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Doctor Who finally returned with the episode "Rose" on [BBC One] on [26 March 2005]. There have since been [nine further series] in [2006–2008] and [2010–2015], and [Christmas Day specials] every year since [2005]. No [full series] was filmed in [2009], although [four additional specials] starring [David Tennant] were made. In [2010], [Steven Moffat] replaced [Davies] as [head writer] and [executive producer]. In [January 2016], [Moffat] announced that he would [step down] after the [2017 finale], to be replaced by [Chris Chibnall] in [2018]. In addition, [Series 10] will debut in [Spring 2017], with a [Christmas special] broadcast in [2016]. | Doctor Who finally returned with the episode "Rose" on BBC One on 26 March 2005. There have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015, and Christmas Day specials every year since 2005. No full series was filmed in 2009, although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Davies as head writer and executive producer. In January 2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018. In addition, Series 10 will debut in Spring 2017, with a Christmas special broadcast in 2016. |
The [dominant explanation] for the [Black Death] is the [plague theory], which attributes the outbreak to [Yersinia pestis], also responsible for an [epidemic] that began in [southern China] in [1865], eventually spreading to [India]. The investigation of the [pathogen] that caused the [19th-century plague] was begun by [teams of scientists] who visited [Hong Kong] in [1894], among whom was the [French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin], after whom the pathogen was named [Yersinia pestis]. The [mechanism] by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in [1898] by [Paul-Louis Simond] and was found to involve the [bites of fleas] whose [midguts] had become [obstructed] by [replicating Y. pestis] [several days] after feeding on an [infected host]. This [blockage] results in [starvation] and [aggressive feeding behaviour] by the [fleas], which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by [regurgitation], resulting in [thousands of plague bacteria] being [flushed] into the [feeding site], [infecting the host]. The [bubonic plague mechanism] was also dependent on two populations of [rodents]: one [resistant] to the disease, which act as [hosts], keeping the disease [endemic], and a second that [lack resistance]. When the [second population dies], the [fleas] move on to [other hosts], including [people], thus creating a [human epidemic]. | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic. |
A second period of [international expansion] is linked to that of the ESPN network in the 1990s, and [policies] enacted in the 2000s by [Disney Media Networks] (which included the [expansion] of several of the company's [U.S.-based cable networks] including [Disney Channel] and its spinoffs [Toon Disney], [Playhouse Disney] and [Jetix]; although Disney also sold its 33% stake in [European sports channel Eurosport] for $155 million in June 2000). In [contrast] to Disney's other channels, [ABC] is [broadcast] in the [United States], although the network's [programming] is [syndicated] in many countries. The [policy] regarding [wholly owned international networks] was revived in 2004 when on September 27 of that year, ABC announced the [launch] of ABC1, a [free-to-air channel] in the United Kingdom owned by the ABC Group. However, on September 8, 2007, Disney announced that it would [discontinue ABC1] citing to the channel's [inability] to attain [sustainable viewership]. With ABC1's [shutdown] that October, the company's [attempt] to develop ABC International were discontinued. | A second period of international expansion is linked to that of the ESPN network in the 1990s, and policies enacted in the 2000s by Disney Media Networks (which included the expansion of several of the company's U.S.-based cable networks including Disney Channel and its spinoffs Toon Disney, Playhouse Disney and Jetix; although Disney also sold its 33% stake in European sports channel Eurosport for $155 million in June 2000). In contrast to Disney's other channels, ABC is broadcast in the United States, although the network's programming is syndicated in many countries. The policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on September 27 of that year, ABC announced the launch of ABC1, a free-to-air channel in the United Kingdom owned by the ABC Group. However, on September 8, 2007, Disney announced that it would discontinue ABC1 citing to the channel's inability to attain sustainable viewership. With ABC1's shutdown that October, the company's attempt to develop ABC International were discontinued. |
Almost all [ctenophores] are [predators], taking [prey] ranging from [microscopic larvae] and [rotifers] to the [adults] of small [crustaceans]; the [exceptions] are [juveniles] of two [species], which live as [parasites] on the [salps] on which adults of their species feed. In [favorable circumstances], ctenophores can eat [ten times] their own weight in a day. Only [100–150 species] have been [validated], and possibly another [25] have not been fully [described] and [named]. The [textbook examples] are [cydippids] with [egg-shaped bodies] and a [pair] of [retractable tentacles] fringed with [tentilla] ("little tentacles") that are covered with [colloblasts], sticky cells that [capture prey]. The [phylum] has a [wide range] of [body forms], including the [flattened], [deep-sea platyctenids], in which the adults of most species lack [combs], and the [coastal beroids], which lack [tentacles] and prey on other ctenophores by using [huge mouths] armed with groups of [large], [stiffened cilia] that act as [teeth]. These [variations] enable different species to build [huge populations] in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of [methods] as spiders use. | Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named. The textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth. These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use. |
In honor of the [50th Super Bowl], the [pregame ceremony] featured the [on-field introduction] of [39] of the [43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players]. [Bart Starr] (MVP of [Super Bowls I and II]) and [Chuck Howley] (MVP of [Super Bowl V]) appeared [via video], while [Peyton Manning] (MVP of [Super Bowl XLI] and [current Broncos quarterback]) was shown in the [locker room] [preparing] for the game. [No plans] were [announced] regarding the [recognition] of [Harvey Martin], [co-MVP] of [Super Bowl XII], who [died] in [2001]. | In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterback) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game. No plans were announced regarding the recognition of Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, who died in 2001. |
Although the [reciprocating steam engine] is no longer in widespread commercial use, various [companies] are [exploring] or [exploiting] the potential of the engine as an [alternative] to [internal combustion engines]. The company [Energiprojekt AB] in [Sweden] has made progress in using [modern materials] for harnessing the power of steam. The [efficiency] of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some [27-30%] on [high-pressure engines]. It is a [single-step], [5-cylinder engine] (no compound) with [superheated steam] and consumes approx. [4 kg] (8.8 lb) of steam per [kWh]. [not in citation given] | Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.not in citation given |
In the [early 1970s], [Michael Eisner], who joined [ABC] in [1966], became the network's [program development manager]. He helped bring about ideas for many [series] including [Happy Days] (which originated as a segment on the anthology series [Love, American Style]), as well as several [soap operas]; however, Eisner's main [credit] at ABC was for developing [youth-oriented programming]. He was responsible for [reacquiring] the rights to the [Looney Tunes-Merrie Melodies library], bringing the [shorts] back to ABC after spending several years on [CBS], as well as developing [The Jackson 5ive animated series] and a series about the [Osmonds], and [greenlighting] [Super Friends], based on [DC Comics]' [Justice League of America series]. Eisner left ABC in [1976] to become [president] of [Paramount Pictures] (and would later become the [President] of ABC's eventual [parent company], [Disney]). | In the early 1970s, Michael Eisner, who joined ABC in 1966, became the network's program development manager. He helped bring about ideas for many series including Happy Days (which originated as a segment on the anthology series Love, American Style), as well as several soap operas; however, Eisner's main credit at ABC was for developing youth-oriented programming. He was responsible for reacquiring the rights to the Looney Tunes-Merrie Melodies library, bringing the shorts back to ABC after spending several years on CBS, as well as developing The Jackson 5ive animated series and a series about the Osmonds, and greenlighting Super Friends, based on DC Comics' Justice League of America series. Eisner left ABC in 1976 to become president of Paramount Pictures (and would later become the President of ABC's eventual parent company, Disney). |
The academic bodies of the [University of Chicago] consist of the [College], [four divisions of graduate research] and [seven professional schools]. The university also contains a [library system], the [University of Chicago Press], the [University of Chicago Laboratory Schools], and the [University of Chicago Medical Center], and holds ties with a number of [independent academic institutions], including [Fermilab], [Argonne National Laboratory], and the [Marine Biological Laboratory]. The university is accredited by [The Higher Learning Commission]. | The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the College, four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools. The university also contains a library system, the University of Chicago Press, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, and the University of Chicago Medical Center, and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions, including Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Marine Biological Laboratory. The university is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission. |
For the [complexity classes] defined in this way, it is desirable to prove that relaxing the [requirements] on (say) [computation time] indeed defines a [bigger set] of problems. In particular, although [DTIME(n)] is contained in [DTIME(n2)], it would be [interesting] to know if the [inclusion] is [strict]. For [time] and [space requirements], the [answer] to such [questions] is given by the [time and space hierarchy theorems] respectively. They are called [hierarchy theorems] because they induce a [proper hierarchy] on the [classes] defined by [constraining] the [respective resources]. Thus there are [pairs] of [complexity classes] such that one is [properly included] in the [other]. Having deduced such [proper set inclusions], we can proceed to make [quantitative statements] about how much [more additional time or space] is needed in order to [increase] the [number] of [problems] that can be solved. | For the complexity classes defined in this way, it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on (say) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems. In particular, although DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2), it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict. For time and space requirements, the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources. Thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other. Having deduced such proper set inclusions, we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved. |
The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on [WATCH ABC], [Hulu] and [ABC on Demand] the day after their original broadcast. In addition, [ABC on Demand] (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows [fast forwarding] of accessed content. [Restrictions] implemented by [Disney–ABC Television Group] on January 7, 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any ABC program on [Hulu] and [WATCH ABC] until [eight days] after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage [live] or [same-week] (via both [DVR] and [cable on demand]) viewing, with [day-after-air streaming] on either service limited to subscribers of participating [pay television providers] (such as [Comcast], [Verizon FiOS] and [Time Warner Cable]) using an [ISP account] via an [authenticated user login]. | The most recent episodes of the network's shows are usually made available on WATCH ABC, Hulu and ABC on Demand the day after their original broadcast. In addition, ABC on Demand (like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other U.S. broadcast networks) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content. Restrictions implemented by Disney–ABC Television Group on January 7, 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any ABC program on Hulu and WATCH ABC until eight days after their initial broadcast, in order to encourage live or same-week (via both DVR and cable on demand) viewing, with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers (such as Comcast, Verizon FiOS and Time Warner Cable) using an ISP account via an authenticated user login. |
[Producers] introduced the concept of [regeneration] to permit the [recasting] of the [main character]. This was first prompted by original star [William Hartnell]'s [poor health]. The actual term "regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a "renewal," and the [Second Doctor] underwent a "change of appearance".[citation needed] The [device] has allowed for the [recasting] of the [actor] various times in the show's [history], as well as the depiction of [alternative Doctors] either from the Doctor's relative [past] or [future].[citation needed] | Producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character. This was first prompted by original star William Hartnell's poor health. The actual term "regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however; Hartnell's Doctor had merely described undergoing a "renewal," and the Second Doctor underwent a "change of appearance".citation needed The device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show's history, as well as the depiction of alternative Doctors either from the Doctor's relative past or future.citation needed |
The [Rankine cycle] and most [practical steam engines] have a [water pump] to [recycle] or [top up] the [boiler water], so that they may be [run continuously]. [Utility] and [industrial boilers] commonly use [multi-stage centrifugal pumps]; however, [other types] are used. Another means of supplying [lower-pressure boiler feed water] is an [injector], which uses a [steam jet] usually supplied from the [boiler]. [Injectors] became [popular] in the [1850s] but are [no longer] [widely used], except in [applications] such as [steam locomotives]. | The Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives. |
[A 2000 study] found that [42%] of [UK teachers] experienced [occupational stress], [twice] the figure for the [average profession]. A [2012 study] found that [teachers] experienced [double] the rate of [anxiety], [depression], and [stress] than [average workers]. | A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers. |
The [Computer Science Network] ([CSNET]) was a computer network funded by the U.S. [National Science Foundation] ([NSF]) that began operation in [1981]. Its purpose was to extend [networking benefits], for [computer science departments] at [academic and research institutions] that could not be directly connected to [ARPANET], due to [funding] or [authorization limitations]. It played a [significant role] in spreading [awareness] of, and [access] to, [national networking] and was a [major milestone] on the path to development of the [global Internet]. | The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet. |
In the 1890s, the [University of Chicago], fearful that its [vast resources] would injure [smaller schools] by drawing away [good students], [affiliated] with several [regional colleges] and [universities]: [Des Moines College], [Kalamazoo College], [Butler University], and [Stetson University]. In 1896, the university affiliated with [Shimer College] in [Mount Carroll], [Illinois]. Under the [terms of the affiliation], the schools were required to have [courses of study] [comparable] to those at the university, to notify the university early of any [contemplated faculty appointments] or [dismissals], to make no faculty appointment without the university's [approval], and to send copies of [examinations] for [suggestions]. The [University of Chicago] agreed to [confer a degree] on any [graduating senior] from an affiliated school who made a [grade of A] for all four years, and on any other [graduate] who took [twelve weeks additional study] at the University of Chicago. A [student] or [faculty member] of an affiliated school was entitled to [free tuition] at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were [eligible] to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive [credit] for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with [books] and [scientific apparatus] and [supplies] at cost; [special instructors] and [lecturers] without cost except [travel expenses]; and a copy of every [book] and [journal] published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could [terminate] the affiliation on [proper notice]. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved [uncompensated additional labor] on their part, and they believed it [cheapened] the [academic reputation] of the university. The program passed into [history] by 1910. | In the 1890s, the University of Chicago, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910. |
ABC [also] owns the Times Square Studios [at 1500 Broadway] [on land] [in Times Square] [owned by] [a development fund] [for the 42nd Street Project]; [opened] [in 1999], [Good Morning America] and [Nightline] are [broadcast] [from] [this] [particular facility]. ABC News has [premises] [a little further] [on West 66th Street], [in] [a six-story building] [occupying] [a 196 feet (60 m)] × [379 feet (116 m)] [plot] [at 121–135 West End Avenue]. [The block] [of West End Avenue] [housing] [the ABC News building] was [renamed] [Peter Jennings Way] [in 2006] [in honor of] [the recently deceased] [longtime] [ABC News] [chief anchor] [and] [anchor] [of World News Tonight]. | ABC also owns the Times Square Studios at 1500 Broadway on land in Times Square owned by a development fund for the 42nd Street Project; opened in 1999, Good Morning America and Nightline are broadcast from this particular facility. ABC News has premises a little further on West 66th Street, in a six-story building occupying a 196 feet (60 m) × 379 feet (116 m) plot at 121–135 West End Avenue. The block of West End Avenue housing the ABC News building was renamed Peter Jennings Way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime ABC News chief anchor and anchor of World News Tonight. |
Although most are non-aligned, [some of the best known independent schools] also belong to [the large, long-established religious foundations], such as [the Anglican Church], [Uniting Church] and [Presbyterian Church], but in most cases, they do not insist on their students’ religious allegiance. [These schools] are typically viewed as ['elite schools']. [Many] of the ['grammar schools'] also fall in this category. They are usually [expensive schools] that tend to be [up-market] and [traditional] in style, [some Catholic schools] fall into this category as well, e.g. [St Joseph's College], [Gregory Terrace], [Saint Ignatius' College], [Riverview], [St Gregory's College], [Campbelltown], [St Aloysius' College] (Sydney) and [St Joseph's College], [Hunters Hill], as well as [Loreto Kirribilli], [Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College], [St Ursula's College] and [Loreto Normanhurst] for girls. | Although most are non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students’ religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools'. Many of the 'grammar schools' also fall in this category. They are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style, some Catholic schools fall into this category as well, e.g. St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls. |
Kenya is active in several sports, among them [cricket], [rallying], [football], [rugby union] and [boxing]. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in [middle-distance] and [long-distance] athletics, having consistently produced [Olympic] and [Commonwealth Games] [champions] in various distance events, especially in [800 m], [1,500 m], [3,000 m steeplechase], [5,000 m], [10,000 m] and the [marathon]. Kenyan athletes (particularly [Kalenjin]) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from [Morocco] and [Ethiopia] has reduced this [supremacy]. Kenya's best-known athletes included the [four-time women's Boston Marathon winner] and [two-time world champion] [Catherine Ndereba], [800m] [world record holder] [David Rudisha], former [Marathon world record holder] [Paul Tergat], and [John Ngugi]. | Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics, having consistently produced Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's Boston Marathon winner and two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba, 800m world record holder David Rudisha, former Marathon world record-holder Paul Tergat, and John Ngugi. |
[Jacksonville] is in the [First Coast region] of [northeast Florida] and is centered on the banks of the [St. Johns River], about [25 miles] ([40 km]) [south] of the [Georgia state line] and about [340 miles] ([550 km]) [north] of [Miami]. The [Jacksonville Beaches communities] are along the [adjacent Atlantic coast]. The area was originally inhabited by the [Timucua people], and in [1564] was the site of the [French colony] of [Fort Caroline], one of the [earliest European settlements] in what is now the [continental United States]. Under [British rule], [settlement grew] at the [narrow point] in the river where [cattle crossed], known as [Wacca Pilatka] to the [Seminole] and the [Cow Ford] to the [British]. A [platted town] was established there in [1822], a year after the [United States gained Florida] from [Spain]; it was named after [Andrew Jackson], the [first military governor] of the [Florida Territory] and [seventh President] of the [United States]. | Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast. The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people, and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline, one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States. Under British rule, settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British. A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States. |
Some buyers lamented the [small size] of the first [Japanese compacts], and both [Toyota] and [Nissan] (then known as [Datsun]) introduced [larger cars] such as the [Toyota Corona Mark II], the [Toyota Cressida], the [Mazda 616] and [Datsun 810], which added [passenger space] and [amenities] such as [air conditioning], [power steering], [AM-FM radios], and even [power windows] and [central locking] without increasing the [price] of the [vehicle]. A decade after the [1973 oil crisis], [Honda], [Toyota] and [Nissan], affected by the [1981 voluntary export restraints], opened [US assembly plants] and established their [luxury divisions] ([Acura], [Lexus] and [Infiniti], respectively) to distinguish themselves from their [mass-market brands]. | Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. |
The [first commercial steam-powered device] was a [water pump], developed in [1698] by [Thomas Savery]. It used [condensing steam] to create a [vacuum] which was used to raise water from below, then it used [steam pressure] to raise it higher. [Small engines] were [effective] though [larger models] were [problematic]. They proved only to have a [limited lift height] and were prone to [boiler explosions]. It received some use in [mines], [pumping stations] and for supplying [water wheels] used to power [textile machinery]. An [attractive feature] of the Savery engine was its [low cost]. [Bento de Moura Portugal] introduced an [ingenious improvement] of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by [John Smeaton] in the [Philosophical Transactions] published in [1751]. It continued to be [manufactured] until the [late 18th century]. One engine was still known to be [operating] in [1820]. | The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below, then it used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions. It received some use in mines, pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery. An attractive feature of the Savery engine was its low cost. Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. One engine was still known to be operating in 1820. |
[Lead fusible plugs] may be present in the [crown] of the [boiler's firebox]. If the [water level drops], such that the [temperature] of the firebox crown increases significantly, the [lead melts] and the [steam escapes], [warning] the [operators], who may then [manually suppress] the fire. Except in the [smallest] of [boilers] the [steam escape] has [little effect] on [dampening] the fire. The plugs are also [too small] in [area] to lower [steam pressure] significantly, [depressurizing] the boiler. If they were any [larger], the [volume] of escaping steam would itself [endanger] the [crew].[citation needed] | Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.citation needed |
[BSkyB] initially charged additional [subscription fees] for using a [Sky+ PVR] with their service; waiving the charge for [subscribers] whose [package] included [two or more premium channels]. This changed as from [1 July 2007], and now [customers] that have [Sky+] and subscribe to any [BSkyB subscription package] get [Sky+] included at [no extra charge]. [Customers] that do not subscribe to [BSkyB's channels] can still pay a [monthly fee] to enable [Sky+ functions]. In [January 2010] [BSkyB] discontinued the [Sky+ Box], limited the [standard Sky Box] to [Multiroom upgrade] only and started to issue the [Sky+HD Box] as [standard], thus giving all [new subscribers] the [functions of Sky+]. In [February 2011] [BSkyB] discontinued the [non-HD variant] of its [Multiroom box], offering a [smaller version] of the [SkyHD box] without [Sky+ functionality]. In [September 2007], [Sky] launched a [new TV advertising campaign] targeting [Sky+] at [women]. As of [31 March 2008], [Sky] had [3,393,000 Sky+ users]. | BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users. |
The [principle] of [cross-cutting relationships] pertains to the [formation] of [faults] and the [age] of the [sequences] through which they cut. [Faults] are [younger] than the [rocks] they cut; accordingly, if a [fault] is found that [penetrates] some [formations] but not those [on top] of it, then the [formations] that were [cut] are [older] than the [fault], and the ones that are [not cut] must be [younger] than the [fault]. Finding the [key bed] in these situations may help determine whether the [fault] is a [normal fault] or a [thrust fault]. | The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault. |
Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of [academics], some [teachers] and [parents] advocate a more [assertive] and [confrontational] style of [discipline].[citation needed] Such individuals claim that many problems with modern [schooling] stem from the [weakness] in [school discipline] and if [teachers] exercised [firm control] over the [classroom] they would be able to teach more [efficiently]. This viewpoint is supported by the [educational attainment] of [countries]—in [East Asia] for instance—that combine [strict discipline] with [high standards] of [education].[citation needed] | Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline.citation needed Such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in East Asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education.citation needed |
The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. [Apollo 4] ([AS-501]) was the first [unmanned flight] of the [Saturn V], carrying a [Block I CSM] on [November 9], [1967]. The capability of the [Command Module]'s [heat shield] to survive a [trans-lunar reentry] was demonstrated by using the [Service Module engine] to ram it into the [atmosphere] at [higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed]. This was followed on [April 4], [1968], by [Apollo 6] ([AS-502]) which carried a [CSM] and a [LM Test Article] as [ballast]. The intent of this mission was to achieve [trans-lunar injection], followed closely by a [simulated direct-return abort], using the [Service Module engine] to achieve another [high-speed reentry]. The [Saturn V] experienced [pogo oscillation], a problem caused by [non-steady engine combustion], which damaged [fuel lines] in the [second and third stages]. Two [S-II engines] shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the [third stage engine] was more severe, preventing it from restarting for [trans-lunar injection]. [Mission controllers] were able to use the [Service Module engine] to essentially repeat the [flight profile] of [Apollo 4]. Based on the good performance of [Apollo 6] and identification of [satisfactory fixes] to the [Apollo 6 problems], [NASA] declared the [Saturn V ready] to fly [men], cancelling a [third unmanned test]. | The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test. |
[Kenya] (/ˈkɛnjə/; locally ˈkɛɲa ( listen)), officially [the Republic of Kenya], is [a country] in [Africa] and [a founding member] of [the East African Community] ([EAC]). [Its capital] and [largest city] is [Nairobi]. Kenya's territory lies on [the equator] and overlies [the East African Rift] covering [a diverse] and [expansive terrain] that extends roughly from [Lake Victoria] to [Lake Turkana] (formerly called [Lake Rudolf]) and [further south-east] to [the Indian Ocean]. It is bordered by [Tanzania] to [the south], [Uganda] to [the west], [South Sudan] to [the north-west], [Ethiopia] to [the north] and [Somalia] to [the north-east]. Kenya covers [581,309 km2] ([224,445 sq mi]), and had [a population] of approximately [45 million people] in [July 2014]. | Kenya (/ˈkɛnjə/; locally ˈkɛɲa ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq mi), and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014. |
[Parliamentary time], [question periods], [debating chamber], [General Question Time], [Thursday], [11:40 a.m.], [12 p.m.], [members], [Scottish Government], [questions], [ministers], [departments], [health], [justice], [education], [transport], [First Minister's Question Time], [opportunity], [First Minister], [jurisdiction], [Opposition leaders], [general question], [supplementary questions], [practice], [lead-in], [questioner], [supplementary question], [opposition leaders] | Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A "General Question Time" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed "Question Time" takes place, where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day, such as health and justice or education and transport. Between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time takes place. This gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a "lead-in" to the questioner, who then uses their supplementary question to ask the First Minister any issue. The four general questions available to opposition leaders are: |
Steven Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty, "[they must decide] whether [their primary goal] will be to [win an acquittal] and [avoid imprisonment] or [a fine], or to use [the proceedings] as [a forum] to [inform the jury] and [the public] of [the political circumstances] surrounding [the case] and [their reasons] for [breaking the law] [via civil disobedience]." A [technical defense] may enhance [the chances] for [acquittal] but make for [more boring proceedings] and [reduced press coverage]. During [the Vietnam War era], [the Chicago Eight] used [a political defense], while [Benjamin Spock] used [a technical defense]. In [countries] such as [the United States] whose laws guarantee [the right] to [a jury trial] but do not excuse [lawbreaking] for [political purposes], some civil disobedients seek [jury nullification]. Over [the years], this has been made [more difficult] by [court decisions] such as [Sparf v. United States], which held that [the judge] need not [inform jurors] of [their nullification prerogative], and [United States v. Dougherty], which held that [the judge] need not [allow defendants] to [openly seek jury nullification]. | Steven Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty, "they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine, or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience." A technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage. During the Vietnam War era, the Chicago Eight used a political defense, while Benjamin Spock used a technical defense. In countries such as the United States whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes, some civil disobedients seek jury nullification. Over the years, this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as Sparf v. United States, which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative, and United States v. Dougherty, which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification. |
After each [election] to the [Scottish Parliament], at the beginning of each [parliamentary session], Parliament elects one [MSP] to serve as [Presiding Officer], the [equivalent] of the [speaker] (currently [Tricia Marwick]), and two MSPs to serve as [deputies] (currently [Elaine Smith] and [John Scott]). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a [secret ballot] of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the [Scottish Parliament]. Principally, the role of the [Presiding Officer] is to chair [chamber proceedings] and the [Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body]. When chairing [meetings] of the Parliament, the [Presiding Officer] and his/her deputies must be [politically impartial]. During [debates], the [Presiding Officer] (or the [deputy]) is assisted by the [parliamentary clerks], who give [advice] on how to interpret the [standing orders] that govern the [proceedings] of meetings. A [vote clerk] sits in front of the [Presiding Officer] and operates the [electronic voting equipment] and [chamber clocks]. | After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body. When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial. During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks. |
From these bases, the [Normans] eventually captured [Sicily] and [Malta] from the [Saracens], under the leadership of the famous [Robert Guiscard], a [Hauteville], and his younger brother [Roger the Great Count]. [Roger's son], [Roger II of Sicily], was crowned [king] in 1130 (exactly one century after [Rainulf] was "crowned" count) by [Antipope Anacletus II]. The [Kingdom of Sicily] lasted until 1194, when it was transferred to the [House of Hohenstaufen] through [marriage]. The Normans left their legacy in many [castles], such as [William Iron Arm's citadel] at Squillace, and [cathedrals], such as [Roger II's Cappella Palatina chapel] at Palermo, which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct [architectural flavor] to accompany its [unique history]. | From these bases, the Normans eventually captured Sicily and Malta from the Saracens, under the leadership of the famous Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his younger brother Roger the Great Count. Roger's son, Roger II of Sicily, was crowned king in 1130 (exactly one century after Rainulf was "crowned" count) by Antipope Anacletus II. The Kingdom of Sicily lasted until 1194, when it was transferred to the House of Hohenstaufen through marriage. The Normans left their legacy in many castles, such as William Iron Arm's citadel at Squillace, and cathedrals, such as Roger II's Cappella Palatina chapel at Palermo, which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavor to accompany its unique history. |
Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching [France], [England], and [Italy] as early as [1519]. [Students] thronged to [Wittenberg] to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on [Galatians] and his Work on the [Psalms]. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most [creative] and [productive]. Three of his best-known works were published in [1520]: [To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation], [On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church], and [On the Freedom of a Christian]. | Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian. |
The [Writers Guild of America strike] that [halted production] of [network programs] for much of the [2007–08 season] affected the network in [2007–08] and [2008–09], as various [ABC shows] that [premiered] in [2007], such as [Dirty Sexy Money], [Pushing Daisies], [Eli Stone] and [Samantha Who?], did not live to see a [third season]; other series such as [Boston Legal] and the [U.S. version] of [Life on Mars] suffered from [low viewership], despite the former, a [spin off] of [The Practice], being a [once-highlighted breakout series] when it [debuted] in [2005]. One of the network's [strike-replacement programs] during that time was the [game show Duel], which [premiered] in [December 2007]. The program would become a [minor success] for the network during its [initial six-episode run], which led [ABC] to [renew Duel] as a [regular series] starting in [April 2008]. However, [Duel] suffered from [low viewership] during its [run as a regular series], and [ABC canceled the program] after [sixteen episodes]. On [August 15, 2008], [Disney] [denied rumors] started by [Caris & Co.] that it would be [selling the ten ABC owned-and-operated stations]. | The Writers Guild of America strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007–08 season affected the network in 2007–08 and 2008–09, as various ABC shows that premiered in 2007, such as Dirty Sexy Money, Pushing Daisies, Eli Stone and Samantha Who?, did not live to see a third season; other series such as Boston Legal and the U.S. version of Life on Mars suffered from low viewership, despite the former, a spin off of The Practice, being a once-highlighted breakout series when it debuted in 2005. One of the network's strike-replacement programs during that time was the game show Duel, which premiered in December 2007. The program would become a minor success for the network during its initial six-episode run, which led ABC to renew Duel as a regular series starting in April 2008. However, Duel suffered from low viewership during its run as a regular series, and ABC canceled the program after sixteen episodes. On August 15, 2008, Disney denied rumors started by Caris & Co. that it would be selling the ten ABC owned-and-operated stations. |
The [economy] of [Victoria] is highly [diversified]: [service sectors] including [financial] and [property services], [health], [education], [wholesale], [retail], [hospitality] and [manufacturing] constitute the majority of [employment]. [Victoria]'s total [gross state product] ([GSP]) is ranked [second] in [Australia], although [Victoria] is ranked [fourth] in terms of [GSP per capita] because of its limited [mining activity]. Culturally, [Melbourne] is home to a number of [museums], [art galleries] and [theatres] and is also described as the "sporting capital of Australia". The [Melbourne Cricket Ground] is the largest [stadium] in [Australia], and the host of the [1956 Summer Olympics] and the [2006 Commonwealth Games]. The ground is also considered the "spiritual home" of [Australian cricket] and [Australian rules football], and hosts the [grand final] of the [Australian Football League] (AFL) each year, usually drawing crowds of over [95,000 people]. [Victoria] includes [eight public universities], with the oldest, the [University of Melbourne], having been founded in [1853]. | The economy of Victoria is highly diversified: service sectors including financial and property services, health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the "sporting capital of Australia". The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The ground is also considered the "spiritual home" of Australian cricket and Australian rules football, and hosts the grand final of the Australian Football League (AFL) each year, usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people. Victoria includes eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. |
In [1888], the [editor] of [Electrical World magazine], [Thomas Commerford Martin] (a [friend] and [publicist]), arranged for [Tesla] to [demonstrate] his [alternating current system], including his [induction motor], at the [American Institute of Electrical Engineers] (now [IEEE]). [Engineers] working for the [Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company] [reported] to [George Westinghouse] that Tesla had a [viable AC motor] and [related power system] — something for which [Westinghouse] had been [trying to secure patents]. [Westinghouse] looked into getting a [patent] on a [similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor] [presented] in a [paper] in [March 1888] by the [Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris], but decided Tesla's [patent] would probably [control the market]. | In 1888, the editor of Electrical World magazine, Thomas Commerford Martin (a friend and publicist), arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system, including his induction motor, at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system — something for which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in March 1888 by the Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris, but decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market. |
The [Black Death] ravaged much of the [Islamic world]. [Plague] was present in at least one location in the [Islamic world] virtually every year between [1500] and [1850]. [Plague] repeatedly struck the cities of [North Africa]. [Algiers] lost [30 to 50 thousand] inhabitants to it in [1620–21], and again in [1654–57], [1665], [1691], and [1740–42]. [Plague] remained a major event in [Ottoman society] until the [second quarter] of the [19th century]. Between [1701] and [1750], [thirty-seven] larger and smaller [epidemics] were recorded in [Constantinople], and an additional [thirty-one] between [1751] and [1800]. [Baghdad] has suffered severely from visitations of the [plague], and sometimes [two-thirds] of its population has been wiped out. | The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out. |
Harvard is a [large], [highly residential] [research university]. The [nominal cost] of [attendance] is [high], but the University's [large endowment] allows it to offer [generous financial aid packages]. It operates several [arts], [cultural], and [scientific museums], alongside the Harvard Library, which is the [world's largest academic and private library system], comprising [79 individual libraries] with over [18 million volumes]. Harvard's [alumni] include [eight U.S. presidents], [several foreign heads of state], [62 living billionaires], [335 Rhodes Scholars], and [242 Marshall Scholars]. To date, some [150 Nobel laureates], [18 Fields Medalists] and [13 Turing Award winners] have been affiliated as [students], [faculty], or [staff]. | Harvard is a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. It operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, several foreign heads of state, 62 living billionaires, 335 Rhodes Scholars, and 242 Marshall Scholars. To date, some 150 Nobel laureates, 18 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award winners have been affiliated as students, faculty, or staff. |
However, already in [quantum mechanics] there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the [spatial variable], but also a [discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable] called the "spin", and there is the [Pauli principle] relating the [space] and the [spin variables]. Depending on the [value] of the [spin], [identical particles] split into [two different classes], [fermions] and [bosons]. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a [symmetric spin function] (e.g. parallel spins) the [spatial variables] must be [antisymmetric] (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a [repulsive force]), and vice versa, i.e. for [antiparallel spins] the [position variables] must be [symmetric] (i.e. the [apparent force] must be [attractive]). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly [negative correlation] between [spatial and spin variables], whereas for two bosons (e.g. [quanta of electromagnetic waves], [photons]) the correlation is strictly [positive]. | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons) the correlation is strictly positive. |
The [plague] repeatedly [returned] to [haunt] [Europe] and the [Mediterranean] throughout the [14th] to [17th] centuries. According to [Biraben], the [plague] was [present] somewhere in [Europe] in every [year] between [1346] and [1671]. The [Second Pandemic] was particularly [widespread] in the following [years]: [1360–63]; [1374]; [1400]; [1438–39]; [1456–57]; [1464–66]; [1481–85]; [1500–03]; [1518–31]; [1544–48]; [1563–66]; [1573–88]; [1596–99]; [1602–11]; [1623–40]; [1644–54]; and [1664–67]. [Subsequent outbreaks], though [severe], marked the [retreat] from most of [Europe] (18th century) and northern [Africa] (19th century). According to [Geoffrey Parker], "France alone lost [almost] a [million people] to the [plague] in the [epidemic] of [1628–31]." | The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. According to Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–63; 1374; 1400; 1438–39; 1456–57; 1464–66; 1481–85; 1500–03; 1518–31; 1544–48; 1563–66; 1573–88; 1596–99; 1602–11; 1623–40; 1644–54; and 1664–67. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the retreat from most of Europe (18th century) and northern Africa (19th century). According to Geoffrey Parker, "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31." |
The [Judicial Council] is the [highest court] in the [denomination]. It consists of [nine members], both [laity] and [clergy], elected by the [General Conference] for an [eight-year term]. The ratio of [laity] to [clergy] alternates every eight years. The [Judicial Council] interprets the [Book of Discipline] between sessions of [General Conference], and during [General Conference], the [Judicial Council] rules on the [constitutionality] of laws passed by [General Conference]. The [Council] also determines whether actions of [local churches], [annual conferences], [church agencies], and [bishops] are in accordance with [church law]. The [Council] reviews all decisions of law made by [bishops]. The [Judicial Council] cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The [Council] meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The [Judicial Council] also hears [appeals] from those who have been accused of [chargeable offenses] that can result in [defrocking] or [revocation of membership]. | The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years. The Judicial Council interprets the Book of Discipline between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership. |
[The Colorado experiments] had prepared [Tesla] for the establishment of [the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility] known as [Wardenclyffe] near [Shoreham], [Long Island]. | The Colorado experiments had prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island. |
The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. [The earlier] they surrendered to the Mongols, [the higher] they were placed, [the more] they held out, [the lower] they were ranked. [The Northern Chinese] were ranked higher and [Southern Chinese] were ranked lower because [southern China] [withstood] and [fought] to the last before [caving in]. [Major commerce] during this era gave rise to [favorable conditions] for [private southern Chinese manufacturers] and [merchants]. | The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants. |
For the third straight season, the [number one seeds] from both [conferences] met in the [Super Bowl]. The [Carolina Panthers] became one of only ten [teams] to have completed a [regular season] with only one [loss], and one of only six [teams] to have acquired a [15–1 record], while the [Denver Broncos] became one of four [teams] to have made [eight appearances] in the [Super Bowl]. The [Broncos] made their second [Super Bowl appearance] in three years, having reached [Super Bowl XLVIII], while the [Panthers] made their second [Super Bowl appearance] in [franchise history], their other appearance being [Super Bowl XXXVIII]. Coincidentally, both [teams] were coached by [John Fox] in their last [Super Bowl appearance] prior to [Super Bowl 50]. | For the third straight season, the number one seeds from both conferences met in the Super Bowl. The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. The Broncos made their second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, their other appearance being Super Bowl XXXVIII. Coincidentally, both teams were coached by John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50. |
A [conservative force] that acts on a [closed system] has an associated [mechanical work] that allows [energy] to convert only between [kinetic] or [potential forms]. This means that for a [closed system], the [net mechanical energy] is [conserved] whenever a [conservative force] acts on the system. The [force], therefore, is related directly to the [difference] in [potential energy] between two different [locations] in [space], and can be considered to be an [artifact] of the [potential field] in the same way that the [direction] and [amount] of a [flow] of [water] can be considered to be an [artifact] of the [contour map] of the [elevation] of an [area]. | A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area. |
[Merit Network, Inc.], an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by [Michigan's public universities], was formed in 1966 as the [Michigan Educational Research Information Triad] to explore [computer networking] between [three] of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the [state's educational and economic development]. With [initial support] from the [State of Michigan] and the [National Science Foundation (NSF)], the [packet-switched network] was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an [interactive host to host connection] was made between the [IBM mainframe computer systems] at the [University of Michigan] in [Ann Arbor] and [Wayne State University] in [Detroit]. In October 1972 connections to the [CDC mainframe] at [Michigan State University] in [East Lansing] completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to [host to host interactive connections] the network was enhanced to support [terminal to host connections], [host to host batch connections] ([remote job submission], [remote printing], [batch file transfer]), [interactive file transfer], [gateways] to the [Tymnet] and [Telenet] [public data networks], [X.25 host attachments], [gateways] to [X.25 data networks], [Ethernet attached hosts], and eventually [TCP/IP] and additional [public universities] in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for [Merit's role] in the [NSFNET project] starting in the mid-1980s. | Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s. |
Jochi [died] in [1226], during his [father's lifetime]. Some [scholars], notably [Ratchnevsky], have commented on the [possibility] that Jochi was secretly [poisoned] by an [order] from [Genghis Khan]. [Rashid al-Din] reports that the [great Khan] [sent] for his [sons] in the [spring] of [1223], and while his [brothers] [heeded] the [order], Jochi remained in [Khorasan]. [Juzjani] suggests that the [disagreement] arose from a [quarrel] between Jochi and his brothers in the [siege] of [Urgench]. Jochi had attempted to [protect] Urgench from [destruction], as it [belonged] to [territory] allocated to him as a [fief]. He concludes his story with the clearly [apocryphal statement] by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is [mad] to have [massacred] so many [people] and [laid waste] so many [lands]. I would be doing a [service] if I [killed] my [father] when he is [hunting], made an [alliance] with [Sultan Muhammad], brought this [land] to [life] and gave [assistance] and [support] to the [Muslims]." Juzjani claims that it was in [response] to [hearing] of these [plans] that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly [poisoned]; however, as [Sultan Muhammad] was already [dead] in [1223], the [accuracy] of this story is [questionable]. | Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable. |
[Torque] is the [rotation equivalent] of [force] in the same way that [angle] is the [rotational equivalent] for [position], [angular velocity] for [velocity], and [angular momentum] for [momentum]. As a [consequence] of [Newton's First Law of Motion], there exists [rotational inertia] that ensures that all bodies maintain their [angular momentum] unless acted upon by an [unbalanced torque]. Likewise, [Newton's Second Law of Motion] can be used to derive an [analogous equation] for the [instantaneous angular acceleration] of the [rigid body]. | Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body: |
In order to compete with CNN, [ABC] proposed a 24-hour news channel called [ABC Cable News], with plans to launch the network in 1995; however, the plan would ultimately be shelved by [company management]. ABC would reattempt such a concept in July 2004 with the launch of [ABC News Now], a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on [the Internet] and [mobile phones]. On [August 29, 1994], ABC purchased [Flint, Michigan affiliate WJRT-TV] and [WTVG in Toledo, Ohio] (which was previously affiliated with ABC from 1958 to 1970) from [SJL Broadcast Management], with the latter switching to ABC once its contract with [NBC] expired [two months] after the purchase was finalized in early 1995. Both stations were acquired as a [contingency plan] in the event that [CBS] reached an [affiliation deal] with [WXYZ-TV] (to replace [WJBK], which switched to [Fox] as a result of that network's group affiliation agreement with [New World Communications]) in order to allow the network to retain some [over-the-air presence] in the [Detroit market] (the [E.W. Scripps Company] and ABC would reach a [group affiliation deal] that renewed affiliation agreements with [WXYZ] and [WEWS], and switch [four other stations], including two whose [Fox affiliations] were displaced by the New World deal, with the network). | In order to compete with CNN, ABC proposed a 24-hour news channel called ABC Cable News, with plans to launch the network in 1995; however, the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management. ABC would reattempt such a concept in July 2004 with the launch of ABC News Now, a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the Internet and mobile phones. On August 29, 1994, ABC purchased Flint, Michigan affiliate WJRT-TV and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio (which was previously affiliated with ABC from 1958 to 1970) from SJL Broadcast Management, with the latter switching to ABC once its contract with NBC expired two months after the purchase was finalized in early 1995. Both stations were acquired as a contingency plan in the event that CBS reached an affiliation deal with WXYZ-TV (to replace WJBK, which switched to Fox as a result of that network's group affiliation agreement with New World Communications) in order to allow the network to retain some over-the-air presence in the Detroit market (the E.W. Scripps Company and ABC would reach a group affiliation deal that renewed affiliation agreements with WXYZ and WEWS, and switch four other stations, including two whose Fox affiliations were displaced by the New World deal, with the network). |
However, some [computational problems] are [easier] to analyze in terms of [more unusual resources]. For example, a [non-deterministic Turing machine] is a [computational model] that is allowed to [branch out] to [check] [many different possibilities] [at once]. The [non-deterministic Turing machine] has [very little] to do with [how we physically want to compute algorithms], but its [branching] [exactly captures] [many of the mathematical models] we want to [analyze], so that [non-deterministic time] is a [very important resource] in [analyzing computational problems]. | However, some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once. The non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems. |
It is conjectured that a [progressive decline] in [hormone levels] with [age] is partially responsible for [weakened immune responses] in [aging individuals]. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the [immune system], notably [thyroid hormone] activity. The [age-related decline] in immune function is also related to [decreasing vitamin D levels] in the [elderly]. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their [vitamin D levels]. First, they [stay indoors more] due to [decreased activity levels]. This means that they get [less sun] and therefore produce [less cholecalciferol] via [UVB radiation]. Second, as a person ages the [skin becomes less adept] at producing [vitamin D]. | It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D. |
[Of course], [some complexity classes] have [complicated definitions] that do not fit into this [framework]. [Thus], a [typical complexity class] has a definition like [the following]: | Of course, some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class has a definition like the following: |
Among the most well-known experiments in [structural geology] are those involving [orogenic wedges], which are [zones] in which [mountains] are built along [convergent tectonic plate boundaries]. In the [analog versions] of these experiments, [horizontal layers] of [sand] are pulled along a [lower surface] into a [back stop], which results in [realistic-looking patterns] of [faulting] and the [growth] of a [critically tapered] (all [angles] remain the same) [orogenic wedge]. [Numerical models] work in the same way as these [analog models], though they are often more [sophisticated] and can include patterns of [erosion] and [uplift] in the [mountain belt]. This helps to show the [relationship] between [erosion] and the [shape] of the [mountain range]. These studies can also give [useful information] about [pathways] for [metamorphism] through [pressure], [temperature], [space], and [time]. | Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered (all angles remain the same) orogenic wedge. Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt. This helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range. These studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure, temperature, space, and time. |
[Luther] is honoured on [18 February] with a [commemoration] in the [Lutheran Calendar] of [Saints] and in the [Episcopal (United States) Calendar] of [Saints]. In the [Church of England's Calendar] of [Saints] he is [commemorated] on [31 October]. | Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October. |
Immunology is strongly [experimental] in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing [theoretical attitude]. Many [theories] have been suggested in immunology from the end of the [nineteenth century] up to the present time. The end of the [19th century] and the beginning of the [20th century] saw a [battle] between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of [immunity]. According to the [cellular theory] of immunity, represented in particular by [Elie Metchnikoff], it was [cells] – more precisely, [phagocytes] – that were responsible for [immune responses]. In contrast, the [humoral theory] of immunity, held, among others, by [Robert Koch] and [Emil von Behring], stated that the active immune agents were [soluble components] ([molecules]) found in the organism’s “[humors]” rather than its [cells]. | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held, among others, by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells. |
Prime numbers [give rise to] two [more general concepts] that [apply] to [elements] of [any commutative ring] R, an [algebraic structure] where [addition], [subtraction] and [multiplication] are [defined]: [prime elements] and [irreducible elements]. An element [p] of R is called [prime element] if it is [neither] [zero] [nor] a [unit] (i.e., does not have a [multiplicative inverse]) and satisfies the [following requirement]: given [x] and [y] in R such that [p divides] the [product] [xy], then [p divides] [x] [or] [y]. An element is [irreducible] if it is [not] a [unit] and cannot be [written] as a [product] of [two ring elements] that are [not units]. In the ring [Z] of [integers], the set of [prime elements] equals the set of [irreducible elements], which is | Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not have a multiplicative inverse) and satisfies the following requirement: given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y. An element is irreducible if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units. In the ring Z of integers, the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements, which is |
[Legally], only [non-profit trusts] and [societies] can run [schools] in [India]. They will have to satisfy a number of [infrastructure] and [human resource] related criteria to get [Recognition] (a form of [license]) from the [government]. [Critics] of this system point out that this leads to [corruption] by [school inspectors] who check [compliance] and to [fewer schools] in a country that has the largest [adult illiterate population] in the world. While [official data] does not capture the real extent of [private schooling] in the country, various studies have reported [unpopularity] of [government schools] and an increasing number of [private schools]. The [Annual Status of Education Report] ([ASER]), which evaluates [learning levels] in [rural India], has been reporting [poorer academic achievement] in [government schools] than in [private schools]. A key difference between the [government] and [private schools] is that the [medium of education] in [private schools] is [English] while it is the [local language] in [government schools]. | Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license) from the government. Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world. While official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country, various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), which evaluates learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools. A key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is English while it is the local language in government schools. |
[Apollo] ran from [1961] to [1972], and was supported by the [two-man] [Gemini program] which ran concurrently with it from [1962] to [1966]. [Gemini missions] developed some of the [space travel techniques] that were necessary for the success of the [Apollo missions]. [Apollo] used [Saturn family rockets] as [launch vehicles]. [Apollo/Saturn vehicles] were also used for an [Apollo Applications Program], which consisted of [Skylab], a [space station] that supported [three manned missions] in [1973–74], and the [Apollo–Soyuz Test Project], a [joint Earth orbit mission] with the [Soviet Union] in [1975]. | Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975. |
On [December 7], [1965], [Goldenson] announced a [merger proposal] with [ITT] to [ABC management]; the two companies agreed to the deal on [April 27], [1966]. The [FCC] approved the merger on [December 21], [1966]; however, the [previous day] ([December 20]), [Donald F. Turner], [head antitrust regulator] for the [United States Department of Justice], expressed [doubts] related to such issues as the [emerging cable television market], and [concerns] over the [journalistic integrity] of [ABC] and how it could be influenced by the [overseas ownership] of [ITT]. [ITT management] promised that the company would allow [ABC] to retain [autonomy] in the [publishing business]. The [merger] was [suspended], and a [complaint] was filed by the [Department of Justice] in [July 1967], with [ITT] going to [trial] in [October 1967]; the [merger] was officially [canceled] after the [trial's conclusion] on [January 1], [1968]. | On December 7, 1965, Goldenson announced a merger proposal with ITT to ABC management; the two companies agreed to the deal on April 27, 1966. The FCC approved the merger on December 21, 1966; however, the previous day (December 20), Donald F. Turner, head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice, expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market, and concerns over the journalistic integrity of ABC and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of ITT. ITT management promised that the company would allow ABC to retain autonomy in the publishing business. The merger was suspended, and a complaint was filed by the Department of Justice in July 1967, with ITT going to trial in October 1967; the merger was officially canceled after the trial's conclusion on January 1, 1968. |
In [the centre] of Basel, the [first major city] in the course of the [stream], is located the "Rhine knee"; this is a major [bend], where the overall [direction] of the Rhine [changes] from [West] to [North]. Here the [High Rhine] ends. [Legally], the [Central Bridge] is the [boundary] between [High] and [Upper Rhine]. The [river] now [flows] [North] as [Upper Rhine] through the [Upper Rhine Plain], which is about [300 km] [long] and up to [40 km] [wide]. The [most important] [tributaries] in this area are the [Ill] [below] of [Strasbourg], the [Neckar] in [Mannheim] and the [Main] [across from] [Mainz]. In [Mainz], the Rhine leaves the [Upper Rhine Valley] and [flows] through the [Mainz Basin]. | In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the "Rhine knee"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain, which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg, the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. |
Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role. [Steven Moffat] described the companion as the main character of the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were [Rose Tyler] ([Billie Piper]), [Martha Jones] ([Freema Agyeman]), and [Donna Noble] ([Catherine Tate]) with [Mickey Smith] ([Noel Clarke]) and [Jack Harkness] ([John Barrowman]) recurring as secondary companion figures. The Eleventh Doctor became the first to travel with a married couple, [Amy Pond] ([Karen Gillan]) and [Rory Williams] ([Arthur Darvill]), whilst out-of-sync meetings with [River Song] ([Alex Kingston]) and [Clara Oswald] ([Jenna Coleman]) provided ongoing story arcs. The tenth series will introduce [Pearl Mackie] as [Bill], the Doctor's newest traveling companion. | Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role. Steven Moffat described the companion as the main character of the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) recurring as secondary companion figures. The Eleventh Doctor became the first to travel with a married couple, Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill), whilst out-of-sync meetings with River Song (Alex Kingston) and Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman) provided ongoing story arcs. The tenth series will introduce Pearl Mackie as Bill, the Doctor's newest traveling companion. |
The [war] in [North America] officially ended with the signing of the [Treaty of Paris] on [10 February 1763], and war in the [European theatre] of the [Seven Years' War] was settled by the [Treaty of Hubertusburg] on [15 February 1763]. The [British] offered [France] the choice of [surrendering] either its [continental North American possessions] [east of the Mississippi] or the [Caribbean islands] of [Guadeloupe] and [Martinique], which had been [occupied] by the [British]. France chose to [cede] the former, but was able to [negotiate] the [retention] of [Saint Pierre] and [Miquelon], two [small islands] in the [Gulf of St. Lawrence], along with [fishing rights] in the area. They viewed the [economic value] of the [Caribbean islands]' [sugar cane] to be [greater] and [easier to defend] than the [furs] from the [continent]. The contemporaneous [French philosopher] [Voltaire] referred to [Canada] [disparagingly] as [nothing more than] a few [acres] of [snow]. The [British], for their part, were [happy] to [take] [New France], as [defence] of their [North American colonies] would no longer be an [issue] and also because they already had [ample places] from which to obtain [sugar]. [Spain], which [traded] [Florida] to [Britain] to regain [Cuba], also gained [Louisiana], including [New Orleans], from [France] in [compensation] for its [losses]. [Great Britain] and [Spain] also [agreed] that [navigation] on the [Mississippi River] was to be [open] to [vessels] of all [nations]. | The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. The contemporaneous French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, for their part, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain, which traded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans, from France in compensation for its losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations. |
The election held in [1988] saw the advent of the [mlolongo] ([queuing]) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a [secret ballot]. This was seen as the [climax] of a very [undemocratic] regime and it led to widespread agitation for [constitutional reform]. Several [contentious clauses], including one that allowed for only one [political party] were changed in the following years. In [democratic], [multiparty elections] in [1992] and [1997], [Daniel arap Moi] won [re-election]. | The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot. This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years. In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997, Daniel arap Moi won re-election. |
In business, [notable alumni] include [Microsoft CEO] [Satya Nadella], [Oracle Corporation founder] and [the third richest man in America] [Larry Ellison], [Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO] as well as [former Governor of New Jersey] [Jon Corzine], [McKinsey & Company founder] and [author of the first management accounting textbook] [James O. McKinsey], [Arley D. Cathey], [Bloomberg L.P. CEO] [Daniel Doctoroff], [Credit Suisse CEO] [Brady Dougan], [Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO] [Joe Mansueto], [Chicago Cubs owner and chairman] [Thomas S. Ricketts], and [NBA commissioner] [Adam Silver]. | In business, notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey, Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff, Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan, Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts, and NBA commissioner Adam Silver. |
On [24 March 1879], [Tesla] was returned to [Gospić] under [police guard] for not having a [residence permit]. On [17 April 1879], [Milutin Tesla] died at the [age] of [60] after contracting an [unspecified illness] (although some sources say that he died of a [stroke]). During that [year], [Tesla] taught a [large class] of [students] in his old school, [Higher Real Gymnasium], in [Gospić]. | On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness (although some sources say that he died of a stroke). During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school, Higher Real Gymnasium, in Gospić. |
It has been argued that the term ["civil disobedience"] has always suffered from [ambiguity] and in [modern times], become [utterly debased]. [Marshall Cohen] notes, "It has been used to describe everything from [bringing a test-case in the federal courts] to [taking aim at a federal official]. Indeed, for [Vice President Agnew] it has become a [code-word] describing the activities of [muggers], [arsonists], [draft evaders], [campaign hecklers], [campus militants], [anti-war demonstrators], [juvenile delinquents] and [political assassins]". | It has been argued that the term "civil disobedience" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen notes, "It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official. Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins." |
Many locals and tourists frequent the [southern California] coast for its popular [beaches], and the [desert city] of [Palm Springs] is popular for its [resort feel] and nearby [open spaces]. | Many locals and tourists frequent the southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. |
[The armed forces] are regularly deployed in [peacekeeping missions] around the world. Further, in the [aftermath] of the [national elections] of December 2007 and the [violence] that subsequently engulfed the country, [a commission of inquiry], [the Waki Commission], [commended] its [readiness] and adjudged it to "have performed its duty well." Nevertheless, there have been [serious allegations] of [human rights violations], [most recently] while conducting [counter-insurgency operations] in the [Mt Elgon area] and also in the [district of Mandera central]. | The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its duty well." Nevertheless, there have been serious allegations of human rights violations, most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the Mt Elgon area and also in the district of Mandera central. |
Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. [Denver] won despite being massively [outgained] in [total yards] (315 to 194) and [first downs] (21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the [lowest] totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. Only [seven other teams] had ever gained [less than 200 yards] in a Super Bowl, and all of them had [lost]. The Broncos' seven [sacks] tied a Super Bowl record set by the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX. [Kony Ealy] tied a Super Bowl record with [three sacks]. [Jordan Norwood]'s 61-yard [punt return] set a new record, surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by [John Taylor] in Super Bowl XXIII. [Denver] was just [1-of-14] on [third down], while [Carolina] was barely better at [3-of-15]. The two teams' combined third down [conversion percentage] of [13.8] was a Super Bowl low. [Manning] and [Newton] had [quarterback passer ratings] of [56.6] and [55.4], respectively, and their added total of [112] is a record lowest [aggregate passer rating] for a Super Bowl. [Manning] became the [oldest quarterback] ever to win a Super Bowl at age [39], and the [first quarterback] ever to win a Super Bowl with [two different teams], while [Gary Kubiak] became the [first head coach] to win a Super Bowl with the [same franchise] he went to the Super Bowl with as a player. | Super Bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams. Denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards (315 to 194) and first downs (21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a Super Bowl winning team. The previous record was 244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. Only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven sacks tied a Super Bowl record set by the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX. Kony Ealy tied a Super Bowl record with three sacks. Jordan Norwood's 61-yard punt return set a new record, surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by John Taylor in Super Bowl XXIII. Denver was just 1-of-14 on third down, while Carolina was barely better at 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a Super Bowl low. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, and the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl with two different teams, while Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player. |
In the [United States], [scholars] argue that there already existed a [negotiated settlement] based on [equality] between both parties prior to [1973]. The [possibility] that the [Middle East] could become another [superpower confrontation] with the [USSR] was of more [concern] to the [US] than [oil]. [Interest groups] and [government agencies] more worried about [energy] were no match for [Kissinger]'s [dominance]. In the [US] [production], [distribution] and [price disruptions] "have been held responsible for [recessions], [periods of excessive inflation], [reduced productivity], and [lower economic growth]". | In the United States, scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's dominance. In the US production, distribution and price disruptions "have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth." |
A variety of [alternatives] to the Y. pestis have been put forward. [Twigg] suggested that the cause was a form of [anthrax], and [Norman Cantor] (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. [Scott] and [Duncan] have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as [hemorrhagic plague] similar to [Ebola]. Archaeologist [Barney Sloane] has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of [bubonic plague] with other diseases, including [typhus], [smallpox], and [respiratory infections]. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional [septicemic] (a type of "blood poisoning") and [pneumonic] (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with [Public Health England] announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis. | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis. |
In [1466], perhaps [40,000] people died of [the plague] in [Paris]. During the [16th] and [17th centuries], [the plague] was present in [Paris] around [30 per cent] of the time. [The Black Death] ravaged [Europe] for [three years] before it continued on into [Russia], where [the disease] was present somewhere in the [country] [25 times] between [1350] to [1490]. [Plague epidemics] ravaged [London] in [1563], [1593], [1603], [1625], [1636], and [1665], reducing its population by [10 to 30%] during those years. Over [10%] of [Amsterdam's] population died in [1623–25], and again in [1635–36], [1655], and [1664]. [Plague] occurred in [Venice] [22 times] between [1361] and [1528]. [The plague] of [1576–77] killed [50,000] in [Venice], almost a [third] of the population. Late outbreaks in [central Europe] included [the Italian Plague] of [1629–1631], which is associated with [troop movements] during [the Thirty Years' War], and [the Great Plague] of [Vienna] in [1679]. Over [60%] of [Norway's] population died in [1348–50]. [The last plague outbreak] ravaged [Oslo] in [1654]. | In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654. |
The [Victorian parts] of the building have a [complex history], with [piecemeal additions] by different [architects]. Founded in [May 1852], it was not until [1857] that the museum moved to the [present site]. This area of London was known as [Brompton] but had been renamed [South Kensington]. The land was occupied by [Brompton Park House], which was [extended], most notably by the ["Brompton Boilers"], which were [starkly utilitarian iron galleries] with a [temporary look] and were later [dismantled] and used to build the [V&A Museum of Childhood]. The [first building] to be [erected] that still forms part of the museum was the [Sheepshanks Gallery] in [1857] on the [eastern side] of the garden. Its [architect] was [civil engineer] [Captain Francis Fowke], [Royal Engineers], who was [appointed] by [Cole]. The [next major expansions] were designed by the same [architect], the [Turner and Vernon galleries] built [1858-9] to house the [eponymous collections] (later transferred to the [Tate Gallery]) and now used as the [picture galleries] and [tapestry gallery] respectively. The [North and South Courts], were then built, both of which [opened] by [June 1862]. They now form the galleries for [temporary exhibitions] and are directly behind the [Sheepshanks Gallery]. On the very [northern edge] of the site is situated the [Secretariat Wing], also built in [1862] this houses the [offices] and [board room] etc. and is not [open to the public]. | The Victorian parts of the building have a complex history, with piecemeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 1852, it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site. This area of London was known as Brompton but had been renamed South Kensington. The land was occupied by Brompton Park House, which was extended, most notably by the "Brompton Boilers", which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the V&A Museum of Childhood. The first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the Sheepshanks Gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden. Its architect was civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, who was appointed by Cole. The next major expansions were designed by the same architect, the Turner and Vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the Tate Gallery) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively. The North and South Courts, were then built, both of which opened by June 1862. They now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the Sheepshanks Gallery. On the very northern edge of the site is situated the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc. and is not open to the public. |
Leukocytes (white blood cells) [act like] [independent], [single-celled organisms] and are the [second arm] of the [innate immune system]. The innate leukocytes include the [phagocytes] ([macrophages], [neutrophils], and [dendritic cells]), [mast cells], [eosinophils], [basophils], and [natural killer cells]. These cells [identify] and [eliminate] [pathogens], either by [attacking larger pathogens through contact] or by [engulfing] and then [killing microorganisms]. [Innate cells] are also [important mediators] in the [activation] of the [adaptive immune system]. | Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate pathogens, either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms. Innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system. |
Most species are [hermaphrodites]—a [single animal] can produce both [eggs] and [sperm], meaning it can [fertilize] its own [egg], not needing a [mate]. Some are [simultaneous hermaphrodites], which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are [sequential hermaphrodites], in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. [Fertilization] is generally [external], although [platyctenids]' [eggs] are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they [hatch]. The [young] are generally [planktonic] and in most species look like [miniature cydippids], gradually changing into their [adult shapes] as they grow. The exceptions are the [beroids], whose young are [miniature beroids] with [large mouths] and no [tentacles], and the [platyctenids], whose young live as [cydippid-like plankton] until they reach [near-adult size], but then sink to the [bottom] and rapidly [metamorphose] into the adult form. In at least some species, [juveniles] are capable of reproduction before reaching the [adult size] and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables [small populations] to grow at an [explosive rate]. | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate. |
On [28 February 2008], [Kibaki] and [Odinga] signed an [agreement] on the [formation] of a [coalition government] in which [Odinga] would become [Kenya's second Prime Minister]. Under the [deal], the [president] would [appoint] [cabinet ministers] from both [PNU] and [ODM camps] depending on each [party's strength] in [Parliament]. The [agreement] stipulated that the [cabinet] would include a [vice-president] and two [deputy Prime Ministers]. After [debates], it was [passed] by [Parliament], the [coalition] would [hold] until the [end] of the [current Parliament] or if either of the [parties withdraws] from the [deal] before then. | On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament. The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates, it was passed by Parliament, the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then. |
[Near Tamins-Reichenau] the [Anterior Rhine] and the [Posterior Rhine] [join] and form the [Rhine]. The [river] makes a [distinctive turn] to the [north] [near Chur]. This [section] is [nearly] [86 km] [long], and [descends] from a [height] of [599 m] to [396 m]. It [flows] through a [wide glacial alpine valley] known as the [Rhine Valley] (German: [Rheintal]). [Near Sargans] a [natural dam], only a [few metres high], [prevents] it from [flowing] into the [open Seeztal valley] and then through [Lake Walen] and [Lake Zurich] into the [river Aare]. The [Alpine Rhine] [begins] in the [most western part] of the [Swiss canton] of [Graubünden], and [later forms] the [border] between [Switzerland] to the [West] and [Liechtenstein] and [later Austria] to the [East]. | Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal). Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare. The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East. |
Specialty pharmacies supply [high cost] [injectable], [oral], [infused], or [inhaled] medications that are used for [chronic] and [complex] [disease states] such as [cancer], [hepatitis], and [rheumatoid arthritis]. Unlike a [traditional] [community pharmacy] where [prescriptions] for any [common medication] can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry [novel medications] that need to be [properly stored], [administered], [carefully monitored], and [clinically managed]. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide [lab monitoring], [adherence counseling], and [assist patients] with [cost-containment strategies] needed to obtain their [expensive specialty drugs]. It is currently the [fastest growing sector] of the [pharmaceutical industry] with [19] of [28] [newly FDA approved medications] in [2013] being [specialty drugs]. | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs. It is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs. |
In [December 1984], [Thomas S. Murphy], [chief executive officer] of [Capital Cities Communications], contacted [Leonard Goldenson] about a [proposal] to [merge] their respective companies. On [March 16, 1985], [ABC]'s [executive committee] accepted the [merger offer], which was [formally announced] on [March 18, 1985], with [Capital Cities] [purchasing] [ABC] and its related [properties] for [$3.5 billion] and [$118] for each of [ABC]'s [shares] as well as a [guarantee] of [10%] (or [$3]) for a total of [$121] per [share]. To [finance] the [purchase], [Capital Cities] [borrowed] [$2.1 billion] from a [consortium] of [banks], which [sold] [certain assets] that [Capital Cities] could not [acquire] or [retain] due to [FCC ownership rules] for a [combined] [$900 million] and [sold off] several [cable television systems], which were [sold] to [The Washington Post Company] (forming the [present-day Cable One]). The [remaining] [$500 million] was [loaned] by [Warren Buffett], who [promised] that his company [Berkshire Hathaway] would [purchase] [$3 million] in [shares], at [$172.50] [apiece]. Due to an [FCC ban] on [same-market ownership] of [television] and [radio stations] by a [single company] (although the [deal] would have otherwise [complied] with [new ownership rules] implemented by the [FCC] in [January 1985], that allowed broadcasters to own a [maximum] of [12 television stations]), [ABC] and [Capital Cities] respectively decided to [sell] [WXYZ-TV] and [Tampa independent station WFTS-TV] to [the E. W. Scripps Company] (although [Capital Cities/ABC] originally intended to [seek] a [cross-ownership waiver] to [retain] [WXYZ] and [Capital Cities-owned radio stations] [WJR] and [WHYT]). | In December 1984, Thomas S. Murphy, chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies. On March 16, 1985, ABC's executive committee accepted the merger offer, which was formally announced on March 18, 1985, with Capital Cities purchasing ABC and its related properties for $3.5 billion and $118 for each of ABC's shares as well as a guarantee of 10% (or $3) for a total of $121 per share. To finance the purchase, Capital Cities borrowed $2.1 billion from a consortium of banks, which sold certain assets that Capital Cites could not acquire or retain due to FCC ownership rules for a combined $900 million and sold off several cable television systems, which were sold to The Washington Post Company (forming the present-day Cable One). The remaining $500 million was loaned by Warren Buffett, who promised that his company Berkshire Hathaway would purchase $3 million in shares, at $172.50 apiece. Due to an FCC ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company (although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the FCC in January 1985, that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations), ABC and Capital Cities respectively decided to sell WXYZ-TV and Tampa independent station WFTS-TV to the E. W. Scripps Company (although Capital Cities/ABC originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain WXYZ and Capital Cities-owned radio stations WJR and WHYT). |
The [Mallee] and [upper Wimmera] are Victoria's [warmest regions] with [hot winds] blowing from nearby [semi-deserts]. [Average temperatures] exceed [32 °C] (90 °F) during [summer] and [15 °C] (59 °F) in [winter]. Except at [cool mountain elevations], the [inland monthly temperatures] are [2–7 °C] (4–13 °F) [warmer] than around [Melbourne] (see [chart]). Victoria's [highest maximum temperature] since [World War II], of [48.8 °C] (119.8 °F) was recorded in [Hopetoun] on [7 February 2009], during the [2009 southeastern Australia heat wave]. | The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 °C (90 °F) during summer and 15 °C (59 °F) in winter. Except at cool mountain elevations, the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °C (4–13 °F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave. |
The [show] has received [recognition] as one of [Britain's finest television programmes], winning the [2006 British Academy Television Award] for [Best Drama Series] and [five consecutive (2005–2010) awards] at the [National Television Awards] during [Russell T Davies]' [tenure] as [executive producer]. In [2011], [Matt Smith] became the [first Doctor] to be [nominated] for a [BAFTA Television Award] for [Best Actor] and in [2016], [Michelle Gomez] became the [first female] to receive a [BAFTA nomination] for the series, getting a [Best Supporting Actress nomination] for her work as [Missy]. | The show has received recognition as one of Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies' tenure as executive producer. In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor and in 2016, Michelle Gomez became the first female to receive a BAFTA nomination for the series, getting a Best Supporting Actress nomination for her work as Missy. |
In [1211], after the [conquest] of [Western Xia], [Genghis Khan] planned again to conquer the [Jin dynasty]. The [commander] of the Jin dynasty [army] made a [tactical mistake] in not attacking the Mongols at the [first opportunity]. Instead, the Jin commander sent a [messenger], [Ming-Tan], to the Mongol side, who [defected] and told the Mongols that the Jin army was [waiting] on the [other side] of the [pass]. At this [engagement] fought at [Badger Pass] the Mongols [massacred] [hundreds of thousands] of Jin troops. In [1215] Genghis [besieged], [captured], and [sacked] the Jin capital of [Zhongdu] (modern-day [Beijing]). This forced the Emperor [Xuanzong] to move his capital [south] to [Kaifeng], [abandoning] the [northern half] of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between [1232] and [1233], [Kaifeng] fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, [Ögedei Khan]. The Jin dynasty [collapsed] in [1234], after the [siege] of [Caizhou]. | In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232 and 1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234, after the siege of Caizhou. |
[Tesla] was generally [antagonistic] towards [theories] about the [conversion] of [matter] into [energy].:247 He was also [critical] of [Einstein]'s [theory] of [relativity], [saying]: | Tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.:247 He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity, saying: |
The [Moon landing data] was recorded by a [special Apollo TV camera] which recorded in a format incompatible with [broadcast TV]. This resulted in [lunar footage] that had to be [converted] for the [live television broadcast] and stored on [magnetic telemetry tapes]. During the following years, a [magnetic tape shortage] prompted [NASA] to remove [massive numbers] of [magnetic tapes] from the [National Archives and Records Administration] to be [recorded over] with newer [satellite data]. [Stan Lebar], who led the [team] that designed and built the [lunar television camera] at [Westinghouse Electric Corporation], also worked with [Nafzger] to try to locate the [missing tapes]. | The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV. This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes. During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes. |
Earlier papers studying problems solvable by [Turing machines] with [specific bounded resources] include [John Myhill]'s definition of [linear bounded automata] ([Myhill 1960]), [Raymond Smullyan]'s study of [rudimentary sets] (1961), as well as [Hisao Yamada]'s paper on [real-time computations] (1962). [Somewhat earlier], [Boris Trakhtenbrot] (1956), a [pioneer] in the [field] from the [USSR], studied another specific [complexity measure]. As he [remembers]: | Earlier papers studying problems solvable by Turing machines with specific bounded resources include John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata (Myhill 1960), Raymond Smullyan's study of rudimentary sets (1961), as well as Hisao Yamada's paper on real-time computations (1962). Somewhat earlier, Boris Trakhtenbrot (1956), a pioneer in the field from the USSR, studied another specific complexity measure. As he remembers: |
Opportunistic bands of Normans [successfully established] a [foothold] in Southern Italy (the Mezzogiorno). Probably as the result of [returning pilgrims]' [stories], the Normans [entered] the Mezzogiorno as [warriors] in [1017] at the [latest]. In [999], according to [Amatus of Montecassino], Norman pilgrims [returning] from [Jerusalem] called in at the [port] of [Salerno] when a [Saracen attack] [occurred]. The Normans fought [so valiantly] that [Prince Guaimar III] begged them to stay, but they [refused] and instead offered to [tell others] back home of the prince's request. [William of Apulia] tells that, in [1016], Norman pilgrims to the [shrine] of the [Archangel Michael] at [Monte Gargano] were met by [Melus of Bari], a [Lombard nobleman] and [rebel], who persuaded them to [return] with more warriors to [help throw off] the [Byzantine rule], which they did. | Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in Southern Italy (the Mezzogiorno). Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince's request. William of Apulia tells that, in 1016, Norman pilgrims to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano were met by Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the Byzantine rule, which they did. |
In the late 17th century, [Robert Boyle] proved that [air] is necessary for [combustion]. English chemist [John Mayow] (1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called [spiritus nitroaereus] or just [nitroaereus]. In one experiment he found that placing either a [mouse] or a lit [candle] in a closed container over [water] caused the water to rise and replace [one-fourteenth] of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects. From this he surmised that [nitroaereus] is consumed in both [respiration] and [combustion]. | In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus. In one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects. From this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion. |
Traveling south on [Interstate 5], the main gap to continued [urbanization] is [Camp Pendleton]. The cities and communities along [Interstate 15] and [Interstate 215] are so inter-related that [Temecula] and [Murrieta] have as much connection with the [San Diego] metropolitan area as they do with the [Inland Empire]. To the east, the [United States Census Bureau] considers the [San Bernardino] and [Riverside County] areas, [Riverside-San Bernardino area] as a separate metropolitan area from [Los Angeles County]. While many commute to [L.A.] and [Orange Counties], there are some differences in development, as most of [San Bernardino] and [Riverside Counties] (the non-desert portions) were developed in the [1980s] and [1990s]. [Newly developed exurbs] formed in the [Antelope Valley] north of [Los Angeles], the [Victor Valley] and the [Coachella Valley] with the [Imperial Valley]. Also, population growth was high in the [Bakersfield-Kern County], [Santa Maria] and [San Luis Obispo] areas. | Traveling south on Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp Pendleton. The cities and communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire. To the east, the United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas, Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County. While many commute to L.A. and Orange Counties, there are some differences in development, as most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s. Newly developed exurbs formed in the Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles, the Victor Valley and the Coachella Valley with the Imperial Valley. Also, population growth was high in the Bakersfield-Kern County, Santa Maria and San Luis Obispo areas. |
The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. [After the sixth sermon], the Wittenberg [jurist] [Jerome Schurf] wrote to the [elector]: "Oh, what joy has [Dr. Martin]'s [return] spread among us! [His words], [through divine mercy], are bringing back [every day] [misguided people] into the [way] of the [truth]." | The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth." |
More than [26,000 square kilometres] ([10,000 sq mi]) of [Victorian farmland] are sown for [grain], mostly in the [state's west]. More than [50%] of this area is sown for [wheat], [33%] for [barley] and [7%] for [oats]. A further [6,000 square kilometres] ([2,300 sq mi]) is sown for [hay]. In [2003–04], [Victorian farmers] produced more than [3 million tonnes] of [wheat] and [2 million tonnes] of [barley]. [Victorian farms] produce nearly [90%] of [Australian pears] and [third] of [apples]. It is also a leader in [stone fruit production]. The main [vegetable crops] include [asparagus], [broccoli], [carrots], [potatoes] and [tomatoes]. [Last year], [121,200 tonnes] of [pears] and [270,000 tonnes] of [tomatoes] were produced. | More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003–04, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced. |
The [capture] of Warũhiũ Itote (aka General China) on [15 January 1954] and the subsequent [interrogation] led to a [better understanding] of the Mau Mau [command structure]. [Operation Anvil] opened on [24 April 1954], after [weeks of planning] by the [army] with the [approval] of the [War Council]. The operation effectively placed [Nairobi] under [military siege], and the occupants were [screened] and the Mau Mau [supporters] moved to [detention camps]. The [Home Guard] formed the [core] of the [government's strategy] as it was composed of [loyalist Africans], not foreign forces like the [British Army] and [King's African Rifles]. By the [end] of the [emergency], the [Home Guard] had [killed 4,686 Mau Mau], amounting to [42%] of the [total insurgents]. The [capture] of [Dedan Kimathi] on [21 October 1956] in [Nyeri] signified the [ultimate defeat] of the Mau Mau and essentially [ended] the [military offensive]. During this period, substantial governmental changes to [land tenure] occurred. The most important of these was the [Swynnerton Plan], which was used to both [reward loyalists] and [punish Mau Mau]. | The capture of Warũhiũ Itote (aka General China) on 15 January 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure. Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege, and the occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to detention camps. The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the British Army and King's African Rifles. By the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents. The capture of Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 in Nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive. During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred. The most important of these was the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau. |
While in Limassol, [Richard the Lion-Heart] married [Berengaria of Navarre], [first-born daughter] of [King Sancho VI of Navarre]. The wedding was held on [12 May 1191] at the [Chapel of St. George] and it was attended by [Richard's sister Joan], whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with [great pomp] and [splendor]. Among other grand ceremonies was a [double coronation]: Richard caused himself to be crowned [King of Cyprus], and Berengaria [Queen of England] and [Queen of Cyprus] as well. | While in Limassol, Richard the Lion-Heart married Berengaria of Navarre, first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre. The wedding was held on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St. George and it was attended by Richard's sister Joan, whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor. Among other grand ceremonies was a double coronation: Richard caused himself to be crowned King of Cyprus, and Berengaria Queen of England and Queen of Cyprus as well. |
The Republic of [Kenya] is named after [Mount Kenya]. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the [Kikuyu], [Embu] and [Kamba] words [Kirinyaga], [Kirenyaa] and [Kiinyaa] which mean "God's resting place" in all three languages. If so, then the [British] may not so much have mispronounced it ('Keenya'), as misspelled it. [Prehistoric volcanic eruptions] of [Mount Kenya] (now extinct) may have resulted in its association with [divinity] and [creation] among the indigenous [Bantu ethnic groups], who are the [native inhabitants] of the [agricultural land] surrounding [Mount Kenya]. | The Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa which mean "God's resting place" in all three languages. If so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it ('Keenya'), as misspelled it. Prehistoric volcanic eruptions of Mount Kenya (now extinct) may have resulted in its association with divinity and creation among the indigenous Bantu ethnic groups, who are the native inhabitants of the agricultural land surrounding Mount Kenya.original research? |
The [IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)] published in [2007] featured a [graph] showing [12 proxy based temperature reconstructions], including the [three highlighted] in the [2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR)]; [Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999] as before, [Jones et al. 1998] and [Briffa 2000] had both been [calibrated] by [newer studies]. In addition, analysis of the [Medieval Warm Period] cited reconstructions by [Crowley & Lowery 2000] (as cited in the [TAR]) and [Osborn & Briffa 2006]. [Ten] of these [14 reconstructions] covered [1,000 years or longer]. Most reconstructions shared some [data series], particularly [tree ring data], but newer reconstructions used [additional data] and covered a [wider area], using a variety of [statistical methods]. The section discussed the [divergence problem] affecting certain [tree ring data]. | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by Crowley & Lowery 2000 (as cited in the TAR) and Osborn & Briffa 2006. Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer. Most reconstructions shared some data series, particularly tree ring data, but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area, using a variety of statistical methods. The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data. |
In addition, the [United Methodist Church] prohibits the [celebration] of [same-sex unions]. [Rev. Jimmy Creech] was [defrocked] after a [highly publicized church trial] in [1999] on account of his [participation] in [same-sex union ceremonies]. It forbids any United Methodist [board], [agency], [committee], [commission], or [council] to give United Methodist [funds] to any [gay organization] or [group], or otherwise use such funds to [promote] the [acceptance] of [homosexuality]. [Other ministers] have been [defrocked] for [officiating] at [same-sex weddings] and several [trials] of others are scheduled. Still, some [congregations] have sought [other ways] to recognize [same-sex couples]. For example, one [congregation] hosted a [proposal] for a [same-sex couple] announcing their [engagement]. Moreover, some [churches], especially in [2016] after [same-sex marriage] was [legalized] [nationwide], have provided [blessings] for [same-sex marriages]. In [April] of [2016], a [United Methodist bishop] made a [bold statement] by performing a [same-sex marriage] in [church] as a [clear sign] of his [advocacy] for [change]. | In addition, the United Methodist Church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions. Rev. Jimmy Creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies. It forbids any United Methodist board, agency, committee, commission, or council to give United Methodist funds to any gay organization or group, or otherwise use such funds to promote the acceptance of homosexuality. Other ministers have been defrocked for officiating at same-sex weddings and several trials of others are scheduled. Still, some congregations have sought other ways to recognize same-sex couples. For example, one congregation hosted a proposal for a same-sex couple announcing their engagement. Moreover, some churches, especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, have provided blessings for same-sex marriages. In April of 2016, a United Methodist bishop made a bold statement by performing a same-sex marriage in church as a clear sign of his advocacy for change. |
[Over the next five days], [private conferences] were held to determine [Luther]'s fate. The [Emperor] presented the [final draft] of the [Edict of Worms] on [25 May 1521], declaring [Luther] an [outlaw], banning his [literature], and requiring his [arrest]: "We want him to be [apprehended] and [punished] as a [notorious heretic]." It also made it a [crime] for anyone in [Germany] to give [Luther] [food] or [shelter]. It permitted anyone to [kill Luther] without [legal consequence]. | Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic." It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. |
Seismologists can use the [arrival times] of [seismic waves] in reverse to image the [interior] of the [Earth]. [Early advances] in this field showed the [existence] of a [liquid outer core] (where [shear waves] were not able to [propagate]) and a [dense solid inner core]. These advances led to the [development] of a [layered model] of the [Earth], with a [crust] and [lithosphere] on top, the [mantle] below (separated within itself by [seismic discontinuities] at [410 and 660 kilometers]), and the [outer core] and [inner core] below that. [More recently], seismologists have been able to create [detailed images] of [wave speeds] inside the earth in the same way a [doctor images] a [body] in a [CT scan]. These images have led to a [much more detailed view] of the [interior] of the [Earth], and have replaced the [simplified layered model] with a [much more dynamic model]. | Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model. |
[QuickBooks] sponsored a ["Small Business Big Game"] contest, in which [Death Wish Coffee] had a [30-second] [commercial] aired [free of charge] [courtesy] of [QuickBooks]. [Death Wish Coffee] [beat out] [nine] [other contenders] from [across] the [United States] for the [free advertisement]. | QuickBooks sponsored a "Small Business Big Game" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the United States for the free advertisement. |
The [LOC] included [Launch Complex 39], a [Launch Control Center], and a [130 million cubic foot] (3.7 million cubic meter) [Vertical Assembly Building] (VAB) in which the [space vehicle] (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a [Mobile Launcher Platform] and then moved by a [transporter] to one of several [launch pads]. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated [A] and [B], were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an [Operations and Checkout Building] (OCB) to which [Gemini] and [Apollo] spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The [Apollo spacecraft] could be tested in two [vacuum chambers] capable of simulating [atmospheric pressure] at altitudes up to [250,000 feet] (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum. | The LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a Mobile Launcher Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and B, were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building (OCB) to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum. |
The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". [The concept of duty] was first introduced by [Watt] in order to illustrate [how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs]. [Duty] is the [number of foot-pounds of work delivered] by burning [one bushel] (94 pounds) of [coal]. The [best examples] of [Newcomen designs] had a [duty] of about [7 million], but [most] were [closer] to [5 million]. [Watt's original low-pressure designs] were able to deliver [duty] as high as [25 million], but [averaged] about [17]. This was a [three-fold improvement] over the [average Newcomen design]. [Early Watt engines] equipped with [high-pressure steam] improved this to [65 million]. | The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million. |
Because of their [soft], [gelatinous bodies], [ctenophores] are [extremely rare] as [fossils], and [fossils] that have been interpreted as [ctenophores] have been found only in [lagerstätten], places where the [environment] was [exceptionally suited] to [preservation] of [soft tissue]. Until the mid-1990s only [two specimens] good enough for [analysis] were known, both members of the [crown group], from the [early Devonian (Emsian) period]. [Three additional putative species] were then found in the [Burgess Shale] and other [Canadian rocks] of similar age, about [505 million years ago] in the [mid-Cambrian period]. All three apparently lacked [tentacles] but had between [24 and 80 comb rows], [far more] than the [8 typical] of [living species]. They also appear to have had [internal organ-like structures] unlike anything found in [living ctenophores]. One of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a [large mouth], apparently surrounded by a [folded edge] that may have been [muscular]. [Evidence] from [China] a year later suggests that such [ctenophores] were [widespread] in the [Cambrian], but perhaps very different from [modern species] – for example one [fossil's comb-rows] were [mounted] on [prominent vanes]. The [Ediacaran Eoandromeda] could [putatively represent] a [comb jelly]. | Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian) period. Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million years ago in the mid-Cambrian period. All three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8 typical of living species. They also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores. One of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth, apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular. Evidence from China a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the Cambrian, but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes. The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly. |
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