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sohomghosh
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FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

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1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
Corporate tax
Taxes imposed on the income made by the corporations (or private sector firms).
ncert
1
58.28
8.4
0
10.37
9.3
11.57
6.5
8.28
Currency deposit ratio
The ratio of money held by the public in currency to that held as deposits in commercial banks.
ncert
1
70.13
8
0
7.25
8
8.92
11
11.64
Depreciation
A decrease in the price of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency under floating exchange rates. It corresponds to an increase in the exchange rate.
ncert
1
65.73
7.6
0
10.08
8.6
9.41
8
9.89
Devaluation
The decrease in the price of domestic currency under pegged exchange rates through official action.
ncert
1
47.79
10.3
0
14.61
12.8
11.75
10.5
14
Double coincidence of wants
A situation where two economic agents have complementary demand for each others’ surplus production.
ncert
1
23.43
13.5
0
17.74
14.8
13.35
12
19.89
Economic agents or units
Economic units or economic agents are those individuals or institutions which take economic decisions.
ncert
1
14.97
14.7
0
18.61
15.5
11.1
13
17.03
Effective demand principle
If the supply of final goods is assumed to be infinitely elastic at constant price over a short period of time, aggregate output is determined solely by the value of aggregate demand. This is called effective demand principle.
ncert
1
43.73
11.9
0
11.08
11.5
10.81
13
13.92
Entrepreneurship
The task of organising, coordinating and risk-taking during production.
ncert
1
3.12
15.1
0
19.63
16
11.1
7.5
16.93
Ex ante consumption
The value of planned consumption.
ncert
1
66.4
5.2
0
10.76
8.4
10.2
2.5
10
Ex ante investment
The value of planned investment.
ncert
1
66.4
5.2
0
9.6
7.4
10.2
2.5
10
Ex ante
consumption The value of planned consumption.
ncert
1
48.47
8
0
16.87
13
9.2
4
9.07
Ex post
The actual or realised value of a variable as opposed to its planned value.
ncert
1
65.73
7.6
0
7.42
6.4
9.97
7
8.46
Exports
Sale of goods and services by the domestic country to the rest of the world.
ncert
1
81.63
5.6
0
5.73
5.5
6.49
7.5
8.67
External sector
It refers to the economic transaction of the domestic country with the rest of the world.
ncert
1
72.16
7.2
0
8.87
8.4
8.38
11
13.9
Externalities
Those benefits or harms accruing to another person, firm or any other entity which occur because some person, firm or any other entity may be involved in an economic activity. If someone is causing benefits or good externality to another, the latter does not pay the former. If someone is inflicting harm or bad externality to another, the former does not compensate the latter.
ncert
1
41.4
12.8
15.5
10.62
12.4
8.39
15.333333
13.52
Fiat money
Money with no intrinsic value.
ncert
1
49.48
7.6
0
7.28
5.6
7.04
2.5
10
Final goods
Those goods which do not undergo any further transformation in the production process.
ncert
1
58.28
8.4
0
14.43
11.9
9.14
8.5
14.43
Firms
Economic units which carry out production of goods and services and employ factors of production.
ncert
1
47.79
10.3
0
13.85
12.1
10.7
10.5
11.33
Fiscal policy
The policy of the government regarding the level of government spending and transfers and the tax structure.
ncert
1
45.76
11.1
0
13.45
12.6
9.12
12.5
11.51
Fixed exchange rate
An exchange rate between the currencies of two or more countries that is fixed at some level and adjusted only infrequently.
ncert
1
50.16
11.5
0
11.14
12.4
8.44
13.5
14.11
Flexible/floating exchange rate
An exchange rate determined by the forces of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market without central bank intervention.
ncert
1
42.72
12.3
0
14.04
14.2
10.16
12
12
Flows
Variables which are defined over a period of time.
ncert
1
79.26
4.4
0
7.39
5.1
9.35
4.5
8.04
Foreign exchange
Foreign currency, all currencies other than the domestic currency of a given country.
ncert
1
32.9
11.9
0
13.5
11.5
9.14
10.5
14.43
Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign assets held by the central bank of the country.
ncert
1
78.25
4.8
0
7.34
5.2
8.87
4
4
Four factors of production
Land, Labour, Capital and Entrepreneurship. Together these help in the production of goods and services.
ncert
1
63.86
6.2
0
13.59
10.6
8.22
4.75
8.33
GDP Deflator
Ratio of nominal to real GDP.
ncert
1
56.93
6.8
0
1.38
0.4
11.83
3
9.07
Government expenditure multiplier
The numerical coefficient showing the size of the increase in output resulting from each unit increase in government spending.
ncert
1
35.27
13.1
0
15.37
14.8
11.23
13.5
13.92
Government
expenditure multiplier The numerical coefficient showing the size of the increase in output resulting from each unit increase in government spending.
ncert
1
16.32
16.2
0
18.1
18
12.2
16.5
17.92
Great Depression
The time period of 1930s (started with the stock market crash in New York in 1929) which saw the output in the developed countries fall and unemployment rise by huge amounts.
ncert
1
56.93
13
0
9.7
16
10.27
18.5
16.27
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Aggregate value of goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country. It includes the replacement investment of the depreciation of capital stock.
ncert
1
33.41
11.7
0
14.54
11.8
10.57
8.75
14.6
Gross fiscal deficit
The excess of total government expenditure over revenue receipts and capital receipts that do not create debt.
ncert
1
37.3
12.3
0
14.15
13.1
10.98
11.5
9.15
Gross investment
Addition to capital stock which also includes replacement for the wear and tear which the capital stock undergoes.
ncert
1
44.75
11.5
0
13.34
13
8.04
14
13.87
Gross National Product (GNP)
GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad. In other words GNP includes the aggregate income made by all citizens of the country, whereas GDP includes incomes by foreigners within the domestic economy and excludes incomes earned by the citizens in a foreign economy.
ncert
1
41.7
12.7
0
12.13
13.4
11.07
14.25
13.16
Gross primary deficit
The fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
ncert
1
48.47
8
0
14.95
11.4
17.09
3
9.07
High powered money
Money injected by the monetary authority in the economy. Consists mainly of currency.
ncert
1
22.58
11.7
0
11.43
8.3
12.46
4.75
17.98
Households
The families or individuals who supply factors of production to the firms and which buy the goods and services from the firms.
ncert
1
57.61
10.7
0
10.15
12
9.75
14
14.25
Imports
Purchase of goods and services by the domestic country to the rest of the world.
ncert
1
81.63
5.6
0
7.24
6.8
7.54
7.5
8.67
Interest
Payment for services which are provided by capital.
ncert
1
46.44
8.8
0
11.56
8.5
7.98
5
8.2
Intermediate goods
Goods which are used up during the process of production of other goods.
ncert
1
83.66
4.8
0
8.16
6.8
6.71
6.5
8.28
Inventories
The unsold goods, unused raw materials or semi-finished goods which a firm carries from a year to the next.
ncert
1
69.11
8.3
0
8.99
10.1
10.4
10.5
9.71
John Maynard Keynes (1883 – 1946)
Arguably the founder of Macroeconomics as a separate discipline.
ncert
1
45.42
9.2
0
16.38
12.4
11.1
6.5
12.49
Labour
Four factors of production Land, , Capital and Entrepreneurship. Together these help in the production of goods and services.
ncert
1
53.88
8
0
14.12
11
7.59
6.25
8.04
Land
Four factors of production , Labour, Capital and Entrepreneurship. Together these help in the production of goods and services.
ncert
1
53.88
8
0
14.76
11.6
8.47
6.25
8.04
Legal tender
Money issued by the monetary authority or the government which cannot be refused by anyone.
ncert
1
39.33
11.5
0
11.53
10.2
8.59
10.5
11.33
Lender of last resort
The function of the monetary authority of a country in which it provides guarantee of solvency to commercial banks in a situation of liquidity crisis or bank runs.
ncert
1
26.14
16.6
0
10.97
15.5
11.79
21
21.2
Liquidity trap
A situation of very low rate of interest in the economy where every economic agent expects the interest rate to rise in future and consequently bond prices to fall, causing capital loss. Everybody holds her wealth in money and speculative demand for money is infinite.
ncert
1
40.18
13.2
0
11.49
13.3
10.02
16.25
15.22
Macroeconomic model
Presenting the simplified version of the functioning of a macroeconomy through either analytical reasoning or mathematical, graphical representation.
ncert
1
-22.94
20.9
0
24.3
22.1
13.3
18
27.2
Managed floating
A system in which the central bank allows the exchange rate to be determined by market forces but intervene at times to influence the rate.
ncert
1
63.02
10.7
0
9.46
12.7
9.93
15.5
14.8
Marginal propensity to consume
The ratio of additional consumption to additional income.
ncert
1
4.14
14.7
0
15.91
12
9.95
6
13.2
Medium of exchange
The principal function of money for facilitating commodity exchanges.
ncert
1
3.12
15.1
0
19.63
15
12.86
6.5
16.93
Money multiplier
The ratio of total money supply to the stock of high powered money in an economy.
ncert
1
63.7
8.4
0
5.97
6
9.36
8
8.9
Narrow money
Broad money + time deposits held by commercial banks and post office savings organisation.
ncert
1
32.9
11.9
0
15.3
13
9.14
8
11.35
National disposable income
Net National Product at market prices + Other Current Transfers from the rest of the World.
ncert
1
64.71
8
0
10.72
9.9
9.64
8
8.67
Net Domestic Product (NDP)
Aggregate value of goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country which does not include the depreciation of capital stock.
ncert
1
31.21
14.6
0
14.28
15.6
10.27
16.5
16.16
Net interest payments made by households
Interest payment made by the households to the firms – interest payments received by the households.
ncert
1
55.24
9.5
0
12.87
11.6
9.36
9
8.9
Net investment
Addition to capital stock; unlike gross investment, it does not include the replacement for the depletion of capital stock.
ncert
1
43.73
11.9
0
13.87
14.1
10.4
15.5
16.02
Nominal exchange rate
The number of units of domestic currency one must give
ncert
1
69.79
6
0
7.34
4.8
8.87
6
12
Nominal (GDP)
GDP evaluated at current market prices.
ncert
1
48.47
8
0
11.07
8.3
14.46
3
9.07
Non-tax
payments Payments made by households to the firms or the government as non-tax obligations such as fines.
ncert
1
62.68
8.7
0
12.12
11.8
10.05
10.5
9.15
payments
Balance of A set of accounts that summarise a country’s transactions with the rest of the world.
ncert
1
71.14
7.6
0
9.39
9.3
9.12
8.5
9.15
Open market operation
Purchase or sales of government securities by the central bank from the general public in the bond market in a bid to increase or decrease the money supply in the economy.
ncert
1
48.47
14.2
0
9.53
15.5
9.76
19.5
14.98
Paradox of thrift
As people become more thrifty they end up saving less or same as before in aggregate.
ncert
1
72.16
7.2
0
7.42
7.2
7.39
8
8.9
Parametric shift
Shift of a graph due to a change in the value of a parameter.
ncert
1
82.65
5.2
0
1.62
1.7
7.71
7
8.46
Personal Disposable Income (PDI)
PI – Personal tax payments – Non-tax payments.
ncert
1
63.36
6.4
0
7.21
5.6
11.93
4
8.2
Personal Income (PI)
NI – Undistributed profits – Net interest payments made by households – Corporate tax + Transfer payments to the households from the government and firms.
ncert
1
47.12
12.7
0
13.93
16.1
10.75
16.5
14.6
Personal tax payments
Personal Disposable Income (PDI) PI – – Non-tax payments.
ncert
1
36.96
10.3
0
9.94
8.7
14.61
5.5
12.49
Planned change in inventories
Change in the stock of inventories which has occurred in a planned way.
ncert
1
83.66
4.8
0
7.7
6.5
7.93
6.5
8.28
Present value (of a bond)
That amount of money which, if kept today in an interest earning project, would generate the same income as the sum promised by a bond over its lifetime.
ncert
1
68.44
10.7
0
8.48
13.8
8.97
16
14.06
Private income
Factor income from net domestic product accruing to the private sector + National debt interest + Net factor income from abroad + Current transfers from government + Other net transfers from the rest of the world.
ncert
1
22.08
18.1
0
14.69
20.8
11.14
23
17.8
Profit
Payment for the services which are provided by entrepreneurship.
ncert
1
53.88
8
0
16.38
12.4
9.35
5.5
12.49
Public good
Goods or services that are collectively consumed; it is not possible to exclude anyone from enjoying their benefits and one person’s consumption does not reduce that available to others.
ncert
1
33.58
15.8
0
14.52
18.7
11.06
20.5
18.5
Purchasing power parity
A theory of international exchange which holds that the price of similar goods in different countries is the same.
ncert
1
52.19
10.7
0
11.72
11.9
8.73
13.5
13.92
Real exchange rate
The relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods.
ncert
1
68.77
6.4
0
8.97
6.8
9.92
6.5
11.67
Real GDP
GDP evaluated at a set of constant prices.
ncert
1
71.82
5.2
0
5
3.2
11.93
4
8.2
Rent
Payment for services which are provided by land (natural resources).
ncert
1
52.87
8.4
0
13.72
11.4
10.45
6
12
Reserve deposit ratio
The fraction of their total deposits which commercial banks keep as reserves.
ncert
1
67.76
6.8
0
13.27
10.5
12.13
6
8.13
Revaluation
A decrease in the exchange rate in a pegged exchange rate system which makes the foreign currency cheaper in terms of the domestic currency.
ncert
1
55.58
11.5
0
11.03
13.6
10.75
15
12.93
Revenue deficit
The excess of revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.
ncert
1
37.98
10
0
15.15
11.4
11.93
4
8.2
Ricardian equivalence
The theory that consumers are forward looking and anticipate that government borrowing today will mean a tax increase in the future to repay the debt, and will adjust consumption accordingly so that it will have the same effect on the economy as a tax increase today.
ncert
1
24.79
21.2
0
11.33
24.3
10.38
30
23.62
Speculative demand
Demand for money as a store of wealth.
ncert
1
88.74
2.9
0
2.1
0.8
6.01
3
3.2
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
The fraction of their total demand and time deposits which the commercial banks are required by RBI to invest in specified liquid assets.
ncert
1
56.59
11.1
0
11.78
13.6
13.02
13.5
12.68
Sterilisation
Intervention by the monetary authority of a country in the money
ncert
1
34.93
11.1
0
10.01
7.2
8.49
7.5
15.31
Stocks
Those variables which are defined at a point of time.
ncert
1
95.17
2.5
0
6.18
4.3
7.29
4
4
Store of value
Wealth can be stored in the form of money for future use. This function of money is referred to as store of value.
ncert
1
85.18
4.2
0
4.21
3.2
6.95
4.75
4.6
Transaction demand
Demand for money for carrying out transactions.
ncert
1
38.99
9.6
0
13.17
9.7
10.75
4.5
14.23
Undistributed profits
Personal Income (PI) NI – – Net interest payments made by households – Corporate tax + Transfer payments to the households from the government and firms.
ncert
1
46.1
13
0
11.78
15.2
10.56
17
14.8
Unemployment rate
This may be defined as the number of people who were unable to find a job (though they were looking for jobs), as a ratio of total number of people who were looking for jobs.
ncert
1
61.33
13.4
0
5.87
14.9
8.08
17.5
14
Unit of account
The role of money as a yardstick for measuring and comparing values of different commodities.
ncert
1
47.79
10.3
0
12.29
10.9
10.7
11.5
14
Unplanned change in inventories
Change in the stock of inventories which has occurred in an unexpected way.
ncert
1
66.74
7.2
0
9.5
7.9
7.93
7.5
11.35
Value added
Net contribution made by a firm in the process of production. It is defined as, Value of production – Value of intermediate goods used.
ncert
1
59.3
8
0
8.16
6.6
8.18
7
9.8
Wage
Payment for the services which are rendered by labour.
ncert
1
87.72
3.3
0
9.94
7.1
9.35
3.5
3.6
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
Percentage change in the weighted average price level. We take the prices of a given basket of goods which is traded in bulk.
ncert
1
76.72
5.4
0
7
5.4
8.33
5.75
8.08
arbitrage pricing theory APT
An asset pricing theory that is derived from a factor model, using diversification and arbitrage arguments. The theory describes the relationship between expected return and factor exposure that follows from the absence of risk-free arbitrage opportunities.
zvi
0
10.91
16.2
0
17.57
16.6
12.42
14
16.09
ask price
The price at which a dealer will sell a security.
zvi
0
78.25
4.8
0
3.86
2.4
7.29
5
8
asset allocation
Allocating a portfolio across broad asset classes such as stocks versus bonds.
zvi
0
50.84
9.2
0
13.73
10.9
13.44
7
11.47
at the money
The option™s exercise price and the price of the underlying asset are equal.
zvi
0
66.74
7.2
0
9.96
8.2
10.35
7.5
11.35
auction market
A market where all traders in an asset meet @either physically or electronically@ at one place to buy and sell.
zvi
0
59.64
9.9
0
8.53
10.2
7.79
12
12
average collection period
The ratio of accounts receivable to daily sales. Also called days™ receivables.
zvi
0
56.93
6.8
0
11.07
8.3
13.14
3
9.07
backfill bias
Bias in the average returns of a sample of funds induced by including past returns on funds that entered the sample only if they happened to be successful.
zvi
0
51.52
13
0
9.35
14.1
10.66
17
15.49
balance sheet
An accounting statement of a firm™s financial position at a specified time.
zvi
0
33.92
11.5
0
12.28
9.7
13.44
9
18.13