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Nursery Nurture Corner The Nursery Nurture Corner is a safe structured environment. Children work in group of 4 supported by a specially trained learning assistant. They are given the opportunity to re-visit early nurturing experiences to enhance their emotional well-being. The Nursery Nurture Corner aims to develop the social, emotional and language skills necessary for the children to become successful learners in school. The children will develop their abilities and then become more confident, and responsive to others. They can take pride in achieving their full potential. Staff involve parents model positive relationships. There is an emphasis on the development of language and communication skills. The key social skills needed to be happy and successful are taught.

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CC-MAIN-2017-47

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Changes to a subscription, such as upgrades or downgrades, may result in prorated charges. The calculation of these pro-rata charges is called Proration. What is Proration? The word proration comes from the Latin “pro rata”, which could also be translated as “rationing”. Proration has a special application in the subscription business. For example, when payments, revenues or interest are calculated proportionally to a due date; which is very often the case with subscriptions, as customers cancel their subscriptions during a billing period, for example, or upgrade and downgrade and then benefit from the application of proration. This allows for fair billing for both the customer and the company. Simplified example of a calculation A good example of the use of Proration is the monthly payment of a subscription to an online communication tool. For better understanding, here is an assumption: A person pays an amount of 90 € at the beginning of the month and can use this value the product for 30 days. If the contract is based on a pro rata fee (= pro rata), if the customer cancels before the end of the month (let’s say on the 15th), they will only owe the monthly fee for 15 days, resulting in a bill of €45. If the company did not offer this, the canceler would have to pay the full amount and would be entitled to use the service until the end of the month – even if he effectively stopped using it. In this case, the terms of the cancellation policy should be clearly stated in the contract at the time of subscription. To calculate this, we use the simple rule of three. Amount of the monthly fee = 90 euros Billing period = 30 days Actual period used = 10 days Amount to be paid = X (unknown) This results in the following calculation 90 euros = 30 days X = 10 days 10 x 90 / 30 = X X = 30 euros Thus, the value with applied proration and a use of 10 days is 30 euros. When is Proration particularly useful in the subscription business? In addition to the subscription cancellation situations explained above, the use of proration in subscription plans is very common in two other situations: during plan upgrade and during downgrade. Upgrade and downgrade: It may happen that a customer switches within the same company to a plan that better suits his requirements. Therefore, when switching to a higher (upgrade) or lower (downgrade) plan, the timing of the switch should also be considered in terms of pro-rated billing. This monthly charge should calculate the prorated value of days due under the previous plan, which is added to the prorated value of the new plan, averaging between them. In this context, it is necessary to monitor billing of subscription offers for each customer in a specific way – taking into account the different variables. Manually calculating monthly progress charges or interest for delinquent payers is not a solution in the subscription business. Therefore, an intelligent billing system is extremely important for enterprise billing. Today, there are subscription management solutions that enable automation of all these billing processes. Conclusion: Proration as a smart billing solution in the subscription business Since most SaaS products and many other subscription products or services allow changes to be made to their subscription plan in the middle of a billing cycle, it is important that the customer has the ability to adjust charges based on usage. This way, customers can be sure they only paid for the service they used. This is a great way to increase customer retention, build loyalty and encourage customers to sign up again in the future (Renewal Rate). Customer Success plays an immensely large role in the success or failure of any subscription business, so the use of Proration can have a critical impact on the success of a subscription business.

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en

Cows get cold in the winter because they are warm-blooded animals. But thanks to their thick skin and coat, they can withstand very low temperatures. The lowest temperature that cows might be able to survive is 18 degrees Fahrenheit. Cows need to keep a constant body temperature to survive comfortably. The most optimal body temperature for cows is 101 degrees Fahrenheit. Cows can regulate their body temperature, which allows them to survive in colder temperatures, too. Cattle owners should still do everything they can that cows are kept at adequate temperatures. What is the Lowest Safe Temperature for Cows? The lowest temperature that cows will survive is 18 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature, the cows will still get cold but they will survive the cold temperatures despite that. The best temperature for cows to survive is 40 degrees Fahrenheit. When temperatures start dropping in fall and the winter, cattle owners start to worry about the well-being of their cows. They will start to think that their cows might freeze because of the low temperatures, but the truth is that they can handle pretty low temperatures because they have enough insulation to survive. Cows can develop thicker coats in the winter, so that provides them with some insulation to handle the cold. This mechanism allows the cows to withstand very low temperatures – as low as 18 degrees Fahrenheit. These sorts of temperatures will only happen in the harshest parts of the winter. However, the temperatures and the comfort of the cow will also hugely depend on how windy it is. The windier it gets, the more the cows are going to feel the cold. That’s because the wind is taking away the insulation from the cow’s coat. The wind will draw heat away from the coat, which will make the air seem even colder than it is. This means that cows will get colder when the air is windy. In any case, cattle owners should provide shelter for cows when it gets cold so they don’t succumb to low temperatures. They need to have shelter when it is windy. Related Article: Why Are Cows Called ‘Doggies’? How Do Cows Survive Cold? There are several features that cows have that allow them to survive the cold: - Cows have thick skins, which enable them to withstand the cold - Some cows also have hairs that provide additional insulation - They also have natural insulation that regulates their body temperature All of these mechanisms combined make sure that the cows don’t get cold in the winter when temperatures start to drop. Cows are pretty comfortable in low temperatures and even prefer them over the heat, which is harder for cows to handle rather than the coldness in the winter Another factor that you should consider is that cows are warm-blooded animals. What this means is that they can regulate their body temperatures according to the outdoor temperatures to keep the body temperature constant. It enables them to have a constant body temperature no matter the weather conditions around them. It’s a crucial mechanism that also humans have, allowing us to survive different types of conditions. And if you combine this ability to regulate temperatures with their thick skins and furs, you’ll find that cows have a few powerful tools in their arsenal to survive the cold in the winter. What’s more, many cows will also get closer together when it gets cold, which allows them to preserve some of the heat they generate. Related Article: Where Do Cows Go When It Rains? Do Cows Like the Cold? Cows don’t like the extreme cold, but they prefer colder weather to warm weather because they have thick skins and furs. They don’t like it when temperatures start dropping under 18 degrees Fahrenheit, which is when you should provide shelter for them. Cows will be fine if they are kept outdoors during the winter when it’s not too cold for you to do that. However, one problem, in that case, might be the food. The truth is that they might struggle to graze grass when it gets cold since the grass might be frozen, so you will need to provide them with an alternative. An additional problem will be staying hydrated in the winter. Many natural water sources will be frozen over the winter, so cows won’t be able to drink the water from those sources. So in the instance of low temps, the farmer will need to ensure that cows get both sufficient foods and drink to survive. In any case, cows do like the cold but not when the temperatures get too low for them to be comfortable. Read Also: Are Cows Stubborn? How to Keep Your Cows Comfortable When It’s Cold Some farmers opt to have their cows closed in the shelter during the winter, while others insist on keeping them outdoors no matter if it gets cold. Cows will still be able to handle the cold, but there are a few things you can do to help them. - If the temperatures get below 18 degrees Fahrenheit, you should provide shelter for your cows. You could close your cows inside a shed or a farmhouse to keep them warm and comfortable, but they should also have enough space to move around if they are kept inside. - Food and drink should be provided for the cows when it’s cold. Their food sources such as grass and water will be frozen, so they won’t be available for the cows. In that case, you should make sure that they get the food and water they need to survive. - Avoid mud. It’s a breeding ground for parasites and infections, which are difficult to treat during the winter. If you have muddy ground, then it’s better to keep your cows indoors during the winter rather than keeping them in the mud. Read Next: Can Cows Sit? To conclude, cows do get cold when the temperatures start to drop, especially when they are below 18 degrees Fahrenheit. However, cows have strong insulation and can regulate their body temperatures, so they can still survive when the temperatures get low. I am the founder and owner of Fauna Facts. My mission is to write valuable and entertaining information about animals and pets for my audience. I hope you enjoy the site!

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11150 East Boulevard Cleveland, Ohio 44106 info [at] ClevelandArt [dot] org Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, Sunday 10:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m.–9:00 p.m. Free General Admission To engage new students enrolled in the CMA/CWRU Joint Program in Art History, and to better assist the art history faculty in enhancing the students’ research and problem-solving skills applicable to the field of art history, the Ingalls Library reference staff implemented a problem-based learning approach to the new student orientation. What is problem-based learning? In the problem-based approach, complex, real-world problems are used to motivate students to identify and research the concepts and principles they need to know to work through those problems. Students work in small learning teams, bringing together collective skill and acquiring, communicating, and integrating information. The problem-based learning approach for new student orientation is used to realize the following: On the 10th of March, 1914, suffragette Mary Richardson walked into the National Gallery, London, and slashed Diego Velázquez's painting The Toilet of Venus (1647–51), a recent and popular acquisition known as "The Rokeby Venus." If you were to write a gallery card or wall label about this painting, subsequently repaired and returned to display, what aspects of its artistic and physical history would you stress? When was Goya's Self-Portrait with a Candle Hat, in the Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, first identified as a candle hat? Who is credited with providing this insight? How many members of the Abstract Expressionists studied with Hans Hofmann? How many were members of the American Abstract Artists Group? Who were they?

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CC-MAIN-2013-48

http://m.clevelandart.org/print/learn/in-the-cma-cwru-joint-program/new-student-orientation

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en

Did you hear the one about the Jew who played in a bluegrass band? This Jewish musician was proficient at his trade, a banjo player highly respected among his peers, many of whom had grown up in Kentucky and were reared on a steady diet of traditional music. The bluegrass musicians liked the Jewish musician well enough, shared many stages with him, and they never once begrudged him playing their music. Or so this young Jewish musician thought. One day, while they were playing an old Bill Monroe standard, or some such thing, one of the old-time regulars looked at the Jewish musician and asked him, "Don't you have any of your own music?" Henry Sapoznik's "conversion" is a fabled story in Jewish music circles, but it's no Jewish joke. From that day on, Sapoznik--like so many Jewish musicians of the late '70s and early '80s--started playing his music again. He became a klezmer, the Yiddish word for "musician," and began exploring the music of his ancestors, the sounds of a tradition relegated to wedding and bar-mitzvah bands in the Catskills. Sapoznik, an ethnomusicologist born to Holocaust survivors who spoke nothing but Yiddish, began researching klezmer--the music of the Eastern-European immigrants, a tradition of religious and secular music that dates back as far as the 15th century. In 1979, he formed the band Kapelya with other Jewish musicians who had similar backgrounds. They were dedicated to preserving the "authentic sound, energy, and humor" of klezmer. Kapelya (itself Yiddish for "band") became one of the first groups to launch and nurture the so-called klezmer renaissance that has been flourishing in New York City's Lower East Side since the mid-'80s and has even begun to take root in Texas. Klezmer--a term that once meant "musician," is the music of weddings, the freylachs (dances) played as the bride and groom are placed on chairs and carried above the exuberant guests; it's the music of celebration and community, the vibrant call of the clarinet or the soft whine of the violin; it's the music of Jewish theater and of old black-and-white cartoons, the sound track to the Diaspora containing hints of Russian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Polish music. Klezmer is to the Jewish community what jazz is to the African-American community--the music of immigrants, the heartbeat of a culture that struggles to retain its identity in a society of assimilation. "I'm skeptical of this term 'revival,'" says Alicia Svigels, violinist for the Klezmatics, perhaps the most innovative of the new klezmer bands. "As my Uncle Dinky said at my cousin David's wedding, 'Revival, schmevival. I've been playing this music for 60 years.' The word revival gives the impression this is ancient Greek. This isn't just a revival. It's the tradition." In his liner notes to the 1993 CD Klezmer Pioneers: European and American Recordings, 1905-1952, Henry Sapoznik describes the klezmer recordings of the first part of this century as "a disposable commodity to be sold in an ethnic market"--78s released on small labels, printed in tiny quantities for Jews and Jews only; there thus exists only a small portion of the original recordings made by such first-generation Jewish-American klezmers as Joseph Cerniavsky, Michi Michalesco, and Alexander Olshanetsky. What few dozens do remain easily accessible have been preserved by Sapoznik on three indispensable CDs--Klezmer Pioneers; Dave Tarras: Yiddish-American Klezmer Music, 1925-1956; and Jakie Jazz 'Em Up: Old Time Klezmer Music--that chart the evolution of the music from its old-world roots as wedding and dance music to something far more evolved and complex. When Jews began coming to America at the end of the 19th century, then flooding Ellis Island by the beginning of the 1900s, they found themselves immersed in a culture beginning to find its own sound. The New York Jews, especially, were exposed to the burgeoning sounds of jazz that filled stage productions and nightclubs. Such musicians as Mishka Tsiganoff (known as "The Gypsy Accordionist"), clarinetists Naftule Brandwein and Dave Tarras (born in a Ukranian shetl in 1897 and renowned as the "Benny Goodman of Klezmer"), pianist-arranger Sam Medoff (who fronted the Yiddish Swingtette), and the classically trained sax player Sam Musiker assimilated the sounds of jazz while maintaining their own Jewish music. Listening to the recordings of the Yiddish Swingtette or the Abe Ellstein Orchestra, recorded in the late '40s and early '50s, it's difficult to discern where the two styles intersect. The so-called klezmer revival has been slowly unfolding in New York City (specifically, the Lower East Side) for almost two decades. It has garnered attention in the Jewish press and in the smaller Manhattan weeklies, articles appearing since the late '80s predicting a renaissance led by such artists as the Klezmatics, Andy Statman, Brave Old World, the Klezmer Conservatory Band, Kapelya--all artists who manage to embrace tradition but do not suffocate in its arms. For the most part, the new klezmers came to the music to express their Jewishness, to make them "feel Jewish," Statman says. When Alicia Svigels speaks of klezmer, she refers to it as "our music," and points out that so many of the young Jewish avant-garde musicians in New York have begun playing klezmer--even the likes of John Zorn in his Masada side project, and part-time Elvis Costello guitarist Marc Ribot. Svigels, like so many of the Lower East Side klezmers who hang out at New York's art-rock Knitting Factory, came of age in New York during a period when there were radio stations that played nothing but Jewish music. They heard the music in their homes, many of their parents themselves Yiddish musicians who played the neighborhood weddings and bar-mitzvahs. When Svigels and her contemporaries, musicians like Kapelya's Sapoznik and others, got older they attended the KlezCamp in the Catskills and got day jobs working at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in Manhattan--a job that afforded them the time to transcribe old klezmer 78s and study old sheet music, films, and photographs in the school's extensive collection. But the new klezmorim didn't just get their training by slowing down the old echoes and committing them to memory. Andy Statman, who switches back and forth between klezmer and bluegrass like Deion Sanders between baseball and football, studied for years with Dave Tarras until the klezmer legend died in 1989. Statman even inherited some of Tarras' clarinets with which Statman now records. Ironically, the klezmer renaissance (at least in the press) is tied, in large part, to the 1993 release of Don Byron Plays the Music of Mickey Katz--the African-American Byron being one of the leading figures in the avant-jazz movement. There was certainly precedent for a non-Jew garnering success playing Jewish music: The Andrews Sisters scored their first big hit in 1938 with a recording of "Bay mir bistu sheyn," originally written and performed by Sholem Secunda. But the attention given to Byron's album annoyed some of the long-time klezmorim--not because of Byron's skin color or because they questioned his love for the music, but because Katz's music was almost a parody of Jewish music. With songs like "Haim Afen Range" ("Home on the Range") and "C'est Si Bon," Katz represents those who are "making ourselves clowns and innocuous to make the wider society laugh and like us," says Svigels. "The thing that's bothered me about the revival is that sometimes there has been this unfortunate tendency toward kitsch," Svigels says. "And I have a theory about that, which is it's internalized anti-Semitism--the old thing about Jews being cute, funny, sad. But if you listen to Naftule Brandwein's music, there's nothing cute or sad about it. It's emotional, interesting, and satisfying with the level of complexity and sophistication you'd get from Bach or Charlie Parker." Indeed, that's the great stereotype of klezmer music--that it's "fun and zany," as Brave Old World's Michael Alpert says with disdain. There's long been a penchant for people to dismiss klezmer as nothing but dance music or a novelty, a second-class sound track for parties. The mainstream press often degrades the music by referring to it as "Jewish soul music" (Newsweek) or "that boom-de-boom-de-boom Yiddish pop-music sound" (U.S. News and World Report), failing to recognize the complexities and emotional significance it possesses. But in the end, it's folk music as much as jazz or the blues. Klezmer--like jazz or rock, for that matter--is simply a genre, a term that encompasses so many styles, whether traditional "old world beat" of the Klezmer Conservatory Band, the avant interpretations of the Klezmatics, or the Yid-hop and would-be punk of Frank London's The Shvitz. Even God is My Co-Pilot, one of the avant-punk bands on the Knitting Factory label, blends some Jewish music among dissonance and growling. The most high-profile klezmer release yet is the new In the Fiddler's House, which was released by the classical Angel label two weeks ago as an Itzhak Perlman album. But it's less an Itzhak Perlman disc than a record on which he guests; his name is placed above the billing, there for big-name draw and prestige, but the real stars of the album are the Klezmatics, Brave Old World, the Andy Statman Klezmer Orchestra, and the Klezmer Conservatory Band. Perlman is merely an invited guest--a student this time in the class of the professors. Though Perlman often speaks in the accompanying documentary (which aired on PBS last week and is available on video) of how klezmer was the music of his childhood--his parents emigrated from Poland to Israel, where Itzhak grew up--it does not come to him "as naturally as breathing." In the film, he is shown struggling to keep up with Brave Old World during an "impromptu" performance in a Cracow courtyard; he grimaces during a session with the Klezmatics, thrown by that band's penchant for jazz-like improv and wild experimentation. "In Brave Old World," says Michael Alpert, who served as musical director for In the Fiddler's House, "we're struggling all the time against the easiest thing for people to latch on to--that klezmer is fun and zany and the whole wild and crazy persona image the music has--the stereotype. That was Perlman's idea of it, too. He even said he realized there's a depth to the music and a lot of stuff that's very contemplative within the music rather than it only being the happy, up, freylach dance-music he expected. "He wasn't wild about the [Klezmatics' experimental] stuff at first, and certain things Brave Old World did. We were surprised and disappointed even, all of us attempting to do new things. We thought the great artist in him would appreciate the great art we were making. But he wasn't looking to klezmer for that." Of the modern klezmer bands, the Klezmatics are probably the most innovative, though they began as strict traditionalists. Led by arranger-composer Frank London (who has worked with the likes of David Byrne, LL Cool J, and They Might Be Giants), their albums Rhythm and Jews and Jews with Horns echo the past but hint at a future in which klezmer begins to absorb everything from punk to rap. London's sound track for the documentary The Shvitz--a 1994 film about old Jewish men who hang out in the steam baths to shvitz (which is Yiddish for "sweat") and kibbutz (that is, visit)--even features house music with a Yiddish accent, a novelty that eventually overcomes such a derogatory description. "A lot of people who felt turned off by the cute and kitschy thing about klezmer were happy they found us because we weren't embarrassing them," Svigels says. "The whole question of authenticity is silly because any music that lives must change. Otherwise, it atrophies and dies." There are only two klezmer bands in Texas, both of which reside in Austin--Bill Averbach's Austin Klezmorim and Rubinchik's Kapelye (which means "Rubin's Band," appropriate since it's fronted by Bad Liver Mark Rubin). Rubin actually began playing in the Austin Klezmorim and performed on the band's self-released 1994 CD East of Odessa (which can be purchased in a synagogue gift-shop near you), lending his talents on stand-up bass, banjo, and tuba. But the Klezmorim is more of a "commercial outfit," Rubin says, an old-style band that performs at weddings and bar-mitzvahs and is geared toward the older, more traditional repertoire. "I don't do that stuff," Rubin says. "And because I don't, I'm given a great amount of freedom. A wedding band is going to have to play requests from the bride and groom. You're gonna have to play 'Hava Nagila' and 'Bay Mir Bistu Sheyn.' They're part of the canon, but it's a real narrow band. There's room within the genre for much expansion. If you like this story, consider signing up for our email newsletters. SHOW ME HOW You have successfully signed up for your selected newsletter(s) - please keep an eye on your mailbox, we're movin' in! "You're going to have [klezmer] evolve and react. Every time you think it's going to get more modern, there's some moldy figs coming along and playing it like they think it used to be. I'm weary of revivals. Being in a bluegrass band, or a band perceived as a bluegrass band, people are always labeling us as part of a revival. It's not a revival as much as the Bad Livers see ourselves as part of a continuum. We see ourselves as part of the tradition but also as contemporary." Rubin--who once played in Killbilly and has played not only with the post-bluegrass Bad Livers, but also with former Glass Eye frontwoman Kathy McCarty, and the traditional border conjunto of Santiago Jimenez Jr.--has found that middle ground on which the pre-immigrant Eastern European Jews, the border Mexicans, and the Texas-Germans dance together. It's all fiddle and accordion music to him, a Texas sound where the definitions are less strict and the possibilities are more wide open. The make-up of Rubinchik's Kapelya reflects that, including the likes of Erik Hokkanen (the fiddle player who has won the Kerrville Folk Festival award for best instrumentalist), singer Rachel Rhodes (who sings in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Russian), and Mike Maddux (who plays accordion with the Austin Klezmorim). "I'm nuts about accordion and fiddle music, and here you get your fill," Rubin says. "All good stuff comes from the same place, and everybody in our band comes from these wild and diverse backgrounds, and it's hard to define what makes a tune Jewish. That's a real sticky wicket for me. I'll admit I'm a real novice at this whole bag, and it'll probably take me years to get it right.

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Vitamin supplements good for health? Originally Published: October 1, 1994 - Last Updated / Reviewed On: April 16, 2010 Almost every place that I go to, I see stores and stores just devoted to selling vitamins and more vitamins, and I was wondering what the benefits are of a normal healthy person taking vitamins daily. Are there any risks for a normal healthy person who doesn't take vitamins? Will the person taking vitamins' health be improved or have longer longevity? Will the person not taking any vitamins be as healthy as the person who is taking them? And also what will happen if a person takes more than he or she should consume everyday? Dear Health Enthusiast, More than half of American adults take dietary supplements, but it's not clear how much folks actually benefit from them. Generally speaking, a balanced and reasonably varied diet supplies all the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. Some health experts do recommend a daily multivitamin as a nutritional "insurance policy"; just don't expect life-changing results. One recommended path to good nutrition is to follow the food pyramid. If you are eating well, there is often no need to take supplements to stay healthy. However, many people do not eat a balanced or "reasonably varied" diet. In this case, a daily multivitamin may help one meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of important vitamins and minerals. For people with nutrient deficiencies or certain conditions, supplements are more of a necessity. For example, people with anemia benefit from iron supplements and extra folic acid is recommended during pregnancy to prevent certain birth defects. If you choose to take a multivitamin, or another supplement, be careful not to overdo it. Many vitamins are water-soluble, so any surplus is flushed out through urine. On the other hand, excess amounts of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D, and K) can actually be harmful to your body. For instance, too much vitamin D can cause nausea, constipation, heart trouble, and kidney stones. People take dietary supplements hoping for various health benefits, but many of these claims are simply false. Here's a look at some common "myths" about vitamins: - "Vitamins ward off cancer and heart disease." It's difficult to sort out the positive effects of vitamin supplements from other health-promoting behaviors like low-fat diets and exercise. For now, there is simply not enough evidence to back up these claims. Two recent long-term studies refute the disease-fighting powers of multivitamins for women and vitamins C and E for men. - "Vitamins give you energy." Actually, vitamins do not provide any calories for energy. They provide no extra pep or vitality beyond normal expectations, nor do they provide unusual levels of well being. - "Vitamin supplements protect against harmful chemicals and pollution." Unfortunately, vitamins have no special ability to ward off harmful environmental agents. - "Vitamin supplements are necessary because our soil is so depleted." In reality, crops can't grow in depleted soil. If a nutrient is low in the soil, the yield will be low, but the crop's vitamin content will be normal. If you have questions about your individual nutritional needs or want to get more advice about taking vitamin supplements, talk with a health care provider. Students at Columbia can make an appointment with a nutritionist at Primary Care Medical Services (PCMS) by calling x4-2284 or logging on to Open Communicator. For more online information about vitamin safety and benefits, check out these resources: The Nutrition Source from the Harvard School of Public Health Even though many people take supplements, there's no reason you have to hop on the vitamin train if you're eating a well balanced diet, and as always, good information is some of the best medicine!

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At each adventure, a naturalist will serve as a guide and instructor who will help “explorers” become familiar with the creatures at the park and the wildlife around them. In the hands-on adventures, explorers will be able to search the waters for sea life they can catch with a net. They will then gather on the open beach to display and discuss what they’ve found. The park serves as an ideal location for fun and learning, providing visitors with an all-natural beach, amusement rides, environmental attractions and history. Participants in the adventures will be able to take away a lesson on how the park came to be known as Miami’s “Colored Only Beach” in 1945. Visitors will also learn how it has become a park for everyone and one of the city’s largest recreational landmarks. The park is located on the beach, which was the only one blacks could visit during segregation. It became a spot for social gatherings for tourists and residents who turned out to enjoy amenities such as a carousel, a pavilion for dancing and a mini-train that ran through the park. Virginia Key beach was originally closed to African Americans until a small group of black men living in Miami defied the ban and walked into the water as police formed a cordon to scare them into giving up. The late former city of Miami Commissioner M. Athalie Range was instrumental, together with the Virginia Key Beach Park Trust, in getting the park added to the National Register of Historic Places in June 2002. Now, characterized by a unique and fragile natural environment, the park serves as a major recreational location for those who want to enjoy the sun and the ocean. The Biscayne Nature Center’s Seagrass Adventures, which are being held through the summer, are open to individuals or groups of 10 to 100. The cost is $12 per person. For more information of to make reservations, call 305-361-6767 ext 119 or e-mail [email protected]. For more information on the park itself, call Kechi Okpala at 305-960-4618, e-mail [email protected] or visit www.VirginiaKeyBeachPark.net. You can follow them on Twitter: @HVKBPTevents or find them on Facebook: HistoricVirginiaKeyBeachPark.

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Just as in elementary school through high school, your success in college requires high motivation and effort, strong study skills, effective time management, and good test-taking strategies. These areas are covered in other screens here at www.how-to-study.com. But college success requires much more. Once you move from high school to college, you will generally find that students are more motivated and competent than in high school; teachers are more demanding; the work is more difficult; and students are expected to be independent. Further, if you are living away from home for the first time, you will have many new experiences. Here are some ideas that will help you succeed in college: Have Clear Goals College success requires commitment and a lot of hard work. You must be very certain about the importance of a college education. - Be clear about why you are going to college. - Establish specific goals you wish to accomplish. - Know what it will take to reach these goals. - Be certain your goals are consistent with your interests and abilities. - Be flexible - change your goals if needed based on your experience as you progress through college. Get Financial Aid if Needed College is expensive. Even if you attend a public college or university and live at home, you still must pay for tuition, fees, and books. There are many sources of financial aid that can help you meet the high costs of college. Become aware of and pursue these sources. - Consider all possible sources of financial aid in addition to your college's financial aid office. - Meet all deadlines for submitting applications and documentation. - Respond quickly and completely to all requests for additional information. - Be persistent in following up your application. - If you do receive financial aid, meet all requirements to keep and continue your aid. Manage Your Money - There are many ways to spend money in the college setting for other than education purposes. Take steps to ensure that you do not waste the money set aside for your college education. - Set a budget and keep to it. - Be careful about your use of credit cards. Don't overspend. Pay balances promptly to avoid high interest costs. - Open a checking account and carefully monitor your balance. - Keep your cell phone under control. Those minutes and fees can really add up. Stay Physically and Emotionally Healthy You will need to be at your best to succeed in college. This means taking care of your body and maintaining a good frame of mind. - Get enough sleep. - Don't rely on coffee and drinks that contain high doses of caffeine to provide you with energy. Foods such as pasta, peanut butter, non-sugar cereals, and fresh fruit are healthy alternatives to provide the energy you need. - Avoid junk foods. Fast food is convenient but usually not good for you. - Use the services of the student health office. These services typically include emergency treatment, low cost examinations, and low cost or free medication. - Use the services of the counseling office. The professionals there can help you overcome feelings of loneliness, depression, and anxiety. Choose a Professor Carefully In college you get to select your schedule of classes. Most classes offer more than one section so that you can choose not just the day and time but the professor who is teaching that section. Often you will find student ratings of professors on the Internet. You can get even more feedback by talking to other students. Try to choose a professor who demonstrates the following characteristics. - Maintains adequate office hours. - Provides constructive feedback. - Adapts to different styles of learning. - Grades fairly. - Is highly competent in the subject being taught. - Establishes clear and reasonable requirements. - Provides a positive learning environment. Work With Your Advisor As a student you will be assigned a faculty advisor to help you with both academic and career issues. It is up to you to get the most out of this guidance. - Know your advisor's office location, schedule of office hours, and contact information. - Schedule an appointment with your advisor at any time you have problems that affect your academic performance. - Consider your advisor's ideas when selecting your major or at any time you are considering changing your major or career goals. - Have specific questions in mind whenever meeting with your advisor. Make Good Use of the Library You are going to spend a lot of your time in college at the library. Take full advantage of this major resource. - Get to know the resources of the library as soon as you get to college. - Learn to use its computer resources and card catalogs. - Make good use of its equipment such as copy machines, microfiche readers, production facilities, etc. - Check out its quiet study areas. Sign up for their use if required. Get Involved in Campus Life There is a lot more to college than just classes. A college campus is an exciting, dynamic environment that can provide you with many opportunities for enhancing your college experience. - Join a student organization that is consistent with your interests. You will find many organizations from which to choose. - Join a club in your major. This cannot only help you in your studies but can provide contacts that may be very useful in your future career. - Join an intramural team. This is a great way to keep yourself in good physical shape and make new friends. - Attend social events. Your college experience should not be all work and no play. Yes - success in college takes effort. But this effort will provide benefits to you throughout your life. The ideas presented above can help you to make your college experience a successful one.

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Protecting shorebirds and their habitat from ecological and waterway disruption is critical to ensuring resident bird populations and the usefulness of global migration pathways. Where Does Western Cuyahoga Audubon Stand on Wind Power? By Tom Romito, Board Member Everyone knows that Western Cuyahoga Audubon Society is about birds. Audubon is our namesake, right? That’s not all we’re about, though. We want to educate the public and provide information that supports and encourages well-informed decision-making in all areas related to saving Planet Earth. That covers a broad range of topics. For example, we support the need to restore the renewable energy standard in Ohio. We also conduct discussions on climate change in order to raise everyone’s level of consciousness about the need to protect our planet. And we promote sources of energy that are alternative to burning fossil fuel, such as solar and wind power. What’s our position on wind power? For just about every argument in favor of wind power, there’s a downside. Wind turbines don’t burn fossil fuels, but they present a danger to birds. Wind turbines create jobs, but only until they’re up and running. The impact that wind turbines on land have on birds is measurable, but maybe not over water. So we maintain that we will support the installation of wind turbines over water, such as Lake Erie, provided that we see evidence of how they will affect birds before they are installed. We haven’t seen results or projections of post-construction mortality studies yet. What do others say? Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation (LEEDCo) updates on wind turbine installation in Lake Erie at Wind Power Engineering and Development here. Conservation organizations like American Bird Conservancy (ABC) and Black Swamp Bird Observatory (BSBO) say, “Not so fast”. Follow American Bird Conservancy (ABC) updates on Wind Energy development here. We’re with ABC and BSBO. “Careful siting” is the phrase bird-friendly people use when the discussion comes around to wind turbines. That’s our story and we’re sticking to it! Tom Romito is President Emeritus of Western Cuyahoga Audubon serving from 2003-2014. During that time, he planned and organized a five-year breeding bird survey in the Rocky River (East Branch) that involved 100 WCAS members and friends. Through this survey, WCAS provided Cleveland Metroparks with data it is using to bolster grant proposals to preserve private land in the Rocky River watershed. Still a board member, Tom is also a facilitator and helps organization that want to grow. He is passionate about climate change, the healing art of reiki, Native American culture, and birding. Make A Donation to Western Cuyahoga Audubon. Your gifts guarantee chapter activities, programs and research continues to reach members and connect to birding conservationists around the world. Use our safe and secure PayPal payment button below to make a donation of any amount you choose. All donations are gratefully received. Publishing news and information pertaining to policy issues affecting birds and habitat conservation. WATCH "A New Twist for Wind Energy Plan for Lake Erie?" By Kevin Cronin, Attorney at Law WATCH "Plastics Pollution in Cuyahoga Cty and OH" By Fran Mentch, NEO Sierra Club. Bird Walk Reports Christmas Bird Count-Lakewood Circle Western Cuyahoga Audubon Society 4310 Bush Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44109 Western Cuyahoga Audubon Society is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Your donation is tax-deductible. The tax ID number is: 34-1522665. If you prefer to mail your donation, please send your check to: Nancy Howell, Western Cuyahoga Audubon Treasurer, 19340 Fowles Rd, Middleburg Hts, OH 44130. © 2020 Western Cuyahoga Audubon Society. All rights reserved.

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It’s estimated that in the USA, only 14% of men and 30% of women use sunscreen – and about a third of those don’t use nearly enough for adequate protection! With the science of skin care coming on in leaps and bounds, we’ve investigated what the future of sunscreen might look like… When it comes to sun protection, we’ve all be taught one thing: apply sunscreen, apply it liberally. Wear a hat if you can! Or just stay in the shade… Visions of pasty white torsos on the beach are synonymous with sun protection, but what if instead of coating yourself with creamy smears, you could protect yourself from the inside out? Well, that could be the reality soon! Scientist and dermatologists have been developing a drinkable sunblock, which contains a blend of vitamins and compounds that protect your skin from burning. The science behind it? It claims to make the water molecules just below the surface of your skin vibrate, emitting frequencies that cancel out the burn-causing frequencies of the sun. Seaweed has been known for its skin-enriching qualities for years, making up a high percentage of the face masks, scrubs and creams on the market… but now, scientists believe seaweed could have another valuable health & beauty use – as a natural sunscreen! A compound in seaweed has been found to protect human skin from the damaging impact of the sun. And because it’s totally natural, it won’t harm the marine life when you take a dip into the ocean. The substance is called Palythine, and has been proven to absorb harmful rays from the sun and protect cells against UV damage. Palythine is also a powerful antioxidant, which gives the skin another layer of protection. Cyanobacteria are blue-green algae that can live in extremely arid places. They produce compounds that have the ability to cope with high UV radiation and extreme dehydration. In regards to sun protection, this means that using cyanobacteria in sunscreen could mimic this ability to protect against UV, and have little side effect. In a recent discovery when studying fish, it’s been suggested that sun-blocking chemicals could be ingested in pill form, rather than applied topically. For humans, applying sunscreen was thought of as the only way to protect us from harmful UV rays, but animals have a much better idea – they make their own sunblock naturally! Scientists have found that in some marine species, the genes of the fish combine an enzyme called EEVS with another protein to make sun-protective chemicals in their own bodies. By mimicking this process with yeast and creating a safe ingestible for humans, they hope that a sunscreen pill is just around the corner…

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8. Digital Preservation Enduring Care should be seen as an ongoing strategy for monitoring the wellbeing of digital resources. Vigilant management of the collection includes housing images and accompanying files in secure, reliable media and locations; storing and handling media according to industry guidelines to optimize their life expectancy; and implementing periodic and systematic integrity checks and backups. Refreshing involves copying content from one storage medium to another. As such it targets only media obsolescence and is not a full-service preservation strategy. An example of refreshing is copying a group of files from CD-ROMs to DVDs. Refreshing should be seen as an integral part of an enduring care policy. Migration is the process of transferring digital information from one hardware and software setting to another or from one computer generation to subsequent generations. For example, moving files from an HP-based system to a SUN-based system involves accommodating the difference in the two operating environments. Migration can also be format-based, to move image files from an obsolete file format or to increase their functionality. Emulation involves the re-creation of the technical environment required to view and use a digital collection. This is achieved by maintaining information about the hardware and software requirements so that the system can be reengineered. Technology Preservation is based on preserving the technical environment that runs the system, including software and hardware such as operating systems, original application software, media drives, and the like. Digital Archeology includes methods and procedures to rescue content from damaged media or from obsolete or damaged hardware and software environments. © 2000-2003 Cornell University Library/Research Department

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Act 1, Scene 1 1. Which of the following best describes the characters in this play? (c) Well-bred and arrogant. 2. What is Ma Ubu upset with Pa Ubu for? (a) Lack of ambition. (b) Lack of money. (c) Refusal to talk to her. (d) Crude language. 3. Which of the following describes how the language of the play opens? (a) Proper English mixed with some slang terms. (b) Crudely filled with cursing and epithets. (c) A language foreign to theEnglish speaking reader. (d) Eccentric and sometimes unintelligible language. 4. What does Ma Ubu want Pa to do? (a) Run for president of England. (b) Get a new job in Poland. (c) Murder King Wenceslas. (d) Make a plan and stick to it. 5. What does Ma think will happen if Pa succeeds with her plan? (a) He will become king. (b) He will finally do something great. (c) He will prove his love for her. (d) He will buy her a new house. 6. What does Ma think will happen to her? (a) She will have money. (b) She will have to take charge of the situation. (c) She will be queen. (d) She will be able to kill him. This section contains 4,941 words (approx. 17 pages at 300 words per page)

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If you are experiencing a medical emergency, please call 911 or seek care at an emergency room. For years, patients with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity have had to limit their diets to eliminate gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. If they didn’t, they’d run the risk of suffering chronic diarrhea, bloating and other unpleasant symptoms. This limited diet drove people to have to purchase expensive, specialized foods that often are highly processed. To make matters worse, no medications for celiac disease are approved by the Food and Drug Administration as of spring 2018. However, a promising new drug, Nexvax2TM, is headed into phase two clinical trial that targets the HLA-DQ2.5 immune recognition gene, which approximately 9 out of 10 celiac patients carry. Not everyone with the gene will develop celiac disease—it’s a complex condition with many unknown factors. And, frankly, it’s a little too early to celebrate the new drug. While it’s exciting progress for the celiac community, many drugs that enter phase two clinical trials don’t make it to market. As researchers work toward an effective treatment and hopefully a cure, it’s vital for patients with celiac disease to understand that gluten avoidance should still be at the forefront of their minds. This includes eating at home, eating at restaurants and avoiding cross-contamination to prevent symptoms and long-term damage from celiac disease. LISTEN: Dr. Lee discusses celiac disease in the Medical Intel podcast. Symptoms of celiac disease The symptoms of celiac disease easily can be mistaken for symptoms of other conditions. This can be frustrating for patients and doctors alike. Common symptoms include: - Brain fog or confusion - Chronic diarrhea - Iron-deficiency anemia - Joint pain - Unintended weight loss - Vitamin deficiency Further, people with wheat allergies or gluten sensitivity not related to celiac disease also might experience these symptoms. It’s important to see a gastroenterologist to pin down the correct diagnosis and prevent worsening of symptoms or long-term damage. Unfortunately, the best way to determine whether you have celiac disease or another condition is to gauge your body’s reaction to gluten. #Celiac disease is not a trend! Patients who eat #gluten can develop rashes, #chronic diarrhea and even joint pain. bit.ly/2keg15Y via @MedStarWHC Preparing for celiac disease testing Even if you’ve been avoiding gluten, a gastroenterologist might recommend daily gluten intake for a period of time leading up to your appointment to ensure we make the right diagnosis. Testing for celiac disease might include some of the following techniques, based on your symptoms and health history: - Blood test - Genetic test - Intestinal biopsy - Skin biopsy - Physical exam If you’re diagnosed with celiac disease or another gluten-related disorder, consider working with a dietitian to discuss how to balance a gluten-free diet. Some patients have dealt with vitamin and iron deficiency for so long that they might need special care to heal and prevent future concerns. Our gastroenterology team has seen many celiac success stories over the years. I vividly remember treating a man who was emaciated—he’d lost substantial weight because, after years of suffering with abdominal distress, he could hardly eat anything without getting sick. When he was referred to our gastroenterology care team, we diagnosed him with celiac disease, and he was relieved to finally have an answer. His doctor and dietitian helped him learn what he could eat, how to check his vitamin levels and how to get appropriate follow-up care. Over time, he returned to a healthy weight and is doing much better today. It was amazing to see him return to his normal life. I only wish he’d come to us sooner! Hope for people with celiac disease Though we need more research into celiac disease treatment, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Today’s consumers can enjoy a wide variety of gluten-free foods and drinks that weren’t available just 10 years ago. Even many restaurants are able to safely offer gluten-free options. While this progress is wonderful for patients and impressive to me as a doctor, we have to remember to always be mindful of gluten exposure. Healthcare providers know that gluten-related conditions are real and that going gluten-free is not a passing trend or a fad diet. Unfortunately, some people treat it as such, and others don’t take people seriously when they truly have a gluten-related condition. The danger is that patients with an actual condition might be thoughtlessly or accidentally exposed to gluten, which can cause severe, long-lasting symptoms. If you’ve experienced digestive symptoms and suspect you may have celiac disease or a gluten-related condition, talk to your doctor. We want to help you reduce your symptoms, prevent long-term damage and lead a higher-quality life.

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Hong Kong's historic Union flag will drape the coffin of veteran campaigner Jack Edwards. It was the first Union flag raised after the liberation of Hong Kong in August 1945 and the last lowered at Government House on the night of the handover in 1997. That was the result of a secret arrangement between Edwards and Chris Patten, Hong Kong's last governor. The flag belonged to former prisoner of war Arthur May, an engineer and volunteer soldier. He found it in building rubble on the slopes of The Peak. It was December 1941 and the Japanese were advancing. He rushed to his parents' home nearby and hid it in a cushion. In 1945, when news arrived that Japan had surrendered, May and a friend sneaked out of the Ma Tau Chung internment camp before dawn, crossed the harbour in a sampan, retrieved the flag, and raised it on The Peak on August 18, 1945, 12 days before the British fleet arrived to restore rule to the Colony. Since then the flag has become a symbol of patriotism and resistance. It was used to mourn the Tiananmen Square crackdown in 1989 and to celebrate the marriage of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. Edwards flew it from his City One balcony the day the Princess of Wales died in 1997. The flag accompanied him on many of his protests, both here and in Britain. The flag was used to drape May's ashes after he died in 2000, and will be given to a museum after Edwards' funeral.

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Addressed By Mission Viejo Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontists South OC Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics proudly offers advanced pediatric dental care to children in the Mission Viejo area. Our doctors and highly trained team members are dedicated to providing state-of-the-art dental treatments to address common oral health problems in children. We know that good oral hygiene practices are important and should be implemented at an early age. Continue reading to learn more about common problems that we treat and more. Tooth decay, or “caries,” is a disease that is preventable and occurs due to acids destroying the teeth’s enamel. Acids form when your teeth and gums are consistently exposed to large amounts of starches and sugars and bacteria. To help prevent tooth decay from occurring, it is important to practice proper oral care. Teeth sensitivity occurs when the interior of the tooth and nerve endings are exposed. Usually this occurs if the enamel on the teeth is worn down, there are microscopic cracks in the teeth and the gums recede. Teeth expand and contract due to changes in temperature. Those with sensitive teeth experience pain or irritation occurs when their teeth is exposed to hot or cold foods and beverages. Periodontal Disease, or gum disease, can cause tooth loss, bone damage and inflammation. It begins with plaque, a sticky film of bacteria. Gums may bleed during the early stages of gum disease (gingivitis) and progress to a more serious condition, periodontitis. At that stage, your child’s teeth may fall our or need to be extracted. A sign that your child may have gum disease is consistent bad breath or if they complain about a bad taste in their mouth. This is a preventable problem and can be avoided through daily brushing and flossing. Aphthous ulcers, or canker sores, are small sores that often occur inside the mouth and will last about a week or two. These small, shallow ulcers have a white or gray base and are surrounded by a red border. They can make eating very uncomfortable and even cause physical sluggishness. Special mouthwashes or topical agents can reduce the duration of canker sores as well as brushing with a soft-bristled brush after means and flossing frequently. A malocclusion, or a bite that does not meet properly, can be something that is inherited, but can also be acquire through finger or thumb sucking for an extended period of time and more. Missing or extra teeth, crowded teeth or misaligned jaws can also cause malocclusions. Contact Us Our Mission Viejo CA Pediatric Dental Office Thank you for choosing South OC Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics for you child’s oral care needs. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to call our Mission Viejo office, and we will gladly help you. If you think your child is experiencing any of the problems mentioned above or may need dental or orthodontic care, please contact us to schedule an appointment. We look forward to seeing you in our office soon!

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China has embarked on an ambitious space program – surpassing the United States in orbital launches last year (primarily for satellites), and now landing their own lunar rover on the dark side of the moon, the Chang’e 4. The stated purpose of Beijing’s robotic lander is to collect samples and identify what minerals are there. And while the Chang’e 4 is unlikely to find precious metals such as gold, silver or platinum – there may be something up there that could serve as a “lunar fuel station to the stars,” as the South China Morning Post puts it; Helium-3 The primary material on the moon is helium-3, which for now is too expensive to haul back to Earth. In theory, the non-radioactive isotope could be used as fuel for the next generations of spacecraft to explore deeper into space. Imagine driving from “NYC to LA without gas stations along the way”, said Peter Diamandis, the entrepreneur who founded the XPrize to encourage private spaceships. “If you can get the fuel from space, it reduces the cost.” –SCMP What’s more, if China does find anything else of value on the far side of the moon, mining it would be far easier than an asteroid because of its gravity and proximity to Earth. The next step, of course, would be what every fan of author Robert Heinlein has been looking forward to since they were a kid; A moon base. The United States has been debating whether to send a mission back to the moon as soon as possible, or build a lunar base that would take quite a bit longer to orchestrate. “The US thinks in presidential terms,” said University of Notre Dame lunar expert Clive Neal. “China thinks in decades.” China may be testing its ability for more sophisticated missions, according to Neal of Notre Dame. That poses the question of why China chose its particular landing place, at one of the moon’s oldest and deepest craters. The answer could be simple, he said. From the far side of the moon, Chinese scientists can see farther into space because Earth’s radio waves can’t get in the way. –SCMP Nasa’s top administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted in late November that the US would be partnering with two companies to return to the surface of the moon, “sooner than you think!” BREAKING: We are announcing new Moon partnerships with American companies at 2pm ET this Thursday. The U.S. is returning to the surface of the Moon, and we’re doing it sooner than you think! https://t.co/1vC2NC6OzI — Jim Bridenstine (@JimBridenstine) November 27, 2018 “We’re going to move towards a day where we commercialize all of low earth orbit to where NASA is one customer of many customers in a robust commercial marketplace,” said Bridenstine, calling the new endeavors a “transformation” of the agency’s culture. “Then we can use NASA resources to do things where there isn’t yet a viable commercial market … We can build the architecture to get to the moon with our international partners.” “The case we have to make, which is absolutely true, is that the quickest way to get to Mars is to use the moon and to use the Gateway,” he added. “It will reduce risk. It will reduce cost, because anything you can do that ultimately can be tested around the moon is going to lower our cost to go to Mars.” In December Nasa announced the “Moon to Mars” program, of which the first step is (you guessed it) – to return to the Moon, where the space agency will commission private companies to deliver small scientific instruments, followed by development of an orbiting “gateway” which will support human missions to the lunar surface – and serve as a base of operations for future missions to Mars and beyond. The second phase of missions will confirm that the agency’s capabilities built for humans can perform long duration missions beyond the moon. For those destinations farther into the solar system, including Mars, NASA envisions a deep space transport spacecraft. This spacecraft would be a reusable vehicle that uses electric and chemical propulsion and would be specifically designed for crewed missions to destinations such as Mars. The transport would take crew out to their destination, return them back to the gateway, where it can be serviced and sent out again. The transport would take full advantage of the large volumes and mass that can be launched by the SLS rocket, as well as advanced exploration technologies being developed now and demonstrated on the ground and aboard the International Space Station. –Nasa.gov The question remains; will China become proud owners of the first gas station in space?

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015 Picture20in20picture20elephant Math Game If you do want to produce your own worksheets and don't have the Microsoft software, you can download free tools like OpenOffice or use an online word processor or spreadsheet such as the free Google Docs which help you do similar tasks. You just need to create a table with as many rows and columns as you need and then type in some numbers before printing it off for your children to practice _ depending on the level of complexity choose single digits or multiple digits. If you're not sure what level to start at, aim low, start with easy numbers and see how your child goes, the self_esteem boost they'll get from acing the first worksheet will give them confidence for more difficult math problems. Math worksheets don't promote communication and collaboration _ Math worksheets are often assigned as an independent activity, however research indicates that communication and discourse are needed to build a deep understanding of math topics. Students need opportunities to explore mathematical ideas in different ways and to build their own connections. This involves communicating their ideas, listening to the ideas of others, arguing a viewpoint, describing, and explaining. Math worksheets are rarely used as a catalyst for conversation. Instead of assigning worksheets, find activities that encourage discourse, such as "number talks," or collaborative group work. During the session, be sure to require students to explain their thinking and listen to the strategies and thinking of their peers. If you are fortunate enough to have an interactive whiteboard in your classroom, using it with interactive math software creates many opportunities for group discussion and student participation. Teachers can can begin by posing problems and modeling approaches, and then ask students to work together to find solutions. Then have them come to the board to demonstrate their solutions in front of the class. These days, many examples of how to teach math concepts on an interactive whiteboard can be found online in the various whiteboard community sites, educational sites, YouTube, etc. 012 Fraction Math Games 4th Grade Free Auditory Memory Kinder Site Words Coloring Stuff Halloween Matching Game Printable Educational Websites For 3rd Graders Holes Lesson Plans Distributive 016 Math Worksheet Game Multiplication Games Salamander 001 Math Worksheet Game Kindergarten Games Classify It

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There are several types of psoriasis. Some are more common than others and some may target younger individuals such as psoriasis. This type of psoriasis is a relatively uncommon but it does tend to target children and adults under thirty. Like all types of psoriasis it is not contagious. With psoriasis the skin is covered with small, red and scaly tear-drop shaped spots. The areas normally affected are the arms, legs, eyelids, back, bottom, bikini line, neck and middle of the body. A person will usually have an outbreak of psoriasis following some sort of trigger whether it be stress, certain medication etc. This outbreak of psoriasis usually follows some type of infection. The most common infection that triggers this type of psoriasis is an upper respiratory tract infection. Since a person with psoriasis is susceptible to severe itching, secondary infections and severe pain your doctor will treat it by trying to control the symptoms thus preventing any secondary infections. A severe case of this psoriasis often will be treated with immune suppression medication which is usually some type of steroid. After treatment psoriasis can completely clear up especially in the summer months. This is typical for any variety of psoriasis where in the summer it will improve and in the winter it tends to worsen. The next type of psoriasis that we will look at is psoriasis vulgaris or as it is more commonly referred to, plaque psoriasis. Of all the types of psoriasis, plaque is the most common. Although both men and women can get plaque psoriasis, women tend to develop this type of psoriasis earlier than men. This will appear on the skin as raised areas of inflamed skin covered with silvery white scaly skin. These patches of oval shaped red plaques will burn and itch. Plaque psoriasis usually first presents itself in a person between the ages of sixteen to twenty-two. Eighty per cent of the people who suffer from psoriasis will have plaque psoriasis. As is common in all types of psoriasis, plaque psoriasis seems to occur after the person has suffered some type of bacteria or viral infection. Also the severity of plaque psoriasis seems to decrease in summer months and increase in the winter months. A severe case of plaque psoriasis can be treated with potent steroids in the short term. The steroids are not recommended in the long term treatment. Although plaque psoriasis appears as a skin condition it is actually a disease of the immune system. When a person is suffering from plaque psoriasis what actually is happening is that immune cells are activated and start to produce too much of a protein called tumor necrosis factor. So even though the outcome of the disease is outward on the skin it actually starts from inside the body. The next form of psoriasis that we will take a look at is inverse psoriasis. This particular type of psoriasis can be found in the folds of skin in the armpits, groin, under the breasts, genitals and the buttocks. Though it doesn’t have the scales similar to other types of psoriasis it appears as a red rash that is quite tender. It is very painful and difficult to treat because of where it is located in the folds of the above mentioned areas. This type of psoriasis occurs in two to six percent of psoriasis sufferers and it is more common in people who are obese or overweight. A person who suffers from inverse psoriasis usually suffers from some other form of psoriasis such as plaque. The triggers for inverse psoriasis are friction and dampness associated with sweating. You can see the impact this would have on an overweight person.

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When the Normal Feelings of Anxiety Become a Problem We all experience feelings of anxiety and worry during stressful events in our lives. However, anxiety can become a severe and consistent presence that can affect a person’s physical health, emotional well-being, and everyday functioning. Someone with an anxiety disorder can experience excessive, irrational worry which interferes with the ability to function in daily life. Several coping skills for anxiety can reduce symptoms and progression of anxiety into a disorder. However, it is essential to seek mental health anxiety help if you continue to experience persistent and excessive anxiety that you cannot control, affecting your ability to function. Several options for mental health treatment are available, including virtual therapy online, which can be more accessible for many. How Common Is Anxiety? Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health disorder, affecting nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives. Some people may experience anxiety for a short period in their lives, others may struggle with a disorder for most of their lives needing medication, therapy, and coping skills for anxiety to manage it. Several types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, agoraphobia, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, various phobias, and even substance use-induced anxiety. Anxiety can develop at any stage in life and is more common in women than in men. 11 Coping Skills for Anxiety When anxiety affects daily life or relationships, it may be time to see a healthcare provider. They can rule out any underlying medical issues before referring to a mental health professional. Anxiety disorders need psychotherapy or medications to control; however, lifestyle changes and coping skills for anxiety can also help you manage symptoms. Here are coping skills for anxiety you can begin using today. - Avoid substance use: Drug and alcohol use can worsen anxiety symptoms. It may be tempting to self-medicate with substances when dealing with anxiety. However, the rebound effects of drugs and alcohol can worsen symptoms and run the risk of developing a substance use disorder. - Get adequate sleep: Make it a priority to set aside at least 8 hours of sleep each time. Not getting enough sleep can lead to worsening symptoms. Several ways to improve your sleep include sleeping simultaneously each night, reducing screen time before bed, meditating, and sleeping in a cold, dark room. - Keep moving: Most days of the week, physical exercise is a powerful stress reducer. It can improve mood by regulating neurotransmitters and brain chemicals responsible for mental health. Even a daily walk outside can make a big difference. - Quit smoking and cut back or quit caffeinated beverages: Both nicotine and caffeine are stimulating and can worsen anxiety. - Eat a healthy diet: A well-balanced diet includes whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and lean, organic meats. Proper nutrition is essential for regulating brain chemistry and maintaining mental health. - Incorporate stress management and relaxation techniques: Each person relaxes differently and it is essential to find healthy ways to do so, such as yoga, meditation, art, listening to music, or spending time outside. - Keep a journal: Keeping track of your personal life or simply writing about issues you are dealing with can help your mental health. It can help you identify what’s causing stress and what helps it. - Socialize with friends and family: Isolation can make anxiety symptoms worse. Take care of your social health by making time for friends and family. They are also your support system and you should talk to them about any issues you are dealing with. - Learn about your disorder: Many books, online forums, and websites about anxiety disorders exist. Learning about anxiety disorders can help you understand why you feel that way and ways to help yourself, including treatment options. - Identify triggers: Learn what situations or actions cause you anxiety, so you can avoid these triggers or be prepared to calm yourself down through breathing exercises and grounding when encountering them. - See a mental health specialist: While there are plenty of coping skills for anxiety, the best way to get control of your anxiety is through professional treatment. Medications and psychotherapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, can significantly reduce symptoms and teach you better tools and skills to use. Can Virtual Therapy Help with Anxiety? Virtual therapy can be an excellent choice for anxiety. Treatment for anxiety and anxiety disorders usually involves talk therapy, which can quickly be done through voice, video, or text chats online. Just as with in-person therapy, virtual therapists are also trained and licensed to carry out evidence-based therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. Virtual therapy can also be more accessible because it provides a more comfortable way to communicate for some and is also more affordable. Individuals may also stick to their treatment plans more quickly as they can access sessions from anywhere, there is zero travel time, and treatment is more affordable. They can also access virtual therapy groups to talk to others dealing with similar issues and provide mutual support to one another. Who Is Most at Risk of Anxiety? Most people can experience anxiety during stressful periods of their life. However, some people are at higher risk for developing anxiety disorders. There is no single cause of anxiety; it is a combination of factors that can lead to developing anxiety. One of the most significant risk factors of anxiety is genetics. You are more likely to have anxiety if a close relative also deals with it, but there usually needs to be an event or series of events that trigger a disorder. Trauma, constant stress, and substance abuse can also trigger anxiety in someone who is predisposed to it. Research also shows that brain chemistry can play a role. Some people develop anxiety due to an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism or menopause. Developing coping skills for anxiety can help anyone, no matter the cause, reduce symptoms and slow or stop the progression of a disorder. Call Mindfuli and Learn Coping Skills for Anxiety Mindfuli offers virtual mental health help to California residents struggling with anxiety. We expertly match you to peer counselors and therapists within minutes through our Care PairingTM Technology. Patients can choose the level of service to fit their needs and budget, which can be canceled at any time. Appointment times are available Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to midnight and accessible from anywhere through our HIPAA-compliant online portal. Patients receive evidence-based therapies and learn effective coping skills for anxiety to manage their symptoms for a lifetime. If you are struggling with anxiety, please visit us online to complete a brief personal profile and quickly get started with treatment. Please call us at 888-703-3004 if you have any questions or would like to learn more about how Mindfuli works.

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The parts of a lobster that are not recommended for eating include the stomach, intestinal tract, gills, eyes, brain, green liver or tomalley, roe or coral, and lobster lungs. The tail meat, claws, knuckles, and legs contain the edible lobster meat. Lobsters have a hard protective exoskeleton and 10 legs for walking along the seafloor. The front legs have large claws for catching prey, defense, and feeding. Lobsters have two compound eyes on eyestalks that can detect movement. They breathe using gills located under the carapace. The internal organs include the stomach, digestive tract, greenish liver or tomalley, gonads or coral, and a simple brain. The external anatomy includes the eyes, antennae, carapace or shell, claws, walking legs, swimmerets, and tail. The eyes and antennae help the lobster detect predators and prey. The tough carapace protects the inner organs. The front claws are used for defense, catching prey, and tearing food apart to eat it. The walking legs allow the lobster to crawl along the seafloor. The tail helps propel the lobster backwards quickly to escape predators. These external body parts are not eaten. Inside the carapace is the lobster’s digestive system, including the mouth, stomach, and intestinal tract. Lobsters also have a heart, central nervous system, gills, and reproductive organs called the coral or roe. The greenish liver, called the tomalley, filters waste from the blood. None of these internal organs are eaten. Edible vs. Inedible Parts The main edible parts of a lobster are the tail meat, claws, knuckles, and walking legs. - Tail meat – This is the sweetest, most tender lobster meat. It can be removed whole or sliced into medallions. - Claws – The claws contain meat that is slightly firmer than the tail. Claw meat may be left whole or pulled for use in dishes. - Knuckles – The joints where the claws connect to the body. Knuckle meat is firm with a concentrated lobster flavor. - Legs – The remaining walking legs contain smaller amounts of meat. Leg meat is often pulled and added to lobster dishes. The inedible parts of a lobster that should not be consumed include: - Stomach and intestinal tract - Green liver or tomalley - Roe or coral (eggs) Eating these parts may cause illness, stomach upset, diarrhea, and other problems due to bacteria or toxins. Reasons to Avoid Eating Certain Parts There are good reasons to avoid eating the stomach, intestines, eyes, gills, brains, eggs, and so on. Bacteria and Parasites The stomach and intestinal tract harbor bacteria, parasites, and toxins that can cause foodborne illnesses. Consuming undercooked or raw lobster guts could result in vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. The lungs can also harbor bacteria. Difficult to Digest The lobster’s brain, eyes, and stomach lining are difficult to chew and properly digest. Eating these parts provides little nutritional value and may cause choking or indigestion. While the lobster tomalley or liver does have a creamy texture, it can also have an unappealing fishy or bitter flavor. The dark green color is also unappealing. Roe or coral has a grainy texture and fishy taste. The liver and intestines can accumulate environmental toxins like heavy metals and pesticides. Over time, lobsters filter and store these contaminants which are unhealthy for humans to ingest, especially in large quantities. Some people may experience food allergies when eating the stomach or intestinal tract. Allergic reactions to shellfish are common and can be life-threatening. Avoiding the internal organs reduces this risk. How to Prepare Lobster When cooking lobster at home, follow these steps to safely prepare and remove the inedible parts: - Purchase live lobsters from a reputable seafood market or grocer. Avoid lobsters with cracked shells or missing appendages. - Humanely kill the lobster just before cooking by plunging a knife into the body between the eyes. This severs the central nervous system. - Separate the tail from the body by twisting and pulling apart. - Use kitchen shears to cut through the underside of the tail lengthwise. Remove and discard the intestinal tract. - Twist off the claws where they meet the body. Crack with a mallet or nut cracker. - Remove the stomach sac and gills from the body cavity. Rinse thoroughly. - Cook as desired by boiling, steaming, baking, or grilling. - Pull the cooked tail, claw, leg, and knuckle meat from the shell before eating. - Discard all inedible parts or use for lobster stock. Properly preparing live lobster ensures you eat only the most delicious and nutritious parts of this prized seafood. Lobster meat is lean, low fat, and high in protein. It provides important vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin B12, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and selenium. |Lobster (3 oz cooked)||Calories||Fat||Protein| |Tail meat||83||1 g||17 g| |Claw meat||74||1 g||15 g| Lobster is lower in calories, fat, and cholesterol compared to beef, pork, and chicken. The lean protein makes it a healthy choice. Lobster also provides minerals like: - Selenium – 55.8 mcg – 80% DV - Phosphorus – 180 mg – 18% DV - Zinc – 3.1 mg – 28% DV - Copper – 0.3 mg – 33% DV - Vitamin B12 – 5.4 mcg – 90% DV These nutrients support immune function, metabolism, DNA synthesis, and neurological health. Lobster can be part of a nutritious diet in moderation. Common Cooking Methods Lobster can be prepared in many delicious ways while avoiding the inedible parts: Boiling or Steaming Dropping live lobsters into boiling water or steaming are humane cooking methods. Use plenty of seasoning in the water. Cook for 7-11 minutes until the shell turns red. Cool, then remove the meat. Split lobster tails lengthwise and brush with olive oil, garlic, and lemon. Grill meat-side down for 2-3 minutes until opaque. Sprinkle with fresh parsley. Stuff lobster tails with breadcrumbs, lemon zest, and melted butter. Bake at 375°F for 20 minutes until hot and flaky. Garnish with fresh chives. Sauté chopped lobster meat in butter or olive oil. Season with salt, pepper, oregano, and chili flakes. Toss with pasta or rice. Broil halved lobster tails meat-side up for 5-8 minutes. Top with melted Swiss cheese, breadcrumbs, and lemon juice the last 2 minutes. What Parts are Used in Lobster Stock? Lobster stock utilizes the shells and inedible lobster parts to create a flavorful base for soups, stews, and sauces. The steps for making stock are: - Save shells, legs, claws and discarded parts after cooking lobsters. - Lightly smash shells with a mallet or rolling pin. - Simmer shells and parts in water with vegetables, herbs, and seasonings for 1-2 hours. - Strain out and discard solids. Refrigerate or freeze liquid stock. Parts commonly used in lobster stock include: - Leg shells - Tomalley or liver - Cracked claws - Leg joints This allows you to use every bit of the lobster and reduce waste! Can You Eat Lobster Roe? Lobster roe, also called coral, refers to the bright red or black eggs found inside the female lobster. While it is technically edible, lobster roe has some drawbacks: - Grainy texture – The individual eggs feel sandy or gritty when eaten - Not much taste – Lobster roe is less flavorful than the leg and tail meat - Very perishable – The eggs deteriorate quickly after the lobster dies - Small amount – Each lobster only contains a few ounces of roe - Often spoiled – Old or bad roe has an unpleasant sulfur smell Due to its poor flavor and risky food safety, lobster coral is not a recommended part to eat. Any roe present should be removed and discarded during preparation. The tail, claw, leg, and knuckle meat are much tastier choices. Is Lobster Tomalley Safe to Eat? Lobster tomalley, or the green liver, is safe to eat when the lobster is very fresh. However, there are some health risks associated with eating tomalley: - High cholesterol – Tomalley is high in fat, cholesterol, and calories - Contaminants – Can accumulate environmental toxins like heavy metals - Allergies – Proteins may cause shellfish allergy reactions - Foodborne illness – May harbor bacteria from gut contents - Viral diseases – Potential presence of lobster pathogens - Ciguatera fish poisoning – Biotoxin can accumulate in liver For these reasons, it is generally recommended to avoid eating lobster tomalley, especially for children, pregnant women, and people with medical conditions. Caution should be used when including it in seafood dishes or lobster rolls. When Tomalley May be Safe If you choose to eat lobster liver, only harvest it from lobsters caught in unpolluted waters. Purchase live lobster and cook the tomalley thoroughly to reduce risk of bacterial illness. Start with a small amount to test for allergic reaction. Tomalley consumption is considered safe for most healthy adults when these precautions are followed. While lobsters have many body parts and organs, only some are both safe and appetizing to eat. Stick to the tail, claw, leg, and knuckle meat which offer the sweetest flavor and tender texture. Avoid the stomach, intestines, eyes, brain, gills, liver, roe, and lungs to reduce risk of illness. Follow proper preparation and cooking methods to fully enjoy lobster’s delicious taste and nutrition while tossing out the inedible parts.

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When we have children, we want to give them the best of everything. The best home life, the best career, and the best education. There are many different ways to ensure that our kids are raised happily and healthily, and a lot of them involve using fun and play as learning techniques and life lessons. Food play and learning Food is an important aspect of any child’s life. If you ensure that your child has plenty of variety in their diet, then you can assume that they are gaining the correct vitamins and minerals to help them to grow and develop. There are lots of fun ways to teach your children about food that can make parents’ lives easier. Consider playing games that involve naming different foods. You could use fun techniques such as making smiley faces or animals on your child’s plate. Use foods suitable for eyes (currants and sultanas or cherry tomatoes?) or long slices of red peppers for lips and friendly smiles. Use cookie cutters to create fun shapes out of sandwiches and put healthy and exciting fillings inside. As your child eats, get them to mention their favorite parts of their meal. Cooking Adventures in the Kitchen Creating delicious dishes together is another fun way for family members of all ages to bond while also picking up some valuable life skills along the way! Cooking teaches kids basic math skills such as measurement, fractions, temperature conversion, etc., plus it provides invaluable insight into nutrition (which will come in handy when they become teenagers!). Plus, cooking together not only gives your child an opportunity to experiment with flavors but it’s also a great chance for parents to teach their children how important it is to eat healthy foods regularly. Craft play and learning Learning to use crafting as part of your child’s play is also an important part of their development. Teaching art to children is a rewarding and fun experience for kids and adults. Consider teaching your children about recycling by encouraging them to make cool crafts out of cardboard boxes or tubing. Plastic yogurt pots make a great place to grow seedlings and salad cress as an interesting project. Another great thing about crafting is that you don’t need expensive materials either! All you need are supplies from around the house plus some imagination! Take paper folding as an example—it’s a great craft activity because it teaches spatial awareness and encourages creative thinking. It’s easy too; all you need is paper, scissors, and glue! And paper folding isn’t just limited to making paper airplanes; there are tons of other projects out there such as origami animals and 3D sculptures that your kids will love making. Plus, these crafts will encourage them to practice their fine motor skills in addition to learning new concepts like geometry and symmetry. Outdoor play and learning Any activity that encourages your children to play outside in the fresh air is a good one. You should consider taking your children to a local playpark. If there isn’t one near you, you could even get a community grant and recommend a new play park be built in a local center or area. Converting your garden into a playground could be an option if you have a large grassy area. Your children would love to have a place to play. This would be perfect for them to invite friends around and play in the safety of their own homes. If you’re playing tag or hide-and-seek with your kids, you can turn it into a science lesson by discussing different types of animal camouflage or teaching them about the concept of predator and prey. You could also create an outdoor scavenger hunt in which your kids have to find items based on certain colors or shapes in order to learn about basic concepts like colors and shapes. Sports play and learning Keeping your children active in sports is great for their health. Make sports fun by learning about which sports make your child happy. Avoid pressuring your child into taking up a sport that you once loved as a child. Instead, focus on things that you can see your child might be positively engaging with. Good sports and activities for younger children include swimming, ballet, and football. Encouraging team spirit is a good thing, as it will help your child to gain precious social skills for later in life. Try to make sports and games fun, rather than overly competitive. Try implementing sports into your play at home. A game of catch in the garden or a family football game could be the perfect way to spend a Sunday afternoon. However, you help your children to play and learn, have fun, and enjoy spending time with your family.

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Report on Poas (Costa Rica) — December 1994 Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 19, no. 12 (December 1994) Managing Editor: Richard Wunderman. Poas (Costa Rica) Seismicity low; bubbling fumaroles disappear Please cite this report as: Global Volcanism Program, 1994. Report on Poas (Costa Rica) (Wunderman, R., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 19:12. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199412-345040 10.2°N, 84.233°W; summit elev. 2697 m All times are local (unless otherwise noted) OVSICORI reported that during December the re-established lake in the active crater remained turquoise-green in color, had a temperature of 40°C, and had risen 2 m with respect to its level in October. In December, the bubbling gases previously emitted from the NW part of the lake ceased. Evaporating gases rose about 50 m above the lake surface; in addition, some gases emanated from the dome. During December, the Poás seismometer (2.7 km SW of the active crater) registered the following number of events: low frequency (< 2 Hz), 2,539; medium frequency (2.1-3.0 Hz), 14; and high frequency (> 3 Hz), 2. Low-frequency seismicity for December appears in figure 56. With respect to the previous two months, December seismicity dropped in the low- to mid-ranges, but it remained about the same for the high-frequency events. With respect to all months during the year (1994), December seismicity in all three frequency ranges was near the minimum (see table 6). |Figure 56. Poás low-frequency seismicity for December 1994 (from station POA2). Courtesy of OVSICORI-UNA.| Geological Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water. Information Contacts: E. Fernández, J. Barquero, R. Van der Laat, F. de Obaldia, T. Marino, V. Barboza, and R. Sáenz, OVSICORI.

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Book Discussion on Cotton and Race in the Making of America Gene Dattel talked about his book Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power (Ivan R. Dee, Publisher;… read more Gene Dattel talked about his book Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power (Ivan R. Dee, Publisher; September 25, 2009). Gene Dattel, who worked at Morgan Stanley and Salomon Brothers, presents a social and economic history of the role of cotton in the United States. The greatest export crop of the country for 130 years, its cultivation fed the textile industry and allowed the U.S. to broker independent trade with Europe. However, the production of cotton was also marked by slave labor and the author recounts that the prevalence of slavery was linked to where cotton was often grown. He was joined in discussion by civil rights activists Carver Randle and Lee Daniels. This event was held November 11, 2009, at 5:30 p.m. CT at the B.B. King Museum in Indianola, Mississippi. close *The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning. People in this video - Abbott, Jim Member B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center->Board of Directors - Daniels, Lee A. Communications Director NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund Book Discussion on The Black Book A panel talked about the re-issue of the book The Black Book: 35th Anniversary (Random House; November 10, 2009).… Book Discussion on Hollowing Out the Middle Patrick Carr talked about the book he co-wrote, Hollowing Out the Middle: The Rural Brain Drain and What it Means for… Book Discussion on Just Food James McWilliams talked about his book Just Food: Where Locavores Get It Wrong and How We Can Truly Eat Responsibly… Book Discussion on Black Men Built the Capitol Jesse Holland, Associated Press reporter who covers Congress, presents a history of the slave labor that was used to…

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Background To Paul's Prison Epistles: Colossians, Philemon, Ephesians, Philippians Paul's Roman Imprisonment: Paul wrote the Books of Colossians, Philemon, Ephesians, and Philippians during his imprisonment in Rome. The Lord Jesus brought Paul to Rome to complete the mission strategy that Jesus gave to his disciples just before his ascension into heaven. Acts 1:8 states that Jesus told his disciples they were to be his witnesses in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth. Paul was brought to Rome to complete the mission of bringing Jesus' gospel to the ends of the earth. With the coming of Paul to Rome the gospel was brought from the Jewish capital of Jerusalem in the east to the Gentile capital of the world in Rome in the west. The Lord himself had told Paul, “Take courage! For as you have testified things about me in Jerusalem, so you must also testify in Rome” (Acts 23:11). In compliance with the Lord Jesus' will to have his gospel brought to Rome, Paul came there, not as an apostle who was free to go about conducting his ministry, but as an apostle in chains whose activities were limited because he was held under house arrest and guard. His imprisonment began in Caesarea years earlier. At the end of his third missionary journey, during which time he spent more than two years working in Ephesus, Paul revisited the churches he had established in Macedonia, the northern province of Greece, on his second missionary journey (cf. Acts 20:1-3). From there he traveled to Jerusalem by way of Troas and Miletus (cf. Acts 20:6, 13-16). In Jerusalem the Jews mobbed Paul, because they thought he had desecrated the temple by bringing a Gentile into it (cf. Acts 21:27-30). Roman soldiers came to Paul's rescue and took him into their custody (cf. Acts 21:31-33). Paul then became entangled in the Roman judicial system. He was taken to the Roman governor Felix in the provincial capital of Caesarea. Felix kept Paul imprisoned there for two years, hoping that he might receive a bribe from Paul for his freedom (cf. Acts 24:24-27). Festus then succeeded Felix as governor and intended to appease the Jews by having Paul transferred for trial in Jerusalem. Paul then resorted to his right as a Roman citizen and appealed his case to Caesar in Rome (cf. Acts 25:9-11). Paul was transferred by ship under guard to Rome. Enroute his ship was wrecked in a storm off the island of Malta. Paul finally arrived in Rome around A.D. 59 to 60. There he was held under house arrest and guard for the next two years. His Roman imprisonment, or captivity, has been dated as A.D. 59-61, and even as A.D. 61-63. The Dating Of These Letters: While under house arrest in Rome, Paul was able to conduct a limited ministry. He was able to receive visitors, such as the Jewish leaders of the synagogue in Rome (cf. Acts 28:16-29), and to minister to those who came to him. He was also able to minister to the needs of the churches by means of letters which he was free to write. Paul wrote his letters to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians and Philippians while under this house arrest in Rome. These letters were written around A.D. 60 to 61. Because Paul was under house arrest and imprisoned at the time, his letters have been called his imprisonment or captivity letters. The Internal Evidence Within The Letters: The internal evidence within the letters clearly indicate Paul wrote them while a prisoner in Rome. The internal evidence is as follows: In the letter to the Colossians: Colossians 1:24: Now I rejoice in the things suffered in your behalf, and I am completing in my flesh the things lacking in the tribulations of Christ for the sake of his body, which is the church. Colossians 4:10: Aristarchus, my fellow prisoner, sends you his greetings,... Colossians 4:18: This greeting is in my own hand writing, Paul’s. Remember my imprisonment. Grace be with you. In the letter to Philemon: Philemon 1: Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus, and Timothy, our brother, to Philemon our beloved friend and fellow worker,... Philemon 9: ...for love’s sake I rather appeal to you, being such a one as Paul, an old man, but now also a prisoner of Christ Jesus Philemon 23: Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus, sends you his greetings. In the letter to the Ephesians: Ephesians 3:1: For this reason I, Paul, the prisoner of Christ Jesus for the sake of you Gentiles Ephesians 4:1: I urge you, therefore, I the prisoner in the Lord, to live in a manner worthy of the calling with which you were called. Ephesians 6:20: ...for which I am an ambassador in chains, that I may speak it boldly as I must. In the letter to the Philippians: Philippians 1:12-14: Now I want you to know, brothers, that the things that happened to me have rather furthered the advancement of the gospel, so that my imprisonment has become known in the whole palace guard and to everyone else, and most of the brothers, having put their trust in the Lord because of my imprisonment, have even more courage to speak the word fearlessly. The occasion of the writing of these letters: Epaphras, leader of the church in Colosse in Asia Minor (cf. Colossians 4:12), came to Paul in Rome with good news and bad news about the church of Colosse. The good news was the gospel had born fruit among the Colossians (cf. Colossians 1:6), who were continuing in the faith (cf. Colossians 1:4) in Christ and in love for their fellow believers. The bad news was the Colossians were being troubled by a new teaching that was contrary to the gospel which Epaphras had been preaching to them. The new teaching claimed a profound knowledge apart from Christ (cf. Colossians 2:8), an emphasis on following prescribed rituals (cf. Colossians 2:16), the worship of angels (cf. Colossians 2:18), and ascetic self-abasement (cf. Colossians 2:18 & 20-23). The new teaching which included the worship of angels indicates that it invoked spiritual powers rather than calling on Christ in whom the fullness of God dwelt in bodily form (cf. Colossians 2:9). To deal with this new false teaching, Paul wrote his letter to the Colossians. In his letter Paul overwhelmed the false teaching by proclaiming the surpassing greatness of Christ. Paul then dispatched his co-worker Tychicus to carry his letter to the church of Colosse (cf. Colossians 4:7,8). Paul's letter was a circular letter to be shared with the other churches in the area, particularly nearby Laodicea (cf. Colossians 4:16). With Paul in Rome was a runaway slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had come to Paul and had become a Christian (cf. Philemon 10). He performed valuable services for Paul, perhaps as a runner doing errands for Paul, who was not free to leave his house. Paul was obligated to return Onesimus to his rightful master, a Christian brother named Philemon. It appears that Philemon was a member of the church of Colosse, for he was known to Epaphras the leader of that church (cf. Philemon 23). Paul wrote his letter to Philemon, in which he expressed his desire to be able to retain Onesimus' valuable services in Rome. He asked Philemon to treat Onesimus kindly as a Christian brother. Since Tychicus would be traveling to the church of Colosse, where Philemon was a member, Paul sent Onesimus back to Philemon in the company of Tychicus. Tychicus carried, in addition to Paul's letter to the Colossians, Paul's letter to Philemon. The route that Tychicus and Onesimus would logically travel to Colosse would take them through the port city of Ephesus, where Paul had ministered for more than two years. Paul had not revisited that church since he left it to go to Jerusalem about three to five years earlier. He seized the opportunity that Tychicus' passing through Ephesus offered and wrote his letter to his beloved Ephesians. Tychicus, then, also carried this letter for Paul and delivered it to the church in Ephesus. While still under house arrest in Rome, Paul received another visitor--Epaphroditus. Epaphroditus was a member of the church in Philippi in Macedonia, the northern province of what is now Greece. In behalf of the congregation he brought Paul a gift for his support and reported that the Philippians were eager for some news about Paul's circumstances and the outcome of his trial before the Roman imperial court. This prompted Paul to write the last of his imprisonment epistles to the Philippians. He wrote to thank them for their gift, to inform them about his circumstances in Rome and about his trial, and to strengthen them in the hope and joy that was theirs in Christ. Unpublished work. Copyright © 2001 JCS of Christian Inconnect. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced for distribution or publication without prior permission from Christian Inconnect. All Scripture verses on this web page, unless otherwise indicated, are a translation of the pastor of Christian Inconnect and are a part of the Christian Inconnect Version (CIV), on which he is working. He reserves all rights to his translated verses and to their copyright ©. They may not be quoted without his prior permission.

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NDVI: Satellites Could Help Keep Hungry Populations Fed as Climate Changes In the early 1980s, scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., developed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), an innovative combination of two satellite measurements that allowed them to analyze changes in the "greenness" of Earth as viewed from space. Much like measurements from weather satellites allow meteorologists to track and monitor hurricanes, NDVI lets scientists track droughts, crop infestations, and even full-blown crop failures that lead to widespread famine. Few non-scientists have ever heard of NDVI, yet this vital sign of the planet has important implications for everyone, said Molly Brown, a Goddard scientist who has N-D-V-I emblazoned on her car's license plate. NDVI has been used to study everything from the spread of disease to the archaeological remains of ancient Rome. Perhaps most important, Brown said, is that this remote sensing tool will play a key part in helping us to keep food on the table as future populations swell, the climate changes, and pressures on the agricultural system mount. Shades of Green It’s a bit murky as to when, where, and who first developed the equation that scientists use today to calculate NDVI. It first appeared in a 1973 symposium report to NASA from Texas A&M University researchers. The full potential of NDVI didn't become clear until Compton Tucker of NASA -- along with colleagues Brent Holben, Christopher Justice, John Townshend, Sam Goward, and Steve Prince -- developed an image-compositing technique in the 1970s and 1980s that made it possible to assemble cloud-free NDVI maps over large regions. The work culminated with an NDVI map of Africa's vegetation on the cover of Science in 1985. "It was eye-opening," said Forrest Hall, a physicist at Goddard and a veteran NDVI researcher. "With composited NDVI images, suddenly we could see a cloud-free Earth and how all of the different types of vegetation on Earth fit together and how they changed over time." What had Tucker used to create this groundbreaking map of Africa? The satellite instruments measure the infrared and visible light reflected from plant leaves, and Tucker then calculated a normalized ratio of these two “channels." This ratio changes depending on the density of chlorophyll in green leaves of vegetation. Currently the best data for NDVI measurements come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites; earlier data came from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instruments deployed on NOAA polar orbiting meteorological satellites. Since chlorophyll -- the green pigment that plants use to turn sunlight into carbohydrates and hence energy -- absorbs visible light, healthy plants reflect less red light and therefore have a higher NDVI than those with sparse or unhealthy leaves. On Tucker's maps, the sparsely vegetated areas of the Sahara and the Sahel region have NDVI values near zero. The dense jungles of Central Africa have an NDVI closer to 1, the highest value. "It's a very simple and elegant measurement, just two channels of information," said Assaf Anyamba, a Goddard scientist who uses NDVI to research climate variability and vector-borne diseases. "We now have almost 29 years of NDVI documenting global land-based photosynthesis." Keeping Food on the Table NDVI is a remarkably versatile measurement, but monitoring the global food supply has emerged as one of its particularly important uses. By comparing NDVI from one year to previous years, scientists can see tell-tale signs that crops are healthy and vigorous or suffering from drought, insect infestation, or some other problem. The largest user of NDVI data is the Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which monitors agricultural production worldwide with a focus on 15 key crops, including wheat, corn, soy beans, and rice. FAS estimates agricultural production to determine the market rate for commodities, the foundation of the economy in both developed and developing countries. The U.S. Agency for International Development's Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) uses NDVI as its primary tool for anticipating food shortages and failed harvests. FEWS NET provides near real-time data to 20 African countries -- as well as Guatemala, Haiti, and Afghanistan -- about the risks of famine based on NDVI and complementary environmental data. Satellite data alone cannot cure the world of famine, Brown notes, but systems like FEWS NET can buy critical time for governments and relief organizations to react when droughts, wars, and infestations strike the food supply. NDVI has proven particularly useful in some of the world’s most contentious hotspots. In 2008, the FAS, FEWS NET, and a number of other partners used NDVI to monitor wheat yields in Iraq and Afghanistan through a persistent drought that led to the worst yields in a decade. Closer to home, NDVI is also used in certain states as a basis for a novel crop insurance program managed by the USDA. And it's used by ranchers in the American Southwest, as part of the "Range View" monitoring network, to locate the best areas for cattle to forage. Solution for a Hungry, Crowded World The United Nations projects Earth’s population will surpass 9 billion people by 2050, up from the current 6.8 billion. Since the 1990s, commodity prices have risen and the amount of cultivated land per person has declined. The result: many poor communities are ending up with less access to locally grown food even as global food supplies are increasing. Already, researchers estimate that 30 percent of the rural populations of developing countries lack reliable access to food because of poverty. Meanwhile, models suggest that climate change could create an El-Niño like effect in the Indian Ocean that causes more droughts in key agricultural areas of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Such findings cause Brown and others to worry that areas already struggling with food shortages may face even graver problems in the future. But she also remains hopeful that scientific and technological tools like NDVI can provide critical information to help us blunt the worst of the problems. Improving early prediction systems may be as important in preventing famine as improving farming techniques and food aid policies for ensuring a sustainable future. › Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI) › Global Inventory Modeling & Mapping Studies › Science Magazine Cover › African Land-Cover Classification Using Satellite Data › Precision Farming › Drought Threatens Africa NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

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Teens' get first drink from best friends Washington, January 29: Adolescents who get their first drink from a friend are more likely to drink sooner in life, a national study by a University of Iowa-led team has found. The finding is designed to help specialists predict when adolescents are likely to first consume alcohol, with the aim of heading off problem drinking at the pass. "When you start drinking, even with kids who come from alcoholic families, they don't get their first drinks from their family," said Samuel Kuperman, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the UI. "They get their first drinks from their friends. They have to be able to get it. If they have friends who have alcohol, then it's easier for them to have that first drink," he added. Kuperman and his team built their formula from two longstanding measures of adolescent drinking behavior-the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics and Alcoholism and the Achenbach Youth Self Report. From those measures of nearly two-dozen variables and a review of the literature, the UI-led team found five to be the most important predictors: two separate measures of disruptive behavior, a family history of alcohol dependence, a measure of poor social skills, and whether most best friends drink alcohol. The researchers then looked at how the five variables worked in concert. Surprisingly, a best friend who drank and had access to alcohol was the most important predictor. In fact, adolescents whose best friend used alcohol were twice as likely to have a first drink, the researchers found. Moreover, if considered independently of the other variables, teenagers whose best friends drank are three times as likely to begin drinking themselves, the study found, underscoring the sway that friends have in adolescents' drinking behavior. "Family history doesn't necessarily drive the age of first drink. It's access. At that age (14 or 15), access trumps all. As they get older, then family history plays a larger role," noted Kuperman, who has studied teen drinking for more than a decade. The current study drew from a pool of 820 adolescents at six sites across the country. The participants were 14 to 17 years old, with a median age of 15.5, nearly identical to the typical age of an adolescent's first drink found in previous studies. More than eight in 10 respondents came from what the researchers deemed high-risk families, but more than half of the teenagers had no alcohol-dependent parents. Tellingly, among those adolescents who reported having had drunk alcohol, nearly four in ten said their best friends also drank. The result underscores previous findings that teenagers who have their first drink before 15 years of age are more likely to abuse alcohol or become dependent. It also supports the screening questions selected in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the American Academy of Pediatrics initiative to identify and help youth at risk for alcohol use, the researchers write. Kuperman, whose faculty appointment is in the Carver College of Medicine, says he hopes to use the study to delve into the genetics underpinning alcoholism, chiefly tracking adolescents who use alcohol and see whether they have genes that match up with their parents if they also are problem drinkers. The study was published this month in the journal Pediatrics.

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Like most dog owners, you probably talk to your dog in complete sentences, convinced that they can understand you, and more often than not, it appears that they do. Of course, they don’t speak fluent English, but by picking out the key words, such as ‘walk’, ‘park’ or ‘tea-time’, they can usually get the gist of what you mean. The fact that we talk to very small children in much the same way is no coincidence. Research has shown that dogs have the same vocabulary as a two to two and a half-year-old child, somewhere between 200 and 250 words. Not only that, but studies have suggested that dogs can also count and understand basic maths. Which means that our pets are a lot brighter than we perhaps give them credit for. This is where dog obedience training can bring out the best in your canine. Professor Stanley Coren, a leading canine researcher at the University of British Columbia, recently presented a set of canine studies to the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society. He suggested that dog intelligence, and especially language skills, could rival that of apes. He found that the average dog had a vocabulary of at least 165 words, and the smartest dogs, like border collies, poodles and German Shepherds, could learn up to 250 words. What’s more, they could be taught to increase that vocabulary by learning new names for new items. In addition to their vocabulary skills, dogs have also been found to be adept at reading non-verbal cues. Juliane Kaminski, director of the Dog Cognition Centre at the University of Portsmouth, found that both humans and dogs learn a common ‘language’ of facial expressions, looks and other physical cues through which they are able to communicate. This goes far beyond simple anthropomorphism, or the assigning of human characteristics to animals and inanimate objects, and becomes an effective way of communicating between species. Dogs can count too To test maths skills in small children, researchers note how long they look at the result of a test. If the result is unexpected, such as when two balls are placed behind a screen and the screen is then lifted to reveal three balls, the child will stare at the results for longer, trying to make sense of it. Dogs were found to react in the same way to surprising results, suggesting that they have basic maths skills as well as basic language. “Your dog knows that one plus one equals two, not one or three,” explains Professor Coren. “They have been shown to be able to count up to four or five.” Research at Essex University has also shown that horses can also count, suggesting that the skill is widespread in the animal kingdom. As the scientific world wakes up to what dog owners have always known, research into dog intelligence is spreading fast. Prestigious American universities, such as Duke and Yale, have canine research projects, and there are similar studies going on across Europe. Recently, and entire issue of the journal of the Association for Psychological Science was dedicated to studies involving dogs. Of course, at A&T Trained dogs, we’ve always known how smart dogs are, and we count on that intelligence to help us with our dog obedience training, both for Perfect Pets and for our Family Protection Dogs. We can work with your dog too, helping them to add to their impressive vocabulary and learn new words as part of basic dog obedience training. To find out more about how to make the most of your dog’s surprising abilities, get in touch today.

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World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study Covering all Pacific islands involved in World War II military operations, this book is a detailed, single source of information on virtually every geo-military aspect of the Pacific Theater. Arranged regionally and, to the extent possible, chronologically according to when islands entered the war, entries provide complete background information. Along with island names, nicknames, Allied code names, location, and wartime time zones, the entries include such topics as the island's physical characteristics, weather, health hazards, historical background, native population, natural resources, and military value. Japanese and Allied strategies and operations, military problems caused by terrain, military installations, Japanese units and key commanders, Allied units and key commanders, and brief battle descriptions are also covered along with the island's postwar status. A valuable resource for researchers, historians, military history enthusiasts, and war gamers, the book provides complete background information on the geo-military aspects of the Pacific Ocean region, its islands, and the roles they played in the war. 108 maps provide specific information. Until now, geo-military information could only be found by searching four to ten publications on each island. What people are saying - Write a review LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - GrinningDwarf - LibraryThing THE resource to find out ANYthing you want to know about ANY island involved in the Pacific fighting. Well worth the price!! Read full review

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When you want to become a passionate photographer and your goal is to tell stories through your pictures, then you might find it interesting to learn about photojournalism and documentary photography. Essentially, both of these photographic styles are closely related and do share some similarities. However, each one has a different goal and sends a different message to the viewer. It’s often quite confusing to distinguish between documentary photography and photojournalism. And their small differences have been a debate among professional photographers for many years. If you want to understand the underlying difference between documentary photography and photojournalism, stay tuned as I explain the critical differences between these two photographic mediums in this comprehensive article. What is Documentary Photography? Briefly, documentary photography is a genre of Fine Art Photography that simply uses pictures to tell a stunning story of a particular event. In general, we often use the term ‘documentary’ to describe several different types of camerawork. Usually, the term ‘documentary’ in photography, describes the capture or recording of events in real-time to inform us of relevant and impactful events that are happening in various parts of the world. Also, there are rarely staged scenes or posed portraits in documentary-style photography. The idea is usually to depict real-life situations in a more creative way. The reasons for pursuing this form of art photography may vary. However, most documentary photographers often aim to address various issues, raise awareness, do more research, and of course, create fascinating pieces of work. What is Photojournalism? Just as the name suggests, photojournalism is a ‘journalism’ branch that involves using photographs to tell a story (usually a news story). In most cases, photojournalism often refers to still images. But it can also refer to journalism videos. Moreover, photojournalism differs from other closely related photography genres and subgenres. This includes documentary photography, war, street, and social documentary photography, to name a few. Unlike other photography branches, photojournalism tends to have a rigid ethical framework that demands an honest approach that tells stories in strict journalistic terms. The Difference Between Documentary Photography vs. Photojournalism In general, documentary photography usually relates to a lengthy project that has, or unfolds a more complex storyline. Meanwhile, photojournalism often concerns news or rather breaking news stories. Here are some critical differences between these two photography mediums: The difference in pace of work Time is basically the primary distinguishing factor between these two photographic mediums. And unlike documentary photographers who have plenty of time to cover and document their stories, photojournalists tend to work with limited time, and at a much faster pace. Photojournalists often share their work on news outlets, social platforms, and websites within days—sometimes, even hours—of shooting. They usually share their subjects live to keep their work fresh and recently updated. Meanwhile, documentaries work at a relatively slower pace because it takes time to investigate and raise awareness about an issue. And talking about time, we’re talking about weeks, or even months of investigation. Sometimes it even takes years depending on the complexity and breadth of the story. The difference in ‘approach’ to storytelling Given the fact that they have different goals and objectives, both documentary photography and photojournalism are likely to have their own unique approaches to storytelling. And due to their fast-paced nature of work, photojournalists usually focus their attention on recording events objectively instead of turning them to a full-length feature. Their photographs usually tell a story about a place, an event, or a person, on their own. Documentary photographs on another hand, are used to unfold or tell the underlying story. And to achieve this, documentary photographers usually shoot photos in series or as part of a huge project. The difference in communication or interaction time with their subjects Because it emphasizes storytelling, documentary photographers often have plenty of time to spend and interact with their subjects and establish a solid relationship. But this is not the same case with photojournalists. Their work usually demands speed. And even though photojournalists do often have time to interact, and talk to their subjects, their sessions are likely to be shorter compared to those of documentary photographers. Verdict: Both documentary photography vs. photojournalism has the same goal Photojournalism photographs are only focussed on short-term involvement (they are more or less like breaking news), while documentary-style photographs are stored for longer term involvement or study. Both documentary photography and photojournalism are about recording or capturing circumstances and facts. And every given photograph should be able to reveal the truth and show reality. The main goal of both branches of journalistic photography is to inform viewers on specific events or stories. 6 Main Types of Documentary-Style Photography We usually see documentary photography in some of the earliest black and white photographs. Some of the records even date back to 1861 during the American Civil War. The following are some of the most common types of documentary photography that started long before Digital SLR cameras arrived: 01. War Documentary Photography Wars and conflicts—and their effects on people and the land—are all included in war documentary photography. Historically, war photography uncovered dozens of armed conflicts to the civilian, spurring up reactions and increasing insight from ordinary people. Also, throughout history, war documentary photography has been a powerful tool for photographers and journalists to alert, or increase the public awareness of conflict injustices. Nowadays, journalists and photographers are still using war photography to show the world what is happening to their brothers in other areas of the world. Take the Russian – Ukraine War, for example. The world would have never known what our brothers in those two nations are experiencing. Think about the constant violence against innocent children, women, and ordinary men. The hunger and shortage of food supply to the army, civilians, and even animals. The internally displaced persons. And don’t forget about the wildlife. Anyway, behind the camera lens, stand the war documentary photographers who are usually the unsung heroes. If this is the path you have chosen for a career, be advised that you’ll always be exposed to armed warfare. And because of that, your safety is, therefore, highly encouraged. 02. Conservation Documentary Photography Conservation documentary photography tends to promote environmental preservation through still photographs and video footage. The main subjects of this type of documentary photography include beautiful landscapes, wildlife, toxic wastes, and endangered animal species. These photographs or videos are often meant to evoke a reaction from whoever is viewing them. As such, viewers can direct their feelings and/or emotions towards a better and worthy cause. 03. Street Documentary Photography In brief, street photography is a branch of candid documentary photography that involves real-life reportage of daily street life and events. Street photography was not considered part of documentary photography, until people learned that images of the street life do acquire some values of documentary photographs. This is because street photographs can provide a glimpse into a scene from the past, and thus forming pieces of social history. 04. Social Documentary Photography Also known as, concerned photography, social documentary photography typically aims to evoke social change in the society. It captures what the world looks like, with an environmental or social focus. Social documentary photography may as well refer to a social critical type of photography dedicated to showing the lives of unprivileged people. It simply records everyday life, but with an underlying theme or in other words, an important message. Most photographers in this genre create different stories with their pictures. And they achieve this by closely following their subjects (people) over time. 05. Family Documentary Photography Simply put, family documentary photography preserves the story of a given family in the present time. There are no posing or directed shots (for example, move here, stand there, or smile at the camera, kinda stuff.), just honest moments and memories, beautifully captured on camera. Family documentary photography has a photojournalism approach with a focus on telling a story. The results are usually photographs that portray the subject in scenes that are very specific and dear to them. Our daily activities and relationships tell so many stories about us. And family documentary photography is our best chance of capturing some of these unique stories, which as time flies, they become even more meaningful to us. It provides us the chance to see the essential connections and fleeting emotions that we don’t usually see or notice. 06. Wedding Documentary Photography This one is more or less of a candid style of wedding photography where every picture is captured without the wedding photographer setting it up. Wedding documentary photography is just so perfect for people who want a series of photographs that accurately portray the special day. Most couples today enjoy the organic approach offered by wedding documentary photography. It simply just captures the intimate moments, casual encounters, and unexpected events, better. I’m not sure about you, but to me, good wedding documentary photographs are the ones that show what things felt like and not just how they looked. 4 Frequently Asked Questions [and Answers] About Documentary-style Photography Do people really need to be included in documentary-style photography? Although people are usually included in some of the most vivid documentary-style photographs, not all photographs require human subjects to raise awareness of a specific subject or an event. Documentary-style images should be captured with a goal to elicit emotion from the viewer. And this can be achieved with a variety of different subjects. Furthermore, sub-genres such as conservation documentary photography, for instance, focus mainly on promoting the conservation of nature and wildlife, and the world’s ecosystem. What does the term “documentary” stand for in documentary-style photography? Simply put, the term ‘documentary’ is used to define or explain anything that relates to ‘documenting’ real-life information. Think of it as a significant word that is loosely used to describe anything that’s captured, registered, and/or achieved. Any form of documentary-style art or photography aims to capture real events and people, and contain footage that is factually correct and that doesn’t contain any fictional parts. All the different types of documentary photography images are used primarily to reveal info about interesting and/or unknown topics of actual situations, people, and places. In most instances, documentary photographs are made up of people who think that a specific story or a viewpoint isn’t getting enough exposure from the mainstream media outlets. Furthermore, documentary photography provides a crucial lens into a new experience, or a new world, by using photographs to help shed light on a fascinating and informative matter. Lastly, even though the factual parts of documentary art can help establish a piece, the creative perspective of the photographer behind the camera lens is usually what actually defines the entire thing and helps to press or promote a viewership. What’s the most critical aspect of documentary-style photography? Documentary-style photography serves as a creative form of art and a way of raising awareness regarding specific issues in society. As such, instead of achieving an aesthetic goal, its the most critical aspect is that it tells stories with sympathy and purpose. Likewise, documentary photographers usually help to raise awareness of environmental issues, including people and animals, by photographing or filming natural events and providing them with a voice and a place. The goal of these images is to engage their viewers and inspire them to push for, or make a change. If you are considering working in documentary photography, you will need to first identify the situations, people, or issues that interests you the most. What types of events or stories do you think deserves an action or gain more attention? Or Which causes or situations mostly excite you? This will certainly help you decide what you want to pursue. What makes a good documentary-style photograph? All documentary-style photographs often represent subjects as accurately as possible. A good documentary-style photograph, however, is one that portrays the subjects through the photographer’s sharp and creative mind, and a fascinating story to share through intended photography. Some of the key things you need to consider if you want to capture good (or perfect) documentary photographs, include, but are not limited to: - interacting with your subjects ahead of shooting - capturing or recording scenes naturally - using the correct style and equipment I) Interacting with your subjects ahead of shooting Interacting with, or getting to know your subjects ahead of shooting, often guarantees the best results in documentary-style photography. And this doesn’t necessarily mean that you need to interview people. You can simply just approach and talk to your subjects beforehand. Doing so will help you establish a bond and create emotional documentary imagery. Spending a few days with your subjects will enable you to better understand them and their situations. II) Capturing or recording scenes naturally There is certainly no doubt about it—original and fascinating images are achieved when scenes are captured or recorded naturally. Therefore, always remember to approach every shooting session with an open mind. It also helps to always be prepared and ready to anticipate moments, and keep your camera and equipment ready. This simply means drawing contexts to every moment without actually staging them. It also means you are creatively taking charge of the scenes to capture what you want (or at least something close to it). III) Using the correct style and equipment Although any camera can shoot documentary photographs just fine, it is essential to consider the breadth of your project and get the right equipment that can help you achieve the best look. This will enable you to shoot and capture documentary-style photographs from different perspectives. Just make sure that you know your camera so well that you don’t have problems with adjusting ISO, shutter speed, and/or exposure to match the motion and the lighting of the scene. From understanding the difference between documentary photography and photojournalism to exploring the different types of documentary-style photography, we’ve noticed that there are certainly some critical differences and similarities. Both photojournalism and documentary photography are very crucial in the world of photography. Just like most photographers who pursue either of these, you are also likely to try out the other if, let’s assume, you are practicing one of these two photography genres.

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I want to walk you now through a quick test for cognitive disorders, so cognitive disorders result primarily from primary or secondary abnormalities of the central nervous system. They can affect memory and orientation, attention and judgment. The mini mental status exam is used to test cognitive function. Now this is a great screening tool and it's one that should actually be included in any mental status exam that you do for the patient. It's quick, it's short, it's easy and again it's a screening tool and it will tell you whether or not you need to dig a little bit deeper into determining if there is in fact a cognitive problem. But because errors in cognition can come with all kinds of psychiatric disorders even general medical conditions, consider things like depression and psychosis, sometimes poor memory and concentration can be features of these illnesses. That?s why it's really important to get some baseline MMSE on every patient you encounter. Now, the mini mental status exam, it is also called a Folstein, it's scored out of 30 points and really anyone following below a 26 probably has some problems that need a little digger deeping into figuring out what?s going on there with their cognition. So there are a lot of things that you can test for and again this is scored out of 30 points. Here?s a chart that helps to summarize a little bit about what you're looking for. Things like orientation for the patient, do they know what the month and year is? Do they know where they are? That it's a hospital, what floor they're on or whether it's an outpatient clinic? What city they?re in, etc. So you're really gonna score them there based on their orientation. You're gonna want them to name 3 objects and register them, meaning repeat them right back to you. You wanna be able to test for their attention by giving them some calculations or spelling quiz. Now before you do this step, it's really important that you know the educational level of your patient so that you can tailor the exam to meet them where they're at. You wanna know about their recall so you ask them to repeat the 3 words they had registered 5 minutes previously. And then you're gonna score patients by asking them to name simple objects like a pen and a clock. Ask them to repeat a sentence after you and give them a 3-step command to follow. So other things that you're gonna do is see how well they can complete tasks. Tell them to close their eyes, have them write a sentence, and have them copy a design which should be 3-dimensional and something that they're able to construct without problem. So you?ll score all of these and in summary, the mini mental status exam is testing all kinds of things, orientation, alertness, patient?s language skills, you're testing their executive functioning, their recall, their memory. You may also, as part of this exam, throw in some obstructions to see how well they can join objects together. Do they know that an apple and an orange are similar because they're fruits? That?s a good example of an abstract thinker or somebody who?s more concrete is gonna say, well, they are both round, which is not so good of an answer. So I wanna tell you about two other quick tests that you can do in terms of checking cognition. So sometimes these come up on exams and on the words so they're worth noting. Now when you're suspecting a cognitive disorder in a patient, let?s say you've screened them with the mini mental status exam, they didn?t do so well. So you wanna take a one step further or maybe give them a MoCA, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. This is a brief screening tool, only takes about 10 minutes to deliver and it really tests a variety of things. It can test? compared with the MMSE, it tests things that are a little more sensitive to the detection of a mild cognitive impairment. Okay, so there?s a wider range of domains here that you are looking at, including memory and language, attention, also visuospatial things, and executive functions. For example, the MoCA includes little quizzes like drawing a clock, telling it to say a certain time and includes a trail making sequence. They test how quickly a person can name words starting with the certain letter within a minute, so it just a little bit more challenging than the MMSE and a little bit more new ones. There's also a test called the mini-cog and this is a clock drawing test and also a test of recall. And this can be really important and a really quick way to assess whether or not somebody is having some cognitive trouble. The clock drawing test is a great way to really see if people are able to connect the sequence of ideas and strategize and do something in a goal-oriented task driven way. And then with a recall of three words, you can really quickly just see how somebody?s memory is based of, of whether they can recall all three words easily or if it's a struggle to even come up with one. So the advantages of the mini-cog again are the high sensitivity for predicting dementia, the short testing time because it really takes only a couple of minutes compared to the mini mental status exam or MoCA which may take about 7-10 minutes each. And there is a little bit of diagnostic value that?s limited in the mini-cog because it's so short but it's a good way to just clue you in and as to whether or not there might be a serious cognition problem that you need to dig deeper for. So you're familiar now with the few quick screening tools, I?d say for your exam the ones to remember is the mini mental status exam and note that this is important to do not only in patients who may have cognitive trouble but really you should include it as part of your mental status exam for all patients.

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Henry Fraeb and his party of about 20 trappers left the rendezvous on the Green River on July 25th. The Fraeb Party headed east, toward Fraeb’s trading post on the Little Snake River, hunting for buffalo. The beaver trade was in decline, but buffalo robes were in high demand. Earlier in 1841 Henry Fraeb and Jim Bridger had built at log trading post on the Little Snake River, near what is now the Wyoming-Colorado border. This was south of the route that the Bidwell-Bartleson Party took, in a good region for hunting buffalo. About three weeks after they met with the Bidwell-Bartleson Party, Fraeb and his group of hunters was attacked by 500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. The battle was fierce, taking place over two days, and leaving from 40 to 50 Native Americans dead and five dead of Fraeb’s party. It’s astounding that any of them survived. One of the survivors was Jim Baker, who had come with the Bidwell-Bartleson Party in search of Fraeb and his men. When Fraeb was killed early in the battle, he took over and directed the fight. Nearly all the horses were killed, since Fraeb’s men used their horses as a wall to shield behind. The Bidwell-Bartleson Party went on their way, ignorant of what happened to Fraeb and his men. In “The First Emigrant Train to California,” Bidwell relates what he thought he knew about the incident: Years afterwards we heard of the fate of that party; they were attacked by Indians the very first night after they left us and several of them killed, including the captain of the trapping party, whose name was Frapp. The whisky was probably the cause. By the time Bidwell wrote that in 1889 he was a Prohibitionist, so he does not fail to point the moral. But since the battle did not take place until almost a month later, whiskey was probably not the cause. Some other problem caused the Indians to attack the intruders they saw as a threat.

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Modern astronomical instruments have made images of things that were unimaginable less than a century ago: galaxies as they appeared when the universe was very young; the Milky Way in various wavelengths of light; gravitational lenses that demonstrate esoteric, but significant, aspects of our physical understanding of the universe. Despite all this power to see strange parts of the universe, parts so unlike where we work, eat, walk, and read, we have yet to see another world like our own. We have significant and solid evidence that planets exist in orbit about stars other than our Sun, but this evidence comes from extremely precise measurements of those stars, not the planets themselves. Why, if we can see incomprehensibly large distances in space and time, past countless stars and billions of galaxies, can we not see what is, in astronomical terms, just down the street, in orbit about the nearest star? The answer is that stars emit so much light that they drown out anything right next to them that is substantially fainter, such as their planets and disks of orbiting dust. In order to see these so-called "exoplanets" one must get rid of the starlight. The Lyot Project, involving scientists from around the United States with varied backgrounds, is an attempt to build an instrument that can remove more of the starlight from images of nearby solar systems than has ever before been possible. We intend to map regions comparable to the size of our own solar system around the nearest and brightest stars. Our work will also help to understand and break the barrier that has prevented the direct imaging of planets in orbit about other stars. We also hope to see nascent planetary systems, which may reveal precious clues about how planets and solar systems form. Documentary FilmIf you have only a few minutes to find out about the Lyot Project, we suggest viewing the new documentary produced by the American Museum of Natural History's Science Bulletins. This documentary which is just under eight minutes long can be seen in the museum's Rose Center for Earth and Space, or online at astrobulletin.amnh.org. Latest ResultsClick Here Dust Disk around AB Aurigae Publications of the Lyot ProjectThe Lyot Project's scientists have published 19 refereed scientific papaers, 4 SPIE papers and 22 conference proceedings papers as of December 2007. The full list of these papers is available by clicking on this sentence. AcknowledgementsThe Lyot Project is supported by the National Science Foundation, the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Detachment 15 of the Air Force Research Laboratory, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Michelson Fellowship Program, as well as the generous contributions of the Museum's patrons and visitors. We are particularly grateful to the Cordelia Corporation, Hillary and Ethel Lipsitz, the Vincent Astor Fund, and Judy Vale for their generous support for the project. If the format of any material on this website interferes with your ability to access that material, please contact us at [email protected].

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|Current location||Call number||Status||Date due||Barcode||Item holds| |Main library collection Stacks||614.4 Ris 2012||Available||t 15995| Includes bibliographical references and index. "The people of Tang" in San Francisco -- "Guarding life" and way of death -- Sanitation, microbes, and plague -- Officials, Mandarins, and the press -- Early scenes of terror : Chinatown, March to June 1900 -- The siege continues : Chinatown, June to December 1900 -- Secrecy : plague goes underground, 1901 -- Rumors and realities : plague in California, 1902 -- National threat, 1903 -- Sanitarians claim victory, 1904 to 1905. When health officials in San Francisco discovered bubonic plague in their city's Chinatown in 1900, they responded with intrusive, controlling, and arbitrary measures that touched off a sociocultural conflict still relevant today. Guenter B. Risse's history of an epidemic is the first to incorporate the voices of those living in Chinatown at the time, including the desperately ill Wong Chut King, believed to be the first person infected. Lasting until 1904, the plague in San Francisco's Chinatown reignited racial prejudices, renewed efforts to remove the Chinese from their district, and created new tensions among local, state, and federal public health officials quarreling over the presence of the deadly disease. Risse's rich, nuanced narrative of the event draws from a variety of sources, including Chinese-language reports and accounts. He addresses the ecology of Chinatown, the approaches taken by Chinese and Western medical practitioners, and the effects of quarantine plans on Chinatown and its residents. Risse explains how plague threatened California's agricultural economy and San Francisco's leading commercial role with Asia, discusses why it brought on a wave of fear mongering that drove perceptions and intervention efforts, and describes how Chinese residents organized and successfully opposed government quarantines and evacuation plans in federal court. By probing public health interventions in the setting of one of the most visible ethnic communities in United States history, Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown offers insight into the clash of Eastern and Western cultures in a time of medical emergency.

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Missoula has new floodplain maps that should give homeowners a better idea of their flood risks. The new Federal Emergency Management Agency maps have been updated for the first time in 25 years. Some Missoulians might be reassured. Others might need to shop for flood insurance. "The purpose of this program is to let people know what their level of risk is," said mapping specialist, Carrie Higinbotham. The maps are in digital and paper format. "With new technology we're able to refine how that map was drawn," said Higinbotham. "And be much more accurate about where the line is being drawn." The maps could spell changes for some city and county residents. Some who had been in the floodplain, may not be anymore. Others who hadn't been mapped there, might be in the floodplain now. Of course, people in the drainages like the Rattlesnake and Miller Creek, and other well known Missoula streams, plus the Clark Fork River, can be at risk. Areas that have been added to at risk flooding is a stretch about one-and-a-half miles up Lolo Creek to Graves Creek on Highway 12. Also included are LaValle Creek and Butler Creek, near the old pulp mill, and next to railroad grades in Clinton. People can find out more by logging onto both city and county websites. There are also hard copies at the Missoula Public Library.

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I’ve been saying that Gondwana was coming for months, for millions of years. It’s finally arriving. The earlier tectonic collisions in southeastern and east-central North America were between the North American continent and various stringers – island arcs, microcontinents, branches of Baltica, and further north, in Newfoundland and Labrador and Greenland, there was a true continent-continent collision between North America and Baltica. But the really big crunch was between what was now a combined supercontinent – Laurasia or Laurussia, the assembled North America and Europe or Baltica – and the really big supercontinent of Gondwana, which comprised most of the rest of the world’s large continental blocks. This mountain-building event is often called the Alleghenian Orogeny, named for the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia and Pennsylvania where the effects of the orogeny are preserved. And the rocks there were more specifically deformed at the time we’re talking about now, the very late Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian. The term Appalachian Orogeny can be used to refer to the entire spectrum and time span of the events that created the diverse ranges of the Appalachian Mountains, and that would reach from late Ordovician at least into the Permian, 200 million years or more. So Alleghenian Orogeny is a better, more specific term. How can we distinguish the related, episodic events from each other? The simple way is to look at which rocks are deformed. If Ordovician rocks are folded and faulted, but Devonian rocks are not, then the deformation must have occurred after the Ordovician rocks were formed but before the Devonian layers were laid down. It’s the old law of superposition – deposits or events that come earlier cannot lie over, or affect, rocks that come later. It can get pretty complicated of course, and unraveling the sequences of events is sometimes pretty challenging. It keeps geologists busy! Because this collision really was the big one, it caused considerably greater deformation of the rocks than the earlier events had. The layers of rock in the Appalachian Basin, in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, were squeezed into a series of elongate folds. Further south, in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee, the push was strong enough to break the rocks, and there are some really big faults there that were formed at this time. There are lots of consequences to the collision between Gondwana and Laurasia, which we’ll touch on as we get further into the Pennsylvanian Period this month. The whole process will continue well into the Permian, a total of at least 60 million years just for this culminating collision. For comparison, India began to collide with Asia about 40 million years ago – and it’s definitely not done causing deformation, which we see today as earthquakes scattered through the region. * * * John Ewing was born July 5, 1924, in Lockney, Texas. He had a long career with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, and Columbia University. His work focused on marine geophysics, and he’s considered to be the inventor of the air gun for marine seismology. He used geophysical data to unravel the structure of oceanic crust and the transitions between oceanic and continental crust. —Richard I. Gibson Illustration from USGS

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We care a lot about our hearts, and it’s not just because they keep us alive. Theres no organ more memorable than your heart. It’s the subject of countless songs, books, poems, it even has its own holiday dedicated to it. But did you know your heart can survive without you? But for how long? And how is this medical phenomenon possible? Pop culture might make you think your heart does a lot of things. It tells us who to love, makes us emotional and helps us write cheesy love songs. But in reality, none of this is true, your heart doesn’t think. It’s just a muscle that pumps blood to keep you alive. One thing that is true, it’s an extremely hard worker. Your heart beats, on average, over 3 billion times during your lifetime. It’s constantly pumping blood throughout your body — delivering oxygen and nutrients to your muscles and brain in order for them to stay healthy and work properly. Your heart works so hard, it even puts in a little overtime. But how? Your heart can beat completely independently of you as long as oxygen is provided. Keep in mind, that if your brain fails then so will your heart. But let’s say your heart somehow gets taken out of your body a la Temple of Doom (may need to cut). It’ll survive, but not for long without medical intervention. The reason your heart survives is because it isn’t regulated by your brain. Sure your brain has to do with how fast or slow your heart rate is, but it doesn’t actually control the beat of your heart. Everything you need to make your heart work, is right within the heart itself. That’s because your heartbeats are sparked by your own natural pacemaker – found within your heart. Without this, your brain would have to send a signal to your heart to trigger every beat. How annoying would that be? Instead, electrical impulses in your heart are triggered by the sinoatrial node, or SA node. These impulses travel along the walls of your right and left atrium. Stimulating the top part of your heart to contract which, in turn, pumps blood to the ventricles. Even after your heart is disconnected from your body, the SA node still sends impulses throughout the organ, allowing it to pump. This continues until the cells run out of energy, about 3 to 5 minutes. But don’t worry, if your heart ever does escape your body it’ll most likely be due to a transplant. With the help of some doctors and an ice box, your heart can survive outside of your body up to 4 hours. Primarily because it gets fed nutrients and because the cold temperature keeps it from beating, and from wasting energy. Once the heart starts to warm back up, it starts beating like normal. Technology has also improved the amount of time a heart can spend outside the body. Machines are available to keep pumping blood through your heart, so it can survive even longer while waiting for a transplant. Even though our heart doesn’t really need us, we certainly need it. It may not be an essential factor in you writing the next great love ballad, but without it you wouldn’t be able to make the music in the first place. - Why Hearts Continue to Beat After Death - Why Can the Heart Still Beat Outside the Body? - How the cardiac cycle is produced by electrical impulses in the heart - After separated from the body, how long will the human heart beat? - How the Heart Works - The Heart and Its Electrical System - Why does the heart beat? The discovery of the electrical system of the heart. - Discovery of the function of the heart and circulation of blood - Medical Definition of SA node

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Devotio: the ritual dedication of an enemy, or self-dedication, to the gods of the Underworld. This Roman custom is also known from other ancient nations. The most famous devotio in Roman history is probably that of the consul Publius Decius Mus, who was fighting a battle against a formidable coalition of Samnites and Gauls at Sentinum in 295 BCE. According to Livy,note[Livy, History of Rome since its Foundation 10.17ff.] he dedicated himself to the gods of the Underworld and rode, on horseback, to his enemies, who killed him. The wrath of the gods now was upon the Gauls, who were soundly defeated, after which it was easy to break Samnite resistance too. Of course Livy's story may be propaganda - the man was killed in action and it was later claimed that this was not just bad luck, which might demoralize the soldiers, but a pious and inspiring act of patriotism. However, there are too many stories about devotio to deny that it was a ritual that had some sort of reality, even when it did not belong to the most important cult practices of ancient Rome. Livy claims that Decius Mus' father devoted himself before the battle of the Vesuvius in 340 VC (= 336/335 BCE). His account includes the prayer that was spoken, although is is probably not the authentic version: "I devote the army and auxilaries of the enemy and myself to the Di Manes and Tellus".note[Livy, History of Rome since its Foundation 8.9-10.] The son of the man who died at Sentium was also killed after a devotio, according to Cicero, in the battle of Ausculum, in which king Pyrrhus of Epirus was ultimately victorious.note[Cicero, Questions debated at Tusculum, 1.89; The Ends of Goods and Evils, 2.61.] A fourth case is referred to by Livy in his account of the sack of Rome in 390 VC (=387/386 BCE): several old senators were sitting in their most beautiful togas in their houses, waiting to be killed by the Gauls.note[Livy, History of Rome since its Foundation 5.41.3-10.] A final example is the self-sacrifice of Marcus Curtius in 362 VC,note[Livy, History of Rome since its Foundation 7.6.1-6.] which is connected with the monument known as Lacus Curtius. The ritual itself was simple. The pontifex maximus said the prayer, and the general who dedicated himself repeated it, leaning on a spear, and dressed in a toga. With the toga over his head ("Gabine fashion"), the commander rode to the enemy. If he survived, he was never to perform religious acts any more; if an ordinary soldier had dedicated himself to the Underworld and had survived, a statue with a height of seven feet had to be buried instead. One such statue has been excavated in the country of the ancient Vestini, at Capestrano in the Abruzzi. When Rome became a monarchy, the word devotio was used to describe the self-sacrifices for the well-being of the emperor. A notorious example is the story of Publius Afranius Potitus, who promised to commit suicide if only the emperor Caligula would recover from an illness - the emperor insisted that the man would indeed descend to the Underworld.note[Cassius Dio, Roman History, 59.8.3; cf. Suetonius, Caligula, 27.2.] A Greek Ritual? Although devotio is an Italian ritual, the idea that a soldier could die for his comrades is also attested in Greek legends. In the first place, there's the story of the Athenian king Codrus.note[Lycurgus, Against Leocrates, 84-87.] Euripides tells how the Theban crown prince Menoeceus sacrificed himself during the siege by the Seven against Thebes.note[Euripides, Phoenician Women 911ff; cf. Pausanias, Guide to Greece, 9.25.1.] That self-sacrifice was also a reality at the battlefield, is proved by the seer mentioned by Xenophon.note[Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.4.18-19.] Perhaps the famous oracle given to Leonidas before the Battle of Thermopylae, that Sparta would either be sacked or regret the death of its king, can be interpreted in this fashion. Devotio is very likely to be behind Herodotus' story of the Battle of Himera, in which the Carthaginian general Hamilcar throwing himself in the fire.note[Herodotus, Histories, 7.165-167.]

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Southeast Asia has been touted as one of the world’s fastest growing regions. Bloomberg reported last year that Southeast Asia has a population of 620 million people and an economy worth US$2.6 trillion. This regional economy is expected to keep growing and the World Economic Forum predicted in 2017 that it will have the world’s fifth largest economy by 2020. The Bloomberg report also indicates that growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is forecasted to be at 4.9% in 2018 with Myanmar, Vietnam and the Philippines being the fastest growing economies in the region. The Nikkei Asian Review revealed in November 2017 that ASEAN nations – particularly Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia – experienced good economic growth. Even Lao PDR was named by the World Bank in 2017 as one of the fastest growing economies in East Asia and the Pacific region. Brunei however seems to be the exception to the rule. The country’s economy that is completely dependent on oil exports has been slowing lately. Previously, Brunei’s oil exports have been the backbone of the country’s economy, allowing the government there to provide welfare to their citizens and also contributing to the country’s high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. However, the oil rich country has been affected as a result of lowering global oil prices. According to World Bank data, Brunei used to have one of the highest GDP per capita in the world, similar to other oil rich countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Data shows that there has been a significant drop in GDP per capita in Brunei over the last five years or so. In 2011, Brunei’s GDP per capita peaked at US$36,000. At the end of 2016, Brunei had a GDP per capita of US$31,000 – an average drop of around US$1000 a year. Economic statistics website, Trading Economics revealed this year that Brunei’s GDP per capita is forecasted to drop even further in 2018 to US$28,000. When global oil prices plunged in 2015, an analysis by Paul Pryce of UPH Analytics in 2016 revealed that government revenue decreased by 70% in 2016. According to Brunei’s Department of Economic Planning and Development in 2016, Brunei recorded negative growth that year, with a GDP decline of 2.5%. Meanwhile, the IMF has forecasted that while Brunei’s economy contracted to -1.3% in 2017, it will finally chart positive growth in 2018 with an increase of 0.7%. Brunei was even listed in Forbes Magazine in December 2017 as one of “Asia’s Five Weakest Economies by Growth.” Brunei has to realise that it cannot depend on oil forever, especially at this point in time. Song Seng Wun, an economist from CIMB Singapore told Bloomberg in December 2017 that, “…they [Brunei] can’t just pump oil to compensate for oil prices, and even if they did, the demand wouldn’t support it.” Despite slow growth, the government of Brunei led by Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah has implemented various reforms to improve the country’s economy. These reforms have not gone unnoticed as Brunei has been named the world’s most improved country for the third year in a row in the World Bank’s Doing Business Report 2018. The report measures the regulatory environment in a country’s economy – assessing the conduciveness of starting a business there. Brunei’s move to diversify their economy is starting to bear fruit. The Borneo Bulletin reported in 2017 that foreign investment in other sectors apart from oil and gas have risen from 2% of total foreign investments in 2012 to 32% in 2015. Brunei is also looking to bolster its tourism sector. The Straits Times reported in 2017 that the government of Brunei is looking to raise its tourism sector’s contribution from just 1.1% of the GDP to 3%. While Brunei has been making moves to improve and diversify its economy, oil still dominates its export numbers. Government data from 2017 indicated that gas and oil mining still accounted for 41% of the country’s GDP. As the oil industry continues to struggle for stability, Brunei needs to quickly look into diversifying its economy before another oil crisis hits and shifts the country into more challenging territory.

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After masking out all known stars, galaxies and artifacts and enhancing what’s left, an irregular background glow appears. This is the cosmic infrared background (CIB); lighter colors indicate brighter areas. The CIB glow is more irregular than can be explained by distant unresolved galaxies, and this excess structure is thought to be light emitted when the universe was less than a billion years old. Scientists say it likely originated from the first luminous objects to form in the universe, which includes both the first stars and black holes.Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/A. Kashlinsky (Goddard) Dark matter is a mysterious substance composing most of the material universe, now widely thought to be some form of massive exotic particle. An intriguing alternative view is that dark matter is made of black holes formed during the first second of our universe’s existence, known as primordial black holes. Now a scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, suggests that this interpretation aligns with our knowledge of cosmic infrared and X-ray background glows and may explain the unexpectedly high masses of merging black holes detected last year. “This study is an effort to bring together a broad set of ideas and observations to test how well they fit, and the fit is surprisingly good,” said Alexander Kashlinsky, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard. “If this is correct, then all galaxies, including our own, are embedded within a vast sphere of black holes each about 30 times the sun’s mass.” In 2005, Kashlinsky led a team of astronomers using NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope to explore the background glow of infrared light in one part of the sky. The researchers reported excessive patchiness in the glow and concluded it was likely caused by the aggregate light of the first sources to illuminate the universe more than 13 billion years ago. Follow-up studies confirmed that this cosmic infrared background (CIB) showed similar unexpected structure in other parts of the sky. In 2013, another study compared how the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) detected by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory compared to the CIB in the same area of the sky. The first stars emitted mainly optical and ultraviolet light, which today is stretched into the infrared by the expansion of space, so they should not contribute significantly to the CXB. Yet the irregular glow of low-energy X-rays in the CXB matched the patchiness of the CIB quite well. The only object we know of that can be sufficiently luminous across this wide an energy range is a black hole. The research team concluded that primordial black holes must have been abundant among the earliest stars, making up at least about one out of every five of the sources contributing to the CIB. The nature of dark matter remains one of the most important unresolved issues in astrophysics. Scientists currently favor theoretical models that explain dark matter as an exotic massive particle, but so far searches have failed to turn up evidence these hypothetical particles actually exist. NASA is currently investigating this issue as part of its Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope missions. “These studies are providing increasingly sensitive results, slowly shrinking the box of parameters where dark matter particles can hide,” Kashlinsky said. “The failure to find them has led to renewed interest in studying how well primordial black holes — black holes formed in the universe’s first fraction of a second — could work as dark matter.” Physicists have outlined several ways in which the hot, rapidly expanding universe could produce primordial black holes in the first thousandths of a second after the Big Bang. The older the universe is when these mechanisms take hold, the larger the black holes can be. And because the window for creating them lasts only a tiny fraction of the first second, scientists expect primordial black holes would exhibit a narrow range of masses. On Sept. 14, gravitational waves produced by a pair of merging black holes 1.3 billion light-years away were captured by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) facilities in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, Louisiana. This event marked the first-ever detection of gravitational waves as well as the first direct detection of black holes. The signal provided LIGO scientists with information about the masses of the individual black holes, which were 29 and 36 times the sun’s mass, plus or minus about four solar masses. These values were both unexpectedly large and surprisingly similar. “Depending on the mechanism at work, primordial black holes could have properties very similar to what LIGO detected,” Kashlinsky explained. “If we assume this is the case, that LIGO caught a merger of black holes formed in the early universe, we can look at the consequences this has on our understanding of how the cosmos ultimately evolved.” In his new paper, published May 24 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Kashlinsky analyzes what might have happened if dark matter consisted of a population of black holes similar to those detected by LIGO. The black holes distort the distribution of mass in the early universe, adding a small fluctuation that has consequences hundreds of millions of years later, when the first stars begin to form. For much of the universe’s first 500 million years, normal matter remained too hot to coalesce into the first stars. Dark matter was unaffected by the high temperature because, whatever its nature, it primarily interacts through gravity. Aggregating by mutual attraction, dark matter first collapsed into clumps called minihaloes, which provided a gravitational seed enabling normal matter to accumulate. Hot gas collapsed toward the minihaloes, resulting in pockets of gas dense enough to further collapse on their own into the first stars. Kashlinsky shows that if black holes play the part of dark matter, this process occurs more rapidly and easily produces the lumpiness of the CIB detected in Spitzer data even if only a small fraction of minihaloes manage to produce stars. As cosmic gas fell into the minihaloes, their constituent black holes would naturally capture some of it too. Matter falling toward a black hole heats up and ultimately produces X-rays. Together, infrared light from the first stars and X-rays from gas falling into dark matter black holes can account for the observed agreement between the patchiness of the CIB and the CXB. Occasionally, some primordial black holes will pass close enough to be gravitationally captured into binary systems. The black holes in each of these binaries will, over eons, emit gravitational radiation, lose orbital energy and spiral inward, ultimately merging into a larger black hole like the event LIGO observed. “Future LIGO observing runs will tell us much more about the universe’s population of black holes, and it won’t be long before we’ll know if the scenario I outline is either supported or ruled out,” Kashlinsky said. Kashlinsky leads science team centered at Goddard that is participating in the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission, which is currently scheduled to launch in 2020. The project, named LIBRAE, will enable the observatory to probe source populations in the CIB with high precision and determine what portion was produced by black holes. - A. Kashlinsky. LIGO GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTION, PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLES, AND THE NEAR-IR COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016; 823 (2): L25 DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/823/2/L25

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A Father’s Responsibilities: Understanding the Issue of Legitimacy in Georgia Family Law In the State of Georgia, paternity and legitimization of a child born out of wedlock were long held as two different processes. Paternity established that the man was the biological father, but the law required a child to be legitimate before the father could pursue custody and visitation issues. However, since 2005, parents can establish paternity and legitimize a child by signing a Voluntary Paternity Acknowledgement at the hospital or within the first year of the child’s life (O.C.G.A §19-7-21.1). Reasons for Legitimizing a Child Legitimation is the means by which father can establish a legal relationship with their child. This gives both the father and the child rights that they would otherwise not have. For children, they gain the right to inherit from their father, to access to medical history on their father’s side, and be placed in a paternal relative’s home if their mother can no longer care for them. For fathers, they gain the right to petition a court for child custody or visitation rights. The legitimation process is aimed at establishing the right of the child to certain benefits, including having two parents with whom the child can establish an emotional bond, who will share a legal responsibility to financially support the child, and whose names will appear on the birth certificate. The process also gives the child the ability to receive social security and other benefits from the father, if needed. But again, legitimation alone does not establish child custody or visitation rights. A separate court proceeding must be filed to establish legal and physical custody and visitation rights. Ways to Legitimize a Child There are three ways to legitimize a child: - The mother and reputed father marry, and the father then recognizes the child as his. - The mother and reputed father sign a Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity (O.C.G.A. § 19-7-22(g)(2). - The reputed father files a legitimization petition in Superior Court (O.C.G.A §19-7-22). Unwed parents are given the opportunity to sign a Voluntary Paternity Acknowledgement form at the time or near the time of a child’s birth. If not completed in the hospital, parents can complete the form, sign the document in the presence of a notary public, and submit the completed form to the State Office of Vital Records. Signing a Voluntary Paternity Acknowledgement establishes certain rights and responsibilities for the father, mother, and child, including but not limited to issues of child support and medical insurance. Therefore, it is essential for the reputed father to be confident that he is, in fact, the biological father of the child before signing the document. Prior to signing any legal document, it is always best to consult with an experienced attorney. Legal Representation for Issues of Paternity and Legitimization At Andersen, Tate & Carr, our attorneys are dedicated to reaching the best possible outcome for our clients. Our criminal defense attorneys, Patrick McDonough and Trinity Hundredmark, have combined experience of more than 30 years representing clients facing criminal charges in Georgia. For more information, or to request a case evaluation, contact our law office at 1-770-822-0900.

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From: SETI Institute Posted: Wednesday, February 29, 2012 SCIENCE Supports Initiative with Month-long Programming on Search for Extraterrestrial Life As part of the TED Prize Wish made by renowned astronomer Jill Tarter, the TED Prize today launches SETI Live (setilive.org): a site where - for the first time - the public can view data being collected by radio telescopes and collectively help search for intelligent life on other planets. TED, the nonprofit dedicated to Ideas Worth Spreading, established the TED Prize in 2005, born out of a vision by the world's leading entrepreneurs, innovators, and entertainers to turn ideas into action one Wish at a time. SETI Live was created in collaboration with Zooniverse team at Chicago's Adler Planetarium and is the latest development of Dr. Tarter's 2009 TED Prize wish, "to empower Earthlings everywhere to become active participants in the ultimate search for cosmic company." The launch of SETI Live opens the door for anyone to help search for intelligent life on other planets. For the first time ever, data being received by the Allen Telescope Array in Hat Creek, CA will be made public so citizen scientists can scan it for potential signals. "Three years ago, Dr. Tarter stood on the TED stage and asked us all to unite in the search for life on other planets. The TED community responded by dreaming big and working hard - with many milestones to show for it," said TED Prize Director Amy Novogratz . "This landmark step empowers people around the globe to meaningfully contribute to this important scientific endeavor and work towards answering the ultimate question, 'are we alone?'" Dr. Tarter, Director of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute's Center for SETI Research, has devoted her career to hunting for signs of sentient beings elsewhere. SETI Live will further her Wish and build upon the community of scientists and technologists already involved in the search. "There are frequencies that our automated signal detection systems now ignore, because there are too many signals there. Most are created by Earth's communication and entertainment technologies, but buried within this noise, there may be a signal from a distant technology," said Dr. Tarter. "I'm hoping that an army of volunteers can help us deal with these crowded frequency bands that confuse our machines. By doing this in real-time, we will have an opportunity to follow up immediately on what our volunteers discover." Zooniverse is home to the internet's largest and most successful citizen science projects, including Galaxy Zoo. SETI Live is its newest venture. "Over the last few years, we have learned about the incredible desire of hundreds of thousands of people to take part in scientific research as they've used Zooniverse to classify galaxies, explore the Moon and even to discover planets," said Chris Lintott, Zooniverse Principal Investigator. "With SETIlive.org, we're very excited to be inviting them on this grandest of adventures." On the heels of the launch of SETI Live, SCIENCE has partnered with TED and SETI by designing a call-to-action programming campaign, dedicating the month of March to answering this most indelible question, "Are We Alone?" Four world premiere programs including Morgan Freeman's Through the Wormhole, Alien Encounters and NASA's Unexplained Files will premiere every Tuesday, beginning March 6 throughout the month. Each special world premiere will drive viewers to the SETI Live site and empower citizen scientists everywhere to unite towards a common goal. "Partnering with TED and the SETI Institute has been such a great initiative for SCIENCE. With ARE WE ALONE? we want to draw viewers with smart, lean-forward programming and empower them to uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life," said Debbie Adler Myers, General Manager and Executive Vice President at SCIENCE. "At SCIENCE we question everything and no topic inspires more questions than the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence so we are proud to join the search." About the TED Prize The first TED Prize was awarded in 2005, born out of the TED Conference and a vision by the world's leading entrepreneurs, innovators, and entertainers to change the world - one Wish at a time. The reward: $100,000, the TED Community's array of talent and expertise, and the leadership of a TED Prize team led by Amy Novogratz. What began as an unparalleled experiment to leverage the resources of the TED Community to spur global change has evolved into one of the most prestigious prizes. From Bono's the ONE Campaign ('05 recipient) to Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution ('10 recipient) and JR's Inside Out Project ('11 recipient), the TED Prize is helping to combat poverty, take on religious intolerance, improve global health, tackle child obesity, advance education, and inspire art around the world. For more information on the TED Prize, visit www.tedprize.org. About the SETI Institute The mission of the SETI Institute is to explore, understand and explain the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe. It is a one-of-a-kind, world renowned science research institution where biologists, physicists, chemists, astronomers, ecologists, planetary scientists, geologists, engineers, technologists, and educators join forces in the quest to find life elsewhere. This includes the search for potentially inhabited planets and moons in our Solar System and beyond, laboratory and field investigations exploring the origins and early evolution of life, and studies of the potential of life to adapt to future challenges on Earth and in space. We believe we are bringing together some of the best and brightest minds in science today to unlock the mysteries of the cosmos. Within the SETI Institute, Dr. Jill Tarter leads the Center for SETI Research as Bernard M. Oliver Chair for SETI and was a TED prize winner in 2009 The SETI Institute is a private, nonprofit organization. SETI Institute website: http://www.seti.org The Zooniverse began with a single project, Galaxy Zoo, which was launched in July 2007. The Zooniverse is now home to the internet's largest, most popular and most successful citizen science projects. The Zooniverse and the suite of projects it contains is produced, maintained and developed by the Citizen Science Alliance. The member institutions of the CSA work with many academic and other partners around the world to produce projects that use the efforts and ability of volunteers to help scientists and researchers deal with the flood of data that confronts them. SCIENCE, a division of Discovery Communications, Inc. (Nasdaq: DISCA, DISCB, DISCK), is home for the thought provocateur, the individual who is unafraid to ask the killer questions of "how" and "why not." The network is a playground for those with audacious intellects and features programming willing to go beyond imagination to explore the unknown. Guided by curiosity, SCIENCE looks for innovation in mysterious new worlds as well as in its own backyard. SCIENCE and the SCIENCE HD simulcast reach more than 68 million U.S. households. The network also features high-traffic online and social media destinations, including ScienceChannel.com, facebook.com/Science Channel and twitter.com/Science Channel. Jen Hirsch, Group SJR Karan Randall, SETI Institute // end //

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Today was our second day of staff meetings and workshops before school opens to students tomorrow morning. We spent our time preparing for events which we hope will never occur. Michael Dorn, of Safe Havens International, gave an informative, sometimes impassioned and emotional, presentation on school safety. Staff members from two local school districts learned about monitoring students, creating a climate of respect, dealing with irate people, and other key safety practices. We were given concrete examples of how to assess warning signs to determine whether a situation was still in early stages or posed an imminent danger. Consistent behavior codes, firm but reasonable consequences, building security and visitor sign-in procedures were also reviewed. The culminating session, entitled "Weakfish - Bullying Through the Eyes of a Child", left us horrified, shocked into silence. Bullying is something which does occur, every day, in every school. By creating a school environment not conducive to bullying, by assessing, supervising and intervening, teachers, administrators, and other staff members can "dramatically impact bullied children". School should be a safe place. A child who is afraid cannot learn. "Gun-Free" by Shilashon

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Autonomous vehicles are in the list of WEF’s top ten emerging technologies for 2016. They say these new devices will help raise the number of lives saved in car accidents, therefore having a safer impact in the world. Wanting to get a better insight on the car’s morality, a team of international researchers conducted an online survey to know people’s opinion. In a recent six-month study, researchers found out that people might not want to get into a self-driving car if it may deliberately kill them in an automobile accident. The survey, published in the journal Science, shows how complicated the moral view of self-driving cars is among participants. Easy to understand the volunteer’s reluctance, considering people getting inside a self-driving vehicle are putting their trust on a machine going through traffic. Six online surveys were conducted during the six-month research. Among each questionnaire, every aspect of the car’s image to the public was tested. It’s worth mentioning the total participants of each poll sums up to 1928 people. In the survey, participants had to evaluate the morality of a self-driving vehicle encountering various scenarios. — MIT (@MIT) June 24, 2016 ‘A social dilemma’ In the case of an accident, self-driving cars would be programmed with an algorithm that would calculate the number of lives at risk inside the vehicle, versus the number of life at risk if the car hits pedestrians. If it is impossible to save both, passengers or pedestrians, the algorithm would decide to sac rife the fewest number of people even if this means to sacrifice passengers inside the vehicle. For example, a self-driving car with this algorithm will veer into a concrete wall instead of a group of bystanders, and if the vehicle cannot avoid hitting them, it would try to hit the fewest people possible. The findings show that 76 percent of participants agreed to sacrifice the life of one passenger rather than killing ten pedestrians or more in a car accident. Surprisingly enough, the results also showed people will still consider saving the life of these pedestrians even if family members were inside the self-driving car. Nevertheless, when researchers asked participants if they would want to purchase a car following this principle, the answer in many occasions was no, even if the vehicle was more protective of themselves and their families. A general feel of hesitation toward accident prevention on polls Not only participants were reluctant to buy a self-driving car with this feature, but also they didn’t like the idea of a government regulation that could imply the use self-driving vehicles. The general hesitation towards the latter could be in response to a possible mandatory law to use such vehicles shortly. — TechFreedom (@TechFreedom) June 24, 2016 In the study, researchers said that the findings are just a piece of the classic signature of a social dilemma; everyone is more likely to free-ride instead of adopting an attitude that could lead to the best global outcome. “You can recognize the feeling; the feeling that I want other people to do something, but it would be great not to do it myself,” said co-author Jean-Francois Bonnefon, in a teleconference with reporters.

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Mississippi Girl Thought Cured of HIV Shows Signs of Infection THURSDAY, July 10, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- A Mississippi girl born with HIV who was thought to be cured by immediate and aggressive drug treatment has relapsed, with new tests showing detectable levels of the AIDS-causing virus in her bloodstream, disappointed federal officials announced Thursday afternoon. The girl, now nearly 4 years old, had remained virus-free even though she stopped taking HIV medications when she was 18 months old. Doctors had hoped her remission would open the door to a functional cure for all children born with the virus. But a blood test taken during a routine clinical care visit earlier this month uncovered detectable HIV levels in her blood. Additional testing found that the girl also had a decreased white blood cell count and the presence of HIV antibodies, both of which are signs that an actively replicating pool of HIV has established itself in her body. "Certainly, this is a disappointing turn of events for this young child, the medical staff involved in the child's care, and the HIV/AIDS research community," said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "Scientifically, this development reminds us that we still have much more to learn about the intricacies of HIV infection and where the virus hides in the body." Genetic tests determined that the child's HIV infection is the same strain acquired from her mother. Doctors have placed the girl back on antiretroviral therapy, which has successfully decreased her viral levels with no side effects. Researchers had believed that early treatment with a panel of antiretroviral drugs had prevented HIV from gaining a foothold in the girl's immune system. It appeared that the virus had been unable to create a reservoir in her body in which dormant HIV could hide and later reignite when she stopped taking medication. "The fact that this child was able to remain off antiretroviral treatment for two years and maintain quiescent virus for that length of time is unprecedented," said Dr. Deborah Persaud, a professor of infectious diseases at the John Hopkins Children's Center in Baltimore and one of the two pediatric HIV experts involved in the ongoing analysis of the case. "Typically, when treatment is stopped, HIV levels rebound within weeks, not years." Fauci said Thursday that this early treatment "did not completely eliminate the reservoir of HIV-infected cells that was established upon infection, but may have considerably limited its development and averted the need for antiretroviral medication over a considerable period." "Now we must direct our attention to understanding why that is and determining whether the period of sustained remission in the absence of therapy can be prolonged even further," he concluded. The girl's pediatrician, Dr. Hannah Gay, of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, launched HIV treatment just 30 hours following the girl's birth. Doctors normally put HIV-positive mothers on two antiretroviral medications prior to birth as a way of preventing transmission of the virus to their unborn children. After delivery, doctors test the newborns for HIV and continue treatment if the virus appears. But in this girl's case, no one knew the mother was HIV-positive before delivery. This prompted Gay to put the newborn on antiretroviral treatment immediately, and that timing appears to have made a difference. Gay also chose to employ a combination of three antiretroviral drugs, all at doses commonly used to treat HIV-infected infants, and kept the girl on the medications until she was 18 months old. This prevented the virus from mounting any drug resistance. Tests showed progressively diminishing HIV levels in the infant's blood, until it reached undetectable levels 29 days after birth. The child remained on antiretrovirals until 18 months of age, at which point doctors said they lost track of her and she stopped treatment. Doctors next saw her about 10 months after her treatment ceased. The child underwent repeated standard HIV tests, which detected no virus in her blood. For more on children and HIV, visit the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. SOURCES: U.S. National Institutes of Health, July 10, 2014, news release; Oct. 24, 2013, New England Journal of MedicineRelated Articles - Modern Forensics Provides Clues to Death of Richard III September 16, 2014 - Urine Test for HPV Works Well, Analysis Finds September 16, 2014 Learn More About Sharp Sharp HealthCare is San Diego's health care leader with seven hospitals, two medical groups and a health plan. Learn more about our San Diego hospitals, choose a Sharp-affiliated San Diego doctor or browse our comprehensive medical services. Copyright ©2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

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Hard drives, which are the primary storage devices on our computer, need to be formatted before we can use them. Here, before formatting hard drive, you might be wondering: what is drive formatting? And, when do we need to format a drive? How to format hard drive? Now, here are answers to some common questions about formatting drives. What Is Drive Formatting? Disk formatting is the process of preparing a data storage device such as a hard disk drive, solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. In some cases, the formatting operation may also create one or more new file systems. The first part of the formatting process that performs basic medium preparation is often referred to as "low-level formatting". Partitioning is the common term for the second part of the process, making the data storage device visible to an operating system. The third part of the process, usually termed "high-level formatting" most often refers to the process of generating a new file system. In some operating systems all or parts of these three processes can be combined or repeated at different levels and the term "format" is understood to mean an operation in which a new disk medium is fully prepared to store files. As a general rule, formatting a disk leaves most if not all existing data on the disk medium; some or most of which might be recoverable with special tools. Special tools can remove user data by a single overwrite of all files and free space. 1: When Do We Need to Format Hard Drive As we know, there are many reasons why we need to format a hard drive. For instance, when install a new hard drive on computer, we need to format it with a file system, such as NTFS, before Windows can store files on it. Besides, if we are going to give the drive to someone else or throw it away, we need to format it to erase all information on it. 2: What File System Should We Use In computing, a file system is used to control how data is stored and retrieved, and there are various file systems including NTFS, FAT, HFS+, and more. However, different operating systems use different file systems to store and manage data. So well, which one is the most suitable for us? NTFS (New Technology File System), is the default file system of Windows. In general, it is more powerful than FAT or FAT32. FAT32 is an older Windows file system, and it can only save a file within 4 GB. As a matter of fact, in most cases, the best choice for hard drive is NTFS. However, if you are running computer with Mac OS X, you had better use OS X's default file system HFS+. 3: Is Reformatting a Hard Drive Different than Formatting a Hard Drive In general, there is no real difference between reformatting a drive and formatting a drive. Both ways will delete all data on the hard drive. When we reformat a hard drive, we are essentially formatting a drive that has previously been formatted. After seeing some basic information about formatting disks and drives, it’s time to study how to format it. Follow the easy steps below to format a hard drive in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, or Windows XP. In general, when it comes to formatting hard drive in Windows, there are several ways to complete this task. To be specific, we can turn to Disk Management, DiskPart, third-party tool and others. Warning! Formatting erases all data on the drive! Therefore, if you want to format a drive which contains some important files, you had better make a backup. Although files can be recovered in some situations, prevention is always better than cure. 4 Ways to Format Hard Drive in Windows10/8/7/Vista/XP Method one: Format Drive via Windows Built-in Disk Management Tool Open Computer Management window. We can right-click "My computer" (Note: in Windows 8/10, we might right-click "This Pc"), then choose "Manage" and click "Disk Management" to get the following window. Now, we can see all disks and volumes. Note: here we take Windows 8 for example. Scenario one：If the drive is not initialized (a brand-new drive), we’ll be prompted to initialize it. Right-click the drive and then choose "Initialize Disk". Then, we’ll be given detailed operating prompts. Just do as told. Scenario two: If the drive contains several volumes, we can format volume to delete some useless data. Right-click the target volume and then click "Format…". Then, we can complete this formatting according to detailed prompts. Method two: Format Drive via Windows Explorer Open Windows Explorer, we will see all drives (including external hard drive, USB hard drive, and more) in our computer. Now, we need to right-click the drive and choose "Format…" to get its operating window. Note: this method doesn't suitable for new hard drive. Since when we install a new hard drive to computer, it doesn't appear in Windows Explorer and we need to initialize it at first in Disk Management. In this window, we can specify File system and Allocation unite size. Then, click "Start" button. Tips: In more modern Windows operating systems such as Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7, NTFS is the preferred file system of choice. Windows versions prior to Windows XP do not support NTFS and so the FAT32 files system was typically used. Method three: Format Drive via DiskPart To open the Command Prompt on a Windows Vista or Windows 7 machine click on "Start" and type "cmd" and press "Enter". (Note: if we are using Windows 8, we need to click "Start > run" and then type "cmd" and press "Enter".) Then, type "diskpart" and click "Enter" again. Now, type "list volume", press "Enter", and all the volume will be list. Type "select volume n", press "Enter", the volume we want to format will be selected. Then, type "format fs=ntfs quick label=test" and press "Enter". It will format the partition quick. Like the screen shot shows. Tips: we can change the "test" into any labels you like in "label=test". Finally, we can type "exit" and press "Enter" to close the command prompt. Note: Diskpart is widely used in Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10, but it doesn’t support Windows XP. Method four: Format Hard Drive Using Third-Party Tool With the development of software technology, lots of partition management tools can help to format drive. MiniTool Partition Wizard proves to be an excellent tool for us to format drive. The above window is the main interface of this professional partition management software. All disks, partitions and some basic features are listed here. With this free tool, we not only can initialize disk, format partition but also can operate other operations including convert MBR disk to GPT, convert GPT disk to MBR, migrate OS to SSD/HD, move/resize partition, extend partition, copy disk, wipe disk and more. Select the partition which needs formatting and choose "Format Partition" from the left panel or choose "Format" from toolbar in the main interface of MiniTool Partition Wizard. After that, the following interface will appear: Now, enter new partition label and choose desired file system and cluster size. In general, default cluster size is recommended for Partition Wizard will work out proper cluster size according to partition size. At last, click "Apply" button to perform all changes. Tips, no matter what Windows operating system we use, MiniTool Partition Wizard can easily help to format partitions since it is compatible with various operating systems including Windows Vista/XP, Windows 7/8/10 and others. After seeing how to format a hard drive in Windows10/8/7/Vista/XP, you might be wondering how to format a hard drive in Mac OS X. Step 1: In the "Finder", choose "Go > Utilities". The /Applications/Utilities folder will open. After that, launch Disk Utility. Note: if we need to format external hard drive or USB drive, we need to connect it to Mac computer at first. Step 2: Locate the drive name from the left hand side of Disk Utility and click on it. And then, click on the "Erase" tab across the top. Step 3: From the Format menu, choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled). Next, enter a name for the external hard drive in the Name field. Step 4: Click the "Erase" button. That’s all there is to it. After seeing the simple introduction, you might know how to format a hard drive to erase data. However, formatting will not delete all data permanently and deleted files still exist on drive and can be recovered by professional data recovery software such as MiniTool Power Data Recovery. Knowing this, some users want to know whether they can delete some important files like business data and personal information permanently. The two most common ways to erase a hard drive are formatting or wiping the drive. However, formatting is not a 100 percent secure way to completely remove all data from computer since formatting does not erase the data on the disk, only the address tables. Therefore, some businesses and individual users are looking for more secure methods to erase data. Here, in this case, users can try using "Wipe Disk" feature provided by MiniTool Partition Wizard to destroy all information saved in one disk permanently, and these destroyed data cannot be recovered by any data recovery solution, including data recovery companies and data recovery software. Now, step by step guide to wipe disk in Windows is shown here. Step 1: Select the disk which needs wiping and choose "Wipe Disk", and we can also activate this function from the drop-down list of "Disk" menu. Step 2: Choose one of wiping methods from 5 and click "OK". Different methods cost different time and enjoy different security. To be specific, the more time it costs the higher security it enjoys. Step 3: Finally, click "Apply" button on the top to perform all changes. Last but not least, we want to show another tool which will help you a lot in many cases. As we know, since formatting just eases the address tables instead of the data, we can recover lost data if we mistakenly format a drive. MiniTool Power Data Recovery is a good choice for us because of its excellent performance, high security and simple operation. In the above window, we can select a suitable recovery module according to actual needs to start a recovery session. Here, to recover data from formatted drive, we had better choose "Damaged Partition Recovery" feature since this module is specially designed to recover data from formatted, damaged and RAW partition. In general, as long as lost files are not overwritten and file loss is not caused by hardware failure, we can recover them with this tool. Note: the free edition can only recover 1GB data. It is recommended to use personal edition or advanced editions to break the limitation. Do you know how to format a new hard drive before Windows can use it? Do you know how to format a drive to erase some data? This article shows how to quickly and easily format hard drive in Windows including Windows Vista/XP/7/8/10 and Mac OS X. If you have any good ideas or any problems about formatting hard drive, please feel free to leave it in comments below.

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

https://www.partitionwizard.com/partitionmanager/how-to-format-a-hard-drive.html

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July 15, 2013 Scientists have discovered a radioactive substance in sediment under a Swiss lake used for drinking water and situated near a nuclear plant, the Le Matin Dimanche weekly reported Sunday. While scientists cited in the report stressed there was no danger to human health, the discovery raises concerns about safety practices and a lack of transparency at the Muehleberg nuclear plant in northwestern Switzerland. The plant is believed to have caused a spike in cesium 137 found in the sediment of Lake Biel and dating back to 2000 through the discharge of contaminated waste water into the Aar river that feeds into the lake, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) downstream, the weekly reported. This article was posted: Monday, July 15, 2013 at 10:40 am

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CC-MAIN-2013-48

http://www.infowars.com/radioactivity-found-in-swiss-lake-near-nuclear-plant/

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Mental health diagnosis is a process by which a psychologist or other mental health professional evaluates an individual’s symptoms and experiences in order to identify a specific mental disorder. This process typically begins with an initial assessment, during which the psychologist conducts a thorough interview with the individual, gathers information about their medical and psychological history, and observes their behavior and demeanor. Based on this information, the psychologist may then use a variety of diagnostic tools, such as standardized questionnaires or structured interviews, to gather more detailed information about the individual’s symptoms and experiences. Once the assessment is complete, the psychologist will use the information gathered to make a diagnosis. This process involves comparing the individual’s symptoms and experiences to the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). These manuals provide detailed descriptions of the symptoms, causes, and course of various mental disorders, and are widely used by mental health professionals to make accurate diagnoses. It is important to note that mental health diagnosis is not an exact science and can be complex and nuanced. A diagnosis should be considered a starting point for treatment rather than an end point. A single diagnosis may not be enough to understand the complexity of the individual’s condition. It’s also important to note that mental health diagnosis is a process that may be ongoing and may change over time. It’s essential for the psychologist to take into account the cultural and social context of the individual as well. A mental disorder may manifest differently across different cultures and ethnic groups. Thus, a psychologist should be familiar with cultural and ethnic variations in presenting symptoms and disorders. In summary, mental health diagnosis is a process by which a psychologist or other mental health professional evaluates an individual’s symptoms and experiences in order to identify a specific mental disorder. This process is complex, nuanced, and may involve multiple tools and resources, and it’s important to consider the cultural and social context of the individual. A mental health diagnosis is a starting point for treatment, not an end point. It’s an ongoing process that may change over time. Borderline Personality Disorder Intermittent Explosive Disorder – Other diagnoses being added –

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CC-MAIN-2023-14

http://www.thepsychologyclinic.com/ratings/

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Shortly after coming across a story about a mother and father who are forced to relocate to another country in order to obtain treatment for their baby son’s rare disease, we took notice of another American family with a child who shares a disease with less than thirty people in the United States take matters into their own hands and pursue the development of a possible treatment. Their story is documented in an upcoming film, “RARE”. Ashley Appell suffers from a rare genetic disorder called Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) which includes albinism, blindness, bleeding disorders and pulmonary fibrosis. Her mother, Donna, was informed that the disease would only allow Ashley to live up to her thirties. There were no known cures and trials for therapeutics were not conducted due to the small and obscure patient pool. With the help of the internet, Donna was able to set up an advocacy group to bring together as many patients possible who suffered from the same illness in hopes of filling a drug trial to approve the drug that could possibly extend her daughter’s life. With her advocacy group now in the hundreds, the NIH has agreed to start a clinical trial. With the increasing pressures of the pharmaceutical industry to come out with new drugs in the pipeline with decreased funding, rather than continuing to bang their heads in order to find the next blockbuster drug, leaders in the field of drug discovery and development should change their approach to address the concerns of similar patient advocacy groups for orphan and rare diseases. The pharmaceutical industry could reduce its costs by collaborating with these groups because the patient pool has already been established, essentially filling in part of the drug research process. Assay Depot strongly supports rare disease advocacy groups and believes that these groups and drug discovery researchers can truly work together to find treatments to bring relief to millions. Together with the Rare Genomics Institute, Assay Depot launched the Rare Disease Challenge in hopes of promoting exposure for rare diseases and gathering the brightest minds to conduct the “big screen” for the next therapeutic against rare diseases.

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CC-MAIN-2020-05

https://www.scientist.com/2012/11/28/rare-diseases-the-biggest-screen/

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Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby Urban Profile Port Moresby is the capital city of Papua New Guinea and is the administrative, commercial and educational centre of the country. It has a population of a little over 400,000 with an average density of 16 persons per hectare. It developed based on its historical and strategic considerations. The main economic activities in Port Moresby are in the service industry. The unemployment rate in Port Moresby is high with more than 50 percent of the unemployed in settlements and urban villages. Most of these people participate in some form of informal sector activities. 60 percent of the total land area in Port Moresby is alienated or state land while 40 percent is under customary ownership. The availability of basic urban services like water, energy, sewerage network, and sanitation and refuse collection is varied between the formal areas and the informal and settlement areas. While formal areas are often serviced, some people who live in settlements often resort to illegal means to access basic services. Public transport needs improvement and the existing road network is poorly maintained particularly in the suburbs and the informal settlements. Health care and education facilities although available are sometimes run-down and poorly resourced. Port Moresby is set to expand due to its strategic location and strong trade agreements with its neighbouring countries in the Asia Pacific region.

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CC-MAIN-2017-43

https://unhabitat.org/books/papua-new-guinea-port-moresby-urban-profile/

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Risk theory of profit This theory is developed by Hawley. According to this theory, profit is reward for taking risk involved in the business. The business that involves high risk gives more profit and vice versa. Profit is directly related to risk. Profit ∞ risk If risk ↑ profit ↑ If risk ↓ profit ↓ According to this theory, any type of risk gives rise to profit regardless the risk is avoidable or not. - Not direct relation between profit and risk: Profit is not directly related to risk. If the business involves high risk, there is more probability of failure and loss rather than profit. - Profit is reward for avoidance of risk: Profits earned only if risk is successfully avoided using skills, education, knowledge, experiences and so on. It is not earned mere taking risk. - Risk is not factor of production: According to this theory, risk seems to be the factor of production but factor of production is organization not risk. - Reward for all things performed by organization: Organization earns profit not only taking risk but for all things it performs. They are innovation, effective combination of inputs, use of skills knowledge etc and bargaining power. - Only the foreseeable risk gives rise to profit: All risks don’t give rise to profit. Only the foreseeable risk or non-insurable risk gives rise to profit.

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CC-MAIN-2023-50

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Photo: Mammoth remains found in Mexico Well-preserved skeletal remains of a mammoth that lived between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago have been discovered in the central Mexican state of Queretaro, the National Anthropology and History Institute, or INAH, said. INAH said in a communique Friday that the remains, notable among which are two large tusks plus a skull fragment and two other as yet unidentified pieces, were found in the municipality of Huimilpan in an area eroded by flood waters that uncovered the bones. The document said that following a report from municipal authorities, INAH specialists went to the site to verify the discovery, evaluate the fossils’ state of preservation and proceed with their recovery. The fossils will later be taken to the INAH Center-Queretaro, where their accumulated dampness must be dried out, after which a special treatment will be applied to harden them to their original density. Once stabilized, their restoration can begin. Experts in charge of the excavation and recovery tasks said the remains are in a good state of preservation, and added that the tusks measure approximately 1.8 meters (5 feet 11 inches) long. As for the antiquity of the skeletal remains, physical anthropologist Israel Lara Barajas said that this type of fauna inhabited the area between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, something corroborated by discoveries in the area over the last 20 years of other fossils from the Pleistocene era. Lara Barajas stressed how important it is that people report such finds to INAH so that the fossils can be recovered “in situ” and because it contributes to the protection and preservation of the nation’s archaeological and paleontological heritage. “It is very important to establish contact with the communities, forge an alliance with the people and the authorities, and respond as quickly as possible to reported discoveries of archaeological remains, because in that way we become guardians of our cultural heritage,” the specialist said.

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CC-MAIN-2013-48

http://www.hispanicallyspeakingnews.com/latino-daily-news/details/prehistoric-mammoth-remains-found-in-mexico/15984/

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the thousands of plant species growing throughout the world have medicinal uses, containing active constituents that have a direct action on the body. They are used in both herbal and conventional medicine and offer benefits that pharmaceutical drugs often lack, helping to combat illness and support the body’s efforts to regain good health. The human body is much better suited to treatment with herbal remedies than with isolated chemical medicines. We have evolved side-by-side with plants over tens of thousands of years and our digestive system and physiology as a whole are geared to digesting and utilising plant based foods, which often have a medicinal value as well as providing sustenance. The dividing line between “foods” and “medicines” may not always be clear. Are lemons, papayas, onions and oats foods or medicines? The answer, very simply, is that they are both. Lemon improves resistance to infection Papaya is taken in some parts of the world to Onion relieves bronchial infection Oats support convalescence Indeed, herbal medicine comes into its own when the distinction between foods and medicines are removed. Though we might eat a bowl of porridge, oblivious to the medicinal benefits, it will, nonetheless, increase stamina, help the nervous system to function correctly, provide a good supply of B vitamins and maintain regular bowel function. Improving the quality of the diet is often an essential starting point in sustaining or regaining good health. The saying “You are what you eat” is, by and large, true. Herbal medicines not only provide nutrients, but also strengthens and supports the action of the digestive system, speeding up the rate of processing food and improving the absorption of nutrients. From the earliest times herbs have been prized for their healing properties. Today we still rely on the curative properties of plants in about 75% of our medicines. Many of the thousands of plant species growing throughout the world have medicinal uses, containing active constituents that have a direct action on the body. Despite the dramatic advances and advantages of conventional medicine, it is clear that herbal medicine has much to offer. We tend to forget that in all but the last fifty years or so, humans have relied almost entirely on plants to treat all manner of illnesses, from minor problems such as coughs and colds to life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria. Today, herbal remedies are coming back into prominence and often complements conventional treatments, providing safe, well-tolerated remedies for chronic "Natural" isn't a synonym for "Safe"! A herb is not a “magic bullet” with a single action, but a complex natural medicine composed of many active constituents that work on different body systems. By combining scientific research into active constituents with clinical observation and traditional knowledge of the whole plant, we have developed a rounded picture of each herb’s range of medicinal Most commonly used herbs are extremely safe to use, but some plants can produce side-effects and, like all medicines, herbal remedies must be treated with respect. Keep in mind that “natural” isn’t a synonym for “safe”. It is essential to take or use certain plants only under the guidance of a well-trained practitioner to avoid adverse consequences. When herbal medicine is used correctly, however, the chances of developing a serious side-effect are remote. PhytoSun herbal remedies PhytoSun, in conjunction with their nutriceutical division - Greenwood Laboratories, have developed a range of herbal formulas that are 100% natural, safe and effective. In addition to herbal complexes we also have a range of mother tinctures, some of which are organically grown. - +27 44 873 2887 - +27 086 550 2285 - Postal address - PO Box 10742 George 6530 - Electronic mail - Product Information and sales:

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

http://www.phytosun.co.za/index.htm

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The cement sector is responsible for 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In Europe, the sector emits more greenhouse gases than the whole Belgian economy. In light of the Paris Agreement objectives, the cement industry will need to achieve deep emission reductions in the coming years. The EU’s main instrument to decarbonise cement – the EU ETS – has however failed to deliver this so far: By subsidizing pollution, there has hardly been a sufficient economic incentive to leverage emission cuts in the cement sector. This policy briefing interprets the findings for the cement sector of an updated CE Delft study that shows how industry in 20 European countries has massively profited from its pollution under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The briefing ends with recommendations on how to make the EU ETS fit for purpose for the low-carbon transition of the cement industry. Windfall profits under the EU ETS The EU Emissions Trading System covers the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the power sector, energy-intensive industries and aircrafts which amount to just over 40% of the EU’s total GHG emissions. While power companies are obliged to buy all of their CO2 allowances at auction, industrial companies get their emission allowances for free. The emission allowances that are given away for free represent subsidies, since governments forego income and lose out on revenues from auctioning these pollution permits. Companies have furthermore been able to make significant windfall profits under the current ETS rules. Windfall profits occur when industrial companies are over-subsidised for their pollution. This can for example happen when too many free emissions allowances are given away that can be sold for a profit on the market. Read 4 page brief here

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/cements-pollution-windfall-from-the-eu-ets/

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Test your knowledge: identification of lumbar vertebrae In physiotherapy, manual therapy and other medical professions you need comprehensive knowledge of the physical anatomy, especially the musculoskeletal system. Here is a small test to check your knowledge regarding the vertebral column: How can you recognize a typical lumbar vertebra? Give at least 5 key characteristics of a lumbar vertebra. (Image taken from: living-with-back-pain.org) And, was it difficult to enumerate 5 or more key characteristics without the aid of literature? Below you can find the most important characteristics: - Transverse processes instead of costal processes in thoracic vertebrae; - L3 transverse process is the longest, L1-L4 are the shortest; - Spinous process is thick, broad and ends in a thick notch; - Big vertebral corpora, wider from side to side than from front to back; - Strong pedicles horizontal oriented backside the vertebral corpus; - Big intervertebral discs, thickest at L5-S1; - Upper lumbar vertebrae have sagitally orientated facetjoints (thoracal joints are more frontal orientated); - …and even more in: Bogduk N, Clinical anatomy of the Lumbar spine and sacrum, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 4th edition, 2005.

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CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://anatomia-fisioterapia.es/lumbar/articles/systems/musculoskeletal/spine/lumbar/test-your-knowledge-identification-of-lumbar-vertebrae

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I suspected my kid has special educational needs. What should I do? The major types of Special Educational Needs (SEN) include: - Specific learning difficulties - Intellectual disability - Autism spectrum disorders - Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder - Physical disabilities - Visual impairment - Hearing impairment - Speech and language impairment If you suspect your kid has special educational needs, you can seek help from the following services: Pre-school years: The Integrated Child Health and Development Programme of the Department of Health, Child Assessment Service under the Hospital Authority or Rehabilitation Service of the Social Welfare Department conduct assessment and check up for children in need. School age years: The Education Bureau mainly provides assessment services for public sector or subsidised primary and secondary school students who have learning difficulties or speech impairment. Referrals will be made for students to receive specialised check up at the Department of Health/the Hospital Authority Referral of pre-school rehabilitation services for children from birth to age under six with special needs assessed Rehabilitation services of Social Welfare Department, Department of Health, and the Hospital Authority's Child Assessment Service arrange and coordinate the rehabilitation services for children with special needs The Education Bureau provides primary and secondary school students with special educational needs in government or aided schools with appropriate education and support services, hearing aids, ear models and related hearing services. Referral to the Hospital Authority's specialist treatment services if necessary. Ngau Tau Kok Service Centre

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

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An ileostomy is a surgery to create an opening in your abdomen through which waste can be passed. The word “ileostomy” is formed from the words “ileum” and “stoma.” The ileum is the terminal segment of the small intestine, while a stoma is an opening. In an ileostomy procedure, the surgeon makes an incision in your skin and abdominal wall and pulls a segment of your ileum through, attaching it to your skin to create a new opening. After an ileostomy, you will need to wear a small ostomy bag (also referred to as a pouch or appliance) under your clothes to collect waste, and change the bag several times a day. Approximately 1.5 million Americans have ileostomies. An ileostomy may be temporary or permanent. Ileostomy is performed when the colon or rectum is not working properly due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or surgery, or after a small bowel resection. An ileostomy may be created temporarily to allow healing after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery. A permanent ileostomy may be created after total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy. What does it involve? Sometimes people with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis require emergency surgery. Emergency surgery may become necessary if you experience a severe attack or bleeding that cannot be controlled with medication; if your bowel becomes perforated; or if you develop an intestinal stricture (blockage) or a condition known as toxic megacolon. In less severe cases, people with IBD may choose elective surgery. One benefit of elective surgery is that it may be performed while you are in remission, which reduces the risk of complications and helps ensure that you are in the best condition to heal quickly. Elective surgery may be recommended for people whose symptoms are poorly controlled by medication, when there is increased risk for colorectal cancer, or if you have developed a fistula or abscess. If your surgery is elective, take time choosing your surgeon and hospital. Ask your doctor for details about how long you will have the ileostomy and how to care for it. Make sure you understand all of your surgical options, and the risks and benefits associated with each. You may be able to decide with your surgeon where the ileostomy opening should be located on your abdomen. Prepare yourself mentally and psychologically for the changes in your body after surgery by learning as much as you can. You can prepare physically by being in the best condition possible before surgery. Eat nutritiously and get plenty of sleep and exercise in the weeks leading up to the surgery. Finally, you can make plans with friends, family or church groups to get help with rides to and from the hospital and help with shopping, housework and childcare while you are recovering. Do everything you can in advance to reduce stress in the period after the surgery. Depending on the extent of your surgery, you may stay in the hospital for as long as two weeks. After ileostomy surgery, a specialist nurse will teach you how to care for your wound and change the bags that collect your waste. Bags are small and light, and should not show through clothes. Most are fitted with filters to prevent smell. While you finish your recovery at home, get plenty of rest. Take pain medications as needed. Carefully monitor for signs of complications. Call your doctor immediately if you experience swelling or redness in the surgical area. Avoid showers and baths and take sponge baths until your doctor has said you can resume your regular bathing routine. You should be able to resume all of your normal activities after your doctor says healing is complete. The ileostomy bag will not become dislodged during exercise or sexual contact. Eat regular meals to avoid excessive gas. You may decide to adapt your diet after ileostomy surgery. A low-fiber diet may be recommended for the first few weeks after surgery. Some foods, such as beans or eggs, may cause unwanted gas or smell. Foods such as popcorn, seeds, dried fruit, and raw cabbage may obstruct your stoma. Other foods including buttermilk, tomato juice, parsley and yogurt may help control smell. Foods high in pectin such as bananas, applesauce and peanut butter may help thicken your stool and prevent diarrhea. You may need to change the format of your medications after ileostomy. Coated tablets and capsules may not be digested. Liquids and liquid gels are more easily absorbed. If you have an ileostomy, always be sure to drink plenty of water. Since water is not removed from waste by the colon, your stools will be more watery, and it is easier to become dehydrated as a result. An ileostomy may be a lifesaving procedure, or one that significantly increases your quality of life by sparing you many symptoms of IBD. A temporary ileostomy can allow your lower gut to heal between surgeries. A permanent ileostomy can allow you to lead a very normal life after major bowel surgery. A 2012 survey asked 24 people with ileostomies and 35 people with IPAA surgeries for ulcerative colitis detailed questions about their quality of life. After completing a comprehensive study of their answers, researchers concluded that the quality of life between the two groups was virtually identical, although scores were slightly higher for people with IPAA in the areas of sexuality, body image, and work and social functions. Any surgery carries risks including blood clots, blood loss, infection, breathing problems, reactions to medication, and heart attack or stroke during the surgery. Possible complications of ileostomy surgery include infection, small bowel obstruction, problems with the stoma, and additional surgery to correct the stoma. Rarely, during surgery, abdominal bleeding or damage to nearby organs may occur. After surgery, some people experience poor healing of the wound, difficulty absorbing nutrients from food, and increased chances of dehydration. Call your doctor if you have severe bleeding from the stoma or in the ostomy bag; if you have severe skin irritation, a deep cut or ulcers around the stoma; if you experience watery discharge from the stoma that lasts five or six hours; or if there is a sudden change in the color or shape of the stoma. Contact your doctor if you do produce waste, or produce only liquid, from your stoma for four to six hours and are also experiencing nausea and cramps. You may have an intestinal blockage. Many people go through a period of adjustment as they adapt to changes in body image after receiving an ileostomy. Some men may experience erectile dysfunction, and some women may experience pain during intercourse after an ileostomy, but these effects are temporary in nearly all cases. Most people are able to resume normal sexual activity.

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The narrator (the 'I') of 'Bones and I' or, The Skeleton at Home lives in a small modern villa situated in a London cul de sac looking out upon 'the dead wall at the back of an hospital'. He is a skillful digressionist who holds an uneasy court with 'Bones' (the not 'I' of the title) who resides in a cupboard. They argue, they vie for rhetorical supremacy, they listen to each others stories, sometimes they fall out or occasionally lapse into fireside meditation. Each chapter is the length of one of these conversations and there appears to be no organising principal or narrative trajectory behind their arrangement in the volume. 'Gourds', a self-consciously rambling meditation on the temporality of life lies next to, 'A Vampire', a forgotten example of the genre and one whose, Madame de St. Croix, predates Sheridan Le Fanu's Carmilla as the first female, serially sexual (though heterosexual), predatory vampire in the canon. The "skeleton-in-the-cupboard" seems to have entered into common usage in the early nineteenth century, perhaps from a story that circulated in the American South of the drowning and post-mortem preservation of a slave. It implied the existence of some generally domestic guilty secret hidden within all families. but Whyte-Melville makes it clear that Bones is an acquisition, he has been 'brought home'. Although he's sometimes referred to as a 'specimen,' there are times when we learn more of his identity, especially in 'A Vampire'. By means of his use of Bones as a narrative strategy, Whyte-Melville imaginatively stumbles into the territory of psychoanalysis a decade and a half before its invention. But out of the triumviry of 'I', Bones and Whyte-Melville it is hard to say who plays the psychoanalyst. Last modified 26 May 2006

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During a January 28 meeting with government officials, Belarus President Aleksander Lukashenko compared the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests with recent nationwide demonstrations in Russia following the arrest of opposition leader Alexey Navalny. Lukashenko said law enforcement had kept Belarus from falling into “the abyss of another color revolution.” The term color revolution was widely adopted in the ex-Soviet space after the 2004-2005 Orange Revolution against widespread election fraud following the November 2004 presidential runoff in Ukraine. Orange was the color chosen by then presidential challenger and pro-Western candidate Viktor Yushchenko for his election campaign; he was running against pro-Russian incumbent Viktor Yanukovych. The protest movement resulted in the initial runoff results being annulled. Yushchenko then won a second runoff, becoming president in January 2005 and ending the Orange Revolution. Belarus, Russia and others portray “color” revolutions as protest movements fomented by the West with the aim of destabilizing or overthrowing the governments of target states. “We have suppressed the most vivid manifestations of protest activity,” Lukashenko said, adding: “The difference between the Belarusian and Russian events, you’ll see, there may be several. But the main difference in our case, [they] decided to carry out a blitzkrieg in August. Instantly overthrow the government, or at least show that the government has fallen, and bring in NATO troops. “Russia will be rocked for a long time. They understand perfectly well that it is impossible to carry out a blitzkrieg in Russia.” Lukashenko’s assertion of outside orchestration is false. There is no evidence that Western governments staged protests in Belarus or planned to send in military forces. However, Western powers have supported free and fair elections in Belarus, as well as civil society efforts in the country. Most of the violence during six months of protests has been perpetrated by Belarusian state authorities. Young people in particular have joined the opposition to Lukashenko’s rule. In an online ZOiS survey conducted among 2,000 Belarusians aged 18–34 from June 22 to July 4, 2020, only 10 percent said they had planned on voting for Lukashenko during the August 2020 presidential election. About 80 percent of respondents said they planned to vote. Another 20 percent said they knew someone who had protested in the past year. On August 9, 2020, the Belarusian presidential election was held after five days of early voting. That evening, protesters took to the streets when state TV claimed Lukashenko had won 80 percent of the vote. The Associated Press interviewed election workers who said they saw ballot fraud or were pressured to falsify results in favor of Lukashenko. The following weekend, up to 200,000 people marched against Lukashenko in Belarus’ capital Minsk — a large number in a city of roughly 2 million. The BBC estimated that only 4,000 to 5,000 people attended a pro-government counter-demonstration. An independent journalist who spoke to National Public Radio noted the protesters had come from “all walks of life, including students, technology workers, small business owners and factory workers.” "There is no sense of radicalization among these protesters," the journalist said. “It’s sort of a united front of social discontent.” Indeed, in August hundreds of state television employees went on strike to protest what they called a rigged presidential poll. Factory workers and students also launched nationwide strikes to get Lukashenko to step down. Elderly people also took part in the protests, with one person saying that the presence of older citizens seemed to curb police violence. There were also reports of police officers quitting despite facing legal repercussions. Lukashenko was nonetheless sworn in for his sixth term on September 23. In November, an expert report by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe “found the presidential election fell short of fulfilling the basic international requirements for genuine elections.” The European Union has sanctioned Belarusian officials for repression and election falsification. The U.S. has also sanctioned Belarusian officials for their roles in the fraudulent presidential election and subsequent violent crackdown on peaceful protesters. Following the election, tens of thousands of people were arrested during a series of weekend demonstrations. From August 9-12, riot police detained an estimated 7,000 protesters and bystanders, “holding them in inhuman and degrading conditions, and torturing and otherwise ill-treating hundreds,” New York-based Human Rights Watch reported. One thousand people were detained during a peaceful protest in November. Rights groups have reported unlawful use of force, torture and even state-backed killings. The minimum number of people injured by police during August and September was 1,373 people, according to a report released by Mediazona, a Russian media outlet, in conjunction with Open Democracy. That report relied on documents leaked form Belarus’ Investigative Committee. Detainees have been subjected to beatings and electric shocks. Belarusian police have also reportedly sexually assaulted those detained at protests. Opposition leaders have shared images on social media they allege are of “concentration camps” being set up for protesters. The reports appear to be corroborated by leaked audio recordings obtained by Radio Free Europe, in which a senior Belarusian Interior Ministry official can be heard discussing plans for a barb wire enclosed internment camp for demonstrators. The same security official can be heard instructing security forces to use excessive force against demonstrators. Another leaked audio recording obtained by the EU Observer appears to confirm that Lukashenko gave a green light to assassinate political opponents and journalists abroad. Lukashenko has previously accused neighboring states of seeking to annex Belarusian territory, while also baselessly claiming a NATO invasion was being planned. Meanwhile, the Kremlin has also blamed the U.S. for recent protests in Russia.

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When you think of mummies, odds are you mind goes to Egypt automatically. The Egyptians weren’t the only people to mummify their dead in ancient times. A group of archaeologists studying Chinese mummies has made an interesting discovery that has nothing to do with the mummification process itself. The team has discovered what they say is the world’s oldest cheese. The ancient cheese was discovered placed on the necks of Chinese mummies that were found buried in upside down boats in an ancient cemetery in the Taklimakan desert. The mummies were dated to about 1615 B.C. by the researchers. The samples of ancient cheese left on the necks of the mummies were a yellowish, low-lactose cheese. This sort of cheese would have been easy to make and not very time consuming to produce according to researchers. The scientists believe that cheese played a roll in spreading herding and dairying across Asia. The cheese would have been made by mixing milk with a starter mix of bacteria and yeast. This same technique is still used today for making Kefir cheese. A couple reasons the cheese samples survived so long are the arid conditions and the salt filled soil that surrounded the mummies according to researchers. The conditions also preserved the mummies and their clothing. The team found felt hats, wool capes, and leather boots on the bodies.

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Dragačevo trumpeters festival in Guča is a unique review of trumpet players creation and one of the most important manifestations of the overall national creativity and cultural amateurism in Serbia. It lasts continuously since 1961, when Guca festival was established with the aim to preserve and further develop art of trumpet players creation as a form of traditional folk art – posted as a national competition of Serbian brass bands. A trumpet arrived to Dragačevo as a wartime musical instrument used in military battles for the freedom at the end of the XIX and at the beginning of the XX century, especially from Balkan and The first world war. Military trumpeters brought them home more like a memory of days spent in the army and on the war fields. The witnesses of these wartime days are numerous tombstones and roadside monuments which remember us on soldiers who died far away from home and who have unknown tombs. The oldest among them is one dedicated to Uroš Rakićević from Guberevci who participated in the Serbian-Turkish war from 1876 to 1878 as a military trumpeter, also one dedicated to Čedomir Nedović from Rtari, to Sreten Jerenić from Goračići, to Petar Davidović from Lisice and other trumpeters from the First World War. Trumpeters noticed that people loved to listen the sounds of the trumpets and they started playing Serbian kolo dances and traditional love songs. At first they played with the existing band, and then they joined and started to make orchestras. Four trumpets and a drum. Five trumpets and a drum. Six trumpets and a drum. Bands were small in beginning but they did the job very well and managed to win hearts of people from Guča. Trumpet music replaced other kinds of traditional music successfully. The trumpets were no longer used as a wakening call or to sign time for taps, they did not play military marches and gave the sign for the assault , they started to be an unavoidable part of each celebration. In that way the military trumpets became more skilled and their music more calm. They entered into the soul of people. Without them Serbian songs couldn’t have been imagined. People of Dragačevo started calling musicians for all events as birth, departures or arrivals from the Army or some war, weddings, building houses, or other significant moments – even funerals. Serbian trumpet players from Guča has great songs and marches for funerals and they can make those moments sad in different way and much more tolerable. Local fairs could not be imagined without trumpeters. People of Dragačevo were born with the sound of the trumpet, they have lived and died with that sound. Between two world wars in the several villages near Guča, there were about fifteen orchestras. Among them the best band was one from the village of Mirosaljci. Their leader was the famous Dojčilo Djukić, the best trumpeter of the time. His fame was heard up to Niš. The leaders of the kolo dance waited in lines for him to start playing on the fairs, and in the autumn the wedding were scheduled according to his schedule. The organization of Guča Festival was a result of the idea of young educated people of the time, dreamers, willing to break the monotony of life of a small place, far and deep into the country. Their spiritual and cultural needs were far above from the life they had which included temporary social-political actions and activities. Those young people were lucky because they came to an idea to organize such a unique event as the Trumpet Festival is. Both these facts contributed to the fact that the Festival successfully cultivates the spirit of national wealth for 50 years. The first Guča Festival was held on 14th October 1961 in Guča, on the day of the Shroud of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the churchyard. Four brass bands, all from Dragacevo took part in this competition. In addition to brass festival, there was organized the exhibition of local handicrafts and agricultural products, competition for the most beautiful national costumes, the all-round national sports tournament. At the following festival, in 1962, there were also brass bands from Užice region, and 1963, from Eastern and South Serbia. In 1972, there were determinated qualifying centers for the areas of Eastern, Western, South Serbia and Dragačevo. Since 1997, there has also been organized the competition of youth bands. From 2010. the part of the festival program is also the international competition of brass bands. Young boys and girls thought that this festival gave them a chance for the last meeting. The organizers of the Guca Festival believed that, this way, they would have audience for their program, as well. The day was sunny and warm. The interest of the people exceeded all expectations of organizers. Then it broke the first Guca festival cannon, it was thrown the first stone by the competitors of the all-round sport national tournament, the first jumper in that competition jumped, cracked heroic bone of one of the wrestler, it was hit the first Festival apple “through the targeted ring, it was taken out, for the first time after the war from dusty chest and crates, old folk costume was displayed again. Kolo dance, composed of both the young and old, was danced again at the Guca festival. There were showed again dancing skills and the beauty of costumes, the best were rewarded. In that occasion were opened several exhibitions of products of Dragačevo and handicraft products made by traditional craftsmen and artists, among these were products of loom weavers from Dragačevo as well. Together with the increasing number of participants and trumpet players, the program of the festival became richer and better. In addition to events present from the first festival like the all round tournament and selection of the most beautiful national costumes, art exhibitions have been organized since 1970. Several tents were erected under which was spreading a delicious fragrance of Dragačevo specialties as Wedding cabbage dish, boiled beans, barbecued meat, plumb brandy and hot corn bread with kajmak (milk cream cheese).

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Critics of a proposed constitution for the White Earth Band of Ojibwe say it threatens to do to tribal government what allotment did to the reservation’s land base, which was for the most part swallowed up by non-Native individuals and governments early in the 20th century. They also warn that the move by White Earth, the largest of the six Minnesota Chippewa Tribes, poses a direct threat to the political existence of the tribe and potentially jeopardizes White Earth’s federal recognition. One of the principal objections to the draft constitution is that it institutionalizes a process that began in 1996 of allowing descendants of tribal members to partake in some benefits of tribal membership. The issuance of “green cards” allowing tribal descendants who do not meet the blood quantum requirements of the constitution to exercise hard-won tribal treaty rights was controversial in its own right. When the state and its courts refused to recognize the green cards, however, many thought the issue was resolved. But at a grassroots community meeting in April, several White Earth tribal members were startled to learn that the governing Reservation Business Committee (RBC) had secretly passed a resolution in 1997 stating that the RBC “hereby determines its members to include children and grandchildren of enrolled members with the full benefits to participate in rights of members, as may be from time to time determined by resolution of the Tribal Council.” On a reservation where tribal housing demands are well in excess of supply, the assignment of tribal homes to descendants has fostered considerable resentment. Yet now White Earth members are demanding to know how many descendants have been granted full membership rights, including, presumably, the right to vote in tribal elections. The 1996 trial of three White Earth RBC members revealed that some remote relatives of RBC members with little awareness of tribal politics were placed on tribal rolls to cast ballots for their relatives. Allowing the tribal government to enroll the grandchildren of members at its discretion and without regard to residency would seem to open the door to a quid-pro-quo relationship in which enrollment would be traded for the votes of individuals with few if any ties to the reservation. The draft White Earth Constitution would go still further, allowing any individual related to a reservation member “by linear descent” to claim Marvin Manypenny, a longtime activist in the land recovery and constitutional reform movement, said that although the blood quantum standard is problematic at best, it is the only present means to preserve the integrity of the tribal membership rolls and is enshrined in the constitution under which the RBC governs. Manypenny said the draft constitution is a deeply flawed document that amounts to an end run around the existing constitution. Reservation officials refuse, he said, even to release the membership rolls on grounds of “Before the White Earth RBC can change the membership requirements of the constitution, they must comply with the amendment process enumerated in the constitution and submit it to the Tribal Executive Committee (TEC) and to a tribe-wide vote. If we’re going to allow people with 1/60 Anishinaabe ancestry full membership rights, much less withdraw from the MCT, we have to have inclusive discussions at the reservation and tribal level at the very least,” said Manypenny. “This has all been done behind our back and in direct contravention of the The issue of who belongs on White Earth tribal rolls has deep roots that go to the heart of Anishinaabe identity. Intermarriage between the Ojibwe and non-Natives dates back to the fur trade era. Historian Melissa Meyer points out in “White Earth Tragedy” that the Anishinaabeg considered the offspring of mixed marriages “white mixed-bloods” or “Indian mixed-bloods,” depending on their respective affiliation. In 1905 hereditary chief Charles Wright, an Episcopalian minister, journeyed to Washington to present a petition signed by 376 White Earth members protesting the allotment of reservation land to 300 Lake Superior mixed-bloods with no right to the land. When that failed, Wright petitioned in 1911 to remove 86 individuals from tribal rolls. Meyer observes that the petition selectively targeted leaders of the mixed-blood faction, excluding many of their relatives. The Indian Office suspended the membership of the 86 named individuals, but later reinstated them. Many of those named in the petition went on to claim tribal leadership roles in the Minnesota Chippewa General Council they formed in 1912, prompting a political conflict between full- and mixed-blood councils that competed for legitimacy vis-a-vis the federal government for more than a decade. On May 14, 1961 the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe drew the line for enrollment at “one-fourth degree Minnesota Chippewa Indian Blood,” but the ordinance was not made retroactive. Thus, no one has ever been purged from the rolls, despite the longstanding controversy. Meyer argues that the struggle for political power in the General Council era consumed the energies of the tribe, limiting its ability to challenge the seizure of the bulk of reservation lands. “Even though the federal government had confiscated thousands of acres of Ojibwe land, the mixed-bloods loomed as the larger threat in the full-bloods’ minds. They cast their lot with the Indian Office as their only defense against the mixed-bloods, whose ethics they rejected.” Manypenny said the Ojibwe find themselves in similar position today, calling on the Tribal Executive Committee and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to exercise their constitutional oversight responsibility by blocking a proposed referendum on the White Earth draft constitution until tribal members can determine if they want to move toward dissolution of the MCT and dilution of tribal membership requirements. In a May 15 letter to TEC president Norman Deschampe, Manypenny called for a special TEC meeting on the issue and said White Earth chairman Erma Vizenor should be subject to tribal censure. “All of us have some relatives that can’t meet the current membership requirements. But the answer is not to grant blanket authorization for so-called descendants to claim equal rights to our resources. We’re already a minority on our own reservation. We could end up being a minority within our own tribe,” Manypenny said.

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Radical politics in the late 20th century “Oh no, the ideas are coming! Duck!” The Angry Brigade by James Graham In our fourth blog looking at the context of The Angry Brigade, we’re turning to look at other radical political groups of the 1960s and 70s. The Cold War proved to many that there were viable alternatives to the status quo. Some thought that the governments in Cuba, the USSR and China demonstrated that Communism could work. Global poverty and glaring class differences across Europe were powerful motives to follow socialism, and grassroots movements inspired and encouraged intellectual and theoretical conversations about alternative methods of structuring society. Anarchism became a popular philosophy among young people throughout Europe, often motivated by a pervading sense that there was so much wrong with the world that the only way that something good could grow again would be to, as an Angry Brigade Communique read, “blow it up, or burn it down.” One of the most famous terrorist groups of the time was the Baader Meinhof group, which later developed into the Red Army Faction. Formed in 1970 as a violent reaction to the continued dominance of pseudo-Nazi authoritarianism – the RAF rose to infamy through a series of car bombs, high profile kidnappings and assassinations. Many of the core members including Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin (both pictured in the image at the top of this articled) went to Jordan to receive military training with the PFLP and the PLO – this training became obvious when second generation RAF members hijacked a Lufthansa plane in 1977. The Situationists were a group of artists, intellectuals and political theorists who believed strongly in anti-authoritarian Marxism. They criticised capitalism for propagating the idea of “the Spectacle,” a phrase which crops up in Graham’s The Angry Brigade more than once. It was a term which described the increasing importance of objects and consumerism as opposed to human interaction in daily life. The ideas laid out in the work of the Situationists has often been linked to the swathe of civil unrest that swept through France in 1968. A series of violent student strikes led to workers’ strikes (unassociated with their unions) which spiralled over the summer months. Turnout on marches rose to about 500,000, Charles de Gaulle fled Paris, and communist leaders seized control of the Paris metropolitan areas. Spain (and England) In Spain, anarchy was a national tradition – particularly in areas such as Barcelona, which, prior to the Spanish Civil war, was predominantly controlled by anarchists. Anarchy was one of the only schools of thought that continued to fight against the dictatorial regime of General Franco when the civil war drew to a close. One of the best known examples of anarchist agitation was the formation of The First of May Group with members in Spain and England; they famously kidnapped the ecclesiastical attaché to the Vatican as part of a campaign for the release of political prisoners and the improvement of prison conditions for others. For more radical politics, book in for The Angry Brigade by clicking here, or read more about the true story that inspired the play here.

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Cities and communities are increasingly tackling today’s challenges in ways that cut across traditional programmatic boundaries. For example, many cities are working to make their communities more walkable and improve access to transportation, jobs, food and other basics, while others are working to improve student outcomes by creating supports both inside and outside the classroom. The public sector, with its unique combination of resources, authority and leadership, can play critical roles in supporting these integrative efforts. But too often specialized and poorly coordinated bureaucratic structures – “silos” – mean that different parts of government work at cross purposes. Take the example of regional planning. A 2011 federal report states that “DOT and HUD both have statutorily required planning requirements for receipt of federal funds. These requirements are not well aligned with one another, having different eligibility, timeframe, content considerations, and approval processes.” As a result, these plans can conflict with one another, and their authors compete for resources when it comes time to implement. At Living Cities, we are interested in how innovative structures, innovative uses of capital, and innovative approaches to collaboration can help the public sector to achieve better results. In a recent blog post, I wrote about some of the ways that local governments are experimenting with new structures to enable fresh approaches to tough problems. The federal government, for its part, has been working to help produce innovation by reducing silos at the local level. The Partnership for Sustainable Communities is one especially prominent example of that work. Since 2009, the Partnership has worked to align funding streams and rules across the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Department of Transportation and the Environmental Protection Agency, with many more agencies participating informally. They have helped localities to integrate significant sums of federal dollars to develop and implement plans that integrate a focus on housing, transportation, jobs, economic development and inclusion, and more. We are pleased to release today a strategic assessment of the Partnership for Sustainable Communities and its impact in helping to break down silos, commissioned by Living Cities and conducted by the Urban Institute. The assessment focuses in particular on what can be learned from the Partnership’s Sustainable Communities Regional Planning Grant Program, which has awarded $195 million since 2010 supporting the development and implementation of regional plans addressing issues across the focus areas of the partner agencies. The study finds that the Planning Grant Program helped its local grantees to break down barriers to collaboration within government and across sectors by incentivizing them to: Create new collaborative structures, which intensified the representation of stakeholders typically left out of decision-making processes and supported deeper community engagement Broaden the range of substantive areas actively considered in regional plans, including affordable housing, economic development, transit access, public health, and the environment Expand the resources devoted to collaborative regional planning processes, and Diversify participation across jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., by promoting engagement between city, suburban and exurban governments). The Partnership created a supportive enabling environment for programs like the Regional Planning Grants to take root. Agency leadership developed a set of Livability Principles to guide collaboration among their staffs; agency staff then used these principles to frame programs like the Regional Planning Grants, and have also integrated them into existing funding streams where possible. Many agency officials had experience working together before coming to the federal government, which paved the way for productive collaboration when they arrived. And as they developed new programs and sought to align existing ones, HUD, DOT and EPA engaged with current and would-be local users of the funds to ensure that these programs and reforms would respond to their needs and concerns. In addition to the findings above, the study also finds that the extent to which the changes produced by this program endure over the longer term remains an open question. The study points to a number of factors that will help determine whether the increased coordination becomes institutionalized or not, such as whether the “connective tissue” enabling regional collaboration can be sustained once Planning Grant funds are spent. Even at this stage, though, the findings in the study provide some very interesting food for thought in considering the role that federal policy can play in reducing governmental silos – an issue of considerable interest across a number of policy areas. We invite you to share your insights and experiences, either below or in the Twittersphere (tweet your comments @Living_Cities).

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Space travel is no longer science fiction thanks to recent advances in technology led by the world’s biggest tech companies. You may have heard of Elon Musk’s ambitious SpaceX project. However, he is not the only one trying to develop space tourism. What is currently available and how much does it cost? Putting humans in space aside, there are actually very tangible costs for space travel – at least for objects. Satellites, for instance, are routinely launched into space. The rates for this vary. SpaceX can deploy a satellite in space for $62 million if it weighs no more than 50,000 pounds. The United Launch Alliance Atlas V charges $73 million for a slightly lighter load of 41,000 pounds. These are the basic rates for simply sending something off into space. Additional services and requests, which may complicate the project, cost extra. Visit the ISS If you actually want to go into space, consider visiting the International Space Station. There is an international team of astronauts on it, as well as scheduled visits. These are not regular tourist excursions — the ISS needs supplies and a change of personnel. But since the trips are happening anyway, the agency responsible for them has found a way to make a profit by offering free seats for sale. Currently, Soyuz is the only space vehicle in operation. Since Russia has a monopoly on it, they determine the prices. NASA has bought seats on Soyuz before — each set them back about $75 million. Nevertheless, with better competition in the space travel market, you can hope that prices will decrease. SpaceX is working on the Crew Dragon spacecraft, expected to launch later this year. Boeing is getting ready to reveal their Starliner soon. The exact price of a trip with either of those is still unknown, but it is projected around $58 million, significantly cheaper than a Soyuz seat. A company called Space Adventures has also sent people on private week-long trips to the ISS. A few lucky, adventurous millionaires managed the feat for $20–$35 million. Anywhere Else in Space In case the ISS is not your thing — or not to your budget — you still have options. Space technically begins at the Karman line, which lies around 50 to 62 miles above sea level. The Karman line represents the height at which the Earth’s atmosphere ends and the thermosphere (what you probably think of as “outer space”) begins. Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic plans to offer short expeditions to the Karman line, with prices advertised as low as $250,000 per seat according to data from financial technology company Sambla.fi. Virgin has actually sold over 600 of these tickets already, though no flights have taken place yet. Reportedly, the company is taking their time to improve their spacecraft and make sure it is safe to travel in. You likely won’t be surprised to hear that the richest person in the world, Amazon’s Jeff Bezos also dabbles in space tourism. His company, Blue Origin, offers a similar service to Virgin Galactic. However, there is little information about when they plan to launch these short suborbital trips. Neither dates nor prices are currently available.

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The articulation of ejective segments has not been extensively studied. In this study, oral pressure and oral flow data were collected during the production of aspirated and ejective stop consonants by three linguists. Preliminary results indicate that the oral pressure of ejectives is several times greater than that of aspirated stops. Characteristic differences between ejectives and aspirated stops are also apparent in pressure rise-to-peak, pressure fall-to-gauge, and oral flow measurements. The finding that ejectives show much greater oral pressures than do aspirated stops is in accord with the reports of earlier researchers for Tigrinya [Fre Woldu, Reports from Uppsala Dept. of Linguist. 13, 1985], several Quichean languages [Pinkerton, Ohala, and Jaeger (Eds.), 125--139 (1986)], and Montana Salish [Flemming et al., UCLA Work. Papers Phon. 87, 1--34 (1994)]. The preliminary results are a variance with those found for Tigrinya speakers by Kingston (1985) [Ph.D. dissertation, UC Berkeley]. That study, which includes a computer model of ejective production, produced several unexpected findings. The data from this study, which may be more representative of ejectives cross linguistically, will be used in analysis by synthesis using a similar computer model.

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This week, instead of a BTN video we could write a 321 reflection on a video about space (since space is our topic for this term). Hope you enjoy! If you want to see the video, its on a blog called antsclass. Go check it out! Blue = Facts Red = Understandings Green = Questions This science video is about how ancient humans were fascinated by astronomy and how they talked about it then and now. The three main races that looked into astronomy the most were Mayans, Babylonians and Ancient Greeks. These 3 races discovered so much about astronomy and made us understand space a whole lot better. Especially Babylonians, they very advanced astronomers (and very interested in space) since they had created a writing system that allowed them to record a lot of information about space. This system helped Babylonia create mathematical models like calendars and these type of things were very helpful to them back then. Especially in the city-state of Ancient Babylon, which is located near modern Baghdad. These smart Babylonians were also able to predict astronomical phenomena, although they didn’t see things in a scientific standpoint. But their work has influenced astronomy and has created the birth of early forms of modern horoscopic astrology. The race of Mayans is a group of Mesoamerican Indians. Even present day, we still don’t know a lot about this race and their knowledge about astrology (since the Spanish Conquistadors burned all of their records). But a very famous creation was from the Mayans, and that was the Mayan Long Count Calendar. This calendar was a very sophisticated system that uses base 20 numbers. This calendar is very famous because the Mayans believed that the world was going to end on the 21st of December 2012 (since that was when the calendar ended). This prediction was incorrect, so that means that Christmas and New Year’s Eve could be celebrated! Although the prediction was incorrect, it helped the Mayans discover the eclipse which was used to prognosticate important events, as well as predicting things like the motion of the planets. The last race that was very interested in astronomy was Ancient Greece. A very famous ancient astronomer from Greece was called Claudius Ptolemy who invented the Ptolemaic system. This astronomer was a Greco-Egyptian writer, mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. Ptolemy had a lot of jobs because at the time (90 AD – 168 AD), there wasn’t that much knowledge about science so people interested in science had to have a lot of other jobs. But nowadays, there is more knowledge about science therefore you can just focus on science if you want to. Claudius was also a Greek citizen of the Roman emperor, and was born in ancient Egypt in Alexandria (when it was under a Roman emperor). This Ptolemaic system showed how earth was in the middle/centre of the universe, and this fact has influenced humans for hundreds of years. This system was a drawing that shows earth was in the centre of the universe, but Ptolemy was known largely for it. But knowledge today is showing that heaps of Ptolemy’s knowledge actually came from another person, Euclid (father of Geometry) who is an ancient Greek mathematician and a lot of people would say the greatest astronomer of all time. He categorised hundreds of stars, as well as discovering the Precession of the Equinoxesa (the wobbling of the earth around its axis). This Precession explains why in 12 000 years, the northern star won’t be Polaris anymore, it will be Vega. An understanding I now have is some of our science knowledge was found out years ago, and a lot of our knowledge id from people in the past. Also that the knowledge we got from the past has really influenced us on our opinion of space. 2 questions I have now are: - Who created the Mayan calendar or the Babylonians calendar? - How did they find out all of this information when they didn’t have the technology we have today?

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In many high school English classes, students diligently work to learn the complex vocabulary necessary for college or to earn a high score on pivotal SAT or ACT tests. While many teachers stop playing vocabulary games with their students in elementary or middle school, the practice of playing vocabulary games can be just as effective when used with higher level students. These students, like their younger counterparts, enjoy the competitive nature and engaging format of a game. Get your high school students out of their seat with this enjoyable game. Prepare by typing up vocabulary word definitions. Print these out on an overhead, or save the document so that you can project it with an LCD Projector. Type up each vocabulary word in large font. Leave spaces between each letter, allowing you to cut the letters easily. Create two copies of these enlarged words. Also, procure two computer paper boxes. Label one “team one” and the other “team two.” When students arrive, divide them into two teams. Give each team one of the sets of letters and a computer paper box. Instruct them to cut the paper, separating all the letters. Then ask them to place the cut out letters in their box. Place both boxes at the front of the room. Have students line up in single file roughly four feet back from their box. Give the first person in each line a role of masking tape. Tell students that you are going to project a definition onto the screen using an overhead or LCD projector. Tell the students that once they see the definition, they need to start creating the appropriate word using the letters in their box. One at a time, team members will go up to the box, find a letter and place it on the wall in front of their box. They can grab the letters in whatever order they want, but by the end they must have the complete, correctly spelled word. Award a point to the team that creates the appropriate word first, and continue play until you have presented all of the definitions. As you learn vocabulary words throughout the year, create an ongoing list, and use this list in a continuous vocabulary game. Post a continually growing list of vocabulary terms on your classroom wall. Tell students that, whenever they are reading aloud as a class, and they come across one of the words, they need to announce that they have found a word. To announce the finding of the word, the students need to yell out Bingo. Keep a stash of candy or inexpensive prizes to reward the bingo students. Another way to continue vocabulary building throughout the year is to engage students in a continuous vocabulary word hunt. Create a list of students on a bulletin board or poster. Tell students that they can earn points by finding examples featuring vocabulary words that they have learned in class in print media. Tell students that, when they find an example, they can bring it in to class, and a point will be placed next to their name. Display the examples around the poster or on the bulletin board. At the end of the year, reward the student with the most points with a special prize to recognize his careful hunting. Style Your World With Color Create balance and growth throughout your wardrobe.View Article Barack Obama's signature color may bring presidential power to your wardrobe.View Article Let your imagination run wild with these easy-to-pair colors.View Article Explore a range of beautiful hues with the year’s must-have colors.View Article - Alexandra Grablewski/Lifesize/Getty Images

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Delaware • New Jersey • Pennsylvania New York • United States of America For Immediate Release October 23, 2003 WHEN: Friday, October 24, 2003, 10:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. (This event was originally scheduled for Oct. 17, but postponed last week due to the weather.) WHERE: Along the banks of the Delaware River at Washington Crossing State Park, near the intersection of Routes 29 and 546, in Titusville, N.J. Local students and teachers will interact with staff from the Delaware River Basin Commission, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, and the U.S. Geological Survey as these agencies demonstrate different water quality monitoring techniques. Students also will have the opportunity to conduct their own water quality tests. Representatives from the three government agencies will offer brief welcoming remarks at 10:30 a.m. before the students and teachers spend about 20 minutes at each of the six demonstration stations that will be set up in an area between the Delaware River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal in the historic park. Capture local children pitching in to protect the world's waters. Contact: Clarke Rupert, DRBC 609-883-9500 ext. 260

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Partnership with Pupils Partnership with students, involving them more in decisions which effect their education, can improve both motivation and behaviour. This is recognised by recent legislation, notably the Code of Practice for special needs. The contributions in this collection first consider issues such as... Published October 9th 1996 by Routledge

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Basic Facts About Using Solar Energy If you’re new to solar energy, you might have questions about how it works, what benefits it offers, and what its pros and cons are. This is an introductory guide that provides a brief overview of solar energy and how it can save you money. We will also explain how solar energy works and shed light on how amazing the sun is. By the end of this guide, you will have a good understanding of how solar energy can benefit Amp customers. Several key statements that explain the benefits of installing a solar energy system: - Solar energy can save you money by reducing your monthly utility bills. - Solar energy offers energy independence, allowing you to generate your own electricity and freeing you from relying on utility companies. - You’ll see a return on investment almost immediately with solar energy savings. - Installing a solar energy system can increase the value of your home by adding equity. - Solar energy systems require minimal maintenance and offer high performance. - Solar energy helps to preserve the environment by using a renewable energy source. - You may be eligible for federal, state, and local tax credits. - Utility rates tend to rise annually, but with solar energy, your electric bill will remain low and steady. - Solar energy systems can provide reliable, clean power for 25-40 years. - It’s important to choose an experienced solar provider who understands how to create an efficient system, obtain permits, gain HOA approval, and perform a quality installation. - PV solar energy systems do not need water to generate electricity. This is important because, in times of drought, switching from coal to cleaner energy sources like solar power could reduce water usage in Texas’s power sector by 21%, saving over 28 billion gallons of water every year! - As of the end of 2017, Texas had a total installed capacity of 1.87 GW of solar electric capacity, making it the 7th largest solar state in the US. - The sun produces enough energy in just one hour to power the entire Earth for a whole year. This means that if we could capture and store all the energy from the sun that hits the Earth in just one hour, we would have enough power to meet our energy needs for an entire year. - The energy from the sun that falls on just one acre of land in West Texas is enough to produce the same amount of energy as 800 barrels of oil each year! This shows the incredible potential of solar energy as a source of renewable and sustainable power. By understanding these key statements, you can make an informed decision about whether solar energy is right for you. Key Parts of a Solar Power System Solar panels work by converting the sun’s rays into electricity. When sunlight hits the solar panel, the individual solar cells inside the panel use a process called the photovoltaic effect to transform the light into direct current (DC) electricity. This process allows solar panels to generate clean and renewable energy that can be used to power homes and businesses. In order to make the electricity generated by solar panels usable in your home, it needs to be converted from direct current (DC) electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity. This is where an inverter comes in. We use a type of inverter called a “Micro Inverter” which is located at each individual solar panel. This allows for more efficient energy conversion and ensures that our customers get more power from their solar panels compared to other types of inverters. SOLAR ENERGY MEETS UTILITY GRID: Solar energy is used to power your home during the day. But when the sun is not shining, such as at night, your home will get electricity from the utility company. If your solar system generates more electricity than your home needs during the day, the excess electricity will be sent back to the utility grid. Net metering is a policy that allows homeowners who have solar panels installed on their homes to send any excess energy they produce back to the grid for storage. This means that when they need energy, they can draw it back from the grid, or even sell the extra energy to others in their community who are connected to the same grid. Utility companies are required to pay solar producers retail prices for the energy they return, which is often priced significantly higher than if the utility companies purchased the energy independently. This is known as a Feed-in Tariff (FiT) policy, and it incentivizes people to adopt solar energy as a way to produce their own electricity and contribute to the grid. Some Key Benefits Of Solar Power Systems SAVE MONEY ON YOUR ELECTRIC BILL You can reduce the amount of money you pay for electricity by installing a solar power system in your home. The amount of electricity the average American household uses each month is about 897 kilowatt hours (kWh), and the average monthly electric bill is around $112. However, in the United States, electric bills can vary from less than $70 to more than $140 per month. By installing a solar power system, you can potentially lower your electric bill by an average of 84% or even eliminate it completely, depending on the size of the system you choose. INCREASE YOUR HOME’S VALUE If you install solar panels on your home, it can increase the value of your property. Researchers from the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory studied more than 22,000 home sales that took place between 2002 and 2013. They found that homes with solar panels sold for an average of $15,000 more than homes without them. This means that if you decide to sell your home in the future, having solar panels installed can potentially increase its value and make it more attractive to potential buyers. REDUCE ENERGY COSTS FOR YEARS TO COME By installing Amp Solar Squad solar panels, you can lower your energy costs for many years to come. These solar panels are designed to last for more than 30 years, and some have even been in use for over 40 years! We are so confident in their performance that we offer a 25-year guarantee on them. This means that you can have peace of mind knowing that you will be able to reduce your electric bill for decades to come. So, by investing in solar panels now, you can potentially save a lot of money on your energy bills in the future. Our goal is to help people in Lubbock and nearby areas achieve energy independence. We aim to do this by building personal relationships with every client we work with, as well as with their friends and family who own homes or businesses. We believe that by developing strong relationships with our clients, we can better understand their energy needs and provide them with the right solutions to help them achieve their goals. Our ultimate aim is to empower people to take control of their energy usage and reduce their dependence on traditional energy sources.

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Tears are drops of liquid produced by the lacrimal, accessory lacrimal, and Meibomian glands, that contain proteins, enzymes, lipids, metabolites, electrolytes and traces of drugs.Well, that’s one way of putting it. We also know that the chemical composition of tears differs depending on what caused them to spill: crying versus chopping an onion, for example. Is it possible that tears shed during crying contain chemical signals that have an effect on other people? A group of researchers in Israel recently came up with multiple lines of evidence suggesting that women’s tears have a fairly specific effect on men; and it isn’t a pretty one. To do research on human tears, you first need to collect some. Shani Gelstein and her colleagues did this the obvious way—by showing chick flicks to women and collecting the weepy output in small tubes. (This technique clearly wouldn’t work with guys; you’d have to show them the grenade scene from The Dirty Dozen.) Gelstein’s team created control “tears” by dribbling saline solution down the cheeks of each sob sister, thus giving the fake tears whatever odors might come from contact with the skin. Despite the presumed difference in chemical makeup between cried tears and pseudo-tears, a couple of dozen young men who sniffed them could not tell them apart. Nor did another group of men find any difference in the intensity, familiarity, or pleasantness of the odor of cried tears versus saline. But then each men rated emotionally ambiguous pictures of women’s faces for sadness and sexual attraction, while wearing a tear- or saline-soaked blotter on his upper lip. The upshot? When a guy was smelling emotional tears, the women’s faces didn’t look sadder—they looked less sexually attractive. You’re gonna cry, cry, cry, cryGelstein et al. reasoned that a tears-causing-sadness link might emerge in a sad context. So they had another group of guys watch a sad movie while wired for physiological responses (heart rate, skin temperature, etc.) and while providing saliva samples to be assayed for testosterone. In one session they watched a film after sniffing cried tears; in another they watched after sniffing fake saline tears. By itself, watching the sad film put the guys into a significantly more negative mood; it was an effective downer. Real tears had no effect on self-rated mood, but did reduce self-reported sexual arousal and the amount of testosterone found in the men’s saliva. Finally, Gelstein’s team put guys in an MRI magnate and showed them dirty movies, in order to localize the arousal-related areas of each fellow’s brain. The men then watched sad, happy and neutral movies after sniffing tears or saline. Activity in the sexual arousal brain areas was significantly lower for the sad movie watched after smelling real tears. Subjective ratings of attributed sexual appeal, together with objective measures of psychophysiological arousal, testosterone expression, and brain activity, jointly suggest that women’s emotional tears contain a chemosignal that reduces sexual arousal in men.Hmm . . . that rings a bell. Everytime we say good nightHuman tears contain a chemosignal, by S. Gelstein, Y. Yeshurun, L. Rozenkrantz, S. Shushan, I. Frumin, Y. Roth, and N. Sobel, was published January 14, 2011 in Science. 331:226-230. As I go to hold her tight Never get to kiss her ‘cause she cries Oh baby don’t (baby don’t cry) Oh baby don’t (baby don’t cry)

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Dose of Kismis in Medicine Raisins enter into the composition of numerous demulcent and expectorant medicines. The following is an illustration; take raisins, emblic myrobalans, dates, long pepper and black pepper equal parts and rub them together with honey and clarified butter and administer as a linctus. "Draksha Arishta" is a medicinal wine prepared as follows. Take raisins 6 seers and a quarter, water 128 seers, boil them together till reduced to one-fourth and strain. To the strained decoction add 25 seers of treacle and 8 tolas each of the following substances in fine powder, namely, cinnamon, cardamoms, tejpatra flowers of Mesua ferrea (nagakesara), fruit of Aglaia Roxburghiana (priyangu), black pepper, long pepper and baberang seeds and set aside for fermentation. This liquor is considered invigorating and nourishing and is used in consumption, cough, difficult breathing and hoarseness. This article is a stub. You can enrich by adding more information to it. Send your Write Up to [email protected] History of Ayurveda Origin of Ayurveda Elements of Ayurveda Concepts of Ayurveda Ancient Literature of Ayurveda Asava and Arishta |More Articles in Use of Vegetables or Plants as Medicines (158)|

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You've heard of stem cell therapies being used to cure or at least partially restore mobility in animals with damaged spinal cords. But what about in humans? Now there are two studies underway. Here's how close we are to seeing humans released from paralysis thanks to stem cells. Although not all spinal injuries cause complete loss of function, they still often require a huge adjustment in a person's life. Finding some way of curing, or at least partially ameliorating the effects of severe spinal cord injury has been a dream of many. When stem cell therapies began to be a possiblity, those dreams got a lot more tangible. Early testing showed that some mammals, at least, could recover from paralyzing injuries with the use of stem cell therapies. Unfortunately, there are a lot of people willing to cash in on people's willingness to try anything to treat such injuries. Some time ago, The Shepherd Center for Spinal Cord Rehabilitation posted a notice; "Of Spinal Cord Injury, Stem Cells, Snake Oil, and Serious Hope," about the number of people offering stem cell trials which were not done under the oversight of any regulatory body, and had no scientific basis. Often patients would pay through the nose, only to lose mobility in still-functional body parts after receiving treatment. What's more, past treatment disqualified patients for new and more legitimate studies. There were more conmen the legitimate clinicians offering treatment. It looks like the balance is changing. In October of last year, The Shepherd Center and Geron Corporation announced their own new trial using stem cells to treat spinal cord injury. The trial is in Phase I clinical testing, which means it is not yet being assessed for effectiveness, but for safety. The study is registered on the National Institute of Health's site, where the goals are spelled out. The secondary goal is improved sensation and movement in the extremities. The primary goal is evaluating the treatment's safety, "as measured by the frequency and severity of adverse events within 1 year (365 days) of GRNOPC1 injection that are related to GRNOPC1, the injection procedure used to administer GRNOPC1, and/or the concomitant immunosuppression administered." This is normal for Phase I testing, which is usually done on perfectly healthy people to see how they process the drug. Geron and The Shepherd Center declined to comment on how the study was progressing, but there are some signs. For one thing, the study has not been cancelled yet, despite six months of testing, so whatever adverse events or immunosuppression that patients have experienced has not been to severe or discouraging. What's more, the study is expanding. The NIH tracks any changes in studies, and so far there have been two. Work was done at Northwestern in Illinois at first, then included Stanford in California on January 25th, and then the Shepherd Center in Georgia on February 10th. The study is being conducted with the most controversial cells in modern science, human embryonic stem cells. The ones used in the study were taken from embryos which were harvested for in vitro procedures and given to science by the biological donors. They were undifferentiated, until treated with biological agents that created a group of cells containing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, or OPCs. The name used for the stem cell formulation, GRNOPC1, denotes that the OPCs are made and mixed by Geron(GRN). Oligodendrocytes both manufacture proteins that heal and enhance nerve cells, but they also produce myelin. Myelin wraps around nerve cells and allows them to send signals efficiently and quickly. Many spinal injuries are caused not by the severing or cutting of the spinal cord, but by simple bruising or crushing. The oligodendrocytes become damaged by the inflammation of the cord. These injuries leave lesions - neurological dead zones that cause paralysis. It is these lesions that the study is hoping to repair with GRNOPC1 injections. Right now, the testing if very limited. Researchers are only looking for patients with crush or bruising injuries, not any injuries due to penetrating trauma. They also are using patients with only a single lesion and with complete paralysis, no motor function or sensation below the injury. Finally, they're only taking patients who have been injured in the last seven to fourteen days. The stakes are high, and any progress has to be measurable. This phase of the study has been a long time coming. GRNOPC1 was initially tested on animals with these type of injuries back in 2005. When the animals showed improved motor function and when the spines of such animals were found to have increased numbers of nerve fibers and those nerve fibers were re-covered with myelin, the results were published in Journal of Neuroscience. Of course, it doesn't just have to work, the animals have to survive it working. Animals on which these were tested were examined for teratomas - tumors - in the injection region, cysts, and for increased pain. Although no pain or tumors were found, some small cysts did show up in the injection areas. Those cysts were smaller than the injury site itself, and didn't seem to affect the animals, which was what led to the test in progress, being cleared for humans. This is exciting news, and what's more exciting is that Geron may well have some competition. Japanese scientists recently healed monkeys using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) cells. These cells are made from the skin, and induced to become stem cells. Though the monkeys recovered in a matter of weeks, their injuries were only sustained a few days before. Induced stem cells take a long time to make, during which the amount of time the opportunity for an injured person to benefit from such an injection may pass. There's even another Phase I clinical trial to use stem cells to heal spinal cord injuries out there. TCA Cellular Therapy started a Phase I clinical trial of bone marrow derived stem cells in September of 2010, and this one is looking for people injured more than two weeks prior. The fact that so many likely sources for treatment of spinal cord injury exist is cause for great excitement. As testing continues, we can hope that more progress is made. The average drug study takes eight years, from initial application to marketing. If these treatments do well, paralysis due to traumatic spinal injury may be a treatable condition by 2020. Many thanks to Robert Gonzalez, the hardworking io9 intern who helped with research!

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The first mammal birthed its first warm, blood-smeared offspring about 160 million years ago, setting a biological precedent that has largely remained unchanged. Only female members of a species, born with wombs, can carry and deliver babies. But doctors have recently made stunning advances in their ability to transplant uteruses into people who don’t have them, and on Friday, a woman who received one of those transplants became the first mother to give birth to a healthy baby in the United States. The unprecedented, victorious birth took place at Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas in November. Only eight other babies have been born to women who have received uterine transplants, and all of those births occurred in Sweden’s Sahlgrenska University Hospital, where doctors pioneered the research to help women born without a uterus or whose uteruses were damaged by illnesses such as cancer. It goes without saying that transplanting a uterus is no easy feat, making this achievement especially exciting for American scientists. “This first live birth to a uterus transplant recipient in the United States was a milestone in our work to solve absolute uterine factor infertility; but, more importantly, a beautiful moment of love and hope for a mother who had been told she would never be able to carry her own child,” said Dr. Giuliano Tesla, the principal investigator of the Baylor University trial. The process, which involves transplantation of a living organ and its associated immune-rejection risks, is by no means perfect. According to the New York Times, four of the eight transplants in the Baylor study failed and had to be removed, and two of the women are still trying to conceive. One other woman in the trial, however, is currently pregnant. Once doctors work out all the kinks in the uterine transplant process, it will have the potential to help an estimated 50,000 women in the U.S. who cannot conceive. The women in the study have a condition called Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, which caused them to be born without a uterus. This research also opens up the possibility that people other than females will someday be able to give birth. In an interview with Inverse in 2015, Dr. Christine McGinn, a transgender medicine specialist, said that male motherhood is not just possible but likely. “It’s a little bit less complicated to transplant a uterus into a biological female — it’s like swapping out an engine,” she said. But transplantation into males is possible because, anatomically speaking, males and females aren’t really that different. “What’s great about a uterus is that it’s completely regulated by hormones. A lot of its function is hormone-driven, not nerve-driven.” The main obstacle to seeing this procedure become mainstream for both women and men is, of course, money. The Baylor University research, estimated to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, is covered by research funding, but there’s no guarantee that insurance companies — which, for the most part, don’t even cover infertility treatments — will foot the bill.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

https://www.inverse.com/article/39004-uterus-transplant-baby-u-s-birth

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en

When asked to rank programming languages based on their strengths and weaknesses, developers ranked Haskell number one for the following statements: - "Learning this language significantly changed how I use other languages." - "Learning this language improved my ability as a programmer." Haskell is highly regarded for its ability to transform the way developers think about programming. Many developers have told us they never really saw the holes in the imperative languages they were using until they started using Haskell. After learning Haskell, they feel more confident their code will work correctly and will have longevity. No other language provides the same perspective altering experience learners of Haskell espouse. Recently the Editor-and-Chief of Dr. Dobb's Journal, Andrew Binstock tweeted "I've noticed several times when someone says 'X really changed the way I think about programming,' frequently X=Haskell." What is Haskell? Haskell is the purest functional programming language. Haskell programs are a series of high-level generalizable functions that define what the program is intended to do, letting lower layers (compiler, runtime, and libraries) handle mundane low-level details such as iteration. Its foundation is a strong static type safety and inference system. The compiler enforces the type check and produces clean, concise and correct code with little side effects from the outset. The programmer focuses on results vs. steps. Imperative languages (Java, C family, Python, PHP, Ruby etc.) are based on low-level commands and highly mutable variables that result in spaghetti code with countless interacting side effects. This jumbled code leads to software that isn't reliable, breaks easily, and filled with bugs. A simple example shows how concise and articulate Haskell code is: Create a list of all even numbers up to 100, and another list omitting the first five of them. You don't have to be an experienced developer to see how much cleaner and more direct the Haskell code is, and what benefits that might generate. The improvements seen in this trivial example only increase with more complex problems and under maintenance and reuse. Who Uses Haskell? Adoption of Haskell is increasing in multiple industries. While Haskell is a general purpose language that can be used in any domain and use case, it is ideally suited for proprietary business logic and data analysis, fast prototyping and enhancing existing software environments with correct code, performance and scalability. Data-intensive industries such as financial services, Big Pharma and biotech, oil and gas, and online consumer companies are adopting Haskell rapidly. Barclays' "Functional Payout Framework" is written in Haskell. Amgen, a well-known Haskell adoptee, is using Haskell to develop new innovative software services for both doctors and patients. There are also internal Haskell R&D projects at Google, Microsoft, Twitter and Facebook. Janrain, a user management platform developer, credits Haskell for enabling them to save 75% of the time they spent on bug fixes. They switched their backend from Ruby to an entirely Haskell-based platform. For Bump (recently purchased by Google), Haskell easily enabled them to grow their application from one based on 6-8 cores to more than 250 cores over 70-100 machines. Bump started out on Python, but switched to Haskell after experiencing high errors and spaghetti code that they couldn't reign in. Jamie Turner, lead developer: "The Haskell compiler provides multiyear life of the code other solutions like Python couldn't offer, while scaling up to support millions of users." Why isn't Haskell More Popular? To date, Haskell's commercial adoption has been held back by its reputation for being hard to learn, an open-source toolchain that is time consuming to assemble, and lack of a commercial vendor to push for its adoption. This is changing thanks to many success stories like the ones just highlighted. FP Complete, the main commercial Haskell tools and services vendor, is providing several products and services (some free) to bring Haskell to the mainstream market and championing Haskell in general. Its FP Haskell Center is the easiest Haskell IDE and deployment platform as a web service. To reward developers for their work and to spur new tutorials, FP Complete has been running a coding competition with monthly cash prizes. With more and more examples of Haskell success stories coming to light, Haskell's popularity will increase. Why Should Anyone Learn Haskell? Of the 51 programming languages listed in the Hammer Principle Programming Languages survey, Haskell was ranked first by 1,821 programmers for this statement, "I would recommend most programmers learn this language, regardless of whether they have a specific need for it." There are a multitude of reasons for developers to learn Haskell. Haskell helps you create better quality software that requires less bug fixes and overall maintenance. If you're a business manager or startup executive, you would benefit greatly from Haskell's rapid prototyping, accelerated time to market and scalability. If you want to write code that is elegant, reusable, that you know works and will continue to work, you should learn Haskell. How Do I Learn Haskell? There are many free resources available for people interested in learning Haskell. Haskell.org is an excellent resource as is FP Complete's School of Haskell, which is a free online sandbox full of tutorials where anyone can read, create, edit and compile sample Haskell code. I would also suggest the book Learn You Haskell for Great Good as well as the tutorial Learn Haskell Fast and Hard. YouTube has around 6,810 videos dedicated to Haskell. If learning from peers is easier for you, there are a multitude of functional programming meet-up groups popping up around the world. If you are looking to bring Haskell in-house, FP Complete has a Jumpstart package that includes its software tools, consulting, training and custom development. Haskell is the future of Software Development Not everyone will admit or even be aware the current way we develop software is broken. Arguably, billions of dollars could be saved by avoiding excess project failures, bug fixes and maintenance issues. When 50-75% of software projects are consumed by bug fixes and maintenance concerns, can we not agree it is important to see if we can change that? The payoff is huge, and a game changer! It's time to stop believing this is just the way things are and it's time to stop wasting time and money using the wrong tools. Poorly designed code due to the inherent nature of a language is the problem. Haskell is a proven alternative. It is the " language most likely to have a strong influence on future languages," and we believe it is the future of software development.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/haskell-the-language-most_b_4242119?guccounter=2

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en

Clerk of the Circuit Court “Article 7, Section 1 of the State Constitution provided for the administrative functions of the circuit court by establishing the office of clerk of the circuit court. As the General Assembly created additional county level courts the responsibility for a large share of the administrative functions were assigned to the clerk of the “constitutional court”, the circuit court. Other non-court related governmental duties have also been assigned to the office of the “county clerk.” Following is a description of the functions of the Clerk of the Circuit Court: Judicial Related Functions . The clerk (or a deputy) must attend all sessions of the court, and keep a record of all judgments, orders, decrees of the court. The clerk also certifies and attests to complete transcripts of court proceedings involving title to property or imposition of prison sentences, and in all other cases where a complete court record is required. Record of pleadings, motions, papers, and other evidence and court rulings are kept by the clerk. The clerk may grant motions and application for process, such as for the enforcement and execution of previous orders of the court, judgments by default, etc., and other proceedings which do not require the order or allowance of the court (subject to review by the court). “The clerk receives complaints and initial pleadings in matters to be brought before the court and dockets cases, and prepares, under direction of the judge, calendars of actions ready for trial. The clerk also issues summonses and subpoenas to appear in court. The clerk, in the presence of the jury commissioners, draws the names of prospective jurors for the impanelment of grand and petit (trial) juries, and issues summons to prospective jurors. The clerk receives payment of fines and judgments levied by the court, and in the case of judgment pays out these monies to the person or organization entitled to them by the court order, with the exception of tax judgments, which are collected directly by the county treasurer. “The clerk charges and receives court costs (as allowed by the court), and fees or “clerk’s costs” in connection with court actions or other legal business and services of the court for instance, for making transcripts of records of appeal, certain amounts upon conviction of various classes of charges, probating wills, etc. The clerk prepares budget estimates for all courts of which he or she serves as clerk to be submitted to the county council after review and approval of the respective judges. Election Related Functions. The clerk serves as ex officio member and secretary of the county election board, and as a member and clerk of the county board of canvassers. The clerk appoints other members of the county election board and the board of canvassers. These appointments must be made, one from each of the two major political parties, from nominations filed in writing by the county chairmen of the parties. The clerk receives filings of candidacy from persons seeking certain elective public offices, and issues certificates of election to successful local candidates except in the cases of constitutional officers who receive commissions from the governor. “The county clerk serves as voter registration officer in all counties having a population of less than 100,000 population electing not to have a board of voter registration. Serving in this capacity the clerk has full charge and control of the process of registering voters in the county, including certification of deputy registration officers. Counties having a population of 100,000 or more are required to have a board which performs these functions instead of the clerk. Other Administrative Functions. The clerk also administers certain services to the public which are not directly or obviously judicial functions, but concern legal or quasi-legal affairs. These include: filing and recording powers-of-attorney; filing applications for patents; and the issuance of various licenses and certificates such as marriage licenses, poultry and junk dealer licenses, and health practitioner’s licenses or certificates. The clerk may also solemize marriages. Clerk’s fees are charged for these services. The clerk is additionally empowered to administer all oaths, including the oaths of office for county officials.” Source: Handbook For Indiana Elected County Officials by the Association of Indiana Counties, Inc.

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

http://co.johnson.in.us/courts/clerk-of-the-courts/

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en

See more from this Session: Chemistry of Metal(loids) and Trace Elements in Soils Arsenic-contaminated groundwater used for drinking has lead to the chronic poisoning of tens of millions of people in the Bengal Basin, Red River Delta, and Mekong Delta. Under the anaerobic conditions of these deltaic sediments, microbially driven oxidation of organic carbon coupled to the dissimilatory reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides causes the transfer of arsenic from the solid to the aqueous phase. The reactivity and quantity of organic carbon and arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides dictate the rate of arsenic release from soil/sediment to pore-water. Methods exist for quantifying the reactivity of iron (hydr)oxides, although they have been applied scarcely for predicting arsenic release; however, no widely-accepted method exists for quantifying organic carbon reactivity. Moreover, methods are lacking for measuring the reactivity of organic carbon and arsenic in the field. Here we developed proxies for organic carbon and arsenic reactivity in Mekong Delta sediments in Cambodia. Incubations of fresh sediment – from depths of 0.1 and 2.5 m – with sterile, anoxic groundwater medium (pH 7.1) were initiated in the field immediately upon sediment collection under nitrogen atmosphere. Prior to sediment addition, seven different treatment additions to the groundwater medium were performed: 0.1, 1, and 10 mM glucose (organic carbon), 0.03, 0.3, and 3 mM Fe (as arsenic-loaded goethite), and no amendment. Each of the seven treatments had an abiotic counterpart achieved by antibiotic addition. The 1 and 10 mM glucose additions were the only treatments to exhibit arsenic and Fe(II) release, suggesting organic carbon reactivity was limiting the rate of arsenic release in the upper 2.5 m of the sediment profile. Ultimately, we hope these assays for organic carbon and arsenic reactivity will contribute to a spatial and temporal model of arsenic fate and transport that is globally applicable.

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CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://a-c-s.confex.com/scisoc/2010am/webprogram/Paper59980.html

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en

The CBSE’s recent release of study material for Open Text Based Assessment (OTBA), applicable to classes’ IX and XI final exams scheduled in March-2014, has stunned many schools. Most schools have found the material challenging enough to introduce it without changing the entire teaching methodology. Others have admitted that teachers requires intensive training before they teach the material to students. In the new system, students will be given text material four months in advance and they will be allowed to carry the case studies during the examination. After analyzing the material, Lata Rawat, principal of Cambridge Court High School, said, “It has questions of higher order thinking skills, meaning learning through critical thinking and problem solving. Most of sample questions are subjective and based on concepts. Indeed, it requires intensive deliberations before we could explain the concept to students.” The circular released by the CBSE says that schools have to prepare question paper out of the material provided by the CBSE. The material has been released for all main subjects-English, Hindi, Mathematics, Science and Social science for class IX and Geography, Economics and Biology for class XI. Principal of Kendriya Vidhalaya -1, D R Meena said the success of the new model depends upon how fast teachers and students orientated to changes of the more elaborative OTBA from the traditional cramming system. “In the present system, teachers are well versed with the answers to all possible questions. But in the new system, they have to comprehend answers in different formats,” Meena said. Schools have to provide content to students in the form of an article, illustrations, diagrams, problems derived from classroom studies. The material has to be chosen strictly from the syllabi. With the new assessment system in place, the question papers in main subjects of Summative Assessment will be of 90 marks and the question paper in each main subject will have a separate section of 10 marks for OTBA. The Open Book system means students will be provided case studies in each subject four months in advance. The questions should be strictly derived from the given material.

<urn:uuid:1649ced0-56d6-4949-af40-cf2617f105a4>

CC-MAIN-2017-43

http://onlineteachers.co.in/blog/open-text-based-assessment-for-cbse-class-ix-xii/

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en

St. John the Russian, Evia One of the most popular saints among Greeks today is St. John the Russian whose incorrupt relics are the boast of the island of Evia, in the village Prokopion.Thousands of pilgrims flock here from all the corners of Greece, particularly on his feast day, May 27. Christians from all parts of the world come to pray to the saint and ask for his help in difficult moments. St. John was born in 1690 in the south of Russia. Having come of age, he was recruited to the army of Peter the Great and took part in the Russo-Turkish War.Sharing the unhappy fate of many other Russian soldiers, the Saint was captured and sold as a slave to a Turkish cavalry commander from the village of Prokopion near Caesarea in Asia Minor. Like all captured Christian soldiers, John was threatened, tortured subjected to all means to convert him to the Moslem faith. “I was born a Christian and a Christian I will die” – invariably replied John. After much torture, the Turkish Agha locked the “stubborn” Russian, where he lived with the animals, went barefoot, endured cold and hunger, but every night he was praying for the salvation of his soul and the victory and the prosperity of his country. St John’s bold words and firm faith, as well as his humility and meekness, finally softened the fierce heart of his master. He left John in peace, and no longer tried to make him renounce Christianity. One day, the officer left Prokopion and went to Mecca on pilgrimage. A few days later, his wife gave a banquet and invited her husband’s friends and relatives, asking them to pray for her husband’s safe return. St John served at the table, and he put down a dish of pilaf, his master’s favourite food. The hostess said, “How much pleasure your master would have if he could be here to eat this pilaf with us.” St John asked for a dish of pilaf, saying that he would send it to his master in Mecca. The guests laughed when they heard his words. The mistress, however, ordered the cook to give him a dish of pilaf, thinking he would eat it himself, or give it to some poor family. Taking the dish, St John went into the stable and prayed that God would send it to his master. He had no doubt that God would send the pilaf to his master in a supernatural manner. The plate disappeared before his eyes, and he went into the house to tell his mistress that he had sent the pilaf to his master. The news of this miracle spread quickly through the village and the surrounding area, and everyone, even theTurkish Muslims called John “holy”. Toward the end of his difficult life St John fell ill, and sensed the nearness of his end. He summoned the priest so that he could receive Holy Communion. The priest, fearing to go to the residence of the Turkish commander openly with the Holy Gifts, enclosed the life-giving Mysteries in an apple and brought them to St John. After receiving communion, John fell asleep in the Lord on May 27, 1730. He was about forty years old. Three years later, the Saint appeared in a dream to his father confessor revealing that it was the will of God that his relics be exhumed, for his body was incorrupt. Until 1924 the relics were kept in the church of St. George there inProkopion. When, however, the exchange of population took place between Greece and Turkey, and many of the Christian inhabitants of Procopion were resettled on the island of Evia, the relics of their beloved St. John were also moved and were received with great acclaim and veneration by the Greeks who built a majestic temple in his honor there in the village of New Procopion. To this day, streams of pious Greek pilgrims make their way to this village on the island of Evia, where the Saint answers the faith of their earnest petitions with his strong and quick intercession before the throne of God.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

http://discovergreece.ru/en/location/travel-ideas/pilgrimage-to-greece/st-john-the-russian/

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en

DISCRIMINATION AND THE AMERICAN CREED Robert K. Merton The primary function of the sociologist is to search out the determinants and consequences of diverse forms of so-cia1 behavior. To the extent that he succeeds in fulfilling this role, he clarifies the alterna- tives of organized social action in a given situation and of the probable outcome of each. To this extent, there is no sharp distinction between pure research and applied research. Rather, the difference is one between research with direct implications for particular problems of social action and research which is remote from these problems. Not infrequently, basic research which has succeeded only in clearing up previously confused concepts may have an immediate bearing upon the problems of men in society to a degree not approximated by applied research oriented exclusively to these problems. At least, this is the assumption underlying the present paper: clarification of apparently unclear and con- fused concepts in the sphere of race and ethnic relations is a step necessarily prior to the devising of effective programs for reducing intergroup conflict and for promoting equitable access to economic and social opportunities. . . . The American Creed: As Cultural Ideal, Personal Belief and Practice The American creed as set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the preamble of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights has often been misstated. This part of the cultural heritage does not include the patently false assertion that all men are created equal in capacity or endowment. It does not imply that an Einstein and a moron are equal in intellectual capacity or that Joe Louis and a small, frail Columbia professor (or a Mississippian Congressman) are equally endowed with brawny arms harboring muscles as strong as iron bands. It does not proclaim universal equality of innate intellectual or physical endowment. Instead, the creed asserts the indefeasible principle of the human right to full equity-the right of equitable access to justice, freedom and opportunity, irrespective of race or religion or ethnic origin. It proclaims further the universalist doctrine of the dignity of the individual, irrespective of the groups of which he is a part. It is a creed announcing full moral equities for aIl, not an absurd myth affirming the equality of intellectual and physical capacity of all men everywhere. And it goes on to say that though men differ in innate endowment, they do so as individuals, not by virtue of their group memberships. Viewed sociologically, the creed is a set of values and precepts embedded in American culture, to which Americans are expected to conform. It is a complex of affirmations, rooted in the historical past and ceremonially celebrated in the present, partly enacted in the laws of the land and partly not. Like all creeds, it is a profession of faith, a part of cultural tradition sanctified by the larger traditions of which it is a part. It would be a mistaken sociological asser-tion, however, to suggest that the creed is a fixed and static cultural constant, unmodified in the course of time, just as it would be an error to imply that as an integral part of culture, it evenly blankets all subcultures of the national society. It is indeed dynamic, subject to and in turn promoting change in spheres of culture and society. It is moreover unevenly distributed throughout being institutionalized as an integral of local culture in some regions of and rejected in others. ......Learned men and men in high public positions have repeatedly observed and deplored the disparity between ethos and behavior in the sphere of race and ethnic relations. In his magisterial volumes on the American Negro, for example, Gunnar Myrdal called this gulf between creed and conduct “an American dilemma,” and centered his attention on the prospect of narrowing or closing the gap. The President’s Committee on Civil Rights, in their report to the nation, and . . . President [Truman] himself, in a message to Congress, have called public attention to this “serious gap between our ideals and some of ow practices.” But as valid as these observations may be, they tend so to simplih the relations between creed and conduct as to be seriously misleading both for social policy and for social science. All these high authorities notwithstanding, the problems of racial and ethnic inequities are not expressible as a discrepancy between high cultural principles and low social conduct. It is a relation not between two variables, official creed and private practice, but between three: first, the cultural creed honored in cultural tradition and partly enacted into law; second, the beliefs and attitudes of individuals regarding the principles of the creed; and third, the actual practices of individuals with reference to it. Once we substitute these three variables of cultural ideal, belief and actual practice for the customary distinction between the two variables of cultural ideals and actual practices, the entire formulation of the problem becomes changed. We escape from the virtuous but ineffectual impasse of deploring the alleged hypocrisy of many Americans into the more difficult but potentially effectual realm of analyzing the problem in hand. To describe the problem and to proceed to its analysis, it is necessary to consider the official creed, individuals’ beliefs and attitudes concerning the creed, and their actual behavior. Once stated, the distinctions are readily applicable. Individuals may recognize the creed as part of a cultural tradition, without having any private conviction of its moral validity or its binding quality. Thus, so far as the beliefs of individuals are concerned, we can identdy two types: those who genuinely believe in the creed and those who do not (although some of these may, on public or ceremonial occasions, profess adherence to its principles). Similarly, with respect to actual practices: conduct may or may not conform to the creed. But, and this is the salient consideration: conduct may or may not conform with individuals' own beliefs concerning the moral claims of all men to equal opportunity. Stated in formal sociological terms, this asserts that attitudes and overt behavior vary independently. Prejudicial attitudes need not coincide with discriminato y behavior, The implications of this statement can be drawn out in terms of a logical syntax whereby the variables are diversely combined, as can be seen in the following typology. By exploring the interrelations between prejudice and discrimination, we can identify four major types in terms of their attitudes toward the creed and their behavior with respect to it. Each type is found in every region and social class, though in varying numbers. By examining each we, we shall be better prepared to understand their interdependence and the appropriate types of action for curbing ethnic discrimi- nation. The folklabels for each type are intended to aid in their prompt recognition. Type I: The Unprejudiced Non-Discriminator or All-Weather Liberal These are the racial and ethnic liberals who adhere to the creed in both belief and practice. They are neither prejudiced nor given to discrimination. Their orientation toward the creed is fixed and stable. Whatever the environing situation, they are likely to abide by their beliefs: hence, the all-weather liberal. This is, of course, the strategic group which can act as the spearhead for the progressive extension of the creed into effective practice. They represent the solid foundation both for the measure of ethnic equities which now exist and for the future enlargement of these equities. Integrated with the creed in both belief and practice, they would seem most motivated to influence others toward the same democratic outlook. They represent a reservoir of culturally legitimatized goodwill which can be channeled into an active program for extending belief in the creed and conformity with it in practice. Most important, as we shall see presently the all-weather liberals comprise the group which can so reward others for conforming with the creed, as to transform deviants into conformists. They alone can provide the positive social environment for the other types who will na longer find it expedient or rewarding to retain their prejudices or discriminatory practices. But though the ethnic liberal is a potential force for the successive extension of the American creed, he does not fully realize this potentiality in actual fact, for a variety of reasons. Among the limitations on effective action are several fallacies to which the ethnic liberal seems peculiarly subject. First among these is the fallacy of group soliloquies. Ethnic liberals are busily engaged in talking to themselves. Repeatedly, the same groups of like-minded liberals seek each other out, hold periodic meetings in which they engage in mutual exhortation and thus lend social and psychological support to one an- other. But however much these unwittingly self-selected audiences may reinforce the creed among themselves, they do not thus appreciably diffuse the creed in belief or practice to groups which depart from it in one respect or the other. More, these group soliloquies in which there is typically wholehearted agreement among fellow-liberals tend to promote an- other fallacy limiting effective action. This is the fallacy of unaniminity. Continued association with like-minded individuals tends to produce the illusion that a large measure of consensus has been achieved in the community at large. The unanimity regarding essential cultural axioms which obtains in these small groups provokes an overestimation of the strength of the movement and of its effective inroads upon the larger population which does not necessarily share these creedal axioms. Many also mistake participation in the groups of like-minded individuals for effective action. Discussion accordingly takes the place of action. The reinforcement of the creed for oneself is mistaken for the extension of the creed among those outside the limited circle of ethnic liberals. Arising from adherence to the creed is a third limitation upon effective action, the fallacy of privatized solutions to the problem. The ethnic liberal, precisely because he is at one with the American creed, may rest content with his own individual behavior and thus see no need to do anything about the problem at large. Since his own spiritual house is in order, he is not motivated by guilt or shame to work on a collective problem. The very freedom of the liberal from gullt thus prompts him to secede from any collective effort to set the national house in order. He essays a private solution to a social problem. He assumes that numerous individual adjustments will serve in place of a collective ajustments will serve in place of a collective adjustment. His outlook, compounded of good moral philosophy but poor sociology, holds that each individual must put his own house in order and fails to recognize that privatized solutions cannot be effected for problems which are essentially social in nature. For clearly, if each person were motivated to abide by the American creed, the problem would not be likely to exist in the first place. It is only when a social environment is established by conformists to the creed that deviants can in due course e brought to modify their behavior in the direction of con formity. But this “environment” can be constituted only through collective effort and not through private adherence to a public creed. Thus we have the paradox that the clear conscience of many ethnic liberals may promote the very social situation which permits deviations from the creed to continue unchecked. Privatized liberalism invites social inaction. Accordingly there appears the phenomenon of the inactive or passive liberal, himself at spiritual ease, neither prejudiced nor discriminatory, but in a measure tending to contribute to the persistence of prejudice and discrimination through his very inaction. The fallacies of group soliloquy, unanimity and privatized solutions thus operate to make the potential strength of the ethnic liberals unrealized in practice. It is only by first recognizing these limitations that the liberal can hope to overcome them. With some hesitancy, one may suggest initial policies for curbing the scope of the three fallacies. The fallacy of group solil- oquies can be removed only by having ethnic liberals enter into organized groups not comprised merely by fellow-liberals. This exacts a heavy price on the liberal. It means that he faces initial opposition and resistance rather than prompt consensus. It entails giving up the gratifications of consistent group support. The fallacy of unanimity can in turn be reduced by coming to see that American society often provides large rewards for those who express their ethnic prejudice in discrimination. Only if the balance of rewards, material and psychological, is modified will behavior be modified. Sheer exhortation and propaganda are not enough. Exhortation verges on a belief in magic if it is not supported by appropriate changes in the social environment to make conformity with the exhortation rewarding. Finally, the fallacy of privatized solutions requires the militant liberal to motivate the passive liberal to collective effort, possibly by inducing in him a sense of guilt for his unwitting contribution to the problems of ethnic inequities through his own systematic inaction. One may suggest a urufying theme for the ethnic liberal: goodwill is not enough to mode social reality. It is only when this goodwill is harnessed to social-psy chological realism that it can be used to reach cultural objectives. Type II: The Unprejudiced Discriminator or Fair-Weather Liberal The fair-weather liberal is the man of expediency who, despite his own freedom from prejudice, supports discriminatory practices when it is the easier or more profitable course. His expediency may take the form of holding his silence and thus implicitly acquiescing in expressions of ethnic prejudice by others or in the practice of discrimination by others. This is the expediency of the timid: the liberal who hesitates to speak up against discrimination for fear he might lose status or be otherwise penalized by his prejudiced associates. Or his expediency may take the form of grasping at advantages in social and economic competition deriving solely from the ethnic status of competitors. This is the expediency of the self-assertive: the employer, himself not an anti-Semite or Negrophobe, who refuses to hire Jewish or Negro workers because "it might hurt business"; the trade union leader who expediently advocates racial discrimination in order not to lose the support of powerful Negrophobes in his union. In varying degrees, the fair-weather liberal suffers from guilt and shame for departing from his own effective beliefs in the American creed. Each deviation through which he derives a limited reward from passively acquiescing in or actively supporting discrimination contributes cumulatively to this fund of guilt. He is, therefore, peculiarly vulnerable to the efforts of the all-weather liberal who would help him bring his conduct into accord with his beliefs, thus removing this source of guilt. He is the most amenable to cure, because basically he wants to be cured. His is a split conscience which motivates him to cooperate actively with those who will help remove the source of internal conflict. He thus represents the strategic group promising the largest returns for the least effort. Persistent re-affirmation of the creed will only intenslry his conflict; but a long regimen in a favorable social climate can be expected to transform the fair- weather liberal into an all-weather liberal. Type III: The Prejudiced Non-Discriminator or Fair-Weather Illiberal The fair-weather illiberal is the reluctant conformist to the creed, the man of prejudice who does not believe in the creed but conforms to it in practice through fear of sanc-tions which might otherwise be visited upon him. You know him well: the prejudiced employer who discriminates against racial or ethnic groups until a Fair Employment Practice Commission, able and willing to enforce the law, puts the fear of punishment into him; the trade union leader, himself deeply prejudiced, who does away with Jim Crow in his union because the rank-and-file demands that it be done away with; the businessman who forgoes his own prejudices when he finds a profitable market among the very people he hates, fears or despises; the timid bigot who will not express his prejudices when he is in the presence of powerful men who vigorously and effectively affirm their belief in the American creed. It should be clear that the fair-weather illiberal is the precise counterpart of the fair- weather liberal. Both are men of expediency, to be sure, but expediency dictates different courses of behavior in the two cases. The timid bigot conforms to the creed only when there is danger or loss in deviations, just as the timid liberal deviates from the creed when there is danger or loss in conforming. Superficial similarity in behavior of the two in the same situation should not be permitted to cloak a basic diference in the meaning of this outwardly similar behavior, a difference which is as important for social policy as it is for social science. Whereas the timid bigot is under strain when he conforms to the creed, the timid liberal is under strain when he deviates. For ethnic prejudice has deep roots in the character structure of the fair-weather bigot, and this will find overt expression unless there are powerful countervailing forces, institutional, legal and interpersonal. He does not accept the moral legitimacy of the creed; he conforms because he must, and will cease to conform when the pressure is removed. The fair-weather liberal, on the other hand, is effectively committed to the creed and does not require strong institutional pressure to conform; continuing interpersonal relations with all-weather liberals may be sufficient. This is the one critical point at which the traditional formulation of the problem of ethnic discrimination as a departure from the creed can lead to serious errors of theory and practice. Overt behavioral deviation (or conformity) may sigrufy importantly different situations, depending upon the underlying motivations. Knowing simply that ethnic discrimination is rife in a community does not, therefore, point to appropriate lines of social policy. It is necessary to know also the distribution of ethnic prejudices and basic motivations for these prejudices as well. Communities with the same amount of overt discrimination may represent vastly different types of problems, dependent on Whether the population is comprised by a under slight interpersonal pressure or a large nucleus of fair-weather illiberals who will abandon discrimination only if major changes in the local institutional setting can be effected. Any statement of the problem as a gulf between creedal ideals and prevailing practice is thus seen to be overly-simplified in the precise sense of masking this decisive difference between the type of discrimination exhibited by the fair-weather liberal and by the fair-weather illiberal. That the gulf-between-ideal-and-practice does not adequately describe the nature of the ethnic problem will become more apparent as we turn to the fourth type in our inventory of prejudice and discrimination. Type IV The Prejudiced Discriminator or the All-Weather Illiberal This type, too, is not unknown to you. He is the confirmed illiberal, the bigot pure and unashamed, the man of prejudice consistent in his departure from the American creed. In some measure, he is found everywhere in the land, though in varying numbers. He derives large social and psychological gains from his conviction that “any white man (including the village idiot) is ‘better’ than any nigger (including George Washington Carver).” He considers differential treatment of Negro and white not as ”discrimination,” in the sense of unfair treatment, but as “discriminating,” in the sense of showing acute discernment. For him, it is as clear that one ”ought” to accord a Negro and a white different treatment in a wide diversity of situations, as it is clear to the population at large that one “ought” to accord a child and an adult different treatment in many situations. This illustrates anew my reason for questioning the applicability of the unusual formula of the American dilemma as a gap between lofty creed and low conduct. For the confirmed illiberal, ethnic discrimination does not represent a discrepancy be tween his ideals and his behavior. His ideals proclaim the right, even the duty, of discrimination. Accordingly, his behavior does not entail a sense of social deviation, with the resultant strains which this would involve. The ethic illiberal is as much a conformist as the ethnic liberal. He is merely conforming to a different cultural and institutional pattern which is centered, not about the creed, but about a doctrine of essential inequality of status ascribed to those of diverse ethnic and racial origins. To overlook this is to overlook the well-knownfact that our national culture is divided into a number of local subcultures which are not consistent among themselves in all respects. And again, to fail to take this fact of different subcultures into account is to open the door for all manner of errors of social policy in attempting to control the problems of racial and ethnic discrimination. This view of the all-weather illiberal has one immediate implication with wide bearing upon social policies and sociological theory oriented toward the problem of discrimination. The extreme importance of the social surroundings of the confirmed illiberal at once becomes apparent. For as these sur- roundings vary, so, in some measure, does the problem of the consistent illiberal. The illiberal, living in those cultural regions where the American creed is widely repudiated and is no effective part of the subculture, has his private ethnic attitudes and practices supported by the local mores, the local institutions and the local power-structure. The illiberal in cultural areas dominated by a large measure of adherence to the American creed is in a social environment where he is isolated and receives small social support for his beliefs and practices. In both instances, the individual is an illiberal, to be sure, but he represents two sigruficantly different sociological types. In the first instance, he is a social conformist, with strong moral and institutional reinforcement, whereas in the second, he is a social deviant, lacking strong social corroboration. In the one case, his discrimination involves him in further integration with his network of social relations; in the other, it threatens to cut him off from sustaining interpersonal ties. In the first cultural context, personal change in his ethnic behavior involves alienating himself from people signif icant to him; in the second context, this change of personal outlook may mean fuller incorporation in groups meaningful to him. In the first situation, modification of his ethnic views requires him to take the path of greatest resistance whereas in the second, it may mean the path of least resistance. From all this, we may surmise that any social policy aimed at changing the behavior and perhaps the attitudes of the all-weather illiberal will have to take into-account the cultural and social structure of the area in which he lives. . . . Implications of the Typology for Social Policy . . . In approaching problems of policy, two things are plain. First, these should be considered from the standpoint of the militant ethnic liberal, for he alone is sufficiently motivated to engage in positive action for the reduction of ethnic discrimination. And second, the fair-weather liberal, the fair- weather illiberal and the all-weather illiberal represent types differing sufficiently to require diverse kinds of treatment. Treatment of the Fair-Weather Liberal The fair-weather liberal, it will be remembered, discriminates only when it appears expedient to do so, and experiences some measure of guilt for deviating from his own belief in the American creed. He suffers from this conflict between conscience and conduct. Accordingly, he is a relatively easy target for the all-weather liberal. He represents the strategic group promising the largest immediate returns for the least effort. Recognition of this type defines the first task for the militant liberal who would enter into a collective effort to make the creed a viable and effective set of social norms rather than a ceremonial myth. . . . Since the fair-weather liberal discriminates only when it seems rewarding to do so, the crucial need is so to change social situations that there are few occasions in which discrimination proves rewarding and many in which it does not. This would suggest that ethnic liberals self-consciously and deliberately seek to draw into the social groups where they constitute a comfortable majority a number of the "expedient discriminators." This would serve to counter- act the dangers of self-selection through which liberals come to associate primarily with like-minded individuals. It would, further, provide an interpersonal and social environment for the fair-weather liberal in which he would find substantial social and psychological gains from abiding by his own beliefs, gains which would more than offset the rewards attendant upon occasional discrimination. It appears that men do not long persist in behavior which lacks social corroboration. We have much to learn about the role of numbers and proportions in determining the behavior of members of a group. But it that individuals generally act differently when they are numbered among a minority rather than the majority. This is not to say that minorities abdicate their practices in the fac e of a contrary-acting majority, but only that the same people are subjected to different strains and pressures according to whether they are included in the majority or minority. And the fair-weather liberal who finds himself associated with militant ethnic liberals may be expected to forgo his occasional deviations into discrimination; he may move from category II into category I. . . . Treatment of the Fair- Weather Illiberal Because his beliefs correspond to those of the full-fledged liberal, the fair-weather liberal can rather readily be drawn into an inter-personal environment constituted by those of a comparable turn of mind. This would be more difficult for the fair-weather illiberal, whose beliefs are so fully at odds with those of ethnic liberals that he may, at first, only be alienated by association with them. If the initial tactic for the fair-weather liberal, therefore, is a change in interpersonal environment, the seemingly most appropriate tactic for the fair-weather illiberal is a change in the institutional and legal environment. It is, indeed, probably this type which liberals implicitly have in mind when they expect significant changes in behavior to result from the introduction of controls on ethnic discrimination into the legal machin- ery of our society. For this typeand it is a major limitation for planning policies of control that we do not know his numbers or his distribution in the country-it would seem that the most effective tactic is the institution of legal controls administered with strict efficiency. This would presumably reduce the amount of discrimination practiced by the fair-weather illiberal, though it might initially enhance rather than reduce his prejudices. . . . A second prevalent tactic for modrfying the prejudice of the fair-weather illiberal is that-of seeking to draw him into interethnic groups explicitly formed for the promotion of tolerance. This, too, seems largely ineffetual, since the deeply prejudiced individual will not enter into such groups on his own volition. As a consequence of this process of self-selection, these tolerance groups soon come to be comprised by the very ethnic liberals who initiated the enterprise. This barrier of self-selection can be par- tially hurdled only if the ethnic illiberals are brought into continued association with militant liberals in groups devoted to signif- icant common values, quite remote from objectives of ethnic equity as such. Thus, as our Columbia-Lavanburg researches have found, many fair-weather illiberals will live in interracial housing projects in order to enjoy the rewards of superior housing at a given rental. And some of the illiberals thus brought into personal contact with various ethnic groups under the auspices of prestigeful militant liberals come to modify their prejudices. It is, apparently, only through interethnic collaboration, initially enforced by pressures of the situation, for immediate and sigruficant objectives (other than tolerance) that the self-insulation of the fair- weather illiberal from rewarding interethnic contacts can be removed. But however difficult it may presently be to affect the prejudicial sentimenfs of the fair-weather illiberal, his discriminatory practices can be lessened by the uniform, prompt and prestigeful use of legal and institutional sanctions. The critical problem is to ascertain the proportions of fair-weather and all- weather illiberals in a given local population in order to have some clue to the probable effectiveness or ineffectiveness of anti- discrimination legislation. Treatment of the All-Weather Illiberal It is, of course, the hitherto confirmed illib- eral, persistently translating his prejudices into active discrimination, who represents the most difficult problem. But though he requires longer and more careful treatment, it is possible that he is not beyond change. In every instance, his social surroundings must be assiduously taken into account. It makes a peculiarly large difference whether he is in a cultural region of bigotry or in a predominantly "liberal" area, given over to verbal adherence to the American creed, at the very least. As this cultural climate varies, so must the prescription for his cure and the prognosis for a relatively quick or long delayed recovery. In an unfavorable cultural climate-and this does not necessarily exclude the benign regions of the Far South-the immediate resort will probably have to be that of working through legal and administrative federal controls over extreme discrimination, with full recognition that, in all probability, these regulations will be systematically evaded for some time to come. In such cultural re- gions, we may expect nullification of the law as the common practice, perhaps as common as was the case in the nation at large with respect to the Eighteenth Amendment, often with the connivance of local officers of the law. The large gap between the new law and local mores will not at once produce significant change of prevailing practices; token punishments of violations will probably be more common than effective control. At best, one may assume that significant change will be fitful, and excruciatingly slow. But secular changes in the economy may in due course lend support to the new legal framework of control over discrimination. As the economic shoe pinches because the illiberals do not fully mobilize the resources of industrial manpower nor extend their local markets through equitable wage- payments, they may slowly abandon some discriminatory practices as they come to find that these do not always pay-even the discriminator, So far as discrimination is concerned, organized counteraction is possible and some small results may be expected. But it would seem that wishes father thoughts, when one expects basic changes in the immediate future in these regions of institutionalized discrimination. The situation is somewhat different with regard to the scattered, rather than aggregated, ethnic illiberals found here and there throughout the country. Here the mores and a social organization oriented toward the American creed still have some measure of prestige and the resources of a majority of liberals can be mobilized to isolate the illiberal. In these surroundings, it is possible to move the all-weather illiberal toward Type 111-he can be brought to conform with institutional regulations, even though he does not surrender his prejudices. And once he has entered upon this role of the dissident but conforming individual, the remedial program designed for the fair-weather illib- eral would be in order. Questions to Consider Have you ever been in a situation in which social, economic, or peer pressure forced you to treat someone from a diferent racial group in an inappropriate way? Robert Merton suggests that individuals who are not prejudiced often act in bigoted and discriminatory ways. How and why does this happen? Is it possible to live our lives in the category Merton calls the "unprejudiced non-discriminator " ? return to texts or schedule

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Why in the language environment it is easier to study language?are presented at education market a set of various language course Now. One courses are calculated on 4 - 5 summer studying of language, others suggest to be trained in English in one month. How many time it is actually necessary to learn not read and write in language, but also to hear, think and to speak fluently? All know that most quicker it is possible to learn a foreign language if to be in the language environment. For example, it is easier to learn Spanish in Spain. Present. You turn on the TV and hear the Spanish speech, you go down the street and hear how people speak Spanish, in shop all inscriptions in Spanish. You are simply surrounded with Spanish: it everywhere, around you. In the beginning, trying to translate some words from Russian into Spanish, you will reflect some time. But you learn to speak already soon, you will think at the same time not in Russian, and in Spanish. How so occurs? To understand how in general the person learns foreign languages, let`s consider one life situation which in the history there is a lot of. You, probably, heard similar stories when after ship-wrecks the survived people got on the island lived by any tribe. At a favorable outcome these people came into contact with this tribe and began to live with it together if there was no opportunity to departure from the island. Naturally, the main obstacle which people at building relations faced - misunderstanding. People simply - naprosto could not understand what is told by islanders, and those, in turn, did not understand them. And quite often it led to different conflicts since tribes, as well as at any social group, have rules and laws, breaking which, people could be killed. In this regard before people there was a need for studying of a modern language. And after the short period of time people could not only understand the speech of islanders, but also speak with them. How it is possible? It is improbable that these people had with themselves a dictionary with the translation of words from language of islanders. About any textbooks and the speech also could not be. And nevertheless people learned language. How they managed it? Desire to survive? Magic? It is unlikely … Actually all is simple We will review an example. One islander asks the person to bring waters in the bucket which is cut down from a tree. Naturally, the person will not understand that want from him. Then the islander a beret a bucket in a hand also says its name. Later, the islander points to water in other buckets and says its name. In the head of the person it is fixed so: water as liquid (concept) - water (the word in the native language of the person) - water (the word in language of islanders). Water as liquid in this case is a concept. That is when the person wants to ask waters, in his head there will be approximately following: a concept (water) - water (the word in the native language) - water (in language of islanders). At the translation of the word from the native language on language of islanders, people reflects for some time. But over time when the person constantly is in the language environment and uses various words, need of the translation disappears, and process takes such form: a concept (water) - water (in language of islanders). The person has no need to remember how water is said in his language any more. Now the person thinks concepts. In addition the person constantly hears the foreign speech, its various pronunciations, and learns quickly, to recognize words without problems. Therefore it is easier to learn language in the language environment to which it belongs. But whether it means that it is impossible to learn a foreign language quickly not in the language environment? Of course, no. Out of the language environment language can be learned rather quickly too. It is possible if: to communicate Much in the learned language. to Listen to the speech of other people. to Study grammar for correctly creation of offers. the Hard work over written exercises, unfortunately, will not help you to learn to speak fluently on foreign. And an opportunity to learn a foreign language even without books confirms the example given above, similar to which in the history of mankind it is a lot of. Six years ago from the Czech Republic the unique technology allowing to learn English also quickly and effectively was brought! Come to a free fact-finding lesson at which you will be able not only to learn in more detail about technology of training, but also to feel its efficiency! Employee of the center of Applied formation of the CIS

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President Obama announced that the month of September will officially be known as National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month. The proclamation, released on August 30th, applauds the advancements that have been made in recent decades while noting that pediatric cancer remains the leading cause of death by disease for American children under 15. All children deserve the chance to dream, discover, and realize their full potential. This month, we extend our support to young people fighting for that opportunity, and we recognize all who commit themselves to advancing the journey toward a cancer-free world. The announcement also calls for improved treatment and advanced research.

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Plumage/Description: Male plumage is distinguished by a dark gray head and a black breast. Back and wings are an olive-green/yellow color. Belly, flanks and under-tail coverts are bright yellow. An incomplete (broken) eye ring is a good field mark to aide in identification. Females are marked similarly, but are paler. Head, throat, and breast is gray in color. Back, wings, and belly are similar to male plumage. Habitat: Residential, Oak/Chaparral, Pinyon/Juniper, Riparian/Deciduous Time of year: Spring, summer Relative Abundance: Common Behavior: A transient species in the Central Highlands or Arizona. Passes through central Arizona as it migrates northward in the spring, then again in late summer and early fall as it passes through on its way south. Actively gleans in the foliage of trees and shrubs for insects. Similar species: Other warbler species Best Sites: Watson Woods, Granite Creek Park

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Kansas Geological Survey, Ground-water Series 2, originally published in 1974 Originally published in 1974 as Kansas Geological Survey Ground-water Series 2. This is, in general, the original text as published. The information has not been updated. Rocks of Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age underlie Nemaha County, and are exposed along stream valleys. Glacial deposits of Pleistocene age underlie most of the county and range in thickness from a few feet to 380 feet. A deep valley that is buried by early Pleistocene deposits extends from west to east across the county. Alluvial deposits beneath the terraces and along present stream valleys are of Illinoisan to Recent age. Wells completed in bedrock formations in Nemaha County commonly yield 50 gallons per minute or less. Yields to wells in the glacial deposits that fill the deep buried valley may be as much as 200 gallons per minute. Elsewhere in the county, the glacial deposits generally yield only enough water for relatively small domestic and stock supplies. Wells in alluvial deposits commonly yield 5 to 25 gallons per minute, but yields of as much as 150 gallons per minute are obtained locally. Water in formations of Pennsylvanian age, in most of the glacial deposits, and in the alluvial deposits is classified as a calcium-bicarbonate type. Water in the Permian rocks and in the deeply buried glacial deposits commonly is a calcium-sulfate type. Locally, concentrations of sulfate and nitrate are as much as 2,100 and 490 milligrams per liter, respectively. This study is part of an investigation of the geology and availability of ground water in northeastern Kansas (fig. 1). The report was prepared as part of the cooperative program between the Kansas Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey with data and support by the Division of Environmental Health of the Kansas State Department of Health, and the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Figure 1--Index map of Kansas showing area described in this report and areas covered by other online geologic reports, as of Sept. 2010. For additional information, please visit the KGS Geologic Maps of Kansas Page. Well and test hole numbers in this report describe the location of wells and test holes according to the Bureau of Land Management's system of land subdivision as follows: first number, township; second number, range; third number, section; first letter, 160-acre tract (quarter section) within that section; second letter, 40-acre tract (quarter-quarter section) within that quarter section; third letter, 10-acre tract (quarter-quarter-quarter section) within that quarter-quarter section. The 160-acre, 40-acre, and 10-acre tracts are designated a, b, c, and d in a counterclockwise direction beginning in the northeast corner. For example, well 3-11E-15ddd is in the SE SE SE sec. 15, T. 3 S., R. 11 E. (fig.2). When two or more wells are located in the same 10-acre tract, the wells are numbered serially in the order they were inventoried. Figure 2--Well-numbering system used in this report. [Note: The classification and nomenclature of rock units used in this report are those of the Kansas Geological Survey and differ somewhat from those used by the U.S. Geological Survey.] Bedrock of Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age underlies the county, and is exposed throughout the northern one-half of the county and along the southern county line (pl. 1). The Topeka Limestone of the Shawnee Group (see table 1), the oldest exposed formation, occurs in the channel of the South Fork Big Nemaha River in the north-central part of the county. The Wreford Limestone of the Chase Group, the youngest exposed bedrock formation, is found throughout the northeastern part of the county. Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks are exposed only along stream valley walls, except in the northeastern part of the county where erosion has removed some of the glacial cover from the uplands. Bedrock exposures along valley walls are often discontinuous as a result of erosion by buried stream valleys that extend across or along present stream valleys. Table 1--Generalized section and water-bearing characteristics. or rock unit |Physical characteristics||Water-bearing characteristics| |Quaternary||Pleistocene||Recent and Wisconsinan||Alluvium||0-30||Deposits of brown to bluish-gray sandy, gravelly clay. Thin beds of sand or gravel may occur at the base or within the deposit. Gravel is composed of limestone, chert, igneous, and metamorphic fragments.||Yields 5 to 25 gpm (gallons per minute) to wells, except where large thicknesses of sand and gravel yield as much as 150 gpm to wells.| |Wisconsinan and Illinoisan||Terrace and valley-fill deposits||0-50||Discontinuous deposits of brown sandy clay on stream-valley walls or deposits of grayish-brown to gray sandy clay, fine to coarse sand and gravel beneath the floodplain. Gravel is composed of limestone, chert, igneous, and metamorphic fragments.||Yields as much as 35 gpm to wells.| |Loess||0-15||Wind-deposited brown to reddish-brown slightly sandy silt, generally in upland position.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Cedar Bluffs Till||0-100||Heterogeneous mixture of brown, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or light-gray clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Erratics are common. Locally contains lenses of sand and gravel.||The clay yields little or no water to wells. Sand and gravel lenses within the till yield as much as 10 gpm, but the supply is exhaustible. The water is low in the concentration of dissolved solids.| |Glacio-fluvial deposits||0-50||Outwash composed of fine to coarse quartz sand, silt, gravel, and boulders. Locally occurs between the Cedar Bluffs and Nickerson Tills.||Yields of 50 gpm to wells are possible everywhere in these deposits. Locally yields as much as 200 gpm.| |Nickerson Till||0-240||Heterogeneous mixture of dark-gray to bluish-gray with some reddish-brown clay, silt, sand, and gravel. Contains less erratics than Cedar Bluffs Till. Locally contains lenses of sand and gravel.||The clay yields little or no water to wells. Sand and gravel lenses within the till may yield 10 gpm. Water may have high sulfate concentration.| |Atchison Formation||0-100||Well-graded, finely cross bedded, fine to very fine silty sand. Locally becomes gray sandy silt or clay. Very thin layers of clay and gravel scattered throughout. Gravel is common at the base. Generally confined to buried valleys.||Yields 10 to 100 gpm to properly developed wells. For maximum yields, the very fine sand must be kept out of the well. Water may contain high concentrations of sulfate and iron.| |Nebraskan (?)||Fluvial deposits||0-15||Limestone and chert gravel derived locally from older rocks. Contains igneous material. Confined to lower part of deep buried valleys.||Yields as much as 200 gpm to properly developed wells.| |Permian||Lower Permian||Chase||Wreford Limestone||30-40||Upper limestone is tannish gray, medium hard, and massive with many lenses and nodules of gray chert. Intervening shale is not exposed in Nemaha County. Lower limestone is light-gray and fossiliferous with bands of chert throughout. The limestones decompose leaving only chert at weathered exposures.||May yield as much as 10 gpm to wells in limestones.| |Council Grove||Speiser Shale||15-20||Varicolored, clayey, calcareous shale. Contains a thin persistent bed of gray, hard, fossiliferous limestone in upper part.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Funston Limestone||5-7||Three or more layers of gray, hard, massive, dense limestone separated by beds of gray, silty, calcareous shale.| |Blue Rapids Shale||18-22||Grayish-green and maroon, clayey, calcareous shale. Contains thin beds of soft, tannish-gray limestone in lower part.| |Crouse Limestone||10-16||Upper limestone is tan, medium hard, and blocky to platy. Intervening shale is tannish gray, clayey, blocky, and calcareous. Lower limestone is gray, hard, massive, and fossiliferous.| |Easly Creek Shale||15-18||Grayish-green and maroon, silty, calcareous shale. Contains thin calcareous beds in middle and lower parts.| |Bader Limestone||23-27||Upper limestone is light gray, medium hard, massive, fossiliferous, and porous where weathered. Intervening shale is varicolored, silty, and calcareous with thin beds of gray, hard, clayey limestone, Lower limestone consists of two beds of gray, soft to hard, fossiliferous limestone separated by a tannish-gray, silty, clayey, calcareous shale.| |Stearns Shale||15-18||Tannish-gray, grayish-green to purple, silty, calcareous shale. Contains thin bed of limestone near top.| |Beattie Limestone||10-15||Upper limestone is gray to tannish brown, porous, and fossiliferous. Intervening shale is tannish gray, silty, thin bedded, fossiliferous, and very calcareous. Lower limestone is light gray, massive with solution channels, soft, cherty, and fossiliferous.||May yield 10 gpm to wells in solution channels and fractures in lower limestone.| |Eskridge Shale||35-40||Clayey, calcareous shale, tan and grayish green in upper part and maroon, purple, and grayish green in lower part. A persistent thin bed of hard, massive, fossiliferous limestone is in upper part.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Grenola Limestone||25-30||Upper limestone composed of alternating beds of limestone and shale. Top bed is grayish brown, soft, porous limestone. Other beds are tannish-gray limestone and dark-gray shale. Shale below upper limestone is tan to gray, silty, and calcareous. Middle limestone consists of two or more beds of gray, medium-hard, massive limestone separated by tan, silty, calcareous shale. Lower shale is gray, silty, and calcareous. Lower limestone is gray to tannish gray, hard, and fossiliferous.||Yields as much as 50 gpm to wells in upper limestone. Water generally has high sulfate concentration.| |Roca Shale||10-20||Gray, tan, and grayish-green, clayey, blocky, calcareous shale.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Red Eagle Limestone||8-12||Upper limestone is tannish brown, soft, clayey, and porous. Intervening shale is clayey, calcareous, blocky, and gray in upper part, but very thin bedded, dark gray, and fossiliferous in lower part. Lower limestone is gray, medium hard, massive, and fossiliferous.||May yield 10 gpm to wells in solution channels and fractures in upper limestone. Water may have high sulfate concentration.| |Johnson Shale||15-20||Tannish-gray to grayish-orange, silty, platy, thin-bedded, calcareous shale.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Foraker Limestone||35-45||Upper limestone is soft, massive, dolomitic, impure, and gray to tannish gray. Intervening shale is gray, silty, fossiliferous, calcareous and contains several thin limestone beds in upper and middle parts. Lower limestone composed of an upper gray, hard, fossiliferous bed and lower gray, medium-hard, massive to shaly bed.||Yields as much as 50 gpm to wells in solution channels and fractures in upper limestone. Water generally has high sulfate concentration.| |Admire||Janesville Shale||70-80||Upper shale is variegated, clayey in upper part, sandy in lower part with sandstone lenses. Intervening limestone is tannish gray, medium hard, and very fossiliferous. Lower shale is tannish gray to olive drab, silty, and contains thin lenses of clayey limestone or sandy, micaceous shale.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 5 gpm to wells in sandstone lenses.| |Falls City Limestone||6-8||Upper limestone is tan, medium hard, massive and is a coquina of fossil fragments. Intervening shale is tannish gray to dark gray, and clayey. Lower limestone is gray, very calcareous shale to gray, soft, fossiliferous, shaly limestone.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Onaga Shale||25-35||Tannish-gray, grayish-green, and maroon, clayey shale at top of formation separated from tannish-gray, grayish-green, and maroon, silty, calcareous shale by a thin light-gray, medium-hard, massive, fossiliferous limestone.| |Pennsylvanian||Upper Pennsylvanian||Wabaunsee||Wood Siding Formation||20-30||Three gray to grayish-brown, hard, fossiliferous limestones separated by gray to grayish-brown and maroon, silty to sandy, micaceous, calcareous shales. Upper shale contains thin, cross-bedded sandstone beds locally.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 5 gpm to wells in sandstone beds in upper shale.| |Root Shale||40-50||Greenish-gray to tannish-gray, clayey, sandy shale at top of formation separated from tannish-gray to bluish-gray, sandy, clayey, fossiliferous, calcareous shale by a thin gray to greenish-gray, medium-hard, fossiliferous limestone. Thin coal beds occur in upper part of both shales, and sandstone occurs locally in the lower shale.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 5 gpm to wells in sandstone lenses.| |Stotler Limestone||15-20||Upper limestone is tannish brown, sandy, conglomeratic, fossiliferous, and massive. Intervening shale is gray and maroon, sandy, clayey, fossiliferous, and calcareous. Lower limestone is tannish gray, medium hard, massive, and fossiliferous.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Pillsbury Shale||20-30||Greenish-gray and maroon clayey shale. May contain thin beds of sandy, micaceous shale or sandstone.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 5 gpm to wells in sandstone lenses.| |Zeandale Limestone||20-30||Upper limestone is tannish gray, medium hard, and fossiliferous. Intervening shale is grayish brown and silty in upper part; grayish green and maroon, blocky, fossiliferous, and calcareous in lower part. Lower limestone is grayish brown, fossiliferous, hard, massive, somewhat dense in the upper part and shaly near the base.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Willard Shale||30-40||Gray to brownish-gray, silty, sandy, micaceous shale. Upper part contains micaceous cross-bedded sandstone.| |Emporia Limestone||10-15||Upper limestone is bluish gray to brown, hard, and fossiliferous with thin beds of gray, clayey, calcareous shale. Intervening shale is gray to greenish gray, calcareous, and blocky. Lower limestone is three or four beds of bluish-gray to brown, slightly fossiliferous, hard, dense limestone.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Auburn Shale||15-30||Tan to gray in upper part, tan to yellow in middle part, and greenish-gray in lower part, silty and clayey, fossiliferous shale. Contains thin limestone beds.| |Bern Limestone||15-25||Consists of an upper tannish-brown, bedded, soft- to medium-hard, fossiliferous limestone separated by thin beds of shale; a middle gray to greenish-gray, silty to clayey, calcareous shale; and a lower gray to brown, bedded, soft- to medium-hard, fossiliferous, porous limestone.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 1 gpm to wells in weathered and fractured zones near outcrop area.| |Scranton Shale||115-135||Consists of thick upper and lower tan, bluish-gray, greenish-gray and maroon, sandy to silty, micaceous, clayey shales separated by a 1-foot thick gray, medium-hard, fossiliferous, lenticular limestone. The shales include lime-cemented, cross-bedded, ripple- marked sandstones. The thin Elmo coal bed separates the shales where the limestone is absent.||Yields as much as 10 gpm locally to wells in sandstone lenses.| |Howard Limestone||5-10||Alternating beds of bluish-gray, fossiliferous, hard, dense limestones that weather to brown, and dark- gray to tannish-gray, calcareous, silty shale. Contains coal bed at base of formation.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells.| |Severy Shale||20-35||Gray to tan, sandy shale, clayey in upper part, silty and calcareous in lower part.| |Shawnee||Topeka Limestone||20-30||Nine alternating beds of bluish-gray to gray, fossiliferous, hard to medium-hard limestone that weather to brown, and bluish-gray to black, somewhat fossiliferous, calcareous, silty shale. Locally, thin coal beds occur in the shale.||Not known to yield significant quantities of water to wells. Locally might yield less than 1 gpm to wells in weathered and fractured zones near outcrop area.| The general northwestward dip of the Pennsylvanian and Permian beds in northeastern Kansas is interrupted in Nemaha County as a result of Late Permian and post-Permian movements along the Nemaha anticline. This anticlinal structure underlies the county along a line from near Bern in the north-central part to sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 12 E. on the southern county line. As a result of the structural deformation, Permian rocks are exposed in the east-northeast and west-northwest parts of the county, whereas Pennsylvanian rocks occur in an area from the north-central to the southwest part of the county. The oldest Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed near the axis of the Nemaha anticline where the crest of the anticline has been eroded. Permian rocks are exposed along t-he flanks of the anticline. Localized deformation is exemplified near Bern where exposures of Permian beds show an eastward dip of as much as 30 degrees on the downthrown side of the fault indicated on the geologic map. This extreme eastward dip is local, however, and extends only a few miles to the east. On the west or upthrown side of the fault, Pennsylvanian beds are horizontal or dip slightly westward. This westward dip increases to 15 feet per mile in the western part of the county. The Nemaha anticline has greatly affected the thickness of the sedimentary rocks in the county. On the west flank of the anticline, the rocks range in thickness from 600 feet near Seneca to 1,000 feet at the western county line. On the east flank of the anticline the sedimentary rocks may be as much as 4,000 feet thick within a few miles of the axis. A map showing the configuration of the bedrock surface at the end of the Kansan Stage (fig. 3) indicates a well-developed drainage system. The deeply incised valleys are filled principally with glacial drift of Nebraskan(?) and Kansan age. Figure 3--Configuration of bedrock surface at the end ofthe Kansan Stage. A major buried stream valley extends from about 4 miles south of Centralia eastward to the county line near Wetmore. This valley and its tributaries began developing by early Nebraskan time. Evidence from studies in surrounding counties indicates that the valley extends about 40 miles northwestward from Centralia, and extends eastward from Wetmore through Jackson and Atchison Counties in Kansas and then northeastward into Missouri. In Nemaha County, the width of the buried valley ranges from one-half to one and one-half miles and the depth is about 200 feet. The major valley has several buried tributaries that appear to be at the same base level as the larger valley. The most significant tributary extends from its intersection with the major valley northwestward to Seneca. From Seneca the tributary extends farther north-northwest where it divides again. The northwestward extension is buried by glacial deposits and has no apparent relation to present streams. The northward extension coincides with the valleys of the South Fork Big Nemaha River and Turkey Creek, as indicated by remnants of glacial deposits along the valley walls. The present course of these two streams and their tributaries has been strongly influenced by pre-Illinoisan buried valleys. General trends and gradients of the buried tributary valleys indicate that early Pleistocene drainage was eastward. Late Pleistocene and Recent drainage flows generally southward and northward from the present topographic divide that extends across the county. Unconsolidated glacial drift, loess, deposits beneath terraces, and alluvium overlie the bedrock surface. The known thickness of these deposits ranges from a few feet to 380 feet. Nebraskan(?) deposits have not been identified in exposures, but deep test holes reveal basal gravels that are of pre-Kansan age. These gravels are composed largely of limestone and chert fragments, but also contain fragments of igneous and metamorphosed material that have no local source. The limestone and chert probably were derived from rocks of Permian and Cretaceous age west of this area, and were transported to their present locations by periglacial streams flowing in the now-buried channels. The igneous and metamorphosed material probably was transported by glaciers, then reworked and deposited by the periglacial streams. The Atchison Formation is an early Kansan glaciolacustrine sand deposit that overlies the Nebraskan(?) basal gravel deposits. The formation generally is confined to the buried valleys. Test drilling indicates that the formation either is absent or grades into soft, sandy bluish-gray clay in the western part of the county. Deposition of the very fine silty sand in the Atchison Formation is believed to have preceded deposition of the Nickerson Till by an early Kansan glacial advance. The Nickerson Till appears to have been deposited in depressions where the Atchison Formation is missing and the till often reaches great thicknesses. The heterogeneous mixture of fine- to coarse-grained material is predominantly dark gray and contains some lenses of sand and gravel. Deposition of the Nickerson Till was spread over stream channels and upland areas, but the till may not have been deposited on the highest bedrock surfaces. Locally, glaciofluvial deposits of fine to coarse sand, silt, and gravel separate the Nickerson Till from the overlying Cedar Bluffs Till. These glaciofluvial materials that were deposited in stream channels or depressions by meltwater from the glaciers extend over several large areas. The areal extent of the four oldest Pleistocene units is shown on figure 4. Figure 4--Areal distribution of the four oldest Pleistocene units. The Cedar Bluffs Till is present throughout the county except along stream valleys where it has been removed by late Pleistocene erosion. This heterogeneous mixture of fine- to course-grained material is tan, brown, or light gray, commonly contains erratics, and locally contains lenses of sand and gravel. Stream erosion was the primary geologic process during Illinoisan time, but some materials underlying terraces along the South Fork Big Nemaha River may be remnants of Illinoisan deposition. These deposits are composed primarily of sandy clay, which is characteristic of the reworked glacial deposits. The terrace deposits are not considered significant geologic features, however, and have not been mapped as separate units on the geologic map. The present stream pattern began developing during Illinoisan time, with some streams cutting new channels into the bedrock surface and others, after removing the glacial cover, resuming flow in or near the preglacial channels. Stream erosion and deposition increased during Wisconsinan time. Deposits of Wisconsinan age underlie terraces and flood plains in all major stream valleys, and are composed of reworked glacial material. These deposits have not been shown as separate units on the geologic map. The wind-deposited loess, primarily of Wisconsinan age, that mantles much of the uplands generally is less than 10 feet thick and is not considered to be significant enough to map as a separate unit. Alluvium of Wisconsinan and Recent age occurs in all stream valleys in the county. It is composed primarily of reworked and redistributed clayey glacial deposits. Locally, small pockets of sand and gravel or thin layers of fine sand are present. The relation of bedrock to unconsolidated deposits is shown on plate 2. Several of the buried valleys that are readily apparent on the profiles show the relative thicknesses of the glacial cover in various parts of the county. The positions of some of the larger areas of glaciofluvial deposits, Atchison Formation, and fluvial deposits are shown. Present stream trends can be compared with buried stream valleys. Both the irregular relief of the land surface and the texture of the glacial deposits exert a strong influence on recharge to and discharge from the aquifers. Rainfall on uplands that are underlain by glacial till of low permeability runs off rapidly and contributes little ground-water recharge. Rainfall and storm runoff in areas underlain by glaciofluvial deposits of high permeability contribute appreciable quantities of water to the aquifer. Recharge to permeable glacial deposits also may occur by upward leakage of water under higher hydrostatic pressure from bedrock formations. Natural discharge is principally from permeable glacial deposits to streams that have eroded below the potentiometric surface of the aquifers. The quantity of water discharged in this manner is sufficient to cause most streams in the area to flow continuously, even during periods of little precipitation. Other discharge is by wells. A few artesian wells in the county flow continuously. The location of wells, test holes, and springs in Nemaha County is shown on plate 3. Also shown are well depths, water levels, and the aquifer that yields water to each well. Although the potentiometric surface is continuous in the alluvium of South Fork Big Nemaha River and Turkey Creek, there are not enough data to show the surface in detail. Large areas of the uplands are underlain by isolated deposits of saturated sand and gravel that are separated by great thicknesses of relatively impermeable glacial till. Water in the sand and gravel deposits may be semiconfined (semiartesian) or unconfined. Greatest saturated thicknesses generally are in areas that are underlain by buried valleys filled with large thicknesses of glacial materials (fig. 5). Locally, however, the valleys are filled by relatively impermeable till that yields little water to wells. Often, a shallow aquifer is underlain by till of low permeability so that the effective water-producing zone is much less than the saturated thickness of glacial deposits. The unconsolidated deposits thin near valley walls and bedrock highs, resulting in less saturated thickness. In most areas where 20 to 30 feet of saturation exists, thin sand or gravel deposits should yield sufficient quantities of water for domestic and stock use. The range in yields to wells from the unconsolidated deposits (fig. 6) is related both to the saturated thickness and the permeability of the water-producing material. Figure 5--Saturated thickness of unconsolidated deposits, 1968-72. Figure 6--Generalized yields to wells in uncolidated deposits, 1968-72. Pennsylvanian rocks generally are not aquifers in most of the county. The only Pennsylvanian formation known to yield significant quantities of water is the Scranton Shale. Permeable sandstone lenses within the Scranton near its outcrop area in the north-central part of the county may yield as much as 10 gpm (gallons per minute) to wells. Recharge to the Scranton may occur by leakage from overlying Pleistocene deposits or by infiltration of rainfall in the outcrop area. Permian rocks contain aquifers throughout the county. The most important Permian aquifers are the Foraker Limestone and Grenola Limestone, which locally yield as much as 50 gpm to wells, and the Red Eagle Limestone, Beattie Limestone, and Wreford Limestone, which may yield as much as 10 gpm. Water occurs in the limestone members of these formations in secondary openings such as solution channels and fractures. Artesian conditions exist in most of the Permian aquifers, and a few wells flow continuously. Where water moves from the Permian aquifers into glacial deposits within buried valleys, the hydrostatic level in the glacial deposits appears to equalize with that in the bedrock formation. Recharge to the Permian aquifers occurs mainly by leakage from overlying Pleistocene deposits and by infiltration of precipitation on the outcrop areas. The unconsolidated Pleistocene deposits are the best potential sources of ground water in the county. The most favorable areas for high-yielding wells generally overlie buried valleys. Although the glacial deposits differ both horizontally and vertically in texture, the coarsest and most permeable deposit is the Nebraskan(?) basal gravel that rests directly on bedrock. Yields from wells in this gravel are as much as 200 gpm, and specific capacities of wells are estimated to range from 15 to 20 gpm per foot of drawdown. The Atchison Formation yields as much as 100 gpm to wells locally, but specific capacity may be less than 2 gpm per foot of drawdown. Wells in this formation must be thoroughly developed so that the very fine sand does not clog the slotted pipe or well screens. Water in the Nebraskan(?) deposits and Atchison Formation is commonly under artesian pressure and at least one well flows continuously at a rate of about 5 gpm. The sandy glaciofluvial deposits above the Nickerson Till are local in extent and generally contain water that is unconfined. Wells in the deposits commonly yield 50 gpm and locally yield as much as 200 gpm. Specific capacities generally range from 5 to 10 gpm per foot of drawdown. The wells should be thoroughly developed to prevent clogging of the intake by fine sand. Many springs issue from the glaciofluvial deposits where they are exposed along valley walls. The Kansan tills are relatively impermeable and generally yield less than 10 gpm to wells. No significant quantity of water is available from till where it thins near present stream valleys or bedrock highs. Locally, lenses of sand and gravel are the source of water for wells completed in the till. The water in the till generally occurs under unconfined conditions. Because the sand and gravel in the till is isolated, recharge is slow and prolonged pumping may exhaust the supply. The terrace deposits and alluvium are principally silt and clay throughout most of the county, and wells in these deposits commonly yield less than 10 gpm. Specific capacities of wells are commonly about 2 gpm per foot of drawdown. Locally, yields of 150 gpm are possible from wells in the alluvium. These larger yields are in areas where present streams have reworked coarse material that was deposited originally in the old stream channels. One such area is near Seneca in the valley of the South Fork Big Nemaha River. Samples of water were collected for chemical analysis from 35 domestic, stock, and public-supply wells in bedrock, glacial drift, and alluvial aquifers. The analyses are given in table 2. In addition, 300 samples of water also were collected for partial chemical analysis from domestic and stock wells in the county. The partial analyses consisted of the determination of the concentration of sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and the specific conductance and pH. Using the results of the analyses, the ground water can be classified into general chemical types according to the predominant cation and anion in the water (expressed in milliequivalents per liter). Diagrams depicting water types from wells in Nemaha County are shown in figure 7. Water from wells in rocks of Pennsylvanian age and in the alluvial and glacial deposits generally is a calcium-bicarbonate type. Water from wells in most Permian rocks and the deeply buried glacial deposits is of the calcium-sulfate type. Figure 7--Diagrams showing chemical quality of water types. Table 2--Chemical analyses of water from selected wells. [Dissolved constituents and hardness given in milligrams per liter. Analyses by Kansas State Department of Health.] |1 Pw, Wabaunsee Group; Pcg, Council Grove Group; Qd, Glacial Drift; Qal, Alluvium and Terrace Deposits. See Table 1 for Descriptions of Rock Units.| Iron concentrations greater than 0.3 mg/l (milligrams per liter) are common in water from the wells sampled in Nemaha County. Water containing concentrations of iron in excess of this amount may cause staining of laundry and porcelain fixtures, and, in larger quantities, may cause an unpleasant taste (Kansas State Board of Health, 1973). The ability of water to conduct an electric current provides an indication of the ionic concentration of dissolved minerals in the water. High specific conductance values generally correlate with high mineralization of the water. Specific conductance values greater than 1,000 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C are common in many parts of the county (fig. 8) and values as great as 5,000 micromhos per centimeter at 25°C have been measured. Figure 8--Specific conductance of water from wells in unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers, 1968-72. Specific conductance of water from wells in Nemaha County is directly related to the concentration of sulfate in the water (fig. 9.). Concentrations of sulfate range from 10 mg/l to as much as 2,100 mg/l. Sulfate in drinking water is significant because concentrations greater than 250 mg/l, particularly in association with magnesium, can cause an undesirable laxative effect in persons unaccustomed to drinking such water (Kansas State Board of Health, 1973). Figure 9--Concentration of sulfate in water from wells in unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers, 1968-72. Comparison of figures 3, 4, 8, and 9 indicates that water with high values of specific conductance and high concentrations of sulfate are from wells in the Permian rocks and in the deeply buried glacial deposits. The source of the sulfate is dissolution of thin layers of gypsum in the Permian rocks by ground water, which moves from the bedrock into the basal gravel of the glacial deposits because of higher hydrostatic beads, Shallow wells that do not tap the basal gravel should yield water having lower concentrations of sulfate. Nitrate concentrations in excess of 45 mg/l occur in water from relatively shallow wells in Nickerson Till or younger deposits. Several bedrock wells also yield water with a high nitrate content. Areas where the concentration of nitrate in ground water exceeds 45 mg/l, which is the recommended limit in drinking water (Kansas State Board of Health, 1973), are shown on figure 10. Approximately 40 percent of the analyses had concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 mg/l, with the greatest being 490 mg/l. Figure 10--Concentration of nitrate in water from wells in unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers, 1968-72. Future development of ground water in the county will be limited by both quantity and quality of water. Large demands, such as public supplies, rural water districts, and industries will be limited to a maximum of about 300 gpm from individual wells. Supplies larger than 300 gpm must be obtained by a series of two or more wells. In the area several miles east and southeast of Seneca and in the southwestern part of the county, Nebraskan(?) basal gravel and Kansan glaciofluvial deposits are suitable for the development of large supplies of water of relatively good quality. If chemical quality of the water is a consideration, as for public supplies, the concentration of sulfate in water from wells may further limit development of the resource. Large supplies of water suitable for irrigation are absent. Sufficient quantities of ground water are available from bedrock and glacial deposits in most areas of the county for domestic and stock demands. The quality of water commonly is poor as a result of a high concentration of sulfate. Because of a combination of low yields and poor quality of water, about one-half of the county, including two public supplies, has been supplied by rural water districts. The water for these districts is obtained from existing public supplies or from new wells where large quantities of water of good quality are available. The city of Sabetha depends on a surface supply. Although existing farm wells may continue to supply stock needs, many wells probably will be abandoned because of the availability of more suitable water from rural water districts. Bayne, C. K., 1968, Evidence of multiple stades in the lower Pleistocene of northeastern Kansas: Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans., v. 71, no. 3, p. 340-349. Bayne, C. K., and Schoewe, W. H., 1967, Geology and groundwater resources of Brown County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 186, 68 p. [available online] Emery, P. A., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Richardson County, Nebraska: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-W, 29 p. [available online] Frye, J. C., and Leonard, A. B., 1952, Pleistocene geology of Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 99, 230 p. [available online] Frye, J. C., and Walters, K. L., 1950, Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 86, pt. 6, p. 141-158. [available online] Hargadine, G. D., 1970, Materials inventory of Nemaha County, Kansas: State Highway Commission of Kansas Materials Inventory Rept. No. 19, 158 p. Kansas State Board of Health, 1973, Water quality criteria for interstate and intrastate waters of Kansas: Kansas State Board of Health Regulations, 28-16-28, 5 p. Moore, R. C., 1949, Divisions of the Pennsylvanian System in Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 83, 203 p. [available online] Mudge, M. E., Walters, C. P., and Skoog, R. E., 1959, Geology and construction-material resources of Nemaha County, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1060-D, p. 179-256. [available online] Mudge, M. E., and Yochelson, E. L., 1962, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the uppermost Pennsylvanian and lowermost Permian rocks in Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 323, 213 p. [available online] Reed, E. C., and Dreezen, V. H., 1965, Revision of the classification of the Pleistocene deposits of Nebraska: Nebraska Geol. Survey Bull. 23, 65 p. Scott, G. R., Foster, F. W., and Crumpton, C. F., 1959, Geology and construction-material resources of Pottawatomie County, Kansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1060-C, p. 97-178. [available online] Walters, K. L., 1953, Geology and ground-water resources of Jackson County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 101, 90 P. [available online] Walters, K. L., 1954, Geology and ground-water resources of Marshall County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 106, 116 p. [available online] Zeller, D. E., ed., 1968, The stratigraphic succession in Kansas: Kansas Geol. Survey Bull. 189, 81 p. [available online] Kansas Geological Survey, Nehama County, Kansas Placed on web Sept. 8, 2010; originally published in Nov. 1974. Comments to [email protected] The URL for this page is http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/GW2/index.html

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Cell division is a highly complex process requiring the coordinated synthesis and assembly of all the components needed to form a copy of the original cell. Genetic defects that result in the misregulation of any of these events, when not lethal, often lead to the production of damaged daughter cells. In metazoans, individuals carrying these defects have increased risks of having birth defects or cancer. Much of the coordination of cell cycle events is achieved through the control of the cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), of which p34cdc2 is the best known. Two principal means of controlling this kinase have been described: (1) activating and inhibiting phosphorylations and dephosphorylations of the protein kinase itself and (2) regulated synthesis and degradation of the cyclin components. We have identified a third mechanism: inhibition by complex formation with a 32 kD protein, encoded by the yeast SIC1 gene, that blocks access to the CDK substrates. Genetic disruption of SIC1 results in viable cells that generate chromosomal abnormalities that include breakage and loss at a high rate. These events occur in a "stem cell" type pattern in which the chromosomal abnormalities appear to occur in only one of the daughter cells at each division leaving one cell that is always normal. Overproduction of the SIC1 protein in vivo arrests cell division with a pattern that suggests that a specific subset of the cyclin-CDK complexes are being inhibited, a pattern that agrees with our biochemical analysis. We postulate that SIC1 part of a system of inhibitory constraints that when lost leads to premature cell division that in turn produces the chromosomal aberrations. Recent studies in animal cells indicate that tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma and p53 may be involved in similar types of constraints on cell division. These proteins are also known to form physcial associations with various cyclins in normal cells. We are continuing a multifaceted analysis of this gene and its gene product in yeast cells to learn how and when it interacts with the kinase and how it is in turn regulated. In addition we have obtained evidence that SIC1 is highly conserved and are extending our studies to vertebrate systems.

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|Current selected tag: #place-based storytelling. Clear.| Your new post is loading... Using themes woven into the film and highlighted in the lesson plans, these modules train teachers how to integrate new media, digital storytelling, and online mapping projects in their curriculum to engage students in authentic learning. The modules can be used separately or together, letting participants choose the appropriate level of engagement, given available skill level, time, and resources. The hands-on, project based educational materials offer a wonderful opportunity to explore place-based teaching and learning using "easy to integrate" new media tools and techniques.

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Vintage Photos of Beaver Island: 1900-1965 This is in no way a definitive bio of Beaver Island...this is simply a nutshell version to whet your appetite... The white man began arriving on Beaver Island in the early 1800s, trapping, fishing, logging, and hunting. White traders and trappers began to appear in the early 1800s. Trapping, fishing, and cutting wood for the passing steamers allowed men to earn a living at this frontier. In 1848, the Mormons began arriving, led by James Strang; the Mormons eventually forced all other residents off the island. Strang formed his Mormon colony which grew to such numbers, he proclaimed himself “king” and gave himself a harem of wives. All this “king” business and his numerous wives led to unhappy followers, of which a couple of them ended up assassinating Strang in 1856. With Strang gone, the Mormons continued to turn the wilderness of the island into a civilized land, with roads, homes, and businesses. Mail had to be delivered by dog & sled teams that traveled across the ice from island to mainland. The Mormons soon sought a life elsewhere, and the Irish fishermen began to appear. Feodor Protar was a newspaper editor and acor who came to Beaver Island in order to help his fellow man. He gave free medical assistance to those who couldn't afford it and gave them spiritual help. He died in 1925, and his island friends and family erected what is now known as “Protar's Tomb” that awaits visitors to this day. 1905: Telegraph cable connected the island with the mainland 1926: Regular mail service was implemented 1940s: Lamprey eels began sucking the life out of the fish, making the fish industry suffer The younger generation on the island began leaving to make their mark on the world and life elsewhere. The 1,000+ population was now under 200. However, Beaver Island survived – and still does – with construction the main business, replacing the fish and logging industries. This is just a brief nutshell bio, of which you can read more HERE. Take a look at the gallery below to see what Beaver Island looked like well over 100 years ago. Vintage Beaver Island MORE STUFF TO CHECK OUT!

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- By pitc - 0 Comments Pets in the Classroom would like to introduce you and your students to the “Gregarious Gerbil.” Gerbils are adorable small rodents who seldom bite and are active during the day, unlike some other small mammals. Gerbils are energetic, social creatures, and can be kept in pairs. Please be sure that you have two gerbils of the same sex though, so that they do not breed! If gerbils are introduced to each other at a young age (like two littermates of the same sex) they are usually very compatible. Gerbils can thrive in a 10-gallon aquarium with a secure wire-mesh cover. They require plenty of bedding such as timothy, corncob or aspen. They create fewer odors than some other small mammals, and their cage will need cleaning about once a week. They love to tunnel and dig, which can be fun for students to experience. Check with your pet supply retailer for exercise wheels, toys and bedding recommended for gerbils. Commercial gerbil foods are nutritionally sound diets for gerbils, and can be supplemented with a small amount of fresh vegetables every day. Gerbils need fresh water every day, and their water bottle should be cleaned daily. Gerbils can be trained with treats, and can enjoy gentle handling and interaction in a secure spot. They are lively and entertaining, and fairly easy to maintain. Gerbils generally live for four to five years. For your grant for a classroom pet visit www.petsintheclassroom.com and apply today!

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Protein IS a big deal! It is one of the macronutrients in our food plan, meaning we need a lot of it. Protein is needed for many different functions all throughout our body. It carries nutrients, it makes up enzymes which we need for 100s of chemical reactions in the body, it is a part of hair, skin, nails, muscles. Protein is in every cell of the body. Yes, I am a “vegan-ish” eater. I do consume honey, I probably have some leather in my home, so I am not a vegan. I do NOT eat any meat, chicken, fish, eggs, pork, cheese, sour cream, …. Do I worry about protein? No. You see protein is needed for all of those things, but those proteins are created from the amino acids in our foods and/or created in our liver. If we are healthy and we eat a varied diet of whole foods (and eat enough to meet our caloric needs), we can easily meet our amino acid requirement. THEN, the body uses those amino acids to create the transporters, enzymes, etc. It doesn’t matter where the amino acids come from. An amino acid is an amino acid. I like to use the example of Legos. Think about those yellow, green, blue, red, and white blocks of Legos. They come in different heights and lengths. If I hand you a house, a car, and a boat all made of Legos, and I tell you to use those items to make me a tree, you break them apart and reassemble them to make the tree. It doesn’t matter where you got the blocks. Some of them still stayed together, some of them came all the way apart, and some may be leftover. If you eat a piece of meat, the body does NOT use that chewed piece of meat to make muscle in your body. The chewed piece of meat starts to break down while you are chewing. Enzymes in the mouth help to remove the fats and carbohydrates from the meat, it passes into the stomach where it is broken down into smaller pieces by pepsin and gastric acids. The smaller pieces, peptides, move into the small intestine and more enzymes break it down into amino acids, so it can get absorbed into the blood. THEN, the amino acids are carried to the liver who decides what to do with it. If you eat a plant, (Beans, Seeds, Nuts, Grains, Greens, Vegetables, Fruits, Herbs), the plant starts to be broken down in the mouth by chewing and enzymes, it passes into the stomach. The proteins in the plant are removed by gastric acid and pepsin, the peptides and amino acids pass into the small intestine and are acted on by more enzymes. The amino acids are absorbed into the blood and carried to the liver. The liver decides what to do with it. You see, it doesn’t matter where it came from. Do I worry about getting enough protein? No. Study after study has shown that a well-balanced diet provides all of the amino acids needed for a healthy body. There are some conditions that require more amino acids, BUT there are some conditions that require less, as well. If we aim for extra protein and end up eating extra calories, the extra is stored as fat. The body doesn’t have a way to store protein, so it converts it to fat, so it can be used for energy later. Our body was created in a time when we had a surplus of food and then times of famine. It is designed to store excess for when we need it. When we eat animal products, we usually eat them cooked. The heating of these proteins coagulates them. If you put a piece of meat in a skillet, you notice that it shrinks. This coagulation binds the proteins together and makes them more difficult to break apart in the body. The digestion and metabolism of animal products creates more acid in the body than the digestion of plant proteins. If we eat too much protein from animal sources, the extra creates an acidic environment and puts a strain on the kidneys. This strain leads to high cortisol, which leads to high blood sugar, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and can lead to heart disease. Dairy also creates an acid environment. Here in the U.S., stores can only sell pasteurized dairy products. These products have been heated to kill any bacteria, which can be a good thing if there is a harmful bacterium in there, BUT it kills all of the natural enzymes that can be healthful for some people. Now, 70% of the world’s population lacks the enzymes to digest dairy, so I do not suggest it for anyone. Back in the day, milk was delivered at back doors and left for hours and it didn’t spoil. Today, milk can spoil very quickly. It all has to do with the microbes and enzymes that were present and that we now kill. When we drink pasteurized milk or eat pasteurized cheese, those contain coagulated proteins which create acid in the body. A poor diet can lead to a protein deficiency, AND poor health can lead to a protein deficiency. A diet that is too restricted or that has too few calories can lead to a protein deficiency. Undereating to try to lose weight can lead to protein deficiency AND stress on the body which can lead to increased appetite and weight gain. Populations who have limited food supplies or rely on rice are usually low in protein. Junk food diets are low in protein. Many vegans who still eat junk food in the form of vegan cakes, chips, cookies, etc are usually low in protein. Raw fruit vegans are usually low in protein. While fruit does contain amino acids, it is a very low percentage. It is very difficult to get the RDA on fruit alone. Protein is broken down in the stomach by gastric acid and enzymes, then it is broken down again by more enzymes as it passes into the small intestine. As we age, stomach acid and enzymes decrease. It becomes more difficult to break down these proteins, so they can be absorbed. Someone may be eating enough protein but unable to breakdown enough. If someone is taking antacids, they are lowering stomach acid! This makes it even more difficult to break down the proteins. A high fiber diet can also limit the amount of protein absorbed. Even after all of the gastric acid and enzymes, some fiber binds to proteins and fats carries them out of the gastrointestinal tract. If you eat a high fiber diet, you may need to increase your protein to account for the fiber. If you supplement with a single amino acid, you may be blocking yourself from absorbing other amino acids! Amino acids come in different classes. One class has the Branch Chain Amino Acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are essential amino acids that we must get from our foods. These are very popular in the body-building world. All of these are in the same class. If I take just leucine as a supplement in larger amounts, it will block my uptake of isoleucine and valine. All of them fit into the same receptors, so taking just one of them will prevent the others from being absorbed. The same thing happens in other classes of amino acids, as well. Health conditions such as cancer and some autoimmune illnesses limit or restrict gastric acid and/or enzymes that are needed for protein digestion and absorption. Many pharmaceuticals interfere with gastric acid and enzymes which prevents absorption. PPIs, proton-pump inhibitors, lower hydrochloric acid. These include Nexium, Prilosec, Prevocid, and even OTCs like milk of magnesia and TUMS. Steroids like prednisone increase cortisol, which slows digestion and decreases stomach acid and enzymes. All of the medicines can decrease the amount of protein broken down and absorbed. STRESS is the biggest culprit of ALL. Stress can prevent the digestion and absorption of proteins. Stress slows digestion. Our stress response is based on primitive needs. Our stress response is ALWAYS a flight or fight response. We are built to react, fight or run, and recover. We were NOT built to be on alert and stressed out at our desk all day long. Or run for our lives all day long. Or lift hundreds of pounds all day long. When our body senses stress, many body systems are affected, but the gastrointestinal system slows. Gastric juices are lowered, because we don’t have time to eat and digest food. This system prevents us from breaking down and absorbing proteins. We are not meant to be eating on the run. We are not supposed to stop and eat while we are fighting or escaping. Eating too Fast Leads to Poor Protein Absorption #1 We do NOT have teeth beyond our mouth. You must chew thoroughly to break down foods before they pass on to the stomach. This is why green juices and smoothies are so great for someone who has been under stress for too long, or who has gastrointestinal issues, or who is recovering from an autoimmune condition or cancer. The fiber has been removed in a juice and the particles are pre-chewed in a smoothie. #2 When we eat too fast, it is usually because we are in a hurry. We are stressed, we know we should probably eat something, so we rush through the whole activity. The body senses this stress, and the enzymes are not released and the gastric acid remains too low. You end up burping and with heart burn and tell me you have too much stomach acid. Au contraire! Your body doesn’t have enough stomach acid to break down the protein, so it is churning and churning trying to get enough acid to break everything down. Protein is a BIG deal! Protein is needed for enzymes, hormones, muscle tissue, to transport chemicals, and so on. If is a macronutrient, meaning our diet must provide it. All plant foods contain the essential amino acids, and when we eat a variety of plant foods we can be sure that we are eating all of the amino acids we need in a day. Our body is constantly building and repairing, reassembling and recycling amino acids. We do not have to consume certain combinations to get our needs met, because of the recycling. Eating a diet that is high in a variety of plant foods will meet your amino acid needs. Choose different fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, sprouts, herbs, grains, and pseudo-grains each week for different nutrients and phytochemicals and to make your meals more exciting. If you are a body builder, a senior, or recovering from some sort of trauma like surgery, you may need to eat more protein-rich sources, but it doesn’t take that much more. I’ll talk more about this next week. If you need help with your meal planning, adding variety to your meals, or just transitioning to a more plantbased diet, I can help. Schedule a time to talk to me. Leave a Reply

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Weather Blog: Reason for extended cold snap Thank you for stopping by the Weather Watch 12 Blog! March 2013 has resembled the heart of winter, versus a transitional month to spring. In today's Weather Watch 12 Blog we discuss why much below average temperatures continue to linger, and when a change in the overall pattern may occur. One of the key components driving our cold weather right now in southeast Wisconsin is the Arctic Oscillation(AO). The AO refers to an opposing pattern of pressure between the Arctic and areas like North America and northern Europe. If the air pressure is high in the Arctic, it tends to be low in areas such as northern Europe and North America. If the air pressure is low in northern Europe or North America it is often high in the Arctic. The pressure differences can lead to a positive or negative AO index. - High pressure in the Arctic and low pressure in northern Europe and North America - Low pressure in the Arctic and high pressure in northern Europe and North America Air moves around the globe because of differences in air pressure. Air or wind flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. When the AO is negative the air flow from high pressure to low pressure will result in cold air flowing south. In this negative phase cold air can spill into the United States. When the AO is positive the air flow from high pressure to low pressure pushes warmer air north and keeps the cold air in the arctic. The image below is courtesy of NASA and shows the two phases of the AO. The AO has been in a negative phase since early February leading to surges of cold arctic air and also several stretches of active weather. The AO index is currently at it's lowest observed point on the chart below. The red line is a forecast for the AO index which has it nearing positive territory by around April 1. If this occurs temperatures may finally begin to moderate as arctic air retreats. Another factor adding to our cold is the snow pack that exists from the Midwest to the North Pole. Cold air drifting south moves above a cold, snow packed surface preventing the airmass from moderating much as it tracks into the northern U.S. Now that we have discussed the AO, let's look at the 500mb or mid-level flow of our current weather pattern. The 500mb chart below is from Tuesday, March 19 at 7am. Notice the huge blocking high near Greenland and the trough of low pressure over the Midwest. Remember above we mentioned that air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure. In this case, very cold air is allowed to spill into the central U.S. Now let's use the AO and combine it with our knowledge of the LRC, or Lezak's Recurring Cycle. With a cycle duration around 51-53 days we can look back to late January. Comparing March 19 with the pattern around January 25 shows the troughs moving through the pattern in the favored long term long wave position. Each part of the pattern delivered cold weather to southeast Wisconsin. Expect more below average temperatures in our area until we move into a different part of the pattern and the AO trends a little closer to neutral(0). Along with the cold temperatures an active weather pattern will likely continue into the start of April. Fast forwarding to the next cycle in May, we will need to watch for a late season frost/freeze as this part of the pattern returns around May 10. For the latest weather information watch WISN 12 News, and for updates throughout the day follow me on Twitter @jnelsonweather Have a great day!

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Supreme Court Justice William Paterson was born on December 24, 1745 in Northern Ireland (He dies at the age of 60, on September 9, 1806). From 1793 until 1806 he was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court and a signer of the United States Constitution. All info about William Paterson can be found here. This article will clarify all information about William Paterson: birthday, bio, ability, personality type, family, husband, siblings and drama... William Paterson was born in the Zodiac sign Capricorn (The Sea-Goat), and 1745 is also the year of Ox (牛) in the Chinese Zodiac. He was a student at the College of New Jersey, which subsequently became Princeton University. Supreme Court Justice William Paterson University and the city of Paterson, New Jersey, were both named after him to honor his legacy. When he was two years old, he relocated to the United States. President US President George Washington nominated him to the Supreme Court. William Paterson's income mainly comes from the work that created his reputation: a supreme court justice. Information about his net worth in 2023 is being updated as soon as possible by allfamous.org, you can contact to tell us Net Worth of the William Paterson. How tall is William Paterson? Information about William Paterson height in 2023 is being updated as soon as possible by AllFamous.org. Or you can contact us to let us know how tall of William Paterson. People also ask about William Paterson What is William Paterson's real name? When is William Paterson's birthday? When did William Paterson die? At what age did William Paterson die? Where is William Paterson from? When was William Paterson born? Reference: Wikipedia, Tiktok, Youtube, Instagram and Twitter. Latest information about William Paterson updated on March 19 2023.

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Fair Trade in Ghana, Africa Hand-woven in Ghana, these Fair Trade Baskets are made mainly by farm families from the historic town of Bolgatanga, Ghana. Aptly named, the baskets are called Bolga Baskets. The African Bolga Baskets are all natural baskets made from elephant grass. They are dyed with natural plant pigments and finished with goat hide handles. The elephant grass grows wild and is harvested, dried into straw and then, woven mainly by the women of the village. The men primarily tan the goat hides and work the leather handles of these African Baskets. African Bolga Baskets Women generally weave the baskets while the men work the sturdy, leather handles for the baskets. Farm families supplement their unpredictable crop income through the basket industry. They have been weaving and selling these hand crafted baskets for generations. The purchase of the Bolga Baskets helps the farmers of Bolgatana. Re-shaping the Baskets The specialized weaving process and leather handles makes these baskets strong and flexible. They can be easily reshaped or washed by wetting them with warm water and forming them with your hands. The all natural dyes do a run a little and so you do not want to get a wet basket against your clothes. Click for Basket Tips on care, use and decor. Fill your African Basket with goodies from your local Farmer’s Market >>>

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The Pardon of the Good Thief (Le pardon du bon Larron) As Christ and the thieves condemned to die along with him hang on their crosses, one mockingly demands that Jesus, as the Christ, relieve them of their sufferings. The other criminal reminds his fellow of the justness of their punishments, in contrast to the innocence of Jesus. “Touched,” Tissot writes, “by the divine gentleness of the crucified Saviour,” the penitent thief then asks Jesus to remember him when he comes into his kingdom; Jesus replies that today the thief will be with him in paradise. - Portfolio/Series: The Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ (La Vie de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ) - Artist: James Tissot, French, 1836-1902 - Medium: Opaque watercolor over graphite on gray wove paper - Place Made: France - Dates: 1886-1894 - Dimensions: Image: 14 1/4 x 8 1/16 in. (36.2 x 20.5 cm) Sheet: 14 1/4 x 8 1/16 in. (36.2 x 20.5 cm) Frame: 22 7/8 x 16 7/8 x 1 1/2 in. (58.1 x 42.9 x 3.8 cm) (show scale) - Signature: Signed bottom right: "J.J. Tissot" - Collections:European Art - Museum Location: This item is not on view - Accession Number: 00.159.296 - Credit Line: Purchased by public subscription - Rights Statement: No known copyright restrictions - Caption: James Tissot (French, 1836-1902). The Pardon of the Good Thief (Le pardon du bon Larron), 1886-1894. Opaque watercolor over graphite on gray wove paper, Image: 14 1/4 x 8 1/16 in. (36.2 x 20.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Purchased by public subscription, 00.159.296 - Record Completeness: Best (84%)

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What is a Tribunal? The term generally means, 'any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes'. For example, an advocate may appear before a court with a single judge and could describe that judge as 'their tribunal'. Many governmental bodies that are titled 'tribunals' are so described to emphasise that they are not courts of normal jurisdiction. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is a body specially constituted under international law; whereas in Great Britain, employment tribunals are bodies set up to hear specific employment disputes. In many (but not all) cases, the word tribunal implies a judicial (or quasi-judicial) body with a lesser degree of formality than a court, to which the normal rules of evidence and procedure may not apply, and whose presiding officers are frequently neither judges nor magistrates. Private judicial bodies are also often styled 'tribunals'. However, the word tribunal is not conclusive of a body's function–for example, in Great Britain, the Employment Appeal Tribunal is a superior court of record. The tribunal system of the United Kingdom is part of the national system of administrative justice. Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007 reforms were put in place to build a unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal and regulatory supervision.

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The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel first started being given in 1969, the backlog of worthy economists who were deserving of the prize was very large. Thus, it was a considerable compliment when the third Nobel prize given in economics went to Simon Kuznets in 1971. Among other major contributions, Kuznets was one of the primary contributors to thinking through the issues of constructing national income accounts and GDP. But my focus here is on a theory which grew out of his Presidential Address on "Economic Growth and Income," delicvered to the American Economic Association in 1954 and published in the March 1955 issue of the American Economic Review. This lecture led economists to speak of a "Kuznets curve."Here's a short explanation of the logic behind the Kuznets curve from Branko Milanovic in the September 2011 issue of Finance and Development has several articles with perspectives on inequality. "The Kuznets curve, formulated by Simon Kuznets in the mid-1950s, argues that in preindustrial societies, almost everybody is equally poor so inequality is low. Inequality then rises as people move from low-productivity agriculture to the more productive industrial sector, where average income is higher and wages are less uniform. But as a society matures and becomes richer, the urban-rural gap is reduced and old-age pensions, unemployment benefits, and other social transfers lower inequality. So the Kuznets curve resembles an upside-down `U.'" In 2011, of course, the notion that inequality always declines as an economy grows no longer seems plausible. Later in the same issue, Facundo Alvaredo offers some nice figures of trends in inequality around the world since about 1900, where inequality is measured by the share of total income going to the top 1% of the income distribution. There are four figures, each with a group of countries. "In Western English-speaking countries, inequality declined until about 1980 and then began to grow again. Continental European countries and Japan had a decline until about 1950; since then income distribution has leveled. For Nordic and Southern European countries, the drop in inequality in the early part of the century was much more pronounced than the rebound in the late part of the period. Developing countries show initial declines in inequality followed by a leveling off in some cases and an increase in inequality in others." For a series of posts in July on the extent and causes of U.S. income inequality, see: How high is U.S. income inequality? Causes of Inequality: Supply and Demand for Skilled Workers How the U.S. Has Come Back to the Pack in Higher Education An Inequality Parade

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It’s graduation season – a time for young people to proudly embark on the next exciting phase of their lives. It's also a time for parents to applaud their accomplishments while wondering (and worrying) whether or not their young ones are truly prepared for the challenges and responsibilities that lie ahead. Unfortunately, when it comes to managing money, those concerns are real and validated, as many students now leave high school without any financial literacy or experience under their belts. In fact, according to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority’s recent study, "The Financial Capability of Young Adults, A Generational View," released in March, millennials generally show very low levels of financial literacy, with only 24 percent being able to correctly answer four out of five questions on a quiz covering every day concepts of economics and finance. The good news is there are lots of resources to help parents instill good money habits in their kids at a young age. For instance, you could consider giving them a gift of stock by opening a custodial account in a minor's name, which may help them learn about researching the markets, selecting investments, learning about risk and investing for the long term. Keep in mind that you’ll be in control and monitoring all activity in the account. It’s an easy and affordable way to provide access to education and tools focused on the basics of investing – how to make a trade, research a stock and develop a diversified investment strategy that will build over time. It’s all about planning for and investing in the future. Here are some ideas to consider for getting your children on the road to planning their financial future: started by opening a custodial account with a low-cost, easy-to-use online Online brokers (including ShareBuilder) offer custodial accounts, some of which don't have any minimums to open the account, and access to a range of tools, including investment tutorials and research to help novices begin investing. 2. Let the kids decide where to invest. Research different companies with them, and with your guidance, let them select the companies and brands they already know and love. Then, every month, quarter and year, you can track the stocks’ performances together. 3. Keep it fun and make it personal. Many online investment accounts let you give your account a fun nickname. 4. Set long-term goals, and provide incentives. Maybe your child would like to save for a car or a college fund. Consider offering incentives to help them work toward their goals. For example, every time money goes into the custodial account, match the investment up to a certain amount. One of the most important lessons you can drive home is the idea that small investments, whether in stock, a 401(k) or other vehicles, may grow exponentially over the course of several decades. Of course, it’s also important to understand that investing involves risk, and values can move up and down with changing market conditions (learning that it is also possible to lose all or part of the amount invested). 5. Make the money conversation permanent. Get into the habit of talking to your kids about money. When they're on the computer, pull up a chair and walk through how to check their investment account holdings. Over time, an ongoing dialogue will teach them important lessons. They’ll learn how to make better financial decisions and they’ll gain confidence in their abilities. They’ll also learn that investing and money management don’t have to be complicated. Graduation time is a perfect opportunity to recognize young people’s accomplishments while instilling smart financial habits and confidence. Plus, having a financial stake in the “real world” can inspire new interests, offer opportunities to learn essential life skills, and help teenagers understand how the economy and markets have an impact on their future. This year, as you search for the perfect way to commemorate the occasion, why not forgo presents that will be quickly outdated, spent or lost, and give a gift that may help your graduate succeed throughout their

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/the-smarter-mutual-fund-investor/2014/07/10/give-your-graduate-the-gift-of-stock

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The northern Tuareg (the Tuareg of Algeria) - the nomadic, blue-veiled warlords of the Central Sahara - were finally defeated militarily by the French at the battle of Tit in 1902. Some sixty years later, following Algerian independence in 1962, they were visited by a young English anthropologist, Jeremy Keenan. During the course of seven years, Keenan studied their way of life, the social, political and economic changes that had taken place in their society since traditional, pre-colonial times, and their resistance and adaptation to the modernising forces of the new Algerian state. In 1999, following eight years during which Algeria's Tuareg were effectively isolated from the outside world as a result of Algeria's political crisis, Keenan returned to visit them once again. Following a further four years of study, he has written a series of eight essays that capture the key changes that have occurred amongst Algeria's Tuareg in the forty years since independence. |Publisher:||Taylor & Francis| |Series:||Cass Series--History and Society in the Islamic World| |Product dimensions:||5.80(w) x 8.40(h) x 0.80(d)| Table of Contents 1. From Tit (1902) to Tahilahi (2002) - A Reconsideration of the Impact of and Resistance to French Pacification and Colonial Rule by the Tuareg of Algeria (the Northern Tuareg) 2. Ethnicity, Regionalism and Political Stability in Algeria's Grand Sud 3. Dressing for the Occasion - Changes in the Symbolic Meanings of the Tuareg Veil 4. The End of the Matriline? The Changing Roles of Women and Descent amongst the Algerian Tuareg 5. The Last Nomads - Nomadism among the Tuareg of Ahaggar (Algerian Sahara) 6. The Lesser Gods of the Sahara 7. Contested Terrain - The Threat of Mass Tourism to the Environment and Cultural Heritage of Algeria's Saharan Regions

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

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Thermal Characteristics of Energized Coal Mine Trailing Cables. Proc the 9th WVU Int'l Mining Electrotechnology Conf 1988 :8 pages The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted research to determine the relationship between current load and temperature rises in coal mine trailing cables. Six low-voltage, unshielded, portable power cables were continuously and intermittently loaded with direct current of various magnitudes. Temperature rises within and on the cables were measured with thermocouples, and the data were recorded with a computer. Thermal time constants were calculated and fixed the periods of the duty cycle tests. Relationships between average temperature at the conductor-insulation interface and current load were established. The steady state and intermittent currents that produce a 90 deg. C average conductor-insulation temperature were then determined by mathematical modeling. Comparisons to Insulated Cable Engineers Association steady state ratings revealed that 10 to 25 pct more current is required to reach rated insulation temperature. Examination of the maximum intermittent temperatures attained showed that autoignition of coal dust and burns to personnel handling the cable would not be concerns if the temperature at the conductor-insulation interface averaged 90 deg. C. Proc. the 9th WVU Int'l Mining Electrotechnology Conf., 1988, PP. 178-185

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

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Video Graphics Array (VGA) and megapixel are resolution measurements. Both measurements use pixels (one dot in an image) as a unit of measurement. VGA is a resolution measurement for a computer monitor or a screen while a megapixel is a resolution measurement for digital photography and video. Concerning digital video and photography, megapixels measure the resolution of the image source, and VGA is a measurement of the resolution of the displayed image. A computer monitor running at VGA resolution displays a resolution of 640 pixels wide by 480 pixels high. While computer monitors typically support higher resolutions, VGA is still used as the lowest common denominator resolution that all monitors support. Different computer monitors can support different resolutions and aspect ratios (the size relationship between the width and height of a screen), which can create inconsistencies between programs. However, sharing a common denominator resolution will at least allow a program to support any monitor even if it is not being displayed at an optimal resolution. CRT monitors and screens are better at adjusting to different resolutions compared to LCD (flat screen) monitors, so LCD monitors that are built to run higher resolutions have difficulties running VGA resolution with a clear image. When computers first boot up they will display in VGA resolution before the operating system loads. Video of the Day A megapixel is 1 million pixels. Megapixels are commonly used to measure the resolution quality of a digital camera in a quantitative form. More megapixels mean a higher resolution image. Also, megapixels are useful for comparing the resolution of images that do not share a common aspect ratio. A camera's megapixel rating is more important for printing photographs than displaying them on a monitor. A digital photograph that has a 1 megapixel rating may look clear on a computer monitor, but will appear blocky if printed on 4-by-6-inch paper. Digital photographs are typically printed at 300 dots per inch. A formula to determine how many megapixels are needed to print an image based on size is: ((300 * inches wide) * (300 * inches high))/1,000,000. Comparing VGA and Megapixels While VGA and megapixels are used to measure different things, the two share equivalent resolutions. For example, a VGA screen has as many pixels as a 0.3 megapixel image, a HDTV running at 720p has as many pixels as 1 megapixel image, and a HDTV running at 1080p resolution has as many pixels as a 2 megapixel image. Video recording on a digital camera does not need as high of a megapixel count than photography that is intended for printing.

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Vary your protein routine. What foods are in the Protein Foods Group? Protein Foods include all foods made from seafood; meat, poultry, and eggs; beans, peas, and lentils; and nuts, seeds, and soy products. Beans, peas, and lentils are also part of the Vegetable Group. To learn more, visit the Beans, Peas, and Lentils page. Eat a variety of protein foods to get more of the nutrients your body needs. Meat and poultry choices should be lean or low-fat, like 93% lean ground beef, pork loin, and skinless chicken breasts. Choose seafood options that are higher in healthy fatty acids (called omega-3s) and lower in methylmercury, such as salmon, anchovies, and trout. If you are vegetarian or vegan, the advice to eat meat, poultry, and seafood does not apply to you. Vegetarian protein options include beans, peas, lentils, nuts, seeds, and soy products. More about the Protein Foods Group The table below lists amounts that count as 1 ounce-equivalent in the Protein Foods Group towards your daily recommended amount. Note: Click on the title row to expand the table. If you are on a mobile device, you may need to turn it to see the full table. *These are general recommendations by age. Find the right amount for you by getting your MyPlate Plan. |Daily Recommendation* in Ounce-Equivalents (oz-equiv)| |Toddlers||12 to 23 months||2 oz-equiv| 2 to 4 oz-equiv 3 to 5½ oz-equiv 4 to 6 oz-equiv 5 to 6½ oz-equiv 5 to 6½ oz-equiv 5½ to 7 oz-equiv 5 to 6½ oz-equiv 5 to 6 oz-equiv 5 to 6 oz-equiv 6½ to 7 oz-equiv 6 to 7 oz-equiv 5½ to 6½ oz-equiv This chart lists specific amounts that count as 1 ounce-equivalent (oz-equiv) in the Protein Foods Group towards your daily recommended intake: |Amount that counts as 1 oz-equiv in the Protein Foods Group| 1 ounce cooked lean beef, goat, ham, lamb, or pork 1 ounce cooked lean ground beef or pork 1 slice of luncheon or deli meats (beef, chicken, ham, pork, turkey) 1 ounce cooked game meats (bear, bison, deer, elk, moose, opossum, rabbit, venison) 1 ounce cooked organ meats 1 ounce cooked (without skin) chicken, ostrich, or turkey 2 ounces cooked Cornish hen, duck, goose, pheasant, or quail 1 sandwich slice of turkey or chicken breast (4½" x 2½" x ⅛") 1 ounce cooked finfish (black sea bass, catfish, cod, flounder, freshwater trout, haddock, hake, halibut, herring, light tuna, mackerel, mullet, perch, pollock, salmon, sea bass, snapper, sole, tilapia, whiting) 1 ounce cooked shellfish (clams, crab, crayfish, lobster, mussels, octopus, oysters, scallops, shrimp, squid (calamari) 1 ounce canned fish (anchovies, freshwater trout, herring, light tuna, salmon, sardines) 1 ½ egg whites (or 3 tablespoons liquid egg white product) |Nuts, seeds, and soy products|| ½ ounce of nuts (12 almonds, 24 pistachios, 7 walnut halves) ½ ounce of seeds (chia, flax, pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, or squash seeds) hulled, roasted 1 tablespoon of almond, cashew, peanut, or sunflower butter, or sesame paste (tahini) ¼ cup (about 2 ounces) of tofu 1 ounce tempeh, cooked |Beans, peas, and lentils|| ¼ cup of cooked beans, peas or lentils (such as bayo, black, brown, fava, garbanzo, kidney, lima, mung, navy, pigeon, pink, pinto, or soy, or white beans, or black-eyed peas (cow peas) or split peas, and red, brown, and green lentils) ¼ cup of baked beans or refried beans 1 falafel patty (2 ¼", 4 oz) 6 tablespoons hummus Why is it important to select a variety of choices from the Protein Foods Group? Protein foods provide nutrients important for maintaining your health and body. Many Americans get the right amount of protein needed from meat, poultry, and eggs, but do not meet the recommendations for seafood or nuts, seeds, and soy products. Meeting this can help increase the amount of important nutrients your body needs, like unsaturated fats, dietary fiber, and vitamin D. It also helps limit the amount of sodium and saturated fats from you get from processed meat and poultry. Meat, poultry, seafood, beans, peas, lentils, eggs, nuts, seeds, and soy products give the body many nutrients. These include protein, B vitamins (niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, and B6), vitamin E, iron, zinc, and magnesium. Some protein food choices are high in saturated fat. These include: - Fatty cuts of beef, pork, and lamb - Regular (75% to 85% lean) ground beef - Regular sausages, hot dogs, and bacon - Some luncheon meats such as regular bologna and salami - Some poultry such as duck To help keep saturated fat intake below 10% of daily calories, limit the amount of these foods you eat. - Proteins function as building blocks for bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. They are also building blocks for enzymes, hormones, and vitamins. Proteins are one of three nutrients that provide calories (the others are fat and carbohydrates). - Nutrients provided by various protein foods can differ. Varying your protein food choices can provide your body with a range of nutrients designed to keep your body functioning well. B vitamins help build tissue and aid in forming red blood cells. Iron can prevent anemia. Magnesium helps build bones and supports muscle function. Zinc can support your immune systems. - EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids found in varying amounts in seafood. Eating 8 ounces per week of seafood may help reduce the risk for heart disease. Vegetarian Choices in the Protein Foods Group Vegetarians get enough protein from this group as long as the variety and amounts of foods selected are adequate. Protein sources from the Protein Foods Group for vegetarians include eggs (for ovo-vegetarians); beans, peas, and lentils; nuts, seeds (including nut and seed butters), and soy products (tofu, tempeh). For more information on beans, peas, and lentils, see Beans, Peas, and Lentils page.

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CC-MAIN-2023-50

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