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The weakening of Irene from a Category 3 hurricane to a tropical storm resulted in less damage in New York City (NYC) than initially was anticipated. It is widely recognized that the storm surge and associated flooding could have been much more severe. In a recent study, we showed that a direct hit to the city from a hurricane may expose an enormous number of people to flooding. A major hurricane has the potential to cause large-scale damage in NYC. The city's resilience to flooding can be increased by improving and integrating flood insurance, flood zoning, and building code policies.

Aerts, JCJH; Botzen, WJW

Hurricane Irene: a wake-up call for New York City?

Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1837-2012

As climate change impacts worsen, losses and damages incurred in both developing and developed countries will continue to increase. While enhancing mitigation and adaptation efforts will influence the level of loss and damage avoided in the future, historical emissions have 'locked in' a certain level of climate change, making some residual losses and damages inevitable. Loss and damage from slow onset processes like sea level rise will ultimately require some communities and, in some cases, entire countries to relocate. Through examples from Kiribati and Alaska this paper will highlight the complexity involved in migrating and relocating and recommend interventions for easing the resettlement process.

Roberts, E; Andrei, S

The rising tide: migration as a response to loss and damage from sea level rise in vulnerable communities

International Journal Of Global Warming

https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2015.071965

The issue of climate change confirms the global reach of earth system governance, whose legitimacy and effectiveness could gain from democratisation. While electoral democracy as practised in states provides no model for global democracy, lessons drawn from the performance and history of states prove helpful in identifying the elements that a well functioning ecological democracy ought to strive for. We capture these elements through reference to the idea of a deliberative system, and show how the idea of such a system can be used to analyse, evaluate, and provide prescriptions for the global governance of climate change. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dryzek, JS; Stevenson, H

Global democracy and earth system governance

Ecological Economics

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.01.021

Some proponents of the Anthropocene argue that it is time adopt a future-oriented outlook: natural baselines no longer matter, and humans should remake the planet for the better. This raises questions about whose vision should guide such remaking, and whether the past deserves any consideration in adapting for the future. I argue that the past remains relevant, because the natural, cultural, and social worlds people enter into - shaped by those who came before us - matter. On this view, there are reasons to value 'nature', even in a human-altered world, and climate adaptation should take that into account.

Hourdequin, M

Ethics, Adaptation, and the Anthropocene

Ethics Policy & Environment

https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2021.1904530

Given a certain pre-existing commitment to sea-level rise due to the long thermal lags of the ocean system, several million people living in coastal areas and small islands will inevitably be displaced by the middle of the century. These climate exiles will have nowhere to go. Rather than deal with this in an ad hoc manner as the problem arises, the authors propose a mechanism by which these exiles would be given immigration benefits by countries through a formula that ties numbers of immigrants to a country's historical greenhouse gas emissions. Such a compensatory mechanism appears to be a fair way of addressing the problems faced by climate exiles.

Byravan, S; Rajan, SC

Providing new homes for climate change exiles

Climate Policy

As the effects of climate change intensify, subsistence farmers in Ghana are expected to face increased food insecurity, due to their reliance on rainfed agriculture. Within households, young women are expected to support all aspects of household food security, and will experience a more burdensome load of labor, as a dwindling stock of natural resources will make daily tasks more time consuming. The intersection of age, gender, and location inhibits young women's decision-making responsibilities and wage-earning potential. Climate change exacerbates this dynamic, which restricts opportunities to acquire sufficient food and places increased stress on household food systems.

Wood, AL; Ansah, P; Rivers, L; Ligmann-Zielinska, A

Examining climate change and food security in Ghana through an intersectional framework

Journal Of Peasant Studies

https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2019.1655639

Climate impact assessment has evolved as a range of tools, critical in evaluating potential impacts of climate change. This field has been driven by global concerns and is dominated by western scientific philosophies. Amid claims that it is failing in its role of informing policy, key issues implicated in application of assessment techniques are considered for the case of indigenous health in northern Australia. An argument is made for local scale studies which foster stakeholder involvement and focus on social, cultural and political landscapes; studies which produce outcomes of relevance to stakeholders and planners, as well as scientists and researchers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Braaf, RR

Improving impact assessment methods: climate change and the health of indigenous Australians

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00036-3

Green roofs are an innovative solution for urban stormwater management. This paper examines governance arrangements for green roofs as a no-regrets' climate adaptation measure in five cities. We analysed who governs green roofs, why and with what outcome. Our results show that hierarchical and market arrangements co-exist in the various stages of the policy process. Cities with a higher prevalence of hierarchical arrangements have substantially higher implementation rates for green roofs. Although private sector involvement is crucial for raising efficiencies, a significant level of public responsibility taken by local governments appears to be salient for unleashing the potential of green roofs.

Mees, HLP; Driessen, PPJ; Runhaar, HAC; Stamatelos, J

Who governs climate adaptation? Getting green roofs for stormwater retention off the ground

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.706600

This paper uses the 1990-2010 natural disaster and carbon emission data of G20 countries to examine the impact of natural disasters and climate change on the natural capital component of inclusive wealth. Our study shows that climate change and GDP have no positive impacts on the growth of natural capital. By contrast, trade openness and natural disaster frequency contribute to the accumulation of natural capital in G20 countries. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the growth of natural capital and the magnitude of natural disaster. Natural capital growth is not affected very much by small disasters. By contrast, large disasters tend to make the growth of natural capital fall sharply.

Fang, JC; Lau, CKM; Lu, Z; Wu, WS; Zhu, LL

Natural disasters, climate change, and their impact on inclusive wealth in G20 countries

Environmental Science And Pollution Research

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3634-2

Climate change poses a challenge to the dominant development paradigm with its concepts of modernisation, economic growth and globalisation which treat the environment as an externality and largely ignore climate variability. This article explores the extent of the challenge, drawing on archaeological evidence showing that adaptation to severe climate change can involve much more radical changes in human societies than are currently envisaged. Furthermore, short-term adaptation can result in long-term maladaptation, increasing vulnerability to climate shocks. The article argues that development urgently needs to shift its focus away from prevailing growth and yield-maximisation models towards alternatives encouraging resilience and risk-spreading.

Brooks, N; Grist, N; Brown, K

Development Futures in the Context of Climate Change: Challenging the Present and Learning from the Past

Development Policy Review

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2009.00468.x

The authors review two conceptual frameworks of risk management and apply them to the context of climate change in Africa, based on case studies in Cote d'Ivoire and Ethiopia. Politics of anticipation refers to a type of policy-making that uses scientific forecasts to manage future risks. Riskscapes, by contrast, are temporalspatial phenomena, which highlight perception, discourse and practice in relation to multiple risks and uncertainties. In view of the heterogeneity of the African continent, the article cautions against an uncritical use of anticipatory politics and argues for expanding the understanding of complex riskscapes in relation to the future.

Müller-Mahn, D; Moure, M; Gebreyes, M

Climate change, the politics of anticipation and future riskscapes in Africa

Cambridge Journal Of Regions Economy And Society

https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa013

Water managers always have had to cope with climate variability. All water management practices are, to some extent, a response to natural hydrologic variability. Climate change poses a different kind of problem. Adaptation to climate change in water resource management will involve using the kinds of practices and activities currently being used. However, it remains unclear whether or not practices and activities designed with historical climate variability will be able to cope with future variability caused by atmospheric warming. This paper examines the question of adaptation to climate change in the context of Canadian water resources management, emphasizing issues in the context of the Great Lakes, an important binational water resource.

de Loë, RC; Kreutzwiser, RD

Climate variability, climate change and water resource management in the Great Lakes

Climatic Change

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005649219332

Climate change is increasingly threatening anthropic systems, which are calibrated on climate parameters that have been mostly stable during the last millennium. Reducing its impact on urban centres is one of the most pressing global challenges of our time. This study develops the concept of soft-resilience, the ability of systems to absorb and recover from the impact of disruptive events without fundamental changes in their function or structural characteristics. Starting from this assumption, this paper explores the potential of the urban services field in a perspective of city adaptation to climate change, suggesting that measures based on ICTs applications and information exploitation represent one of the pillars of soft strategies.

Talamo, C; Paganin, G; Atta, N; Bernardini, C

Design of urban services as a soft adaptation strategy to cope with climate change

Techne-Journal Of Technology For Architecture And Environment

https://doi.org/10.13128/techne-10688

Arguing that community-based assessments of vulnerability to climate change are congruent with the scale at which policy action takes place, this paper presents an assessment of vulnerability conducted in forest-based communities surrounded by a catastrophic outbreak of forest disease. Our assessment includes measures of several dimensions of vulnerability, developed using an interdisciplinary and participatory research process. We find that for some communities vulnerability represents a high level of economic risk, while for others risk is exacerbated by institutional limitations. We also find that community perceptions of risk and bio-physical assessments differ widely for communities anticipating future outbreaks of disease. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parkins, JR; MacKendrick, NA

Assessing community vulnerability: A study of the mountain pine beetle outbreak in British Columbia, Canada

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.003

This paper analyzes factors that affect net migration rates in counties in the U.S. Great Plains between 1930 and 1990, emphasizing the roles of weather (especially drought), environmental amenities, employment, and population, making use of a rich county-level data set. Using a pooled time series model the paper shows that environment is important in population processes, with weather and agricultural change more important in the 1930s and 1940s, and environmental amenities more important in later time periods. The paper provides important insights into how environmental impacts on migration might change over time, and how those changes might be measured.

Gutmann, MP; Deane, GD; Lauster, N; Peri, A

Two population-environment regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930-1990

Population And Environment

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-006-0016-3

The Foresight Future Flooding project has analysed future flood risk in a scenario framework for the whole of the UK. The analysis predicts increasing flood risk unless current flood management policies and investment levels are changed, with up to a twentyfold increase in economic risk by the 2080s. The increase is attributable to a combination of climate change and increasing value of household, industrial and infrastructure assets. Potential responses are assessed in terms of the three pillars of sustainability: social, environmental and economic. The work described has formed much of the evidence base for the new government strategy for flood risk management in England, 'Making space for water'.

Evans, E; Hall, J; Penning-Rowsell, E; Sayers, P; Thorne, C; Watkinson, A

Future flood risk management in the UK

Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers-Water Management

https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.2006.159.1.53

In the managerial discourse of climate change, there are high expectations of nation-state leadership in promoting adaptation. Yet Globalization has introduced new challenges for the state not only in terms of managing rapid economic and cultural integration, but also with respect to governance and decision-making, the use of science and information in policy, and the types of problems governments are called upon to address. Through concrete examples of the process of policy-making in Latin American countries, we illustrate not only the continued relevance of the state, but also the complex challenges posed by globalization to state-led adaptation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eakin, H; Lemos, MC

Adaptation and the state: Latin America and the challenge of capacity-building under globalization

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.10.004

Data on agro-pastoralists' perceptions of climate change and adaptation options were collected from agro-pastoral communities in 7 rural districts of Kenya. Key adaptation strategies for livestock producers include mixing crop and livestock production, destocking, diversifying livestock feeds, changing animal breeds and moving animals to other sites. Desired adaptation options include introducing new breeds and increasing herd size. Additionally, the main barriers to adaptation identified include lack of credit or savings followed by lack of access to land and inputs. Farmers adaptation among livestock producers is also hindered by the absence of markets, particularly for the purchase of additional animal or new breeds or species.

Silvestri, S; Bryan, E; Ringler, C; Herrero, M; Okoba, B

Climate change perception and adaptation of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya

Regional Environmental Change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0293-6

Hungary's capital, Budapest is divided into 23 districts, which have significantly distinct topography: thus, having different level of vulnerability to certain climatic effects; in addition, their climate adaptation potential also varies. This study aimed to analyze the 23 districts of Budapest, Hungary, in terms of their climate adaptation consciousness from governmental perspective. The study compares the 23 districts through a scoring matrix with three main categories - attitude, planning, and implementation - and several criteria. In addition, interviews were organized with municipal employees with 43 questions following the structure of the scoring matrix, learning more about the districts' commitment to climate adaptation.

Jäger, BS; Buzási, A

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT DISTRICT LEVEL IN THE CASE OF BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

Geographia Polonica

https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0252

In the context of disaster-development nexus, an integrated approach to disaster risk reduction and development interventions from national to community had been lacking. The existing stand-alone approaches reduced aid effectiveness and proven to be not efficient for resilience investment. This paper discusses a new risk-sensitive approach to development planning piloted by DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness project of European Commission Humanitarian Office) partners in Sri Lanka by drawing lessons from past experiences in implementing stand-alone CBDRM and community development projects. A framework for integrating disaster resilience strategies within the development process is proposed from the reflections of the risk-sensitive development planning process.

Saja, AMA; Sahid, MSL; Sutharshanan, M

Implementing Sendai Framework priorities through risk-sensitive development planning - A case study from Sri Lanka

Progress In Disaster Science

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100051

The cognitive dissonance between the need for relocation as an adaptation strategy and the reluctance to consider this option among stakeholders may result in maladaptation in communities highly vulnerable to coastal hazards. This study presents an interactive communication tool, Coastal Relocation Leaf (CRL), designed to facilitate an understanding of the circumstances that may lead to relocation. The tool is designed to allow users to explore what-if scenarios, fostering further conversation about the complexities and trade-offs associated with the possibility of relocation in coastal communities. The tool is visualized using the Adobe Flash platform and refined using expert evaluation.

Bukvic, A

Visualizing the Possibility of Relocation: Coastal Relocation Leaf

Social Sciences-Basel

https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060197

Water-related risks impact development opportunities and can trap communities in a downward spiral of economic decline. In this article, the dynamic relationship between water-related risks and economic outcomes for an embanked area in coastal Bangladesh is conceptualized. The interaction between flood events, salinity, deteriorating and poorly maintained water infrastructure, agricultural production and income is modelled. The model is used to test the effect of improvements in the reliability, operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure on agricultural incomes and assets. Results indicate that interventions can have non-marginal impacts on indicators of welfare, switching the system dynamic from a poverty trap into one of growth.

Borgomeo, E; Hall, JW; Salehin, M

Avoiding the water-poverty trap: insights from a conceptual human-water dynamical model for coastal Bangladesh

International Journal Of Water Resources Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1331842

This paper discusses disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the context of emerging geographical ideas about topologies and assemblages. It focuses on the role of expert advice in DRR and the resulting political and epistemological issues. The critical geography of disasters still struggles to communicate with persistent scientific technical-rational approaches to hazard assessment. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the potential for expert advice to be (mis)used for political purposes. Assemblage theory might be useful in opening up this hybrid area of research, as it allows a nuanced view of disasters and DRR that can incorporate complex human-environmental relationships and diverse knowledges.

Donovan, A

Geopower: Reflections on the critical geography of disasters

Progress In Human Geography

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515627020

European cities have been committed to achieve urban sustainability, participating in interurban networks dealing with socio-ecological issues. By examining the incentives derived by the involvement in these networks and the municipal political milieu where the decision about network participation is taken, this article seeks to understand the motivations for European cities to take part in sustainability networks. To do so, a small-N qualitative analysis was undertaken. The results show that cities' participation in socio-ecological urban networks (SEUNs) is motivated by the economic, political and formative incentives that membership provides, and is influenced by institutionalised values, political agency and previous cooperative experience.

Mocca, E

Pragmatism or idealism? An urban perspective onto the politics of interurban cooperation for sustainability in the EU

Urban Research & Practice

https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2017.1328069

Firms in many South Asian countries are not only directly affected by natural disasters, but also indirectly affected by natural disaster-induced corruption of public officials. Public officials might have incentives to solicit bribes when natural disasters occur. This study explores the relationship between firms' perceived corruption and public officials' bribery behavior by analyzing firm-level data for five South Asian countries from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The results showed that floods positively associated with corruption. Corruption was positively associated with bribery, and probability of soliciting bribery increased by 18% for each consecutive level of corruption perceived by the firm.

Lee, H; Moumbark, T

Climate change, corruption, and business bribes in South Asia

Finance Research Letters

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102685

This paper investigates the impact of tropical storms on government debt accumulation and decomposition. To this end, we combine quarterly debt data and tropical storm loss data for the period 1993-2013 for the Eastern Caribbean. Our econometric results show that damaging storms cause debt to increase up to three quarters after the event, where this increase can be considerable for damaging enough storms. Much of this increase in debt is due to borrowing from foreign lenders by the central government. At the same time, there is also some shifting of the share of debt toward public corporations, although these tend to react more by financing from domestic sources.

Mohan, P; Strobl, E

The impact of tropical storms on the accumulation and composition of government debt

International Tax And Public Finance

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-020-09622-5

This study analyses the 1990 and current Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions data from Annex I countries and assesses the impacts of LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry) activities of countries in meeting their Kyoto targets. In a 'business-as-usual' scenario for the period 1990-2010, the total GHG emissions, excluding LULUCF activities of Annex I Parties, would decrease by 3.7%, whilst a 6.1% decrease would be achieved if LULUCF activities were considered. Therefore, LULUC activities play a significant role in ensuring nations meet their Kyoto targets.

Maraseni, TN; Maroulis, J; Nooriafshar, M

Analysing the levels of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions from land use, land use change and forestry activities on Annex I countries ability to meet Kyoto targets

International Journal Of Environment And Pollution

https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2010.035346

In Delta state, Nigeria, where food production is rain-fed, climatic risks have compromised rural livelihoods. Information about future weather conditions can help farmers adapt more efficiently. Data obtained using group discussions and semi-structured interviews revealed that farmers in Delta state rely on indigenous knowledge systems, despite occasional inconsistencies. Most farmers' trust in seasonal climate forecasts has dwindled because they suffered losses when previously relying on the seasonal forecasts in a planting season. With climatic risks expected to increase by 2030, there is a need to rebuild farmers' trust in seasonal climate forecasts, using a proposed multiple evidence-based approach.

Ebhuoma, EE

A framework for integrating scientific forecasts with indigenous systems of weather forecasting in southern Nigeria

Development In Practice

https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1723494

Climate change will negatively impact human communities and ecosystems, including driving increased food insecurity, increased exposure to disease, loss of livelihood and worsening poverty. Recent climate debates have focused attention on climate migrants, people who are displaced by the ecological stresses caused by climate change. To date, these debates have focused a great deal of attention on state security issues and have left the gender implications largely unexplored. In this article we examine the securitization of climate migration debates through gender lenses. We find that gender helps reveal and focus attention on the human security implications of climate migration and offers a useful discourse for climate policymaking.

Detraz, N; Windsor, L

Evaluating Climate Migration

International Feminist Journal Of Politics

https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2013.789640

The article addresses the issue of climate security, a topic not sufficiently explored in the literature. The purpose of the article is to fill the gap in the literature on explaining the link between climate change and security, defining the term climate security, and attempting to select indicators (based on a selection from those already existing) for diagnosing the level of climatic security. The research established a lack of studies clarifying the term climate security. Hence, the authors' defini- tion was adopted. In turn, a review of existing indicators indicated their limitations. Nevertheless, it allows us to verify whether there is a threat to climate security.

Michalak, D; Szyja, P

DETERMINANTS OF CLIMATE SECURITY-AN ATTEMPT AT INDICATOR ANALYSIS

Ekonomia I Srodowisko-Economics And Environment

https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.84.1.551

This paper draws on recent theory and empirical research to explore how mobility is and might be employed by populations vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. It examines case studies in Bangladesh and Kiribati to illustrate the implications of differential processes of change, types of mobility, challenges and responses in low-elevation coastal zones. Throughout, a household-level analysis yields a complex picture of how (im)mobility interacts with vulnerability to environmental change. A resilience approach is subsequently adopted to argue that an understanding of socio-ecological systems offers a useful means of apprehending and exploring the complexity inherent in the climate change-mobility nexus.

Murphy, DWA

Theorizing climate change, (im)mobility and socio-ecological systems resilience in low-elevation coastal zones

Climate And Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.953904

This article contributes to recent work on justice in resilience-based projects for climate adaptation. At present, the model commonly used for guiding normative reflection in this domain is the tripartite model of justice, whereby justice is seen as comprising distributive, procedural and recognitional aspects. After discussing some conceptual problems and practical shortcomings of this model, we propose an alternative model with six forms of justice or kinds of justice demands: distributive, procedural, intergenerational, restorative and retributive justice, and justice in system outcomes. We also illustrate some advantages of this model with respect to representative accounts of the tripartite model.

Cañizares, JC; Copeland, S; Doorn, N

Embedding Justice Considerations in Climate Resilience

Ethics Policy & Environment

https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2023.2197824

Rural development in the Sudano-Sahelian region during the past 20 years and future scenarios of change were studied using meta-analysis of case studies, household interviews and scenario assessment. Households have generally increased their wealth, especially when they diversify out of agriculture. Rain-fed crop cultivation is more sensitive to climate factors than livestock, but generally climate factors play a limited direct role for local land use and livelihood strategies. The agricultural sector needs strong support to remain important in the region and off-farm work and migration are likely to continue to increase, which may decrease vulnerability. Copyright (C) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Mertz, O; Mbow, C; Reenberg, A; Genesio, L; Lambin, EF; D'haen, S; Zorom, M; Rasmussen, K; Diallo, D; Barbier, B; Moussa, IB; Diouf, A; Nielsen, JO; Sandholt, I

Adaptation strategies and climate vulnerability in the Sudano-Sahelian region of West Africa

Atmospheric Science Letters

https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.314

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) by means of its Strategy Note on Governance for Human Development defines governance as the system of values, policies and institutions by which a society manages its economic, political and social affairs through interactions within and among the state, civil society and private sector. This paper discusses the concept of Climate Change Governance (CCG), outlining the current state of affairs and, by means of some examples of good practice, documents some of the ongoing initiatives in this field. The paper shows that despite its value, much action is needed to allow the principles of CCG to be implemented into practice.

Leal, W

Climate change and governance: state of affairs and actions needed

International Journal Of Global Warming

While many national governments struggle to maintain global climate change as a high priority issue, many local governments are taking action to fill the policy gaps. This study examines how local governments across the United Kingdom of Great Britain are reframing climate change. We compiled a dataset of newspaper publications covering climate change over a 10-year timeframe, plus survey and interview responses from local governance practitioners, to identify a shift in national discourse that has changed the priority level of climate change in UK local governance. This paper argues that many local governments are strategically reframing climate change as alternative issues in order to make progress in climate adaptation planning.

Romsdahl, RJ; Kirilenko, A; Wood, RS; Hultquist, A

Assessing National Discourse and Local Governance Framing of Climate Change for Adaptation in the United Kingdom

Environmental Communication-A Journal Of Nature And Culture

https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1275732

The world's financial sector is making significant strides to account for both transition and physical climate risks in investments. The latter holds promise for increasing resilience. But effective frameworks for characterising physical risks for different types of investors and investments are as yet missing or often not used, and avoidance of investments in high-risk areas may counter the positive effects. This short commentary starts to characterise the promises and pitfalls of climate risk assessment in the financial sector and proposes a conceptual framework to capture the main dimensions. A stronger and collaborative role for public and private climate service providers is suggested to upgrade climate risk assessments for financial actors.

Swart, R

Assessing physical climate risks for investments: A risky promise

Climate Services

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2019.04.001

The number of green buildings certified under voluntary, third-party rating systems has been growing, as has the number of jurisdictions that require or incentivise such certification. In this paper, we use logistic and linear regression to demonstrate that for all cities in the US with population greater than 50,000, there is a statistically significant relationship between the presence of a municipal green building policy and the number of registered green buildings (those still under construction), but not the number of certified buildings. We present very strong evidence that the presence of a policy is indeed leading to more green buildings, rather than demographic or other factors.

Cidell, J; Cope, MA

Factors explaining the adoption and impact of LEED-based green building policies at the municipal level

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.835714

The article analyzes the progression from social inequality to vulnerability in the face of extreme weather events in the community of the village of Escalones in Boyaca, Colombia. Focus groups were used in this exploratory investigation, applying an adaptation of the well-being classification tool of the National Commission for Protected Natural Areas and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit. The analysis was done in the framework of the theoretical approach of the PAR model. It was found that social inequalities increase the vulnerability of the village's inhabitants since they manifest themselves in unsafe conditions that increase the possibility that a climate threat will become a disaster.

Vargas, LJH; Peña, YTH

Corporate Social Responsibility and Latin America: A Literature Review

Equidad & Desarrollo

https://doi.org/10.19052/eq.vol1.iss40.6

There is considerable research interest on the meaning and measurement of resilience from a variety of research perspectives including those from the hazards/disasters and global change communities. The identification of standards and metrics for measuring disaster resilience is one of the challenges faced by local, state, and federal agencies, especially in the United States. This paper provides a new framework, the disaster resilience of place (DROP) model, designed to improve comparative assessments of disaster resilience at the local or community level. A candidate set of variables for implementing the model are also presented as a first step towards its implementation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cutter, SL; Barnes, L; Berry, M; Burton, C; Evans, E; Tate, E; Webb, J

A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013

In the summer of 2010, Russia was afflicted by devastating fires These attracted enormous media attention above all due to the peat fires around Moscow However, large expanses of woods burn every year in Russia Catastrophes such as the one in 2010 were triggered by extreme climate conditions, but they were nonetheless foreseeable The area affected by forest fires each year has considerably expanded over the past two decades Just registering the forest fires is an enormous strain on the state forest authorities The already sparse funds for fighting forest fires have been cut again, and the authorities have been paralysed ever since an administrative reorganisation

Blokov, I

Every Year Again Forest Fires in Russia

Osteuropa

The frequently heard call to harmonize adaptation and mitigation policies is well intended and many opportunities exist to realize co-benefits by designing and implementing both in mutually supportive ways. But critical tradeoffs (inadequate conditions, competition among means for implementation, and negative consequences of pursuing both simultaneously) also exist, along with policy disconnects that are shaped by history, sequencing, scale, contextual variables, and controversial climate discourses in the public. To ignore these issues can be expected to undermine a more comprehensive, better integrated climate risk management portfolio. The paper discusses various implications of these tradeoffs between adaptation and mitigation for science and policy.

Moser, SC

Adaptation, mitigation, and their disharmonious discontents: an essay

Climatic Change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0398-4

There is little that is natural about natural disasters. Storm impact site to relief efforts are rooted in geographical, social, and racial inequalities. News coverage of natural disasters is subject to these same biases. This study aims to tease out the different news frames used in coverage of Hurricane Harvey (Texas) and Hurricane Maria (Puerto Rico). A content analysis of newspaper articles suggests significant differences in framing techniques of each storm. Specifically, Maria was framed more politically than Harvey, and coverage of Harvey included more human interest stories than Maria. Implications on issues of geography and race are discussed.

Kempton, SD

Racialized Reporting: Newspaper Coverage of Hurricane Harvey vs. Hurricane Maria

Environmental Communication-A Journal Of Nature And Culture

https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2019.1680409

Global climate change represents one of the most important challenges of modern times, and policy makers have a crucial role to play in the definition of policies to tackle it. In terms of Africa, the priority is to explore the means to help African policy makers - at the national level - to deal with uncertainties relating to climate change. This also includes assistance in defining the right adaptation policies. Indeed, among specific stakeholders such as farmers, perceptions of climate change are translated into decisions pertaining to agricultural practice and with regard to their autonomous adaptation strategies. These should, ideally, be based on sound scientific information so as to positively impact them.

Chérif, S; Leal, W; Azeiteiro, UM

The role of farmers' perceptions in coping with climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa

International Journal Of Global Warming

https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2017.084793

This paper measures the economic impact of climate change on US agricultural land by estimating the effect of random year-to-year variation in temperature and precipitation on agricultural profits. The preferred estimates indicate that climate change will increase annual profits by $1.3 billion in 2002 dollars (2002$) or 4 percent. This estimate is robust to numerous specification checks and relatively precise, so large negative or positive effects are unlikely. We also find the hedonic approach-which is the standard in the previous literature-to be unreliable because it produces estimates that are extremely sensitive to seemingly minor choices about control variables, sample, and weighting.

Deschênes, O; Greenstone, M

The economic impacts of climate change:: Evidence from agricultural output and random fluctuations in weather

American Economic Review

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.354

This paper sets out a new approach to understanding the relationship between migration and climate change. Based on the understanding that migration is a significant, growing, but also complex phenomenon, this approach seeks to address the sensitivity of existing migration drivers in specific contexts to climate change. In contrast to existing approaches which have sought to generate global-level estimates of the numbers of 'climate migrants', this integrated assessment approach seeks instead to understand how and why existing flows from and to specific locations may change in the future, and provide a practical tool for climate adaptation planning. Examples of the application of this approach are provided for Ghana and Bangladesh.

Black, R; Kniveton, D; Schmidt-Verkerk, K

Migration and climate change: towards an integrated assessment of sensitivity

Environment And Planning A-Economy And Space

https://doi.org/10.1068/a43154

Climate change assessments often inadequately address uncertainty when estimating damages. Using a dynamic economy-wide model of Bangladesh, damages from historical climate variability and future anthropogenic climate change are estimated and decomposed. The stochastic simulation approach used avoids biases caused by non-linear damage functions and fixed occurrences of extreme events in historical data. Using 10 climate projections, it is found that future anthropogenic climate change damages until 2050 are, on average, one-fifth of those from historical climate variability. Climate change also alters the temporal distribution of damages and slows Bangladesh's long run shift (adaptation) into dry (winter) season rice production.

Thurlow, J; Dorosh, P; Yu, W

A Stochastic Simulation Approach to Estimating the Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Bangladesh

Review Of Development Economics

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2012.00671.x

Improving our ability to cope with large risks is one of the key challenges for humankind in this century. This article outlines a research program in this perspective. Starting with a concrete example of a relatively small disaster, it questions simplistic ideas of rationality. It then proposes a fresh look at the concepts of probability and utility in the context of socio-ecological systems. This leads first to an emphasis on the problem of equilibrium selection, and then to a distinction between three kinds of resilience that matter both for theory and practice of risk management. They can be investigated by paying attention to the transitions into and out of actual disasters.

Jaeger, C

Risk, Rationality, and Resilience

International Journal Of Disaster Risk Science

https://doi.org/10.3974/j.issn.2095-0055.2010.01.003

This article relates how catchment-wide partnership agreements have been used in approaching flood risk management in Austria. Upstream-downstream co-operations are clearly influenced by a number of factors, where the combination of these interdependences can create specific conditions that alter the opportunity for effective governance arrangements in a local scheme approach. We present the motivations and drivers of the creation of inter-local co-operations in flood risk management, focusing especially on the main barriers and challenges. Although a partnership approach may be seen as an 'optimal' solution for flood risk management, in practice there are many limitations and barriers to establishing these collaborations.

Thaler, T

Developing partnership approaches for flood risk management: implementation of inter-local co-operations in Austria

Water International

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.992720

The possible effects of climate change in urbanized areas - evidenced by several studies - led the City of Bologna to adopt a Climate Change Adaptation Plan to assess potential risks and vulner-abilities as a basis for adaptation actions prioritizing interventions through a coordinated local strategy. This paper summarizes some measures implemented at local level in collaboration with the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna and, in particular, the pilot actions for urban greening developed within the European project H2020 - ROCK and the proposals for intervention included made during the Design for Adaptation project. Resilient Urban Communities PhD Climate KIC summer school.

Boeri, A; Fini, G; Gaspari, J; Gianfrate, V; Longo, D

Bologna resilient city: from the adaptation plan to local actions

Techne-Journal Of Technology For Architecture And Environment

https://doi.org/10.13128/Techne-22103

This brief communication presents the work and objectives of the CATALYST project on Capacity Development for Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation funded by the European Commission (October 2011-September 2013). CATALYST set up a multi-regional think tank covering four regions (Central America and the Caribbean, East and West Africa, the European Mediterranean, and South and Southeast Asia), intending to strengthen capacity development for stakeholders involved in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation, in the context of natural hazards. This communication concludes with a selection of recommendations for capacity development in DRR and climate change adaptation from the perspective of governance issues.

Hare, MP; van Bers, C; van der Keur, P; Henriksen, HJ; Luther, J; Kuhlicke, C; Jaspers, F; van Scheltinga, CT; Mysiak, J; Calliari, E; Warner, K; Daniel, H; Coppola, J; McGrath, PF

Brief Communication: CATALYST - a multi-regional stakeholder think tank for fostering capacity development in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation

Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2157-2014

Local-level hazard mitigation plans have the potential to reduce communities' losses from natural hazards, some of which are projected to intensify with climate change, although there remain gaps in knowledge regarding the quality of these plans. This study used an established protocol to assign plan quality scores to county-level hazard mitigation plans in Washington State. Plans received higher scores in some components of quality (e.g. vision statement) than in others (e.g. specific policies), and overall quality varied with geography and plan authorship. This paper concludes with recommendations for future planning and research that may support community resilience to natural hazards.

Feinberg, DS; Ryan, CM

Mitigating natural hazards: county-level hazard mitigation plan quality in Washington State

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1971955

We examined how the Twin Ports Climate Conversations (TPCC), a community-based climate communication project, is influencing local climate awareness and response. A survey of TPCC participants and subsequent roundtable discussion event were used to explore program impacts, outcomes, and future directions. Results showed that the TPCC project has been effective at increasing awareness and facilitating contacts and may be leading to actions that range from information sharing to personal behavioral changes. Future directions include engaging new audiences and promoting more on-the-ground climate action. TPCC can serve as a model to help other communities start cross-sectoral climate conversations.

Beery, T; Schmitt, K; McDonnell, J; Moore, T

Community Climate Conversations: Engaging and Empowering Local Action in a Changing World

Journal Of Extension

Climate change has elucidated already existing gender inequalities associated with unequal access to resources, decision-making processes, and higher exposure to environmental shocks and stressors. Growing acknowledgment of the gender-differentiated implications of climate change in recent years has placed gender equality as a focal point in international discourses on climate change adaptation. The policy perspective of gender equality is universalized, but how it transcribes in local climate change adaptation projects remains elusive. Using the relocation of Vunidogoloa, Fiji, this article explores the tension and compatibility between the way gender equality is discussed and how it is implemented in climate change adaptation projects.

Bertana, A; Blanton, N

Climate change adaptation, gender, and mainstreaming: the role of gender in Fiji's relocation initiative

Climate And Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2022.2055524

It is vital for climate justice to pursue a pathway to zero carbon emissions by 2050 to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels and to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on people and their human rights. But can such a pathway be achieved without undermining human rights and restricting the right to development? This Perspective discusses the risks of action and inaction to identify a fair and just transition. It compares the risks posed to human rights from climate impacts with the risks posed by climate action and suggests that rights-informed climate action can maximize benefits for people and the planet.

Robinson, M; Shine, T

Achieving a climate justice pathway to 1.5 °C

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0189-7

This study evaluates the contribution of agroecology to food security, resilience and mitigation of climate change in family farming, in the Marino basin (Peru). We use the three principles of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as an analytical framework. We carry out surveys and measurements in the field, evaluating three principles, 10 criteria and 12 indicators. We found that the application of agroecological practices improves food self-sufficiency and family income and reduces antagonisms or increases synergies between productivity and adaptation or mitigation. This suggests that agroecology can help achieve simultaneously the often-conflicting goals of Climate Smart Agriculture.

Conde, YQ; Locatelli, B; Vallet, A; Sevillano, RB

Agroecology for food security and against climate change in Peru

Economia Agraria Y Recursos Naturales

https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2022.01.01

Climate-related property buyouts increasingly affect people, communities, and planning systems, signaling the need for increased attention from practitioners and scholars. We review existing evidence about three phases of a tripartite process of equitable relocation in the United States: buyouts, relocation, and use of vacated land, each with potential to benefit or harm residents and communities. Seeing these pieces as interconnected and embedded in historical context allows us to reduce climate threats while addressing existing inequity. Future research, aimed at filling the gaps we have identified in this review, will be an important part of envisioning a new way forward.

Lieberknecht, K; Mueller, EJ

Planning for Equitable Climate Relocation: Gaps in Knowledge and a Proposal for Future Directions

Journal Of Planning Literature

https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122221147696

Sea-level rise, storm surges and changing weather patterns along oceans and coasts are issues of increasing urgency for Australia as rising numbers of people seek the sea-change lifestyle. A survey of the Australian state of Victoria's 22 coastal municipalities was employed to assess the degree to which they recognise climate change as a threat to their coastal zones. Questions were also used to gain an understanding of the adaptive capacity of the municipalities to coastal vulnerabilities and to highlight current and future strategies for adapting to climate change along coasts. The findings show that climate change is not being addressed adequately via statutory planning in Victoria.

Vasey-Ellis, N

Planning for Climate Change in Coastal Victoria

Urban Policy And Research

https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140902950487

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) provides climate finance to both adaptation and mitigation projects. Since its establishment in 2010 it has been committed to country ownership and the needs of recipient countries. Interpretations of this commitment are shaped by the GCF's guiding principles of transformational change and paradigm shift. These principles are used as discursive resources to form the content in project proposals, and to legitimize a top-down financialization of recipient countries, while describing it as country ownership and responsiveness to their needs. This is an example of how climate finance governance becomes a gateway for a deeper financialization of recipient countries.

Bertilsson, J; Thörn, H

Discourses on transformational change and paradigm shift in the Green Climate Fund: the divide over financialization and country ownership

Environmental Politics

https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1775446

This paper focuses on learning from existing cross-border governance arrangements with a view to strengthening and improving climate change adaptation within the Australian context. Using an institutional learning framework, the research offers a critical analysis of two Australian cross-border cases: (1) the Murray-Darling Basin, and (2) the Australian Alps. The research findings focus on the issues of geographic (place), administrative (space) and political (territory) fragmentation as key concepts that underpin integrated environmental planning and management in practice. There are significant implications for climate change adaptation in evolving cross-border regions at scale that this paper highlights.

Steele, W; Sporne, I; Dale, P; Shearer, S; Singh-Peterson, L; Serrao-Neumann, S; Crick, F; Choy, DL; Eslami-Andargoli, L

Learning from cross-border arrangements to support climate change adaptation in Australia

Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management

https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.763771

Water resource management is a crucial issue in the rapidly urbanizing Pearl River Delta. Numerous studies have examined transboundary water management, but those focusing on Hong Kong are largely technical, with little consideration for political dynamics or collaboration. This study's contribution is a systematic analysis of water governance in China's one country-two systems' setting. Through interviews and historical analysis, the study applies Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework to a setting with political complexity and environmental vulnerability. The principal finding is that cooperation on supply infrastructure reflects a regional interdependence that builds the multiparty trust needed for more strategic governance.

Hartley, K

Environmental resilience and intergovernmental collaboration in the Pearl River Delta

International Journal Of Water Resources Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1382334

Flooding events can produce significant disturbances in underground transport systems within urban areas and lead to economic and socioenvironmental well-known consequences, which can be worsened by variations in the occurrence of weather and climate extremes. A better comprehension of these impacts and their conditions is consequently needed. Hence, this paper presents a state-of-the-art literature review on flood impact assessment in metro systems, analysing their purposes and their shortcomings. This document shows the adaptation measures dealing with specific classes of pluvial flood damages, besides identifying prospective paths towards the application of suitable actions facing actual and projected hazards in metro systems worldwide.

Forero-Ortiz, E; Martínez-Gomariz, E; Porcuna, MC

A review of flood impact assessment approaches for underground infrastructures in urban areas: a focus on transport systems

Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques

https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1784424

This paper estimates the economic impacts of climate change over the Brazilian regions until the end of the century. We estimate the direct and indirect impact of the projected changes in climate on the yield of the country's main crops. The results point to a broad spatial heterogeneity of impacts across the country. Using the extreme scenarios created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (RCP 2.6 and 8.5), our predictions indicate that the average annual losses due to climate change range from 0.4% to 1.8% of Brazilian gross domestic product until the end of the century.

Souza, B; Haddad, E

Climate change in Brazil: dealing with uncertainty in agricultural productivity models and the implications for economy-wide impacts

Spatial Economic Analysis

https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2021.1934524

This paper discusses community-based adaptation strategies for droughts and floods in small watersheds in Kenya and the Central African Republic. Survey data on adaptation strategies and annual rainfall data in the watersheds were used to assess the occurrence of floods and droughts, and their impacts. In both areas, the main adaptation strategy for floods is temporary relocation. For droughts, changing livelihood activities was the main adaptation strategy, while relief-seeking applied to both droughts and floods. We recommend greater preparedness, capacity building, and the diversification of livelihoods as means of enhancing adaptation.

Nguimalet, CR

Comparison of community-based adaptation strategies for droughts and floods in Kenya and the Central African Republic

Water International

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1393713

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) has emerged as one of the most widely used methodologies in environmental policy analysis, with many governments applying it in their decision-making procedures and laws. However, undertaking a full CBA is expensive, and conclusions must be drawn on which project or policy impacts to include in the analysis. Based on the ideas of resilience, vulnerability and risk, we suggest a method for prioritizing project impacts for inclusion in a CBA, which includes both expert assessment and citizen preferences. We then illustrate how the method can be applied in the context of land use change decisions, using a real application.

Ortega, ST; Hanley, N; Simal, PD

A Proposed Methodology for Prioritizing Project Effects to Include in Cost-Benefit Analysis Using Resilience, Vulnerability and Risk Perception

Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.3390/su6117945

Against the background of potentially substantial sea-level rise, one important question is to what extent are coastal societies able to adapt? This question is often answered in the negative by referring to sinking islands and submerged megacities. Although these risks are real, the picture is incomplete because it lacks consideration of adaptation. This Perspective explores societies' abilities to adapt to twenty-first-century sea-level rise by integrating perspectives from coastal engineering, economics, finance and social sciences, and provides a comparative analysis of a set of cases that vary in terms of technological limits, economic and financial barriers to adaptation and social conflicts.

Hinkel, J; Aerts, JCJH; Brown, S; Jiménez, JA; Lincke, D; Nicholls, RJ; Scussolini, P; Sanchez-Arcilla, A; Vafeidis, A; Addo, KA

The ability of societies to adapt to twenty-firstcentury sea-level rise

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0176-z

Article gives a review of sea floods on Slovenian coast with emphasis on their formation, extent and consequences. Sea floods are occurring every year, but they vary in frequency and extent. Consequently, the damage caused by floods also varies. Sea floods rise with flood tides, strong south winds and drops in air pressure. They are more frequent in autumn and winter, but they occur in spring too. The article presents a complete review of sea floods from the beginning of measurements in Koper to present-day, an analysis of flooded regions and influence of climate changes on sea floods.

Kolega, N

Slovenian coast sea floods risk

Acta Geographica Slovenica-Geografski Zbornik

Even with expected changes in fuel, transportation will produce significant greenhouse gas emissions long into the future. We conduct the first evaluation of the performance of metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) in planning and implementing strategies for emission reduction. By coding regional transportation plans in three U.S. states, we find a reasonably high level of plan conformance: MPOs that express commitment to climate change mitigation channel more funding toward projects that reduce emissions. However, most MPOs have not started planning to address climate change, leading us to conclude that current practice has not redirected MPOs' traditional emphasis on automobile-based transportation.

Mullin, M; Feiock, RC; Niemeier, D

Climate Planning and Implementation in Metropolitan Transportation Governance

Journal Of Planning Education And Research

https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20946443

This article explores the role of risk perception in adaptation to stress through comparative case studies of coffee farmers' responses to climatic and non-climatic stressors. We hypothesized that farmers associating these changes with high risk would be more likely to make adaptations than those who saw the events as part of normal variation. Nevertheless, we found that farmers who associated events with high risk were not more likely to engage in specific adaptations. Adaptive responses were more clearly associated with access to land than perception of risk, suggesting that adaptation is more a function of exogenous constraints on decision making than perception. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tucker, CM; Eakin, H; Castellanos, EJ

Perceptions of risk and adaptation: Coffee producers, market shocks, and extreme weather in Central America and Mexico

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.07.006

Climate change has emerged as an urgent issue around which both ideas of development and practice are crystallising both in the North and South. However, in this discourse the concern with climate change seems not to dwell much on seeking a better understanding of the barriers to climate change policy responses in different contexts. This paper explores the extent to which climate change ideas are received and converted into policy and programmes by local governments, with reference to Tamale Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana. This study highlights that limited perception of development co-benefits, and the tensions in negotiating national directives and local priorities constrain policy responses to climate change.

Adu-Boateng, A

Barriers to climate change policy responses for urban areas: a study of Tamale Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana

Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.001

This paper explores how criteria for socially just climate change adaptation and resilience-building are articulated and embedded within urban planning and decision-making. We assess recent evidence from the ten largest cities in the United States through a narrative review of key planning documents. Our results show that cities are variably operationalizing equity, inclusion, and justice criteria across four key decision-making stages: designing institutional arrangements, participatory practices, policy integration, and strategic implementation processes. Although cities are beginning to address differential vulnerability and adaptive capacity, more work is required to tackle unequal socioeconomic structures and their contributions to underlying drivers of climate injustice.

Chu, EK; Cannon, CEB

Equity, inclusion, and justice as criteria for decision-making on climate adaptation in cities

Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.02.009

Much of the research on climate change adaptation in rapidly urbanizing developing regions focuses primarily on adaptation or resilience as the goal, assumes that climate change is the major stressor, and focuses on the household or the city as the unit of analysis. In this article, we use findings from two rapidly urbanizing sub-basins of the Cauvery River in southern India (the Arkavathy and Noyyal sub-basins) to argue for a broader analytic and policy framework that explicitly considers multiple normative concerns and stressors, and uses the entirewatershed as the unit of analysis to address the climate-water interaction.

Lele, S; Srinivasan, V; Thomas, BK; Jamwal, P

Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach

Water International

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1416442

This study examines how apple farmers in the western Himalayas of India perceive climatic change. This is done by comparing the locally idealized traditional weather cycle with climate change as perceived by the farmers of the region. We use snowfall and rainfall data from 1962-1996 to measure the accuracy of perceptions. Although climate change is usually described by farmers as the temporal displacement of the weather cycle, the changes themselves still are not perceived as altering the idealized weather calendar. Most importantly, perception of climate change is structured by knowledge of crop-climate interaction and by differential apple performance outcomes associated with the changed conditions.

Vedwan, N; Rhoades, RE

Climate change in the Western Himalayas of India: a study of local perception and response

Climate Research

https://doi.org/10.3354/cr019109

The demand for flood insurance is low when the frequency and severity of flood disasters are increasing due to climate change. We show that beliefs about climate change influence homeowners' choice and level of flood insurance coverage. The demand for voluntary flood insurance coverage for homes and contents is higher in areas with more people who are worried about global warming. Property-level analysis shows that individuals are more likely to terminate flood insurance after unanticipated premium increases if they do not perceive climate change as a risk. We use the heterogeneous impact of widening partisan polarization on climate change beliefs to rule out alternative explanations.

Ratnadiwakara, D; Venugopal, B

Climate risk perceptions and demand for flood insurance

Financial Management

https://doi.org/10.1111/fima.12414

We adopt the multiple exposures framework to review the existing literature on the impacts of climate change, trade liberalization, and violent conflict on Colombian agriculture. These stressors act simultaneously but policies address them separately, overlooking the root causes of vulnerability. We find that the expected impacts of the single stressors have been relatively well documented, but that limited research has been dedicated to the observed effects of these three stressors and to their interactions. We propose a research agenda in three themes: trade-offs; social mechanisms; and governance. This agenda can inform not only agricultural adaptation but also debate on the alternative agricultural development models.

Feola, G; Vanegas, LAA; Bamón, BPC

Colombian agriculture under multiple exposures: a review and research agenda

Climate And Development

https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934776

I analyze damage from hurricane strikes on the United States since 1955. Using machine learning methods to select the most important drivers for damage, I show that large errors in a hurricane's predicted landfall location result in higher damage. This relationship holds across a wide range of model specifications and when controlling for ex-ante uncertainty and potential endogeneity. Using a counterfactual exercise I find that the cumulative reduction in damage from forecast improvements since 1970 is about $82 billion, which exceeds the U.S. government's spending on the forecasts and private willingness to pay for them.

Martinez, AB

Forecast Accuracy Matters for Hurricane Damage

Econometrics

https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8020018

The impacts of repeated food aid programmes on households' livelihood strategies and capacity to adapt to stressors such as climate change were investigated in the chronically food-insecure district of Humla in Nepal, using food security as an entry point for analysing vulnerability. The study questions food aid as a tool to reduce vulnerability, and argues that it may indirectly impede the enhancement of food security by reinforcing inequalities and local power structures that drive household vulnerability. The article concludes that a refocus addressing the social dynamics that shape local vulnerability patterns is needed before food aid can contribute to enhancing households' long-term adaptive capacity.

Nagoda, S

Rethinking Food Aid in a Chronically Food-Insecure Region: Effects of Food Aid on Local Power Relations and Vulnerability Patterns in Northwestern Nepal

Ids Bulletin-Institute Of Development Studies

https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2017.156

As development and adaptation are closely intertwined, assessing the benefits of adaptation by focusing only on how it reduces climate impacts could lead to misleading policy advice. In some cases, trying to minimize climate impacts could lead to inferior outcomes. It is preferable to explore how policies influence the absolute level of metrics of interest in scenarios with climate change rather than to focus on how they influence incremental climate impacts. Evaluation of climate adaptation policies typically compares differences between scenarios with different levels of, or without, climate change. Many policies, however, address development simultaneously, and focusing only on climate change impacts may not identify the best outcome.

Jafino, BA; Hallegatte, S; Rozenberg, J

Focusing on differences across scenarios could lead to bad adaptation policy advice

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01030-9

Climate change risk has become an important challenge for global sustainable development. The insurance industry can play an important role in coping with the increasingly severe climate change risk. This paper first describes the increasing climate change risk and the difficulties of the insurance mechanism in dealing with it. Then this paper summarizes the international practice of using the insurance mechanism to deal with climate change risk from ten different aspects. Based on the summary of the role of the insurance mechanism in dealing with this risk in developing countries, this paper puts forward the main application areas for climate change risk insurance and discusses the policy implications of developing climate change risk insurance in China.

Kong, F; Sun, S

Better Understanding Insurance Mechanism in Dealing with Climate Change Risk, with Special Reference to China

International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062996

Climate-induced changes will become an increasingly important factor in development patterns and where people choose to live. Assisting residents as they make decisions about staying and whether or if to move, and where to go, will become a critical dimension of climate adaptation policy. Using global cases of relocation initiatives, this article examines how adaptive relocation policy can facilitate community-led opportunities for frontline communities-communities of color and those with lower incomes-as people move from and stay in risky environments. It then summarizes factors to consider when designing relocation initiatives to lead to outcomes that improve people's well-being.

Ehrenfeucht, R; Nelson, M

Towards Transformative Climate Relocation Initiatives

Journal Of Planning Literature

https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122221130287

The literature on climate migration is increasingly concerned with linking the natural-environmental and socio-cultural dimensions of risk response. However, the epistemological disjuncture between 'objective' and subjective accounts of the environment is an impediment. In particular, despite clear evidence of mutual relevance, work on the emotional landscape of climate change has remained separate from more systematic analyses. Aiming to resolve this, this paper uses the case of a Cambodian beggar to show how recent developments across three fields have laid the groundwork for the structural and emotional dimensions of climate change response to be engaged with under a coherent theoretical rubric.

Parsons, L

Structuring the emotional landscape of climate change migration: Towards climate mobilities in geography

Progress In Human Geography

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518781011

This study employed data from the 2005/06 Uganda national household survey to identify adaptation strategies and factors governing their choice in Uganda's agricultural production. Factors that mediate or hinder adaptation across different shocks and strategies include age of the household head, access to credit and extension facilities and security of land tenure. There are also differences in choice of adaptation strategies by agro-climatic zone. The appropriate policy level responses should complement the autonomous adaptation strategies by facilitating technology adoption and availing information to farmers not only with regard to climate related forecasts but available weather and pest resistant varieties. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hisali, E; Birungi, P; Buyinza, F

Adaptation to climate change in Uganda: Evidence from micro level data

Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.07.005

This article presents an overview of the role mainstream churches can play in mitigating the climate change crisis in the Pacific and their role in facilitating climate induced migration. It builds on earlier work by the author (Cass, 2018; 2020) with a focus on Fiji, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. Both Catholic and Protestant churches share a concern for the future of the planet based on the principles of economic, social and climate justice, which complement moral and ecumenical imperatives. The article examines what message the churches convey through the media and the theology that underlines them.

Cass, P

A common conception of justice underlies Pacific churches' message on climate change

Pacific Journalism Review

The impacts of climate change are likely to affect population distribution and mobility. While alarmist predictions of massive flows of refugees are not supported by past experiences of responses to droughts and extreme weather events, predictions for future migration flows are tentative at best. What we do know is that mobility and migration are key responses to environmental and non-environmental transformations and pressures. They should therefore be a central element of strategies of adaptation to climate change. This requires a radical change in policy makers' perceptions of migration as a problem and a better understanding of the role of local and national institutions in supporting and accommodating mobility.

Tacoli, C

Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility

Environment And Urbanization

https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182

At the beginning of the 21st century, when it became clear that humanity would feel the effects of climate change mainly through waiter, research of the Institute of Mathematical Machines and System Problem of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine which modelled the spread of the Chernobyl disaster consequences in the aquatic environment, was also aimed at water modeling of the adaptation to climate change in Ukraine. The article shows how mathematical modeling of water resources can help develop the most cost-effective proactive adaptation measures at the community level - early warning of communities about extreme weather and reducing the impact / consequences of extreme floods.

Demydenko, A; Zheleznyak, M; Ishchuk, O

COST EFFECTIVE ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL IN UKRAINE

Interdisciplinary Studies Of Complex Systems

https://doi.org/10.31392/iscs.2022.20.016

A comparative static 'Ricardian' model is used to establish relationships between climate and agricultural land value in Canada. From these relationships, agricultural costs of climate change scenarios are estimated. This study is motivated partly by evidence of potential agricultural, benefits of climate change from a similar analysis of the United States by Mendelsohn, Nordhaus and Shaw, and partly by the void of Canadian studies. Furthermore, it extends the analysis to non-uniform climate change scenarios. Its finding of a slightly positive upper bound on the agricultural benefits from climate change, within a wide margin of error, is motivation for further analysis.

Reinsborough, MJ

A Ricardian model of climate change in Canada

Canadian Journal Of Economics-Revue Canadienne D Economique

https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5982.00002

Approaches to decision making for adaptation need to be place-centred and to consider the interacting changes that occur at different spatiotemporal scales. tau he adaptation pathways approach provides an interesting input to this end. In this article, we fine-tune the adaptation pathways considerations to the management and governance of water in tourist islands vulnerable to water stress. We base our analysis on literature on climate change, adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management and governance, water and tourism, and social-ecological systems. We illustrate our theoretical analysis with the example of the Southern Aegean islands in Greece, based on secondary sources and interviews with stakeholders.

Skrimizea, E; Parra, C

An adaptation pathways approach to water management and governance of tourist islands: the example of the Southern Aegean Region in Greece

Water International

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1791683

A mega-flood in 1998 caused tremendous losses in China and triggered major policy adjustments in flood-risk management. This paper aims to retrospectively examine these policy adjustments and discuss how China should adapt to newly emerging flood challenges. We show that China suffers annually from floods despite large-scale investments and policy adjustments. Rapid urbanization and climate change will exacerbate future flood risk in China, with cascading impacts on other countries through global trade networks. Therefore, novel flood-risk management approaches are required, such as a risk-based urban planning and coordinated water governance systems with public participation, in addition to traditional structural protection.

Du, SQ; Cheng, XT; Huang, QX; Chen, RS; Ward, PJ; Aerts, JCJH

Brief communication: Rethinking the 1998 China floods to prepare for a nonstationary future

Natural Hazards And Earth System Sciences

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-715-2019

This paper extends existing debate about the relationship between climate change and migration by locating this debate within the registers of race and difference. The paper argues that the discourse on climate change and migration generates a particular racial orientation to climate change called 'white affect'. To make this argument, the paper connects up two related phenomena: racial neoliberalism and the relationship between affect and biopower. The white affect of climate change and migration discourse is here understood to be an 'object-target' of biopolitics. White affect thus becomes an important concept for understanding how racial neoliberalism functions through affective proxy.

Baldwin, A

Premediation and white affect: climate change and migration in critical perspective

Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers

https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12106

We provide original research on planning for sea level rise (SLR) in the southeastern United States. Our analysis of 85 coastal counties finds that most are in the early stages, having recognized SLR as a general threat to their coastal communities. However, relatively few evidence comprehensive analysis of risk across their portfolio of infrastructure assets and service areas. Using a staged planning model, we find that strong information gathering contributes to greater breadth when considering adaptive measures. Ultimately, integration of risk management and comprehensive planning can help create adaptive pathways by identifying short-term, low-regret actions while preserving options for an uncertain future.

Grandage, AJ; Hines, RE; Willoughby, KG

Treading Water: Planning for Sea Level Rise in the Southeastern United States

Public Works Management & Policy

https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X231178868

The Arctic climate is changing, carrying wide-ranging implications for indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants, businesses, industry and government across the circumpolar region. The latest scientific assessments indicate that change is happening faster than previously thought, and that the Arctic will continue to experience dramatic climate change in the future. This special edition of Polar Research brings together nine papers on climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic, providing important insights on the nature of the risks and opportunities posed by climate change in the circumpolar region, highlighting opportunities for policy response and providing insights on how to conduct effective climate change research with Arctic communities.

Ford, JD; Furgal, C

Foreword to the special issue: climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability in the Arctic

Polar Research

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00103.x

Regional governance to address climate change is being constituted in New Zealand through domestic policy measures and international discourses. We examine climate change responses in two regions: Marlborough and Waikato. Informants expressed a desire for more transparent government policy; that planning for climate change makes good business sense for farmers and other businesses; that technology is sought to increase productivity and decrease environmental impact; and research networks build capacity for local action, linking sectors and organisations. Often conflicting, these responses to climate change were informed by a mix of discourses shaping New Zealand, including participatory democracy, the knowledge economy and sustainable development.

Greenaway, A; Carswell, F

Climate change policy and practice in regional New Zealand: How are actors negotiating science and policy?

New Zealand Geographer

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2009.01153.x

Climate change poses a real threat to Taiwan's Indigenous communities. Many disaster risk reduction or post-disaster reconstruction interventions are implemented in a top down way. The central question of this study is: to what extent does Indigenous tourism build the Indigenous resilience of Taiwan's Indigenous communities after Typhoon Morakot? The research was conducted using a mixed methods approach among three Indigenous Tsou communities. All three communities were severely impacted by typhoon Morakot in 2009. Involvement in Indigenous tourism contributed to better post-disaster recovery and resilience, but discrepancies between the communities and even among households within the communities were observed.

Bayrak, MM

Does Indigenous tourism contribute to Indigenous resilience to disasters? A case study on Taiwan's highlands

Progress In Disaster Science

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2022.100220

The behaviour of individuals, businesses, and government entities before, during, and immediately after a disaster can dramatically affect the impact and recovery time. However, existing risk-assessment methods rarely include this critical factor. In this Perspective, we show why this is a concern, and demonstrate that although initial efforts have inevitably represented human behaviour in limited terms, innovations in flood-risk assessment that integrate societal behaviour and behavioural adaptation dynamics into such quantifications may lead to more accurate characterization of risks and improved assessment of the effectiveness of risk-management strategies and investments. Such multidisciplinary approaches can inform flood-risk management policy development.

Aerts, JCJH; Botzen, WJ; Clarke, KC; Cutter, SL; Hall, JW; Merz, B; Michel-Kerjan, E; Mysiak, J; Surminski, S; Kunreuther, H

Integrating human behaviour dynamics into flood disaster risk assessment

Nature Climate Change

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0085-1

An important unknown in understanding the impact of climate change is the scope of adaptation, which requires observations on historical time scales. We consider how weather across U.S. history (1860-2000) has affected various measures of productivity. Using cross-sectional and panel methods, we document significant responses of agricultural and individual productivity to weather. We find strong effects of hotter and wetter weather early in U.S. history, but these effects have generally been attenuated in recent decades. The results suggest that estimates from a given period may be of limited use in forecasting the longer-term impacts of climate change.

Bleakley, H; Hong, SC

Adapting to the Weather: Lessons from US History

Journal Of Economic History

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050717000675

We adopt a multi-sectoral approach and consider the full range of climate projections. Biophysical damages are translated into economic costs using a dynamic economy-wide model. Our results indicate that the negative impacts on agriculture and roads are modest to 2050. Larger costs are caused by rising sea levels and cyclone strikes. Overall, climate change is likely to reduce national income by between one and two percent by 2050 (relative to a historical baseline). Damages double under more extreme projections. Our findings suggest that there are net benefits from selected pre-emptive actions though careful consideration of opportunity costs is required.

Arndt, C; Tarp, F; Thurlow, J

The Economic Costs of Climate Change: A Multi-Sector Impact Assessment for Vietnam

Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044131

This paper explores two issues that have been receiving increasing attention in recent decades, climate change adaptation and natural disaster risk reduction. An examination of the similarities and differences between them reveals important linkages but also significant differences, including the spectrum of threats, time and spatial scales, the importance of local versus global processes, how risks are perceived, and degree of uncertainty. Using a risk perspective to analyze these issues, preferential strategies emerge related to choices of being proactive, reactive, or emphasizing risk management as opposed to the precautionary principle. The policy implications of this analysis are then explored, using Canada as a case study.

Etkin, D; Medalye, J; Higuchi, K

Climate warming and natural disaster management: An exploration of the issues

Climatic Change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0259-6

We examined whether floods and cyclones, the shocks that are transient in nature, affect interregional migration differently compared to riverbank erosion that causes loss of lands and thus generates permanent shocks. We tracked Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2000 participants in nine coastal districts of Bangladesh and collected further information in 2015. Our analyses suggest that both transient and permanent shocks induce households to migrate, but the effect is higher for the latter category. Using a difference-in-differences setting, we find that migrants' income and expenditure increase relative to their counterparts, indicating that facilitating migration may improve welfare in disaster-prone countries.

Pavel, T; Hasan, S; Halim, N; Mozumder, P

Impacts of transient and permanent environmental shocks on internal migration

Applied Economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2022.2087859

While floods and other natural disasters affect hundreds of millions of people globally every year, a shared methodological approach on which to ground impact valuations is still missing. Standard Cost-Benefit Analyses typically evaluate damages by summing individuals' monetary equivalents, without taking into account income distribution and risk aversion. We propose an empirical application of alternative valuation approaches developed in recent literature, including equity weights and risk premium multipliers, to a case study in Ecuador. The results show that accounting for inequality may substantially alter the conclusions of a standard vulnerability approach, with important consequences for policy choices pertaining damage compensation and prioritization of intervention areas.

Frontuto, V; Dalmazzone, S; Salcuni, F; Pezzoli, A

Risk Aversion, Inequality and Economic Evaluation of Flood Damages: A Case Study in Ecuador

Sustainability

https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310068

Cities and metropolitan regions are increasingly becoming key locations within which adaptation to climate change is taking place. New modes of governance arrangements are also emerging in cities, and these enable new actors to engage in decision making. In this paper I discuss governance of adaptation in Helsinki. On the basis of empirical data from the private and the third sector, I show how the governance of adaptation is organised within the metropolitan region and, more specifically, what policy instruments are used and what objectives these measures have. The findings suggest that whilst challenges of vertical governance of adaptation remain, there are also challenges in terms of horizontal governance of adaptation.

Juhola, S

Adaptation to climate change in the private and the third sector: case study of governance of the Helsinki Metropolitan region

Environment And Planning C-Government And Policy

https://doi.org/10.1068/c11326

This paper investigates the impact of hurricane risk exposure on poverty. To achieve this, we use a small area poverty mapping methodology to simulate our measure of poverty for households in Jamaica. Along with calculated hurricane wind exposure estimates that take account of the type of building material which matters for wind vulnerability, we calculate future risks for household poverty under different RCP8.5 climate change models. In general, we find that without wind resistant building material, substantial increases in poverty are likely under most models. The results are indicative of policy instruments needed to counteract the future risk of increases in poverty.

Spencer, N; Strobl, E

Poverty and hurricane risk exposure in Jamaica

Geneva Risk And Insurance Review

https://doi.org/10.1057/s10713-021-00063-6