notion of times where we fondly look back on the good times, and let the problems of that era take a back seat in our memories.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2291792", "score": 0.6691831946372986, "text": "I was born in 2002, but for some reason, I have nostalgia for the early and mid-2000s. I think it might have to do with the fact that we were poor so we had a PlayStation2 for like 8 years, and the fact that my half brother and sister were born in 95 and 97 so a lot of their influence rubbed off on me. It is certainly strange though. In recent years I also have felt a connection to the 1990s and wish I was alive then, as I connect to the grunge music as well as the entertainment of that time period.t", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-128076", "score": 0.6683850288391113, "text": "I think it's because it's associated with a particular time, place, or memory and the context has changed. When you're approaching something from a place of nostalgia there is immediately a change of perception since it is no longer the original experience.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1408563", "score": 0.6675227284431458, "text": "I often get this nostalgic feeling of wanting to go back to a certain time or place but when I really think about that time I realize it wasn't any better but for some reason I still want to go back. I don't know why and it's kind of annoying because I do get depressed about me not being able to go back in time. Does anyone else have these feelings?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-3751", "score": 0.6652503609657288, "text": "Simply put: Because you're remembering that you had to remember something, but you're not remembering *what*. Hence, you feel like you're forgetting... something.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-1062692", "score": 0.6639533638954163, "text": "Being young, I always felt the summers being long and school days full of memories. This accounting of time has successively decreased with time.\n\nFrom January to June this year has felt like a week and I'm afraid of my entire life feeling like this with the acceleration of time.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-330", "score": 0.7258469462394714, "text": "Our lips have an inordinate amount of nerve endings in them. Touching them together will stimulate both partners quite a lot." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1659043", "score": 0.6893836855888367, "text": "Generally, a person will subconsciously make a 'triangle' with their eyes, going from one eye, to another, to your lips, if they are thinking about kissing you. This normally happens during a silent portion of the conversation, so it's also handy to slow the pace of the conversation to have more comfortable pauses.\n\nThe closer you are, the easier the 'triangle' is to see, but you'll need to be able to hold some good conversation before you can use this observation.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-2310189", "score": 0.6893112659454346, "text": "listening to music feels the way it used to feel again!\n\nlooking forward to kiss someone passionately!\n\nproposing plans to do something together to someone!", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-317799", "score": 0.6891142129898071, "text": "We don't exactly know wether kissing is a behaviour that evolved or was learned, because some animals show similar actions, but not all human cultures kiss. A popular theory states that kissing evolved from regurgitation from mother to child, feeding their offspring, similarly to birds. Eventually this sign of bonding and caring was used by partners as well, to show affection. Regardless of origin, we have a lot of nerves in our face and especially lips, so kissing can trigger our pleasure receptors, and release several hormons, causing good feelings and health benefits. A good [video](_URL_0_) and [source](_URL_1_).", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-110480", "score": 0.6888924837112427, "text": "It actually does (technically) serve a reproductive purpose, in addition to being a secondary erogenous zone, lip to lip contact spreads a LOT of germs. Tons. That in turn increases the body's immune response and helps spread antibodies, leading to an overall better health of both parties.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-21217", "score": 0.6878077387809753, "text": "There are tons of theories out there, but one that makes sense is that we are biologically programmed to be sexually attracted to people with whom we are genetically compatible (this theory suggests that kissing helps us discover genetic information without even knowing). If this theory is accurate then you're attracted to darker girls because they are genetically different from you and therefore the likelihood of passing on good genes is higher. Only one of many theories, of course, but hopefully it makes sense", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-28136", "score": 0.6877571940422058, "text": "Adding to the wisdom of Q-gonzalez (although I disagree about the suckling bit): The lips have tons of nerve endings. Same with the tongue. The degree of trust you require to kiss is significant. Some speculate that kissing hearkens back to cavepeople days, chewing up food and depositing it in the mouth of a loved one to keep them alive. I might ask whether you've kissed -- or kissed properly -- because it is simply the most intense erotic experience you can find. That's why whores often do everything but kiss. Here's a wikipedia attempt at explaining: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-866777", "score": 0.6853273510932922, "text": "Basically I'm having trouble mental visualizing what I'm supposed to do with my lips. The thing is, because I have braces we aren't making out so we just lip kiss. Im not sure if Its something that comes naturally but I have a problem doing something without understanding it fundamentally. My biggest question is, how is kissing someone else's lips relative to kissing a relatives' cheek or head?\n\ntl;dr I'm having trouble mentally visualizing what I'm supposed to do with my lips when kissing.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-915387", "score": 0.6844537258148193, "text": "I love my boyfriend. I want to spend every second with him and when I’m not with him Im not as happy as when I am with him. But I’m facing a dilemma. \n\nMy bf and I have been together for over a year. Since we started dating, I never really felt the arousal or sparks from making out as other people do. \n\nI don’t know if this is normal or if it means something more. Does this happen to anyone else? \n\nWhen we kiss it just feels like a closeness. I can’t really explain it but on his end he is obviously aroused whereas I am just… not.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-152725", "score": 0.6837736368179321, "text": "Kissing is just another way of getting information from a potential mate. If you think about the animals in the wild, they all 'kiss' in different ways. Many animals will rub necks, lick or sniff their way to this information, and some animals, like some apes, will kiss MORE than humans. Even humans do it differently (90% of human culture does kiss, however), like the Eskimo nose-nuzzle. Kissing alongside a scribbled X in the Middle Ages would seal a document (as most people were illiterate, and which is where we get the X's in the X's and O's left on valentines) or work as a greeting, but this tradition understandably died out with the Black Plague and other plagues. Freud would say that it is a rekindling of calm feelings associated with nursing from your mom, but biologists say that it is to gauge how healthy a mate is. As you can see this is a huge subject that is still open for a lot of debate.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-41604", "score": 0.6821852922439575, "text": "We're not 100% sure, but it probably had something to do with the way that parents used to feed their children. You ever seen penguins or other birds feed their young? Exactly that...early humans would probably chew the food and then transfer it to their children mouth to mouth, so eventually, this became a sign of who you loved and provided for, which became kissing. Vsauce on YouTube has an interesting look at this exact issue, here's the link to the video! _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2310834", "score": 0.6820983290672302, "text": "People just confuse romantic/sensual/aesthetic or sexual drive with sexual attraction.\n\nHow can anyone want to have sexual relationship with particular people is beyond me.\n\nWhat people want is romantic and/or sensual relationship that can also satisfy any sexual drive which they might have and that's not sexual attraction.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-187275", "score": 0.6816378235816956, "text": "Kissing may have been evolved to actually get a sense of smell of your partner. Apparently we may be able to smell and unconsciously recognize the major histone compatibility complex (MHC complex) of the person we're kissing. The MHC is a set of genes that code for proteins that are on the surface of I believe all nucleated cells (there are different types of MHCs). If you smell someone through kissing and you detect an MHC thats different from you, you may be more likely to mate with them. Mating with someone with a different MHC than you will result in a more diverse MHC for your children who will have a greater chance of avoiding infection and thus increasing their survival/fitness and continuing to pass on your DNA. Edit: MHC takes antigens (cut up parts of infectious cells) and display them for our immune cells to target and kill", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1458029", "score": 0.6815718412399292, "text": "So I'm a 26 year old guy who has never really been in a relationship before. The fact that I'm a virgin kind of goes without saying, but I've also never kissed a girl either.\n\nBut is it at all weird that I've never really had the desire to, either?\n\nLike, I definitely have a desire for other forms of physical intimacy, holding hands, hugging, cuddling, etc. And I have what I feel is a fairly healthy libido as well, but for whatever reason the idea of pressing my lips against someone else's just... doesn't appeal to me. And the idea of heavier making out even weirds me out a little.\n\nIs this normal? Is it something that I just won't 'get' until it actually happens?", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2927", "score": 0.6815495491027832, "text": "Swapping mouth juices is kinda gross. Other forms of PDA are less gross, but still can be pretty gross, especially if the two people are ALL OVER each other. Also, sometimes envy or jealousy play into it. Also, sometimes certain pairings of people/genders make people uncomfortable.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-913835", "score": 0.6804063320159912, "text": "(Demiromantic, they/them) \nRecently I’ve been struggling with this physical response I have when someone makes a romantically intimate move towards me. My stomach drops, I feel nauseous, the back of my neck gets hot and my skin feels extremely sensitive. Here are some scenarios where it’s happened. \n- a girl my age kissed the back of my neck. I wasn’t expecting it (we were just hanging out) \n- a girl my age asked me out. I thought I felt the same but when I accepted the date I felt this way and decided to cancel. \n- reading fluffy fan fiction (ik kinda dumb) but not smut.\n\nI’m not disgusted by romance. In fact I would love to have a relationship of my own. I want physical intimacy in my life. I would like to be kissed. When I see other people being intimate I don’t feel grossed out of uncomfortable. For a while I thought I was asexual but I decided that I fantasize too much about sex for that to be genuine. (Probably) \nIn theory, romance and sex sound fun to me. I would like to be giving because that would mean I don’t have to be receiving or fully naked for the partner. i can imagine myself with someone but Id much rather leave the pleasure to myself privately. But in practice, it seems like I just tense up and feel sick. \nA friend suggested that I could be intimacy or romance repulsed or that I had some kind of internalized homophobia about Needing a Relationship for intimacy. \nFor a while I just assumed it was what attraction or love feels like but honestly if that’s what is No Thanks. I’d rather be alone then feeling like barfing every time I’m kissed or smth. It could be anxiety. \nIf anyone else experiences this or knows the cause or has a label that would be amazing.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-32857", "score": 0.6796552538871765, "text": "People can't really survive on our own that well. Our chances for survival increases when we bond together. That craving for companionship is an evolutionary trait to get us to be with one another.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-159479", "score": 0.6790257692337036, "text": "Kiss someone while you both keep your eyes open. The awkwardness should answer your question.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1929848", "score": 0.6789082288742065, "text": "I've kissed a couple people before and it felt good meeting the urge to kiss them but the physical kissing wasn't really enjoyable and I don't remember. Does it physically feel different when it's with someone you love and how was it different?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-68107", "score": 0.6786547899246216, "text": "I believe it has something to do with the release of a hormone called oxytocin that occurs when you make meaningful physical contact with another person. In that sense, we would continue to pursue the positive feeling that hugging creates. I'm no scientist, however, so I may be way off with this.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-6569", "score": 0.6786484718322754, "text": "Many people are unable to express their feelings of affection towards people they like. Some are embarrassed at showing these feelings and lash out in frustration which turns into rudeness or meanness. This usually happens in people when they are not shown affection in their lives early on or experience \"tough love,\" and then that transfers over to their daily interactions with people they crush on. Hope this helps.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-331", "score": 0.7212068438529968, "text": "As far as I know, QuiBids charges $0.60 a bid. So if they see something for $10, that's 1000 bids, and they've made $610. The person buying it gets a pretty good deal and everyone else who bid is screwed." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-345803", "score": 0.6825777888298035, "text": "\n\nThe site works just like an ordinary pastebin-type site. The site allows you to upload 'pastes', short pieces of text that can be anything from source code to chat logs. BitBin allows you to earn bitcoins in form of our ad revenue sharing program. Just enter your Bitcoin address when submitting the paste and you will automatically get your share from our ad revenue based on the amount of unique hits your paste gets in comparison to all other monetized pastes as whole.\n\nIn addition to bitcoin revenue share, BitBin also has syntax highlighting and optional client-side paste encryption.\n\nSince the site has just been launched, there may be some small hiccups with the site. Please let me know if you face any issues.\n\nForum thread: ", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-43764", "score": 0.6817014813423157, "text": "Quite simply it's a scam. From what I understand, you join the site but have to purchase 'credits' to bid on stuff. You can bid on things only in small increments, therefore penny auctions. Often times by the time you bid on something and win it, with what you paid in credits you may as well have just bought the item new because it's not uncommon to pay just as much if not more than the retail price for something on one of these auctions. It is possible to win an auction for very cheap, but not likely. It's more like a form of gambling than anything.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-115997", "score": 0.6814064979553223, "text": "Bitly (and likely other URL shoteners) provides paid-for services like data analytics (i.e., analysis on who is clicking links, etc.) for those who are willing to pay. (See Wikipedia's [Bitly article](_URL_0_) for more info.) I'm guessing that URL shorteners don't make a lot of their profit from operations (that is, their sales or revenue from services); they probably survive on venture capital from investors that are intrigued by the potential of the new (-ish) markets.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-611521", "score": 0.6774765849113464, "text": "My roomates are planning on putting money into what appears to be a pyramid scam called Zeek Rewards. One of my roomates claims that his Uncle is making $200 a day by doing virtually nothing. Zeek Rewards seems to be set up like a typical pyramid sceme. You must pay a startup fee and then invite people to work under you (honestly, I'm very unclear as to how it works). \nThe site claims to make money by advertising samples on its parent company \"Zeeklers\" auction site. Honestly, I don't understand how it works but it all seems very fishy to me.\n\nCan you help me find evidence to confirm my suspicions that this site is just a pyramid scam?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-83756", "score": 0.6750001311302185, "text": "Reddit is acting odd, and I can't see any of the other comments to see if this has been answered yet, but here's the reason: 1. It costs you more than a penny to raise the price by a penny. The most popular penny auction site, QuiBids, charges you $0.60 to add a penny to the price of an item. 2. Notice that I said \"charges\" in the previous sentence. When you raise the price of an item, you pay money that is never refunded to you. Plus, the winner pays the final price of the item. So let's say that an iPad sells for $22.00. Seems like a great deal, right? But at that price, that means that people have paid $0.60 to raise the price of the iPad by a penny 2199 times, which comes to $1,319.40 in non-refundable fees. Add in the $22.00 that the winner has to pay for the iPad that he won, and the auction site has sold a $500 iPad for $1,341.40.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-762462", "score": 0.6743127703666687, "text": "Which beermoney site pays the best for running these sites? Is there a difference?", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-663685", "score": 0.6740795373916626, "text": "Is it a good, safe way to generate income? Also, do I need to whore myself out to one of the bidding companies so they can pimp my services and offer me protection?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-147972", "score": 0.6737840175628662, "text": "Usually in auction systems like this, you buy credits, say 1000 at 1 cent each. When you bid on something, you use your credits to bid. If you are outbid, you don't get your credits back. If you have lots of people bidding, the credits that are used up outweigh the value of the item, thus making a profit. The person in the end only paid a couple of bucks for the item, but everyone who bid doesn't get their credits back. This means profit for the seller.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-406525", "score": 0.6736761927604675, "text": "Being a boke college student, I'd really love to take advantage of some of these services even just for a one time investment flip type thing. I just wanted to reach and see what the community thought of these services? has anybody had success with any particular ads?\n\nTo me it sounds intriguing to pay a vendor like $5-20 for a guide on how to scam or somehow inherit bitcoin but I'm just curious if they actually work? I'm over mining and services like honey miner because it's not worth the time for the pennies you'd recieve. \n\nI also realize this is illegal and there's obviously negatives to anything so please don't lecture me, I'm just low on money and interested in attempting one time if it's possible. I'd also not take part of other services like Credit fraud and carding etc. I'm strictly interested in earning quick bitcoin a couple of times. \n\nif anybody's had luck or experience with this, I'd appereciate to hear from you. Thanks", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-188770", "score": 0.6722295880317688, "text": "Most likely affiliate programs... they get a cut of sales they refer to the sites if you end up buying.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-33937", "score": 0.671593964099884, "text": "You have to pay for each bid, and you can only improve the previous bid by a small increment each time. So as an example. Lets say an IPad costs $500. Each bid costs you $1. You can bid it up by .01 each time. So in aggregate people need to spend $2000 to win the right to buy the item for $20. And once people start bidding they feel like they have a certain amount invested so they keep going. Plus there are bots that autobid things up.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-89361", "score": 0.6699236035346985, "text": "So an iPad is listed on the site. The iPad starts at $0 when one person bids on it the price increases by $0.01, and a timer starts for 60 seconds or so, if no one else bids on the item you buy that item for whatever the price was. The catch is that it costs one token or coin per bid so that's how they get you", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-163901", "score": 0.6697583198547363, "text": "Buy below market - don't hold it - sell at market. Also they buy everything based on scrap metal prices - some of the coins or jewelry they buy are worth a premium.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-4634", "score": 0.6670765280723572, "text": "They're a rip-off because most bidders pay money for nothing - they don't even get proof that the item actually exists. [From wikipedia:](_URL_0_) > For example, if an item worth 1,000 currency units (dollars, euros, etc.) sells at a final price of 60, and a bid costing 1 raises the price of the item by 0.01, the auctioneer receives 6,000 for the 6,000 bids and 60 as the final price, a total of 6,060, a profit of 5,060. If the winning bidder used 150 bids in the process, they would have paid 150 for the bids plus 60 for the final price, a total of 210 and a saving of 790. **All the other, losing, bidders collectively paid 5,850 and received nothing.**", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-56094", "score": 0.6647106409072876, "text": "I *think* these are ads for sites like Quibids. This is where you buy bids for 10 cents apiece or something, and then they start the auction at $0 and whoever places the winning bid when the time runs out wins the item. You could make 50 bids at the end and get nothing, and this could happen in a bunch of auctions, and you could blow through hundreds to get nothing. Or you might get lucky and get an Ipad for $30. The company makes thousands off that \"$30\" Ipad because of all the bids that don't win.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-1005159", "score": 0.6636833548545837, "text": "Am I missing something? They maintain websites, develop new ones (Playhem Poker), put up prize money consistently, and (assumed) pay staff. \n\nWhere does the money come in?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-75967", "score": 0.6632163524627686, "text": "It's called a Boiler Room. They call people touting a penny stock as the \"next big thing\" and try to get as many people as they can to buy shares. The thing is, the guys running the boiler room already own shares of that stock, and they sell once the price goes up from all the purchases. Classic pump and dump scam.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-344941", "score": 0.6629045009613037, "text": "Nothing fancy, just a little script I was using myself to simulate bid iterations. I thought it might be useful so I put it up here.\n\n\nIf you don't know how the exploit works, LashLash has a good explanation. Though I personally think it is not an exploit, since you shouldn't have put an amount you aren't willing to pay to begin with.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1015412", "score": 0.6611681580543518, "text": " \n\nPretty much creates a widget for individual products that you can embed or post anywhere on the web. You can keep track of sales, taxes, shipping, sizing etc and you only pay a fee when someone buys the product. Only problem is they don't support Bitcoin. I've asked them when they are going to implement Bitcoin and they replied that it was a long term goal.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2204518", "score": 0.6608945727348328, "text": "How legitimate are they as a bidding site? They clearly are making some sort of revenue somehow, as I just saw an ad run during primetime on ESPN. But how?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-332", "score": 0.8064882755279541, "text": "Special relativity describes flat space; general relativity describes curved space. Note that general relativity is a superset of special. It's not an evolutionary step - GR doesn't replace SR like GR replaced Newton. On a scale where the curvature of space is approximately zero, things behave just like SR says. Note that all other forces and particles inhabit space, so SR is really a statement about the geometry that applies to all forces and particles. Although it was first discovered in the context of electromagnetism, it's not unique to electromagnetism." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-36235", "score": 0.7586945295333862, "text": "I would argue there is no difference if the math works out. Either way that is Newtonian physics, aka old physics. General relativity says gravity is just your path through spacetime. That doesn’t push or pull really.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-250737", "score": 0.757469654083252, "text": "Well, general relativity covers frames in a gravitational field, which are equivalent to accelerating frames. [This paper](_URL_0_) (pdf) seems to cover what you're interested in.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-280233", "score": 0.744922935962677, "text": "E=mc^(2) is a result found from special relativity that tells us that mass is a form of energy. Special relativity: The consequence of light having the same speed relative to any observer. Explains how to translate what one non-accelerating observer measures to what another non-accelerating observer measures. General relativity: What you get when you add gravity to special relativity. The Principle of Equivalence says being in a gravitational field is equivalent to being in an accelerating frame of reference (which special relativity does not address). OR General relativity is a theory of gravity in which light always travels at the same speed relative to any observer at all, leading to spacetime not only being warped, but that warping to be a dynamical variable -- something that changes over time according to equations of motion. Special relativity arises when we get rid of this dynamical warping, and simply consider spacetime to be fixed to be flat.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-245728", "score": 0.7441179752349854, "text": "General relativity describes the effect of gravity. Since gravity is the ~~ force~~ (well it is not a force in general relativity) interaction that governs the movement of interstellar objects, general relativity is best to describe all large scale movements.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-305880", "score": 0.7428568601608276, "text": "No difference. It is one of the postulates of general relativity, the [equivalence principle](_URL_1_) Edit: The Bobathon's answer is good too. The reason we gave different answers is that he focused on some of the details that come up due to the fact that objects have non-zero sizes so not every piece of them is in the same orbit. For point objects, there should be no difference.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-295683", "score": 0.7412266135215759, "text": "There is no difference between an object under accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational well. This is called the [equivalence principle](_URL_2_) and is the central posit of general relativity. This phenomenon has a huge range of implications, including [time dilation](_URL_3_), [frame dragging](_URL_1_), and [gravitational lensing](_URL_0_).", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-252562", "score": 0.7357361912727356, "text": "Most of it Special relativity uses the math of the Lorentz transformation [_URL_4_](_URL_4_) General relativity relies on tensor calculus [_URL_4_](_URL_4_) Yes, Einstein was an amazing genius If he never lived, his ideas would would still have been discovered", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-276659", "score": 0.7349313497543335, "text": "Your professor's statement depends entirely on whether he/she was referring to *special* or *general* relativity. Currently there is no complete model of how *general* relativity works at very small distance scales. But *special* relativity is perfectly consistent with quantum mechanics. The unification of special relativity with quantum mechanics is what gave birth to the extraordinarily successful *quantum field theory*.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-254574", "score": 0.7341358065605164, "text": "General or Special Relativity? With the latter, there were a great deal of people involved. The Lorentz transforms central to SR were (as the name implies) not by Einstein. Lorentz' theory happened to be wrong and Einstein's version right, but the former had only been around for a year or so before Einstein came up with SR. General Relativity might've taken much longer. [Nordström's theory](_URL_0_) might've otherwise been one of the more promising competitors. (Einstein himself thought so)", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-319928", "score": 0.7339859008789062, "text": "Let's begin with Pythagoras' theorem for calculating the distance, *s,* between two points (0,0,0) and (x,y,z): *s^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2* In special relativity, to get a spacetime distance, time must be added to the equation: *ds^2 = −dt^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2* In general relativity, the *−dt^2*, *dx^2*, and such have to be multiplied by factors determined by a quantity called the metric, and usually denoted by *g*: *ds^2 = g00dt^2 + g11dx^2 + g22dy^2 + ...etc* which simplifies to: *ds^2 = −dt^2 + a(t)^2 dΣ^2* In this, *a(t)* is a scale factor from which we get the expanding universe. The *dt* term on the other hand, which defines time, is not scaled and thus does not expand nor contract. **TL;DR:** No.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-294690", "score": 0.7337467074394226, "text": "The bending of spacetime as described by general relativity is how we explain the collective phenomenon we call \"gravity\", so it's not the case of one \"causing\" the other. Rather, they're really one and the same.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-310215", "score": 0.7314523458480835, "text": "Even in relativity, time is different -- in ordinary relativity there are 3 spatial dimensions and 1 time dimension. This shows up in the way you calculate distances in spacetime. Whereas in ordinary space, you calculate distances by d^(2) = (x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2 in relativity, we have an interval in spacetime defined by s^(2) = -(t_2-t_1)^2 + (x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2 + (z_2 - z_1)^2 Notice the minus sign in front of the time term, the opposite sign from what you find for the x, y, z terms. This opposite sign is what makes time different. So in relativity, we have 3 spatial dimensions and 1 time dimension. In string theory, there are additional tiny spatial dimensions. Relativity does tell us that space and time mix together into spacetime. In special relativity, two different observers will measure the same value for the spacetime interval s^(2) defined above, but how much of that comes from the spatial part and how much from the time part will differ.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-267139", "score": 0.7298321723937988, "text": "The problem is not quantum mechanics and *special relativity*, those form a complete package as quantum field theory. The problem is a quantum description of gravity, as described by *general* relativity.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-245801", "score": 0.7284427881240845, "text": "> Special relativity says that all observations from any reference frame are valid. No, special relativity says that all *inertial* (i.e. non-accelerating) frames are equally valid. A rotating reference frame has centripetal acceleration and is therefore not inertial. You have to go to General Relativity to handle accelerating reference frames, in which the acceleration of the frame itself acts like a form of gravity in the frame.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-270030", "score": 0.7275082468986511, "text": "Gravity is special because mass is special. In addition to being the \"charge\" of the gravitational force, mass also represents resistance to inertia. I.e. when you apply a force to an object, mass is the coefficient that determines how much that object is accelerated. The equivalence between gravitational and inertial mass, when taken as an axiom, is what leads to the math that spacetime is curved (or can be represented that way). I heard tell that one time Einstein worked out what General Relativity would look like if spacetime were 5-dimensional instead of 4-dimensional. The result was basically the same, with one extra equation thrown in the mix. Special cases of this equation were Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. I have no idea what are the implications of this result. I'm not enough of an expert to know what the difficulties are with quantizing gravity.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-261981", "score": 0.7265079021453857, "text": "They are different descriptions of the same thing. Changes in the gravitational field propagate as gravitational radiation, and quanta of gravitational radiation are called gravitons. The classical limit of a spin-2 massless (graviton) quantum field theory is general relativity.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-272358", "score": 0.726334810256958, "text": "It doesn't make them them the same thing. Rather, it implies that gravitation alone is not responsible for producing non-inertial reference frames. If you are in \"free fall\" you are in an inertial reference frame. If you are on the surface of the earth you are in a non-inertial reference frame, due to the electromagnetic forces keeping your feet from falling through the ground (ie accelerating you upward).", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-261235", "score": 0.7261520624160767, "text": "If there was no detectable force gradient, then no. Gravity itself *is* an effect of an accelerating reference frame, so there is fundamentally no difference.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-274112", "score": 0.7260806560516357, "text": "Both, actually. Time dilation occurs both due to relative velocity (special relativity) and due to gravitational fields (general relativity).", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-292453", "score": 0.725575864315033, "text": "Yes, they **are** consequences of that fact. There are two postulates (assumptions) of special relativity: * The laws of physics should be the same in all inertial frames. * There is a finite, *invariant* upper bound (c) on the speed at which signals can propagate through space. From these you can derive all of the consequences of SR, including time dilation and length contraction.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-333", "score": 0.7959787845611572, "text": "This isn't correct at all. Western depictions of cyborgs/robot are often positive (Chappie, WallE, Short Circuit), and depictions in Japanese media are often negative (Bubblegum Crisis is the only one I can think of now because it's been a while since I watched anime). You are seeing a correlation where one does not exist." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-489460", "score": 0.715466320514679, "text": "In western movies or books, Japanese soldiers are depicted as evil, kamikaze, not afraid of death, not feeling anything, not even really human. I doubt that this representation is honest. \n\nDo you know any book or article relating lives of normal soldiers from a Japanese perspective ?", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-151438", "score": 0.714798629283905, "text": "I believe it was an offshoot or at least influenced by the prevalence of \"Kaiju\" movies like Godzilla (Tetsijin 28-go came out like 2 years after the original Godzilla, and it is considered the first Japanese Mecha), which were metaphors for Nuclear Weapons in post WWII Japanese movie culture. They represent a force of similar magnitude to what tore Japan apart, but through pop culture were reclaimed as heroes or protectors. Giant Mechs are also just super fucking sweet.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-597462", "score": 0.7123318910598755, "text": "Medieval Japan is often depicted as clean, purposeful, and organized, while Medieval Europe is depicted as filthy, brutish, and chaotic. Was there any reason for two countries in the same time period to be so wildly different, or was it just happenstance? Are these depictions mostly true, or has Hollywood missed the mark?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-221693", "score": 0.7099533081054688, "text": "Doesn't directly answer your question, but [this old answer ](_URL_0_)goes over largely positive or neutral portrayals of Western characters in Soviet sci-fi in particular.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-250", "score": 0.6965098977088928, "text": "Social responsibility. In general, Japanese culture has a bit more sense of morality in respect to the original creators. They don't want to hurt the creators. Theres also this sense in Japan of following the order of things just for the sake of the law. A lot of westerners will do things they know they aren't supposed to, if they think they can get away with it. Japanese I think are more likely to take the \"safe\" road. Lots of generalizations here, but I think it mostly holds true.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1290744", "score": 0.6842129230499268, "text": "Hear me out.\n\nGodzilla began as a serious film series, representing the violence of the atomic bombings during WWII. The original Gojira was a gritty and dark movie, and it dealt with serious emotional and psychological issues. People die violently, and their deaths are given great weight and emphasis; these are not just rag-dolls thrown around by a big lizard, these are human beings, whose lives have been snuffed out in the flames of atomic destruction. Godzilla itself is a harsh metaphor, nuclear war made bipedal.\n\nOver time however, as American audiences began to view Gojira (which was retitled as Godzilla: King of the Monsters for Western audiences), and the profit motive began to take over, all of this was stripped away. As early as the second movie, Godzilla Raids Again, Godzilla was fighting other monsters rather than wrecking havoc on humanity as a metaphor for the atomic bomb. Over the rest of the series, Godzilla's movies only got more and more ridiculous and over-the-top; this goes to show how the introduction of the profit motive is toxic to artistic expression. The entire purpose of Godzilla (to serve as a visual metaphor for nuclear devastation) was lost, and only glimpses of it have been caught since. 2014's Shin Godzilla (which won the Japanese award for Best Picture) recaptured some of this, but overall it has been largely removed.\n\nGodzilla is proof that capitalism is toxic to art.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1290484", "score": 0.683083176612854, "text": "I've noticed that the general consensus when watching a Godzilla movie is that Goji is the automatically bad guy when he's attacking us. Doesn't that go against the entire point of the original film all the way up to the most recent one? The antagonists of those types of films was humanity. Goji was almost always doing his own thing up until we abuse technology that we probably shouldn't be using in the first place. Godzilla was always meant to be our punishment for using horrific \"toys\". Even in Shin Gojira it's obvious that it's all our fault. We're just reaping what we sow. In fact, Godzilla is acting as a purifier for the Earth. If he was successful in wiping us out, the Earth wouldn't have to deal with our misuse of nuclear energy and the incredible amounts of pollution that we've been shoving into the Earth. \n\nI'd like to hear some outside opinions on this, because this was my initial reaction to watching Godzilla for the first time and it's remained this way ever since.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-535922", "score": 0.6799883246421814, "text": "As opposed to you know, fax machines?\n\nI would guess that 80s cyberpunk media might have been the original source for the image of Japan as futuristic, but that doesn't count for the \"wonderland\" part as cyberpunk is all about \"high tech, low life.\"", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-2305960", "score": 0.673014760017395, "text": "This is the summary:\n\nThe cyborg as presented in Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) shows the possibilities human augmentation may hold for the future of humanity. In both cases, the cyborg is a vessel for investigation on the social politics of bodily agency and contentious ethics of the practices involved with cyborgs. This analysis uses text Donna Haraway’s foundational \"Cyborg Manifesto\" to define what a cyborg is, Laurent Alexandre and Jean-Michel Besnier's dialogue on the rationale for cyborgs, and the Deleuze-Guattari concept of \"body without organs.\" Additionally, Ghost in the Shell counters the tradition of individualism as the leading goal for the film's protagonist, suggesting that the cyborg is not a sole entity but rather a non-conforming being that does not establish social norms. What these films (and this franchise, more broadly) scrutinize is the complexities of non-organic life taking shape to resemble the likewise complex structure of organic life we call humanity.\n\nAgain this is about \"Ghost in the Shell,\" the highly acclaimed anime film from 1995. People have told me it is a fun read so don't feel like you need to know things to understand. So if you're interested in reading it here it is: ", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-58456", "score": 0.6719602942466736, "text": "Most CGI people (like Pixar and Dreamworks) tend to fall on the left end of the uncanny valley, being cute fake dolls that don't look super human. Making a humonoid robot, which would be up and about in real life as opposed to on a screen, is a good deal harder.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-228999", "score": 0.6700178980827332, "text": "I find \"evil\" to be a very biased way of looking at it. Anyway, Japanese brutality is mostly a result of the sheer nationalist pride, and \"warrior\" culture that the Japanese military employed. Do anything for Japan and your Emperor, hate your enemy and let them receive your hate. Through this, they dehumanized the enemy as nations happen to do, along with the amount of badblood Japan, China, and Korea have, that obviously fueled the militaries' activities. The easiest way to understand Japanese brutality during WWII is simply compare them to Western Fascism, largely the same tactics are used. Japanese honor, desensitized towards violence, dehumanization of the enemy lead to the cruelty of Japanese forces.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-107609", "score": 0.66985684633255, "text": "Japan was occupied by US soldiers for a long time, which lead to a big cultural exchanges that have lasted to today. Japanese films, video games, and animation, have all been freely open to Western Audiences for decades. China in the same time period was a communist nation that was a huge enemy of the US. It wasn't until the time of Nixon that any cultural or economic exchanges happened at all. Also, while Japan has become adept at making entertainment that Westerners accept, China entertainment industry was restricted to state approved pieces showing how the awesome Chinese government made things perfect, and still to this very day has extremely restrictive guides on what kind of things can be depicted in entertainment. This has not and is not an atmosphere that breeds artistic evolution. To quote the Fourth Revolution, \"We [China] have Kung Fu and Pandas, but we could not make a film like Kung Fu Panda.\"", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-58933", "score": 0.6696441173553467, "text": "Actually, the 'normal' characters for Japanese entertainment media are supposed to be average Japanese. When they portray white, black or even other Asian, exaggerated body features or habit are used. Also, the average Japanese student already learn about John Steinbeck, Victor Hugo, Goethe and Shakespeare in high school, so it's easy for them to portray western stereotypes", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-45076", "score": 0.6694208383560181, "text": "Japan has a fascination with the West and attempted to be extremely liberal and progressive (so a lot of stuff is allowed), but has a lot of cultural traditions of hard work / high expectations / respect. So you get people that are a little bit repressed during the day and it manifests strangely in their free time. The \"tentacles\" that you're referring to is also related to Japanese censorship laws - which most people would find a bit inconsistent. Basically, they can't directly show genitalia - so they make weird substitutions.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-54754", "score": 0.6687777042388916, "text": "Do you have more examples? I've been watching anime for like 15 years and while I agree they show up, I don't think they necessarily show up more in anime than they do (by allegory or otherwise) in plenty of American or western media. Jojo's makes sense, it's a globe-hopping, multigenerational story that takes place over hundreds of years and multiple dimensions and timelines. Nazis signal an era.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2030791", "score": 0.668694019317627, "text": "*(I also posted this on my site FilmPiece.com*\n\n-\n\nA typical Hollywood film portrays robots as evil, killing machines.\n\nIn the same way that ‘Jaws’ made people scared to swim at the beach, ‘Terminator’ cemented our cultural fear of robotics and artificial intelligence.\n\nAt first glance, one’s impulse might be to classify Ex Machina as yet another movie that perpetuates this fear.\n\nHowever, the film touches on such topics with a more subtle and nuanced approach.\n\nIn a recent interview, writer/director Alex Garland described how,\n\n&gt; “It’s not a paranoid technology movie… It’s not anti-A.I., it’s not anti-robots. Often, in these narratives, that’s what we do. It’s Skynet, it’s Terminator, and they’re going to kill us. This isn’t that. This is more sympathetic in a way to the A.I. than to the people that created it.”\n\nThe key word here is ‘sympathetic’. Sympathy in the sense that Garland recognizes how the main characters in his film are merely human. Nathan is a futuristic genius, but could also be considered a misogynistic alcoholic. Caleb is well-intentioned, but vulnerable to the seductive manipulation of the robot.\n\nGarland continues,\n\n&gt; “The film is definitely not supposed to be a cautionary tale about A.I.s…The caution is all aimed at the humans. My anxieties are about people, not machines. A.I.’s might be more reasonable about some things than we are.”\n\nClearly, Garland was trying to steer clear from the cliché depictions of technology in typical Hollywood films. His film is more a commentary on people and their imperfections.\n\n*(An interesting thing to note here is that Garland’s first major hit, 28 Days Later, looked like a typical Zombie movie until it gradually ventured into focusing on a human-vs-human conflict between soldiers and survivors.)*\n\nPeople are flawed. We are easily deceived, prone to addictions, and governed by emotions. Even on a physical level, we are limited by the constraints of the human body. Robots with artificial intelligence don’t have to eat, drink, or sleep. They can make calculated decisions in a matter of milliseconds. Robots have defeated chess champions, and then Jeopardy! Champions. So what’s next? How far can this trend continue?\n\nPerhaps it is our ego and narcissistic tendencies that make us believe we are special. Wouldn’t it be vain to believe that we were the apex of natural evolution?\n\nAs Nathan ominously predicts,\n\n&gt; “One day the AIs are going to look back on us the same way we look at fossil skeletons on the plains of Africa. An upright ape living in dust with crude language and tools, all set for extinction.”", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-29461", "score": 0.6678152680397034, "text": "A big part of it, I think, is that Japan doesn't have the same views on sex as the West does. (Most of the times that Japan's views on sex do match up with the West, it was because of imperialism.) To some degree, it's a result of anime becoming more developed and popular with more audiences. There was sex back then. Cutie Honey came out in the 1970s (also Robotech is the westernized version of the original Macross). A lot of these shows are meant for teenagers, not for children or adults. And Japanese teenagers are just as horny as ours. And hey, sex sells. That is the same in every nation.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-84634", "score": 0.6637403964996338, "text": "basically demographics , those kids in japan are the main audience so hence kid soldiers, what 13 year old dont want to be a hero ? with a big ass mech?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-15464", "score": 0.6636177897453308, "text": "What you are seeing in Anime is how the Japanese persons view themselves, what they think they look like. What you are thinking of is how the west views the Japanese, what the west thinks the Japanese people look like. The difference is quite instructive. The main thing it teaches you is how similar people of different races are, and how much of race is just in people's heads.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-215518", "score": 0.6619435548782349, "text": "As a follow up question: Was the US and/or it's allies often portrayed as \"the bad guys\" in movies/shows, similar to movies/shows from the US during the cold war?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-334", "score": 0.8120078444480896, "text": "Inside your eye are 3 different kinds of cells for detecting colors, one can see red, one can see green, and one can see blue. In colorblind individuals, one of those is either missing or not functioning properly, and so the number of combinations of colors you can distinguish is drastically lowered. You can still tell most colors apart because even if you may not see green properly, you'll detect the varying shades of red and blue in that color but you're missing some of the information." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-126714", "score": 0.768564760684967, "text": "We know that everyone *doesn't* see the same colors, actually. Not just the colorblind, but every single person has slightly different eyes. Some are more sensitive to red wavelenghts, others to green, others to orange... Everyone sees slightly different, but most of us are similar enough that it makes no big difference. Test your own [here.](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-290824", "score": 0.7607378959655762, "text": "\"Colourblind\" does not mean that an animal sees in black and white. It is \"red-green\" colorblindness, like people can get. They have difficulty seeing the difference between certain colors (like red and green) and colors may seem muted, but they can see color. Note that this only applied to non-primate mammals. Monkeys have trichromatic vision. Birds and reptiles can actually see MORE colors than us, into the UV spectrum.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-290336", "score": 0.7601248025894165, "text": "> I've recently been fascinated by those EnChroma videos , in which a colorblind person uses special lenses that allow them to see color. I can tell by the way you phrased this question that those lenses don't work the way you think they work. Also, what that person is seeing isn't exactly the same as what you or I would be seeing. Those lenses block out the wavelengths that have the most overlap between the different kinds of photopigments in the eye to increase contrast. That's it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-89627", "score": 0.7566792368888855, "text": "Well, some people are color blind. The world is bound to look different for them. There is no way of knowing if people with normal vision all perceive colors the same way, though. I don't think the color of your eyes has any impact on what colors you can see.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-63497", "score": 0.7543729543685913, "text": "People who are not color blindness can see details with color and patterns etc, but colorblind people cant see the colors so the only thing they can foucus on is the pattern and size, shape, and therefore they can notice patterns faster than non colorblind people. EDIT: You can kind of say that color blind people see things in 'slow motion'", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1174072", "score": 0.7543712258338928, "text": "I thought it was a genetic thing that you were born with. Is there really this much colourblind people in the world?\n\nThis is a legitimate question.\n\nEdit: People are getting the idea that I'm somehow hating on colourblind people? This is not true, please don't jump to conclusions.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-77750", "score": 0.7531077265739441, "text": "If you take the most common case, which is red to green colour blindness, The persons red and green photopigments have more overlap than normal, making them unable to see certain colors. Colour blind glasses work in a way to alleviate this by creating a specialized lens that filters out specific colors. You can use these filters to target specific photopigments so you can affect what wavelengths (or colours) the person can see depending on what colours they are struggling with. Just because a person is colour blind doesn't mean that the colour they can't see is completely invisible to them, they just need some fine tuning which means blocking out the overlapping wavelegnths to enhance the less common ones.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-264562", "score": 0.7528380751609802, "text": "In most cases, when someone says they are color blind they are referring to [red-green colorblindness](_URL_0_) which is a sex linked disorder that results in problems in the cone photoreceptors in the eye. Sometimes problems in someone's brain can lead to color blindness. An example of this is [cerebral achromatopsia](_URL_1_). Another brain related color problem is [color agnosia](_URL_3_) which is the ability to see colors but not recognize them as being a certain hue. Be careful when thinking about color blindness as the inability to see a color though. Many people with red-green color blindness can see red and green perfectly fine, but are unable to visualize them in combinations such as with [Ishihara plates](_URL_2_). These people would easily be able to visualize red or green in their minds.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-285903", "score": 0.7521919012069702, "text": "The most common form of colorblindness is [to see red and green as the same color](_URL_0_). Sometimes it's because the red or green cone cells are missing, but usually it's because [they respond to almost the same color light](_URL_3_) (vs [normal vision](_URL_1_)) How the glasses work is by blocking [colors between red and green where there is the most overlap](_URL_2_) it allows the faulty red and green cones to see enough difference to distinguish red from green. Now if you wanted to change how you see colors with glasses you'd never be able to create exactly what a colorblind person sees (that would require \"creating\" light), but if you wore glasses that were strongly tinted green then technically you would be seeing in monochrome (black and green of course, not black and white). Same goes for red or blue.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-36485", "score": 0.751368522644043, "text": "First things first: enchroma makes glasses for red-green colorblind people. These people still see color, but red and green look so similar, they can't distinguish between them. But what is colorblindess? Most people have three types of color-sensing cones in their eyes: red, green, and blue. These cones see light of certain wavelenghts and for normal color vision, there only is a very small overlap. In people with red-green colorblindness, the cones malfunction and the overlap is greater: red and green look indistinguishable. Enchroma glasses now filter out the wavelengths of red and green that are 'close together', increasing the saturation of red and green. This leads to a better distinction between the two. The overlap doesn't go away, but the reds and greens are enhanced to get extreme values that are 'outside' of the overlap region.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-96879", "score": 0.750552237033844, "text": "Because there are some people that can't tell the difference between 2 specific colors. Everyone might interoperate different colors differently but we should all be able to distinguish between 2 that are different. It's a difference between perception and reality. This is a color blindness test _URL_0_ Now, I see a bunch of dots that are red/orange and green. Now what I perceive as green vs how your brain perceives green might not be the same, but we can both agree that those dots are green. A colorblind person would not be able to tell the difference between the red/orange dots and the green ones, they would all look exactly the same.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-780120", "score": 0.7489715218544006, "text": "I thought of this question at work (my job is dull). I think I would have a hard time choosing. Obviously I know extremely little about it, so if I'm wrong in assuming that colour blindness means you cannot see colour at all, please explain.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-246041", "score": 0.7480183243751526, "text": "It depends on the type of colorblindness. Someone with blue-yellow colorblindness would be the same as someone with full color vision. They have trouble seeing blue, but there's no blue in the room so it doesn't matter. Someone with protanopia would have a much harder time seeing. Their red cones don't work. The green cones can still pick up a little red light, so they won't be completely blind, but it will appear much darker to them.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-575384", "score": 0.7471544146537781, "text": "I’ve been deuteran colorblind I assume my whole life since it’s genetic. Which means I’ve never seen colors normally. I can tell colors apart for the most part when given the “oh you’re colorblind. What color is this?” Test. But it really bothers me that I can’t see color as a normal person can and I often wonder how much different my world is vs someone else. I can’t even look at the pictures that were made to show what I’m supposed to see because then I’m just compounding color blindness. When I’ve shown people examples. They always seem to go wow you see that. That’s so weird. It’s just very frustrating not seeing what someone else can see and i wonder if I’m missing out on a lot of beauty and nature not being able to appreciate the colors as well.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-60485", "score": 0.7461863160133362, "text": "Colorblindness itself is not necessarily that hard to \"discover.\" The colorblind person is unable to distinguish colors that a non-colorblind person can. In your scenario, if you just look at the leaves, yeah it may not be recognizable. But the minute someone shows up with a ripe tomato it falls apart. You're seeing two colors and he's seeing one. A more interesting case might be if you leave colorblindness out of it. How do you know the red you see is the same red I see? You don't. We both see a spectrum of colors but there's no way to definitively know they are represented the same way in our brains. We can only tell if they are represented inconsistently (e.g. colorblindness.).", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2341952", "score": 0.743199348449707, "text": "It's not often at all you meet people who can't hear certain frequencies, who can't taste certain flavours, who can't feel certain textures. Why is colour blindness so prominent in comparison? And what exactly is going on in the brain that causes it?", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-160", "score": 0.7430490851402283, "text": "It's not that colour-blind people can't see red or green. They can see them both fine; they just can't tell them apart.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-779347", "score": 0.7421985268592834, "text": "This has been frustating me since I can remember. I can see all colors perfectly. You can show me red, blue, yellow, everything and i would see them. But my problem is sometimes I can't distinguish them. This has been frustrating me because colorblind people literally cant see certain colors so i can't call myself that. \n\nIf you put light red and pink side by side, i wouldn't know the difference. but if you put red and pink, i can tell which is which just because I know red is darker than pink. BUT if you put dark pink and light red, i would probably tell that the darker one is red. same with yellow and green, i know yellow is lighter than green. but if you put dark yellow and light green side by side, i would pick the dark one as green. Like i just guess some color just by its darkness or lightness. sometimes i also cant tell the difference between blue and pink. \n\nIt's so annoying because maybe i'm just dumb at colors. Some people can distinguish super duper complicated colors but i only know basic colors (and i'm bad at it too). Being an artist while basically not knowing anything about colors sucks. \n\nI hope i'm making any sense. I hope you can understand me, because i don't think this is colorblindness. This has been bothering me since I was a little kid.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-63008", "score": 0.7414516806602478, "text": "Human eyes have rods and cones. We know that people are colorblind due to a genetic issue that makes the cones non-functional. From that, we can conclude that cones are what let us humans see color. We examine the structure of a dog's eye and see it has rods but no cones. Thus we create a theory: dogs can't see color. We can then set up an experiment to test it, by trying to have dogs distinguish between two colors that are identical for the completely colorblind. The dogs can't do it, so we have a pretty good idea that dogs are colorblind. It's not perfect; there's no way to know how the world actually looks to another creature without being inside its head. As many a stoner have remarked, it's possible that not all humans even perceive color the same way, but we do the best with what we have.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-100026", "score": 0.7410462498664856, "text": "There really is no way to know for sure, from a philosophical standpoint. We can't see through someone else's eyes, so we can't really know what they see. But from a scientific standpoint, we can assume that everyone sees the same colors the same way. We all come from the same common ancestor, so we all have the same genes that tell our bodies how to see, so we can assume that we all see the same colors the same way. It is also obvious when someone can't see the same way you can, as with color blind people. Also, if you were to talk to someone about colors, they would describe yellow, orange, and green as brighter colors, and blue, purple, and red as darker colors. As bright and dark are words about light levels and not color, you can conclude that you are most likely seeing the same colors.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-336", "score": 0.678120493888855, "text": "The commonality across all those big trucks having a doubled rear wheel. On a doubled wheel, you need to be able to bolt the two wheels together to be secure them. The rims budge out so they can touch each other. & nbsp; The front wheel can't be doubled because it would interfere with steering. In order to only need one spare tire, the truck using the same wheel across the entire trunk, meaning that the budged rim is used for the front wheels. edit: spelling" } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-98798", "score": 0.6441060900688171, "text": "This is something that can happen as a truck ages, but the more likely scenario is that these people are doing something called \"rolling coal\". This only works with Diesel trucks and happens when the owner intentionally modifies the car computer to change the way the engine burns fuel. It does nothing at all for performance and makes the car significantly less efficient. It's only for looks, it serves no other function.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-24339", "score": 0.6439327597618103, "text": "It's a recent fuel saving innovation. The idea is that in order to roll down the road with a heavy load, a lot of energy gets put into compressing sidewalls of the drive tires to overcome resistance, which is basically unrecoverable because it turns into heat. If you have two wide tires instead of four narrow tires, fuel efficiency increases by a few percent over the lifespan of the tire. This adds up over hundreds of tractors and millions of miles. Source: truck driver.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-74090", "score": 0.6438349485397339, "text": "Engines are extremely heavy. Moving all that weight from one end of the car to another is going to affect how the car handles.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-25634", "score": 0.6433636546134949, "text": "Intermodal containers have interlocking lugs at the corners, sort of like Lego. It's not super-strong, though, and there are limits to how far a train (or, more commonly, a ship) can lean to one side or corner without toppling a stack of containers.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-306008", "score": 0.6427317261695862, "text": "This is for ease of connecting to either side. If there isn't a turn table or any other way to turn the engines around, then the back becomes the front and vice versa. This makes changing directions easier and there will always be an engine facing forward.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-176289", "score": 0.6426283121109009, "text": "Your tire is made of rubber and inflated with air. If part of the tire has air beneath it while the rest is pressed against the road by the entire weight of your car, that part above air will swell out, making the radius of the wheel bigger at that point. Bigger radius means that part of the wheel's surface moves faster, which means that if it touches the side or bottom of the crack it'll push the side of the wheel it's on forward. This is a tiny difference, of course, relatively speaking... but when you have a ton or two of metal going at a hundred kilometres an hour, it doesn't take much of a difference to feel it.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-97432", "score": 0.6419754028320312, "text": "Because tractor-trailers are designed for a lot of long-distance hauling. That's pretty much their entire purpose, so their engines are designed around those needs.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-160912", "score": 0.6412405967712402, "text": "Traction as explained, fuel economy is another big reason as well. Everything on a car has to be balanced fairly well or the feel of a car will be bad and no one will want to drive it and wheel size is a large part of that.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-94739", "score": 0.6410889029502869, "text": "Usually those are on pre-production test models. They are supposed to break up the outline of the car and disguise the body styling. Car companies like to reveal new styles at the big car shows and don't like journalists snapping shots of their testing cars and revealing them early so they paint them in weird designs and use other methods to camouflage what they really look like.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1385615", "score": 0.6410562992095947, "text": "Since i bought my pathfinder a few years ago, i had been seeing every conversion of any offroad style vehicle involving a solid axle replacement on the front. I also see almost every offroadable vehicle around has a solid front.\n\nWhy?\n\nThe pathfinder (unfortunately automatic, but old enough to kinda drive like a manual) has a flexible front end. After a number of decent treks through the ever changing terrain that really puts anything to the test, it seems that a solid axle doesnt allow for flex to maneuver through really uneven terrain, where an independent suspension can drop a tire in a hole without affecting the angle of the other tires. I feel individual gives it more clearance as you dont have a pumpkin and tube of steel at all angles.\n\nThe front of my pathfinder seems to handle rocky terrain far better than its solid rear which bounces like a big booty woman in a twerk off. So why do people think a solid front is better?\n\nMost offroad racing use independent suspension all around, dont they?\n\nWhile i havent looked, is it feasible to change a rear to independent suspension, while keeping 4x4 capabilities? If not a good idea, why?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-13462", "score": 0.6405563950538635, "text": "They work by partly blocking the exhaust. This puts more resistance on the engine, acting like a brake to help slow the truck. They're banned in some area because they're very loud.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-4171", "score": 0.6401837468147278, "text": "Because very few people actually ***need*** a big truck, especially in cities. They don't typically tow large loads, or haul three refrigerators at the same time very often, so people assume it's a macho thing.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-35311", "score": 0.6399248838424683, "text": "Their left and right turns are both wide, it's just not a problem when turning left. Because traffic is on the right side of the road, right turns tend to be much sharper than left turns. So the trucks don't have a problem with left turns, only right turns.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-285934", "score": 0.6398640871047974, "text": "Modern cars and trucks have multiple points of adjustment in their suspensions: Caster, camber, toe, and myriad finer points as well. C,C, and T are the major ones and, at highway speed, caster is very important. The best analogy is a motorcycle vs a shopping cart. At higher speeds, the axis upon which the front wheel tilts/turns is pushed much more forward. This provides stability at speed, but the rider must 'lift' the front and push harder in low-speed turns. In a shopping cart, the front wheels are pushed backwards, resulting in an exaggerated 'wobble' at any fast speed. (But this design allows for a lot of weight to be moved with less effort). Chevrolet Chevettes are the only passenger car I've known that had a \"Negative\" Caster. Most older trucks with Kingpin-type suspension setups and could be induced into a 'Death-Wobble'. If a wheel is out-of-balance, you'll get a wobble, if a component is worn/broken, you'll get a wobble, if the adjustments are off, you'll get a wobble.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-987424", "score": 0.6387406587600708, "text": "Overhauling my front hub on my stock 2017 Giant TCX SLR 2, I stripped the aluminum axle with the steel locknut. Alas.\n\nI need help finding a replacement hub. I would like to determine if there is an option that I could replace this one with and not have to change out my spokes to a different length... Then I could source the part, and potentially replace it myself.\n\nHub is a Giant Tracker Sport 12mm x 100mm. Hub circumference (the big flanges on either side) measure 67mm. 28 spokes.\n\nWhat is the language I need to know that references the key measurements I need to find a replacement. Located in Canada.\n\n#", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-107586", "score": 0.6380780935287476, "text": "As you're looking at the front of a vehicle you want as small of a surface area as possible facing the oncoming wind. So, you don't cover up the wheels because that would be unnecessary added surface area. But, as you move further back you want the air to slip off the side of the vehicle so you cover the wheels so that they don't catch any more air.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-1134667", "score": 0.6378514170646667, "text": "*Short Version:* Has anyone ever tried assembling oversized wheels?\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\n*Long Version:* The one good thing about your poor ol' mum having to move in a hurry: finding all your old Lego bins.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nSince the latest Homeworld game is still fresh in my mind, I am required by state and federal guidelines to build an enormous all-terrain truck of some kind. That should be easier to do with parts left over from a Mega-Core Magnetizer. Problem is I've only managed to find one of those six 2573 giant wheels, and I'm not sure if or when I'll find the rest.\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nI started wondering, maybe I could get away with wheels assembled from some more common parts? It'd likely end up on the chunky side, but that might be okay for an ultra-duty ATV the size of a warehouse. I tried looking for examples on Google with no luck, so it's time to ask the enthusiasts. Has anyone given anything like this a try?", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-52622", "score": 0.6378196477890015, "text": "_URL_0_ The wheels aren't cylinders, they're cones. The side that has to cover less distance in the turn rides up on the narrower end, so it makes more turns in less distance. Meanwhile, the other end does the same number of turns (solid axel), but since it is larger, it can cover the greater distance in the same number of turns.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-185337", "score": 0.6375852227210999, "text": "The US is very large and a lot of it is rural. Trucks are useful for odd jobs, difficult weather, bad roads, etc. American roads are also generally wider and straighter than European roads, so it's more practical to drive a larger vehicle here than in other parts of the world.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-125528", "score": 0.6370664834976196, "text": "They do make wide left turns, it's just that (in America anyway) the lanes of perpendicular traffic to the truck's left mean that it has to drive out farther into the intersection so the turn is not quite so acute. [Look at this diagram of an intersection.](_URL_0_) To make a right hand turn from Mill Ave to Colonial drive, a truck would have to make a very sharp right hand turn which is difficult for it to do because trucks are so *long*. So they have to stick their noses out halfway into the intersection and then turn the wheel to the right. But if it were turning left at the same intersection, look at how much space those lanes of traffic on Colonial drive give it to make the turn!", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-337", "score": 0.7919102311134338, "text": "The GED is the \"General Educational Development\" test. It is the test that those who drop out of high school, or who fail out of high school take to show that they have learned the equivalent of a high school education. They are made fun of because they have already proven themselves failures by societal standards just having to take the test. It is not a kind thing, but society is seldom kind." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-1833013", "score": 0.6573677659034729, "text": "I see this meme all over YouTube in polls and stuff. People saying stuff like “Ok guys, let’s NOT make an E”, when you KNOW people aren’t going to listen. Or the classic “E GANG RISE UP”. It’s just a god damn letter. What’s so funny about it? I am so sick and tired of seeing this meme in my YouTube timelines that I’m almost about ready to call it quits with YouTube and just watch my favorite YouTubers from a third-party website. I’m hoping this meme dies soon, because at first it was tolerable (but still not funny at all), but now it’s downright annoying and fucking ridiculous. \n\nMy reason for saying this is an unpopular opinion? Not one person I’ve seen thinks this shit is unfunny or annoying believe it or not. Maybe the people of Reddit will think differently but the idiots over on YouTube seem to think this is the ABSOLUTE MESSIAH of comedy.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-577115", "score": 0.6519650220870972, "text": "So story time. I went to upgrade from my tech that I'd had for 3/4 of year to a general. In my usual way of forethought and planning, I had to cram the morning of if I had any hope of passing the test. So anyway, I get to the test and I'm pretty confident in my abilities. I take the test,and know I passed, quite possibly with flying colors. The VE comes back and announces, \"Everyone congratulate /u/amundae! We have a new General!\" Ok cool I'm a General now. Sweet. But then the VE asks me if I want to take the extra, \"Nah, I'm good. I'd just be wasting you guys' time grading it. I can take practice tests online.\"\n\n&gt;\"Ah, come on that doesn't count for anything. Just try it, it can't hurt anything.\"\n\n&gt;\"Oh all right, I suppose I can\"\n\nSo I take the test and know more of the questions than I thought, and I hand it back to him nervously hopeful that I somehow passed. Now keep in mind, that when I got up that morning, there was no way I could have passed the General, much less the Extra.\n\n&gt;\"Everyone congratulate /u/amundae! We have a new Extra! If you'll just sign the CSCE you'll be on your wa... Hold on here this isn't right\"\n\nHe then takes the CSCE back to the table and apparently had Tom Wheeler himself regrade the test judging by how long it took, and...\n\n&gt;\"Ok we were right, you passed, congratulations.\"\n\nI signed the CSCE and enjoyed the awe struck stares of all the folks who only passed the General, as I walked out of there on Cloud 9. I even called my parents to trumpet the happy news. So about an hour later I get a call,\n\n&gt;\"Oh hi is this /u/amundae? Uh so we actually did misgrade it you're only a General class. Yeah I'll put the corrected CSCE in the box at the next club meeting.\"\n\n*Sigh*\n\nTL;DR OP is only a General class peasant, but naively thought he was nobility for an hour\n\nPS: If any of the VE's involved are reading this, I'm not mad or anything. It was actually totally worth it to have the story to tell.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-365272", "score": 0.6515626311302185, "text": "I don’t get it. The only consistent trend I can find in my cars is that it gets worse the more I practice. This doesn’t make any bleeping sense to me and I’m about to throw my computer across the room. \n\nI left it alone for 2 months, and went up 2-3 points on my practice exams. Tried to redo Qpack 1, and I’m now getting more questions wrong. I. Don’t. Get. It. I’m about to just say f*** it and let the chips fall where they may on my test next week. That is incredibly frustrating though because I’m aiming for a high score and that could very easily be the thing that prevents me from getting one.\n\nI have tried EVERYTHING. Changing the way I read, the way I highlight, the way I approach questions, how much time I take, if I reread or not, etc. there is no consistency in the types of questions I miss, the types of passages, the question stems, the logical jumps, the understanding level I think I have of the passage, etc etc. \n\nI got 89th percentile on my verbal GRE with literally zero effort, so I know it’s not because I’m stupid. I don’t get it and I’m over it.\n\nThe ONLY thing I’ve been able to figure out is that if I read a single question I’ve gotten wrong, then the passage again, I can usually get it right pretty quickly. But not if I read all of them first, and not every time. \n\nI don’t really have a point to this. If you know the ultimate secret of cars and are scoring 130+ I’d love to hear it. If not, feel free to leave your own mini rant below about how stupid this gd section is.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-19573", "score": 0.6482189297676086, "text": "It's effectively an affidavit. Not in the literal legal sense, but that's the function it serves. It's your statement that you are who you say you are, and that you understand that you will get in *incredible* trouble if you take the test under false pretenses.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-1641039", "score": 0.6479889750480652, "text": "In more detail: People have told me to get my \"general ed\" out of the way early in college, but no one has bothered to explain what it actually is. Any help for a future-college student? Thanks in advance.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-365488", "score": 0.6437346935272217, "text": "Girl in my class asked how I’ve been PTing, and how I feel for Monday etc. I’m a humble person and can honestly say she some of the smartest people I’ve met and she’s going to do amazing in law school.\n\nShe’s been getting high 140’s and I’ve been getting high 160’s. \n\nIt’s just a number, reflecting your ability to take this specific test, it’s not a measure of intelligence so don’t be so hard on yourself or think you’re unintelligent if you’re not getting it!!!", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-1789418", "score": 0.6435009837150574, "text": "In these past 24 hours or so I’ve seen a lot of discussions (like this one about how Trump has bragged about taking IQ tests, or something along those lines, and how you’re not supposed to do that.\n\nIs this actually true? Has he just taken theses tests or is this something from a while ago that has been dredged up? Why are people making such a big deal about it?", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2661052", "score": 0.6434480547904968, "text": "I (18f) go to GED classes every week and theres this group of people (girls and guys) who are in my classes, and they all have this inside joke where they make fun of me for being fat and the way I dress (don't have money for nice clothes). I dropped out of HS because of this very same reason. I am now an adult at 18, and I really need to get this done, but it's bothering me so much and I don't know how to handle it. I feel stupid going to a teacher or something because I'm an adult and it's in a college. They're all between 17-30 years old. Its every time I see them, and they're each in different classes. I know I'm old enough to be over bullying and should not let it bother me, but it really gets to me. Aside from insulting me blatantly, they intentionally bump into me or my desk whenever they pass me too and stare at me and laugh. And have flicked pencils and pencil shavings at me. I'm not paranoid or anything. It's pretty obvious.\n\nAny advice on how to handle it? How did/do you handle situations like this?\n\nedit: wow, thank all of you so much for the advice. it really helped!", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1875628", "score": 0.6414613723754883, "text": "Says about all of it. People work their asses off to make really funny, edgy shit out there. Then some lazy jagoff makes a shitty offensive joke where the entire punchline is just them saying shitty things and they think they're fuckin George Carlin or something.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-1588725", "score": 0.6404224634170532, "text": "I was completing my edpuzzle for distance learning and the question was “what is a literacy test” with my above 85 iq, I answered “a test that measures the literacy level of an individual” however was marked wrong when the correct answer was “a test in place to keep black people from voting” Is there something I’m not understanding or is my school trying to indoctrinate me into believing America has and always been a raciest country?", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-719782", "score": 0.6398084759712219, "text": "I'll start by stating a huge exception: If it really is relevant and not a masturbatory piece of fluff or some contrarian tidbit thrown to bigots.\n\nGood e-qualification: *In response to current event that happened in a specific city* \"I live two miles away from where that happened. This is what I saw that day!\"\n\nThat exception aside, where it really is relevant, e-qualifications are stupid, near-impossible to prove, and are either self-aggrandizing bullshit or are cynical contrarian political pandering.\n\nBad e-qualification: \"As an INTJ, I believe I am qualified to debunk the MYTH of man-made climate change!\"\n\nBad e-qualification: \"As a black man, I (negative thing about black people).\"\n\nBonus bad e-qualification: I am as progressive as they come, and I identify as a feminist, BUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUT", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-2660656", "score": 0.6396040320396423, "text": "So the sheer absurdity should amuse everyone. \n\nI tested about 2 to 3 grade levels ahead in school. So, naturally the question came up whether or not I could skip some grades. \n\nI didn’t care. I was bored. I had no friends to worry about. I got bullied constantly and couldn’t wait to just get out. I was all for getting ahead and getting out sooner. So, I asked about skipping. \n\nThe answer—a surprise response for n’s who should have wanted to brag about this—was no. \n\nWhy?\n\nBecause (roughly quoting) it might “give me ideas”. I kid you not. I might get ideas. What kind of ideas? I might be around older kids who will talk about driving and dating. And they didn’t want to have to deal with *those ideas*, so they held me back. \n\nI asked them about it after I graduated and they both confirmed it. I might have asked them about dating and driving. So, I was made extra miserable for extra years because...I might listen to my classmates talk? Yes. And neither of them thought that they could handle it. So, they didn’t do it. \n\nI guess I beat them in the end, because I got my ged 2 years early. But what a world of difference it would have made to be in challenging classes and doing things that were more advanced. I might have enjoyed school for a while. Maybe I would be still having nightmares about it.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-1125093", "score": 0.6393232345581055, "text": "Wouldn't saying \"you're too dumb to answer this skill testing question so you can't redeem the prize\" be a little bit discriminating? Curious", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-1639677", "score": 0.6356018781661987, "text": "I dont know why people hate tests. I like tests especially when its multiple choice. It's easy and its predictable. I hate these \"fun\" projects that make no sense and they are like 50% of your grade. Also when the test is for a huge chunk of your grade it's more fun. When you take an exam its quiet and calm and I love it.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1476441", "score": 0.6351377964019775, "text": "They're trying to learn, while the question may seem dumb to you for them it's something they want to understand. Shitting on someone for asking a question is stupid and makes people more unlikely to ask questions and leads to people staying ignorant.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2471", "score": 0.6346129179000854, "text": "So they know where everyone is. If someone gets a 100 then you know they're good on the subject, but not how good. The tests are used to check progress, so they make the upper end redicleously high so they can track everyone's improvement.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-57437", "score": 0.6343458294868469, "text": "I had a professor say once, \"If you ace my test, I haven't tested you at all.\" The goal of the test is to determine what the student have learned. By making the test difficult, you are able to determine both the upper end and lower end of the abilities in your class. This is a good thing, as you are able to understand what people know _and_ don't know. Now, that said, it wouldn't be fair to the students to make a test so hard that no one could pass your class - that wasn't the goal after all. So the grades are done on a curve so as to reward the students who have learned the most with the grades they deserve.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-1262447", "score": 0.6341292858123779, "text": "This is an old test that's been around for a while. The creator was tasked with creating this test but when the people didnt pay up the guy posted it online. There were a few tests on the website.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-938919", "score": 0.6328508257865906, "text": "\"How dare you\" \"You don't trust your girlfriend/wife, you're a monster\" \"What a horrible husband/boyfriend you are to even suggest that.\"\n\nIt's just a god damned test what in the world is this stigma about?\n\nPeople are horrible and even the most happiest, idealistic looking and feeling couples could be rotten on the inside. I love my fiance, she is my world but I'm still getting a paternity test when we have kids. And shes alright with that.\n\nBut the moment I mention it to anyone I get the third degree, and looking up online it seems people also get given the third degree for even thinking of it.\n\nIt's absolutely maddening. Especially when you can look up hundreds of horror stories on reddit alone where guys find out they're not the dads. Either at the delivery room or years down the line.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-576551", "score": 0.631955623626709, "text": "I’ve seen all of these posts defending test optional and a common theme I’ve noticed is how they demonize the applicants who dislike people taking advantage of test optional. \n\nIf the rise of applicants are due to more FGLI applying (but we know that’s not the only people applying) that’s obviously good and indicates standardized testing needs to be revised but still, NOT abandoned. Now, ECs are even more important and if you were too busy with family responsibilities to focus on that test, you definitely don’t have time to start an nonprofit/ all the crazy ECs richer, more privileged (cough living in the Bay Area) kids have access to. \n\nNo, I’m not talking about people that weren’t able to test at all because of corona, or could only take like one practice test, or any special cases like that. That’s who test op is for. \n\nI’m talking about the upper middle class kids that could afford to take multiple tests and don’t get good scores and decide to hide them. Obviously I don’t hate them, but that doesn’t mean I can’t say it’s unfair without people saying I “think the SAT is a measure of intelligence” because I don’t, just like your GPA/ transcript is not a measure of intelligence yet is the MOST important aspect of your application. We need a standardized component to account for the intricacies of your 4 years of schooling that could be lost on that short school report. And if you just don’t test well, to be frank, what are you going to do when you have to take the LSAT or MCAT? Or any other standardized tests for certifications, etc? \n\nTest optional isn’t completely fair, it is affecting who’s considered competitive and therefore affecting people that submit test scores, and you don’t have to demonize people that express this sentiment.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-338", "score": 0.684507429599762, "text": "Because the software it's running is made for newer-gen models. > Is my new iPad going to do this in a couple years? Eventually, but not for much longer. The newer-gen models are magnitudes faster and more powerful than the first gen." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-876600", "score": 0.6502416133880615, "text": "i'm a droid creature married to an Apple lover... \nWe need to buy an ipad mini or air for wifey; maybe her hands wont cramp as much. \nI've heard some models stop getting updates etc... would an ipad mini 2 become useless or obsolete in 2 years? \n \nI'll prob buy from a reputable ebay seller...\n\nTrying to stay below 200 \nadvice? \n \nEDIT: woah \n hates the mini... thoughts", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1037789", "score": 0.650144100189209, "text": "My screenshots don't work like they used to. I'll hear the capture sound, but nothing saves. A restart temporarily fixes the issue only for it to happen again. \n\n\nHow does Apple fuck up something so basic?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1493118", "score": 0.6501436829566956, "text": "So here's the story so far.\nThe friend was at the college in the library studying. He went to the bathroom and accidentally left the ipad there. The next morning he is there and goes to the bathroom but the ipad is gone. He has no apps to help find it and I am trying to help though it might be useless. \nSo Reddit please if there is another way to find this ipad then inform me.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-802822", "score": 0.6500835418701172, "text": "I've taken super good care of it through the years, I keep it in a case and whatnot. I last used it about 3 months ago and it seemed fine but now it won't power on at all. I thought the battery was dead but it won't even power on when it's plugged in, even though the charging light comes on. Does anyone have any idea what the issue could be?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-854142", "score": 0.6500046849250793, "text": "So I'm guessing there is no real easy/feasible fix for this and it's time to replace? What's out there at the same 35 dollar ish price range with the same capabilities?", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-2572813", "score": 0.6498452425003052, "text": "Hey guys. So I got an iPay Mini 2 from work before being made redundant. They haven't asked for it back. I had never used it or set it up ever. I tried to do it and it asks for a work admin login to set it up. I tried connecting to iTunes and restoring to factory but its the same setup as before.\nIs there a way I can remove this and use the iPad as normal or is it as good as useless?\nIt came out of the packaging with this lock to work already setup.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-874510", "score": 0.6496447324752808, "text": "He is selling the 12.9\" Pro 256 GB plus apple pen for 650 (was 700 but haggled him). Apparently he needs to sell it for emergency funds. He understands the retail price, as do i. Any certain questions I should Ask? It's for my wife and I never bought an ipad before (I'm an android guy). I was going to get her the new ipad 2017 model, but this would only be $250 more than the 128 GB one. Plus, I could always flip it if she doesn't want it.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2082208", "score": 0.6496254205703735, "text": "My old iPad died and I bought said device. Came with 10.0 version. Is this possible with yalu?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1241621", "score": 0.6494913101196289, "text": "After bringing home the phone I upgraded it to the latest iOS and now I can't get past the activation screen. It just tells me it wasn't able to activate and to connect to iTunes or contact support. When I connect to iTunes I get a message saying it was unable to activate and to try again later.\n\nI know plenty of people who have used old iPhones as iPods, but does that only work if you don't upgrade? Is there any way to fix this?\n\nI still have the old owners inactive T-Mobile sim card, if that matters.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-2244720", "score": 0.6494173407554626, "text": "Based on one comment on my \"New iPad &amp; Thanks to you guys\" -post, I decided to do a mini review about the devide I bought. As a thank to you and for being as nice as you were to me ♡\n\nThis is just my opinion about the device. I have been using it for about a week now, so I maybe don't know everything - Feel free to comment and tell about your experiences. \n\nPrices might be different on other countries. I live in Finland, Europe.\n\nI bought the device for 333€ + Apple pencil, 100€ + smart case (midnight blue) 45€ = Whole pack cost me 478€ (around 560 USD)\n\nScreen size 9,7\" is great for drawing, watching youtube videos, editing and watching Word documents on One drive application, ect. Colors are bright and clear looking. Apple pencil works without any problems - feels smooth. Overall, good size and works like it should work.\n\nBattery life last easily over 1-2 days, even on 'heavy use', doesn't heat up much on 'heavy use', full loading takes around an hour.\n\nOverall look - Feels very light and really doesn't weight much at all, easy to hold on - isn't slippery. Good and simple design.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-2583272", "score": 0.6493756771087646, "text": "My laptop has been acting weird for the past 2 weeks or so and it's really worrying me because it's not even 2 years old and it was $2000. When I try to wake up my laptop only the touch bar on my keyboard lights up but the screen stays black. The only way for me to get it to wake up fully is to force a system shut down by holding the power button and then turning the laptop back on. And today when I went to use it it opened to a blue green, vertical striped screen and it wouldn't let me do anything. I had to force shut down the computer again. I'm worried this is or is going to harm my laptop long term and I need it for school and I cannot afford to just buy another one if my supposedly reliable apple computer dies. I am not sure what to do and I am hoping I didn't buy a $2000 \"bad apple\" for lack of a better term. Please help! I don't know what may be wrong and how to handle it.\n\n", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-1682755", "score": 0.6493564248085022, "text": "I'm using a mini mac and a cambrionix 16 port dock.\n\nGot about 75 iPads to wipe, upgrade and then enroll in dep/meraki.\n\nHave done this many times for many schools and each time presents new issues, but one I am finding quite interesting is that I will *always* get 1 or 2 out of a pile that will fail to upgrade and enter restore mode.\n\nDoes anyone else get this? Any ideas what might be the cause?", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-876948", "score": 0.649316668510437, "text": "Looking for an inexpensive portable second monitor for MacBook and wondering if buying an old iPad would work.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-2083291", "score": 0.6492756605148315, "text": "I remember this happening with at least one person last year who got an iPad Air 2 with an iOS less than the one intended for it.\n\nThis would be of particular interest for the iPad Pro, as well as seeing what tweaks worked well for the big screen.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-1449157", "score": 0.6491495370864868, "text": "It doesn't matter what I do my iPad mini feels super slow and sluggish. I've tried various things but nothing would work.\nI'm running iOs 9.3.2\n\nIs there anything I can do to make it feel like a fresh device?", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2575177", "score": 0.6489055752754211, "text": "I was digging around for info on ways to set up my ipad, couldn't find any in this subreddit and nor is there a main 'user guide' post in the sidebar or anything... At least as far as cabling and connections go. \nWould you guys say this guide is still relevant? I don't want to blow money on an I/O dock if I can help it. Thanks in advance for your help! \n", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-2574637", "score": 0.6488515734672546, "text": "My son has an iPad at was provided on a trial through his school. Unfortunately they really didn't provide the students with any way to backup or sync the iPads. \n\nWell, of course now he's locked it and forgotten the password. Saved on the device is a spreadsheet in Numbers that documents a month of plant growth observations for his science fair project. The IT dept at his school has offered to wipe it and do a factory restore but that will clank all his data. \n\nIs there any way to retrieve any of the data off his iPad?\n\nI Looked at the utility iphuc but it hasn't been updated in years and seems to require an old version of iTunes. \n\nMy wife figures that if the fbi can do it so should we! Haha.\n\nIdeas?\n\n\nEDIT: Problem Solved. Thanks to all that had suggestions....\n\n\nJust thought I'd let you know I finally succeeded. Our family has an iPad1, so I decided to mess with it so I don't screw up his school one anymore.\n\n1. Copied the Librar/Application Support/Mobilesync/backups/&lt;backup id&gt; directory from his iMac to mine.\n2. Restore our old ipad to factory default.\n3. Purchase and install Numbers (this pissed me off more than anything).\n4. Restore his ipad2 backup on to our iPad1.\n5. Win!\n6. Give him shit about password security. :)", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-2574158", "score": 0.6488194465637207, "text": "Our IT director has gone iPad bonkers and wants to start replacing every possible laptop with an iPad. I believe the main motivation for this is a perceived cost savings, but that gets beyond my question here.\n\nDAE have any experience with a way to manage or remotely support iPads? For example - how do you manage app deployment (even free apps), how do you manage IOS updates, what is your planned replacement cycle, or anything else you might do that I might find useful and keep myself from going mental.\n\nI know this isn't a great idea, but it seems that this is the new mandate and I'm probably not going to win this argument so I at least want to try to do what I can to make it successful. Thanks for any help you can give.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-1647386", "score": 0.6488068103790283, "text": "Hey!\n\nI've never sold anything on ebay until a few days ago, it was an iPad in perfect condition. Before shipping the item I sent images to the buyer and the item had zero problems or scratches, when I shipped it the box said fragile, and I packed it pretty well plus the iPad had a case on it protecting the glass. A few days after the iPad was delivered the buyer claims the item has a scratch on it, and sent me images. I know for a fact when I sent it that wasn't there. He was angry and filed for a return. I already have the money from the sale in my bank account (no longer in my paypal). What should I do? I know for a fact I didn't sent it to him that way. Either he scratched it or during shipping It got messed up. In either situation what should I do? Can I deny a return? Is that even worth fighting?\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\n(It was an ipad that was never used and It ended up being sold for $450).\n\n&amp;#x200B;\n\nThanks! :)", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-2245204", "score": 0.6487906575202942, "text": "Hey all,\nLast January I became the proud owner of a 15'' TB MBP. I was pretty happy with the upgrade, coming from a 2011 MBP. But all was not well in my world, as my unit suffered from an odd \"cracking\" noise during normal use. The issue has been documented on several forums online, and so, even though it was truly a small issue, I took it back to the store. Since I was still under warranty, they decided it was better to just send me a new one. This took a while since mine had a US keyboard, and I'm living in Spain, so they didn't have any readily available.\n\nA couple of weeks later, I got my new (and noiseless) MBP. Once again, I was happy. Sadly, a couple of months ago, I noticed my \"B\" key was sometimes giving me double inputs, and sometimes not at all. Again, it is a minor issue, but when I'm paying $3k for a computer, I expect certain levels of quality. Now, I'm not the type to go on a rampage and talk smack about Apple, since I understand production flaws exist, and sometimes you just get unlucky. I also had Apple Care, so I wasn't too worried.\nI thought it might be some dirt trapped under the key, so I took it to the Apple Store and the tech there gave it a thorough cleaning. After confirming with him that the issue was still there, he replaced the key, which was actually kind of defective, as it looked chipped on the underside. The new, undamaged key didn't help with the issue, however, and so we decided to swap the whole keyboard. Now, since it's a US keyboard, they didn't have any in stock and had to order it. No problem, this should take a couple of weeks at most...\n\nOne month later I get a call, seems the first keyboard they ordered came with a fault or something like that and they had to get another one, however, the second one arrived in good condition and they would proceed to make the change. Apple Care covered the €413 bill (basically paid for itself by now) and I was told the change usually takes one day, but they give a 3-4 day estimate just to be safe.\n\n4 days later, I get a call from the tech. It looks like my TouchID sensor got damaged during the keyboard repair! Now, since they can't simply switch out the TouchID with another, they have to replace the whole logic board... They also told me they're having stock issues, so they don't know when it'll arrive.\n\nSo here I am, missing my MBP and letting off some steam. I don't blame the tech for damaging the sensor, I know these parts are very fragile and it could happen to anyone. I'm a bit ticked off at the waiting times, but I guess it's to be expected when you've got a non-standard keyboard layout (again, in Spain).\n\nI guess it's not a huge deal, but seeing as my MBP is such a big part of my day to day, its absence hits me hard. Luckily, I can do my work on another computer for the time being, but it just doesn't feel the same, y'know?\n\nAnyway, that's enough ranting for now, just needed it off my chest :P\n\nDo you all have any Apple support stories to share?", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-340", "score": 0.7129258513450623, "text": "Nope, Russia could just veto it since they are on the security council. It's a fundamentally broken system." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-90821", "score": 0.675842821598053, "text": "No, the UN doesn't have the power to do that... for at least 2 reasons. 1 - The UN does not have the kind of authority to even consider forcing countries to change internal policies like that. 2 - The US can and has told the UN to fuck off. The US in a lot of respects *is* the UN... or at least the part that is heavily armed and slightly crazy.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-25645", "score": 0.6738297343254089, "text": "The key point about the veto power on the Security Council is that without at least tacit consent of those five powers, whatever the Council chooses to do won't have any teeth. So yes, when one of the five members does something stupid, there's nothing the UN can do. If the members were forbidden to vote, they would likely just ignore what the Security Council says -- and if those five members just start ignoring its decisions, then the Council has no purpose whatsoever, because it needs those countries to enforce those decisions.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-104360", "score": 0.6715851426124573, "text": "If the most powerful countries can't veto, then we might as well just disband the security council entirely. Powerful countries like the USA and Russia have absolutely no reason to belong to the security council at all if it can overrule their actions, forcing them to ignore it if they want to implement their chosen policies. And so they could quite possibly withdraw from the UN entirely; even if they didn't do such a thing, they'd still destroy any credibility it had by constantly ignoring it. This was understood when the UN was created. No security council could ever have gotten off the ground without a veto for the most powerful members. Is this just or right? Hell no. But since there is no rule of law at the level of international relations, it's how things have to be.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-104361", "score": 0.6699085831642151, "text": "I don't think it's a pro-west/anti-west kind of thing. Russia just annexed a bit of a neighboring, less powerful country. It's not in the interest of most nations for that sort of thing to become acceptable, and it's _definitely_ not in the interest of small nations. None of the nations you mention want their own neighbors to have a precedent for trying that kind of thing. Plus, each time a nation does something like this it increases the possibility that the situation could spiral out of control, resulting in a larger war. Which would hurt most economies.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-147647", "score": 0.6684646606445312, "text": "Because Russia veto of it. Don't know how to say it properly, English isn't my native language. But basically Russia, China, France, UK and US has the right to just say no to something and then UN can't do it. Which Russia has done.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-168607", "score": 0.668445885181427, "text": "The answer depends very much on how publicly they did it. If they did it quietly, other countries would pretend it was an accident in order to avoid publicly confronting them. It would be a very minor news story and no one would ever hear about it. How do I know this? Because [something like that happened in 2008](_URL_0_). If they did it publicly, then things get interesting. That would, legally, be an act of state-sponsored piracy. But being a major world power with lots of nuclear weapons, the West's options are fairly limited. Mostly, we'd do to them what we're doing to them now over Ukraine - economic sanctions that cripple their economy. Remember, Russia big on a map, but it's economy is smaller than California's. If the US and its trading partners (the EU and Japan) want to sanction a country, that country's economy will go in the toilet.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-133848", "score": 0.6682168841362, "text": "There is a way to overrule the security council in the UN General Assembly: _URL_0_ However the security council would still be in charge of executing that decision, and you're back to where you started from.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-2611061", "score": 0.6657060384750366, "text": "&gt;The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. \n\nThe five permanent members of the security council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) have veto power with spheres of influences which effectively cover most of the globe. \n\nLet's look at Syria, possibly Russia's closest ally in the Middle East. There is no way military action could pass in the UN because Russia would surely veto it. At first glance that seems like a good thing because it would encourage consensus and alliance. But in real life it encourages nations to act unilaterally or through an \"alliance of the willing,\" which is tantamount to gathering a posse and galloping through the wild west guns ablaze. Meanwhile the UN is back in Dodge wondering why there is all this violence in the world when guns aren't allowed in Dodge.\n\nGiven that peacekeeping is arguably the most important part of its charter, and that the security council cannot act effectively with adversarial nations as permanent members, the inability to draw consensus relegates the UN to bystander status while the powers of the world do as they please. Other important issues like trade relations and are governed by multilateral treaties, and attempts to address other global issues, e.g. Kyoto, are a non-starter. And there are plenty of NGOs to handle humanitarian issues, so what's left.\n\nI believe the UN is structurally unable to address post-WWII security issues and without that the rest of its charter is moot. CMV", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-1341274", "score": 0.6640317440032959, "text": "What if Obama and Putin just started throwing punches at each other during a UN meeting. How would their security react?", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-158825", "score": 0.6615691184997559, "text": "Do you know how many times Israel and North Korea have been condemned by the UN? Condemnation is basically giving you a look of disapproval, it doesn't do anything.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-115595", "score": 0.6607714891433716, "text": "Various things can happen, all depending on previous relationships or existing treaties/international agreements. For example, a very common international sanction will take an economic nature. An embargo on certain imports or exports to or from the offending country can provide incentives for the country to remedy it's actions. That aside, as we have seen by the USA's reaction to Ukraine, countries can impose visa bans until the situation is resolved. There can also be exclusions from global summits or loss of voting rights under treaties etc. Edit: but like you said OP, much of it is simply bad press and political pressure - which is often not directly effective!", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-75658", "score": 0.6606913805007935, "text": "Probably the same way the USA can be part of the UN but ignore the UN when they really want to bomb the fuck out of some country", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-2366258", "score": 0.6591695547103882, "text": "I don't understand how an organization with no army is expected to promote international peace. They have no army, no citizens to collect taxes from, no huge supplies of money. \n\nLooking at the Russia/Ukraine conflict, it seemed painfully obvious from day one that the UN would be unable to do anything at all. \n\nOr maybe they have done something, and it's just been ineffective. Can someone please explain?\n\n\nEdit: So essentially, the UN has a small army that it practically cannot use in any major conflict whether it is because a member of the SC vetos it or because there is simply too much red tape.\n\nThis makes the UN seem useless, i don't understand it's purpose.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-114769", "score": 0.6582311987876892, "text": "No one ever proved the Russians did it. Also what can the international community do?", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-133556", "score": 0.6562330722808838, "text": "Plausible deniability is a big deal. It's one thing that \"everyone knows\" it's bull and actually being able to prove it is a whole another thing. Also because any adverse reactions by the West can then be used as internal propaganda to reinforce the idea that the West is opposed to Russia. Us vs them mentality is a strong thing.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-2609870", "score": 0.6544374823570251, "text": "Following the elections this year in Senegal, Russia has proposed that we suspend Senegal from The UNSC until it renounces the Islamic State and halts any further incursion into Gambia.\n\n\n**This vote will;**\n\n* Suspend Senegal's membership until such a time when the UNSC agrees to allow it\n\n* Force sanctions on Senegal until they halt any and all hostile actions into Gambia\n\n* Force Senegal to give up the territory it may or may not have gained in Gambia\n\n* Force Senegal to pay Reparations to Gambia\n\nFailure to do so would prompt Russia's action of Submitting a request for UN peacekeepers or a Declaration of war from Russia.\n\nWe must not allow Rampant Extremism into the highest positions in the United Nations, We must suspend Senegal from the UNSC.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-200488", "score": 0.6541730165481567, "text": "The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) are the powers that were victorious in the second world war. I don't think that anyone has made a very persuasive principled justification of their being permanent members or of the permanent members' veto power. Wikipedia [says](_URL_0_), \"The veto power was adopted at the insistence of the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II.\" So it seems that it was a power-grab that they could get away with. You could make a pragmatic argument that it has worked reasonably well in practice and has provided a forum in which those countries, which are at least fairly big and fairly rich, feel somewhat obliged to engage with one another on important international matters.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-204299", "score": 0.653546154499054, "text": "To take the question literally... the United Nations. Could you please be more specific?", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-39515", "score": 0.6533578038215637, "text": "International Law is a bad joke for idealists to cling to. It is only as strong as the will of other nations to enforce it. In this case it is not very. All countries are not created equal, the US may not like it but we are better off letting Russia be dicks to their neighbors than actually fighting between the two nations.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-205054", "score": 0.6530979871749878, "text": "The UN Charter had no measure written into it for what to do if a permanent member of the Security Council were to cease to exist. As such, there was a bit of confusion about what to do when the USSR was dissolved. However, what was clear was that there had to be some sort of succession of the USSR on the Security Council in order to maintain the integrity of the charter. Russia was of course the original and biggest part of the USSR, so it simply made the most sense for them to be the successor of the USSR on the council. This was pretty widely agreed upon by the newly created former Soviet republics, ~~all but one~~ eleven of who signed the Alma-Ata declaration of the Commonwealth of Independent States in December of 1991, part of which stated that they supported the succession of Russia on the Security Council. There was no objection to the request from the rest of the member states, so that was the action taken.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-341", "score": 0.8084383606910706, "text": "Wells are not technically built, they are drilled. In reference to a water well, a company will do some research to see if they can drill a well in the desired area. This all depends on location, ground type, and various other things. If a well is drillable they will bring out a truck, that is basically a small oil derrick, and begin drilling the well. Depending on you location and ground type the depth of the well will vary. Some places have underground \"rivers\" and can be relatively shallow wells, on the other had, some need to be deeper so that more water will seep into the vacant area that is created by the drilling. Once the well is drilled you can begin getting water from it using a bucket or a pump. This is all i know. I hope this answers your question. Resource: had a well drilled on old property. Please correct me if I'm wrong." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-187174", "score": 0.7417991757392883, "text": "They drill down into bedrock to place the foundation for the pillars. Then they will usually build some sort of wall connected to the foundation, pump out all of the water, and then build in the open area.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-1573331", "score": 0.6979315280914307, "text": "I've built 2 wells, over water, but they don't seem to be using them. How do I get them to get water?", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-1136697", "score": 0.6930010318756104, "text": "I am getting ready to purchase a home that has dug out wells for water, I am weighing the possibility of potentially having a well drilled in the future as I know they are safer for drinking water due to the increased depth. I know the cost depends on the composition of the earth and depth of the well, but was wondering if any of you have had this done and what the cost was?", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-105491", "score": 0.6823598742485046, "text": "Well for bridges, you build the supports primarily on land and then use large boats to float them out to where you need them and drive them into the seabed. With the supports in place, then you just start construction from the shoreline and work your way out, laying out the basic framework of the bridge (such as the suspension cables). As for underground tunnels, you can either use a large tunnel-drilling machine pictured [here](_URL_0_), or you can, again, build the tunnel section by section on land and then float them out by boat to where you need them and sink them to the bottom (typically into a trench that has been dug out by a trawler boat). Once all the sections are in place, you can seal them together and pump out the water.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-297172", "score": 0.6790130734443665, "text": "We use [drilling fluids](_URL_0_) (commonly water or oil based muds). They are dense enough to amintain hydrostatic pressure within the well or borehole, as well as to prevent penetration of low density seawater or groundwater into the system.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-1572753", "score": 0.6779718399047852, "text": "Hey guys, so I'm currently building a base in the volcano as I found a really nice, big and secured spot. Problem is, when I place wells and/or fountains, once I drink the water, they aren't filling up anymore. They stay \"dry\". \n \n \nSo I've been wondering, is it a bug ? Or is it because it's too hot in here ? If it's the latter, how do you deal with water supply ? Or maybe, is it possible to cool a hot place the same way it's possible to warm a cold place ?\n \n \nThx !", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-133816", "score": 0.676476240158081, "text": "There are numerous and various combinations of different construction methods depending on the structure required. Sometimes a coffer dam is built enable nearly dry construction, other times piles are drilled to reach bedrock, sometimes structures are built on land and moved to the water area for placement and sometimes boring machines are used to tunnel under the water. Like all engineering one solution never fits all.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-1317968", "score": 0.6701757311820984, "text": "I’m looking at an undeveloped property in Canada, and it says water is 40-50 feet below surface of earth. This may be a dumb question, but the only answers I can find about cost of drilling a well are for water that is ~400 ft below surface. Does this mean it is unsafe to build on land that has water so close?", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-186715", "score": 0.6675243973731995, "text": "For the Hoover Dam, they first changed the course of the river so they didn't have to build in water. Then they put the river back to its old course to fill up the reservoir. Offshore drilling platforms are built in several ways, but some of those ways involve building most components above or out of water, towing them to their final location, and then partially sinking them and securing them to the sea floor.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-32663", "score": 0.6667730808258057, "text": "Some wells are very contaminated. But most wells contain water that has been highly filtered by passing through layers of minerals (basically sand) since the last time it was exposed to bacteria or algae. The very best wells (some of the sources for high-quality mineral water) have water that fell as rain *thousands of years ago* and have been trickling through rock and sand since then.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-11169", "score": 0.6664612889289856, "text": "In a variety of ways, depending on the exact circumstances. If the geology and cost permits it, they'll just tunnel through the rock under the water, and then seal the tunnel walls with concrete or something to prevent leaks. Sometimes, prefabricated tunnel sections are built on land, then put on a barge, taken to the appropriate spot and submerged. That's how they built the trans-bay tube for San Francisco's BART system.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-66038", "score": 0.6641489863395691, "text": "Often they use [caissons](_URL_0_). Basically they build a box around the place they intend to put the footing, pump the water out (the box is usually leaky, so the pumping is a continuous thing), and then go down there to work on the footing. If they're not driving a deep piling, they might be able to just sink large stones at the location and then build on top of that. I'd guess this technique isn't used for modern bridges, but it has been used in ancient times. \\*edit: despite linking to the wikipedia article on caissons, I was actually thinking about coffer dams. Caissons are fancier.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-248074", "score": 0.6636128425598145, "text": "Not my field of specialty but since no one has chimed in yet I'll give it a go: [Directional Drilling](_URL_0_) can be done by controlling the orientation of the drill-bit at the bottom of the hole. I think usually it is accomplished by [hydraulic actuators](_URL_1_) located on the sides of the drill bit. These actuators push against the walls of the hole and thus can control where the tip of the drill points. Of course you have to have some sensors so you can determine the current orientation of the bit. It also requires the walls of the hole to be strong enough to support the stress of the actuators so the rig-workers add casing and liners to strengthen the well.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-143138", "score": 0.6630447506904602, "text": "Say you had a garden hose with water coming out and you put your hand over it to stop the water. It's pretty easy. But now let's take a fire hose used to put out fires. The water is coming out really fast and now try and stop it with your hand. You probably can't do it. The gas is coming out so fast that trying to pour cement into the leaking well will just spray it back out again. What they are making now is called a relief well. The relief well intersects the main well and lowers the pressure of the gas so it does not come out as quickly. We turn the fire hose into a garden hose. That way we can safely close up the main well.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-183208", "score": 0.662587583065033, "text": "Most light houses are built on land. However it may not be land there during high tide. But if you want to build a structure in the water there are several ways to do this. The easiest way is to hammer pillars into the seafloor and then build your structure on those pillars. You can also dump a lot of gravel in the sea and build your structure on the gravel. A third option is to build a watertight box that you lower to the seafloor and then pump out all the water giving you dry access to the bottom. You can also just fill up the box with gravel or concrete and build your structure on top. So the next time you see a structure built in the water you should take a look at its foundation and see how they secured it to the bottom of the sea.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-54402", "score": 0.6618577241897583, "text": "There are layers of rock underneath your feet. Rain is absorbed by the soil when it falls and is pulled down by gravity. Passing through all this soil filters the water, but some contaminants can't be removed this way. After a long time it will be meet rock that it can't find its way through and accumulate in the spongy rock above the impermeable rock. This is large deposit is called an [aquafier](_URL_0_). Your well reaches down into the local aquafier and uses an electrical pump to pump fresh water up to a holding tank. Water from the surrounding rock then rushes back in to refill the drier rock around the well. The accumulator tank will keep the pump from running all the time and gives the rock time to reset so the pump won't run dry. There can be multiple layers to an aquafier. In many cases the deeper water levels haven't seen the light of day in thousands of years and is therefore uncontaminated, this is called *paleowater* and takes hundreds of years to recharge.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-146097", "score": 0.6609076261520386, "text": "For bridges, they usually build from sides into the middle so they meet each other. Like so: _URL_0_ For underwater tunnels, they'll build dams to hold the water back, construct the tunnel on dry ground, then take down the dams, letting the water flow back, covering the tunnel", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-239931", "score": 0.6607528328895569, "text": "They usually use piles. A pile is like a pole they sink deep into the ground. They have \"driven piles\", which are pounded into the ground and \"helical piles\" which are screwed into the ground. It ends up looking like this: _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-136900", "score": 0.658785879611969, "text": "in many areas it is not uncommon to need to dig anywhere from 100 to 600 meters to reach water. This requires not only an expensive drilling rig but also well casing (pipe) and pump systems. _URL_0_", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-180131", "score": 0.656842052936554, "text": "First you build tunnels around the construction site. These will enter and exit above the normal water line for now. Then you build a smaller rock and dirt dam in the river between the tunnel inlet and where you want your dam to be. This will redirect the river through the tunnels you built. Then the worksite is nice and dry so you can build a proper dam. Then you close the hatches on the tunnels you built so that the dam will fill up with water. There are variations of this construction technique. Some rivers can for example get almost completely dry during parts of the year which allows for much easier construction. It might also be possible to build large parts of the dam without diverting the river and then do minor underwater construction to install the hatches.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-342", "score": 0.7683637142181396, "text": "Raindrops form when water vapour in the atmosphere clusters around microscopic solid particles (such as dust) in a process called nucleation. Nucleation is reversible. As water molecules attach themselves to cluster, other molecules are leaving. There is a point called the *critical nuclear size*, at which point the cluster of water molecules is stable. This is the point at which a raindrop forms. The critical nuclear size /critical radius is controlled by temperature. The mathematics tells us that as the temperature is lowered, the critical radius decreases. Hopefully this answers your first question, and if I'm wrong I'd very much like to be called out on it! Cunningham's Law and all that ;) Ultimately, though, the answer lies in thermodynamics." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-298952", "score": 0.7295563220977783, "text": "They DO shrink considerably. However, after a certain point, the amount of water in the atmosphere decreases to a point that the scarcity of the water makes it unlikely that the droplets will coalesce into raindrops. There is still water in the air, but not enough to precipitate.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-264170", "score": 0.7294280529022217, "text": "There are 2 different types of rain depending on your cloud type. Stratiform clouds will produce a constant rate (continuous rain) with same type of rain drops while cumiliform clouds will produce a larger and various size raindrop (mostly tropical type showers). To answer your question though, rain drop form inside the cloud in a process we call \"Collision and Coalescence\" where the drops combine. Once the drop gets heavy enough it descends to the ground, so yes once it starts falling it remains relatively the same size. To answer how far, it depends on the base height of the cloud. Most cumiliform bases in the tropics are about 1500ft-3000ft while stratiform cloud bases can vary from 1000ft up to 7kft-10kft (at which point your precip can be freezing rain/snow depending on the height of your freezing temp). Source: I'm a WX Forecaster", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-153351", "score": 0.7287691235542297, "text": "It's due to two factors: 1. How rain forms. In a cloud, water \"wants\" to be a liquid, but it needs a \"seed\" to condense on to become a liquid. This can be a tiny piece of dust, ice crystals, or anything else that is small and provides surface area for the water to condense on. Once this happens, the droplet collects water and becomes more dense and begins to fall through the air, collecting more water and becoming bigger as it falls. 2. Aerodynamics. This explains why waterfalls also turn into a spray of droplets after they fall far enough. The water can change shape in response to air it is rushing through, and the air will push the least aerodynamic parts out of the way more than it pushes the more aerodynamic parts. Thus, the water will \"try\" to form into the most aerodynamic shape possible. Streams are less aerodynamic than droplets, consider the difference between a price of paper in the wind and some sand in the wind. The sand is less affected by it.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-162917", "score": 0.7268310189247131, "text": "Clouds are made up of droplets of water. The more densely packed the droplets are, and the bigger they are, the more light they absorb, and so they appear darker. Large, densely packed water droplets are also likely to form rain. Less densely packed, smaller droplets don't absorb so much light, and are able to reflect it back at you, making them look white, just like the steam you see above a boiling kettle.", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-256097", "score": 0.7254254221916199, "text": "So many, many factors. Just to give you one: Rain that is [produced via the sun shining on nearby bodies of water will usually pour down in a matter of minutes](_URL_0_) whilst places [downwind (or immediately upwind) of mountains or highlands might get hit by hours' worth of rain](_URL_1_) that has traveled with (condensed in) warm air for thousands of kilometers. Rain is extremely interesting, complex, and heavily related to the geology (and geography) of the area in discussion.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-153694", "score": 0.724561870098114, "text": "Clouds are made up of water droplets Smaller clouds have smaller droplets, therefore reflect most of the white light from the sun Larger clouds have larger droplets (and are more dense) so absorb more of the light and reflect less so they look grey Dark grey clouds are usually about to rain - as most of the small droplets have joined together and are about to hit the point where they can no longer be suspended in mid air", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-272104", "score": 0.7245211005210876, "text": "It does rain when there is enough rain for just a little bit. But some days there is enough of an updraft (and a combination of air pressure, wind and temperature) to hold all the water in the sky until it is far heavier. Then, it really pours.", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-169109", "score": 0.7236960530281067, "text": "Clouds don't \"know\" anything - they're *clouds*. A cloud is water vapour that, due to lower temperatures, has condensed a little, enough to make it visible. When a cloud encounters more cold air, more water vapour condenses, and the suspended water drops become larger, making the cloud appear darker. As this continues, the drops can become larger and larger, until they are too big to be suspended in updrafts, and so they fall as rain. In short, clouds become rainclouds when they hit colder air, forcing water to fall out. (That's an ELI5 version of a longer explanation.)", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-266234", "score": 0.7232443690299988, "text": "Water forms into drops inside clouds. It collects on small \"seed\" particles until it gets heavy enough to fall. If two raindrops touch, they can merge into a larger drop, but usually they're pretty far apart on average. If you started with a thin sheet of water and dropped it, you would find that it breaks up before it hits the ground. That's because it has high *surface tension*. It forces itself into shapes with lower surface area to volume ratios, like drops.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-184138", "score": 0.7232313752174377, "text": "Rain comes from clouds which will have different densities and volumes of moisture within them. That's why some clouds can be really puffy and some thin and everything in-between. If there's enough moisture that it gets to that point where it's too heavy that's when rain starts. That'll happen at different points within the same cloud. The clouds also continue to move through the sky based off of wind and air pressure. Because of this you have different clouds raining at different rates passing overhead. So if it's really heavy rain, then light, then all of a sudden heavy if you're looking out the window for instance, it could be one cloud the had a part of it that just hasn't collected enough moisture to rain yet or you could have a few clouds passing by that are both heavy with rain or a combination of those kinds of factors.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-248740", "score": 0.722636878490448, "text": "I take it you've never lived in the Pacific Northwest? Rainfall in that area starts in late September and ends for a short break in February. This isn't a sudden and heavy downpour, but a never-ending drizzle. Sometimes it's only a few drops per foot, or shows up as a mist instead of droplets heavy enough to condense and fall. So I guess the answer is: rainfall happens in all sorts of different ways, depending on air saturation, air pressure, external factors, particulate matter in the air, etc.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-251957", "score": 0.722570538520813, "text": "Sure, there's a bunch of factors which produce rain: I'll start with three. 1. Humidity / dewpoint. Air itself can hold a certain amount of air. You can inject more and more water into air and it'll absorb it. However, once you reach 100% saturation, then it'll precipitate out, in the form of liquid water — rain! 2. Cooling / lapse rate. Air cools as you go up in height. The atmosphere's air is heated by the hot earth surface after sun heating. Rain can only come from clouds' water vapour. Another way to condense water is to cool the air, as cold air can hold less water (think, tropics = humid). So, rain formation can also be expedited if the cooling is quick - or, if the temperature drops faster with height. 3. Particulates. If air is saturated, it'll only form water droplets if they have something to 'cling' onto, so things like dust, smoke, etc. are the sort to promote this. Hope this is helpful!", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-149693", "score": 0.7218965291976929, "text": "Rain clouds are denser which lets less light through. The fact that they are denser means there is more water in the cloud which makes rain more likely.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-53061", "score": 0.7207383513450623, "text": "Generally much slower if you are asking about a typical snowfall or rain storm. The general ratio at 30* F is 1\" of rainfall = 10\" of snow. So it would need to snow* ^^^^fucking ^^^^autocorrect for a much longer period to equal the same amount of rain that falls in many places. The reason for this is that in winter the air is typically much dryer and doesn't hold as much moisture before snow starts. In the summer with the humidity, the air and clouds are much more moisture dense and that's how you get such heavy rainfall in many places exceeding several inches an hour.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-269017", "score": 0.7203555107116699, "text": "For a couple reasons. Rain happens when warm air carrying a lot of water vapor meets cooler air, and the temperature drop causes the water to condense out and fall as rain. The mixing isn't sudden, it happens over time as the air masses collide and mix together. Also, for the water to condense out it needs a surface to condense upon, usually a tiny piece of dust; so it can only condense out as fast as surface area becomes available.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-182756", "score": 0.7190343737602234, "text": "Water condenses more easily at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures, it remains vapor more easily. When water condenses in the air, it falls as rain. So, colder temperatures make more rain because the water in the air doesn't stay as vapor or smaller droplets that stay aloft.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-167371", "score": 0.7181372046470642, "text": "Here's an example: a raindrop lands a tiny fraction of an inch to the west of a peak in the Rockies. It naturally flows downhill to the west, eventually joins a river and finishes up in the Pacific Ocean. Another raindrop falls a tiny fraction of an inch to the east of the first raindrop, landing just to the east of the same peak. It naturally flows downhill to the east, eventually joins a river and finishes up in the Atlantic Ocean. Two raindrops a tiny distance apart end up in completely different parts of the world. A small change in the initial position of a raindrop gave a huge difference in the outcome. Chaos theory describes systems where, like the raindrops, tiny differences in the initial conditions can lead to huge differences in what follows.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-283303", "score": 0.7171783447265625, "text": "A cloud is already saturated air. Water is already condensing out of the air due to the temperature and humidity, etc. into droplets. A big factor is the droplet size. If the water droplets are around 5 microns across, they are kind of the same quality as cigarette smoke. Their own mass/weight is so small that they can't really fall. Their terminal velocity (just like a skydiver without a chute eventually hits a balance between air drag and their own weight) is so low it theoretically takes weeks or years to reach ground. Their falling speed is effectively zero, and the droplets just get carried along up, down, left, and right with whatever random air currents there are, and there always are some. If the droplets have enough time to grow, then eventually they get big enough such that their terminal velocity is higher, the time needed to fall to ground becomes minutes. Any upward air currents aren't strong enough to keep them up. They fall. That is rain. Raindrops are roughly 1mm across.", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-285195", "score": 0.7163451910018921, "text": "It works in the same way as looking through a window screen, eyes work in much the same way as cameras. When you focus on something the distance things out of that focus area become less sharp. Looking through raindrops, which are small, this lack of sharpness causes you to be able to see through them as if they it weren't there. This doesn't stay true for longer distances though, objects further away become less visible through the rain.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-262672", "score": 0.7159899473190308, "text": "A lot of research has gone into determining particle size distributions (PSDs) in clouds, and it continues to be an active area of research. This paper goes over some differences between continential and maritime raindrops and the differences in PSDs: _URL_0_. Typically, raindrops that form in maritime air masses have a wider distribution with more large drops than continential air. This is because they may form above freezing and coalesce (grow by contact with each other) more than continential drops. Continential air masses are drier and cooler so precipitation typically begins as ice and snow then melts to form rain, so there is less coalescence ocurring. The DSDs for contiential drops are narrower and have more smaller drops and less big drops. Essentially, the size of the raindrops you get is largely dependent upon the environment they form in, including temperature and moisture content.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-343", "score": 0.7639477849006653, "text": "Well, they use very rigorous clean room techniques to minimize the amount of biological contamination that is on our probes. Beyond that, the harshness of the environment is likely to whittle down at least some of what small amount they miss. But they are not sure they are not contaminating the objects, they probably miss *some* stuff. Not that either environment is especially conducive to life as we know it. The Moon especially, although some things may be able to eek out at least survival on Mars, if not prosperity. They care because we don't want to substantially alter the environment we are studying before we study it, and just in case there could *be* anything alive there, it'd be a shame to accidentally destroy it with competition. Additionally, if we go to all the work to find life and then bring samples back to Earth, it'd be a real bummer if by the time they got here it as just good ole tardigrades or something of the sort." } ]

[ { "id": "corpus-271253", "score": 0.7251491546630859, "text": "NASA uses a [pre-launch quarantine] (_URL_0_) to ensure that no one in space is sick in the first place. In addition all food and water is sanitized before it is stored.", "topk_rank": 0 }, { "id": "corpus-291444", "score": 0.7234705090522766, "text": "I think they did it to make certain any life on the craft did not contaminate a place that possibly has life on/in it. They have the planetary protection policies in place for this. Each surface that spores can get into the atmosphere has to be under 300,000 bacterial spores. At least for the rovers. There are filters for the hardware inside that are designed to keep whatever spores are in there, secure. Now I can't for certain claim this but, with Cassini I think there is more of a chance of life on the moons, as opposed to Mars. Curiosity has the technology to test for bacteria against itself anytime. They sent 3 empty clean sealed containers to calibrate the sensors, and see if the life came from it or is foreign. With Cassini I think the thing is we don't have the ability to test right now, so if spores leaked and got on the moons, there would be no way of figuring out if it was natural or from us when we do end up being able to test there.", "topk_rank": 1 }, { "id": "corpus-2215816", "score": 0.7230364680290222, "text": "If NASA was to find life as a bacteria on Mars, will it be a chance of Earth bacteria being the case that’s not from NASA’s probe itself but other agencies? \n\nIf they don’t follow the same protocol, why do NASA do it anyways? Seems pointless but should be standard.", "topk_rank": 2 }, { "id": "corpus-1896743", "score": 0.7224135398864746, "text": "I understand why we keep deep space probes clean, so as not to contaminate extraterrestrial objects with our super-tough beings.\nWhy do we do the same with satellites though? It's not like some aliens are going to get space flu from it, is it?", "topk_rank": 3 }, { "id": "corpus-243847", "score": 0.7184392809867859, "text": "The big reason is, we want to find out if there's life on Mars. If we don't sterilise the stuff we send, and then we \"discover life on Mars\", we can never be totally sure that what we found wasn't something we brought with us and just haven't come across on Earth before. Edit: And more generally a lot of our preliminary tests done by the rover wouldn't be able to tell the difference between native martian bacteria and earth bacteria that hitched a ride. I don't think any of the rovers can do their own DNA sequencing or anything close to that level of sophistication.", "topk_rank": 4 }, { "id": "corpus-309331", "score": 0.7151618599891663, "text": "The [Office of Planetary Protection](_URL_0_) exists to prevent planetary cross-contamination.", "topk_rank": 5 }, { "id": "corpus-290448", "score": 0.7151260375976562, "text": "The microbes aren't considered a physical threat as much as they are a scientific threat. NASA abides by a practice of planetary protection which is the protecting solar system bodies from contamination by Earth life. This practice is important because it preserves our ability to observe other worlds in their natural states. Contamination from Earth life would make our ability of finding other life forms, if they exist, very ambiguous because we would have to examine if the life form was from Earth or not. Specifically, a planet like Mars which has great potential that it could support life is a prime area of planetary protection. Scientifically, we want to avoid the contamination of Earth life on Mars so if we do find other life forms, we will have avoided the possibility that the life forms are of Earth. [More Information](_URL_0_)", "topk_rank": 6 }, { "id": "corpus-102822", "score": 0.7147558331489563, "text": "We're not SCARED to, we're trying to avoid wrecking science. By bringing in foreign contaminants, you're essentially wrecking any sort of science experience concerning native life. You'll never be able to tell if some discovered earth-like microbe is truly native, or just somehow survived the trip from Earth. So unless there's tremendous care to avoid contamination you'd never be able to absolutely verify whether there was life on Mars or elsewhere like in the oceans of Europa. Someone could always argue that it was just brought along from Earth.", "topk_rank": 7 }, { "id": "corpus-21855", "score": 0.7145282626152039, "text": "This is a great question that I hope gets answered. I fear the answer might be that it just smells terrible and they get used to it. They don't tells us so we don't picture a big poopship circling in orbit.", "topk_rank": 8 }, { "id": "corpus-152850", "score": 0.7124416828155518, "text": "All of our solar system came from the same bowl of ingredients, so there isn't much floating out there, that's more dangerous than what we have here. It's mostly the same elements. Space is also really empty, compared to our atmosphere, so it wouldn't have picked up a lot. It's surface has been sterilized by cosmic radiation to some extent, so there's no reason to be afraid of a few bacteria that some NASA engineer left behind. Just avoid the nuclear battery and you'll be fine. Though I imagine NASA is going to ask you a few questions.", "topk_rank": 9 }, { "id": "corpus-289222", "score": 0.7092267274856567, "text": "It is very hard to make sure that a body of water is sterile, because the very moment it comes in contact with non-sterile equipment, it becomes contaminated as well. That said, some subglacial lakes in Antarctic are probably sterile, lake Vostok being a prime example. Why would you infer anything about extraterrestrial bodies of water, having studied only the ones on Earth, is beyond me.", "topk_rank": 10 }, { "id": "corpus-264866", "score": 0.7082067131996155, "text": "Absolutely. In fact, NASA has an entire \"Office of Planetary Protection\" to deal with just this issue. Here's their web site: _URL_0_ In short, space probes are assembled in clean rooms (filtered air, etc.) to cut down on the microbial contamination right from the start, and then sterilized by dry-heating the entire spacecraft and/or subjecting it to hydrogen peroxide vapors.", "topk_rank": 11 }, { "id": "corpus-281508", "score": 0.7055143713951111, "text": "Sterilization is a serious concern for NASA. It is the reason for them crashing Galileo into Jupiter (to protect potentially life-harboring Europa) and the reason they caught a bit of heat for the Huygens probe.", "topk_rank": 12 }, { "id": "corpus-289854", "score": 0.7042596340179443, "text": "This came up recently with Curiosity. One of its drill bits is [regarded as a threat](_URL_0_) and is not allowed to be near water. In reality it's almost certainly sterile, as it *was* sterilized and spent a long time in space, but we have to assume that it's not sterile. Thus, sadly, should Curiosity ever accidentally come across any water, it has to turn around and run the other way.", "topk_rank": 13 }, { "id": "corpus-251070", "score": 0.704125702381134, "text": "I believe the makeup of the atmosphere can be easily detected through spectroscopy. For the other pieces of information: There were numerous attempts both to land a craft on mars before nasa actually succeeded, and even before that sattelites were send to a trajectory around the planet, most likely to prepare for later attemped landings.", "topk_rank": 14 }, { "id": "corpus-312280", "score": 0.7035746574401855, "text": "Technically possible, yes. But NASA (and other space agencies) go to greath lengths to make sure that all spacecraft (especially ones that are going to land on a planet) are sterilised before launch, specifically to minimise contamination by earth microbes. This has two reasons: 1) contamination by earth microbes can lead to a false positive on detection of alien life-forms. 2) Earth microbes might be able to out-compete and destroy native ecosystems.", "topk_rank": 15 }, { "id": "corpus-291356", "score": 0.7035167813301086, "text": "One reason is that we don't want to get there, find a bacteria we mistakenly brought along, and think we've found life the originated on Mars (or at least we don't want to be in the position of wondering whether we found Mars life or Earth life we brought with us). Another is that if there is some kind of life there, we don't want to disrupt it by bringing something from Earth that can end up destroying or damaging it somehow.", "topk_rank": 16 }, { "id": "corpus-292613", "score": 0.7022103071212769, "text": "a few reasons, firstly contamination is potentially much more harmful during stages like re-entry than it is when the rover is rolling around. and much more importantly, the rover is there to research mars, the actual results could be contaminated with substances/life from earth microbial life can survive in space as well as reentry, if the mars rover brings life to mars then it will be extremely difficult to deduce if life had existed on mars prior", "topk_rank": 17 }, { "id": "corpus-182145", "score": 0.7006674408912659, "text": "There are pros and cons either way, as I understand it. For instance: the moon is closer, but mars has enough gravity to be more comfortable (and healthier), enough atmosphere to make insulation a far simpler problem, and enough weather that erosion has made the dust similar enough that we can say with confidence that we know how to deal with it - unlike the regolith on the moon which is a bit nightmarish.", "topk_rank": 18 }, { "id": "corpus-16129", "score": 0.6993540525436401, "text": "There's nothing stopping it from happening theoretically, but for now, NASA is trying very hard to prevent contaminating Mars with life from earth. Any kind of organisms that could be found on Mars should be studied, and if you just ship a bunch of extremophile bacteria from earth to Mars, you contaminate the planet with potentially invasive species. There might come a time where humanity will attempt to colonize a planet, but for now it's both unproductive and virtually impossible.", "topk_rank": 19 } ]