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cd1d8l
- Where does the carbon that trees store, go?
I have seen a lot of posts where trees can save us. Things really don't dissappear AFAIK, so if the trees eats the carbon dioxide, where does it end up? I did not spend my attention in school to learn, sadly enough.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "etqr4kq", "etqriyp" ]
[ "It becomes part of the wood (the tree's own body). Trees are made largely of carbon." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
a0hxz8
Atoms change when observed, does that mean the atoms that aren't obeserved never existed? Like how videogames generate for the observer but the places you don't see are never generated.
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "eahtz5n" ]
[ "It is not quite like a video game trying to save resources. The atoms you do not observe still exists. It is just that their position and velocity does not have concrete numbers. Rather it is in a probability wave. When you observe the wave it collapses from a superposition to an absolute position. If you want to draw the comparison to games it is much like how a lot of games handles lag in multiplayer mode. Your game does not know the position of all characters but it knows the approximate position they must be in. However as they round a corner and become visible their position is sent to your computer so now you know their position accurately." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
deldle
if cancer is a result of mutations which comes from incorrect repairs to cell DNA, that means someone who get ill alot have high chances of getting cancer?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "f2wby8c" ]
[ "Most of the time you get sick, your DNA is unharmed, and so it is not a problem. That said, some diseases *do* in fact increase risk of cancer; sometimes by substantial margins." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
cd8uka
Why do plants transpire the majority of the water they absorb (not use it) if them need that water to live?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "etsc52p", "etsdp4s" ]
[ "Water containing nutrients is pulled up from the roots. If the water did not have anywhere to go, then no more nutrients would be transported. The plant allows 90-95% of the water to evaporate to make room for new water with more nutrients." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
b3q8m5
Why does stropping a blade with leather make it sharper?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ej19zjq", "ej19pv2", "ej1b5vt" ]
[ "Basically, when you use a blade, the edge gets tiny imperfections which bring the edge out of alignment. Stropping realigns the edge of the blade without removing any material like a stone would. [This]( URL_0 ) website is great for visualising what is actually happening, as it has pictures of blade edges using a scanning electron microscope so you can really see what is going on at each stage of sharpening." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [ "https://scienceofsharp.wordpress.com/" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
m5qed0
What is the Charles Bonnet Syndrome?
What is the Charles Bonnet Syndrome?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gr1hpav", "gr1in2t", "gr1s4af" ]
[ "Vision deterioration that can then involve hallucinations anything from simple patterns to complex images." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ip2o7v
If most/all uni students get freshers flu, how is it safe to reopen universities
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "g4hgquf" ]
[ "Well, it basically isn't. A lot of universities are online only, or some have already opened and re-closed due to outbreaks. It probably could be safe if everyone acted responsibly, but its silly to think they would, so, no its not safe, they're just doing it many places anyway." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jo24zj
Why do sweet dishes need salt?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gb5ckv8" ]
[ "In low concentrations salt reduces bitterness and allows sweet tastes to pop. Try sprinkling a very small amount of salt on a piece of watermelon or other fruit as a test." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
etopky
Why do you have to take the bullet out of a gunshot wound?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ffhnza5", "ffhns9x", "ffhstxy", "ffhppgx", "ffhqg9z" ]
[ "Despite what you see in movies immediately removing a bullet is not a priority, the hero digging around with forceps or their fingers is pretty much the worst thing you could do. In a hospital removing the bullet allows the wound to heal closed without being obstructed by the bullet." ]
[ 13 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7hwizm
how does "mind uploading" qualify as a valid form of life extension? Wouldn't it simply be a digital copy of yourself, and not a continuation of your original existence?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dqucr41" ]
[ "Any form of “life extension” that breaks continuity of self is a complicated subject, as the extension only applies to the new continuity and is broken for the old one. It’s a matter of personal opinion. Going to sleep and waking up does not break continuity of self, nor does general anaesthetic. However, if you made a perfect copy of yourself and then killed your original self, continuity would be broken. The 2015 video game SOMA is a fun game that focuses on this subject, too." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
lylsl5
Why do partners tend to creep over to your side of the bed when you sleep? Are we seeking heat? Comfort? Some science thing?
I don’t even know if this stereotype exists or just my experience, but yeah why is this happening or is it just one of those things?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gptj8bp", "gpth7w9", "gptivzc" ]
[ "In the case of my boyfriend, it’s the comfort of being next to someone you love. In the case of my dogs, it’s because the world will end if they are more than 0.0000001cm from me. I’m happy with both." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7z536z
How is an i7 processor faster than an i3 if the clock speed is almost the same?
I just upgraded my laptop from an i3 to a (used) i7. 2.3GHz i3, 2.4GHz i7. I'm up 100 MHz. For the price difference, I feel kinda cheated. I understand that a few decades ago a hundred MHz was a huge difference, but it doesn't seem like much to me now. I'm presuming there's more to the picture than simply the clock speed?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "duldede", "duld67s", "duli0i3", "dulyp2z", "duled38", "dum4uw7" ]
[ "**Short answer**: the difference is in how much your processor does in those clock cycles. **Long answer:** The amount of instructions your processor handles each second depends on two factors: * Clock speed: the speed at which the processor components switch state * Instructions per Clock cycle (IPC): the amount of instructions the processor can handle during one cycle. Clock speed has not improved that much over the last 5-10 years. A higher clock speed results in more heat, and we have hit a limit to how much we can comfortably cool. For desktops that's in between 3-4 GHz, for laptops that's even lower. Therefore lots of improvements have been made to the IPC. Mostly it comes down to parallellism: processing multiple instructions at the same time. If we compare processing instructions to doing the laundry: * Pipelining: instead of washing, drying, ironing the first load, then doing the same for the second, third, ... the second load can already start using the washing machine as soon as the first load is transfered to the dryer. * Instruction parallellism: if two loads of laundry require the same washing machine settings, we can put them together and execute in the same cycle. * Multiple processor cores: we use multiple washing machines, dryers, irons to wach multiple loads at the same time. * Multiple instruction threads per core: if a certain load does not need to be ironed, we can use the iron for another load. EDIT: * Most people seem to use the term \"IPC\" only to indicate single core performance, here I used it in the broader sense and do count multicore processors as an improvement in IPC. * Cache is indeed a factor I forgot. In laundry terms, cache is a set of racks where you can store a small amount of laundry. You can store laundry you just washed while it waits for the dryer to be free. Or if you have a load of blue shirts in the washing machine you can already prepare another load of blue shirts to follow so you don't have to switch settings." ]
[ 869 ]
[ [], [ "http://cpu.userbenchmark.com/Compare/Intel-Core-i7-3820-vs-Intel-Core-i3-8350K/m739vs3935" ], [], [], [ "https://www.cpubenchmark.net/compare.php?cmp" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8o6nk7
How can a car's performance be increased by OTA updates?
I was reading about Tesla improving acceleration and braking on some of their models through software updates. How can that be done? I mean I get how performance can be limited, but how can it be increased without any changes in hardware?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e0138un", "e0139ek", "e016fow", "e01378w", "e013ek9", "e01bew2" ]
[ "It means that, for example, the brakes are computer\\-controlled and the computer is holding the brake's capability back intentionally. You press the brake pedal, that signal goes into a computer, that computer knows how hard the brake's hardware can ACTUALLY squeeze, then sends a limited signal based on what it's set to do. The brakes and other parts are possibly setup this way because ideal performance may require a lot of number crunching, and number crunching may take data from a LOT of cars. So they built a car they could adjust later after they find out how thousands and thousands actually perform on the road, not a lab." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8yu60x
asking for a friend, can you explain as simple as possible what happens when you sit in a tank and hit a concrete wall that doesn't move.
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "e2dpmns", "e2dpjig" ]
[ "A high school physics problem happens. How fast is the tank going and what is its mass? What is the mass of the wall? Are we assuming the tank is traveling on a frictionless surface (as the high school problem would) or do we have to account for that?" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
he9kz5
If fire needs oxygen, where does the sun get oxygen if there's no oxygen in space?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "fvpx6nj", "fvpx4bw", "fvpxeop", "fvpx91u", "fvpz827", "fvpxhqy", "fvpy7m9" ]
[ "The Sun isn't on fire. The Sun is undergoing constant nuclear fusion, where hydrogen atoms are smooshed together to make helium, releasing a lot of energy." ]
[ 135 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ux33-5k8cjg&t=134s" ], [ "https://www.quora.com/If-fire-needs-oxygen-where-does-the-sun-get-oxygen-if-theres-no-oxygen-in-space" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6rwd2e
How do undercover police and federal officers testify in court without blowing cover?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dl88rxp" ]
[ "It happens in a sealed courtroom, basically. Their real identities are not given to the jury." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
l5gtol
Why do bank transfers take ~3-5 working days to complete?
Why does it take so long? With current technology I don't understand why it takes a whole 72 hour minimum? What happens in the background? It sounds reasonable for pre-computer era but nowadays? & #x200B; EDIT: In the US, guess today I learned in other countries this is instant haha.
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gkuf7lz", "gku45xy", "gkuejr2" ]
[ "Transfers can be handled by two methods in the US, Automated Clearing House “ACH” or wire transfers. ACH operates in batches, 3 times a day. The sending bank gathers all the transactions and a final total of money (here’s 62 credits, 72 debits, for a total of $123,456.23) and sends it to the clearing house. The clearing house then batches things up for each bank as well and sends those transactions and final overall total to the receiving bank). Each of those batches takes time. Funds availability depends on the receiving bank’s policy. My bank gives me credit for the incoming money as soon as they get the notification from ACH. Other banks wait until the notification and the actual funds are transferred to give you credit. Wire transfers use FedWire. The money is taken out of your account immediately and send via the Federal Reserve banking network directly to the receiving bank. Because it’s not as efficient as batch processing ACH transactions, there’s a higher cost associated with the transaction. But it is nearly instantaneous." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
94vvss
Why is sleep of poor quality during depression?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e3o6wih" ]
[ "Depression causes disruiption in the brain's ability to create, use, or reabsorb various chemicals, most of which have a role to play in sleep. Similarly, chemicals and responses that regulate sleep and our circadian cycle can interfere with or exacerbate depressive disorders, which means there is a cyclic interaction between sleep and depressive disorders. When one is bad, it makes the other worse, which makes the first worse, which makes the second worse, and so on." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jqhlnu
What sound is that in your ear when you stretch yourself?
I asked this question to my sister she said i dont hear any noise. Am i the only one to hear it?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gbn6c0s", "gbnafel" ]
[ "It's probably your *tensor tympani*, a tiny muscle in the middle ear that helps muffle loud sounds to prevent hearing damage. > Contracting muscles produce vibration and sound. [...] The sound can be heard by pressing a highly tensed muscle against the ear, again a firm fist is a good example. The sound is usually described as a rumbling sound. > Some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the tensor tympani muscle of the middle ear. The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed as when yawning deeply. This phenomenon has been known since (at least) 1884. URL_0" ]
[ 10 ]
[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle#Voluntary_control" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
67175d
How come cockroaches don't die from a heart attack when you try to kill them?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dgmvwo2", "dgmwc7p" ]
[ "Because they lack reason and sentience. They don't see it as something scary, it's just their instinct to avoid things that can kill them. That's what separates us from animals." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9jpy6y
Could humans and great apes such as chimps have children together? If so, what would the offspring be like?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e6tdaue", "e6tcfmj" ]
[ "[Wikipedia article on 'Humanzee']( URL_1 ). A Russian scientist attempted to artificially inseminate chimpanzees with human sperm but was unsuccessful. He was trying to set up an experiment with human women and great ape sperm, but his apes died and then he got exiled so that was kind of left unresolved. Other than un-substantiated sightings, an alleged inconclusive experiment in China in the 60s, and [a performing chimp]( URL_0 ) that was marketed as a hybrid, that's really all the information we have on human/great ape hybrids." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_the_chimpanzee", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanzee" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6g83qb
How is it UK's exit polls were so accurate when exit polls in other countries, like USA, are often wildly off?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dio6uc5" ]
[ "They didn't know it would be so close, but the exit polls are the only indicator they have available at that point, so they work with what they have. News reporting is not generally known for being overly cautious about the possibility of statistical errors. Exit polls in the UK are about as accurate as in other countries. Sometimes they're close to the true outcome, sometimes they're relatively far off. They were quite close this election, but a single good showing doesn't mean they've somehow solved the problem; as the saying goes, even a stopped clock is right twice a day." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
g4r2cv
How do iodine tablets purify water in a safe way for people to drink?
I know that there are iodine tablets to purify water, but I have no clue how. And how do they work in a way where it doesn't kill us as opposed to other purification techniques like chlorine?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "fnz1j3e" ]
[ "Iodine, chlorine dioxide and bleach is strong oxidizing agents. If you add them to water they increase the pH and will dissolve the cell walls of any bacteria , parasites and virus. Your cells will be attacked in the same way but while the bacteria in the water is exposed for theirty minutes your cells will only get exposed for a few seconds before the solution gets neutralized by your stomach acid. And you have a lot more cells then there are bacteria in the water and are able to replace your cells. Adding to this you have a layer of dead cells which protects the live cells underneath. All in all you can handle the high pH much better then any bacteria in the water. However you can also dissolve an acid, for example vitamin-c, into the water once the iodine have done its job to neutralize the water again to make it more plesent to drink. The iodine and vitamin-c will react and form a powder that settles at the bottom of the container." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
hjhvgy
How is it that our brains are able to feel sensations when we are asleep (like flying or falling) but unable to replicate them when we are awake?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fwn8431" ]
[ "Not an expert, but I think it comes down to spacial awareness. I think your brain can replicate those sensations while you're awake, it just doesn't do it because it has a very solid grip of the space around it and knows you are not falling. In a situation where your brain can be tricked about its surroundings, say virtual reality (and maybe hallucinations?) for example, you would probably feel those sensations. I am a bit scared of heights and when I did VR and was in a high place I could definitely feel it like I was there, so I think something similar could happen with the falling feeling!" ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bz0jav
How do things like marijuana and alcohol get consumed through the mouth/stomach/lungs and then have an affect on the brain?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eqodmaa" ]
[ "When you inhale, most of the stuff you're inhaling goes right into your blood. That's what the lungs are for, getting oxygen from the outside into your blood. & #x200B; Same with the digestive system. Your blood is what delivers nutrients to your body, so it has to get into your blood. & #x200B; Not everything in your blood can get into your brain. There is a blood-brain barrier to protect your brain from blood irregularities, but some things make it through." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
d98qf7
Why don’t diamonds hold their value? I understand that DeBears controls the price by limiting supply, but the general market still has limited supply and high demand.
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "f1fe1p9", "f1fdbfn", "f1h9grd" ]
[ "its a one way demand. demand is high for **new** diamonds. the second you buy it, its used. you can't sell a used diamond back to a jeweler and selling it yourself will get you very little. since DeBears has a ton of actual inventory, theres no reason to buy used diamonds (from a jewelers perspective) the \"limiting supply\" isn't as simple as them not selling many diamonds. they use their massive inventory to underbid anyone else selling diamonds, then buy the mines since the competition can no longer make a profit. then they raise their prices back up to profitable levels." ]
[ 24 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6dmccn
How would you go about teaching our language(s) to an alien race / learn theirs?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "di3seku", "di3rxe8" ]
[ "Watch the movie Arrival. They have shown realistically how to communicate with Alien Race." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_message" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5pr64z
; why do we fall into "food comas" after eating a lot of certain foods (e.g pasta) and can do nothing but sleep for an hour or so following consumption?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dct5oxa" ]
[ "It takes energy to digest food, and some foods take more energy to digest than others. Foods with lots of complex carbs, like pasta and bread, take a lot of energy for us to process, so until your body processes it and unlocks the energy present in the food, you're spending a lot of energy just to break down the carbs in the food. Eventually you'll get more energy out than you put in, but it takes a while. So in the meantime your body gets tired while it spends all that energy digesting. As an analogy: we can get a lot of energy from oil buried under the ground, but it takes a lot of energy to even access the oil before we can start using it to make more energy." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
cy2ped
Why can credit card transactions be instant, but refund can take days and weeks to process?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "eypbxvk", "eypd0oi" ]
[ "Credit card transactions aren’t instant; only the bit between you and the merchant is instant. The only things checked are whether you are on the hotlist and whether you are over your limit. Then the transactions get batched up for end of shift/day processing, at which point they go through the processor to the credit card company. Then the transactions are sorted and batched to pay the merchant bank. On a monthly basis, the credit card issuing bank then asks you to pay down your card. For the refund, the request has to follow that same route, but YOU don’t get the money credited to your account until the entire path has been traversed." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8p0gab
If I go to bed at 2:00am and wake up at 6:00am, I feel great! If I go to bed at 11:00pm and wake up at 6:00am, I feel awful. Why?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "e07fhbo", "e07isj1", "e07j0ek", "e07j5hy", "e07ff7m", "e07gzqy" ]
[ "It could be in and out of sleep so say every 1.5 hrs you're in a deep sleep and then you're in a light sleep you might be waking up on your light sleep and feel good but if you wake up on a deep sleep your body takes longer to wake up.. there is a doc that explains it much better than me but it's something like that.." ]
[ 62 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7g6fje
I love to take naps but why do you usually feel terrible after one?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dqgtoai", "dqgtun1" ]
[ "I never feel terrible after a nap. You might be sleeping too long. If you nap too long, you can get into a deep sleep cycle. If you’re forced to wake up before you come out of that, say by an alarm or noises in the area in which you are napping, you’re going to feel terrible because you got pulled out of deep sleep. For me, a nap is 30 minutes. Longer than that, and I have to go about 90 so that I have time to get into and back out of a deep sleep." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
dm1pe8
What causes that feeling of "emptiness" when someone experiences an episode of depression or sadness?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "f4w1sq2", "f4xb2i7", "f4yj9x6", "f4xlns3", "f4wr6sl", "f4wlz5d", "f4wwtyb", "f4z1hv6", "f4x8er3", "f4wsjh7", "f4x27p9" ]
[ "It is not fully understood by science but much research points towards some form of serotonin deficiency, in either its production or turnover in our bodies. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that we synthesise from the tryptophan we eat in our food and helps us regulate mood. Whilst poor diet can clearly contribute it is also clear that certain experienced events can also disturb our brain chemistry. Generally speaking that emptiness will also coincide with a lower level of serotonin or an ineffectiveness of the serotonin receptors in our brain to process it." ]
[ 4592 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6prg28
How is the 'defrost' setting on a microwave different from all the other options?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dkrli7b", "dkrmsvm", "dkrtv5q" ]
[ "It sets your microwave to release short bursts of energy with long pauses in between, so that the heat has time to spread throughout the cold food without just cooking the outer surface." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5z7vyc
The internet of things
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "devyuwm" ]
[ "In short: the internet of things is about putting a tiny computer and internet connection into everyday objects. This lets you do cool things like program your coffee maker to start brewing coffee before you wake up, or having your bed record how well you sleep and sending that information to the fitness app on your phone. There are many interesting, fun, and potentially revolutionary applications for this (imagine if food poisoning could be prevented by having packaging that detects contamination), but there are also some privacy concerns and issues with what happens if there's a power failure/internet outage/hacking and suddenly the smart locks on your door won't open or your carbon monoxide detector gets switched off without you knowing." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9p2h6d
What's the point of the letter Q?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "e7yjfbc", "e7yi3lq" ]
[ "Languages are evolved, not designed. C, S, K, and Q are mutually redundant and C having two (or more) sounds is pointless, but they're kept around for historical reasons. Words get imported from different places. The sounds and spellings change a bit over time. The fact that there's no central oversight or committee means that these changes are not coordinated, or logical. No one ever says \"man, let's take a time to clean this up.\" No one says \"hey everyone, switch over to this better way of doing things.\" It's just entropy. So really Q is historical baggage. Just like... 99% of English? In fact you could make a reasonable argument that 100% of English is historical baggage." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ksidm2
How do beats per minute or the tempo of music affect your workout.
I have noticed that there are some pop songs that have a really fast beat and my heart rate increases first because of the music and when I am walking or working out to it I suddenly feel more energetic and I can do higher intensity workouts easily.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gig3kui", "gig8g86", "gigq900", "gig80dz", "gih01fg" ]
[ "It’s a mental thing. Scientists aren’t even sure the exact reason we Like music, but we know it definitely impacts us, from starting to tap your foot to the beat to feeling emotional from the song. So a fast beat high energy song can definitely give you a sort of mental boost as your working out, as your brain wants to match the pace of the song." ]
[ 39 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
62x3wv
How did the western world lay underwater telegraph lines as early as 19th century with their level of technology?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfprte4", "dfppyir", "dfpz376", "dfq2b5c", "dfqawsv" ]
[ "The Victorians (as we call them this side of the pond) were actually pretty good at organising large scale engineering projects. These were the same people who built railways across the world too. Without underwater cables it would take weeks or months to have a decent international conversation so given the importance of a telegraph link, and the fact that the technology existed (The first telegraph was about 100 years earlier, and the first transatlantic ship was about 300 years before that), the rest was a question of will." ]
[ 46 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/1857-58Atlantic/Coiling-Cable.jpg", "http://home.bt.com/images/ss-great-eastern-beached-136399284792903901-150716153822.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Piece_of_first_transatlantic_telegraph_cable_at_the_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7732ys
In most books I recall, there is a statement in the first pages that mentions selling the book without a cover may be unauthorized. What does it mean exactly, and why, if you’re trying to resell a stolen book, would it not have a cover, and if it didn’t why not just tear out this page too?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "doinit3", "doiokcz" ]
[ "When bookstores dispose of damaged, misprinted, or unsold books they tear off the front cover to prevent the books being resold. This is because publishers will often credit the store for unsold copies of books in order to encourage retailers to stock new authors without an established readership. The publisher doesn't want to pay to ship the books back, but also doesn't want stores to cheat them by taking the credit and then selling the book. So they have the store remove the covers and return those and then throw away the rest of the book." ]
[ 20 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gczf3s
The Coriolis Effect
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fpecy60", "fpepkxj" ]
[ "This is the sort of concept that's really tough to describe with words and is much better understood visually through examples like these: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )" ]
[ 11 ]
[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPsLanVS1Q8" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5nqkgn
Why are multiple blades needed for a closer shave?
Wouldn't the first blade do all of the work?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dcdhtm7", "dcdmro2", "dcdix85" ]
[ "They are not... They are needed for a $7/refill head shave. Try an old fashioned single blade: URL_0" ]
[ 13 ]
[ [ "http://pb2000.nfshost.com/aw2k/LotImg424.jpg" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jcwjv9
How audio and microphone in a "wireless" earphone work? How good/bad a "good wireless earphone" is compared to a "good wired" earphone in terms of audio quality?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g9472pn", "g945oy4" ]
[ "Ok so there's really two things at work here: 1 - the quality of the audio components. This is determined by the quality of the speakers and microphone(s). Higher-end products often use multiple microphones and compare their signals to reduce background noise. Whether the speakers and mic(s) are good or bad is not really a function of whether the headphones are wired or wireless, but rather of the overall quality and price of the hardware. Better speakers/mics typically are made of better materials and have more sound engineering put into them. Increasingly software also plays a role here as the headphones will have circuitry that optimizes the audio for the hardware. 2 - the transmission method (wired vs wireless). The first thing to know here is that most of the time we're dealing with digital audio these days. This means that your audio is not an analog waveform but rather a series of 'samples' of the original wave. Think of it like the audio equivalent of pixels in an image. What may look like a smooth gradient is actually a mosaic of small dots that are imperceptible unless you zoom in. Digital audio is similar. The 'resolution' of audio is measured in bitrate, which is how many of those samples are taken per second. Here's why that's important: a wireless connection can transmit a certain number of bits per second, and the audio is also a certain amount of bits per second. So if the transmission speed is greater than the bits per second of the audio *there will be no quality difference between wired and wireless* aside from some latency. Most bluetooth devices now transmit at 345 kbps. An MP3 has a maximum bitrate of 320 kbps. This means there won't be any impact on the mp3s audio quality from being sent over bluetooth. Some other 'lossless' codecs such as flac use higher bitrates like 1411kbps, in which case it would be downsampled lower before being sent wirelessly. This may or may not reduce quality depending on the track. Most streamed music is streamed at 160kbps so for streaming services bluetooth will always support full quality. Sorry for the long reply." ]
[ 22 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5xil1u
Why do we jump higher/further when jumping off our non-dominant foot?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "deige05", "deidh12" ]
[ "Your non-dominant foot planted means that your dominant foot moves. It's easier and stronger to pull your dominant foot into your chest and pull more momentum than the non-dominant." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
fhvr7d
why does a paper towel clean my glasses better than a cloth?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fkdp9dm" ]
[ "A good tissue paper is made of pure cotton - a highly absorbing material. For that reason, they are better at absorbing any humidity that might be on the superfice of glass lens. A cotton tissue you'll clean all sweat, air humidity and any small residue. A cloth is not really good at doing that, except if it's 100% cotton made." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8ygj13
How is the Universe faster than light, and what is it made of?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "e2at0yr", "e2asxnn" ]
[ "Can you clarify your question? Do you mean to ask how the universe can *expand* faster than the speed of light? Are you asking what the actual universe is made of, or are you asking about the *contents* of the universe?" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5vzgb5
If someone wipes their hard drive, how do computer forensic people know what they did?
E.g. in the Waymo v. Otto lawsuit, the guy wiped his hard drive. So how did they figure out all the stuff he did?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "de631vq", "de63gdc" ]
[ "there's a few ways. 1. wiping your hard drive doesn't actually wipe the contents. for example, OS's operate in a similar fashion to the dewey decimal system. the OS stores a table of pointers, that point to where the actual data resides. if you wipe this table, all the data is still there, but it can be freely overwritten at any time. 2. if you actually over write the data stored. due to the propeties of magnetism and such, even if you overwrite a location, you can still guess the data that was there because of lingering magnetic fields." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bc4twt
What is the hole near the top of a Lollipop stick for?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "ekns5i3" ]
[ "So that some of the candy goes inside it and helps secure the candy to the stick. Otherwise they might separate too easily." ]
[ 17 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
da3mqa
Why do you feel pressure when picking up speed but not when you have settled into a constant speed while driving?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "f1mz2m0", "f1mzak3" ]
[ "Because when you’re at a constant speed, your acceleration is 0. According to Newton’s second law, F = ma or force = mass x acceleration. No acceleration thus means no force" ]
[ 15 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
modil8
Why Can't Ailments Like Herpes And Psoriasis Be Cured By Medical Science? What Makes Them So Complicated?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gu338mi", "gu31vd4" ]
[ "Herpes is a virus. We have cured precisely zero viral diseases...we can treat them, and we can vaccinate against them, but we can't cure them medically. Your immune system can, if you stay alive long enough to let it. That's why virus treatment focuses on managing symptoms. That's why you usually don't get the same strain of a viral disease more than once. We can't cure herpes for the same reason we can't cure the flu, the common cold, COVID-19, ebola, HIV, etc. Psoriasis is a whole other critter, it's some kind of autoimmune disease (where the body's own immune system reacts incorrectly and causes problems). The immune system is \\*really\\* complicated, and we need it (see: viruses) so if the immune system is attacking your own cells we can't just turn it off and it's really hard to get the immune system to selectively stop doing things while letting it keep doing the things we need it to do." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6akgsd
Why do your eyes water when you get something stuck in your throat and have to cough?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dhf95d7" ]
[ "Your throat, eyes and sinuses all have a defense mechanism to try and rid the body of foreign objects. Usually triggering Mucus, tearing and coughing. It would appear that they work in unison." ]
[ 13 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gor8o9
Hey does your skin help keep your muscles attached to your Skeleton? Like if you ripped your own skin off would your muscles stay in place for the most part?
I was watching a show where this happened and it made me wonder. Please and thank you.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "frhl161" ]
[ "So, the short answer here is no. Your muscles are attached to your bones by tendons (as well as a few other tissues). Your skin does not hold your muscles in. However, the caveat here is that skin protects your organs, muscles, and bones, and any other tissues. If your skin is removed, it would be much easier for your muscle to get hooked on things and injured." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
66ssda
How do credit card companies benefit from offering rewards cards if I pay off my account balance every month?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dgkz9ss" ]
[ "You forget that credit card companies get paid by the merchant for all transactions they process. Something like 2 percent plus a small base fee. The rewards you get are smaller than the fee they received by having you use their card. Most cards give back 1% in cash. Meaning you are getting back less than half of what they earned. No matter how much you've generated in rewards the credit card company has earned money. Probably more than you have on those same transactions. You can often get better than 1% value on rewards cards. Travel rewards for example are better value and are often worth 3%+, but that's because card companies have deals with the airlines and hotels so it's still a wash for them." ]
[ 13 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
khzfyp
How do phones damage eyes?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ggo67y4", "ggo23gn", "ggo5npi" ]
[ "Generally speaking they do not. However, you are likely to strain your eyes (sometimes for hours on end) through the simple habit of using your phone in the dark on normal settings. * The phone itself is not damaging your eyes unlike UV emissions in sunlight, but staring at a screen tends to dry you out as we don't blink as much when focused on it in that way. Intense blue light however does affect the circadian rhythm - your sleep cycle. The fatigue and strain of staring at a screen with reduced blinking for hours a day every day every week are then made even more difficult to recover from by your disrupted sleep cycles and the general pace of modern life. Most OSes for phones, PCs and laptops (and to a lesser degree browsers and some other apps) have settings for night use, which can reduce the stimulation and lets you sleep more easily; 'glasses' that claim to block blue light have little effect if any according to the AAO. * These settings such as Win10's Night Light do alter (obviously) the colors and contrast while active but as long as you don't particularly need bright or correct colors it's quite comfortable. You don't need to worry about your retinas burning off, but remember several times an hour to look at something distant for at least twenty seconds when you've been focused on a screen up close. And maybe don't have bright flashing blues and purples as your keyboard LED's in the middle of the night!" ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ak1pur
Why are there bubbles in water if I leave it for some time?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "ef0powo" ]
[ "The water system is pressurised, when sitting in a cup it is in a lower pressure environment and the gasses held within the water are released. What gasses? Additives or even just atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. The same thing happens to humans when they go deep diving, and we call it the bends." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7b81dr
Why do pressurized cans get cold when you shake them?
Edit: I’m talking about like a can of hairspray or can of air to clean a keyboard
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "dpg9uky", "dpgn963", "dpg4yt4", "dpgckoo", "dpgja7l", "dph3ma4", "dph2569", "dpgngqu", "dpfzcyy", "dpgjjga" ]
[ "The stuff in the can (called the propellant. In the case of stuff like \"canned air\", it's nothing but propellant) is a liquid because its under pressure. It's warm enough to turn into a gas (vaporize), but the pressure keeps it a liquid. When you spray it out of the can, it is no longer under pressure, so it wants to turn into a gas. Changing from a liquid into a gas takes energy, so it grabs that energy in the form of heat from the can, making it colder." ]
[ 2798 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_cooling", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger" ], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6mkyxu
How can USPS not insure all their packages? If the package is lost-in-transit, they've taken money from you for a service that they didn't provide, and then don't refund you the value of the product or even the value of the service?!
Like, if they lose your parcel, they don't even give you the shipping fee back... Isn't that illegal?!
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dk2d53w" ]
[ "No it's not illegal. It's incumbent upon you to insure it if it has any value. Once it's insured, it can't be lost, because extra steps are taken to make sure it doesn't get lost. Plus, you get a tracking # so it can be tracked and located. If it's insured, the carrier knows that he is personally responsible for that item until it's delivered (known as an accountable item, just like certified and registered items). Source: was a casual carrier during summer in college" ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9ts1wk
How are things like Charlie Brown cartoons animated?
They didn't have 3dsMax or Maya back when things like "Snoopy come Home" or "It's the great pumpkin Charlie Brown" came out, so how did they animate those?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8yqw51", "e8yp112" ]
[ "Animator here. For the whole 20th century, most cartoons were drawn one frame at a time on paper first; then those drawings were traced onto individual sheets of clear plastic with black ink (coloured in by painting on the other side)... then those sheets were placed on top of paintings or drawings of a background then photographed on film one frame at a time. If it sounds super difficult, time consuming and complicated, that's because it was. Nowadays, most non-3D cartoons are either: -drawn digitally, using an electronic pen directly on a computer screen. It's easier, faster, cheaper, and more versatile. -animated in programs like Flash or ToonBoom using \"puppets\" made of flat drawings instead of 3D blobs" ]
[ 13 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
c7l5sm
How does bluetooth work?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "esfy31w" ]
[ "It's very high frequency (2.4 gHz) radio waves that allow two devices to not only connect to each other but also to share data between one another. It's similar to other such protocols, like wi-fi - the router and your laptop communicate and share radio waves to transmit and receive data." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8c6c2i
why do lower budget studios use 3d animation
I have noticed that 3d animation is usually used by smaller studios
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dxcgr8t" ]
[ "Because you can do the whole thing on a computer instead of hunting for locations like you would have to if you made a live action movie. The advantage compared to 2d animation is that computers can fill in the gaps between positions of the model quite easily these days. That being said though, these movies usually look like shit." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5pctix
Why is the national debt in Japan so high?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dcq5vnb" ]
[ "The Japanese have been fighting a deflation-driven recession since the early 90s. What that means is that people spend less money, the economy shrinks, and people get laid off. This makes people fearful, so they spend even less money, and the economy shrinks more, and more people get laid off. It's a viscous circle. We know the best way to break out of that circle is for the government to step in and jump start the economy by: (1) spending lots and lots of money, and (2) loaning money out to anyone who wants it. The government keeps spending and spending until the economy gets health again. This takes some will power, because there's a strong temptation to take the foot off the gas too early. The problem is that the Japanese keep doing it wrong. They spend some money, not enough to jump start the economy. So they end up with the worst possible outcome - huge debts and an economy that won't get better. And then they try it again and fail for the same reason. And then again, and again, and again. To add to this, Japan has very stable debt as A. most of it is domestically owned by Japanese citizens and B. Japan, like the U.S has a good credit rating" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9nay6m
Why there are international soccer/football teams for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but the Olympic team is for Great Britain
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "e7kvbh3" ]
[ "Basically we always compete individually as we have separate Football Associations that are very keen to stay separate. We are unable to do this in the olympics as we are registered as Great Britain so in order to allow us to compete at all a Great Britain team was created. This didn’t please the FAs much and a few refused to allow players to join in. Without checking I believed it was just England and Wales that made up team GB in the men’s football. EDIT: If you want to explore this beyond the comprehension of a 5 year old then wikipedia cover the various agreements we've had with FIFA to allow us to continue to compete individually [here]( URL_0 )." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules#2009_agreement" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8why1t
Why is virginity something you “lose”, or else “take” from someone else? Where did this idea originate?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "e1vroxp", "e1vpu0k", "e1vn5hx", "e1vnaj3" ]
[ "Because historically female virginity was something quite valuable and losing it or having it taken from you was a major thing with all sorts of implication beyond just sex. People put a lot of worth into virginity because the physical aspect of it was something that could be actually verified. It being the first time you had sex with your husband was something that could be noticed and if you kept the bloody sheets the couple could even prove it to others. This was important because paternity was important, because family was important. Being a virgin on your wedding night was seen as a pretty good indicator that any child born 9 month or a bit less down the road would be the husbands. That is important for questions of inheritance. Of course nowadays paternity and faithfulness are important too, but in those days there was no way to test paternity with DNA or even by comparing blood groups. Also in those days there was no real social welfare net. No unemployment benefits or anything like that you either had a family take care of you when you couldn't take care of yourself or you were mostly fucked. Family was important because without the modern state taking care of people it was all they had. A girl's virginity was a bargaining chip that could be exchanged for a lifetime of benefits. It was worth quite a lot and carelessly giving it away or having it cruelly taken from you is a catastrophe that could destroy a lot. It is why rape was seen as such a big crime in many cultures. Not because of the suffering of the woman, but because of the damage done to her family, especially her father if she was a virgin. It is why in old stories women who have done the deed will talk about being ruined or no longer being fit for marriage. Or why even today people talk about \"taking responsibility\". It is the general idea of \"you broke it - you bought it\". No one would want a bride who was not a virgin and thus the one who caused her to loose her virginity was expected to take care of her. It is why you get parts in the bible (and in older religious influenced law books), that have marriage as an out for rape or sex with a minor. Even worse in societies were there is no strong central authority to keep the peace people and families survived based on their reputation. Reputation or honour was a life or death thing in many societies. A girl who got a reputation for having lost her virginity, would not just reflect badly on her, but also on her family. Which is why extreme measure were often taken to avoid harm to ones honour and repair ones reputation. It is how you get honour killings. So virginity was a matter of life and death in some cultures (and evens still is in some today) and even if you weren't in danger of being killed by your own family over losing it, you might still get cast out or at miss out on finding a good husband who (together with his family) would provide for you for the rest of your life. For quite a lot of girls their virginity was the greatest treasure they ever had and giving it away was a very big thing. Nowadays we have a culture of law instead of honour and we have forms of social security and employment opportunities for single women and paternity tests and a lot of other things that make the worth of ones virginity much less of a life or death thing, the language that has built up around it however survives." ]
[ 179 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
nxo3c4
So everyone is talking about this year's US inflation, can anyone explain why it's so important?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "h1ft2cm", "h1fwfg9", "h1ftp37" ]
[ "Inflation, broadly, is what happens when money becomes less valuable as a result of more money being injected into a given economic system. In this case, spending went down during the pandemic, and a lot of stimulus money wasn't actually used. Now that the country is reopening, a lot of people are starting to spend that saved-up cash. The current inflation is both a good and a bad sign; it's bad because it obviously means prices will go up on essentially everything, but it's a good sign because it indicates that a lot of people are starting to spend money again at pre-pandemic rates, indicating that the US is returning to economic normality. At the same time (on a personal level); inflation is actually a *good* thing for debtors, as debts don't inflate with the currency, thus the functional value of the money you owe goes down with inflation." ]
[ 46 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
i1l7bf
Why are large flies attracted to the sound of my tile saw, circular saw, grinder? (They could at least wait until my project is done to determine it’s sh*t)
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fzy9cg4" ]
[ "The motors of those machines put out steady vibrations into the air, and from a distance a fly may mistake the vibrations for vibrations caused by the wings of another fly. They come closer to investigate whether it’s a potential mate, etc." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ibxe0c
Are our bodies made out of atoms and which kind of atoms?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g1ypxrz", "g1ypzhu" ]
[ "Atoms such as O (oxygen), H (hydrogen), C (carbon), make up everything you can touch. Our bodies are 100% atoms, together they make molecules such as H2O (water) or C6H12O6 (glucose) and many more, very complicated, molecules. Those molecules make up cells, proteins, blood, fat, and everything else in our bodies." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9qmta0
What's wrong with Intel's 10nm?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8abq77" ]
[ "Semiconductor manufacturing is an industry full of secret techniques and skilled manufacturers. They are basing it on lithography which is using light to change the chemicals in a film of material creating a patterned mask that masks out where you want the next process to happen. If you want some examples of this I suggest looking up PCB manufacturing which also use lithography but with precision measured in millimeters and not nanometers. When Intel have manufacturers who can make 10nm chips that means their manufacturing methods have a precision of 10nm. So if you have components that are spaced closer together then 10nm they might overlap which means the chip does not work. The issue is that Intel does not really have the ability to make 10nm chips reliably. They manufacturing techniques might have a precision of say 16nm. That means that if they try to make 10nm chips using their 16nm techniques it might work or it might fail. So when they test their chips after manufacturing they scrap the ones that does not work. They do have the ability to disable some cores in modern chips which is why you get odd things like 5 core CPUs which actually have more cores on the chip but some are disabled because they failed quality control. And naturally a dual core chip have less components which can fail so they can expect more of these chips to get through quality control. It is possible that Global Foundries have more accurate machines, better skilled workers and secret techniques which makes them more accurate then Intel. They might be able to output 10nm chips very reliable with most of the chips getting through the quality control." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bfgoqt
- How do events on Earth’s surface shift Earth’s axis?
The tsunami from ‘04 and a recent earthquake (Peru maybe?) have been said to have altered Earth’s axis, how is this possible? Seems akin to trying to pick up a chair that you’re sitting on.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "eldj1uq", "eldjdj5" ]
[ "Very slightly. You know how a diver do certain tricks during a high dive where she spins faster or slower by straightening her body or tightening it in? Or a figure skater pulling her arms in to do a really fast spin? It's like that. The general rule is that if a change leads to more mass being held farther out from the center of rotation, the overall rotation is slower, and if mass gets pulled in toward the axis, it spins faster." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
c3glew
What physically happens to your brain high on marijuana
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "err396i", "erra9w2", "errg1tm", "err4ii9" ]
[ "Your brain is filled with little sockets, called receptors, that certain chemicals can fit into. Think of it like legos. There are different types, and only certain chemicals can fit into certain receptors. If you try to fit a dopamine molecule into a serotonin receptor, it won't work, much like trying to use duplo blocks with normal legos. But, often times there are chemicals that can still fit into the receptor, even though they aren't exactly the same. Think of it like the Tyco blocks, they still fit the brand-name legos, even though they weren't made by lego. Your brain has a specific set of receptors called the cannibinoid receptors. These primarily work with a specific chemical produced in the body called anandamide. This chemical/receptor combination regulates a number of brain/body functions notably, the ability to feel pleasure, the hunger response, and the body's motivation/reward system. Cannabis contains a number of different chemicals that can fit into those receptors, primarily THC. However, even though they fit, they fit just a little differently from natural anandamide and cause the receptors to function a little differently, increasing pleasure and creating the bodily sensations associated with being high." ]
[ 252 ]
[ [], [ "https://youtu.be/fpSTrry_5Fo" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
md2ojv
I have noticed on newer cars that when the directional (turn signal) is on, the headlight on the coinciding side goes off. What is the benefit, if any, of this function?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gs6utj4", "gs6v2e3", "gs6y033" ]
[ "Turning off the bright headlight may make it easier to notice the turn signal, especially when it is otherwise dark out. I.e., If someone shines a bright light in your eyes, you may not notice any other lights near the light source." ]
[ 17 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8j2e9p
How do fans collect so much dust even though some are spinning almost all the time?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dywfj4c", "dywiddw", "dywh42c", "dywgq3y", "dywis8x", "dywh0ds", "dywk701", "dywl68k", "dywjfto" ]
[ "Spinning fan blades are in contact with the air more than stationary fan blades. More contact with the air = more opportunity to collect dust. The dust doesn’t fall off the blade from spinning like you would think. Dust is inherently electrically charged too I believe, so that might have something to do with it not sliding off the fan blades when spinning initially. Friction creates a static charge between the dust and the fan blades as they spin, building up more and more dust. Moisture. Van see Waal’s forces too. **Edit**: *I* *see* my error: Van der Waals* **Edit**: u/ultrab1ue added: Blasius boundary layer, which says the speed of the fluid \\(air\\) closest to the surface \\(fan blade\\) doesn't move with respect to the surface. \\(The dust on the hood of your car also doesn't get blown off despite driving 90mph.\\) These guys explain it better: [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )" ]
[ 1348 ]
[ [ "https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/1343/why-does-dust-stick-to-rotating-fan-propeller", "https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/1343/why\\-does\\-dust\\-stick\\-to\\-rotating\\-fan\\-propeller" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ldvt20
How do PID Feedback Control Systems Work?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "gm84l02" ]
[ "A PID controller is made up of 3 parts. Proportional Intergral Derivative You then have a target value you want the system achieve and maintain. The distance from that target value is your error. For example if you want a car to drive at 100kph but it’s currently moving at 90kph then the target value is 100 and the error is 10. The proportional part of the controller works as hard to fix the error as the error is big. Meaning if the error is twice as big it’ll work twice as hard to fix it, if the error is half as big it’ll work half has hard to fix it. In the case if the car analogy it’ll work 10 hard to fix the error as the error is 10. The integral part of the controller is similar to the proportional part, but it also has a time component. So the longer an error lasts for the harder the integral part of the controller tries to fix it. Going back to the car analogy working 10 hard to fix the error might not be enough to fix it if the car is going up a hill, but if the error doesn’t get fixed quickly the integral part of controller will realise this and work harder to fix the error. So for example initially it’ll be working 10 hard to fix the error (from the proportional) but after 1 second it’ll be working 11 hard, after 2 seconds it’ll be 12 hard, etc. The derivative part is designed to control how fast the error is being corrected. If the error is being corrected too quickly then it can overshoot the target value. Back to the car, imagine you’re going 90 and the car then decides to go to full power, you’ll go past 100 where it then has to slow down again, but if it slows too fast it’ll drop below 100 and has to speed up, then it goes past 100 and has to slow down, etc." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
hyv1y8
Why do humans get such an immense sense of security and safety if we go under the covers when we get scared in bed?
Psychology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fzf875k", "fzg2kn7" ]
[ "I’m not a scientist or anything, but I’d hazard a guess that it’s a learned behaviour and reaction from being a child and being tucked in/ looked after by someone." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7dmfef
What is a Banana Republic? How is it related to Bananas?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dpyx30u", "dpyu61w", "dpyst94", "dpytbzt" ]
[ "/u/formerguest gives a good definition of the precise meaning. The term is often used more loosely, as a way to insult or dismiss a country. It means that country is small, backward, irrelevant, and has questionable or illegitimate leadership, particularly if it is Latin America." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [], [ "https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_republic" ], [ "https://youtu.be/QgydTdThoeA" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5rmp5n
Does physical and psychological trauma to the body affect the ageing process of the brain? Also: Would stemcells (in theory) allow a brain to defy the ageing process completely if the brain did not require a body to survive?
Added clarification: If we found a way to transplant a brain into a fluid tank that provided everything the brain needed to survive like oxygen and nutrients, and the brain was given stemcell treatments. Could said person live forever (or at least for a long time, say a millenia) or would time still cause the brain to age and deteriorate? Related question: Does physical and psychological trauma to the body affect the ageing process of the brain?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dd8gv27" ]
[ "That's a very complicated question with some philosophical connotations as well as scientific. Much of the brain is dedicated to the control of a physical body, either directly or indirectly. The motor cortex directly controls the body - so what does this part of the brain do when it is not connected to a body? The nervous system is not only the brain, but also the spinal cord and nerves which go out to muscles, organs and skin. What is a brain without all of these connections? Even the higher centres of the brain related to personality, decision making, etc. are all fundamentally part of a process that is geared towards getting us to reproduce and pass on our genes. So what happens to a brain that cannot do this anymore? Is it even a 'person' as we would think of one? We don't really have answers to these questions. In terms of the physiology - theoretically you could keep the brain alive indefinitely, as brain cells don't divide. But again, what exactly this brain would be 'experiencing' is another matter entirely from just keeping a lump of cells metabolically active." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
i83hxv
Why is 70 degrees F cold inside my house but outside it's a pleasant day?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "g15unda" ]
[ "Humidity. With air conditioning, the humidity inside your house is going to be lower than it probably would be outside. Low humidity = high evaporation from your skin. That leads to it feeling cold. Second reason...outside, there is sunlight. If the sun is shining on you, that will make an environment feel warmer than it would otherwise." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6ula89
How do people sign up/ be assigned to highly secretive and special organizations and jobs like a spy or people who work at Area 51? How do you climb the ranks?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dltjsd5", "dltj682" ]
[ "For secret military projects it's fairly straightforward. You go get a degree in a desirable field, get a job with a defense contractor or government agency, and then if you have the skills and you have the right background to get a TS clearance you'll get assigned to (or requested for) a project that fits your skills. The CIA openly recruits. If you want to take a crack at being a spy you can go apply right now on USA Jobs." ]
[ 18 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8euuim
How does forward momentum lessen the impact from a large drop like when a free runner rolls forward after hopping off a ledge.
I was wondering how exactly skaters (like myself and more so [this guy, Jaws]( URL_0 )) are able to handle large impacts like a two story drop. I was told forward momentum but I want to know the physics of how forward momentum actually helps the lessen impact from the drop.
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dxy84bj", "dxy85ks" ]
[ "As far as i know, the freerunner rolling at the end of a jump, converts vertical \"falling\" to horizontal movement. This way, the impact is spread over a longer time, and you can cope much better. So it is more the converting of vertical to horizontal that helps you, not the initial forward momentum (correct me if i am wrong here)" ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
c627sw
Why do rubber bands dry out after some time
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "es5r6uw", "es5utz7" ]
[ "[Ozone cracking]( URL_0 ) Trace amounts of ozone in the air is absorbed by the rubber, it causes the molecule bonds to break down, causing the rubber bands to become brittle Exposure to UV radiation from the sun speed up the process." ]
[ 149 ]
[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_cracking" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9rnxgn
why are hand vein configurations different from person to person?
If veins do the same thing for all humans i.e. feed muscles/organs etc. with oxygen why would the smaller veins be laid out differently from person to person? *So far the responses haven't been very specific. how are veins 'laid down' when we are developing or in utero that would lead them to find different paths? is the path defined by DNA or not?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8iej4e", "e8iubqy", "e8ieoen", "e8ifn6j" ]
[ "Veins all over the body are kinda like vines how they make their way back to the heart. Mostly they follow the path of least resistance, which can sometimes lead to differences in where they are branching or how often they branch too." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
nqbx4h
- how does sunscreen work?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "h09z4my", "h0bapgb", "h0ami9j" ]
[ "Sunscreen prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun from damaging your skin. There are 2 types of sunscreen, chemical sunscreen and physical sunscreen. Chemical sunscreen contains chemicals that undergo chemical reactions when they absorb the ultraviolet radiation and release it as heat from you skin. Basically, the layer of chemicals absorbs the UV rays instead of your skin. Physical sunscreen, also called sunblock, contains minerals like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide that block the UV rays from your skin by reflecting them." ]
[ 25 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
lps9tu
Why is it that when a new cellular network comes out (4G/5G) the previous version seems to be completely obsolete?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "god3l3e" ]
[ "Something is not right here since the previous generation should be largely unaffected for some time and there are plenty of 4G/LTE phones (most of them in fact) in service without trouble. (AT & T's 3G network is still online until next year actually.) I can't tell you for sure but troubleshooting that issue is likely beyond this subreddit and will be device/carrier/location specific." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
braryn
How do our toilet pipes that lead to sewers remain unclogged for years on end?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "eobsmey" ]
[ "Because most the stuff that you put down your toilet is a semi-solid or break down very easily under flowing water. that is why you're not supposed to put sani wipes or feminine products down the loo because they do not actually break down like paper or poo. in the same regard, you should not pour grease down your drains either, cuz it solidifies in the cool pipe & begins to clog and build up on the walls" ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
j3upee
What are physical advantages that women have over men? Men get easier muscle formation, what about the other way?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g7ei20n", "g7egspq", "g7eud7r", "g7eiixm", "g7endua", "g7f7jxt" ]
[ "On average, women live longer than men, and they also tend to be more flexible, due to a different makeup of connective tissues. Women also see color better, and are better at differentiating between close shades. Nowadays, that's not super important, but when humans were still hunter-gatherers, women picked things like berries, and being able to see a shade difference between healthy and poisonous berries was definitely a huge advantage. I've also read that, due to estrogen, women tend to have a better sense of smell than men, and that, because of the way a woman's body typically holds fat, they're better at surviving in colder temperatures." ]
[ 50 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes/", "https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2016.90#Sec12", "https://www.news-medical.net/health/Does-the-Immune-System-Differ-between-Men-and-Women.aspx" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bgubms
When a computer program says to restart the computer to complete installation, does simply shutting down the pc and opening it next time have the same effect?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "elnn0uh" ]
[ "Yes. The restart is pretty much just a shutdown immediately followed by a startup. The important part for the installation is that the computer went though the usual startup steps again and this time with all the steps and values and the installation program just changed." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
dsa1dy
Why does appetite for food seem to lessen with old age?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "f6o70so" ]
[ "Your taste buds reduce and shrink with age. Therefore as you age, food will lose its flavor. If you have to eat, you would want to eat less volume of bland things if you have the option. Also, seniors would have a lifetime of accumulated dental issues. If they have missing teeth or ill-fitting dentures, eating can be a annoying or even painful process." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
eqajzr
What's that jolt that guys get when they pee?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fep9v7c" ]
[ "Loss of loss of fluid which is at body temp, resulting in slight drop in body temp, with slight shivering to produce more heat to compensate" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5ltcao
Why are zoos a thing?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dby9ls4" ]
[ "In the past humans only ever really had the opportunity to view animals in-person as photography and video weren't practical or able to fully represent the animals. There was a demand for the ability to view new things and zoos were a good tourism draw. Also they give the opportunity for specialists to work closely with and observe various animals in ways that simply looking at them in the wild would not." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ddb9of
Why don’t we have any mobile/cellular signal inside of elevators?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "f2f9nwz", "f2fakhb" ]
[ "The closed metal enclosure of the elevator acts as a shield that blocks the radio signals from getting in or out of the elevator. Rather than getting in or out the signals produce currents in the metal enclosure and don’t travel further. It’s called a Faraday cage." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
fursqb
What does meta mean?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fmecf8j" ]
[ "It's used as a prefix in a few contexts, such as *metamorphosis* and *metaphysical* (a branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of realit: the relationship between mind and matter, potential and actuality, etc), but as a distinct word, it's usually either \"the meta is\", where it's an acronym for Most Effective Tactic Available (what works best, usually in video games, regardless of what you want to work), and for when \"something is really meta\" where it's about the thing itself, it's somehow self referential, like making a movie about making movies" ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
67sxms
Why do many television news anchors (especially females) have the same sounding voice?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dgt73z8" ]
[ "Enunciation and accent They study how to speak clearly, in a neutral accent (the great lakes accent? I think it's called). News casters are all supposed to learn to use this accent, but regional accents do slip in. Tone and Resonance They learn how to modulate their voice with vocal techniques that produce more resonance. Resonance is just making something vibrate, like the belly of a guitar or a piano string. We can control where we \"send\" the resonance of our voice by using good posture, changing how tense or loose the muscles around the voice box are, having excellent breath support, and changing the shape of the throat. Sending the resonance up into the sinuses (without getting nasal) makes a purer sound (It's called a head voice and is easier for high pitched voices to do).If we send the sound to the throat or chest, it makes a richer, deeper sound because more air is resonating in a larger space (the lungs vs. the sinuses). This modulation and placement of your voice's resonance give your voice a pleasant, rich tone. Your voice will be more full sounding and thus seem more authoritative. Pitch, Volume, and Rhythm They also learn to use a lot of inflection, so that reading headlines isn't as dull. This means they will change the pitch more dramatically than every day speakers and they may use more volume or take more time to say particularly important things." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
aka6r3
If Google homepage had one banner ad how much revenue would it generate in a day?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ef31liu" ]
[ "For google or the company advertising? Paid by click? Google has 3.3 billion daily searches, 3,300,000,000 views, with 10% of searches resulting in clicking online ads Thats 330,000,000. With 1.6% of those meeting the paid per click requirements, So we have 5,280,000. With Google charging $1-$2 dollars for advertisers per click on search page ads, lets just say they would charge the same for simplicity sake. We could take a slightly less than wild guess and say between $5 million and 10 million a day. Currently Google earns about $100 million a day from advertising, reporting $10.6 billion just from ads in a single quarter" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bqriei
How come dry skin doesn't absorb moisture from showers and continually stays dry, but lotion helps?
Like the title explains, why does dry skin only seem to retain moisture with lotion?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eo746b0", "eo78j3b", "eo7xkai" ]
[ "Your skin can soak up water, but it will evaporate rather quickly. In contrast, oil doesn't evaporate (much). So when you oil up your skin, it stays oiled." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
cxb7wg
Why can we eat seagoing carnivores but not land-based carnivores?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eyk2tgs" ]
[ "1) We do eat land-based carnivore. Some places eat dogs and cats, we eat frogs, snakes and some turtles. There is also alligator and crocodiles, but I not sure if you consider them land-based. 2) Animal that are in danger and have low number usually cost a lot more to hunt or are protected so we can't eat them on a large base. 3) Hunting land based carnivore is dangerous, if you miss your shot they might go after you, but for seagoing canivore the danger isn't as big since we stay on boat. In addition a squid or an octopus is a lot less dangerous for human than wolf or lion can be." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
led78r
What will federal legalization of marijuana in the US do exactly?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gmbqe6l", "gmboxe3", "gmbqi9u", "gmbr74g" ]
[ "It allows stores that sell marijuana products to use the national banking system. The vast, vast majority of banks in the US are regulated at the Federal level. Federal law imposes a duty for them to determine the source of their client's funds. If those funds come from a business that is illegal at the Federal level then the bank has to refuse to do business with that person. Only a handful of banks are regulated solely at the state level. Those banks avoid Federal regulations because they are extremely small and operate in a very limited geographic area (typically in a single city). However, those banks still need to interface with the broader national system to function, so even they won't do business with marijuana related businesses out of fear that they'll be blocked from making interstate transactions. Because of this, most marijuana businesses operate on a cash only basis and their employees are in a weird position where any money they store in a bank can be seized at any time - and this is something that regularly happens to marijuana business employees. Legalizing marijuana at the Federal level means that marijuana related businesses are no longer deriving their income from an activity that is illegal at the Federal level and so would allow them to use the banking system." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6xu95i
How come cash can make it through a cycle of laundry but paper (such as post-it notes) deteriorate?
Paper seems to be stronger than cash in regards to tearing and what not when dry so I'm very confused
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dmih7s9" ]
[ "Cash is not wood-based paper, it's actually a cotton/linen blend. It's closer to cloth than paper." ]
[ 39 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6uzqio
The concept of a 24 hr day
I was thinking about this earlier today and I'm stumped. So..before the concept of a 24 hr day, somebody had the idea to invent a clock. First of all how did they decide how long an hour WAS without a clock? Second of all how did they nail down the fact that a day is 24 hrs long? I used this example with my husband to try and convey my confusion: Ever been in your car and the windshield wipers happen to align with the beat of a song that's playing? If it's even the slightest bit off, eventually they will not be in sync at all. So, if they hadn't hit the 24 hr mark spot on, eventually at some point AM/PM would be happening at the wrong time of day. Hopefully that made sense to somebody out there. Furthermore, how did they measure out those 24 hours without a clock? To decide how much time was passing in a numerical context? Help.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dlwuotq" ]
[ "[This article]( URL_0 ) gives some insight. TL;DR: It's thought that the ancient Egyptians chose a base 12 number system either because it's roughly the number of lunar cycles in a year or because it's the the number of joints on the fingers on one hand. They built sundials and divided them into 12 parts. They later found a set of 24 stars on roughly equidistant hour lines to enable time keeping at night. 24 because the stars you see in the summer won't be seen in the winter. More precise mechanical clocks came after Galileo's research of pendulums. It was found that there's a simple mathematical relationship between the length of the pendulum and the period of the swing. Moreover, it's independent from the mass and width of the swing. The number of swings of a pendulum in a day could be measured and, from that, the appropriate length of the pendulum chosen to give a nicer number of swings in a day like 60 * 60 * 24. Most likely clocks did not stay in sync, but that's why we have astronomy for precise time keeping." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [ "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-time-division-days-hours-minutes/" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
69hyrb
Why do the animated characters on the PBS show Daniel Tiger pulse every few seconds?
It makes me seasick to watch that show with my kids because the characters are never still.
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dh6qzbx" ]
[ "URL_0 I don't see any \"pulsing\". It is a stylistic choice to have the characters move a lot. Likely to catch and keep the attention of young children watching." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [ "https://youtu.be/4a58THssQ5U" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gr3m8z
How can viruses penetrate cells, mimick certain things (e.g blocking signals across cells) and develop smart tactics to infect more people/animals even though it is not even a living organism?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "frwlcbo" ]
[ "We actually don't really have a definition of \"alive\". Viruses kind of *are* alive, but are also kind of not. The reason we say that viruses aren't alive is because they depend on borrowing the replication machinery of host cells in order to reproduce. At the end of the day, everything any living cell does is unconscious. These things happen based solely on the combination of gene expressions and molecules within a given location. Nothing makes the active decision to \"Get into the cell\" for example, it just does so by way of its shape. A virus will always penetrate a cell it's capable of penetrating in the same way that a magnet will always stick to magnetic metals, even without any conscious influence. From there, evolution takes the reigns - killing off viruses that aren't good at doing the stuff they need to do, and propagating the ones that are." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9qlcha
How can aliens listen to the golden record on Voyager 1 if they ever found it?
Assuming that someday they find it, how can they have the technology to play a record or understand it works?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8a2oil", "e8a310f", "e8acivn" ]
[ "The record comes along with the device intended to play it, as well as instructions that are decipherable as long as they understand basic scientific concepts (which, if they are a spacefaring civilization, they likely will)." ]
[ 21 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8rk0ly
How does a stethoscope amplify noise to such an extreme?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e0rwuvl", "e0rygup" ]
[ "The noise your body makes (heartbeat, breathing, the blood in your veins) creates vibrations. These vibrations are picked up by the diaphragm of the stethoscope. The tube that connects the diaphragm and the earbuds amplifies the sound because the rubber material causes the sound waves to reflect and thus amplifying them." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [ "https://www.wikihow.com/Find-a-Water-Leak-in-Your-House" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
kl3dvp
how do SSRI anti-depressants work? How do they make people feel better?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "gh6nj77" ]
[ "It is worth noting that we actually don't know how SSRI antidepressants work. We know what they do, and we know the result. But the intermediate steps are still a mystery. So, we know they prevent serotonin being taken back into neurones after release by blocking the transporter protein. This means the serotonin stays around for longer. we know that after a prolonged period of living like this, the brain changes the way it behaves as a result. However, exactly how it changes, or why preventing serotonin re-uptake is so helpful is not known. It does not seem to be as simple as 'serotonin floating around longer = better', and this is not able to help some people." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]