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FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

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stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
adjusted present value (apv)
net present value of an asset if financed solely by equity plus the present value of any financing side effects.
prin
0
59.64
9.9
0
9.4
10.5
10.16
12
12
agency costs
costs that arise when an agent (e.g., a manager) does not act solely in the interests of the principal (e.g., the shareholder).
prin
0
66.07
9.5
0
7.78
12.3
10.47
15
14.25
annual percentage rate (apr)
the interest rate per period (e.g., per month) multiplied by the number of periods in a year.
prin
0
62.68
8.7
0
6.67
8.4
10.98
12.5
16.21
annuity
investment that produces a level stream of cash flows for a limited number of periods.
prin
0
56.25
9.1
0
9.56
8.7
9.64
10.5
14
annuity due
annuity whose payments occur at the start of each period.
prin
0
61.33
7.2
0
8.5
6.2
10.45
6
12
annuity factor
present value of $1 paid for each of t periods.
prin
0
86.71
3.7
0
2.12
1.5
8.87
5
8
apr
annual percentage rate.
prin
0
9.21
12.7
0
13.12
13
14.31
2.5
27.87
apt
arbitrage pricing theory.
prin
0
-24.64
17.4
0
16.95
16.2
19.58
2.5
27.87
apv
adjusted present value.
prin
0
34.59
9.2
0
13.12
13
9.05
1.5
14.53
arbitrage
purchase of one security and simultaneous sale of another to give a risk-free profit. often used loosely to describe the taking of offsetting positions in related securities, e.g., at the time of a takeover bid.
prin
0
27.49
18.1
0
11.5
19.9
11.24
24.5
20.86
arbitrage pricing theory (apt)
model in which expected returns increase linearly with an asset’s sensitivity to a small number of pervasive factors.
prin
0
27.83
13.9
0
14.32
13.8
12.42
13
16.09
asked price (offered price)
price at which a dealer is willing to sell (cf. bid price).
prin
0
93.14
3.3
0
3.12
3.4
6.86
5
4.8
asset beta
the beta of the firm if it were unlevered.
prin
0
87.72
3.3
0
2.23
0.9
9.35
4.5
8.04
automated clearing house (ach)
private electronic system run by banks for high-volume, low-value payments.
prin
0
35.95
10.7
0
17.2
14.7
13.61
7
8
banker’s acceptance (ba)
written demand that has been accepted by a bank to pay a given sum at a future date (cf. trade acceptance).
prin
0
67.08
9.1
0
5.63
8.6
8.44
12.5
12.21
basis risk
residual risk that results when the two sides of a hedge do not move exactly together.
prin
0
72.16
7.2
0
7.83
7.5
10.35
11
11.4
beta
measure of market risk.
prin
0
75.88
3.7
0
4.35
4.1
7.78
1
1.6
binomial method
method for valuing options that assumes there are only two possible changes in the asset price in any one period.
prin
0
59.64
9.9
0
9.69
10.7
10.16
12
10
bridge loan
short-term loan to provide temporary financing until more permanent financing is arranged.
prin
0
25.46
12.7
0
19.07
15.6
10.81
9
14.8
call option
option to buy an asset at a specified exercise price on or before a specified exercise date (cf. put option).
prin
0
51.18
11.1
0
7.66
9.8
8.58
14
12
capex
capital expenditure.
prin
0
-91.3
26.5
0
21.6
24.3
11.63
2
20.8
capital asset pricing model (capm)
model in which expected returns increase linearly with an asset’s beta.
prin
0
43.39
9.9
0
13.15
10.2
14.23
6.5
11.67
capital budget
list of planned investment projects, usually prepared annually.
prin
0
29.52
11.1
0
19.5
15.5
15.88
6
18.2
capital lease
financial lease.
prin
0
35.61
8.8
0
10
14.9
19.53
1
20.8
capital structure
mix of different securities issued by a firm.
prin
0
46.44
8.8
0
7.21
4.9
9.95
5
8.2
capm
capital asset pricing model.
prin
0
8.2
13.1
0
11.6
10
15.68
2
1.6
carve-out
public offering of shares in a subsidiary.
prin
0
64.37
6
0
9.06
6.3
10.75
3.5
8.51
certainty equivalent
a certain cash flow that has the same present value as a specified risky cash flow.
prin
0
80.62
6
0
6.73
6.6
6.4
8
8.9
closed-end fund
company whose assets consist of investments in a number of industrial and commercial companies.
prin
0
23.43
13.5
0
15.71
13.2
11.1
12
17.03
commercial draft (bill of exchange)
demand for payment.
prin
0
59.97
5.6
0
5.35
6.8
9.05
0.5
1.2
commercial paper (cp)
unsecured notes issued by companies and maturing within nine months.
prin
0
44.41
9.6
0
14.88
11.4
15.19
7
16
company cost of capital
the expected return on a portfolio of all the firm’s securities.
prin
0
43.39
9.9
0
9.49
7.2
9.92
7.5
15.31
compound interest
reinvestment of each interest payment on money invested to earn more interest (cf. simple interest).
prin
0
30.87
12.7
0
13.85
13.1
8.59
12.5
14
concentration account
if the firm’s customers make payments to a regional collection center. the deposits can be automatically transferred to a centralized .
prin
0
25.8
14.6
0
15.49
15.7
11.73
14.5
16
conglomerate merger
merger between two companies in unrelated businesses (cf. horizontal merger, vertical merger).
prin
0
0.08
16.2
0
20
17.5
13.44
11
21.47
consumer credit
bills awaiting payment from final customer to a company.
prin
0
53.88
8
0
11.22
8.2
9.35
4.5
3.6
conversion price
par value of a convertible bond divided by the number of shares into which it may be exchanged.
prin
0
70.13
8
0
7.25
8
9.79
11
11.64
conversion ratio
number of shares for which a
prin
0
99.23
0.9
0
1.38
-0.5
6.57
2
2.4
convertible bond
may be exchanged. bond that may be converted into another security at the holder’s option. similarly convertible preferred stock.
prin
0
26.81
14.2
0
15.66
15.6
12.06
14.5
16.02
corporation
a business that is legally separate from its owners.
prin
0
62.34
6.8
0
8.67
6.1
7.59
4.5
3.6
cost of (equity) capital
opportunity cost of capital.1 1 _x000c_2
prin
0
14.63
12.7
0
10.08
9
11.83
4
9.07
coupon
(1) specifically, an attachment to the certificate of a bearer security that must be surrendered to collect interest payment; (2) more generally, interest payment on debt.
prin
0
19.71
17
0
13.81
18
12.21
21
21.17
covariance
measure of the co-movement between two variables.
prin
0
55.91
7.2
0
14.04
11
10.75
3.5
2.8
dcf
discounted cash flow.
prin
0
59.97
5.6
0
9.23
9.9
9.05
1.5
14.53
death-spiral convertible
convertible bond exchangeable for shares with a specified market value.
prin
0
44.41
9.6
0
16.62
12.8
12.03
7
16
debenture
unsecured bond.
prin
0
35.61
8.8
0
7.1
12.5
19.53
1
20.8
decision tree
method of representing alternative sequential decisions and the possible outcomes from these decisions.
prin
0
7.52
15.4
0
21.97
18
11.57
12.5
17.51
degree of operating leverage (dol)
the percentage change in profits for a 1% change in sales.
prin
0
85.69
4
0
5.78
4.6
9.92
5.5
8.04
direct lease
lease in which the lessor purchases new equipment from the manufacturer and leases it to the lessee (cf. sale and lease-back).
prin
0
67.08
9.1
0
10.62
12.9
10.69
12.5
12.21
discount factor
present value of $1 received at a stated future date.
prin
0
78.25
4.8
0
5.6
4.3
10.45
4
4
discounted cash flow (dcf)
future cash flows multiplied by discount factors to obtain present value.
prin
0
60.31
7.6
0
14.25
11.1
12.79
5.5
8.04
dividend discount model
model showing that the value of a share is equal to the discounted value of future dividends.
prin
0
62.68
8.7
0
8.35
8.4
9.12
10.5
11.51
dividend yield
annual dividend divided by share price.
prin
0
31.55
10.4
0
11.07
8.3
11.83
5
22.4
du pont formula
formula expressing relationship between return on assets, sales-to-assets, profit margin, and measures of leverage.
prin
0
14.97
14.7
0
21.92
19.9
14.48
9
14.17
duration
the average number of years to an asset’s discounted cash flows.
prin
0
68.77
6.4
0
9.49
7.2
11.36
6.5
11.67
economic depreciation
decline in present value of an asset.
prin
0
81.29
3.7
0
4.94
2.9
8.5
2.5
2.8
economic income
cash flow plus change in present value.
prin
0
106.67
0.1
0
6.56
4.3
6.24
2.5
2.8
economic value added (eva)
a measure of residual income implemented by the consulting firm stern stewart.
prin
0
42.38
10.3
0
13.73
10.9
12.13
8
14.8
efficient portfolio
portfolio that offers the lowest risk (standard deviation) for its expected return and the highest expected return for its level of risk.
prin
0
40.69
13.1
0
12.53
14.4
10.47
15
14.25
equipment trust certificate
form of secured debt generally used to finance railroad equipment. the trustee retains ownership of the equipment until the debt is repaid.
prin
0
49.15
11.9
0
13.29
14.8
11.19
13
12.44
etf
exchange-traded fund.
prin
0
-6.7
14.7
0
21.6
26.7
19.53
1
0.8
eurobond
(1) bond that is denominated in one country’s currency but marketed internationally outside that country. (2) also used to refer to suggested sovereign bond issues that would be guaranteed by all eurozone governments.
prin
0
12.6
19.7
0
14.75
21.5
12.45
25.5
24.11
eva
economic value added.
prin
0
34.59
9.2
0
9.23
9.9
14.31
1.5
14.53
evergreen credit
revolving credit without maturity.
prin
0
-34.11
19
0
20.3
17.1
15.68
3
21.6
exchange-traded fund (etf)
a stock designed to track a stock market index.
prin
0
87.72
3.3
0
5.42
3.5
7.59
3.5
3.6
expectations theory
theory that forward interest rate (forward exchange rate) equals expected spot rate.
prin
0
42.38
10.3
0
15.65
13.2
9.5
8
14.8
face value
principal.
prin
0
-47.99
20.2
0
6.8
26.2
19.48
0.5
40.4
factor
(1) a common influence on security prices (e.g., the level of interest rates or oil prices); (2) a business providing ing.
prin
0
50.16
11.5
0
7.83
12
13.7
14.5
16.02
financial assets
claims on real assets.
prin
0
75.88
3.7
0
2.9
2.9
11.73
1
1.6
financial engineering
combining or dividing existing instruments to create new financial products.
prin
0
10.56
14.3
0
19.52
15.1
15.19
9
24
financial intermediary
an organization that raises money from many investors and provides financing to individuals, corporations, and other organizations.
prin
0
-5.01
18.2
0
20.65
18.9
11.91
13.5
18.56
financial lease (capital lease, full-payout lease)
long-term, noncancelable lease (cf. operating lease).
prin
0
48.47
8
0
19.77
19.3
14.46
4
15.73
financial leverage (gearing)
use of debt to increase the expected return on equity. financial leverage is measured by the ratio of debt to debt plus equity (cf. operating leverage).
prin
0
36.63
14.6
0
10.22
14.6
11.61
18
16.55
financial markets
markets in which securities are issued and traded.
prin
0
46.44
8.8
0
10.8
7.9
11.93
4
8.2
floating-price convertible
death-spiral convertible.
prin
0
-49
20.6
0
33.2
36.1
19.53
2
20.8
forward contract
agreement to buy or sell an asset in the future at an agreed-upon price.
prin
0
91.11
4
0
5.73
5.4
8.84
6
5.6
forward exchange rate
exchange rate fixed today for exchanging currency at some future date (cf. spot exchange rate).
prin
0
64.71
8
0
11.88
11.5
9.64
8.5
11.33
forward price
agreed-upon price for a forward contract.
prin
0
90.77
2.1
0
12.05
9.8
9.2
2
2.4
free cash flow (fcf)
cash not required for operations or for reinvestment.
prin
0
46.44
8.8
0
13.01
9.7
9.95
5
13.2
full-payout lease
financial lease.
prin
0
35.61
8.8
0
10
14.9
19.53
1
20.8
full-service lease (rental lease)
lease in which the lessor promises to maintain and insure the equipment (cf. net lease).
prin
0
81.63
5.6
0
9.21
9.3
11.75
6.5
6
futures contract
a contract to buy a commodity or security on a future date at a price that is fixed today. unlike forward contracts, futures are traded on organized exchanges and are marked to market daily.
prin
0
36.97
16.6
0
9.59
17.3
10.9
20
17.13
futures exchange
exchange where futures contracts are traded.
prin
0
56.93
6.8
0
15.88
12.2
11.83
2
2.4
generally accepted accounting principles (gaap)
procedures for preparing financial statements.
prin
0
-18.21
17
0
25.84
20.6
16.52
4.5
26
hedge fund
an investment fund charging a performance fee and open to a limited range of investors. funds often follow complex strategies including short sales.
prin
0
48.13
12.3
0
14.28
15.9
13.7
15.5
16.16
hedge ratio (delta, option delta)
the number of shares to buy for each option sold to create a safe position; more generally, the number of units of an asset that should be bought to hedge one unit of a liability.
prin
0
52.87
14.6
0
6.86
15.6
9.88
20.5
17.43
high-yield bond
junk bond.
prin
0
120.21
-3.1
0
-7.41
0.8
11.63
0
0.8
horizontal merger
merger between two companies that manufacture similar products (cf. vertical merger, conglomerate merger).
prin
0
-0.95
16.6
0
21.56
19.1
14
11.5
20.58
indenture
formal agreement, e.g., establishing the terms of a bond issue.
prin
0
61.33
7.2
0
9.66
9
16.76
5
8
initial public offering (ipo)
a company’s first public issue of common stock.
prin
0
63.36
6.4
0
8.66
6.1
9.95
4
8.2
internal rate of return (irr)
discount rate at which investment has zero net present value.
prin
0
69.79
6
0
10.82
8.1
8.87
5
8
ipo
initial public offering.
prin
0
9.21
12.7
0
15.03
14.6
14.31
1.5
14.53
junk bond (high-yield bond)
debt that is rated below an investment-grade bond.
prin
0
63.36
6.4
0
10.11
7.9
11.93
4
8.2
keiretsu
a network of japanese companies organized around a major bank.
prin
0
44.41
9.6
0
11.4
8.5
10.45
7
16
lease
long-term rental agreement.
prin
0
93.81
0.9
0
18.92
19.3
14.31
0.5
1.2
lessee
user of a leased asset (cf.
prin
0
90.77
2.1
0
-1.53
-1.2
14.46
2
2.4
lessor
owner of a leased asset (cf. lessee).
prin
0
89.75
2.5
0
2.44
2.9
13.01
2.5
2.8
leveraged buyout (lbo)
acquisition in which (1) a large part of the purchase price is debt-financed and (2) the remaining equity is privately held by a small group of investors.
prin
0
52.53
12.6
0
9.23
14.4
10.82
18.5
16.73
leveraged lease
lease in which the lessor finances part of the cost of the asset by an issue of debt secured by the asset and the lease payments.
prin
0
78.93
8.7
0
5.98
10.4
9.78
13
10.4
limited liability
limitation of a shareholder’s losses to the amount invested.
prin
0
36.96
10.3
0
13.83
10.3
11.1
6.5
16.93
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FinRAD: Financial Readability Assessment Dataset - 13,000+ Definitions of Financial Terms for Measuring Readability

This repository contains the dataset mentioned in the paper: FinRAD: Financial Readability Assessment Dataset - 13,000+ Definitions of Financial Terms for Measuring Readability (presented at The Financial Narrative Processing Workshop colocated with LREC-2022, Marseille, France).

In addition to this, data collection & cleaning scripts, embedding extraction & model development script, and a starter example are also present. You can dowloand the model along with the weights from Hugging Face.

The embeddings & labels of the full dataset are available in the embeddings_and_labels directory. Several model artifacts developed by training classiers like Logistic Regression, GBM, Random Forest on the entire dataset have been made available in the models directory.

Github version: https://github.com/sohomghosh/FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset/

Kaggle version: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sohomghosh/finrad-financial-readability-assessment-dataset

Metadata of FinRAD

Primary Columns:
"terms": This is the financial term
"definitions": This is the definition corresponding to the financial term
"source": This represents the source from which the term and the definition has been obtained.
"assigned_readability": This is the manually assigned readability. 0 means not readable, 1 means readable.

Other Columns:
"flesch_reading_ease", "flesch_kincaid_grade", "smog_index", "coleman_liau_index", "automated_readability_index", "dale_chall_readability_score", "linsear_write_formula", "gunning_fog"
These are readability scores extracted using the textstat library

Metadata of source

Tag Description Assigned Readability
prin Principles of Corporate Finance by Richard A. Brealey, Stewart C. Myers, Franklin Allen 0
zvi Investments by Zvi Bodie Alex Kane Alan J. Marcus 0
sam Economics Textbook by Paul Samuelson and William Nordhaus 1
opod Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives, Global Edition by John C. Hull 0
fmi Financial Markets and Institutions by Frederic S. Mishkin Stanley Eakins 0
ncert_keec111 NCERT Indian Economic Development Economics Class 11 1
ncert_kest NCERT Statistics for Economics Class 12 1
ncert NCERT Introduction to MacroEconomics Class 12 1
ncert_class12_econ NCERT Introduction to MicroEconomics Class 12 1
investopedia Investopedia Data Dictionary 1
economist The Economist terms dictionary 1
6_8_louis Glossary of Economics and Personal Finance Terms from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1
9_12_louis Glossary of Economics and Personal Finance Terms from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1
pre_louis Glossary of Economics and Personal Finance Terms from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1
palgrave The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Finance, Investment and Banking by Erik Banks 0

Citing & Authors

If you find this repository helpful, feel free to cite our forthcoming publication [FinRAD: Financial Readability Assessment Dataset - 13,000+ Definitions of Financial Terms for Measuring Readability](to be updated):

@InProceedings{ghosh-EtAl:2022:FNP,
  author    = {Ghosh, Sohom  and  Sengupta, Shovon  and  Naskar, Sudip Kumar and  Singh, Sunny Kumar},
  title     = {FinRAD: Financial Readability Assessment Dataset - 13,000+ Definitions of Financial Terms for Measuring Readability},
  booktitle      = {Proceedings of the The 4th Financial Narrative Processing Workshop @LREC2022},
  month          = {June},
  year           = {2022},
  address        = {Marseille, France},
  publisher      = {European Language Resources Association},
  pages     = {1--9},
  url       = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/workshops/FNP/pdf/2022.fnp-1.1.pdf}
}

and our demo/tool presented at ICON 2021. The artifacts of this demo are available in the old_model_FinRead directory.
New model trained on 13K+ instances (using Logistic Regression): HuggingFace Spaces link
Old model trained on 8K+ instances (using lightgbm classifier): Google Colab link

@inproceedings{ghosh-etal-2021-finread,
    title = "{F}in{R}ead: A Transfer Learning Based Tool to Assess Readability of Definitions of Financial Terms",
    author = "Ghosh, Sohom  and
      Sengupta, Shovon  and
      Naskar, Sudip  and
      Singh, Sunny Kumar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2021",
    address = "National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India",
    publisher = "NLP Association of India (NLPAI)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.icon-main.81",
    pages = "658--659"
    }

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