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Mounting evidence of global climate change encourages planning responses that seek to mitigate change and to adapt to changes considered to be inevitable. The province of British Columbia recently mandated that municipal official community plans (OCPs) contain targets and policies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The authors use content analysis to evaluate mitigation and adaptation content in 39 OCPs, and find that 25 of the OCPs explicitly address climate change, and that the OCPs are stronger with respect to goals and policies than to fact base and implementation provisions. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening municipal climate change planning.

Baynham, M; Stevens, M

Are we planning effectively for climate change? An evaluation of official community plans in British Columbia

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.756805

One of the most discernible impacts of climate change is the increasing severity and unpredictability of extreme weather conditions. Small island developing states are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, with one of the impacts being on energy supplies due to damaging energy infrastructure, resulting in power outages and economic losses. Drawing on resilience theory to frame the discourse, we present an updated overview of how island energy infrastructures have been and continue to be negatively impacted. This same framework also provides a lens through which we identify the challenges involved in recovery, rebuilding and returning energy security in these contexts.

Bundhoo, ZMA; Shah, KU; Surroop, D

Climate proofing island energy infrastructure systems: Framing resilience based policy interventions

Utilities Policy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2018.09.005

We investigate the extent that Nigerian households engage in internal migration to ensure against ex ante and ex post agricultural risk due to weather-related variability and shocks. We use data on the migration patterns of individuals over a twenty-year period and temperature degree days to proxy agricultural risk. We find suggestive evidence of household response to ex ante risk by sending males to migrate. Robust findings show that males migrate in response to ex post risk. As global climate change increases risk, these results suggest that increased migration could result as households mitigate risk and strain limited resources in Nigerian cities.

Dillon, A; Mueller, V; Salau, S

Migratory Responses to Agricultural Risk in Northern Nigeria

American Journal Of Agricultural Economics

https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar033

The judge who called for a climate tutorial in a federal court in San Francisco accepted the science that says that human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide play the central role in rising average global temperatures, increased sea levels, and coastal flooding - but threw out a lawsuit calling for financial reparations from the oil companies for causing these problems. Why? And what might the decision mean for other cases in other states, along similar lines, that are still in the works? Two environmental lawyers, one of whom was in the courtroom for the tutorial, explain.

Burger, M; Wentz, J

Holding fossil fuel companies accountable for their contribution to climate change: Where does the law stand?

Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists

https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2018.1533217

In the presence of rare disasters, risk perceptions may not always align with actual risks. These perceptions can nevertheless influence an individual's willingness to mitigate risks through activities such as purchasing flood insurance. In a survey of Maryland floodplain residents, we find that stated risk perceptions predict voluntary flood insurance take-up, while perceptions themselves varied widely among surveyed residents, owing in large part to differences in past flood experience. We use a formal test for overoptimism in risk perceptions and find that, on aggregate, floodplain residents are overly optimistic about flood risks.

Royal, A; Walls, M

Flood Risk Perceptions and Insurance Choice: Do Decisions in the Floodplain Reflect Overoptimism?

Risk Analysis

https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13240

This paper examines the impact of floods on the firms' capital accumulation, employment growth and productivity by using a difference-in-difference (DID) approach and considering the firms' asset structure. We find evidence that, in the short run, companies in regions hit by a flood show on average higher growth of total assets and employment than firms in regions unaffected by flooding. The positive effect prevails for companies with larger shares of intangible assets. Regarding the firms' productivity a negative flood effect is observable which declines with an increasing share of intangible assets.

Leiter, AM; Oberhofer, H; Raschky, PA

Creative Disasters? Flooding Effects on Capital, Labour and Productivity Within European Firms

Environmental & Resource Economics

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9273-9

We make use of historical data on water levels on the Rhine river to analyze the impact of weather-related supply shocks on economic activity in Germany. Our analysis shows that low water levels lead to severe disruptions in inland water transportation and cause a significant and economically meaningful decrease of economic activity. In a month with 30 days of low water, industrial production in Germany declines by about 1 percent, ceteris paribus. Our analysis highlights the importance of extreme weather events for business cycle analysis and contributes to gauging the costs of extreme weather events in advanced economies.

Ademmer, M; Jannsen, N; Meuchelböeck, S

Extreme Weather Events and Economic Activity: The Case of Low Water Levels on the Rhine River

German Economic Review

https://doi.org/10.1515/ger-2022-0077

This paper uses tools from systems thinking to address flood problems from multiple perspectives with a case study of flooding in Jakarta, Indonesia, which faces a daunting challenge due to its topography, climate, congested areas and inadequate infrastructure. While it cannot solve flood problems with structural measures alone, Jakarta can incorporate risk management into development strategies and policies, implement an effective early warning system and integrated emergency response programme as well as improve law enforcement; it can also work to develop a culture of resilience through collective strategies, greater public awareness and a flood management information system.

Akmalah, E; Grigg, NS

Jakarta flooding: systems study of socio-technical forces

Water International

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.610729

This article consists of an exploratory study that reflects on the scope of climate change policies in Peru, the generation of scientific knowledge from the study of forest ecosystems and the feasibility of a scenario of confluence between both. It was based on a qualitative analysis, through the design of Emergent Founded Theory, of a juridical-comparative type. The value of the vulnerability of a forest ecosystem as a policy analysis tool for adaptation to climate change was explained, in addition to the instantaneous benefits resulting from the systematization of scientific information to facilitate the process of defining strategies towards these policies.

Mirano, JR; Vértiz-Osores, JJ

Confluence between forest ecosystems and scientific knowledge against climate change: Peruvian legal framework

Nexo Revista Cientifica

https://doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i06.13118

Extreme climate events are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. Vulnerability to extremes is the result of three components: exposure to hazards, sensitivity of the system, and capacity to adapt. A large-scale qualitative study of rural vulnerability to climate extremes in Argentina, Canada, and Colombia demonstrates the political-economic root causes of vulnerability in each context. Structural causes are difficult to identify using quantitative indices and deductive metrics alone, but qualitative approaches can help identify key drivers of vulnerability at a deeper level. Technology and diversification are insufficient to address such structural or deep vulnerability.

Fletcher, AJ; Mussetta, P; Turbay, S; Mejía, ECA

Deep Vulnerability: Identifying the Structural Dimensions of Climate Vulnerability through qualitative Research in Argentina, Canada and Colombia

Cuadernos De Desarrollo Rural

https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cdr18.dvis

The papers in this theme issue seek to advance our understanding of the roles of networks and partnerships in the multilevel governance of climate change and related issues in the urban context. In particular, the papers examine the roles of nontraditional actors and apply emerging theoretical approaches such as sustainability transitions theory to gain a greater understanding of the variety of approaches being employed around the world, as well as the transformative potential of these approaches. We discuss the role of the state relative to the roles of local leadership, knowledge systems, and community-wide collaborative engagement in bringing about sustainability transitions.

Schroeder, H; Burch, S; Rayner, S

Novel multisector networks and entrepreneurship in urban climate governance

Environment And Planning C-Government And Policy

https://doi.org/10.1068/c3105ed

Despite the critical need for urban planners to address climate change, there is a limited understanding of planning professionals' perceptions of their climate change competency. This paper reports results from a survey of Australian urban planning professionals, identifying their perceived climate change knowledge, skills, competencies, and everyday practice. The urban planning professionals surveyed had high levels of perceived climate change knowledge, but only a small number incorporate climate change impacts into their professional work. They had limited access to information and tools needed for climate change planning in their practice. Areas for further competency development through continuing education are identified.

Hurlimann, A; Cobbinah, PB; Bush, J; Gaisie, E

Continuing Education for Climate Change: A Study of Australian Urban Planners' Current Practices and Developing Competence

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X231171100

While recent research has recognized the importance of considering social vulnerability, the changing patterns of social vulnerability within cities and the climate adaptation challenges these shifts pose have yet to receive much attention. In this article, we evaluate the changing patterns of social vulnerability in three coastal cities (Houston, New Orleans, and Tampa) over a thirty-year time period (1980-2010) and integrate neighborhood change theories with theories of social vulnerability to explain those patterns. Through this analysis, we highlight emerging dimensions of vulnerability that warrant attention in the future adaptation efforts of these cities.

Bin Kashem, S; Wilson, B; Van Zandt, S

Planning for Climate Adaptation: Evaluating the Changing Patterns of Social Vulnerability and Adaptation Challenges in Three Coastal Cities

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16645167

In this article, the authors propose a new political economy of climate change and development in which explicit attention is given to the way that ideas, power and resources are conceptualised, negotiated and implemented by different groups at different scales. The climate change and development interface warrants such attention because of its importance to achieving sustainable poverty reduction outcomes, cross-sectoral nature, urgency and rapid emergence of international resource transfers, initiatives and governance architectures, and the frequent assumption of linear policymaking and apolitical, techno-managerial solutions to the climate change challenge.

Tanner, T; Allouche, J

Towards a New Political Economy of Climate Change and Development

Ids Bulletin-Institute Of Development Studies

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2011.00217.x

The paper presents twenty abiotic indicators used by farmers for weather prediction in Wayanad district, Kerala. These indicators were based mainly on the appearance of sky, color and patterns of cloud, moon, wind, rainbow and temperature. The popularity of these indicators among farmers was measured using use validity score (UVS) based on purpose of use, extent of use and perceived reliability. With this score, we categorized the indicators into high, medium and low popularity classes. Five indicators were assessed as high popularity, four as low popularity and the remaining, medium popularity.

Anju, R; Bonny, BP

Indigenous knowledge based abiotic indicators used in weather prediction by farmers of Wayanad, Kerala, India

Indian Journal Of Traditional Knowledge

Numerous policy vehicles have been introduced in the UK promoting the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH). However, an 'implementation deficit' exists where legislation limits action by failing to provide adequate support mechanisms. This study uses an interdisciplinary approach to construct a framework to address the issue of overcoming this deficit. Evidence bases have identified six deficit categories, which confirm a lack of enabling of stakeholders. Outline recommendations, such as coordinated information provision and reconsideration of incentive schemes are made in relation to these categories to complete the framework for supporting RWH in the UK.

Ward, S; Butler, D; Barr, S; Memon, FA

A framework for supporting rainwater harvesting in the UK

Water Science And Technology

https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.655

Decisions on how to manage future flood risks are frequently informed by both sophisticated and computationally expensive models. This complexity often limits the representation of uncertainties and the consideration of strategies. Here we use an intermediate complexity model framework that enables us to analyze a richer set of strategies, a wider range of objectives, and greater levels of uncertainty than are typically considered by more sophisticated and computationally expensive models. We find that allowing for more combinations of risk mitigation strategies can help expand the solution set, help explain synergies and trade-offs, and point to strategies that can improve outcomes.

Ceres, RL; Forest, CE; Keller, K

Trade-offs and synergies in managing coastal flood risk: A case study for New York City

Journal Of Flood Risk Management

https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12771

There are two lessons emerging from this review relevant to the debate of adaptation to climate change in urban areas: there are diverse and useful disciplinary contributions and experiences to build adaptation strategies during the last few years, but few efforts to create multidimensional approaches guiding operational strategies; there is growing attention to integrate adaptation as part of a development process addressing structural condition causing social and urban vulnerability. The conclusions of the review highlight the urgency to update and improve our current conceptual models to address the complex reality of urban areas in an era of dynamic socioeconomic, and biophysical global changes.

Sanchez-Rodriguez, R

Learning to adapt to climate change in urban areas. A review of recent contributions

Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.005

This article discusses the state of the art in geovisualization supporting climate change adaptation. We reviewed twenty selected map-based Web tools, classified by their content and functionality, and assessed them by visual representations, interactive functions, information type, target audience, and how vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are addressed. Our study concludes that the tools (1) can be classified as data viewers with basic functionality and data explorers offering more sophisticated interactive functions; (2) mostly feature moderate or high richness of data content; and (3) predominantly target expert users.

Neset, TS; Opach, T; Lion, P; Lilja, A; Johansson, J

Map-Based Web Tools Supporting Climate Change Adaptation

Professional Geographer

https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2015.1033670

This paper examines the science-practice interface in the process of adapting to climate change in society. This paper analyses science-based stakeholder dialogues with climate scientists, municipal officers and private individual forest owners in Sweden, and examines how local experts both share scientific knowledge and experience and integrate it into their work strategies and practices. The results demonstrate how local experts jointly conceptualise climate adaptation, how scientific knowledge is domesticated among local experts in dialogue with scientific experts, the emergence of anchoring devices, and the boundary-spanning functions that are at work in the respective sectors.

André, K; Jonsson, CA

Science-practice interactions linked to climate adaptation in two contexts: municipal planning and forestry in Sweden

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.854717

Science indicates that cities are central to society's capacity to avoid catastrophic and irreversible climate change, that rapid transitions to climate wise practices are needed and that transition steps will face implementation challenges. Lessons learned from reform experience can build understanding of the knowledge, policy and practices required for further transitions. This paper identifies lessons learned from renewable energy and resilience reforms in the city of Canberra, Australia. It finds that attention to science-policy-practice interfaces contributes important insights for the design of planned transitions and for integrative and implementation-focused reforms needed to overcome local barriers.

Mummery, J

Science-policy-practice Interfaces for City Climate Change Transitions: A Case Study of Canberra, Australia

Urban Policy And Research

https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2021.1990878

Since coastal communities are already subjected to the impacts of climate change, adaptation has become a necessity. This article presents competencies demonstrated by Canadian municipal employees during an adaptation process to sea level rise. To adapt, the participants demonstrated the following competencies: problem solving (highlighting components of the problem and identifying constraints), futures thinking, risk prediction, vulnerability analysis, local knowledge, planning, and communication. However, some competencies that could be potentially useful in adaptation were used less frequently by participants: developing solutions, knowledge of adaptation, math skills, hope, and self-efficacy.

Pruneau, D; Kerry, J; Blain, S; Evichnevetski, E; Deguire, P; Barbier, PY; Freiman, V; Therrien, J; Langis, J; Lang, M

Competencies Demonstrated by Municipal Employees During Adaptation to Climate Change: A Pilot Study

Journal Of Environmental Education

https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2012.759521

The precarious situation faced by women and girls in the wake of climate-related disasters is illustrated through fieldwork conducted in Eastern Visayas in the Philippines, one of the regions most affected by Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. However, this article illustrates that these heightened levels of gendered violence faced by women and girls are not a result of the disaster alone; rather, they are rooted in the inequalities inherent in the social construction of gender prior to the catastrophe, which then become sharpened as efforts to survive become more urgent.

Nguyen, HT

Gendered Vulnerabilities in Times of Natural Disasters: Male-to-Female Violence in the Philippines in the Aftermath of Super Typhoon Haiyan

Violence Against Women

https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218790701

The efficient and effective management of climate risks is dependent on the availability of reliable climate information and services. To make health system resilient towards the impacts of climate variability and change, climate-related data and information need to be routinely integrated into health science, practice and policy making. The present paper studies the policy congruence at international, regional, national and sub-national levels for climate services for public health, with specific focus on India; to identify the gaps in understanding and possibly suggest a roadmap for co-developing climate services for the public health sector in India.

Tewary, A; Mehajan, RK; Golechha, M; Mavalankar, D

Co-developing climate services for resilient public health system in India

Current Science

https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v120/i10/1578-1586

The integration of climate change adaptation considerations into management of the coast poses major challenges for decision makers. This article reports on a case study undertaken in Christchurch Bay, UK, examining local capacity for strategic response to climate risks, with a particular focus on issues surrounding coastal defense. Drawing primarily on qualitative research with local and regional stakeholders, the analysis identifies fundamental disjunctures between generic concerns over climate change and the adaptive capacity of local management institutions. Closely linked with issues of scale, the problems highlighted here are likely to have broad and continuing relevance for future coastal management elsewhere.

Few, R; Brown, K; Tompkins, EL

Climate change and coastal management decisions: Insights from Christchurch Bay, UK

Coastal Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750601042328

We examine the risks and management of natural disasters. A benefit-cost framework focuses attention on (1) designing control structures, such as dams and levees, and mitigation policies, such as construction standards, to protect lives and property against small and medium, rather than large sized natural disasters; and (2) warning and evacuation to save lives for large natural disasters. Providing information rather than command solutions generally enhances social benefits, if people understand the risks and bear the expected costs. Requiring actuarially fair insurance simultaneously provides information and has individuals bear the expected costs.

Lave, LB; Apt, J

Planning for natural disasters in a stochastic world

Journal Of Risk And Uncertainty

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-006-0174-9

This article examines the effectiveness of climate finance on the engagement of poor and marginal households in adaptation measures. Data from 240 climate finance recipient households and 120 non-climate finance households in the south-western coast of Bangladesh were collected through a field survey. The results indicated that while recipient households engaged in more adaptation measures, they also spend more on adaptation from their income, savings and even loans. Some underlying constraints for households to access climate finance were identified. Finally, mislabelling regular poverty reduction activities as adaptation measures limits the support for climate finance at the household level.

Hussain, FA; Ahmad, MM

Effect of climate finance on adaptation in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh

Development In Practice

https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1779663

Climate change poses societal challenge,,, on an unprecedented scale. It implies chances to North-South power balance and responsibility, forcing societies to begin to re-conceptualise Current development models and dominant narratives. This paper draws on the Climate Change and Development Futures: Shaping the Invisible panel held at the Development Studies Association 2008 Annual Conference titled Development's Invisible Hands. It reviews some of the relevant literature and analyses the opportunities and barriers that development and Development Studies face in re-conceptualising development futures. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Boyd, E; Juhola, S

STEPPING UP TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE: OPPORTUNITIES IN RE-CONCEPTUALISING DEVELOPMENT FUTURES

Journal Of International Development

https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1619

In the context of climate change, the poorest people are commonly seen as having the least capacity to adapt. However to date there has been a limited examination of the dynamic and differentiated nature of poverty Through bringing together both the chronic poverty and adaptation literature, this article presents a new pro-poor adaptation research agenda underpinned by a more nuanced understanding of poverty. While recognising that poverty reduction efforts are threatened by climate change, this article investigates ways in which proactive adaptation could offer opportunities to create pathways out of chronic poverty through targeted vulnerability reduction and adaptation efforts.

Tanner, T; Mitchell, T

Entrenchment or Enhancement: Could Climate Change Adaptation Help to Reduce Chronic Poverty?

Ids Bulletin-Institute Of Development Studies

Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on economic outcomes requires knowing how agents might adapt to a changing climate. We exploit large variation in recent temperature and precipitation trends to identify adaptation to climate change in US agriculture, and use this information to generate new estimates of the potential impact of future climate change on agricultural outcomes. Longer run adaptations appear to have mitigated less than half-and more likely none-of the large negative short-run impacts of extreme heat on productivity. Limited recent adaptation implies substantial losses under future climate change in the absence of countervailing investments.

Burke, M; Emerick, K

Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture

American Economic Journal-Economic Policy

https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130025

Limited research has explored the reasons behind the level of environmental concerns in master plans in China, where serious environmental degradation has caught the world's attention and the planning regime is significantly different from those based on representative democracy. Analyzing eighty master plans of China's large municipalities, we find that the education and age of local leaders have a significant effect on environmental concerns in master plans, while their work experience and state mandate do not. We conclude that that well-educated local leaders and a more collaborative planning approach could deal more efficiently with environmental problems in China.

Zhang, L; Tochen, RM; Hibbard, M; Tang, ZH

The Role of Local Leaders in Environmental Concerns in Master Plans: An Empirical Study of China's Eighty Large Municipalities

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17699063

Adaptation of agricultural and food systems to climate change involves private and public investment decisions in the face of climate and policy uncertainties. The authors present a framework for analysis of adaptation as an investment, based on elements of the economics, finance, and ecological economics literatures. They use this framework to assess critically impact and adaptation studies, and discuss how research could be designed to support public and private investment decisions. They then discuss how climate mitigation policies and other policies may affect adaptive capacity of agricultural and food systems. They conclude with an agenda for public research on climate adaptation.

Antle, JM; Capalbo, SM

Adaptation of Agricultural and Food Systems to Climate Change: An Economic and Policy Perspective

Applied Economic Perspectives And Policy

https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppq015

As the global climate change intensifies, it has led to more frequent and intensified natural disasters in China. Here we employed a linear regression to analyze the relationship between the frequency of natural disasters and the average temperature of 194 national stations in China from 1951 to 2011. The results indicate that earthquake (seismic activity), flood and storm are strongly affected by the climate. If the average temperature in China increases by 1 degrees C, the occurrence of earthquake(seismic activity), flood and storm would increase by 2, 4 and 4 occurrences per year respectively.

Sha, C; Bi, XL

Natural Disasters and Average Temperature in China

Disaster Advances

We examined the anthropogenic and natural causes of flood risks in six representative cities in the Gangwon Province of Korea. Flood damage per capita is mostly explained by cumulative upper 5% summer precipitation amount and the year. The increasing flood damage is also associated with deforestation in upstream areas and intensive land use in lowlands. Human encroachment on floodplains made these urban communities more vulnerable to floods. Without changes in the current flood management systems of these cities, their vulnerability to flood risks will remain and may even increase under changing climate conditions.

Chang, HJ; Franczyk, J; Kim, C

What is responsible for increasing flood risks? The case of Gangwon Province, Korea

Natural Hazards

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9266-y

A range of regulatory instruments can be used to modify development-control frameworks for the purposes of adapting urban areas to climate change-induced coastal erosion and inundation. This article investigates the approach of three local governments across Australia. It finds that local governments are modifying development-control frameworks to ensure the appropriate development of vulnerable coastal lands. However, the article also demonstrates the limitations in relying on development control to achieve adaptation objectives such as preserving public beach amenity, and highlights the need for legislative reform or the emergence of incentive-based instruments to complement development control.

Robb, A; Payne, M; Stocker, L; Middle, G; Trosic, A

Development Control And Vulnerable Coastal Lands: Examples Of Australian Practice

Urban Policy And Research

https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1489791

To study mitigation and adaptation to climate change, social scientists have drawn on different approaches, particularly sociological approaches to the future and comparative history of past societies. These two approaches frame the social and temporal boundaries of decision-making collectivities in different ways. A consideration of the responses to climate variability in three historical cases, the Classic Maya of Mexico and Central America, the Viking settlements in Greenland, and the US Dust Bowl, shows the value of integrating these two approaches. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Orlove, B

Human adaptation to climate change: a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives

Environmental Science & Policy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.009

Understanding the challenge that climate change poses and crafting appropriate adaptation and mitigation mechanisms requires input from the breadth of the natural and social sciences. Anthropology's in-depth fieldwork methodology, long engagement in questions of society-environment interactions and broad, holistic view of society yields valuable insights into the science, impacts and policy of climate change. Yet the discipline's voice in climate change debates has remained a relatively marginal one until now. Here, we identify three key ways that anthropological research can enrich and deepen contemporary understandings of climate change.

Barnes, J; Dove, M; Lahsen, M; Mathews, A; McElwee, P; McIntosh, R; Moore, F; O'Reilly, J; Orlove, B; Puri, R; Weise, H; Yager, K

Contribution of anthropology to the study of climate change

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1775

Societal responses to climate change are influenced by culture, but this has not been the focus of understanding and adapting to this phenomenon. This process is critical when examining agriculture, an eminently social activity that has an historic perspective and characteristic manners of production expressed by the culture carrying it out. Therefore, the present study analyzes and compares the theoretical-conceptual approaches used in the role of culture in agricultural adaptation to climate change, given the paradigmatic bias in each. This information is essential for the design and implementation of agricultural adaptation strategies having social and cultural viability.

Casanova-Pérez, L; Martínez-Dávila, JP; López-Ortiz, S; Landeros-Sánchez, C; López-Romero, G

Sociocultural dimension in agriculture adaptation to climate change

Agroecology And Sustainable Food Systems

https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1204582

Climate change is an economic development issue, not just an environmental issue. Private businesses have begun to invest heavily in low-carbon technologies, but market imperfections, including uncertainties about new technologies, mean that public dollars will also be required. Billions of public dollars will be available from auctions of emissions allowances for research and development, deploying low-carbon energy technologies, changes in public infrastructure, and adaptation. A distributed approach, with state, local, and federal economic and community development agencies playing important roles, could ensure wiser investments of public resources.

John, D

Opportunities for economic and community development in energy and climate change

Economic Development Quarterly

https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242408315579

The papers in this special issue represent some of the most comprehensive analyses of the implications of climate change for developing countries undertaken to date. The papers employ a bottoms-up systems approach whereby the implications of climate change are evaluated using structural models of agriculture and infrastructure systems. The authors of the paper hail from multiple disciplines. This comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, structural approach is designed to allow for more robust insight into the potential implications of climate change. The approach also allows for experimentation with alternative policy options for achieving development objectives in the context of climate change.

Arndt, C; Chinowsky, P; Robinson, S; Strzepek, K; Tarp, F; Thurlow, J

Economic Development under Climate Change

Review Of Development Economics

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2012.00668.x

As transitions researchers consider the research needs and priorities for the next decade, environmental challenges are deepening to create complex sustainability issues. Climate change and biodiversity conservation in particular are framed as intersecting emergencies. While transitions research can make significant contributions towards analysing and addressing these intersecting emergencies, an increased focus on transdisciplinarity and knowledge co-production, particularly through foregrounding Indigenous Peoples' participation, is required to effectively encompass complex systems approaches, and to embed deep knowledge, experience, and stewardship in research design and application.

Bush, J; Doyon, A

Tackling intersecting climate change and biodiversity emergencies: Opportunities for sustainability transitions research

Environmental Innovation And Societal Transitions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2021.09.010

Based on a systematic review of journal articles, books and book chapters, and policy papers, we evaluate possible sources of finance for addressing loss and damage from slow onset climate events in developing countries. We find that most publications explore insurance schemes which are not appropriate for most slow onset events. From this, we determine that only a few sources are sustainable. Levies and taxes are seen as relatively fair, predictable, adequate, transparent, and additional. These results confirm that current options for sustainably and equitably financing loss and damage from slow onset events are limited.

Robinson, SA; Khan, M; Roberts, JT; Weikmans, R; Ciplet, D

Financing loss and damage from slow onset events in developing countries

Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.014

Individual states and academic institutions have taken leadership on climate change policy in the United States. Without unified national policy, a patchwork of state policies fosters geographic variation among climate action plans (CAPs) for American College and Universities Presidents' Climate Commitment signatories. Correlation among indexes rating state climate policy and signatory CAPs and spatial analysis indicate that states with aggressive climate policy foster aggressive policy within their academies. Reflection on the national scale suggests that although state policies help combat climate change, they could be more significant if articulated within a more comprehensive national policy.

Abbott, JA; Kasprzyk, K

Hot Air: University Climate Action Plans and Disarticulated Federalism

Professional Geographer

https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2011.614560

Natural disasters are extreme events generally caused by abrupt climate change and other environmental factors. Intensive care units (ICUs) need to be prepared, because in the event of a natural disaster, the number of patients that require service stresses an already occupied facility. It is critical that personnel be able to do a proper ICU triage. Efforts have been made to prepare the health care system to be ready for a disaster. A natural disaster can disrupt the daily routine of a hospital and ICU personal need to be equipped with the necessary tools to be able to respond appropriately.

Hidalgo, J; Baez, AA

Natural Disasters

Critical Care Clinics

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2019.05.001

The concept of resilience in ecology has been expanded into a framework to analyse human-environment dynamics. The extension of resilience notions to society has important limits, particularly its conceptualization of social change. The paper argues that this stems from the lack of attention to normative and epistemological issues underlying the notion of 'social resilience'. We suggest that critically examining the role of knowledge at the intersections between social and environmental dynamics helps to address normative questions and to capture how power and competing value systems are not external to, but rather integral to the development and functioning of SES.

Cote, M; Nightingale, AJ

Resilience thinking meets social theory: Situating social change in socio-ecological systems (SES) research

Progress In Human Geography

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425708

This paper examines the role of insurances to reduce uncertainty associated with climate change losses for individuals. Of special interest is the value individuals place on the reduction of increased flood risks by insurance coverage. Using rank-dependent utility and prospect theories, risk premiums are estimated under different climate change scenarios for the Netherlands. The study delivers two main insights. First, estimation results suggest that a profitable flood insurance market could be feasible. Second, climate change has the potential to increase the profitability of offering flood insurance. (JEL D81, Q51, Q54)

Botzen, WJW; van den Bergh, JCJM

Bounded Rationality, Climate Risks, and Insurance: Is There a Market for Natural Disasters?

Land Economics

https://doi.org/10.3368/le.85.2.265

Our planet is under stress from the impacts of hazards, like earthquakes, floods and storms. These have major impacts on vulnerable, generally less-developed societies and make achieving sustainable development exceedingly difficult. A relatively new international research program, Integrated Research on Disaster Risk is now underway towards meeting its legacy of an enhanced capacity around the world to address hazards and make informed decisions on actions to reduce their impacts leading to societies shifting their focus from response-recovery towards prevention-mitigation, building resilience and reducing risks, learning from experience and avoiding past mistakes.

McBean, GA

Integrating disaster risk reduction towards sustainable development

Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.002

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme events. Adaptation strategies at societal and household level are crucial to reduce vulnerability. We assessed to what extent personal flood affectedness, in particular health impacts, influence adaptive behavior. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in northern Chile one year after a major flood event and assessed several dimensions of flood affectedness and adaptive behavior at the household level. After the event, a wide range of adaptation measures, including water storage and prepa-ration of emergency kits, had been implemented by 80% of the population.

Meltzer, L; Dame, J; Gabrysch, S

Flood affectedness and household adaptation measures in rural northern Chile: A cross-sectional study in the Upper Huasco Valley

International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102499

This study estimates the relationship between farm level net-revenue and climate variables in India using cross-sectional evidence. Using the observed reactions of farmers, the study seeks to understand how they have adapted to different climatic conditions across India. District level data is used for the analysis. The study also explores the influence of annual weather and crop prices on the climate response function. The estimated climate response function is used to assess the possible impacts of a 'best-guess' climate change scenario on Indian agriculture. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kumar, KSK; Parikh, J

Indian agriculture and climate sensitivity

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00004-8

Climate change is a potential threat to Vietnam's development as current and future infrastructure will be vulnerable to climate change impacts. This paper focuses on the physical asset of road infrastructure in Vietnam by evaluating the potential impact of changes from stressors, including: sea level rise, precipitation, temperature and flooding. Across 56 climate scenarios, the mean additional cost of maintaining the same road network through 2050 amount to US$10.5 billion. The potential scale of these impacts establishes climate change adaptation as an important component of planning and policy in the current and near future.

Chinowsky, PS; Schweikert, AE; Strzepek, N; Strzepek, K

Road Infrastructure and Climate Change in Vietnam

Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.3390/su7055452

The international climate regime represented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been widely critiqued. However, 'new' dynamic forms of climate governing are appearing in alternative domains, producing a more polycentric pattern. Some analysts believe that the new forms will fill gaps in the existing regime, but this optimism is based on untested assumptions about their diffusion and performance. The advent of polycentric governance offers new opportunities for climate action, but it is too early to judge whether hopes about the effectiveness of emerging forms of climate governance are well founded.

Jordan, AJ; Huitema, D; Hildén, M; van Asselt, H; Rayner, TJ; Schoenefeld, JJ; Tosun, J; Forster, J; Boasson, EL

Emergence of polycentric climate governance and its future prospects

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2725

Tropical cyclone disasters and their consequent floods have positioned themselves as one of the phenomena with the greatest human and economic losses in the world Some tropical cyclones may be related to climate change and projections indicate that they will worsen, with which disasters will be even greater. Hence the importance of identifying the elements that are allowing the tropical cyclones to derive in floods in affected populations. A methodology is proposed to analyze vulnerability to floods. The results allow to offer suggestions that contribute to the reduction of the problem with the participation of high school teachers.

Molina, EC; González, ALM

Methodology for the analysis of vulnerability to floods. An emerging exercise due to climate change

Economia Sociedad Y Territorio

https://doi.org/10.22136/est20191342

Climate change threatens archaeological sites and cultural landscapes globally. While to date, awareness and action around cultural heritage and climate change adaptation planning has focused on Europe and North America, in this article, the authors address adaptation policy and measures for heritage sites in low- and middle-income countries. Using a review of national adaptation plans, expert survey and five case studies, results show the varied climate change adaptation responses across four continents, their strengths and weaknesses, and the barriers to be addressed to ensure better integration of cultural heritage in climate change adaptation planning.

Daly, C; Fatoric, S; Carmichael, B; Pittungnapoo, W; Adetunji, O; Hollesen, J; Nakhaei, M; Diaz, AH

Climate change adaptation policy and planning for cultural heritage in low- and middle-income countries

Antiquity

https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.114

As the world joins forces to support the people of Haiti on their long road of recovery following the January 2010 earthquake, plans and strategies should take into consideration past experiences from other postdisaster recovery efforts with respect to integrating ecosystem considerations. Sound ecosystem management can both support the medium and long-term needs for recovery as well as help to buffer the impacts of future extreme natural events, which for Haiti are likely to include both hurricanes and earthquakes. An additional challenge will be to include the potential impacts of climate change into ecosystem management strategies.

Mainka, SA; McNeely, J

Ecosystem Considerations for Postdisaster Recovery: Lessons from China, Pakistan, and Elsewhere for Recovery Planning in Haiti

Ecology And Society

This paper examines whether and how experiencing climate-related disasters can improve the rural poor's adaptation to climate change through community-based resource management. Original household survey data in Fiji capture the establishment of community-based marine protected areas following a tropical cyclone. Controlling for the endogeneity of household-level cyclone damage reveals that a household's exposure to the disaster increases its support for establishing marine protected areas, presumably for future safety nets. Evidence suggests that community members' social learning from disaster experience might facilitate their consensual decision making.

Takasaki, Y

Learning from disaster: community-based marine protected areas in Fiji

Environment And Development Economics

https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X15000108

Cities throughout the world face the challenge of preparing for climate change impacts. Since urban climate adaptation is an emerging policy domain, however, few institutions exist to guide cities among the first to take action. Drawing on institutional theory and case study research, this article examines the initiation and development of adaptation planning in two cities in the global south: Durban and Quito. The cases suggest that action in nascent policy domains is motivated by endogenous factors and sustained by taking advantage of opportunities rising and creatively linking new agendas to existing goals, plans, and programs.

Carmin, J; Anguelovski, I; Roberts, D

Urban Climate Adaptation in the Global South: Planning in an Emerging Policy Domain

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X11430951

The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (SFRCCC) has been highlighted as a regional climate change governance exemplar for land use planning. After six years, we find the compact has given momentum to local climate change planning through the Regional Climate Action Plan and provides a foundation for adaptive governance for climate change adaptation. We also find aspects of the compact lacking in terms of representation, decision making, learning, and problem responsiveness. Efforts are now needed to scale down implementation and scale up governance and planning more systematically to address climate change adaptation needs at multiple levels.

Vella, K; Butler, WH; Sipe, N; Chapin, T; Murley, J

Voluntary Collaboration for Adaptive Governance: The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16659700

Social Network Theory is suggested as a theoretical frame within the context of adaptation to climate change. Two elements of the theory that prove useful are that network brokers bridge networks and diffuse novel information that helps lead to group innovation. Novel information is needed for adaptation to climate change. Network data from a Bangladeshi community exemplify how a rural network functions during non-climate variable and climate variable times; which actors comprise the network and that brokers inside and outside the network diffuse information for possible adaptation. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rotberg, FJY

SOCIAL NETWORKS, BROKERS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION: A BANGLADESHI CASE

Journal Of International Development

https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2857

Using a large national sample of U.S. cities the authors create an environmental policy index to explore the factors that explain the adoption and implementation of environmental policies at the local level. Using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods, these data indicate that cities with higher populations, more highly educated citizens, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, located in the West (and more specifically California), and that are central cities are more likely to engage in environmental policies. Furthermore, this article finds evidence of differences in engagement based upon the subarea of environmental protection examined.

Opp, SM; Osgood, JL; Rugeley, CR

EXPLAINING THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Journal Of Urban Affairs

https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12072

The indeterminate and unfinished character of environmental resilience does not detract its growing importance in recent decades, from the hard core of sustainability, as a new environmental regulatory element and mechanism of action against the effects of climate change. Its interest entails the evocation, not only of a capacity of resistance, but also adaptation and recovery of the human, ecological and socio-economic systems. Law does not deny this phenomenon of environmental resilience in its commitment to the stability and integrity of the natural environment even in its postulation as an emergent legal principle.

Martín, AF

ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE AND THE (RE)POSITIONING OF LAW FACING A NEW SUSTAINABLE PHASE OF FORCED ADAPTATION TO CHANGE

Actualidad Juridica Ambiental

Climate adaptation planning emphasizes the need for coordination across sectors and scales. To assess how adaptation is coordinated with multiple planning efforts in a community, I analyze plans in the City of Chester, Pennsylvania, USA. Multiple environmental plans and strategies align with adaptation efforts, but when policies from all plans are mapped, a clear conflict between redevelopment priorities and adaptation emerges. Land use plans promote redevelopment in hazardous locations, increasing vulnerability. These conflicts raise questions about the ability for mainstreaming and win-win strategies to produce transformation change.

Woodruff, SC

Coordinating Plans for Climate Adaptation

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X18810131

Resilience is an important concept in planning/policy. The diversity of theoretical conceptualisations, lack of a clear definition, and ambiguity in application to cities have made urban resilience a difficult concept to pin-down. This paper explores the dimensions of urban resilience to conceptualise and operationalise resilience, connecting theory and practice using two Australian cases. The findings call for a reconsideration of the existing dimensions (infrastructural, ecological, social and community, economic, and institutional) and highlight urban political resilience, a new dimension essential for a transformative adaptation approach.

Torabi, E; Dedekorkut-Howes, A; Howes, M

A framework for using the concept of urban resilience in responding to climate-related disasters

Urban Research & Practice

https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2020.1846771

The world faces a multiplicity of global catastrophic risks (GCRs), whose functionality as individual and collective complex adaptive networks (CANs) poses unique problems for governance in a world that itself comprises an intricately interlinked set of CANs. Here we examine necessary conditions for new approaches to governance that consider the known properties of CANs-especially that small changes in one part of the system can cascade and amplify throughout the system and that the system as a whole can also undergo rapid, dramatic, and often unpredictable change with little or no warning.

Fisher, L; Sandberg, A

A Safe Governance Space for Humanity: Necessary Conditions for the Governance of Global Catastrophic Risks

Global Policy

https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13030

Sea level rise is one of the climate change effects most amenable to adaptation planning as the impacts are familiar and the nature of the phenomenon is unambiguous. Yet, significant uncertainties remain. Using a normative framework of adaptive management and natural hazards planning, we examine how coastal communities in Florida are planning in the face of accelerating sea level rise through analysis of planning documents and interviews with planners. We clarify that communities are taking a low-regrets incremental approach with increasingly progressive measures motivated by confidence in planning intelligence and direct experience with impacts attributable to sea level rise.

Butler, WH; Deyle, RE; Mutnansky, C

Low-Regrets Incrementalism: Land Use Planning Adaptation to Accelerating Sea Level Rise in Florida's Coastal Communities

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16647161

This article provides a synthesis of the forthcoming first order draft of the Canadian Government's National Assessment on Climate Change 'Rural and Remote' chapter, highlighting key health concerns from the literature associated with climate change in rural and remote regions, as well as existing and future adaptation strategies. To support the health and wellbeing of those experiencing the negative effects of climate change, and utilizing systematic search processes, this synthesis article highlights the importance of considering the specific socio-cultural, economic, and geographic elements and existing expertise of individuals and communities in rural and remote regions.

Kipp, A; Cunsolo, A; Vodden, K; King, N; Manners, S; Harper, SL

Climate change impacts on health and wellbeing in rural and remote regions across Canada: a synthesis of the literature

Health Promotion And Chronic Disease Prevention In Canada-Research Policy And Practice

https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.4.02

This paper investigates a long-term planning response to the climate-vulnerability of transportation energy infrastructure in the borough of Manhattan, NY. The proposed model, a two-stage stochastic optimization, features a hybrid utility-regret function with increasing relative and decreasing absolute risk aversion. Modeling results suggest (1) investment in early- and late-stage resilience-enhancing solutions as a complementary approach with significant weight on immediate actions, and (2) a decentralized supply chain formation through an early-stage deployment of reservoir tanks within the case study area.

Beheshtian, A; Donaghy, KP; Geddes, RR; Gao, HO

Climate-adaptive planning for the long-term resilience of transportation energy infrastructure

Transportation Research Part E-Logistics And Transportation Review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2018.02.009

There has been very little work on the impact of rainfall on migration from Mexico or even elsewhere. We use satellite data from NASA to examine the effect of the lagged level of rainfall relative to an area's historical average, on migration from small Mexican communities to the United States. Controlling for the level of education, proportion married, and historic migration levels, we find higher levels of rainfall significantly reduce Mexican migration to the United States and a 20 percentage point higher-than-normal level of rainfall leads to a predicted 10.3 percent decrease in migration.

Puente, GB; Perez, F; Gitter, RJ

The Effect of Rainfall on Migration from Mexico to the United States

International Migration Review

https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12116

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the economic impacts of natural disasters to inform both the modeling of potential future climate damages and climate adaptation policy related to extreme events. It covers papers that estimate the short- and/or long-run economic impacts of weather-related extreme events as well as studies identifying the determinants of the magnitude of those damages (including fatalities). The paper also reviews the small number of empirical papers on the potential extent of adaptation in response to changing extreme events. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kousky, C

Informing climate adaptation: A review of the economic costs of natural disasters

Energy Economics

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.029

Climate change in Africa is a significant concern for rural livelihoods. In this research, we compared the perception and adaptation of rural households in the Cameroonian highlands to recent climatic trends and identified factors shaping them. Results pointed out that perception of climate change and adaptation depended mainly on local knowledge. The analyses stressed the importance of spatial exposure and agricultural involvement, which are key elements in perception studies. To this end, we encourage adaptation policies to develop participatory solutions that allow rural households to contribute their local knowledge and take ownership of adaptation projects.

Bruckmann, L; Tsobgou, DL; Marcoty, P; Schmitz, S

Local perception of climate change and adaptation in the highlands of Cameroon

African Geographical Review

https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2022.2144918

In this analysis, we undertake a comparative Ricardian analysis of agriculture between Canada and the United States. We find that the climate responses of the two countries are similar but statistically different despite the fact that the two countries are neighbors. Comparing the marginal impacts of climate change, we find that Canadian agriculture is unaffected by warmer temperatures but would benefit from more precipitation. US farms are much more sensitive to higher temperatures and benefit relatively less from increased precipitation. These marginal results were anticipated given that Canadian farms are generally cooler and drier than American farms.

Mendelsohn, R; Reinsborough, M

A ricardian analysis of US and Canadian farmland

Climatic Change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9138-y

Historically, climate change has been viewed as an environmental pollution issue with international agreements narrowly focused on mitigation, while neglecting other responses including adaptation. This article discusses barriers and opportunities for the upscaling of adaptation into the international policy arena. It argues for the development of global adaptation models accounting for actual adaptation actions; for the refinement of processes that lead to adaptation; and for the accumulation of evidence from a growing number of adaptation case studies. A new challenge for adaptation science will be to integrate adaptation into the next phases of mitigation and development policy.

Burton, I; Bizikova, L; Dickinson, T; Howard, Y

Integrating adaptation into policy: upscaling evidence from local to global

Climate Policy

A regional vulnerability study in relation to the projected patterns of climate change (A2 and B2 scenarios) was developed for the Brazilian Northeastern region. An aggregated Vulnerability Index was constructed for each of the nine States of the region, based on the following information: population projections; climate-induced migration scenarios; disease trends; desertification rates; economic projections (GDP and employment) and projections for health care costs. The results obtained shall subsidize public policies for the protection of the human population from the projected impacts of regional changes in climate patterns.

Confalonieri, UEC; Lima, ACL; Brito, I; Quintao, AF

Social, environmental and health vulnerability to climate change in the Brazilian Northeastern Region

Climatic Change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0811-7

The concept of barriers is increasingly used to describe the obstacles that hinder the planning and implementation of climate change adaptation. The growing literature on barriers to adaptation reveals not only commonly reported barriers, but also conflicting evidence, and few explanations of why barriers exist and change. There is thus a need for research that focuses on the interdependencies between barriers and considers the dynamic ways in which barriers develop and persist. Such research, which would be actor-centred and comparative, would help to explain barriers to adaptation and provide insights into how to overcome them.

Eisenack, K; Moser, SC; Hoffmann, E; Klein, RJT; Oberlack, C; Pechan, A; Rotter, M; Termeer, CJAM

Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2350

This paper investigates the impact of the unprecedented climate shocks of the 2010 in Colombia on the results of the Saber 11 standardized test for the 2010-2012 period. By using two unique datasets, this paper contributes to the literature by providing a better estimate of the human capital costs of climate shocks. The findings indicate that the climate shocks occurred on 2010 decreased Saber 11 test scores. The impact was stronger for female students, students from rural areas and students from low-income families. A possible channel of transmission is identified: the destruction of schools.

Amaya, MGV

CLIMATE SHOCKS AND HUMAN CAPITAL: THE IMPACT OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS OF 2010 IN COLOMBIA ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Cuadernos De Economia

https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n79.56830

Antifragility is a system property that results in systems becoming increasingly resistant to external shocks by being exposed to them. These systems have the counter-intuitive property of benefiting from uncertain conditions. This paper presents one of the first known applications of antifragility to water infrastructure systems and outlines the development of antifragility at the city scale through the use of local governance, data collection and a bimodal strategy for infrastructure development. The systems architecture presented results in a management paradigm that can deliver reliable water systems in the face of highly uncertain future conditions.

Babovic, F; Babovic, V; Mijic, A

Antifragility and the development of urban water infrastructure

International Journal Of Water Resources Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1369866

Productivity enhancement has traditionally been the main focus of agricultural research to alleviate poverty and enhance food security of poor farmers in the developing world. Recently, the harmful impact of climate change, economic volatility, and other external shocks on poor farmers has led to concern that resilience should feature alongside productivity as a major objective on of research. The applicability of recent work resilient social-ecological systems to the problems of poor farmers is reviewed, and proposals are made for issues that need to be addressed in determining when and how enhanced resilience might become an objective of research.

Walker, B; Sayer, J; Andrew, NL; Campbell, B

Should Enhanced Resilience Be an Objective of Natural Resource Management Research for Developing Countries?

Crop Science

https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0565

We assess the role of social cash transfer programmes against the negative effect of weather risk on rural households' welfare using experimental impact evaluation data from Zambia. We find strong evidence that cash transfer has a mitigating role against the negative effects of weather shocks. Our results in fact highlight how important social cash transfer is for households lying in the bottom quantile of consumption and food security distributions in moderating the negative effect of weather shock. Integrating weather risk and social protection tools into a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy should therefore be of primary interest for policymakers.

Asfaw, S; Carraro, A; Davis, B; Handa, S; Seidenfeld, D

Cash transfer programmes, weather shocks and household welfare: evidence from a randomised experiment in Zambia

Journal Of Development Effectiveness

https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2017.1377751

Climate change is anticipated to have a significant impact on coastal infrastructure, including navigational aids and ports. This paper presents the results of a vulnerability assessment of ports in Australia to climate change. Results reveal variable vulnerability in ports in the short and long term in relation to their exposure to climate change. However, this is offset by inherent adaptive capacity both in current climate change initiatives driven by ports, and in the self-confidence of the industry to be able to adapt. We conclude with a reflection on the implications of these results for future ports analyses.

Nursey-Bray, M; Blackwell, B; Brooks, B; Campbell, ML; Goldsworthy, L; Pateman, H; Rodrigues, I; Roome, M; Wright, JT; Francis, J; Hewitt, CL

Vulnerabilities and adaptation of ports to climate change

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.716363

Climate change poses a major threat to human security and poverty in Africa. In Africa, where livelihoods are mainly based on climate-dependent resources and environment, the effect of climate change will be disproportionate and severe. Moreover, Africa's capacity to adapt to and cope with the adverse effects of climate variability is generally weak. This article discusses how climate change affects human security in Africa. It also assesses the policy options available to policymakers in terms of mitigation and adaptation to climate change to reduce vulnerability and human insecurity in Africa.

Kumssa, A; Jones, JF

Climate change and human security in Africa

International Journal Of Sustainable Development And World Ecology

https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2010.520453

The success of the green revolution has prompted some analysts to suggest it can be extended more broadly to all poor farmers. This paper argues that suitable natural endowments are an important precondition for high input farming. Examining production functions across China, we find that outcomes are very climate sensitive. It follows that we also find that input demand functions are climate sensitive. Efforts to intensify farming in undeveloped regions should focus on places with suitable soils and especially climate. The results also suggest that farmers will partially adapt to climate change by altering their input intensity.

Mendelsohn, R; Wang, JX

The impact of climate on farm inputs in developing countries agriculture

Atmosfera

https://doi.org/10.20937/ATM.2017.30.02.01

Environmental change requires individuals and institutions to facilitate adaptive governance. However, facilitating adaptive governance may be difficult because resource users' perceptions of desirable ways of life vary. These perceptions influence preferences related to environmental governance and may stem from the ways individuals subjectively value their work and their connections to their environment. This paper uses a value-based approach to examine individual and institutional preferences for adaptive governance in Carelmapu, Chile. We show that two groups had different value frames rooted in divergent ontologies which influenced their actions related to adaptive governance, creating conflict.

Ebel, SA; Beitl, CM; Torre, MP

Values Underlying Preferences for Adaptive Governance in a Chilean Small-Scale Fishing Community

Environmental Values

https://doi.org/10.3197/096327120X15973379803717

New long-term planning approaches capable of coping with uncertainties such as climate change, rapid urbanization, and changing societal values, have been put forward as a way of producing more robust and sustainable plans for the future. But is the planning practice ready for their adoption? This paper takes four key propositions from the adaptive planning literature and tests the existing capacity for adopting those propositions in the context of Chilean water utilities. We will then propose how existing capacities could be enhanced, and propose alternatives for current planning practices, highlighting the importance of implementation through experimentation.

Viera, O; Malekpour, S

An analysis of adaptive planning capacity: The case of chilean water utilities

Utilities Policy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101064

Quantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change on economic outcomes are important for public policy. We show that the vast majority of estimates fail to account for well-established uncertainty in future temperature and rainfall changes, leading to potentially misleading projections. We reexamine seven well-cited studies and show that accounting for climate uncertainty leads to a much larger range of projected climate impacts and a greater likelihood of worst-case outcomes, an important policy parameter. Incorporating climate uncertainty into future economic impact assessments will be critical for providing the best possible information on potential impacts.

Burke, M; Dykema, J; Lobell, DB; Miguel, E; Satyanath, S

INCORPORATING CLIMATE UNCERTAINTY INTO ESTIMATES OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

Review Of Economics And Statistics

https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00478

This paper investigates Re Island wine growers' perceptions of environmental change, more specifically climate change, and how this brings about a change - or not - in their agricultural practices. Our results show that while they clearly perceive medium-term changes, they are largely unaware of the challenges and vulnerabilities associated with long term changes, which tend to be viewed in a positive light. In effect, their practices do not substantially evolve over time. The island's professional, political and touristic context shields them from the potentially negative effects of environmental change.

Hochedez, C; Leroux, B

⟪After Xynthia... I am not worried. The sea doesn't scare me⟫. From denial to adaptation: wine growers on the Island of Re in the face of environmental change (France)

Developpement Durable & Territoires

Policy integration is considered an important mode to govern cross-cutting policy problems effectively. In the context of climate change adaptation, calls for strengthened policy integration have recently emerged to ensure timely, adequate and effective actions. Though research on climate change adaptation policy integration is still in its infancy, current knowledge from policy studies offers a solid basis for informing future work on adaptation policy integration. This paper reviews the main reasons why governments pursue policy integration, identifies key enabling and constraining conditions, and discusses evaluation of policy integration in the context of climate change adaptation.

Policy integration and climate change adaptation

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.07.003

Indigenous people in Pacific Island countries (PICs) often use their knowledge of the environment, acquired through generations of holistic observational practices and experimental learning, to make meteorological forecasts. Such knowledge systems are now recognized by several institutions, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as an important participatory forecast approach for decision making, particularly at a farm level. In this article, the authors show that indigenous knowledge of weather and seasonal climate forecasting is a crucial component of a potential strategy for making farming-related decisions and reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards.

Chand, SS; Chambers, LE; Waiwai, M; Malsale, P; Thompson, E

Indigenous Knowledge for Environmental Prediction in the Pacific Island Countries

Weather Climate And Society

https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00053.1

This study explores the role of geographic visualization for supporting the implementation of climate change adaptation. Interviews and group discussions with planners and decision makers indicate that geographic visualization bears primary potential for communicative purposes. In order to respond to analytical needs a high level of interactivity including the exploration of background data and the ability to link the tools with own databases were some of the key requirements made by the participants. The study concludes that more than better climate predictions, awareness and involvement may be precisely what is needed to narrow the implementation gap in climate change adaptation.

Bohman, A; Neset, TS; Opach, T; Rod, JK

Decision support for adaptive action - assessing the potential of geographic visualization

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.973937

Plan quality evaluation researchers typically evaluate plans in relation to whether they contain certain desirable features. Best practice dictates that plans be evaluated by at least two readers and that researchers report a measure of the extent to which the readers agree on whether the plans contain the desirable features. Established practice for assessing this agreement has been subject to criticism. We summarize this criticism, discuss an alternative approach to assessing agreement, and provide recommendations for plan quality evaluation researchers to follow to improve the quality of their data and the manner in which they assess and report that quality.

Stevens, MR; Lyles, W; Berke, PR

Measuring and Reporting Intercoder Reliability in Plan Quality Evaluation Research

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X13513614

Climate change is projected to increase the risk of natural disasters, such as floods and storms, in certain regions. This is likely to raise the demand for natural disaster insurance. We present a stated preference survey using choice modeling with mixed logit estimation methods in order to examine the effects of climate change and the availability of government compensation on the demand for flood insurance by Dutch homeowners. Currently, no private insurance against flood damage is offered in the Netherlands. The results indicate that there are opportunities for the development of a flood insurance market.

Botzen, WJW; van den Bergh, JCJM

MONETARY VALUATION OF INSURANCE AGAINST FLOOD RISK UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

International Economic Review

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2012.00709.x

This study estimates the economic impact of hurricane strikes in the Caribbean from 1700 to 1960. More precisely, historical accounts of hurricane strikes and actual historical hurricane tracks, in conjunction with sugar export data taken from the colonial blue books and other historical sources, were used to create a crosscolony/country and time dataset that allows for the first time the ability to evaluate the susceptibility of local sugar production to hurricanes. The regression results show that these events had generally large statistically and economically significant impacts.

Mohan, P; Strobl, E

The Economic Impact of Hurricanes in History: Evidence from Sugar Exports in the Caribbean from 1700 to 1960

Weather Climate And Society

https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00029.1

This paper studies the impact of natural disasters on tax revenue across Colombian municipalities. We follow a two-step approach to evaluate how a municipality's tax revenue depends on natural disasters taking place both locally and in its trade partners. In the first step, we estimate a gravity model of bilateral trade and construct a matrix of estimated bilateral trade shares, allowing us to measure the strength of the economic relationships between municipalities. In the second step, our results reveal that natural disasters in the destination municipalities increase the tax revenue in the origin cities.

García, JA; Dall'erba, S; Ridley, WC

The impact and externalities of natural disasters on local tax revenue in Colombia

Regional Studies

https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2104830

This paper empirically examines the link between the cost of sovereign borrowing and climate risk for 40 advanced and emerging economies. We find that vulnerability to the direct effects of climate change matters substantially more for sovereign borrowing costs than climate risk resilience. Moreover, the magnitude of the effect on bond yields is progressively higher for countries deemed highly vulnerable to climate change. Finally, a set of panel structural VAR models indicate that the reaction of bond yields to climate risk shocks become permanent after around 18 quarters, with high risk economies experiencing the largest permanent effects on yields.

Beirne, J; Renzhi, N; Volz, U

Feeling the heat: Climate risks and the cost of sovereign borrowing

International Review Of Economics & Finance

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.06.019

Even though much has been written about climate change and poverty as distinct and complex problems, the link between them has received little attention. Understanding this link is vital for the formulation of effective policy responses to climate change. In this article the authors focus on agriculture as a primary means by which the impacts of climate change are transmitted to the poor and as a sector at the forefront of climate change mitigation efforts in developing countries. In so doing, they offer some important insights that may help shape future policies as well as ongoing research in this area.

Hertel, TW; Rosch, SD

Climate Change, Agriculture, and Poverty

Applied Economic Perspectives And Policy

https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppq016

This article outlines current perspectives on adaptation and discusses what a pro-poor view of adaptation might look like. It argues that an explicit focus on assets, or the resources which people have available to them, adds a valuable perspective to adaptation debates. It discusses three bodies of literature: on climate risk reduction; on household vulnerability; and finally on asset approaches to poverty reduction. In particular, focusing on assets highlights the agency of poor people in the face of risks, and draws attention to how risk can be an opportunity as well as a threat.

Prowse, M; Scott, L

Assets and Adaptation: An Emerging Debate

Ids Bulletin-Institute Of Development Studies

Employing the heuristic of intersectionality, this study analyzes household effects and responses to water shortage in Gaborone, Botswana, focusing on residents' adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Using data collected through qualitative interviews, we find that households from all socio-economic backgrounds face various effects from water shortage and use numerous strategies to reduce exposure and impact. A key insight is that vulnerability and adaptive capacity are not equally distributed between, or within conventional social categories. Instead, the effects of water shortage are influenced by the intersection and interplay of several underlying factors.

Schlamovitz, JL; Becker, P

Differentiated vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation to water shortage in Gaborone, Botswana

International Journal Of Water Resources Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1756752

An examination of the interplay of cultural models of prediction and lie helps explain why climate forecasts are negatively evaluated by subsistence farmers in Ceara, Northeast Brazil. Analysis of linguistic differences between farmers and meteorologists reveals underlying conceptual differences that result in farmers interpreting the forecasts as false statements. Distrust of government, the unmet expectation of optimistic predictions, and the existence of alternative forecasts by traditional rain prophets create a context in which state meteorologists are called liars. Material context and emotions are shown to be crucial components of the models.

Pennesi, K

Predictions as Lies in Ceara, Brazil: The Intersection of Two Cultural Models

Anthropological Quarterly

https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2013.0038

The social work profession is increasingly concerned with human movement due to environmental changes and has issued a call to develop appropriate interventions to support the vulnerable groups that tend to migrate. However, the scholarship in this area is lacking. In this brief note, we explore a case of environmental migration that was linked to drought in Kenya. We found that their experiences tend to be different than those that are highlighted or warned about in the literature. Through considering these differences, we propose several avenues for social work to support this population appropriately and ethically.

Willett, J; Sears, J

Complicating our understanding of environmental migration and displacement: The case of drought-related human movement in Kenya

International Social Work

https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818799431

Cooperation has a relatively long history under international law. This duty is evident in and has been developed by a variety of international instruments as well as the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals, treaty-bodies and other international institutions. This article examines cooperation as it pertains to climate governance. It appraises the current and emerging dimensions of cooperation, the relationship with other obligations, principles and concepts in this area, as well as asking which aspects of cooperation must be ameliorated to better serve the fight against climate change.

Rudall, J

The Obligation to Cooperate in the Fight against Climate Change

International Community Law Review

https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341469

The article deals with the problems of the influence of regional climate changes on the water regime of Belokanchay river. Analyzes show that an increase in air temperature is observed in the territory of Alibek and Zagatala. In recent years, due to the increase in precipitation in the Belokanchay river basin, it has been established that the water flow in the river has increased. The 1 % flood discharge of the rivers of the Belokanchay river basin was calculated (in the absence of data).

Musayeva, MA; Mardanov, II

INTERRELATIONS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS AND RIVER FLOW IN THE BELOKANCHAY RIVER BASIN

Proceedings Of The Tula States University-Sciences Of Earth

Protected areas (PA), through management, can be territories that facilitate the strengthening of inhabitants' adaptive capacity (AC). This work evaluated the influence of a governmental environmental program (Procodes) on the AC of community groups into PA. To this end, a documentary review (2008-2016) and a perception survey in 2016 were conducted that included ecological and social dimensions. According to the results, the strengthening of AC is related with legitimacy of participation mechanisms, the assignation of subsidies and the planning horizon of productive projects.

Rodríguez, JRM; Argueta, AO; Muñoz, DER; García, RDG

Adaptive capacity in the Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

Economia Sociedad Y Territorio

https://doi.org/10.22136/est20181219