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Another key to accurate measurements is the ability to control and measure the amount of fluid displaced by small changes in the syringe plunger's position. For sample volumes <1 mL, a micrometer was used to control plunger position. Volumes from ~0.1–1.0 mL were measured with a 2.0-mL Gilmont syringe with built-in micrometer (Figure 1B, nominal resolution: 2.0 µL/division; Cole Parmer). For volumes <0.1 mL, one of a series of smaller syringes (250, 50, 25, or 10 µL, 1700LT series; Hamilton, Reno NV, USA) was selected. The Hamilton syringes were interchangeably mounted on a plexiglass platform, with the plunger tightly coupled to a manually driven micrometer (Daedal, now Parker Hannifin, Irwin, PA, USA) (Figure 1C, 10 µm/division). The micrometer resolutions were improved at least 3-fold by visually interpolating the micrometer scale position to one additional digit. As repeated handling of fragile samples should be minimized, it is important to choose syringe-micrometer combinations in advance that will be suitable for each approximate volume to be measured. The ability to discriminate small volume changes is largely determined by the syringe volume, the syringe length, and the micrometer resolution. These three parameters were combined as a single index that can be used to help select appropriate MVM configurations. Thus, for a known sample volume, Vs (in µL), an index of the MVM's overall resolution is Vs × (A ÷ B), where A is the syringe length per volume (µm/µL), and B (µm/division) is the distance the plunger moves per micrometer division. To illustrate its utility for correctly configuring the MVM, the accuracy of volume estimates for selected small reference standards was compared while using different syringes to change the value of this index.Comparing MVM and confocal volumes To help demonstrate the effectiveness of the MVM for measuring biological specimens, volumes of freshly dissected ant brains (Atta colombica [Formicidae]) were measured both by using the MVM and by confocal microscopy. Small worker ants were selected to provide brain volumes close to the smallest volume for which highly accurate measurements have been established (0.066 µL; see “Results and discussion” section). Brains were dissected in physiological saline and treated for 10–15 min with 2.5×10-5 M propidium iodide (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) to highlight cell nuclei. Osmotic stress can alter tissue volumes, so the saline should emulate the osmotic properties of fluids that surround the specimen in vivo. Since the ionic environment of ant brains is poorly known, we used a saline (150 mM NaCl, 24 mM KCl, 7.0 mM CaCl2, 4.0 mM MgCl2, 5.0 mM HEPES buffer, and 131 mM sucrose, pH 6.9–7.0) that emulates the ionic composition and osmolarity of culture media (13,14) known to keep dissociated insect neurons alive (including those of hymenopterans). Using the 559-nm laser of a confocal microscope (FV1000; Olympus, Miami, FL, USA), serial optical sections of a freshly dissected brain were obtained every 10 µm at 10× magnification. 3-D reconstruction software (15) was used subsequently to trace brain profiles in each optical section and compute the brain volume. Next, the brain was transferred with a small amount of saline to a small platform positioned ~1 mm from the fluid-filled MVM receptacle and visible under the dissecting microscope. The platform was covered with Parafilm (Pechiney Plastic Packaging Company, Chicago, IL, USA) to provide a hydrophobic surface, facilitating the removal of excess fluid and minimizing tissue adhesion. As an alternative to Parafilm, synthetic hydrophobic coatings (e.g., Gelest, Inc., Morrisville, PA, USA) may be useful. To avoid tissue shrinkage due to evaporation, a humid microchamber was created with a small piece of saline-soaked sponge, with a notch cut into one side and covered with a microscope coverslip. After first obtaining the pre-addition data from the MVM (see Figure 2B), the wet brain was transferred from the saline solution to the dry floor of the humidified microchamber. Excess saline was carefully removed under magnification by using a fine-tipped suction pipet pulled from a 1-mm capillary and connected to a Gilmont syringe. The isolated tissue was then quickly transferred with sharp forceps (Dumont no. 55; Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA, USA) into the MVM receptacle.

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

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It can be difficult for your doctor to diagnose co-occurring disorders and all the challenges you might face with this type of condition. Read on to learn more about co-occurring disorders and the kind of treatment that’s best for your recovery when you go to a rehab facility. What is a Co-Occurring Disorder (Dual Diagnosis)? A person who is suffering from a co-occurring disorder has a substance abuse disorder and a mental health disorder. Another term for this is a dual diagnosis. Those with a co-occurring disorder usually have a mental health disorder initially. It’s very common for a person who has a substance abuse problem to have a mood or anxiety disorder. This could include depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, or anxiety disorder. Those with a mood or anxiety disorder might think doing drugs or alcohol can numb their feelings or help them cope with their PTSD issues. They believe the effects of alcohol or drugs is the solution to their problems and will make their emotional pain or struggles go away. Ignoring the issues of a mental health disorder and using drugs isn’t the solution to anyone’s problems. In fact, as reported by Behavioral Health Evolution, using drugs and alcohol will only make your particular mental health disorder worse. Therefore, people who are suffering from a mental health disorder should seek professional help before they develop an addiction to drugs. Therapy and prescription medications will help you live a healthier lifestyle. However, this doesn’t always end in proper treatment for your mental health. People could end up abusing and becoming dependent on those drugs and alcohol substances to get through a rough day at work. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, about 50 percent of people have a severe mental disorder and also suffer from a substance abuse disorder. People around you could be silently suffering from a mental illness because they are ashamed or don’t realize how much their anxiety disorder is impacting their drug abuse. Why are Co-Occurring Disorders Hard to Diagnose? It can be hard for a doctor to accurately diagnose their patient who has a co-occurring disorder. A person who is experiencing symptoms of a substance abuse disorder can have similar mental health disorder symptoms and vice versa. Those who have depression can portray interchangeable symptoms from drugs they’ve become hooked on. Having issues in the workplace, a quick decline in physical health, or unusual changes in weight are all signs of an alcohol abuse problem. However, the same could be said for depression being the primary cause of these erratic behaviors. Only you can help reveal the truth behind your actions on whether an underlying mental health disorder is an additional cause for the events unraveling in your life. Your family members might see the alcohol or drug abuse and automatically assume it’s a substance abuse issue. Having a mental health issue is easier to hide from your loved ones so you might think that it is better than being vulnerable to them. Some people might not like expressing their mental health issues to others. However, hiding those mental health disorders from yourself and others can prevent you from fully recovering from your co-occurring disorder. You might also be in the dark on what type of mental illness you have, especially if you’ve never been to the doctor for it. Being honest with your doctor can allow them to diagnose you accurately. Co-Occurring Disorders Treatment If you have a co-occurring disorder, researching rehab treatment centers and treatment plans they offer before going to one can be very beneficial for your overall recovery. You could end up facing several challenges when you seek professional help, so it’s always best to know what to expect when you are trying to get your life back. Challenges in Treating Co-Occurring Disorders Many people who have a mental health disorder interrupting their life think they can self-medicate with drugs and alcohol and not have to face having to get a professional therapist to diagnose their PTSD or bipolar disorder. Of course, a person might also deny they have a drug or alcohol addiction since they can excuse it as their own sense of treatment for their mental health disorder. This type of reasoning could prevent them from accepting their drug addiction and cause them to refuse any rehab treatment. Those who have co-occurring disorders might not always get a correct diagnosis from their doctor or at a rehab facility. Most people aren’t treated the way they should since rehab centers might only address one of the disorders they are suffering from instead of both. By just treating the substance abuse disorder, you will likely end up relapsing in the future since your anxiety or depression will cause you to go back to your old habits of using drugs and alcohol. It can also make your mental state much worse as a result. When a person stops using drugs and alcohol, it can aggravate those mental health issues more than usual. Your body is used to those drugs affecting your mental state, so lack of drugs can wreak havoc when you are no longer under the influence of those drugs. As a result, you won’t be able to entirely recover from your dual diagnosis. Treating Co-Occurring Disorders So, you might be wondering: what type of treatment plan is more effective and the best one for you? An integrated treatment plan can be beneficial in treating people who have co-occurring disorders. According to Behavioral Health Evolution, an effective treatment plan involves both disorders being treated at the same time, place, and by the same treatment team. If your doctor decides only to treat one disorder, the other one will grow worse as time progresses. This co-occurring disorder treatment allows your doctor to diagnose and treat both disorders. Having a qualified therapist for dual diagnosis treatment is essential in making sure that both of them are being handled properly. An inexperienced therapist might not be able to differentiate between your drug addiction and your mental health disorder. Of course, this could also take some time when you go to rehab, so be prepared for a lengthy time to recover. As stated by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, you need to have a long-term treatment plan to fully recover and prevent future relapses from happening. Everyone is different for their recovery time but having a mental health disorder and a substance abuse disorder can take more time to heal than if you just had one of those disorders plaguing your health. Do you suspect you have a co-occurring disorder? You might face difficult challenges along the way to recovery but having the best treatment by a qualified therapist will allow you to get your life back on track once again. There’s always hope in fighting your dual diagnosis, so don’t start thinking this is going to be too hard to get through.

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Apr. 7, 2008 Scientists are beginning to develop a clearer picture of what makes some people stand head and shoulders above the rest. A team of researchers who last year identified the first common version of a gene influencing height has now identified a further twenty regions of the genome which together can make a height difference of up to 6cm. The results, published together with two independent studies in the journal Nature Genetics, mean that scientists now know of dozens of genes and genetic regions that influence our height. This provides scientists with a fascinating insight into how the body grows and develops normally and may shed light on diseases such as osteoarthritis and cancer. Unlike a number of other body size characteristics such as obesity, which is caused by a mix of genetic and environmental factors (so called "nature and nurture"), 90 per cent of normal variation in human height is due to genetic factors rather than, for example, diet. Last year, a team of researchers including Dr Tim Frayling from the Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, and Professor Mark McCarthy from the University of Oxford identified the first common gene variant to affect height, though it made a difference of only 0.5cm. Now, using DNA samples from over 30,000 people, many taken from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium -- the largest study ever undertaken into the genetics underlying common diseases -- and from the Cambridge Genetics of Energy Metabolism (GEM) consortium and the CoLaus Study in Switzerland, the researchers have identified 20 loci (regions of genetic code), common variations of which influence adult height. "The number and variety of genetic regions that we have found show that height is not just caused by a few genes operating in the long bones" says Dr Frayling. "Instead, our research implicates genes that could shed light on a whole range of important biological processes. "By identifying which genes affect normal growth, we can begin to understand the processes that lead to abnormal growth -- not just height disorders but also tumour growth, for example." Half of the new loci identified by Dr Frayling and colleagues contain genes whose functions are well documented. Some help regulate basic cell division, which may have implications for cancer research: unregulated cell division can lead to the growth of tumours. Other genes are implicated in cell-to-cell signalling, an important process in the early development of embryos in the womb. Yet others are so-called "master regulators", acting as switches to turn genes elsewhere in the genome on or off. One locus in particular is also implicated in osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis involving the effects of wear and tear on the body's structures. This locus reinforces a similar link identified by a previous study, and may be involved in the growth of cartilage. However, of the twenty loci identified by Dr Frayling and colleagues, half contain genes about which little or nothing is known. The researchers compare these findings to their work last year which identified the first common gene for obesity, the FTO gene. Even though the gene has been shown without a doubt to be influence body size, its role is still unclear. "There may be more than a hundred genes which affect our height, many of which will work in surprising or unpredictable ways," says Dr Mike Weedon, lead author on the paper. "The challenge now for us is to understand how they influence growth in the body. This could open up new avenues for treating a range of diseases." Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Learn more about BMI or body mass index, including a BMI Calculator, BMI Tables, and BMI Growth Charts for boys and girls. - Understanding BMI Review how to calculate and interpret your child's body mass index or BMI to help determine if he is overweight, underweight, or at a healthy weight. - BMI Tables New recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics call for health professionals to calculate and record children's body mass index at yearly well child checks. My new Children's BMI Tables make finding child's BMI easy. - Childhood Obesity Obesity in kids has reached epidemic levels. Experts estimate that 15% of kids are overweight and another 15% are at risk of becoming overweight. And two thirds of these overweight kids will become overweight adults. Learn to prevent obesity and help your kids stay at a more healthy weight. - How Many Calories Are in a Pound of Fat? Understanding how many calories it takes to gain a pound of fat can help you understand how your kids become overweight so quickly. - Calorie Calculator This Calorie Calculator will help you determine how many calories that you and your kids need each day. - Who's to Blame for Childhood Obesity? Obesity in kids is a new epidemic. Who's to blame? Fast food? TV? Soft Drinks? Snacks? Video Games? You? - Ideal Body Weight Calculator Parents often wonder if their children are overweight, underweight or just right. Using our ideal body weight calculator, you can figure out if your child is at an appropriate weight for his or her height. The ideal body weight calculator also works for adults!

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Table of Content |Nguyên - Phân tử khối (g/mol)| |Khối lượng (g)| No information found for this chemical equation Explanation: The ideal environmental conditions for a reaction, such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, and solvent. Catalysts are substances that speed up the pace (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or becoming part of the end product. Catalysts have no effect on equilibrium situations. In a full sentence, you can also say CH3CHO (acetaldehyde) reacts with H2O (water) and produce C2H5OH ((c2h5)2nh diethylamine) This equation does not have any specific information about phenomenon. In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance C2H5OH ((c2h5)2nh diethylamine), appearing at the end of the reaction. Or if any of the following reactant substances H2O (water), disappearing We no further information about this chemical reactions. Handpicked Products Essential while Working from Home! acetaldehyde2CH3CHO + O2 → 2CH3COOH 4AgNO3 + 3CH3CHO + 5NH3 → 4Ag + 3NH4NO3 + 3CH3COONH4 CH3CHO + H2O → C2H5OH View all equations with CH3CHO as reactant waterCO + H2O + PdCl2 → 2HCl + CO2 + Pd Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O → 3CO2 + 2Fe(OH)3 2H2O + 2KMnO4 + 5SO2 → 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 View all equations with H2O as reactant waterHCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl 3NH4NO3 + CH2 → 7H2O + 3N2 + CO2 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 → 6H2O + 6NH3 + Ba3(PO4)2 View all equations with H2O as product Interesting Information Only Few People Knows

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An American Haunting | 2006 Based on a true state-documented case that took place during the 1800s. Between the years 1818-1820, the Bell family of Red River, Tennessee was visited by an unknown presence that haunted the family and eventually caused the death of one of its members. What started as small sounds around the farm and the sighting of a black, yellow-eyed wolf escalated into physical brutality against certain family members and general psychological and physical torment. The attacks grew in strength, with the spirit slapping, pulling, dragging, and even beating the Bells' youngest daughter. Though no being could be seen, its effects were evident. It began to communicate with the family aurally, eventually through multiple voices that sounded like the wind. One message it communicated was a promise that one day it would kill one of the family members. The Bells searched for rational explanations and ways to rid their house of the evil chimera, but its presence persisted. Fearing that the haunting was caused by a local woman who had been branded a witch, the Bells tried desperately to find ways of undoing what they thought to be the woman's curse, presumably placed upon the family in retaliation for a land dispute. Despite their efforts the attacks escalated. It was not until a manuscript of the local schoolteacher, who lived on the property during the disturbance, was found in 1998 that the horrifying and shocking answer to what caused this haunting would finally be unveiled.

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Water rates have risen in Mason City but according to City Clerk Gail Zoerb, almost no one is complaining. The higher water bills are paying for a solution to what could have been a catastrophe in the making. Mason City residents were using far more water than the old well could keep up with. The rusty, hole-filled well was on the brink of collapse leaving the community completely high and dry. Mason City's water system, its well and its tower were older than dirt, claimed Mason City Utility/Maintance Manager Gary Zoerb, when asked when the original well and tower were built. Mason City’s water woes escalated when high demand put serious strain on their solitary well. Gary remarked that this small community of approximately 170 residents was consuming nearly 350,000 gallons per day. Seriously concerned if the well would continue to take the stress, the Mason City village board put a moratorium on water usage. Residents east of Main Street would be allowed to water their lawns on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Residents west of Main Street could water on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday with no one allowed to water on Sunday. The moratorium cut water usage but was only a temporary solution. In 2006, Mason City received a grant for a planning study to determine how to fix water their problem. The study determined there was definitely a need for a new well. The village board voted to apply for a water grant, which they did with the help of Miller & Associates. Mason City ultimately won the grant and in 2008 were awarded $943,00 from USDA Rural Development and the DED (Department of Economic Development) to construct a new municipal well, pump station and high pressure distribution loop, and to install a new water storage tank. Part of the grant ($328,800) came in the form of a 40-year bond which would need to be paid back. As part of the agreement accompanying the government grant money, the village was required to install meters on every property that would be using water. The USDA also established a recommended water usage rate residents would need pay for their water to ensure the bond was paid back on time. As the meters were installed, Gary said he got on the phone and called everyone who had property to ask if they wanted water, and this included several owners who lived outside of Mason City. He said he contacted property owners in Kearney, California, and an owner in Idaho who has four properties in Mason City. If the property owner wanted to have water, they would have to install a meter. No one would be allowed water without a meter. This was something Gary and Gail emphasized several times throughout Tuesday’s interview with the Chief. “Everyone who has water, has a meter,” she said. “If they don’t have a meter, they don’t have water.” The new water rate increased the household (and/or business) bill from a flat fee of $16 a month (plus 35 cents per head for any livestock over five head per property) to $20 a month base fee, plus one dollar per thousand gallons used. “It’s only right to pay for what you use,” said Gail. Even metered properties that have the water turned off still need to pay the base fee of $20. For example, the Zoerbs have four properties and pay for four meters plus usage even though not all of the properties are currently in use. Gary originally estimated that most residents would pay approximately $25 a month with the new water rate plans when he made the calls. He said that almost no balked at accepting to have their places metered, even those with properties with no renters in place. These fees have really helped, said Gail. “It takes everything we get to make the payments,” she added. With the grants in place, Mason City first installed the new well on Main Street to serve the entire community. When completed, they found they had enough grant money left over to replace the decades old well in the park. It was in the original plan to completely overhaul their 100-year-old water tower. “And its a good thing we did,” said Gary. “When they pulled the old well, the casings had holes the size of a dime. And gobs of rust the size of my fist. It would have only been a matter of a year or two before we would have had to replace the well, and then we wouldn’t have had the grant money. We really lucked out,” he said. The two wells now work in tandem to insure the village always is supplied with water no matter what the demand. The metering process has been a long one. Although many of the meters were installed early in the process, they only becoming fully functional in January 2011. Gary reads the meters with an electronic meter reader, and those whose sensors have stopped working, Gary reads manually. Replacements have been ordered. He also watches out for any high usage and gives the property owner a call to make them aware of the situation, and rereads the meter to make sure it registered correctly. “People have come to the realization that to keep the bill down, they will need to not have a leaky faucet,” he said, adding that to date, they haven’t had any outstanding water bills, nor any excessive usage. Mason City resident Joan Cox said it has been nice to not have to worry about working out a schedule for watering around assigned days, especially for those who are gone quite a bit. She says she hasn’t noticed that much of an increase, she has always been careful. What is even nicer this year, she said, is that with the nice rains, she has hardly had to water at all.

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In Switzerland, two pioneers are coming closer and closer to a flight around the world powered only by solar energy. It doesn't make good business sense, physics sense, or much of any kind of sense, to try to fly an airplane on solar power. Not yet. With the state of the technology, and how relatively young the solar sector still is, such an endeavor would be considered quixotic today—let alone in 2003, when Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg, co-founders of Solar Impulse, announced they would design a solar-powered aircraft and fly it around the world. It would be a statement, they said, about our global dependence on fossil fuels and the untapped promise of burgeoning green technologies. The Swiss pilot-entrepreneurs were after "perpetual flight": a plane that could climb to 9,000 feet and fly on the sun's energy by day, then descend below cloud cover to lower altitudes, where it would cruise on stored battery power by night. It was a long shot. And yet seven years of innovation later, the 70-person Solar Impulse team is nearing its goal. youris.com provides its content to all media free of charge. We would appreciate if you could acknowledge youris.com as the source of the content.

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Helping Gifted Students Make Connections Welcome back to Lighting the Way: Teaching the Gifted Child. The past few weeks we have been discussing current brain research and how it influence gifted education. I hope you have enjoyed the previous posts. This week we are going to discuss how learning actually occurs in the minds of the gifted. Learning is the process of connecting one idea with another. The learning process does not depend upon the intellectual ability of the student. Dr. Pat Wolfe (Laureate, 2012) found that learning occurs when brain cells talk to each other. Dr. Siemens (Laureate, 2012) further explained that the act of learning is the process of creating and navigating a vast array of networks with in the brain. These networks are comprised of neurons that transmit information to other neurons via the axon. The axon is a tiny, rod looking part of a neuron that connects to other neurons. The information is received by a neuron through its dendrites. Wolfe (Laureate, 2012) found every neuron has between 6,000 to 10,000 dendrites. Gross (2013) found gifted children produce more neurons in the brain than their non-gifted counterparts. This allows for the gifted students to process more complex thoughts. Munro (2013) found the network of neurons within gifted children were more complex than there non-gifted peers allowing for more greater activation in different parts of the brain. The complexity of these networks differs in each gifted child providing a different are of expertise. One of the most widespread myths about gifted students is that they can teach Asher, J. (2006) Cortex Matures Faster in Youth with Highest IQ. Retrieved from National Institute of Health website: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2006/cortex-matures-faster-in-youth-with-highest-iq.shtml Bruning, R. H., Schraw, G. J., & Norby, M. M. (2011). Cognitive psychology and instruction (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Butnik, S (May/June 2013). Understanding, Diagnosing and Coping with Slow Processing Speed. Retrieved from http://www.davidsongifted.org/db/Articles_id_10782.aspx Geake, J. (2009). The Brain at School: Educational Neuroscience in the Classroom. Retrieved from ttps://books.google.com/books?id=jwNFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=gifted+parietal&source=bl&ots=4WKKXCPmQP&sig=Fh0idjpigXrKyD5uo-Txm1T08BY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCWoVChMIr-CgwbCQxgIVCBmSCh0cowJU#v=onepage&q=gifted%20parietal&f=false Gross, G. (2013, October 21). Who is the gifted Child [Web log post]? Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-gail-gross/who-is-the-gifted-child_b_4119720.html Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Anatomy of the brain. Baltimore, MD: Author Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Connectivism learning theory. Baltimore MD: Author. Monru, J. (2013). High-Ability Learning and Brain Processes:How Neuroscience can help us to understand how gifted and talented students learn and the implication for teaching. Paper presented a the Research Conference, Australia Mrazik, M., & Dombrowski, S. C. (2010). The Neurobiological Foundations of Giftedness. Roeper Review, 32(4), 224-234. doi:10.1080/02783193.2010.508154 Sword, L. (2011). I think in pictures, you teach in words: The gifted visual-spatial learner. Tall Poppies Retrieved from http://www.giftedchildren.org.nz/national/article4.php Treffinger, D (Ed.). (2003). Creativity and Giftedness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

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Cardamom, also spelled cardamon, consists of entire or floor-dried culmination, or seeds, of Elettaria cardamomum, a herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger circle of ginger relatives (Zingiberaceae). The seeds have barely intense heat and relatively fragrant flavor rather than harking back to camphor. They are popular in South Asian dishes, particularly curries and Scandinavian pastries. The call cardamom now and again carries out to different similar spices of the ginger family (Amomum, Aframomum, Alpinia) used in cuisines of Africa and Asia or as business adulterants of authentic cardamoms. Leafy shoots of the cardamom plant stand up 1.5 to six meters (five to twenty feet) from the branching rootstock. Approximately 1 meter (three feet), flowering shoots can be upright or sprawling. Each bears numerous flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter with greenish petals and a red-veined white lip. The whole fruit, zero.8 to 1.5 cm, is an inexperienced 3-sided oval capsule containing 15 to 20 darkish, reddish-brown to brownish-black, hard, angular seeds. The crucial oil occurs in massive parenchyma chambers underlying the skin of the seed fur. The actual grease content varies from 2 to ten percent. Its most important components are cineole and α-terpinyl acetate. Farming and Processing The cardamom result can amass from wild vegetation native to the moist forests of southern India; however, most cardamom cultivates in India, Sri Lanka, and Guatemala. The result is picked or clipped from the stems simply before adulthood, cleansed, and dried within the sun or in a heated curing chamber. Cardamom may bleach to a creamy white coloration within the vapors of burning sulfur. After smoking and drying, the small stems of the capsules eliminate by winnowing. Decorticated cardamom consists of husked dried seeds. What are the Health Benefits of Cardamom? It is a spice that humans have used in cooking and medicinal drugs for hundreds of years. Initially a not unusual component in Middle Eastern and Arabic foods, it has also won recognition within the west. It comes from the seeds of numerous unique flowers belonging to the same family as ginger. It has a different flavor that complements both candy and savory dishes. People may also use cardamom seeds and pods in curries, desserts, meat dishes, and beverages, consisting of espresso and chai tea. People may also take cardamom as a complement for its fitness advantages. It incorporates phytochemicals that have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial houses. People may purchase it as: - Entire seed pods with the interior of the seed - Also, Pre-floor cardamom spice powder, which producers produce from seeds - An important oil - An herbal complement, generally within the form of a capsule Researchers have performed numerous small research on it, which endorse some fitness blessings. Although these research are promising, significant, and managed, human studies are essential before healthcare experts advocate cardamom to treat scientific problems. Some Health Benefits are - Antimicrobial Potential - Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes - Also, Heart Health - Oral Fitness - Liver Health - Anticancer Residences - Ulcer Prevention Nutritional Value of Cardamom It consists of several nutrients and minerals and a few fibers. It is also shallow in sugars and calories. Permitting to the Department of Agriculture, one tablespoon of ground cardamom contains the following nutrients: - Calories: 18 - Entire Fats: 0.Four grams (g) - Carbohydrates: 4. Zero-g - Fiber: 1.6 g - Protein: zero.6 g It additionally incorporates the Subsequent Quantities of Vitamins and Minerals: - Potassium: 64.9 milligrams (mg) - Calcium: 22.2 mg - Iron: zero.81 mg - Magnesium: 13. Three mg - Phosphorus: 10. Three mg Risks and Side Effects There are not any reported dangers of the use of cardamom in cooking or any known adverse aspects consequences. Using cardamom as a spice and flavor manager is safe for most people. There isn’t any established dosage for taking cardamom as a supplement. Many cardamom drugs or pills list dosages of four hundred–500 mg of dried herb in step with the tablet. Before taking cardamom pills or other natural dietary supplements, someone needs to communicate with a healthcare expert. Although many of its fitness blessings need similarly examined, it is safe for most people to soak up moderate amounts. It’s herbal phytochemicals have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory talents that might enhance health. However, it’s far too early to mention whether this spice can deal with any fitness conditions.

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Kidney Stones and Your Treatment Options Kidney stones are a relatively common problem, affecting approximately two in 20 women and three in 20 men. They are solid material, consisting of salts and minerals which form into hard crystals. They can be small enough to simply pass through body through the urinary system undetected, without causing pain. However, some kidney stones become large enough to causes blockages, which occur in the ureter (the tube connecting the kidney to the bladder) and the urethra (the tube through which urine passes to leave the body). Typically, the first symptom of kidney stones is cramping and pain, which is often severe and develops very quickly. Fortunately, there are good, established treatment options, depending upon the size and location of your stones. What are the causes of kidney stones? The kidneys have an important role in the body to clean the blood by filtering out waste products and water to make urine. Kidney stones can develop if there is a build-up of minerals or salts, your body struggles to break them down and they form crystals. - Dehydration is one of the most widely recognised causes of kidney stones. You should drink six to eight glasses of fluid each day, ideally water or clear fluids. Coffee and tea can contribute to the problem - A high level of red meat consumption is a risk factor, together with chocolate and peanuts (foods containing oxolates). Although some people can eat these foods without developing kidney stones, if you have a predisposition to this problem, dietary changes can be very helpful - Urinary tract infections increase your risk of this problem - There may be an increased risk due to lack of exercise Kidney Stone Treatment options This is the most minimally invasive approach to treatment but is only appropriate for people who have small to medium sized stones. Known medically as Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL), it involves breaking up the deposits using high energy shock waves. Once broken into fragments, they can be passed out of the body in the urine, thus avoiding any surgery or incisions. This is the next level approach which may be used if a stone is more than 1cm in diameter, if it is located in the lower part of the kidney or if lithotripsy has been used and has not been successful. A thin telescope containing a laser is passed up through the bladder and urethra to the kidney to precisely target the stone and break it up. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) This is the approach used for stones that are large, difficult to reach, or very hard and unresponsive to other treatments. It is a form of keyhole surgery, making a small incision in the lower back in order to reach and break up the stone. Metabolic tests and ongoing prevention Unfortunately, if you have one occurrence, your chance of developing the same problem are increased. Therefore, it is very important to: - Have metabolic investigations to establish what type of stones you have developed; this will inform an ongoing prevention strategy - Your urologist needs to work with you to develop an prevention strategy, encompassing fluid intake, diet and any other factors which may help you reduce the risk of the same problem reoccurring.

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The moment you are born, your health information would follow you. A comprehensive health record attached to you, a vast health history attached to you and easily accessible, would trail you like a magnetic cape, capturing all your vital signs, doctor visits, medical tests, diagnoses, prescriptions, and hospital stays. Unfortunately, the world has not yet developed a system to track the volume of health data you generate. As a result, you must gather it on your own, stitching together a patchwork of medical minute details and milestones spanning decades. Kelly Batista, executive director of the Brian D. Jellison Cancer Institute at Sarasota Memorial Health Care System in Florida, says it can become overwhelming and can feel like an additional burden. Make use of patient portals Patient portals allow you to access your medical information through a particular provider’s secure website. “These portals contain information about your medical history, your test results, and your interactions with the provider. You can also communicate with providers, ask questions, and srtals alschedule appointments,” Batista says. You can do the following with POO: - During or after your visit, your doctor may have written notes. - You can download your medical records. - View your provider’s prescriptions and request refills. - You need to make payments to your provider. - Keep your insurance information up-to-date. - (Depending on the provider) Take part in telehealth visits. Some portals even allow users to add their own health observations. Consumers can use it to document information that isn’t accessible to the care team. For example, they can say what If If you have a fitness tracker, you can add information about your mood.’s a repository where you can keep all of that information in one location,” says Rema Padman, a health care informatics, analytics and operations researcher and Trustees Professor of Management Science and Healthcare Informatics at Carnegie Mellon University. Mobile health apps can be used You can add mood information to fitness trackers by using pps – apps or programs that you download to your smartphone. Over 300,000 health apps track walking, sleep, fitness, diet, and chronic diseases like diabetes. In addition to tracking health conditions, these apps are helpful for managing day-to-day events,” says Padman. “Health care providers are also using apps and wearables to monitor patients at high risk for adverse events, so they can intervene early and prevent hospitalizations or emergency room visits.” You can also upload information from your fitness tracker or mood tracker. It has the same functions you’ll find on the website, like communicating with your medical team, scheduling appointments, and updating information. That can be handy when you’re on the go or you’re at a doctor’s appointment and need to share information with someone who doesn’t have access to it. The information from your patient portal may also be able to be downloaded to other mobile health apps, such as those that help you manage chronic diseases or pregnancy. That way, you’ll have more information in one place. You can track your health information by having physical copies of your medical records. To obtain these, you will need to request them from a provider, pick them up personally or have them mailed to you. Keeping paper records organized in folders, boxes, or 3-ring binders is helpful once you obtain them. “For instance, a three-ring binder with tabs can easily organize a patient’s medical information in categories such as allergies, medications, diagnostic scans, and lab work. When patients assemble their own binder, they can easily reorganize and modify it as needed. In addition to adding a calendar to binders, patients can also keep track of their upcoming appointments and events,” says Alexis Eastes, a patient navigator based in Venice, Florida. or your doctor’s reference.

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Knowledge of how the brain responds to weight loss and weight gain is advancing research toward the development of effective treatments for obesity, anorexia and other weight disorders. In a review article appearing in the June 19 New England Journal of Medicine, Drs. Michael Schwartz and Randy Seeley of the University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center and VA Puget Sound Health Care System provide an overview of research into weight regulation and the role of neuroendocrine responses. “By identifying the brain’s response to weight loss in the body we can begin to understand how a person’s body weight is normally controlled,” said Schwartz. “This points the way to potential treatments that may successfully help people control their body weight.” The authors note that central to research on weight regulation is an understanding of how the hormones leptin and insulin affect the body’s metabolic functions. This includes the activation of neuropeptide Y, a brain chemical that is a potent stimulator of food intake. “It appears that leptin and insulin can block signals in the brain that trigger normal responses to weight loss, including the increase of food intake,” said Schwartz. “Problems with weight regulation, including obesity and weight loss, can occur due to disorders in these hormonal pathways.” The authors note that weight gain after dieting may be linked to a reduction in the levels of leptin and insulin, hormones that curb appetite and are needed to maintain stable weight. Supplementing leptin in such persons (research currently in clinical trials) may therefore attenuate responses to weight loss and help in maintaining a stable weight. Disturbances in the control of body weight occurring within the central nervous system may also contribute to weight loss associated with illness, such as AIDS or cancer. Schwartz explains that while a person who is dieting or is forced to skip a meal normally becomes hungry, people with such illnesses do not receive the neuronal signals triggering appetite. “These differences will remain the focus of continued research,” Schwartz notes. “If we can first understand and identify the normal responses in the brain, we should be able to find ways to fix those instances where signals go awry and result in weight loss or weight gain.”

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CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.washington.edu/news/1997/06/17/how-the-brain-knows-when-the-body-loses-weight-research-provides-clues-about-the-role-of-the-nervous-system-in-regulating-body-fat/

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NOVA; This Old Pyramid Has no lower thirds but all remaining packaging. One hour version More material is available from this program at the WGBH Archive. If you are a researcher interested in accessing the collection at WGBH, please email [email protected]. Undigitized item: Request Digitization Untranscribed item: Request Transcription - This Old Pyramid - Program Number - Series Description Premiered March 1974 NOVA is a general-interest documentary series that addresses a single science issue each week. Billed as "science adventures for curious grown-ups" when it first aired in March, 1974, NOVA continues to offer an informative and entertaining approach to a challenging subject. 1996 marked NOVA's 23rd season, which makes it the longest-running science program on national television. It is also one of television's most acclaimed series, having won every major television award, most of them many times over. Series release date: 3/3/1974 - Program Description This program reveals the ancient secrets of how pyramids were built by actually building one. A noted archaeologist and Egyptologist, Mark Lehner, and a professional stonemason, Roger Hopkins (of "This Old House") join forces in constructing a real pyramid on location in Egypt - using the same conjectured methods used over 4,000 years ago - with the Great Pyramid of Giza looming in the distance as daunting inspiration. Pyramid enthusiast, Martin Isler of Connecticut, and French chemist, Joseph Davidovits are featured theorists. - Asset Type - Media Type - Chicago: “NOVA; This Old Pyramid,” 12/18/1996, WGBH Media Library & Archives, accessed October 22, 2017, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_EF6E8EF153844B0DA729BF968E36D4A5. - MLA: “NOVA; This Old Pyramid.” 12/18/1996. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Web. October 22, 2017. <http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_EF6E8EF153844B0DA729BF968E36D4A5>. - APA: NOVA; This Old Pyramid. Boston, MA: WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved from http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_EF6E8EF153844B0DA729BF968E36D4A5

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The past couple of weeks, you may have been watching the Olympics! It's pretty amazing to see some of the best athletes in the world compete! Of course, not all of us are at that level. So why is fitness important? Think about it. Sure, you have to be fit to do well in sports, but not everyone cares about sports, and that's okay! What’s the incentive to stay fit? Facts about fitness: - People who exercise frequently have healthier hearts. - Healthier hearts are less likely to have heart disease or strokes. - Exercising causes your body to release endorphins, which then make you feel better! Some runners describe this as a “runner’s high.” All I know is that whenever I’m having a bad day and I exercise, I am in a better mood afterwards! More reasons to exercise: - Strengthens your muscles - Improves mental health - Strengthens heart muscles - Counteracts unwanted weight gain - Reduces some health risks, such as diabetes and depression - Increases endurance and energy There are many ways to determine fitness, such as VO2 max (oxygen used while exercising at capacity), flexibility, body fat percentage, etc. But today, we are going to focus on heart rate. Vo2 max testing: Normal resting heart rates: - Infants: 100-160 beats per minute - Children 1-10 years old: 70-120 beats per minute - Over 10: 60-100 beats per minute How can you improve your heart health? Now that you know a little bit about heart health and why it’s important, let’s test our resting heart rate! (Use the data sheet below to record your results) - Data sheet - Clock or stopwatch Use this video to help you find your pulse if you have trouble: - Place two fingers on the inside of your wrist to find your pulse. If you have a difficult time locating your pulse, place two fingers on your neck, just below your jaw. Whether you choose to use your wrist or your neck, continue to use the same spot for the rest of the activity, for sake of consistency. - Have your partner watch the clock for 15 seconds. In those 15 seconds, you should count how many beats you feel. Record your results. - Repeat step 2 two more times. - Average the three results, and then multiply by 4 to calculate your average resting heart rate in beats/minute. Next, you are going to figure out your heart recovery rate. Predict: How long do you think it will take your heart to return to its resting rate? YOU WILL DO - Do 50 jumping jacks. - Find your pulse in the same spot that you used earlier. - Have your partner watch the clock for 15 seconds while you count your beats. - Record in your data sheet in the column titled, “Pulse Rate (Beats per 15 seconds).” - Continue to take your pulse every minute for 7 minutes and record results in your data sheet. - Multiply each result by 4 to find your beats per minute for each minute recorded. Record in table titled, “Pulse Rate per Minute (Beats Per 15 Seconds x 4).” Now, you are going to graph your heart recovery rate: - Open Microsoft Excel, or other spreadsheet program, on a computer - Create two columns: one for time (in minutes), the other for Change in heartrate over your resting rate (in Beats per Minute). Your spreadsheet will look something like this: - Run one mile as fast as you can (if you don’t have access to a track, set a certain distance, such as around the block). - Find your heart recovery rate. - Repeat weekly to see how you improve your time AND your heart recovery rate! - Do as many pushups as you can. - Find your heart recovery rate. - Repeat weekly to see how you increase your number AND decrease your heart recovery rate! Are there certain activities that you recover from quicker? Try out different exercises and compare recovery rates. Why does heart recovery rate even matter? How could having a slower recovery time affect you? Images and videos, in order of appearance: Memorial Hermann, 2013. VO2 max test: What to expect. Uploaded from Youtube on 8/21/2016. https://youtu.be/fn3Yr-LS_l0 Nova, 2007. Marathon challenge. Uploaded from pbs.org on 8/21/2016. No changes were made. eHow, 2009. Hospital basics: How to check your heart rate. Uploaded from Youtube.com on 8/21/2016. https://youtu.be/Wda4MeCSYyE Excel images and instructions created by Dr. Erin Nyren-Erickson.

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Whether to cancel or modify games or practices in high heat or humidity depends on the air temperature and the humidity (apparent temperature), which can be measured with a wet bulb thermometer (1). In deciding when to cancel or modify games or practices due to high heat or humidity, keep in mind the following: - Hot, dry weather can be extremely dangerous. Because sweat evaporates very quickly in such conditions, your child won't feel sweaty, and neither you nor your child may recognize how much water he or she has lost. - As the relative humidity increases, the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body decreases. - When the relative humidity is high, sweat drips off the skin so that the cooling benefit of evaporation is lost even at cooler temperatures, resulting in a build-up of body heat. Modify or cancel games or practices based on the air temperature and the humidity (apparent temperature), which can be measured with a wet bulb thermometer available at hardware stores, as follows: - For wet bulb readings below 66 F (or when the relative humidity is 95% or higher, regardless of wet bulb reading), no precautions are needed, but watch closely children who are prone to heat illness. - If the wet bulb temperature is between 66 F and 78 F (or when the relative humidity is 95% or higher, regardless of wet bulb reading), be cautious. Insist on unlimited amounts of water (preferably iced), and that all athletes be monitored closely for symptoms of heat illness. - For wet bulb temperature readings above 78 F (or when the relative humidity is 95% or higher, regardless of wet bulb reading), modify practicebecause there is a real danger for serious heat illness, such as heat stroke. Keep practice light, modify or eliminate some drills, and allow athletes to work out in minimal gear. Water breaks in the shade should be mandatory. Do not allow children who lose weight during exercise to participate. Editor's Note: While limiting or cancelling practices may be possible in some areas in the United States, in many others it is not possible. For instance, a 1991 study of environmental conditions in Alabama over a 5-year period found that there was no time in the month of August when it was considered safe for football practices or games. Similar results were noted for the southern half of that state in the month of September. Where cancelling or modifiying practices or games because of high heat or humidity is impossible, taking others steps to reduce the risk of heat illness, especially for football players, should be taken. 1. Bergeron MF, Rice SG, DiLaura Devore C & Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health. Policy Statement - Climactic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2011; 128(3) (published onine August 8, 2011). Revised August 8, 2011

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Ownership of Real Property Property owned by one person or entity is known as sole and separate ownership , or ownership in severalty. When property is owned by two or more persons or entities at the same time, it is known as concurrent ownership , or co-ownership. Four Types of Concurrent Ownership Tenancy in Common Tenancy in Partnership When two or more parties own real property as co-owners, with the right of survivorship, it is called joint tenancy . The right of survivorship means that if one of the joint tenants dies, the Surviving partner automatically becomes sole owner of the property. The deceased’s share does not go to his or her estate or heirs, but becomes the property of the co-tenant without becoming involved in probate. In addition, the surviving joint tenant is not liable to creditors of the deceased who hold liens on the joint tenancy property. Co-owners may sell their interest, give it away, or borrow money against it, without consent of the other joint tenants. Because of the right of survivorship, a joint tenant may not will his or her share. Tenancy in Common When two or more persons, whose interests are not necessarily equal, are owners of undivided interests in a single estate, a tenancy in common exists. Whenever some other form of ownership or vesting is not mentioned specifically, and there are co-owners, title is assumed to be a tenancy in common. The only requirement of unity for tenants in common is the equal right of possession or undivided interest — as it is called. That means each owner has a certain equitable interest in the property (such as one-half interest, or one-fourth interest), but has the right to use the whole property. None of the owners may exclude any co-owner from the property, nor claim any portion of the property for exclusive use. Any tenant in common may sell, encumber, or will his or her interest, with heirs simply becoming a tenant in common among the others. One tenant in common cannot create an easement on the property without the consent of the other co-owners. A tenant in common must pay a proportionate share of any expenses incurred on the property, including money spent for repairs, taxes, loan payments, and insurance. When tenants in common do not agree on matters pertaining to the property, any of the co-owners may file a partition action, which asks the court to decide the fate of the investment. All property acquired by a husband and wife during a valid marriage——except for certain separate property——is called community property . Separate property includes all property owned before marriage, all property acquired by either of the parties during marriage by gift or inheritance, and all income derived from separate property. If spouses want to maintain the status of their separate property, they must be very careful not to co-mingle it with their community property. Separate property (such as an apartment building with a negative cash flow) may not be supported with community property funds, nor can the income of either spouse be used in any way to maintain separate property. Any income, including wages from either spouse, is considered community property. Community property cannot be sold or encumbered by only one of the partners. Either spouse may buy real or personal property without the consent of the other; both are bound by the contract made by either one, unless the new property is bought specifically as separate property, with funds from a separate property account. Either party may will one-half of the community property. If there is no will, the surviving spouse inherits all community property. This is important to know, particularly with multiple marriages, for estate planning. Property may be owned with the intention that it go to one’s children, only to learn after the parent’s death that children of the first marriage are no longer natural heirs. If there is a subsequent husband or wife and no will has been made, the new spouse will become the natural heir to the real property. Regarding separate property, if there is no will, the surviving spouse gets one-half and one child gets one-half. If there is more than one child, the surviving spouse gets one-third and the children get two-thirds. Tenancy in Partnership Ownership by two or more persons who form a partnership for business purposes is known as tenancy in partnership . Each partner has an equal right of possession for partnership.

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While it may sound like a B-rated Halloween movie, parts of California really are under a floral invasion. Non-native species introductions are a familiar topic in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta when it comes to animal species, but the Delta faces significant pressures from plant invaders as well. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife defines an invasive aquatic plant as any aquatic plant or algae species whose proliferation or dominant colonization causes ecological or economic harm. Such invaders can also harm public health, and can have a significant socio-economic impact by impeding recreation and water operations for agricultural, municipal, and industrial needs. One of the more recent examples is the water hyacinth invasion of the Port of Stockton, which shut down an annual boat parade and significantly affected shipping access. In addition to hyacinth, there are other alien plant species of concern found throughout the Delta region and its tributaries. On September 15, the Delta Stewardship Council Delta Science Program, the Delta Conservancy, and the UC Davis Department of Environmental Science and Policy hosted The Symposium on Invasive Aquatic Vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta at the University of California, Davis, to facilitate communication, collaboration, and management around invasive aquatic plant species. Speakers discussed a wide variety of topics, including several species of concern in the region, what’s being done to control them, and the threats they pose to the Delta ecosystem. Cliff Dahm of the Delta Science Program noted that the biomass of non-native plants in the Delta seems relatively high in comparison to other systems worldwide, and may be exacerbated by the drought. Although there are a wide variety of non-native aquatic plants with which to contend, speakers highlighted several species that are of significant concern in the Delta region. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), originally believed to be introduced to the United States from its native range in the Amazon River in 1884, reached California by 1907. It has been found throughout the Delta and has been observed creating significant blockages of the San Joaquin River and Tuolumne River (see Hyacinth Woes: From A Gift To A Curse). Proliferation of hyacinth can occur by several methods: water-borne seeds, fragmentation of established plants, vegetative growth by rhizomes, and by watercraft inadvertently transporting it into new waterways. Once water hyacinth has become established in a system, it can quickly dominate a waterway due to its ability to double its biomass in roughly seven to eight days. The water primrose (Ludwigia hexapetala) was another focus of the symposium. One presenter, Shruti Khanna of UC Davis, is involved with mapping invasive species in the Delta and could not stress enough that compared to water hyacinth, water primrose is the real problem of the future. Its native range is waterways in Uruguay, and it has been naturalized in California for at least 25 years, but has only been considered invasive for the last 5 years. Growing along the margins of rivers, lakes, and ponds, it also forms dense mats of vegetation. However, unlike water hyacinth, the primrose’s tissues become more woody over time, making removal all the more difficult. The dense growth of these mats can impact water movement, block out native plants, and reduce the habitat of both fish and waterbirds. Not only does primrose pose a threat to the waterways, it can also choke out native plants along the shoreline due to its creeping, emergent growth. California can learn from Florida’s experience developing their successful aquatic plant management programs. Hyacinth was originally introduced to Florida in 1890, and for the past 40 years, the state has been able to significantly reduce its total coverage by practicing an adaptive management program. Jeff Shardt, a symposium speaker from Florida’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, shared that the group constantly reevaluates their priorities based on public water usage, and conducts annual assessments to detect, prioritize, and evaluate new or current infestations. Floating plants are given first priority in management, followed by plants that may be blocking access and the navigation of waterways. He went on to stress the need to manage water hyacinth infestations year-round, specifically during the colder months where its growth ability becomes significantly impaired. Recent surveys of both the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers by our field team have shown significant water hyacinth blockages at numerous sites throughout the system. Although the severity of the blockages has decreased at several sites, the plants have persisted over the past year of surveys. Several of these sites exhibit hyacinth affected by chemical treatments applied by the Department of Boating and Waterways; however, due to the plant’s vigor and new recruitment, these damaged areas can usually be found enveloped in fresh growth. While there is no sure eradication method, hopefully with continued management these hyacinth infestations can be reduced to more controllable levels, and emerging threats from other species can be contained.

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Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. The structure of marine insurance Marine insurance is the way to cover vessels or cargoes in case of loss or damage from the port of origin until the destination. Marine insurance is a kind of insurance developed in maritime sector. The first types of marine insurance contracts were born in Genoa and other countries of Italy around the XVI century. During the 19th century Lloyd’s London and the Institute of London have developed standard clauses to use in marine insurance also called the Institute Clauses. Marine insurance is often grouped with Aviation and Transit risks, and known with the acronym MAT. The Marine Insurance Act includes a standard policy called SG. In 1991, the London market produced a new kind of standard policy called Mar 91 with the Institute Clauses. The MAR 91 form is a general statement of insurance; the Institute Clauses are used to set out the detail of the insurance cover. Lloyd’s of London is composed from names that are making their own wealth at risk to underwrite insurance cover. They provide cover for vessels, platforms and aircraft. Hull and Machinery policy is a kind of limited cover in case of explosion, fire contact with land conveyances, aircraft, salvage, general average, constructive total loss, total loss, partial collision liability and with additional premium limited cover for bursting of boilers and braking of shafts. All forms of hull cover have to be decided from an insurance broker. Protection and indemnity association provide a cover to loss of life, pollution and the risk of cargo for ship-owners. In other forms of insurance to cover vessels can be included war risk Strike and Freight defense. The underwriters are all liable together, but only for their proportion of the risk. If one underwriter should default, the others are not responsible to pick his share of the claim. Cover could be based for voyages and time. Definition of a P&I club This is an association of ship-owners who are together to insure each other on a mutual non- profit-making basis, for their third-party liabilities. The P&L club is formed from ship-owners which are competitors in the business but they understood that it was more advantageous to cooperate together for insurance purposes. Currently the members of P&L are international and different languages culture religion won’t divided their cooperation because they are sharing the same risks and liabilities. In other words they are different people but with the same status and same objectives. Moreover would be better if all the members of the P&L club have the same type of ship, same size, age, cargoes, involved in the same trade, with the same crew. Every ship-owner should have common characteristics to avoid unfair situations. For example a ship owner with a big tanker should pay more than a ship owner with a small bulk cargo. Every member of P&I club shouldn’t unfairly pay the other ship-owners. Since the P&L is a no profit club the members want to ensure each other and try to achieve together optimum efficiency in the management of their money. The typical marine policy will cover just three-quarter of the insured’s liability towards third parties. For this reason in the 19th some ship-owner created an underwriting clubs called P&L to insure with all the members of the club the remaining part that the typical marine policy doesn’t cover. These Clubs are still in existence Actual total loss and constructive total loss ALT (actual total loss) occurs where a ship owner has been irretrievably denied access to the property insured. Total loss happens when the vessel is completely damaged and the costs of repairing are higher than the insured value. In this case the Ship-owners will issue a notice of abandonment to Insurers. Insurers will take what is left of the ship and then dispose of the vessel in the best way possible. In the situation of partial loss or emergency repair of a vessel such as in case of storm or when they have to leave a part of cargo to protect the ship and the remain of the other cargo, a common law undertaking in the UK, may be declared. General Average requires all parties concerned in the venture as cargo, freight hull and bunkers, to contribute to compensate the losses or damages. Average adjusters are people specialized in marine claims and responsible to provide the general average statement involved from the insurers or ship-owners. Types of Policies The major types of marine insurance policies are - Time policy The time policy is used for a specific period of time usually for12 months. This policy is most suitable for hull insurance. - Voyage policy With the voyage policy the vessel will be insured just for a specific voyage for example from Karachi to Port Saied. The voyage policy has reasonable time. The ship will be also insured 24h after the arrival. When the cargo has an open cover it will be covered for a voyage in a specific period of time. If there will be some modification about ports, places and destination the insurers are not still responsible of the voyage. Moreover in case of deviation the ship may be covered with an additional premium. - Mixed policy This is a mix between the Time policy and Voyage policy. In other words the vessel will be covered for a particular voyage and specific period of time. - Floating policy Floating policy is taken for the habitual suppliers of goods. It covers several shipments which are declared afterwards along with other particulars. This policy is most suited to exporter in order to avoid trouble of taking out a separate policy for every shipment. - Valued policy This policy will cover the cost of goods and shipping charges plus 10% to 15% margin for anticipated profit. This value could be more than the real value of the goods. - Unvalued policy Where the value of the subject matter of insurance is not declared but left to be ascertained and proved later it is called unvalued policy. - Builder’s risk This policy is valid for more than one year and it will be cover the ship during the construction until the trial voyage. - Blanket policy This policy shows all the cargoes insured, with specific ports, destinations, voyages ,places and it will cover all the risks accordingly. Under this policy the maximum limit of the required amount to protect the vessel will be estimated. - Port risk policy This policy will cover the vessel in a specific port for a determined period of time - Wager policy This is called also “gambling policy” because the policy has not legal effects on the insurers and it cannot be taken to a court of law. - Special hazards policy This policy is used to cover specific risks such as war or piratery. - Composite policy This type of policy is bought from more than one person. When there is not freud each of them will be paid separately in case of loss. - Block policy This kind of policy is usually used from gold’s buyers. It will cover all the risks to loss or damage of the gold from the port of delivery until the destination. - Fleet Policy This policy will cover more than one ship which is member of the same ownership or management. Each ship will have a separate insurance. New Building risks: The policy is used to cover the risks of damage the vessel during the construction. War risks: Usual Hull insurance doesn’t cover the risks of the ship in war zones. The vessel could be protected in war zone paying an additional premium. The areas with war risks are decided by the London-based Joint War Committee which has recently included the Malacca Straits. Increased Value (IV): This policy will cover the ship-owner in case of difference between the insured value of the vessel and the market value of the vessel. This is a form of old insurance and it is currently obsolete. It was used by the insurer in case the vessel was late to arrive at the port of destination or lost. A – All Risks Another type of insurance policy is A-ALL Risks which doesn’t mean that it will cover all the losses but just the ones by fortuitous condition. The requirement that the cause of loss be “fortuitous” excludes: inherent defects, intentionally caused losses ordinary wear and tear and naturally occurring losses. The term Inherent Vice refers to a loss arising from “qualities inherent” in the goods insured. The application of Inherent Vice is a strong possibility in certain cargoes, for example hydroscopic cargo, fruits and vegetables, wine, cocoa and coffee beans, iron and steel products, wood products, fish meal, leather goods, hides and skins, flour, soybeans, plantains, potatoes, pistachio nuts, walnuts, rubber, rugs, carpet backing, others. As Inherent Vice is an exception to liability, the burden of proof is on the insurer to support the declination of any cargo claim. An insurer does not agree to insure against damage that is bound to happen or inevitable as a result of the natural tendency of the cargo to deteriorate or sustain damage without an external fortuitous accident triggering the damage. The “Inherent Vice” exclusion can also apply to a loss which, due to manner in which the cargo is shipped, is regarded as inevitable. A good example is given by cargoes that are susceptible to high and low temperatures. Fresh eggs, chocolate, cocoa cake, wine, beer that are shipped in regular ocean containers during certain times of year when weather conditions are expected to be hot or cold, and without the use of a heated and insulated container ,are bound to sustain losses. Damage that occurs in the course of ordinary handling and transportation of cargoes, without the intervention of a fortuity, can be due to Inherent Vice and would be exuded from coverage. Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please:

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FSIS Fact Sheets & Online Educational Materials: Errata Cook all raw beef, pork, lamb, and veal (steaks, roasts, and chops) to a minimum internal temperature of 145 °F as measured with a food thermometer before removing from the heat source, followed by a rest time of at least 3 minutes before carving or consuming. This new time and temperature combination is sufficient for food safety and quality. For reasons of personal preference, consumers may choose to cook meat to a higher temperature. Unchanged cooking guidelines: - Cook all raw ground beef, pork, lamb, and veal to 160 °F. - Cook all poultry products to 165 °F. For further information, visit AskKaren.gov to ask a food safety question, or call the USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline at 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854).

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I love to celebrate my daughter’s life. My facebook feed is a chock full of pictures of my beautiful girl grinning away with delight, exploring the world and enjoying her life. And I am beyond grateful that we have so many wonderful, wonderful times together. Times during which she has not a care in the world, and all is as it should be. Seeing this flood of happy images, one would probably find it hard to imagine that my beautiful daughter suffers from clinically diagnosed anxiety. It is estimated that up to 80% of individuals with Aspergers have anxiety (as do many children with Kabuki Syndrome), so Sophie is certainly not alone. It is important to remember that people with autism have differences related to their diagnosis that increase their chances of having anxiety. Differences with how they see, hear and feel things in the world (sensory processing) can lead to exaggerated stress responses. Difficulties with understanding social cues and navigating social interactions can also lead to exaggerated stress responses. And it has been shown that some people with autism actually have an enlarged amygdala. The amygdala is the part of the brain that initiates the fight or flight response – and the amygdala can’t distinguish between a real threat and a perceived threat. So there are physiological differences in people with autism that are also linked to heightened anxiety. Add all of these things together, and your chances of having anxiety are significantly higher if you have autism. Unfortunately, there can be a great deal of misconception around what anxiety actually looks like, especially in children who are autistic. Sometimes we see behaviours and attribute them to other things. And if you don’t recognize my daughter’s anxiety for what it is, you may be tempted to judge her. So today I want to share a little about how Sophie’s anxiety presents – not because I want the world to see her as “broken”, but because it is only with knowledge that understanding can come. And my little girl has been misunderstood too many times. When my daughter sits in the library by herself every lunch hour – it is not because she is just “the quite kid”, or a kid who isn’t interested in playing with others. And it is not because she doesn’t enjoy outdoor play, or physical play. Sophie is a gregarious little girl. She loves people. She LOVES the play equipment. She BEGS me to stay after school so she can climb the ladders and swing on the ropes. She WANTS friends. She is sitting in the library by herself because her anxiety about what to do in the playground and how to manage all of the social interactions and expectations is overwhelming. What if she asks someone to play and they say no? What then? What if no one asks her to play? What if someone suggests something that she doesn’t want to do? What then what then what then? It is easier for her to retreat to the library than to deal with the intricacies of poorly understood social rules, the fear of the unknown, and the fear of potential “failure”. When my daughter bursts into hysterical tears after arriving at her Girl Guides Halloween disco and begs me not to leave, and starts gasping and rolling her eyes – it isn’t because she is afraid of the scary costumes. She has in fact just spent hours selecting her own scary costume, excitedly repeating that she can’t wait to get to the disco, that she can’t WAIT! NO – it wasn’t the costumes at all – it was the fact that she was afraid that the other kids wouldn’t like her dance moves. And this fear of what others might think has crippled her, left her terrified, left her suddenly unwilling to participate in the event she has been looking forward to for days . When my daughter is bossing your child around in the playground – it is not because she is being mean. And it is not because she is an undisciplined, entitled brat who has been brought up badly. It is because she is desperately trying to control the situation, channel the direction of play in a way that feels familiar to her – to avoid the unexpected and control her anxiety. When my daughter bursts into hysterical shrieking when we decide to go to a new Thai restaurant for dinner, instead of going to the local steakhouse that we had briefly discussed – it isn’t because she is throwing a tantrum to get her own way. It is because she had already planned in her mind how the evening would go. She had already imagined herself sitting in the Kids’ club, doing some coloring in, and she had already picked out the meal she planned to eat. She was feeling safe and comfortable, she felt as though she knew what to expect. Now all of that has changed. She doesn’t know what she is in for. What if there is nothing she likes on the menu? What if the lights are too bright, the noise too loud? What if there are no activities for her to do? What if what if what if? The fear of the unexpected can be overwhelming for her at times. Now sure, all kids have fears. But anxiety is different to fear. Anxiety can be crippling, Anxiety can (and does) lead to social isolation. And it doesn’t always look like what you think. People with autism experience the world in a different way to most people, and that world can sometimes be difficult to understand. There are times when even I, as Sophie’s mother, can’t figure out what has triggered her anxiety. Sometimes I don’t know until months later, when she will whisper quietly to me about it as I lie next to her for songs at nighttime. So I don’t expect everyone to be able to figure it out all the time. All I am asking is to please be gentle with my daughter. Don’t judge. Don’t assume you know WHY she is acting in a certain way. Just know that she needs to feel safe, and that she sometimes needs to be supported to fully engage with the world around her in the way she wants to. So what does this have to do with pink tigers? According to Deborah Lipsky (in the book From Anxiety to Meltdown) “People with autism are like tigers. A tiger’s natural environment where they are content doing what comes naturally and instinctively to them is the jungle. You can put up a circus and train us to jump through hoops – for that is what is expected of tigers so that they fit in an environment not their own. Still a tiger is a tiger, and has natural instincts that are best subdued or dormant for a while but can break forth at any time. People shouldn’t be shocked when a wild animal such as a tiger suddenly and without warning attacks its trainer. Children on the spectrum are expected through much intervention to adapt themselves into a foreign world that goes against their natural “nature”. It is no surprise that tantrums, meltdowns, and bad behaviors “break forth” without any reason apparent to the non-autistic bystander.” Sophie has had lots of intervention over the years to help her deal with her anxieties. She has had occupational therapy, social skills classes, psychology appointments and of course lots of loving input here at home. But the tiger can’t always be tamed. And the tiger in my house is a pink one 😊

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Malcolm Gooding has spent hundreds of hours in the field. He has worked with microbiologists to test the concentration of E. coli in local water systems. He has done dye tracing with hydrologists in a karst area to see how and where the water traveled. He has worked with geologists to gather water samples to prepare for various analyses. And, he recently presented a poster, “Most Effective Methods in Identifying, Etching, and Dissolving Limestone,” at the AAPG Eastern Section Meeting. Malcolm Gooding is 13 years old. The 8th-grader from Lexington, Ky. participates in the local 4H program where he has been the Overall Grand Champion in Geology at the Kentucky State Fair for four years straight. He’s a life-long Boy Scout who is only one level from becoming an Eagle Scout. He also plays viola in the Morton Middle School band. At such a young age, his resume is already more impressive than most adults’. But when asked about his hobbies outside of all these activities, the answer couldn’t be more normal. “Does sleep count?” he asked. “If so, then sleep, television and food. Oh, and Pokemon.” It Runs in the Family Malcolm comes from a family of scientists — overachievers, some might say. His grandfather, Patrick Gooding, an AAPG Member and career geologist who immigrated to the United States from the Port of Trinidad, Spain on a track scholarship in 1971, has given him the exposure to opportunities that most kids don’t have. “I’ve been with the Kentucky Geological Survey research department at the University of Kentucky for 39 years,” said Patrick. “My grandson, Malcolm, has been on several Geological Society of Kentucky field trips and spent many hours in the field with me and at my office since he was very young.” He couples his role as grandfather with his role as educator, providing his grandchildren with learning experiences outside the classroom. “I’ll wake them up at 1:30 a.m. while on vacation in Florida to see turtles laying eggs or to see a space shuttle take off. They know that when the car stops, it is time to get out and examine the rocks and collect samples even though they are half asleep,” he said. “I seize every opportunity to take all my grandchildren to visit our wonderful National Parks. They participate in hikes, ranger programs, museum visits, park activities and the Junior Ranger Program.” Malcolm has been to 35 national parks over the years with his grandfather. A couple of his favorites are Mammoth Caves and Carlsbad Caverns. “I like caves. I like the dark, gloomy feel — all the high edges, the cave cliffs, that there is little vegetation.” His first cave experience was at Climax Caves in Kentucky with his Boy Scout troop. Most of his fellow Scouts approached the caves with trepidation. Not Malcolm, though. “As long as I can remember, I have been going on expeditions. So, I’m definitely not scared of nature,” he said. For Patrick, these adventures with his grandchildren aren’t just learning opportunities; they have deeper meaning. “We go to see volcanoes and sand dunes, or the Grand Canyon, which I have been to many times and studied while I was in college,” he said. “But to stand at the rim of the Grand Canyon and show my grandchildren for the first time — experiencing the beauty of it — it’s always exciting for me and my wife.” Never Too Young Recently, Patrick found a project for his grandson closer to home. Patrick has been a Member of AAPG for 34 years and is currently serving his seventh year as a member of the House of Delegates. Lexington was the site for the 2016 Eastern Section Meeting, which gave Gooding the opportunity to mentor his grandson for a project. “When he’s at my office, he’s always looking for new projects. We started talking about how geologists always use one particular acid when working with limestone. He wondered if there were better alternatives,” he said. Malcolm’s study, titled “Most Effective Methods in Identifying, Etching, and Dissolving Limestone,” required at least 150 hours of collecting, slabbing, weighing, mixing acids, testing, photographing, preparing graphs, analyzing the data and reaching conclusions. “I ended up doing 164 samples, looking at the effects of different acids on different types of limestones from all different ages. The results were pretty cool,” said Malcolm. He was accepted as a presenter at the AAPG Eastern Section Meeting — perhaps one of the youngest presenters ever — where he explained and defended his work to those in attendance. “I would send people over to test him and his knowledge. It’s good practice for him and he performed very well,” said Gooding. “But his results are also very beneficial for the geological community.” Malcolm knows that the work he does is significant and that understanding how the environment works is important for all of us. “Like when I worked on the E. coli study, I knew it was important for people to know if their water was safe. If they don’t know these things, they could end up harming themselves or others by going places that are unsafe,” he said. Malcolm visits his grandfather every weekend, where they spend time outdoors exploring, studying and always looking for their next project. That doesn’t mean there isn’t a little down time. “When I’m with my grandfather, I don’t get to play video games. He loves science and loves going outside. But we still spend a lot of time on the couch watching television together,” he said. Now, Malcolm’s sister has become interested in competing in the 4H geology section like her brother. Patrick doesn’t allow his grandchildren to just go out and buy the rocks and gems needed to become a grand champion, like some competitors do. Instead, he takes them directly to the source to collect them. “So, it looks like I have to start all over again with her,” he laughed, “and I couldn’t be happier.”

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Lewis Out of the Silent Planet , Perelandra have explored a specific histalt or alternate history, in his case those rooted in the fall of humankind from grace. His Narnia series posits a very different world, but accessible through a special "place between the worlds" one that potentially gives access to many alternate timelines or worlds, which share much in common. Modern alternate history specialists such as Harry Turtledove focus on military history and how the outcome of a single battle, campaign, or wartime decision could have produced an alternate timeline or timelines. This is a favourite for alternate history buffs, for there have been many history-changing events that hinged on the outcome of a single battle improbably won. Second World War alterations provide numerous alternate history scenarios. Such alternate histories are more of the "what if" type, with no interchange or direct comparison between two co-existing alternative timelines. Rick Sutcliffe's alternate history fiction has elements of both a specific alternate history but that also interacts with our own universe. Focused on moral decision making throughout, from the initial nexus decisions through to the daily lives of its "current" characters on the various alternate earths, it also features alternate military history. The alternate worlds are only partially independent, and there is some interaction between them. Not all choices lead to a nexus, but some, including those related to both morality and critical technologies, definitely lead to one path taken and another not--one history before, two alternates after. This alternate history, like some others, is also Science Fiction, in the sense that scientific and technological choices shape the alternate societies he posits, and in turn are shaped by them. After all, it was in exploring the interaction among ethics, society, and technology that these stories were born. What if we as a society, made different technological choices? How would those choices shape us? What can Christians say about such issues? So, what if there are several alternate earths, other worlds with a differing alternate history than our own Tirdia beyond some critical nexus points such as those described above? What if some could go there, meet the people, live their adventures, describe them for the rest of us? What if a few people knew of the alternate timelines and could travel among them? What if Summary: Alternate history fiction posits a world where some key decision s or battle s went a different way than in our familiar history a "nexus" or "point of departure". However, the histalt of an alternate world encompasses the resulting differences in culture, technology, national boundaries, the economy, and the people themselves. Picture Hitler as a used car salesman, a rabbi, or a best-selling author. The alternate history author must to some extent account for the alternate history in a comprehensive way, hence a "histalt". In some alternate history timeline scenarios, there are several co-existing earths, with occasional leakage or travel between them. Rick Sutcliffe's alternate history fiction takes place on several such worlds joined via a medium called the Timestream , each alternate earth distinguished from the others by a decision or group of decisions nexus triggers that radically altered subsequent history. Moreover, "adjacent" alternate worlds in the timestream tend to affect each other's history, so that major events may be similar on, say, Tirdia and Hibernia see the links to the Timestream and The Interregnum. At some times during their respective histories, some adjacent worlds may influence each other so strongly that their alternate histories converge back to a common stream after a time Prime and Meta by A. In Rick Sutcliffe's AH, the focus is on ethical decision making, particularly with respect to the appropriate technology, so this alternate history fiction is also science fiction, though that is not necessarily always the case with alternate history. Must not be simultaneously submitted to another publication. Must be an original work that has not been published elsewhere. Reviews and articles about historical fiction, alternate history books, genres and writers are welcome and criteria 2 and 3 above also apply. We would love to have your artwork to illustrate the magazine and website. Please let us know what rights you are granting us and be aware that the magazine will be published as an ebook and printed book. Please submit using our online submission system provided by submishmash. You will also receive a free PDF copy of the issue. We are looking for First English Language serial rights, which means that we have the right to publish it first before it appears anywhere else. Once published you could then publish the story elsewhere if you wish, such as an anthology for instance. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Horror Tree is a resource for authors providing links to publishers with open markets, writing advice, news from the industry, and more! Voss is an adequate logical detective, but the mystery here is less subtle than the Parks. Abby has lived all her life on a house above the sea, but she has never been to the water. When an enthralled flying messenger arrives at her house, she offers to set it free if it will carry her down to the sea. A lift of a wing and their circle encompassed the whole of the house. Suddenly she was dropping nearer, nearer, and then they dove and landed flat in the carved hollow in one pillar just a foot above the tide. The stryke set her down, upright, and she ignored the trembling in her legs as she crouched at the edge and dipped her fingers in the water. Violet has always known she was different, but when she was fourteen her faery mother came to her and she understood she was a changeling. When the faeries begin to make war on the humans, she believes she knows what side she is on. Because she was a faery and had no heart. Intentions mattered nothing; and her nature was that she had always been a traitor. Download Alt Hist Issue 7: The Magazine of Historical Fiction and Alternate History (Volume But now that she knows she has no soul, she is driven to understand what effects the soul has in humans. When Abe is trampled into goo by a herd of elephants, the nearby wizard Philoneous reassembles him. Most of him. The wizard keeps a few bits for his own purposes. Nothing essential, I assure you. Philoneous also wants Abe to do a small task for him: retrieving his stolen hat from the merchant Vangelin. Itet is caught up in conflicts among the gods. She has been raised as a sacrificial wife for Lord Sun, but instead she is [almost] drowned and possessed by the spirit of the river, who speaks through her. She also becomes the confidant of Ant, who lets her in on a lot of godly secrets, such as the fact that Lord Sun is only a human puppet of the real god, who has imprisoned most of the others. But Butterfly escaped and remained free, with the help of rebellious Ant, and is now plotting a rematch. That one remaining, whom I am forbidden to name, older even than the river, capricious and chancy, ravenous in one season, abstemious in others, beautiful and deadly dangerous: she forced the interloper to meet her in open battle. A nicely complex tale in a well-imagined world full of magical creatures involved in plots and conspiracies. Itet is the narrator, but she has forgotten too much; the real protagonist here is Ant. It was sudden, shocking news that the current publisher of this print magazine has decided to pull the plug for financial reasons. The last issue was posted almost immediately online. The quality of this fiction makes me regret its passing all the more. In Portuguese Angola at the turn of the 20th century, the narrator sets out into the interior looking for her missing missionary father. She was raised among the Umbundu, who gave her the name Kayela as a child. Her guide is frightened at the thought of her destination, for there the fierce Kanguellas reputedly dwell, although the Portuguese say they are only a myth. On their journey, they come to a village that has summoned the Mavumbula, a fearsome witch hunter. In order to save the accused witch, whom she believes to be innocent, the narrator challenges the witch hunter to the poison test. Perhaps now, such minutiae were no longer beneath my notice, being as they were the last things I might ever perceive. Or perhaps, I thought, this was merely a symptom of the poison washing through my veins. She continues her journey through many more adventures and misadventures, but at the end she has earned her adult name. The author writes with great authority; the narrative voice is strong and authentic. For it is an ambiguous fantasy; it is possible to read this account as a realistic journey through late colonial Africa. When ghosts whisper to her in dreams, these may merely be dreams, the voice of her own subconscious. And her father might have gone mad. Or she may be the one gone mad. There is certainly a deep mystery about her identity, which would seem to require that either someone is insane or supernatural forces are operating. A fictional landscape is the consensual creation of the reader, using the materials provided by the author. Encountering an error of fact or assumption can cause the entire setting to collapse. - Fresh Start: 31 Days to Simplify, Declutter, and Rein in the Chaos; - Lois Tilton reviews Short Fiction: late October – Locus Online. - Sketches of Pain. - Menace at Midnight. - Alternate history - Wikipedia! - Alt Hist # 5 edited by Mark Lord (magazine review). : SFcrowsnest; But in fiction, what we always see is a landscape of the imagination. Marie sang whenever she was alone. The store had an enormous collection of old sheet music, and she loved learning new songs. Once when her father went to Missouri for a funeral, she sang all day and all night, the entire time. She stood up straight and breathed deeply, smelling the dust and the brass polish. Enter your email address to get started The shadows contained hidden listeners to whom she sang as beautifully as she could until her heart ached with the effort, until they were weeping, laughing, falling in love, shouting bravo! But when her father insists, for some reason, that she learn to play the banjo, he gives her an instrument inlayed by her mother with hummingbirds, who speak to her and teach her songs. Marie becomes a star on the radio, singing, but this enrages her father, who is determined to stop her and destroy the hummingbirds who defy him. Lovely story. But this may just be me. Marja has the Mark of a witch, although in other days such women were prized for their power. A solitary witch has little power, without her mother or daughter, and bearing a daughter would certainly attract the attention of witchhunting priests. She marries a man who promises her a home, but his mother has always complained of her. Now she is pregnant when her husband dies, and she knows she has to escape before her daughter is born and reveals her secret. This scenario is too contrived to be credible, which is unfortunate as it would otherwise be well done. Part of her soul was already in there. Would she get it back if she deleted it? More to the point, did she want to? The photo was a work of art. And what good was a soul, anyway? If her parents were right, and apparently they were, then it was a ticket to eternal boredom on one hand or eternal damnation on the other. So Mary decides to take all the advantage she can and sell her soul to the Devil. Cleverly done. This one makes an interesting contrast with the very sincere and moving Danvers story. I gotta hole in me. I first noticed it when I was eleven. The hole pulls me backwards. Little pieces of me smaller than dust mites get sucked through my back and float away, dissolve somewhere on the air. Not my skin, or my bones, mind you. There seems to be a curse on the men in his family; they meet early and violent deaths. Virgil finally begins to understand why when his father discovers a hidden attic in their house with a bunch of old papers hidden there, including a strange diagram showing a line of men with a ribbon running through them. It is the ribbon that makes the holes, through which their essence drains backwards in time. According to the author, the story is based on events in her own life, for which she felt compelled to construct an explanation, invoking the ghosts of her own forebears. It is a very strange explanation, which give it an aura of veracity, just because it seems so unlikely that anyone could have made such a thing up. Ongoing Submissions: Alt Hist This is not a conventional or obvious ghost story but the product of a strong imagination. The man who calls himself Bumblethorn is living in a very creepy city where the buildings are alive. The windowshade crept up and disappeared into its pouch above and Mister Bumblethorn confronted the naked window — was it an eye? Was it looking back at him? Mister Bumblethorn looked away, held his breath, tried to determine once more if the walls were breathing, were expanding and contracting rhythmically, ever so slightly. He has forgotten who he really is and how he got to this place, and to make sure he forgets, he smokes some kind of narcotic weed. But more than the weed, he needs water, and in Fleet City water can only be purchased in blood. Here is a nightmarish vision inhabited by grotesques. They appear at first to be rather benign characters, but eventually Bumblethorn is made to recall why he has come to this place, and the scene turns ominous as we see the true nature of the place. This is strong stuff. For a brief moment, it skirts the edge of conventional heroic fantasy but rapidly turns darker. Bumblethorn has good reason to want to forget. [Pdf]$$ Alt Hist Issue 10 The magazine of Historical Fiction and Alte… Two entities on spaceships, escaping from their respective worlds or leaving them to explore, merging in some manner. It is possible that one has eaten the other. The point is what they have in common, not what divides them, which is not exactly a novel concept. Then I awoke, here on the ship, and I was two, I was more than two, I was the sum of a drowned world. There is a monster in me. I am a monster in him. The rest is apparently left to the imagination of the reader.

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Today in World War II History—November 8, 1940 & 1945 80 Years Ago—Nov. 8, 1940: Churchill has extra ravens sent to the Tower of London to replace casualties from German bombings. British crown jewels are removed from the Tower of London to a secret location. Off Australia, US freighter City of Rayville is sunk by a German mine, the first US merchant ship sunk in the war; one man is killed, the first US merchant marine casualty of the war. 75 Years Ago—Nov. 8, 1945: Nationalist Chinese launch offensive against communists in Liaoning Province. Chinese riverboat Hai Chu is sunk by mine near Hong Kong, killing 500.

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Back in “Curiosity, golf math, and another tool for your classroom,” we explored the high-speed video capabilities of the iPhone 6 and talked about how we might use this tool to develop interesting mathematical modeling problems. High speed photography, like that of the iPhone, lets us “see fast.” That is, we can use that tool to see things that happen more quickly than we can ordinarily perceive. Well, the iPhone (and iPad, and iPod touch) lets us go in the other direction as well. We can take advantage of the time-lapse photography mode and see slow. That is, we can capture things that happen so slowly that the change is not within our typical perception of events. One of my favorite summertime “seeing slow” things to do is to get up early and watch the sunrise over the ocean. This year, I was fortunate to have a chance to spend a few days in Cape May, NJ, with beautiful weather, and plenty of opportunities to watch the sunrise. I decided to take this opportunity to explore the time-lapse capabilities of the iPhone and to think a bit about how we might use time-lapse video to create mathematical modeling opportunities in the classroom. Here’s one video I took that spans about 30 minutes of real-time and 27 seconds of “time-lapse” time: In time-lapse mode, the iPhone dynamically chooses the frames per second captured for a time-lapse video, with the frame rate dependent on the total length of the video. For a video that is between 20 and 40 minutes long, like this one, it takes one frame per two seconds and then speeds up the playback time to 60 times normal speed. If the normal playback speed in 30 frames per second, it is now playing the equivalent of 1800 frames per second, so we see 60 seconds of real time for every one second of video. That’s what you are watching in this video. Now, watching the sun rise like this got me to wondering – how many students have actually seen the sun rise? How many have thought about how “brightness” changes as we go from dark to light? If I asked my students to plot “brightness” versus time as we transitioned from before sunrise to after, what would their plots look like? If you get a chance to ask your students this question, please share their thinking! In the meantime, let’s see what we can actually learn about how brightness changes using our time-lapse video of a real sunrise. Along the way, we’ll learn a little bit about image processing, and pick up a few more tools for you and your students to use during your investigations. We’ve already seen how easy it is to collect data using an iPhone or similar device in the form of video. The problem is that video isn’t the most convenient format to use when what we want is numerical data. It is generally much easier to extract numerical data from a still photo. So, the first thing we need to do is extract individual frames from our video. Fortunately, this is pretty easy and you can do the job with a free piece of software called VLC Media Player. It’s ad free, easy to use, and available for just about any operating system you choose. You can easily find instructions as to how to do the frame extraction from video, so I’ll let you read about that elsewhere. This web page is a good start. The more interesting question is what to do with the still photographs once you have them. This is where we need to do a little image processing and to do that it’s helpful if we know how to do a little coding. In fact, knowing how to do a little coding is pretty much an essential skill for the mathematical modeler. At the very least, being able to do a little coding vastly extends the range of what you can do with your mathematical models and for models that are mathematically complex, being able to code and obtain a numerical solution to your problem is often the only path forward. So, I’d advocate having your students learn to tap into the power of computing every chance you get! There are an incredible number of programming languages available now, many designed for the first time coder and for very young students, so this isn’t nearly as challenging as it was even twenty years ago. I’d urge you to spend a little time playing with languages like Scratch and the one we’ll use today, Processing. Here, I’m going to advocate using Processing because it is open-source (free!), easy to learn, and powerful enough for just about anything you might want to do. It’s also the platform for the language used by the Arduino, so learning Processing also gives you access to playing with microcontrollers and extends your range in that dimension as well. Now, to do our image processing, all we need to do is load individual images using a simple Processing sketch and then use the built-in function “brightness” to read off the brightness of selected pixels in our image. I selected 7 frames from the video above, evenly spaced in time, selected 5 pixels in each frame, and determined an average brightness for the image by averaging the brightness of each of those 5 pixels. That is, I did this quick and dirty. If you do this with your students, this is a good point to have a conversation about which pixels to select, how to select them, how many to select, and so on. But, for our purposes here today, this let me quickly make a plot of how the brightness of the beach during our sunrise changed with time. Here’s what my plot looks like: Note that the frames I selected, again evenly spaced in time, span the entire period from “dark” to “light” in the video above. Now also note, we’ve taken the video and our qualitative view of “things getting brighter” and extracted quantitative information that we can start thinking about and playing with. As soon as we see this plot, we start to wonder – Why does it have this shape? Boom! There’s a modeling problem. We’ve taken an observation about a pattern (it gets brighter outside as the sun rises), and turned it into something quantitative that we can now try and explain. We can ask plenty of related questions here. Can we explain this data based on what we know about how the Earth rotates? What would this data look like if we followed it for the whole day? Several days? A year? What would the data look like if the Earth were flat and the sun revolved around the Earth? What would this curve look like if we were in Alaska? Or, in Arizona? If you wanted to move from the sort-of “hey I went on vacation and noticed this” kind of motivation for this investigation to something more practical, you don’t even have to work very hard. Understanding how brightness varies where you are is, of course, essential to understanding whether or not solar energy is a viable alternative energy source for you. Google has actually recently launched “Project Sunroof,” where they are developing a “solar recommendation calculator,” based in-part, on precisely this type of information. Having your students model how the brightness of the day changes can be both fun and eminently practical. So, you have a few more potential tools for your classroom as you work to incorporate mathematical modeling into your teaching – time-lapse photography, image processing, simple coding and perhaps inspiration to build a modeling investigation around sunrises or solar energy. If you want to explore any of these in more detail, drop me a line. I’m happy to talk more or help in any way I can. In the meantime, I hope you enjoyed contemplating the sunrise in a new way.

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Industrial hygiene air sampling and evaluation of controls for air contaminants is reviewed. At an operation where air contaminants are well controlled, there should be no significant difference in concentration between the worker's exposure, area samples collected near the emission sources, and background area samples collected away from emission sources. In an industrial environment, air contaminant concentrations are usually quite variable. To cope with this variability, the air sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of a control system should be carried out as a designed experiment. The first step is to formulate issues to be resolved, such as whether a hood contains the air contaminant in question, whether an uncontrolled emission source increases contaminant concentrations, whether the worker's involvement with a process that is a contaminant source elevates his exposure, and whether work practices affect exposure. Once the questions needing resolution have been specified, the experimental design and statistical analysis can be specified and the samples can be collected. To determine sample size, it is considered adequate to use power calculations for a t- test comparison of means, as if there were only two groups of data instead of a larger experimental design with more than two groups. For industrial hygiene data, it is recommended that measurements be repeated 4 times to ensure reasonable reliable detection of concentration of a factor of 4 for a type 1 error of 5 percent. This approach will ensure that the probability of type 2 errors for detecting the difference between two means is under 10 percent when the geometric standard deviation is under 2.0. A type 1 error is the probability of saying the difference in two concentrations is significant when there is no difference. A type 2 error is the probability of saying there is no difference when there is a real difference. Air contaminant data appears to be adequately described by a log normal distribution.

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Lesson 4: Avoiding the Tendency to Label In the not-too-distant past, children who did not perform well in school were typically labeled as dumb, lazy, incorrigible, or defiant. Even in today’s supposedly enlightened educational venues, students are often subjected to premature, erroneous evaluations; and they are either labeled or disciplined in ways that reinforce those evaluations. Those children who are fast learners are labeled as bright. Slow learners or those with learning disabilities are labeled as “stupid” or “dull”; and, if they have problems in relating, they are frequently branded as “uncooperative” or “defiant.” In so doing, we do great harm to children in the name of education. Sign up for the ARK for Teachers: Pre K and Kindergarten Course This Course includes 3 Sections, and 10 lessons

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After 109 years, descendants of bison that once roamed the Lower 48 will return home to Montana. In April 2016, 89 genetically pure bison will travel by train from Elk Island National Park in Canada to the Blackfeet reservation. Their ancestors made the same trip in reverse at the turn-of-the-20th century after several Native Americans on Blackfeet land sold a group of wild bison to Charles Allard and Michel Pablo who later sold their herd to the Canadian government. At the time, bison were nearly extinct in the Lower 48. The hope is the bison will roam from the Blackfeet reservation to Glacier National Park and Badger-Two Medicine wilderness. Their move south is the result of a treaty between the United States and Canada, according to the Associated Press, to restore bison to particular areas in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. “For thousands of years the Blackfeet lived among the buffalo here,” Blackfeet chairman Harry Barnes told the Associated Press. “The buffalo sustained our way of life, provided our food, clothing, shelter. It became part of our spiritual being. We want to return the buffalo.” Located 45 kilometers east of Edmonton, Canada, Elk Island and its herd have no history of brucellosis, a disease found in Yellowstone’s herd and a flashpoint for ranchers who fear bison will transmit the disease to their livestock. Established in 1906, Elk Island was Canada’s first wildlife sanctuary, established initially to provide a refuge for elk. One year after opening, the Canadian government bought 410 plains bison from Michel Pablo at $245 per bison. The animals arrived in 1907 by train in Lamont, Alberta, from Ravelli, Mont. From Lamont, they were herded to Elk Island. This herd is not the first to make its way back to the United States from Elk Island. In 2010, 93 plains bison were moved to the American Prairie Reserve, followed by an additional 90 animals in the years since. Located on the high plains of northeastern Montana, the American Prairie Reserve is a 305,000-acre grassland reserve that is home to bison, elk, prairie dogs and 150 species of birds.

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Sixteen months after becoming the largest-ever US municipality to enter bankruptcy, Detroit has a court-approved plan to move forward, and is poised to move ahead with several billion dollars less debt, plus new aid commitments from the state and federal governments. But nothing has been done to fix the underlying problem: that the “City of Detroit” is a legal fiction – an anachronism with no bearing whatsoever on the region’s physical and economic facts. Detroit’s history follows both the rise of the automobile industry and the use of the automobile itself. Detroit grew from a modest-sized town in 1900 to become the 5th largest city in the US in 1950. But then the course of the city and the auto industry diverged. While the industry continued to expand, new plants were built in Detroit’s suburbs. Workers took advantage of cheap cars and better roads to head to the suburbs too. The depopulation of midwestern cities is not unique to Detroit. Almost every midwestern city has lost between twenty and sixty percent of its population since 1950. The larger metropolitan areas have kept right on growing – it’s only the cities that have shrunk. While the city of Detroit today has about one-third the population it had in the early 50s, the larger Detroit region is now forty percent more populous. The difference is the automobile and the US highway system. Before the age of cheap transport, economic realities forced people to live in town, close to work and needed services: schools, shops, family, etc. Since the 50s, people have had the option to live away from town, relying on cars and a modern road network to get where they need to go. Newer American cities in the west have established their city limits in accordance with this new reality. The major cities of Texas are a good example. Austin and El Paso each have nearly the same area as New York City. Dallas, Fort Worth and San Antonio are all geographically larger than New York City, and Houston is twice New York’s size. But those six Texas cities combined have fewer people than New York City. Unlike older cities in the east and midwest, Texas cities were were built around the automobile, and their sprawling incorporated limits reflect that. The urban sprawl of cities like Detroit is, today, no less extensive – however most midwestern cities have literally left their incorporated limits unchanged since the days of the horse-drawn carriage. Detroit is about one-half the size of New York City, and has been for more than a century. The people leaving midwestern cities since the 50s have been disproportionately affluent, because they can more readily afford cars and new houses in the suburbs. The people left behind are disproportionately poor. And because of the disparity between black and white incomes, and discriminatory business and banking practices, the net result is relatively white, affluent suburbs and relatively black, poor cities. This demographic trend is common to many major metropolitan areas across the midwest, including Detroit, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Cleveland. In and of itself, this would not have been a problem if the larger metropolitan area were united within a single municipality. However suburbanites were able to escape the tax base of the city, while still using numerous city resources, from hospitals to roads to water supply and other elements of the city’s infrastructure. Detroit spent billions of dollars providing health, education and other services to people who would ultimately leave to become productive members of society elsewhere. The real cure for cities like Detroit is the annexation of its suburbs – to bring political realities (the lines on the map) into accord with the social and economic reality: that city and suburb is a single entity, united by a common infrastructure and commerce. Detroit today is little more than the least desirable neighborhood in a much larger economic zone, of which it comprises less than 20% of the total population, and an even smaller fraction of the total land area. Leaving the old municipal lines intact effects a ghetto, within which medical care and education are far inferior, predictably producing children who will lack the skills to be productive in a modern economy. The obstacles to incorporation of the suburbs are political, but they have been overcome in places such as Kansas City and Louisville. Detroit’s latest plan will get it out of bankruptcy, and improve things a little bit in the short term. But over the long haul it will only perpetuate an unjust and unproductive status quo. Share the Guide: https://liberalfieldguide.org/

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Design & Technology Design & Technology, in the modern curriculum, is at the forefront of developing the creative problem-solving skills required to participate successfully in today’s rapidly-changing technological society. The subject provides an arena in which the arts and sciences meet, creating an opportunity for pupils to apply their innovative talents and technological knowledge to solving real human problems. The values of traditional skills are developed in parallel with advancements in the subject, including modern and smart materials, virtual and rapid prototyping and computer-aided design and manufacture. Through reflection upon the social and environmental consequences of their own and others’ design decisions, pupils expand their awareness and responsibility towards the wider world. Design & Technology offers a diversity of teaching and learning opportunities, thus allowing all pupils to achieve. As a Foundation subject, all pupils study Design and Technology as part of the National Curriculum, this includes Years 7-9. In Design & Technology, pupils combine practical and technological skills with creative thinking to design and make products and systems that meet human needs. They learn to use current technologies and consider the impact of future technological developments. They learn to think creatively and intervene to improve the quality of life, solving problems as individuals and members of a team. Working in stimulating contexts that provide a range of opportunities and draw on the local ethos, community and wider world, pupils identify needs and opportunities. They respond with ideas, products and systems, challenging expectations where appropriate. They combine practical and intellectual skills with an understanding of aesthetic, technical, cultural, health, social, emotional, economic, industrial and environmental issues. As they do so, they evaluate present and past design and technology, and its uses and effects. Through Design and Technology, pupils develop confidence in using practical skills and become discriminating users of products. They apply their creative thinking and learn to innovate. Design & Technology – National Curriculum, QCA 2007.

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Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa with a population of about 15 million. It borders Angola and the Democratic Republic of The Congo. One of the main health problems that Zambia faces is maternal mortality. However, in recent years the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Zambia has declined. In 1996, the MMR in Zambia was 649 per 100,000 live births. Although this number rose throughout the years, to a total of 729 per 100,000 births in 2002, by 2011, the MMR in Zambia had fallen to 591 per 100,000. Hemorrhaging, or extensive bleeding, is one of the main causes of maternal mortality. Many women who give birth at home do not have the blood transfusions available to help them recover from the loss of blood, and some hospitals also do not have enough blood available to provide those transfusions. According to the United Nations Population Fund (NFPA), hemorrhaging accounts for 34 percent of maternal deaths. The Population Reference Bureau reports that another main cause of maternal mortality in Zambia is obstructed labor, which is when the infant is not able to exit its mother due to its position or the size of its head. Obstructed labor can be solved by giving birth via C-section, but many people give birth at home and some hospital attendants are not able to perform the C-section needed for a safe delivery. 8 percent of the maternal deaths in Zambia are due to obstructed labor. Infections due to unsanitary conditions during delivery also account for some of the maternal deaths which occur in Zambia. 13 percent of mothers die because of poor hygienic conditions during their delivery. Other causes of maternal mortality include complications from unsafe abortions and underlying causes such as malaria, anemia, HIV or cardiovascular disease, diseases that are aggravated during delivery. Another problem is that many women are not able to go to a hospital and receive the help that they need. Only 47 percent of births in Zambia are attended by a skilled health worker. Urban women are more likely to have access to a hospital at the time of birthing. Women also choose to not go to a hospital because of traditional beliefs and customs, which promote home births and the use of traditional healing — such as the drinking of certain herbs that are supposed to help women deliver quickly. These herbs can cause vomiting and diarrhea and sometimes complicate the delivery. Groups such as UNICEF and Saving Mothers; Giving Life (SMGL) are working to help lower the number of maternal deaths in Zambia. Saving Mothers; Giving Life is a group that works with the Zambian government and has a six-step plan they use to helping decrease the MMR. Firstly, they equip facilitates so that they are prepared to help women with complications receive care within two hours. They also work to increase the availability of drugs and equipment, train and mentor health professionals, promote better transportation to health facilities, improve data collection and help mobilize communities to increase demand for hospital births. Since 2011, they have been working in four districts in Zambia and have decreased the MMR in those districts by 35 percent. UNICEF, according to their website, funds programs and interventions aimed at improving care for mothers and children. The government of the Republic of Zambia is also playing a large part in improving the MMR, as they have abolished user fees for maternal and child health services in order to grant larger access to such services. All of these efforts have paid off, as shown by the dramatic success of Saving Mothers; Giving Life. However, in order to help continue to reduce MMR, programs such as those implemented by SMGL should be established throughout the entire country. – Ashrita Rau Sources: UNICEF, Saving Mothers, PRB, The CIA World Factbook

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Hunger Project India - Investing in female leadership One in four people living with hunger live in India. Although India’s economy is growing fast, not everyone is reaping the rewards: every day around 194 million Indians have too little to eat, particularly in rural areas, even though hunger is one of the biggest solvable problems in the world. There is no lack of opportunities for reducing hunger. The Indian government itself has made good steps in this direction, and on paper it all looks very well organized. For the poorest, all kinds of schemes and subsidies are available if you know how to get them. From widows’ pensions to housing subsidies, from job programmes to school meals and food vouchers. The village councils play an important role here, as they decide who is eligible for this support. They record the villagers’ needs, identify who is entitled to a subsidy or a service, and then push to obtain these. Women are crucial in the battle to end hunger. They are often responsible for the food, not only for their own families but for the entire community. But they are not given a fair chance everywhere. Women have little or no access to education, money or influential positions, leaving so much potential unused – half of the population is in fact left out. According to Indian law a third of village council members should be women, and in some states even half. These women are elected for five years, and during this period are given intensive training and support by The Hunger Project India. The leadership programme ensures that they have the knowledge, skills and above all the confidence actually to use their influence. Without taking political sides, the programme gives women a voice. Go to website

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Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Proceedings Publication Acceptance Date: 9/18/2002 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: Phosphorus entering lakes and streams from agricultural activity is a major stimulant to algae growth. The livestock industry, through soil application of manure, is a significant contributor of this phosphorus. One way to reduce phosphorus content of manure is to feed phosphorus to meet the animal's requirement, thus eliminating excess excretion from excess feeding. Excess dietary phosphorus appears in the feces of ruminant animals largely in the form of soluble phosphorus, and is especially vulnerable to runoff. Currently, dairy producers typically feed .45% phosphorus (dry matter basis). Feeding .38% phosphorus would provide sufficient phosphorus for even the highest producing dairy cows. If dairy producers would reduce dietary levels from .45 to .38% this reduction would result in a 20% reduction of excreted phosphorus and approximately a 45% reduction in excreted soluble phosphorus. Beef cows should be supplemented with phosphorus only when fed low quality forages, such as corn stalks, winter pasture, or low quality hay or silage. According to the National Research Council, 0.11 to 0.24% dietary phosphorus is sufficient for lactating beef cows. Feedlot cattle will consume excess phosphorus in the typical feedlot diet, and therefore should not be supplemented with mineral phosphorus sources.

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Back to: Learning and Teaching – Unit 4 Diversity means a combination of different social backgrounds, races, cultures, ethnicity, gender, religion, and different languages. Diversity is seen in the classroom too. Diversity in the classroom may even be related to the varying intellectual abilities and social skills of the students. Having diversity in the classroom helps students understand each other’s culture, language, ethnicity, religion, etc. Through diversity, a new perspective will be brought into the classroom. The Importance of Celebrating Different Cultures and Diversity in the Classroom By celebrating different cultures and diversity in the classroom: 1. Students will have an understanding of their classmate’s culture. They will learn about each other’s cultural background and have compassion for it. 2. Students will not feel left out or as being treated unequally. They will feel a sense of belongingness in the classroom and school. 4. It helps in giving students a deeper understanding of diversity. This will help the students in broadening their knowledge about cultural differences. 5. Students will understand the holiday traditions of each culture and why it is celebrated. They will be encouraged to celebrate the different cultures represented in the classroom. 6. Students will feel more comfortable and safe inside as well as outside the classroom. 7. Students will feel more confident in themselves as well as while interacting with their peers. 8. Students will grow up to be open-minded, treat everyone equally, and have empathy for others irrespective of race, religion, culture, etc. Diversity in the classroom will help students learn from each other as well as help the students in their personal development. For a teacher to teach effectively and for students to work as a team, understanding each other in every aspect is essential. This will lead to healthy relationships among the classmates and a good atmosphere in the classroom.

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Several environmental groups are trying to force the federal government to impose pollution controls at Xcel's Sherburne County power plant. The U.S. Department of the Interior says the plant contributes to polluted air in Voyageurs National Park. That determination means the Environmental Protection agency should require pollution controls on the plant, said Kevin Reuther of the Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy. "They've had nearly three years to determine what the appropriate pollution control should be on Sherco. Meanwhile the air isn't getting any better," Reuther said. Sherco burns three trainloads of coal daily, producing enough electricity to power nearly two million homes. Reuther's group and five others warn the EPA that if it takes no action within six months, they will sue the agency. In a prepared statement, Xcel says Sherco meets the requirements of the Clean Air Act and does not impair visibility in Minnesota's national parks. The company is investing $50 million to cut haze-forming pollutants by about 50 percent. However, environmental groups say more expensive technology could achieve 90 percent-reduction of some pollutants.

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SOURCE: Defining Ideas (A Hoover Institution Journal) comments powered by Disqus Victor Davis Hanson: Obama's Rendezvous with History Victor Davis Hanson is the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He is a classicist and an expert on the history of war. What seems sometimes incomprehensible in the contemporary world makes perfect sense—if we pause and study a little history. In November 1918, had anyone in a starving Berlin predicted that, in twenty-two years, an ascendant Germany would control most of Europe, from the Atlantic to the Soviet border, he would have been considered unhinged. And if, in 1945, amid the ashes of the Ruhr, anyone had guessed that in sixty-five years, Germany would once more determine the future of Europe from the Atlantic to the Russian frontier, he would again have been written off as delusional. Yet today, cash-flush German Chancellor Angela Merkel holds the fate of the European Union in her palm—but in a far more secure fashion than an Adolf Hitler ever did. Two inexplicable aspects of Germany’s current financial hegemony confuse us. One, how exactly has a once ruined Germany found itself back atop of Europe? Two, why are Germany’s debtors so angry at the country who is bailing them out, while Germans are privately incensed that they are being had —even as the German government publicly assures the indebted southern Europeans that they may be eligible for even more lines of credit? What sort of Kabuki dance is all that? History again answers those questions. We are witnessing only the latest manifestation of a centuries-old “German problem:” That German preeminence cannot be quite explained by rich natural resources or an exceptionally large population or territory. In Roman times, German tribes were never conquered by advancing legions. The Romans wisely stopped their northward encroachment at the Rhine and Danube rivers. Over centuries, the unassimilated Volk to the east and north claimed they were exceptional—and wary neighbors worried that they might be. Since the 1871 political unification of German-speaking peoples, the German nation has been able to produce abundant goods and services at a clip not explicable by either population or resources. Only a hazier cultural notion of “German-ness” seems to explain the dynamism. Other Europeans were always fearful and apprehensive of Germany’s energy. That anxiety was natural when German economic power so often translated into military aggression in the service of continental ambitions, as it did in 1870, 1914, and 1939. Yet, because Germany suffered a series of self-induced disasters in the twentieth century—millions dead in World War I and II, Europe wrecked, the shame of engineering the Holocaust, the near-half-century division into two rival German states—Berlin remains wary about reacting to provocations that might alienate it from the world community. And that fact is equally well known to its apprehensive, but calculating neighbors. Add all that complex history up, and it becomes understandable why Germany both can afford to subsidize Europe’s future, while accepting levels of criticism from its dependents that few other nations would endure—at least for now... comments powered by Disqus - Heffron, of WWII's Band of Brothers, Dies at 90 - Fully 70 percent of films from silent era are lost, according to Library of Congress report - "Secret" Labyrinth of Tunnels under Rome Mapped - Florida Tribe Re-Creates Daring Escape From The Trail Of Tears - Evolution, Civil War history entwine in plant fossil with a tragic past

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Active Standard ASTM G140 | Developed by Subcommittee: G01.04 Book of Standards Volume: 03.02 Historical (view previous versions of standard) Significance and Use This test method is capable of generating quantitative values of atmospheric chloride deposition specifying milligrams of chloride ions per square metre per day (or other units derived from such values). Note 1—Chlorides in the atmosphere exist as a suspension of liquid droplets or solid particles. They are transported to solid surfaces by gravity, wind, or brownian motions. These transport mechanisms are direction-sensitive so that a vertical cylinder will not necessarily receive the same flux as a horizontal plate, or objects with different sizes and orientations. Therefore, the use of this approach to provide an indication of the deposition of chlorides on objects in atmospheric exposures may not be quantitatively accurate; however, this technique has been successful in classifying the severity of exposure in a variety of marine locations. The sites where samples are to be taken and the sampling time periods should be established. A continuous program of monthly or 30-day exposures is recommended for site characterization. Seasonal monitoring may be performed if there are specific periods of interest. 1.1 This test method covers a wet candle device and its use in measuring atmospheric chloride deposition (amount of chloride salts deposited from the atmosphere on a given area per unit time). 1.2 Data on atmospheric chloride deposition can be useful in classifying the corrosivity of a specific area, such as an atmospheric test site. Caution must be exercised, however, to take into consideration the season because airborne chlorides vary widely between seasons. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. D1193 Specification for Reagent Water D4458 Test Method for Chloride Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines G92 Practice for Characterization of Atmospheric Test Sites ISO StandardISO9225 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys. Aggressivity of Atmospheres--Methods of Measurement of Pollution Data Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. ICS Number Code 71.040.50 (Physicochemical methods of analysis); 77.060 (Corrosion of metals)

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Children’s play highlights Great Lakes maritime history Jeff Duncan wrote short stories for years and they never went anywhere. Until one day, his friend at the Iowa Review told him the dialogue always was great in his stories. That’s when it hit him – he should write plays. Twenty years later, Duncan just finished his 23rdplay. This one is for the Wild Swan Theater in Ann Arbor, Mich., where the plays are for children, he said. Shipwrecked! is a play about a family caught in a storm while transporting Christmas trees in 1893, he said. “They’re a family that owns a boat and does Great Lakes shipping,” he said. “November is a good month to have a wreck and in 1893 there was a bad recession so that’s why they were doing it.” The project began when the Michigan Humanities Council awarded Wild Swan a grant to write a play about maritime disasters to be performed all over Michigan, Duncan said. The play has shown at various elementary schools and will be shown at museums in Michigan. “There was a woman who used to do a lot of short essays for NPR (National Public Radio),” Duncan said. “The only thing she could get all first graders to read about was maritime disasters. During the research, I found the amount (of people) who have gone down is amazing. Thirty thousand people have drowned (in the Great Lakes).” Hilary Cohen co-founded the Wild Swan Theater 32 years ago when she and her friends realized there was a need for a good, accessible theater for young people, she said. “Shipwrecked! is pretty typical of how we start a process,” she said. “We have an idea, but leave a lot open. We did a lot of research, we went to a lot of museums and we learned from great maritime historians and different eras of shipping in Michigan.” Wild Swan produces plays that do not talk down to children and keep them engaged, she said. It is also accessible to the disabled. Duncan said there are usually two people doing sign language during every play that are in costume and a part of the show. “We wanted to make sure everything was very professional and as accessible as possible,” Cohen said. “So we started looking into sign language and descriptive audio services to make the plays available.” Duncan said if the play is good, adults will like it as much as children. His goal for Shipwrecked! is the same as every other play he writes – to excite people about the arts. “Well always, with every play, I want kids to be fired up about plays and works of imagination,” he said. “And with this one, to be fired up about history and Michigan history; the teachers I talk to hardly do anything with the lakes when studying Michigan history. “It is absolutely fascinating, and exciting and dramatic. This is the Great Lakes state, right?” Shipwrecked! will be performed at the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary in Alpena, Mich., on April 20 (not open to the public) and April 21, and will move on to Detroit to play the Detroit Historical Society on Belle Isle on May 16, 17 and 18. The play also is seeking funds to travel to the Michigan Maritime Museum in South Haven, Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum in Whitefish Point and Peter White Library in Marquette.

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When you’re conserving water use in drought times but want to continue to irrigate landscapes with optimal efficiency—a smart irrigation system leaves traditional methods of irrigation behind in the dust. As technology evolves with each passing year, it’s only getting smarter. So why use smart irrigation instead of conventional methods of irrigation? Traditional irrigation systems are pre-set manually to turn on and off using a timer. It doesn’t matter if an unexpected downpour occurs on a scheduled day or the soil deep beneath the ground surface where the eye can’t see has become oversaturated. That timer is pre-set to water on each scheduled day; rain, or shine. Clearly, this isn’t the most efficient or cost-effective way to manage landscape irrigation in times of drought. Studies show that 70% of water consumption around the world is used for irrigation, and half of that is wasted due to inefficient, traditional irrigation practices. The optimal way to manage irrigation and nurture your landscape would be to know how much hydration plant roots deep need on any given day or if they’re getting too much scheduled watering. The good news is today’s cloud-based smart irrigation does the work for you. It takes control of watering your plants and landscape, adjusting day by day, hour by hour, as it continuously collects and ingests weather data in real-time at your specific site. Taking that Smart technology below ground, embedded deep in the root zone of plants, ultra-sensitive Soil Moisture Sensors electronically transmits soil moisture content readings to the Smart Controller and automatically delivers the perfect amount of water needed to plant roots— no more, no less– to keep plants above ground healthy and thriving. Smart Irrigation systems save water, time, and money. Studies show that up to 50% of water usage for landscape irrigation can be saved with cloud-based Smart Irrigation systems. As a result, Smart systems typically pay for themselves in water savings within two years. Smart Irrigation is not only cost-effective, but also the responsible thing to do. Not only in these times of drought, but as we strive to conserve our finite and dwindling water sources, and protect our environment and leave our world a better place for future generations to come.

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According to some, the winter blues are their most potent this month. But fear not, woods are proven to lift our spirits, reduce stress, soothe and inspire us. So put your boots on, wrap up warm and keep watch for a few of the following… Trees/shrubs… Hazel catkins begin to stretch and open out, bringing a glimpse of new life. These are the male flowers, next month the females flowers will open and the catkins will shed their pollen to fertilise them. Juniper’s winter foliage is tinged bronze and offers much needed shelter to birds and small mammals. The berries also provide sustenance through this lean period. Plants… The pendulous flowers of snowdrops start to open, gradually carpeting the woodland floor in delicate white blooms. The delightfully named stinking hellebore is another to keep your eyes, or nose, peeled for. This smelly herb, which likes open woodland, has greeny-yellow bell-shaped flowers with purple edges. Fungi/lichens… Smoky bracket is a fungus visible all year. It grows in leathery, overlapping tiers on deadwood of deciduous trees. Candle snuff fungus, also known as stags horn fungus, is another one too look out for in winter. Lichens are a symbiosis of a fungus and an alga, found on trees and rocks they offer some welcome year-round colour. They are also an indicator of air pollution, the more delicate and rarer species only grow in areas with cleaner air. Birds… Rooks will be industriously repairing their nests in preparation for their new broods. Robins mostly breed in March, but they can start as early as January if conditions are right. Other birds looking for mates include wrens and hedge sparrows. Blackbirds, greenfinches and song thrushes can be heard singing on sunny days. The sound of woodpeckers drumming on trees will carry further without canopy leaves to buffer the sound. Mammals… Sleek red foxes mate between late December and February. During this time they are far less secretive; the males release short barks, while the females emit hormone fuelled screams. Amphibians… The first newts and frogs emerge from hibernation and head to their breeding ponds. Some frog spawn may also be found this early in the year. Insects… January is not a popular time for insects. But clouds of gnats can sometimes be seen on warmer, sunny days. Dragonfly and mayfly nymphs can be found in ponds, as water retains its heat more readily than air.

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Retention rates are identified as an indicator of performance in the TEQSA threshold standards, and in the DIISRTE Higher Education Performance framework which sets targets for completion, The retention indicator looks at the rate at which students from a program or equity group are retained from the previous year. It is calculated as a percentage: R = r(current yr)/(N(prev yr) – C(prev yr)) where r(current yr) is the number of students from the previous year’s group who enrolled again in the current year. N(prev yr) is the number of students from the group who were enrolled in the previous year, and C(prev yr) is the number of students from the group who completed their course in the previous year. Calculations are based on March 31 readings for each year. Calculations for retention often highlight transfers from one program to another. Although these are not strictly lost enrolments, they can still highlight issues with a program, and although attrition rates for programs do vary, a rate of 20% or higher would characterise the outcomes of the ten universities in Australia with the worst retention outcomes.

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What is Food Engineering Food Engineering is a specialized sub field within Agricultural Engineering and is focused on the application of Engineering to the production and distribution of food. In today’s world, food production is a significant issue and Food Engineers play an important role in addressing that. Food that is grown or processed must follow strict safety health and standards to ensure they are safe and that people do not get sick (or worse) from consuming produced food. Food Engineers control the health and safety of food production by designing and operating food processing plants. They also involve themselves in waste management and the genetic modification of foods. Food Engineers generally work for food manufacturing companies, but they can also work in the pharmaceutical and health care industries.

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The fearsome Torvosaurus gurneyi was likely a top predator of its day and was only slightly smaller than the mighty T. rex Credit: Sergey Krasovskiy A massive, meat-eating dinosaur that roamed a Jurassic-era coastline has been unearthed in Portugal. The big-clawed, sharp-toothed newly discovered species, dubbed Torvosaurus gurneyi, may be the largest land predator from the period ever found in Europe. "It's a dinosaur that is quite similar to T. rex," with huge teeth and an elongated snout, said study co-author Christophe Hendrickx, a paleontology doctoral candidate at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa in Portugal. [See Images of the New Dinosaur Predator] Lourinhã, Portugal, is a fossil-rich region where sheer cliffs overlook the shoreline. During the late Jurassic Period, the area boasted a vast, steamy river plain rich with lush vegetation and a diverse array of dinosaurs. Last year, scientists described several well-preserved dinosaur embryos in Lourinhã from the genus Torvosaurus but could not identify the species discovered at the site. [See Photos of the Dinosaur Embryos and Hatchlings] The new dinosaur was first unearthed in 2003, when an amateur paleontologist uncovered part of a jawbone. A shinbone, teeth and fragments of tail vertebrae were also discovered later. Scientists initially thought the bones came from Torvosaurus tanneri, a massive land-based predator that lived in North America some 150 million years ago. But Hendrickx and his colleague Octávio Mateus, a paleontologist also at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, took a closer look at the skeletal remains and determined that they came from the newly named species. The European behemoth was a theropod, a suborder of meat-eating dinosaurs that includes the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex. Though T. gurneyi grew to 33 feet (10 meters) long and weighed 4 to 5 tons, it was still smaller than T. rex, which was 40 feet (12 m) from head to toe. Its huge, bladelike, 4-inch-long (10 centimeters) teeth confirm the massive dinosaur was a carnivore, Hendrickx told Live Science. "Most likely, it was a predator," Hendrickx said, and it probably hunted large, live prey, as there was a wide variety of herbivorous dinosaurs during that time. However, it may have also been a scavenger, he added. The new discovery changes the picture of European dinosaurs at the time. Back then, Europe was an archipelago of large islands, and animals often evolve to be smaller on islands. In fact, many of the dinosaurs in the late Jurassic Period in Europe show signs of dwarfism, Hendrickx said. (The Jurassic lasted from 199.6 million to 145.5 million years ago.) But when it came to size, Torvosaurus gurneyi could hold its own against the giant super predators of North America, showing that "large dinosaurs did exist in Europe by the end of the Jurassic," Hendrickx said. The fossil discoveries also suggest that the dinosaur embryos discovered last year belonged to T. gurneyi, Hendrickx said. The findings were published today (March 5) in the journal PLOS ONE.

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Click here for shortcuts to regional language blogs and city-specific events. Among the many challenges that parents face, getting your child to sleep ranks pretty high on the list with almost all parents literally losing sleep over the issue! Though there is no one-size-fits-all formula to lull our children into a healthy sleep habit, here are some basics that we need to be aware of along with keen observation of what works with our children. Each of my children had different challenges with regards to sleep in their toddler years, but with our patient support, could learn to sleep on their own. WHY TODDLERS FIGHT SLEEP? The most common reasons for your toddler to drag out bedtime include: Rocking the baby, nursing or bottle feeding the baby to sleep, or keeping the child in the lap are the most common ways parents put the child to bed. Though having high temporary success rates and making it easy for the parents to quickly put the child to sleep, it creates a dependency in the child for external help to sleep. The child starts associating these techniques with sleep and it becomes more difficult to soothe himself in the absence of these external dependents. Giving a milk bottle or nursing a child in a lying down position could even cause ear infection. Putting the child to bed when they are just sleepy but not asleep yet will help the child to slowly learn ways to self-soothe. The amount of sleep a child needs varies based on the age of the child, physical needs, diet and certain other factors. Children love routine. It is important to have more or less same sleeping schedule each day. The body’s built in clock helps to support the routine. For instance, the routine could be each night your child gets a bath, listens to you read them a story, has a snack, and then its lights out. The child gets a cue that it’s time to fall asleep. It is best to start a routine early, by 4 months. Having activities that are too exciting or which have bright lights like TV, mobile can make the brain too alert for sleep. Ideally avoid over stimulating activities and bright screens an hour before bedtime. To prepare the child for bed, do something to relax. Take a warm bath or listen to calm music.. Once the child is in bed, an eye contact with adult or talking or singing too much can excite the child. Speak softly, lie down with the child, comfort her (maybe by letting the child come over you or touch you) but don’t make it rewarding by picking her up. Keeping the room too dark can make the child uncomfortable as the child is suddenly not able to see things or move around. Many toddlers will try anything to stay up just that little bit later. There’s so much to learn and explore that they simply don’t want to miss anything! Children can get very creative when they want to stay up longer. Asking for one more drink of water, taking one more trip to the toilet, or simply getting out of bed repeatedly, are all ways for her to spend more time with you. If she needs to go to the toilet, let her. But explain that bedtime is bedtime, and put her straight back to bed. After her bedtime routine, sit quietly, talk in hushed voices and make things seem boring. How do I know when my child is sleepy? If your child is sleepy, you might see some of the following tired signs: How to handle mid night waking up? Night waking is common among toddlers. Up to half of under five-year-olds have times when they don’t sleep through. It could simply be that your toddler’s going through a developmental leap, in which case her sleeping patterns should soon get back to normal. It is normal for adults and children to wake up a number of times during the night. Adults tend to be unaware of waking up and quickly go right back to sleep. Young children respond in a much different way. They may feel very insecure when they wake up. As a result, they cry, scream, and do what they can to get someone’s attention. The natural response from parents is to comfort the child. They may feel that they need to “help” their child return to sleep. They do this by feeding, rocking, holding, or lying down with the child. As they do so, the child learns that this “help” pattern will always occur to assist him in going back to sleep. Many young children are then unable to fall asleep without the help of a parent. Be consistent with your sleep routine during the night too. Talk in a calm and quiet manner, and reinforce the idea that it’s a time for sleep. Do naps in the day interfere with sleep at night? If they don’t nap enough during the day, young kids may have trouble falling asleep at night. Most babies need two or three naps a day. Toddlers need at least one nap. Most kids still take an after-lunch nap until age 5. If your child is cranky and sleepy, let her nap, as long as it’s not too close to bedtime. What are the ways toddlers soothe themselves to sleep? They may suck their fingers, or thumb or fists. It is an instinctual behavior. Some toddlers also become quite fixated on stroking their parent’s ears, faces, or hands. Toddlers may stroke their bellies, their ears and their feet. Some toddlers yank on or twist their own hair (or their parents’ hair!) as a way to soothe and calm themselves before sleep. Some may rock their bodies back and forth during the naptime. Some may grimace, shrug their shoulders, twitch or make repetitive noises as they wind down for sleep. One of a parent’s most treasured moments is to look in on a child who is sleeping peacefully!! It is important to understand that many sleep problems in children are both common and natural. They are not a result of poor parenting. We must understand that bedtime is a big transition for many young kids. As parents we need to support them in a consistent manner.

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Cognitive Daily, one of my favorite websites, has a great piece on a study that examined whether or not people find references to brain areas ‘lighting up’ in neuroimaging (one of my least favorite expressions) and other neuro-speak more persuasive than plain old psychology articles. The piece is titled, ‘When we see a brain “light up,” [most of] our brains shut off.’ Author Dave Munger reports that he originally found out about the research through an online article in Seed Magazine (available here) (I hope I’m not inadvertently misrepresenting anything Munger has written…). The newly published study, ‘The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations,’ has appeared in the Journal of Cognitive Science (abstract here). The study set out to find whether or not a bit of neuroscience-speak can persuade people, even when explanations are bad: ‘Explanations of psychological phenomena seem to generate more public interest when they contain neuroscientific information. Even irrelevant neuroscience information in an explanation of a psychological phenomenon may interfere with people’s abilities to critically consider the underlying logic of this explanation’ (from the abstract). The crucial part of this is that, according to experts, the neuroscience in the experimental passages was irrelevant to whether or not the argument being advanced was valid or not. Munger describes the original study as finding, not that neuroscience is always more persuasive than psychological explanation, but that neuroscience makes bad explanations more persuasive. He explains: While there was no significant difference in the results for good explanations, people rated the bad explanations significantly better when they included irrelevant neuroscience. The team repeated the experiment on college undergraduates who were enrolled in an introductory neuroscience class, and the results were similar, both at the beginning and the end of the semester. The students actually rated all the explanations significantly better when neuroscience was included, whether or not the explanations themselves were good. On experts (people having degrees or some brain science education), neuroscience added to bad explanations did not help at all, and they actually did worse that bad explanations with no neuroscience. Munger: While there was a slight trend to rate the bad explanations with neuroscience better, it did not rise to the level of significance. Good explanations with neuroscience were actually rated worse by the experts than explanations without neuroscience content. So contrary to Bloom’s article, the final result of the study did not find the same effect for experts and non-experts. Perhaps preliminary data had been significant, but when more participants were tested, the effect went away. So why is this important to neuroanthropology? For a couple of reasons. I could cynically argue that a dash of neuro-speak will go a bit of distance toward making anthropological arguments more persuasive in the public sector; of course, we’d have to run a study to show whether or not a sprinkling of post-structuralist jargon also made arguments more persuasive. That is, I’m not sure if neuro-speak is special, or if non-experts find signals of expertise — like impenetrable (and in this case, irrelevant) jargon — persuasive. I think that post-structuralist verbiage might not help us, but perhaps certain discourses du jour — like genetics or nanotechnology or something else — might provide a bit of a bump to our rhetoric in the eyes of non-experts. Rather, I take as the conclusion the latter argument; that among experts, neuroscience data that is irrelevant makes bad explanations less persuasive. That is, among those who know, the bar is set higher for explanation when there is the appearance of data than when there is no suggestion of a foundation in the brain sciences. In other words, we’ve got to get it right. We’ve got to do more than just lace our explanations with a bit of technical vocabulary if we are going to be persuasive to those who know better. In addition, if we are successful in educating the anthropology community, we can make anthropologists part of that expert crowd, less susceptible to neuro-snow-jobs and jargon smoke screens. The goal is not to create a neuro-hostile crowd, a field with a knee jerk response to call any discussion of the brain or imaging technology a form of ‘neuro-reductionism.’ Instead, a more widespread familiarity with the brain sciences does not lead people to become dazzled by the technologies and technical vocabularies, but rather makes them a much more educated, discerning audience. … and if someone out there gets the money to run the research project where you test good and bad explanations with post-structuralist lingo to see if it’s more persuasive to naive and expert audiences, you’ve got to send me the results a.s.a.p. Note: I’m not tagging this with the ‘blogging about refereed research’ because, to be honest, I haven’t done my homework and read and thoroughly digested the original research article. Cognitive Daily author Dave Munger is too good with that system to be messing with it when it’s not warranted. Daniel and I are working behind the scenes right now to pull together a Neuroanthropology panel proposal for the American Anthropological Association, and we’ve got a deadline to deal with on that. More news when there is some… Weisberg, D.S., F.C. Keil, J. Goodstein, E. Rawson, and J. R. Gray. 2008. The Seductive Allure of Neuroscience Explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20(3): 470-477.

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Wordsworth called poetry “the spontaneous overflow of feelings.” I agree, however I would add the word ‘intense’ before feelings. The spontaneous overflow of intense feelings. You see the reason we write poetry is to attempt to feel again, or to purify the feeling of that same emotion we felt. Or maybe to relive or hold on to an emotional moment. Poets such as e.e Cummings, a personal favourite of mine, and William Shakespeare, Edgar Allen Poe and the list goes on, are known as some of the best wordsmiths of all time. LOVE IS MORE THICKER THAN FORGET love is more thicker than forget more thinner than recall more seldom than a wave is wet more frequent than to fail it is most mad and moonly and less it shall unbe than all the sea which only is deeper than the sea love is less always than to win less never than alive less bigger than the least begin less littler than forgive it is most sane and sunly and more it cannot die than all the sky which only is higher than the sky However, it doesnt matter who you are, if you want to write for self- expression then don’t hesitate. Grab a pen and paper. There is something deeply personal connected to weaving words, creating metaphors, and rhyming patterns to achieve something inarticulable. The poem I have in image here is a healtfelt exposé of a young man who found himself away from his true love. He was sent to jail, and during his experience there, was able to delve within himself and understand his feelings. He said, “My experience there taught me alot… in there we weren’t all mean and ruthless.” It was 26th August 2009, a gorgeous day in the prison yard and as he wondered into the chapel, his thoughts could no longer remain captive. Spilling his feelings, for his lady, on a piece of paper (see image), he expressed in words of endearment how much she meant to him. “Through all the bad patches in my life, she was definately my rock.” Whether you are the writer or the recipient of poetry, it’s clear that when the words connect to you personally, there is power. Expressive words can be such a personable experience. Satisfaction blossoms when appreciation is shared by another. Poetry achieves more than normal prose by enhancing feelings through abstractions. Sometimes feeling happy, sad, or angry is more than what your appearance may portray. Poetry expresses feelings which when written on paper speak louder than actions. Especially when it comes to feelings like LOVE or feelings you may not fully comprehend yet. By allowing your words to flow you gain much power for good and for darker emotions. They may inspire moments when only reading or writing will satisfy your mind. This is when creative expression begins and words form and mould into a structure of prose no longer able to stay confined to grey matter and you find yourself searching for writing implements before you forget the perfect expression in your mind. When words resonate and connect with me, I feel less alone and more alive. I think that’s why we have our favourite authors, poets and quotes. And why we express ourselves in powerful words. Thank you my cuzzy for allowing me to blog about you, your past, and family. xxx

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We hear the words ADD and ADHD a lot. You or your child may have been diagnosed with one. Still others are sometimes told “you’re ADD/ADHD” either in jest or as a subtle suggestion. Let’s look at what these labels mean, how you may be able to recognize the characteristics, and some mainstream treatments used by doctors, therapists, and schools. ADD is Attention Deficit Disorder while ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. These are easier to understand when we consider the various subtypes that make them up. The first is inattentive, traditionally called ADD. Then, the hyperactive impulse is referred to as ADHD. Some individuals have both types. Everyone is different with their own personality, intelligences, and disabilities. Symptoms of ADD and ADHD vary widely. They can range from a child who is full of energy that he is bouncing off the walls to a girl who is quiet yet unfocused and finally to an adult who is terribly disorganized. Think for a moment and you can probably visualize people you know who have one of more of these traits. You may have even experienced these symptoms yourself. These conditions have been known for more than 100 years. Today the Centers for Disease Control say a little over 1 in 10 children and teens in the US have been diagnosed with ADD or ADHD. While we all have moments when our minds won’t focus or we aren’t paying attention, people with ADD or ADHD have greater difficulty more often. A student with either may not pay attention in class and make a lot of careless mistakes. Even when the teacher speaks to him, he may appear to not be listening or retain much information. Others have difficulty organizing tasks and may not want to do anything that takes a lot of thinking. They are easily distracted and often forgetful. Doctors, therapists, and schools use a range of medications and different teaching styles to reach young people. Adults can often use therapeutic strategies to lessen the effects. Please contact our office to inquire about getting help with ADD/ADHD.

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Antarctica: Ice Under Fire The disintegrating face of the Müller Ice Shelf, Lallemand Fjord, Antarctic Peninsula, 67° South, April 2, 1999. This small shelf, fed by glaciers from the Loubet Coast, has been receding recently after growing over a 400-year cooling period. Like other receding ice shelves such as the larger Larsen, it may be a sensitive monitor of rising regional temperatures. The Larsen Ice Shelf lost a 1200 square mile section early in 2002. Earlier in the 1990's other huge sections of this shelf disintegrated. In 2003 Argentine glaciologists reported that the land-based glaciers exposed by the removal of those sections had surged rapidly into the ocean. Thus, although ice shelves are floating and do not add to sea level when they melt or break up, land based glaciers released by such events definitely will add to sea level. Another view of the Müller Ice Shelf calving rapidly (right). Across the Peninsula, seven monitored ice shelves have declined by a total of about 13,500 km2 since 1974, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. This is nearly the area of Conneticut. On the Larsen shelf (satellite view left), about 3,250 km2 of shelf in area B disintegrated in a 35-day period beginning on 31 January 2002. Eugene Domack, Hamilton College geologist, and others believe this portion of the shelf may have been stable for about 12,000 years before this year's collapse. Technicians for the National Science Foundation on the rear deck of the research vessel, Nathaniel B. Palmer, prepare a kasten core device to lower into sediment near the Müller Ice Shelf. This is during a study by Dr. Eugene Domack, funded by the National Science Foundation, on the history of climate in peninsular Antarctica. All ice shelves in the area have been receding, but because they were already floating they do not raise sea level. The concern is that landed glaciers behind the shelves may be next to begin rapid retreat, which would raise ocean levels. This mile-long ice cliff of Marr Ice Piedmont, Anvers Island, has receded about 500 meters since the mid 1960s. The cliff's previous position was to the left of the line of ice floating in the harbor and extended to the headland at the extreme upper left. The regional temperature has increased 5° C in winter over the past 50 years. This reduces seasonal icepack, disrupts growth of krill and changes conditions on penguin rookeries. For more on glacier recession and around the world, please see Ice Under Fire, the Mountain Glacier section.

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A lottery is a gambling game in which people purchase a ticket for a chance to win a prize, such as money or goods. Some lotteries are run by state governments, while others are privately organized. In the United States, the legal definition of a lottery includes all games that require payment for a chance to win a prize, regardless of whether the prizes are cash or goods. Lotteries are a popular way to raise money, and some of the proceeds are often used to support good causes. The earliest records of lotteries date to ancient times. They were common during the Roman Empire, especially as entertainment at dinner parties. The host would distribute pieces of wood with symbols on them to each guest, and the winner would togel hongkong receive a prize. The prizes were typically fancy items such as dinnerware. In the modern sense of a lottery, the winning prize is based on a random drawing, and it is usually a sum of money. Some lotteries also award other goods such as subsidized housing units or kindergarten placements. While many people believe that playing the lottery is a way to make money, there are a number of problems with this strategy. Lottery winners may be tempted to spend the prize money on expensive luxury items or to buy more tickets, which can cause them to lose the money in the long run. In addition, winning the lottery can lead to addiction and a decrease in quality of life for those who participate. The odds of winning the lottery are slim, and the chances of becoming struck by lightning or being hit by a meteor are much greater. However, there are a number of ways to improve your chances of winning, including buying more tickets and selecting numbers that are not related to any significant dates or events. Harvard statistics professor Mark Glickman recommends choosing numbers that are not close together and avoiding sequences like birthdays or ages, as they will likely be picked by other players. In addition to purchasing more tickets, you can also boost your odds of winning by playing a less popular game. For example, a state pick-3 game has better odds than the Powerball and Mega Millions games. Scratch cards are another easy way to increase your chances of winning. They are available at most lottery commissions and have low ticket prices. While the purchase of lottery tickets cannot be explained by decision models based on expected value maximization, it can be accounted for by utility functions that are shaped by the prospect of winning and a desire to become rich. These preferences can be influenced by social norms and beliefs about how wealth is distributed, as well as by the desire to experience a thrill. Moreover, the price of lottery tickets is lower than the expected value of the prize, so the purchasers’ expected utility function is below the optimum level. However, the purchase of lottery tickets can be a rational decision for those who have a low cost of risk and are seeking a chance to become wealthy.

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