Datasets:

lihaoxin2020

/

abstractive-content-based-IDs

like 0

most test double centuries in a calendar year

List of Test cricket records - wikipedia List of Test cricket records Donald Bradman , holder of several Test batting records including highest batting average Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in Test cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket Test cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Unlike One Day Internationals , Test matches consist of two innings per team , having no limit in their number of overs . Test cricket is first - class cricket , so statistics and records set in Test matches are also counted toward first - class records . The duration of Tests , currently limited to five days , has varied through Test history , ranging from three days to timeless matches . The earliest match now recognised as a Test was played between England and Australia in March 1877 ; since then there have been over 2,000 Tests played by 11 teams . The frequency of Tests has steadily increased partly because of the increase in the number of Test - playing countries , and partly as cricket boards seek to maximise their revenue . Cricket is , by its nature , capable of generating large numbers of records and statistics . This list details the most significant team and individual records in Test cricket . The most successful team in Test cricket , in terms of both wins and win percentage , is Australia , having won 362 of their 773 Tests ( 46.83 % ) . Barring the ICC World XI , a rest of world team which played a single Test against Australia in 2005 , the least successful team are Bangladesh who have struggled since their introduction to Test cricket in 2000 , leading to questioning of their Test status . Australian Donald Bradman , widely considered the greatest batsman of all time , holds several personal and partnership records . He scored the most runs in a series , has the most double centuries and was a part of the record 5th wicket partnership . His most significant record is his batting average of 99.94 . One of cricket 's most famous statistics , it stands almost 40 runs higher than any other batsman 's average . Don Bradman is the only player in the world to have scored 5000 runs against a single opposition : 5028 runs against England . In the Manchester Test of 1956 , England spin bowler Jim Laker took 19 wickets for 90 runs ( 19 -- 90 ) which set not only the Test record for best match figures but also the first - class one . In taking 10 -- 53 in the second innings he became the first bowler to capture all ten wickets in a Test match innings , and his analysis remains the best innings figures . Indian Leg - spinner Anil Kumble is the only other bowler to have taken 10 wickets in an innings , claiming 10 -- 74 against Pakistan in 1999 . West Indies batsman Brian Lara has the highest individual score in Test cricket : he scored 400 not out against England in 2004 to surpass the innings of 380 by Matthew Hayden six months earlier . Lara had held the record before Hayden , with a score of 375 against England 10 years earlier . Pakistan 's Misbah - ul - Haq holds the record of the fastest test half century scoring 50 runs from 21 balls . The record for the fastest test century is held by New Zealand 's Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls in his final test match . The trend of countries to increase the number of Test matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the highest Test wicket - taker in December 2007 , when he passed Shane Warne 's total of 708 wickets . Within a year , the equivalent batting record of highest run - scorer had also changed hands : Sachin Tendulkar surpassed the tally of 11,953 runs by Brian Lara . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Mark Boucher of South Africa while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Rahul Dravid . Contents 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses and draws 3.2 Result records 3.2. 1 Greatest win margins ( by innings ) 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 3 Matches that finished with scores level 3.2. 4 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) 3.2. 5 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 6 Victory after following - on 3.2. 7 Most consecutive wins 3.3 Team scoring records 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest career batting average 4.1. 4 Innings or series 4.1. 5 Calendar year and between dismissals 4.1. 6 Highest scores at each batting position 4.1. 7 Innings as captain 4.1. 8 Innings carrying the bat 4.1. 9 Most runs in an over 4.1. 10 Centuries 4.1. 11 Half Centuries 4.1. 12 Most fours in career 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Career 4.2. 2 Series 4.2. 3 Innings 4.2. 4 Match records 4.2. 5 Innings as captain 4.2. 6 Match records as captain 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in Test career 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.5 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 4.6 Individual records ( other ) 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnership for each wicket 5.2 Highest partnerships 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Listing criteria In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . Listing notation Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained ( 300 -- 3 d ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets , and declared its innings closed ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out Batting notation ( 100 ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out Bowling notation ( 5 -- 100 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs Currently playing indicates a current Test cricketer Seasons Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . Team records Team wins , losses and draws Team First Test match Matches Won Lost Tied Drawn % Won Afghanistan 14 June 2018 0 0 0 0.00 Australia 15 March 1877 812 383 219 208 47.16 Bangladesh 10 November 2000 106 10 80 0 16 9.43 England 15 March 1877 997 356 296 0 345 35.70 India 25 June 1932 521 144 160 216 27.63 Ireland 11 May 2018 0 0 0 0.00 New Zealand 10 January 1930 426 92 170 0 164 21.59 Pakistan 16 October 1952 413 133 122 0 158 32.20 South Africa 12 March 1889 425 161 140 0 124 37.88 Sri Lanka 17 February 1982 269 85 100 0 84 31.59 West Indies 23 June 1928 530 168 187 174 31.69 Zimbabwe 18 October 1992 105 11 67 0 27 10.47 ICC World XI 14 October 2005 0 0 0 0.00 <Td_colspan="9"> Last updated : 20 June 2018 Result records Greatest win margins ( by innings ) Margin Teams Venue Season Innings and 579 runs England ( 903 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 201 & 123 ) The Oval , London 1938 Innings and 360 runs Australia ( 652 -- 7 d ) beat South Africa ( 159 & 133 ) New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2001 -- 02 Innings and 336 runs West Indies ( 614 -- 5 d ) beat India ( 124 & 154 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 1958 -- 59 Innings and 332 runs Australia ( 645 ) beat England ( 141 & 172 ) Brisbane Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 Innings and 324 runs Pakistan ( 643 ) beat New Zealand ( 73 & 246 ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2002 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 12 December 2016 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 675 runs England ( 521 & 342 -- 8 d ) beat Australia ( 122 & 66 ) Brisbane Exhibition Ground 1928 -- 29 562 runs Australia ( 701 & 327 ) beat England ( 321 & 145 ) The Oval , London 1934 530 runs Australia ( 328 & 578 ) beat South Africa ( 205 & 171 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1910 -- 11 492 runs South Africa ( 488 & 344 - 6 d ) beat Australia ( 221 & 119 ) Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2018 491 runs Australia ( 381 & 361 -- 5 d ) beat Pakistan ( 179 & 72 ) WACA Ground , Perth 2004 -- 05 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 3 April 2018 Matches that finished with scores level See also : Tied Test Result Teams Venue Season Tie Australia ( 505 & 232 ) vs West Indies ( 453 & 284 ) The Gabba 1960 -- 61 Tie India ( 397 & 347 ) vs Australia ( 574 -- 7 d & 170 -- 5 d ) MA Chidambaram Stadium , Madras 1986 -- 87 Draw Zimbabwe ( 376 & 234 ) vs England ( 406 & 204 -- 5 ) Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 1996 -- 97 Draw India ( 482 & 242 -- 9 ) vs West Indies ( 590 & 134 ) Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 2011 -- 12 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by wickets ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 wicket England ( 183 & 263 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 324 & 121 ) The Oval , London 1902 South Africa ( 91 & 287 -- 9 ) beat England ( 184 & 190 ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1905 -- 06 England ( 382 & 282 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 266 & 397 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1907 -- 08 England ( 183 & 173 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 113 & 242 ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1922 -- 23 Australia ( 216 & 260 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 272 & 203 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1951 -- 52 New Zealand ( 249 & 104 -- 9 ) beat West Indies ( 140 & 212 ) Carisbrook , Dunedin 1979 -- 80 Pakistan ( 256 & 315 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 337 & 232 ) National Stadium , Karachi 1994 -- 95 West Indies ( 329 & 311 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 490 & 146 ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1998 -- 99 West Indies ( 273 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Pakistan ( 269 & 219 ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1999 -- 00 Pakistan ( 175 & 262 -- 9 ) beat Bangladesh ( 281 & 154 ) Ibn - e-Qasim Bagh Stadium , Multan 2003 Sri Lanka ( 321 & 352 -- 9 ) beat South Africa ( 361 & 311 ) Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium , Colombo 2006 India ( 405 & 216 -- 9 ) beat Australia ( 428 & 192 ) Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 2010 -- 11 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Narrowest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Season 1 run West Indies ( 252 & 146 ) beat Australia ( 213 & 184 ) Adelaide Oval 1992 -- 93 2 runs England ( 407 & 182 ) beat Australia ( 308 & 279 ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 2005 3 runs Australia ( 299 & 86 ) beat England ( 262 & 120 ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1902 England ( 284 & 294 ) beat Australia ( 287 & 288 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 1982 -- 83 5 runs South Africa ( 169 & 239 ) beat Australia ( 292 & 111 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1993 -- 94 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Victory after following - on See also : Follow - on Margin Teams Venue Season 10 runs England ( 325 & 437 ) beat Australia ( 586 & 166 ) Sydney Cricket Ground 1894 -- 95 18 runs England ( 174 & 356 ) beat Australia ( 401 -- 9 d & 111 ) Headingley , Leeds 1981 171 runs India ( 171 & 657 -- 7 d ) beat Australia ( 445 & 212 ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata 2000 -- 01 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most consecutive wins Wins Team First win Last win 16 Australia Zimbabwe at Harare , 14 October 1999 India at Mumbai , 27 February 2001 16 Australia South Africa at Melbourne , 26 December 2005 India at Sydney , 2 January 2008 11 West Indies Australia at Bridgetown , 30 March 1984 Australia at Adelaide , 7 December 1984 9 Sri Lanka India at Colombo , 29 August 2001 Pakistan at Lahore , 6 March 2002 9 South Africa Australia at Durban , 15 March 2002 Bangladesh at Dhaka , 1 May 2003 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Team scoring records Most runs in an innings Runs Teams Venue Season 952 - 6 d Sri Lanka ( v India ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 903 - 7 d England ( v Australia ) The Oval , London 1938 849 England ( v West Indies ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 790 -- 3 d West Indies ( v Pakistan ) Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 765 -- 6 d Pakistan ( v Sri Lanka ) National Stadium , Karachi 2008 -- 09 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 14 September 2017 Fewest runs in a completed innings Runs Teams Venue Date 26 New Zealand ( v England ) Eden Park , Auckland 25 March 1955 30 South Africa ( v England ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 13 February 1896 South Africa ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 14 June 1924 35 South Africa ( v England ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1 April 1899 36 Australia ( v England ) Edgbaston , Birmingham 29 May 1902 South Africa ( v Australia ) Melbourne Cricket Ground 12 February 1932 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 14 September 2017 Highest fourth - innings totals to win Runs Teams Venue Season 418 -- 7 West Indies ( v Australia ) Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2002 -- 03 414 -- 4 South Africa ( v Australia ) WACA Ground , Perth 2008 -- 09 406 -- 4 India ( v West Indies ) Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 1975 -- 76 404 -- 3 Australia ( v England ) Headingley , Leeds 1948 391 -- 6 Sri Lanka ( v Zimbabwe ) Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 14 September 2017 Individual records Individual records ( Batting ) Career runs Further information : List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Most career runs Runs Player Period 15,921 ( 329 innings ) Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 13,378 ( 287 innings ) Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 13,289 ( 280 innings ) Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 13,288 ( 286 innings ) Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 12,400 ( 233 innings ) Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most career runs -- progression of record Runs Player Record held until Duration of record 239 Charles Bannerman 4 January 1882 4 years , 295 days 676 George Ulyett 13 August 1884 2 years , 222 days 860 Billy Murdoch 14 August 1886 2 years , 1 day 1,277 Arthur Shrewsbury 23 January 1902 15 years , 162 days 1,293 Joe Darling 18 February 1902 26 days 1,366 Syd Gregory 14 June 1902 116 days 1,531 Archie MacLaren 13 August 1902 60 days 3,412 Clem Hill 27 December 1924 22 years , 136 days 5,410 Jack Hobbs 29 June 1937 12 years , 184 days 7,249 Wally Hammond 27 November 1970 33 years , 151 days 7,459 Colin Cowdrey 23 March 1972 1 year , 117 days 8,032 Garfield Sobers 23 December 1981 9 years , 275 days 8,114 Geoffrey Boycott 12 November 1983 1 year , 324 days 10,122 Sunil Gavaskar 25 February 1993 9 years , 105 days 11,174 Allan Border 25 November 2005 12 years , 273 days 11,953 Brian Lara 17 October 2008 2 years , 327 days 15,921 Sachin Tendulkar 9 years , 291 days <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs ^ ( b ) Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs ^ ( c ) Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs ^ ( d ) Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs ^ ( e ) MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs ^ ( f ) Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs Most runs in each batting position Batting position Player Runs Average Opener Alastair Cook 11378 45.88 Number 3 Kumar Sangakkara 11679 60.83 Number 4 Sachin Tendulkar 13492 54.40 Number 5 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 6883 56.42 Number 6 Steve Waugh 3165 51.05 Number 7 Adam Gilchrist 3948 46.45 Number 8 Daniel Vettori 2227 39.77 Number 9 Stuart Broad 1292 20.51 Number 10 Dale Steyn 518 12.95 Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 623 11.33 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 17 January 2018 Highest career Batting average Average Player Period 99.94 ( 80 innings ) Donald Bradman 1928 -- 1948 64.02 ( 108 innings ) Steve Smith 2010 -- 61.87 ( 31 innings ) Adam Voges 2015 -- 2016 60.97 ( 41 innings ) Graeme Pollock 1963 -- 1970 60.83 ( 40 innings ) George Headley 1930 -- 1954 60.73 ( 84 innings ) Herbert Sutcliffe 1924 -- 1935 <Td_colspan="3"> Qualification : 20 innings . Note : If the qualification is removed , the record Test batting average is Andy Ganteaume 's 112.00 ; Ganteaume was dismissed for 112 runs in his only Test innings . A very few one - Test wonders have never been dismissed , leaving them without a defined Test batting average . Notable players who played only a single Test innings without a dismissal are Stuart Law ( 54 * , innings declared ) and Andy Lloyd ( 10 * , retired hurt ) . Last updated : 6 January 2017 Innings or series Highest individual score ( see also List of Test cricket triple centuries ) Runs Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2015 Highest individual score -- progression of record Runs Player Opponent Venue Season Test match Number 165 * Charles Bannerman England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 Test No. 1 211 Billy Murdoch England The Oval , London 1884 Test No. 16 287 R.E. Foster Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1903 -- 04 Test No. 78 325 Andy Sandham West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston 1929 -- 30 Test No. 193 334 Don Bradman England Headingley , Leeds 1930 Test No. 196 336 * Wally Hammond New Zealand Eden Park , Auckland 1932 -- 33 Test No. 226 364 Len Hutton Australia The Oval , London 1938 Test No. 266 365 * Garfield Sobers Pakistan Sabina Park , Kingston 1957 -- 58 Test No. 452 375 Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1993 -- 94 Test No. 1259 380 Matthew Hayden Zimbabwe WACA Ground , Perth 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1661 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 Test No. 1696 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a match Runs Scores Player Match 456 333 and 123 Graham Gooch v India at Lord 's , 1990 426 334 * and 92 Mark Taylor v Pakistan at Peshawar , 1998 -- 99 424 319 and 105 Kumar Sangakkara v Bangladesh at Chittagong , 2013 -- 14 400 400 * Brian Lara v England at St John 's , Antigua , 2003 -- 04 380 247 * and 133 Greg Chappell v New Zealand at Wellington , 1973 -- 74 380 Matthew Hayden v Zimbabwe at Perth , 2003 -- 04 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most runs in a series Runs Player Series 974 ( 7 innings ) Donald Bradman v England , 1930 905 ( 9 innings ) Wally Hammond v Australia , 1928 -- 29 839 ( 11 innings ) Mark Taylor v England , 1989 834 ( 9 innings ) Neil Harvey v South Africa , 1952 -- 53 829 ( 7 innings ) Viv Richards v England , 1976 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Calendar year and between dismissals Most runs in a calendar year Runs Player Average Year 1788 Mohammad Yousuf 99.33 2006 1710 Vivian Richards 90.00 1976 1656 Graeme Smith 72.00 2008 1595 Michael Clarke 106.33 2012 1562 Sachin Tendulkar 78.10 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2015 Most runs between consecutive dismissals Runs Player Innings Sequence Season 614 Adam Voges 269 * , 106 * , 239 2015 - 16 497 Sachin Tendulkar 241 * , 60 * , 194 * , 2 2003 - 04 490 Garfield Sobers 365 * , 125 1957 - 58 489 Michael Clarke 259 * , 230 2012 - 13 473 Rahul Dravid 41 * , 200 * , 70 * , 162 2000 - 01 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 21 December 2017 Highest scores at each batting position Batting position Player Score Opponent Venue Date Opener Matthew Hayden 380 Zimbabwe WACA Ground 9 October 2003 Number 3 Brian Lara 400 * England Antigua Recreation Ground 10 April 2004 Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 374 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground 27 July 2006 Number 5 Michael Clarke 329 * India Sydney Cricket Ground 3 January 2012 Number 6 Ben Stokes 258 South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground 2 January 2016 Number 7 Donald Bradman 270 England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 January 1937 Number 8 Wasim Akram 257 * Zimbabwe Sheikhupura Stadium 17 October 1996 Number 9 Ian Smith 173 India Eden Park 22 February 1990 Number 10 Walter Read 117 Australia Kennington Oval 11 August 1884 Number 11 Ashton Agar 98 England Trent Bridge 10 July 2013 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 18 November 2017 Innings as captain Highest individual score as captain Runs Player Opponent Venue Season 400 * Brian Lara England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 2003 -- 04 374 Mahela Jayawardene South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 334 * Mark Taylor Pakistan Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 1998 333 Graham Gooch India Lord 's , London 329 * Michael Clarke India Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2012 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2015 Innings carrying the bat Highest individual score ( see also List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket ) Runs Player Opponent Venue Season 244 * Alastair Cook Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2017 -- 18 223 * Glenn Turner West Indies Sabina Park , Kingston 1972 216 * Marvan Atapattu Zimbabwe Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 1999 -- 00 206 * Bill Brown England Lord 's , London 1931 202 * Len Hutton West Indies The Oval , London 1950 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 29 December 2017 Most runs in an over Runs Sequence Batsman Bowler Venue Season 28 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 Brian Lara Robin Peterson Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2003 -- 04 4 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 George Bailey James Anderson WACA , Perth 2013 -- 14 27 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- 1 Shahid Afridi Harbhajan Singh Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 2005 -- 06 26 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 Mitchell Johnson Paul Harris Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 2008 -- 09 4 -- 0 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 Brian Lara Danish Kaneria Multan Cricket Stadium 2006 -- 07 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 4 Craig McMillan Younis Khan Seddon Park , Hamilton 2000 -- 01 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 -- 4 -- 6 Brendon McCullum Suranga Lakmal Hagley Oval , Christchurch , New Zealand 2014 -- 15 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 0 Hardik Pandya Malinda Pushpakumara Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Sri Lanka 2017 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 14 August 2017 Centuries Most Test centuries Centuries Player Matches Innings Inns / Century 51 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 6.4 45 Jacques Kallis 166 280 6.2 41 Ricky Ponting 168 287 7.0 38 Kumar Sangakkara 134 233 6.1 36 Rahul Dravid 164 286 7.9 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Fastest Test centuries No. of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 54 Brendon McCullum Australia Hagley Oval , Christchurch 2015 -- 16 56 Viv Richards England Antigua Recreation Ground , St. John 's 1985 -- 86 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 57 Adam Gilchrist England WACA Ground , Perth 2006 -- 07 67 Jack Gregory South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1921 -- 22 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test double centuries Double centuries Player Matches 12 Donald Bradman 52 11 Kumar Sangakkara 130 9 Brian Lara 131 7 Wally Hammond 85 Mahela Jayawardene 149 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most Test triple centuries Triple centuries Player Matches Donald Bradman 52 Virender Sehwag 104 Chris Gayle 103 Brian Lara 131 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 11 December 2016 <Td_colspan="3"> Note : 21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test : see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details Most Test quadruple centuries Quadruple centuries Player Matches Brian Lara 131 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Half Centuries Most Test 50 + 50 + Player Matches Innings 119 Sachin Tendulkar 200 329 103 Jacques Kallis 166 280 103 Ricky Ponting 168 287 99 Rahul Dravid 164 286 96 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 164 280 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Fastest Test half - centuries No. of balls Player Opponent Venue Season 21 Misbah - ul - Haq Australia Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 2014 / 15 24 Jacques Kallis Zimbabwe Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2004 / 05 25 Shane Shillingford New Zealand Sabina Park , Kingston 2014 26 Shahid Afridi India M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2004 / 05 Mohammad Ashraful India Sher - e-Bangla Cricket Stadium , Mirpur 2007 Dale Steyn West Indies St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 2014 / 15 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most fours in career Fours Player Innings 2058 + Sachin Tendulkar 329 1654 Rahul Dravid 286 1559 Brian Lara 232 1509 Ricky Ponting 287 1491 Kumar Sangakkara 233 <Td_colspan="3"> Key : + means the complete career records are n't known Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records ( Bowling ) Career Most wickets in a career Wickets Player Matches Average 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 619 Anil Kumble 132 29.65 563 Glenn McGrath 124 21.64 544 James Anderson 139 27.19 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 4 August 2018 Most wickets in a career -- Progression of record Wickets Player Matches Average Record held until Duration of record 8 Alfred Shaw 10.75 31 March 1877 16 days 14 Tom Kendall 15.35 4 January 1879 1 year , 279 days 94 Fred Spofforth 18 18.41 12 January 1895 16 years , 8 days 118 Johnny Briggs 33 17.75 2 January 1904 8 years , 355 days 141 Hugh Trumble 32 21.78 13 December 1913 9 years , 345 days 189 Sydney Barnes 27 16.43 4 January 1936 22 years , 22 days 216 Clarrie Grimmett 37 24.21 24 July 1953 17 years , 201 days 236 Alec Bedser 51 24.89 26 January 1963 9 years , 186 days 242 Brian Statham 67 24.27 15 March 1963 48 days 307 Fred Trueman 67 21.57 1 February 1976 12 years , 323 days 309 Lance Gibbs 79 29.09 27 December 1981 5 years , 329 days 355 Dennis Lillee 70 23.92 21 August 1986 4 years , 237 days 373 Ian Botham 94 27.86 12 November 1988 2 years , 83 days 431 Richard Hadlee 86 22.29 8 February 1994 5 years , 88 days 434 Kapil Dev 131 29.64 27 March 2000 6 years , 48 days 519 Courtney Walsh 132 24.44 8 May 2004 4 years , 42 days 532 Muttiah Muralitharan 91 22.87 15 October 2004 160 days 708 Shane Warne 145 25.41 3 December 2007 3 years , 49 days 800 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 22.72 Current 10 years , 244 days <Td_colspan="6"> Notes ^ ( a ) Allen Hill took the first Test wicket , but only two in the First Test match . Alfred Shaw ( 3 / 51 & 5 / 35 ) and Tom Kendall ( 1 / 54 & 7 / 55 ) both took eight wickets , but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets . Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets ( 15.35 ) in seven Tests ^ ( b ) Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth 's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne , as did Charles Turner two days later . Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide , which Turner missed , and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney . Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets ( 16.53 ) in 17 Tests ^ ( c ) Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham 's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets ( 24.84 ) in 70 Tests ^ ( d ) Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham 's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets ( 28.40 ) in 102 Tests ^ ( e ) Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan 's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets ( 22.72 ) in 133 Tests Best career average Average Player Balls Wickets 10.75 George Lohmann 3,830 112 12.70 / John Ferris 2,302 61 15.54 Billy Barnes 2,289 51 16.42 Billy Bates 2,364 50 16.43 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 <Td_colspan="4"> Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2016 Note : If the qualification is removed , the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket ( i.e. no runs were conceded ) . This record is shared by Englishmen AN Hornby , Wilf Barber and New Zealander , Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run ^ ( a ) John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country . He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886 -- 87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891 -- 92 . Best career strike rate Strike rate Player Balls Wickets 34.1 George Lohmann 3,830 112 37.7 / J.J. Ferris 2,302 61 38.7 Shane Bond 3,372 87 41.4 Dale Steyn 17,286 417 41.6 Sydney Barnes 7,873 189 <Td_colspan="4"> Qualification : 2000 balls bowled Last updated : 2 September 2017 Most 5 wickets in an innings 5 wickets in an innings Player Matches 67 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 37 Shane Warne 145 36 Richard Hadlee 86 35 Anil Kumble 132 34 Rangana Herath 92 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 25 July 2018 Most 10 wickets in a match 10 wickets in a match Player Matches 22 Muttiah Muralitharan 133 10 Shane Warne 145 9 Richard Hadlee 86 Rangana Herath 92 8 Anil Kumble 132 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 25 July 2018 Series Most wickets in a series Wickets Player Series 49 ( 4 Tests ) Sydney Barnes v South Africa 1913 -- 14 46 ( 5 Tests ) Jim Laker v Australia , 1956 44 ( 5 Tests ) Clarrie Grimmett v South Africa 1935 -- 36 42 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1981 41 ( 6 Tests ) Terry Alderman v England , 1989 Rodney Hogg v England , 1978 -- 79 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings Best figures in an innings Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia ( 2nd innings ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 10 -- 74 Anil Kumble Pakistan Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 1998 -- 99 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 9 -- 37 Jim Laker Australia ( 1st innings ) Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 9 -- 51 Muttiah Muralitharan Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy 2001 -- 02 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Best figures in an innings -- progression of record Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 7 -- 55 Tom Kendall ( in the inaugural Test match ) England Melbourne Cricket Ground 1876 -- 77 7 -- 44 Fred Spofforth England The Oval , London 1882 7 -- 28 Billy Bates Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground 1882 -- 83 8 -- 35 George Lohmann Australia Sydney Cricket Ground 1886 -- 87 8 -- 11 Johnny Briggs South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 1888 -- 89 8 -- 7 George Lohmann South Africa St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 1895 -- 96 9 -- 28 George Lohmann South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1895 -- 96 10 -- 53 Jim Laker Australia Old Trafford , Manchester 1956 <Td_colspan="5"> Calculated at the conclusion of each Test Last updated : 15 June 2016 Match records Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 19 -- 90 Jim Laker Australia Manchester , England , 1956 17 -- 159 Sydney Barnes South Africa Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 1913 -- 14 16 -- 136 Narendra Hirwani West Indies M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 1987 -- 88 16 -- 137 Bob Massie England Lord 's , London 1972 16 -- 220 Muttiah Muralitharan England The Oval , London 1998 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Innings as captain Best figures in an innings as captain Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 9 -- 83 Kapil Dev West Indies Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad 8 -- 60 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 1982 8 -- 63 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare 2016 8 -- 106 Kapil Dev Australia Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 1985 7 -- 37 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington 1995 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 16 March 2017 Match records as captain Best figures in a match Bowling Player Opponent Venue Season 13 -- 55 Courtney Walsh New Zealand Basin Reserve , Wellington , New Zealand 1995 13 -- 135 Waqar Younis Zimbabwe Southend Club Cricket Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan 13 -- 152 Rangana Herath Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club , Harare , Zimbabwe 2016 12 -- 100 Fazal Mahmood West Indies Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka , Bangladesh 1959 11 -- 79 Imran Khan India National Stadium , Karachi , Pakistan 1982 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( fielding ) Most catches in Test career Catches Player Matches 210 Rahul Dravid 164 205 Mahela Jayawardene 149 200 Jacques Kallis 166 196 Ricky Ponting 168 181 Mark Waugh 128 <Td_colspan="3"> Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) Most dismissals Dismissals Player Matches 555 ( 532 catches + 23 stumpings ) Mark Boucher 147 416 ( 379 catches + 37 stumpings ) Adam Gilchrist 96 395 ( 366 catches + 29 stumpings ) Ian Healy 119 355 ( 343 catches + 12 stumpings ) Rod Marsh 96 294 ( 256 catches + 38 stumpings ) MS Dhoni 90 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most catches Catches Player Matches 532 Mark Boucher 147 379 Adam Gilchrist 96 366 Ian Healy 119 343 Rod Marsh 96 265 Jeff Dujon 81 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most stumpings Stumpings Player Matches 52 Bert Oldfield 54 46 Godfrey Evans 91 38 Syed Kirmani 88 MS Dhoni 90 37 Adam Gilchrist 96 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( as an all - rounder ) 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match Player Runs Wickets Date Opponent Venue Ian Botham 114 13 / 109 15 February 1980 India Mumbai , India Imran Khan 117 11 / 180 3 January 1983 India Faisalabad , Pakistan Shakib Al Hasan 137 10 / 124 3 November 2014 Zimbabwe Khulna , Bangladesh <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Individual records ( other ) Most matches played Matches Player Period 200 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2013 168 Steve Waugh 1985 -- 2004 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 166 Jacques Kallis 1995 -- 2013 164 Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2012 Shivnarine Chanderpaul 1994 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches played as captain Matches Player Won Lost Drawn Tied 109 Graeme Smith 53 29 27 0 93 Allan Border 32 22 38 80 Stephen Fleming 28 27 25 0 77 Ricky Ponting 48 16 13 0 74 Clive Lloyd 36 12 26 0 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Most matches won as captain Won Player Lost Drawn Ties Matches 53 Graeme Smith 26 26 0 109 48 Ricky Ponting 16 13 0 77 41 Steve Waugh 9 7 0 57 36 Clive Lloyd 12 26 0 74 32 Allan Border 22 38 93 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Partnership records Highest partnership for each wicket Partnership Runs Team <Td_colspan="2"> Players Opposition Venue Season 1st wicket 415 South Africa Graeme Smith ( 232 ) Neil McKenzie ( 226 ) Bangladesh Chittagong Divisional Stadium 2008 2nd wicket 576 Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 1997 -- 98 3rd wicket 624 Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 4th wicket 449 Australia Adam Voges ( 269 * ) Shaun Marsh ( 182 ) West Indies Bellerive Oval , Hobart 2015 -- 16 5th wicket 405 Australia Sid Barnes ( 234 ) Donald Bradman ( 234 ) England Sydney Cricket Ground 1946 -- 47 6th wicket 399 England Ben Stokes ( 258 ) Jonny Bairstow ( 150 * ) South Africa Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 2015 -- 16 7th wicket 347 West Indies Denis Atkinson ( 219 ) Clairmonte Depeiaza ( 122 ) Australia Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 1954 -- 55 8th wicket 332 England Jonathan Trott ( 184 ) Stuart Broad ( 169 ) Pakistan Lord 's , London 9th wicket 195 South Africa Mark Boucher ( 78 ) Pat Symcox ( 108 ) Pakistan New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg 1997 -- 98 10th wicket 198 England Joe Root ( 154 * ) James Anderson ( 81 ) India Trent Bridge , Nottingham 2014 <Td_colspan="8"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 Highest partnerships Runs Team <Td_colspan="2"> Players Opposition Venue Season 624 ( 3rd wicket ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 374 ) South Africa Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 2006 576 ( 2nd wicket ) Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya ( 340 ) Roshan Mahanama ( 225 ) India Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 1997 -- 98 467 ( 3rd wicket ) New Zealand Andrew Jones ( 186 ) Martin Crowe ( 299 ) Sri Lanka Basin Reserve , Wellington 1990 -- 91 451 ( 2nd wicket ) Australia Bill Ponsford ( 266 ) Donald Bradman ( 244 ) England The Oval , London 1934 451 ( 3rd wicket ) Pakistan Mudassar Nazar ( 231 ) Javed Miandad ( 280 * ) India Niaz Stadium , Hyderabad 1982 -- 83 <Td_colspan="7"> Last updated : 15 June 2016 See also Cricket portal List of Australia Test cricket records List of Bangladesh Test cricket records List of England Test cricket records List of India Test cricket records List of Ireland Test cricket records List of New Zealand Test cricket records List of Pakistan Test cricket records List of South Africa Test cricket records List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records List of West Indies Test cricket records List of Zimbabwe Test cricket records List of Cricket records List of One Day International cricket records List of Twenty20 International records References Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The difference between Test and one - day cricket '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 3 June 2005 ) . `` Flintoff given go - ahead to make it even more difficult for opponents '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Calling time on eternity '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` The birth of Test cricket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 2003 ) . `` Crying out for less '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack -- online archive . John Wisden & Co . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Simon ( 2 January 2009 ) . `` Twenty20 threatening Bangladesh Test status '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Marshallsea , Trevor ( 17 February 2006 ) . `` Ponting queries Bangladesh Test status '' . The Age . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lillee rubbishes Bangladesh series '' . ABC News . 30 June 2003 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Beard , Matthew ( 26 February 2001 ) . `` Donald Bradman , world 's greatest batsman , dies at 92 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile : Sir Donald Bradman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Charles ( 4 August 2007 ) . `` Could this be the Don 's missing four runs ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Leggat , David ( 23 August 2008 ) . `` The tainted stat that divides a nation '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ All Records of Sir Don Bradman Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Records -- First - class matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of India , 1998 / 99 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Angus ( 13 April 2008 ) . `` Lara smashes magical 400 to rewrite history '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Muralitharan breaks Test record '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India v Australia 2nd Test '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eye injury ends Boucher 's career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid announces retirement from international cricket '' . The Times of India . Times Group . 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match / series archive '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Results summary '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Largest margin of victory ( by an innings ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Largest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Tied matches '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Zimbabwe , 1996 / 97 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of India , 2011 / 12 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Victory after a follow on '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive wins '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Highest innings totals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Lowest innings totals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Team records -- Highest fourth innings totals in won match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - holders for most number of Test runs '' . Cricinfo Blogs . ESPN . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in each batting position '' . Howstat Test Cricket . Howstat . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Batting records '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Law , batting statistics in Tests '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Lloyd , batting statistics in Tests '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Highest career batting averages '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings ( progressive record holder ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a series '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in a calendar year '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The worst batsmen , and the most runs between dismissals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Voges : Australia batsman takes Test average over 100 in New Zealand '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest individual scores in each batting positions '' . Cricinfo . ESPNcrcinfo . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches - Batting records - Carrying bat through a completed innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most runs off one over '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Fastest hundreds '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most double hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Most triple hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- View innings by innings list -- Runs scored greater than or equal to 400 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most fifties in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records -- Fastest fifties '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test Matches -- Batting records -- Most fours in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most wickets in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England in 1876 / 77 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ p44 , Bill Frindall , The Guinness Book of Cricket Facts and Feats , Guinness Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ `` A Graphical View of India vs Australia , 2nd Test match , Chennai , played 14 -- 18 October 2004 '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career bowling average '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career bowling average ( without qualification ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches played by JJ Ferris '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best career strike rate '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most five - wickets - in - an - innings in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most ten - wickets - in - a-match in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Most wickets in a series '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Bowling records -- Best figures in a match as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most stumpings in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shakib-al-hasan-becomes-third-all-rounder-to-score-hundred-and-take-10-wickets-in-same-test-207619 Jump up ^ `` Cricketers Who Have Taken 10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches won as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . External links Records -- Test matches ESPN Cricinfo HowSTAT ! Test Records Cricket-Records.com Wisden Records in Test Matches Wisden <Th_colspan="2"> Cricket records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Test records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ODI records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> T20I records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous records <Td_colspan="2"> International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's cricket <Td_colspan="2"> Records WTest records WODI records WT20I records Batting WTest centuries WODI centuries WT20I centuries Bowling WTest five - wicket hauls on debut WODI five - wicket hauls WT20I five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks <Th_colspan="2"> Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_records&oldid=853394798 '' Categories : Test cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Test cricket records 2. Donald Bradman 3. Sachin Tendulkar 4. Muttiah Muralitharan 5. Team and individual records

major events in 2004 in the united states

2004 in the United States - wikipedia 2004 in the United States This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2004 in the United States Years 2002 2003 2005 2006 Flag 50 stars ( 1960 -- present ) Timeline of United States history History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Events from the year 2004 in the United States . Contents 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 2.13 Ongoing 3 Births 3.1 Full date unknown 4 Deaths 4.1 January 4.2 February 4.3 March 4.4 April 4.5 May 4.6 June 4.7 July 4.8 August 4.9 September 4.10 October 4.11 November 4.12 December 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal government ( edit ) President : George W. Bush ( R - Texas ) Vice President : Dick Cheney ( R - Wyoming ) Chief Justice : William Rehnquist ( Wisconsin ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : Dennis Hastert ( R -- Illinois ) Senate Majority Leader : Bill Frist ( R -- Tennessee ) Congress : 108th show Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : Bob Riley ( Republican ) Governor of Alaska : Frank Murkowski ( Republican ) Governor of Arizona : Janet Napolitano ( Democratic ) Governor of Arkansas : Mike Huckabee ( Republican ) Governor of California : Arnold Schwarzenegger ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Bill Owens ( Republican ) Governor of Connecticut : John G. Rowland ( Republican ) ( until July 1 ) , Jodi Rell ( Republican ) ( starting July 1 ) Governor of Delaware : Ruth Ann Minner ( Democratic ) Governor of Florida : Jeb Bush ( Republican ) Governor of Georgia : Sonny Perdue ( Republican ) Governor of Hawaii : Linda Lingle ( Republican ) Governor of Idaho : Dirk Kempthorne ( Republican ) Governor of Illinois : Rod Blagojevich ( Democratic ) Governor of Indiana : Joe Kernan ( Democratic ) Governor of Iowa : Tom Vilsack ( Democratic ) Governor of Kansas : Kathleen Sebelius ( Democratic ) Governor of Kentucky : Ernie Fletcher ( Republican ) Governor of Louisiana : Murphy J. Foster , Jr . ( Republican ) ( until January 12 ) , Kathleen Blanco ( Democratic ) ( starting January 12 ) Governor of Maine : John Baldacci ( Democratic ) Governor of Maryland : Robert L. Ehrlich , Jr . ( Republican ) , Governor of Massachusetts : Mitt Romney ( Republican ) Governor of Michigan : Jennifer Granholm ( Democratic ) Governor of Minnesota : Tim Pawlenty ( Republican ) Governor of Mississippi : Ronnie Musgrove ( Democratic ) ( until January 13 ) , Haley Barbour ( Republican ) ( starting January 13 ) Governor of Missouri : Bob Holden ( Democratic ) Governor of Montana : Judy Martz ( Republican ) Governor of Nebraska : Mike Johanns ( Republican ) Governor of Nevada : Kenny Guinn ( Republican ) Governor of New Hampshire : Craig Benson ( Republican ) Governor of New Jersey : Jim McGreevey ( Democratic ) ( until November 15 ) , Richard Codey ( Democratic ) ( starting November 15 ) Governor of New Mexico : Bill Richardson ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : George Pataki ( Republican ) Governor of North Carolina : Mike Easley ( Democratic ) Governor of North Dakota : John Hoeven ( Republican ) Governor of Ohio : Bob Taft ( Republican ) Governor of Oklahoma : Brad Henry ( Democratic ) Governor of Oregon : Ted Kulongoski ( Democratic ) Governor of Pennsylvania : Ed Rendell ( Democratic ) Governor of Rhode Island : Donald Carcieri ( Republican ) Governor of South Carolina : Mark Sanford ( Republican ) Governor of South Dakota : Mike Rounds ( Republican ) Governor of Tennessee : Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Governor of Texas : Rick Perry ( Republican ) Governor of Utah : Olene S. Walker ( Republican ) Governor of Vermont : Jim Douglas ( Republican ) Governor of Virginia : Mark Warner ( Democratic ) Governor of Washington : Gary Locke ( Democratic ) Governor of West Virginia : Bob Wise ( Democratic ) Governor of Wisconsin : Jim Doyle ( Democratic ) Governor of Wyoming : Dave Freudenthal ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : Lucy Baxley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Alaska : Loren Leman ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Winthrop Paul Rockefeller ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of California : Cruz Bustamante ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Jane E. Norton ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Jodi Rell ( Republican ) ( until July 1 ) , Kevin B. Sullivan ( Democratic ) ( starting July 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : John Carney ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Florida : Toni Jennings ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Mark Taylor ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii : Duke Aiona ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : Jim Risch ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : Pat Quinn ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Kathy Davis ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Sally Pederson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : John E. Moore ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Steve Pence ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Kathleen Blanco ( Democratic ) ( until January 12 ) , Mitch Landrieu ( Democratic ) ( starting January 12 ) Lieutenant Governor of Maryland : Michael Steele ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Kerry Healey ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : John D. Cherry ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Carol Molnau ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Amy Tuck ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Joe Maxwell ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Montana : Karl Ohs ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Dave Heineman ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Lorraine Hunt ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Diane Denish ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : Mary Donohue ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Bev Perdue ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Jack Dalrymple ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : Jennette Bradley ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : Mary Fallin ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Catherine Baker Knoll ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Charles J. Fogarty ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : André Bauer ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Dennis Daugaard ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : John S. Wilder ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : David Dewhurst ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Utah : Gayle McKeachnie ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Brian Dubie ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Brad Owen ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : Barbara Lawton ( Democratic ) Events ( edit ) `` 55 % of adult internet users have broadband at home or work . '' January ( edit ) January 4 and January 24 : Spirit and Opportunity land on Mars January 4 -- NASA 's MER - A ( Spirit ) lands on Mars at 04 : 35 UTC . January 19 -- U.S. Senator John Kerry ( D - MA ) wins the Iowa Democratic caucus . Former Vermont Governor Howard Dean 's concession speech ends with a lively but controversial scream . January 24 -- NASA 's MER - B ( Opportunity ) lands on Mars at 05 : 05 UTC . January 28 -- At a hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States , it is revealed that the September 11 , 2001 , terrorists used Mace ( a brand of tear gas ) or pepper spray in overpowering the flight crew of American Airlines Flight 11 . February ( edit ) February 1 -- The New England Patriots win Super Bowl XXXVIII . February 3 -- The CIA admits that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq . February 12 -- Same sex marriage in the United States : The City and County of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples as an act of civil disobedience . February 26 -- The United States lifts a ban on travel to Libya , ending travel restrictions to the nation that had lasted for 23 years . February 29 -- The 76th Academy Awards , hosted by Billy Crystal , are held at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , California , with The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King directed by Peter Jackson , winning a record - tying 11 Oscars , including Best Picture and Best Director . March ( edit ) March 2 NASA announces that the Mars rover MER - B ( Opportunity ) has confirmed that its landing area was once drenched in water . John Kerry effectively clinches the 2004 Democratic Party presidential nomination by winning nine out of 10 `` Super Tuesday '' primaries and caucuses . March 12 -- Marcus Wesson is arrested in Fresno , California after killing 9 family members . Wesson had built a cult around his family and had molested and `` married '' several of his daughters . In 2005 Wesson is sentenced to death . March 31 -- Four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA are killed , and their bodies mutilated , after being ambushed in Fallujah , Iraq . April ( edit ) April 28 : Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse revealed April 28 -- Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse is revealed on the television show 60 Minutes II . April 29 -- The last Oldsmobile rolls off of the assembly line . May ( edit ) May 4 -- A WNBC helicopter crashes in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn , New York . This event is covered by rival station WABC - TV . May 6 -- The final episode of Friends airs on NBC , drawing an estimated 66 million viewers in North America . Advertisers pay $2 million for 30 second ads . May 8 -- Would - be `` Saudi Princess '' `` Antoinette Millard '' surfaces in New York City , claiming that muggers had stolen jewels worth of $262,000 from her ( she later proves to be an impostor ) . May 12 -- An American civilian contractor in Iraq , Nick Berg , is shown being decapitated by a group allegedly linked to al - Qaeda on an Internet - distributed video . They state it is retaliation for the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison . May 17 -- Massachusetts legalizes same - sex marriage in compliance with a ruling from the state 's Supreme Court ruling in the case of Goodridge v. Department of Public Health . May 26 -- Terry Nichols is convicted by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing . May 29 -- Dedication of the National World War II Memorial takes place in Washington , DC . June ( edit ) June 5 : Former President Ronald Reagan dies at 93 . A six day state funeral follows . June 3 -- Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet tenders his resignation , citing `` personal reasons '' . John E. McLaughlin , CIA Deputy Director , becomes the acting director until a permanent director is chosen and confirmed by Congress . June 4 -- Marvin Heemeyer destroys many local buildings with a home - made tank in Granby , Colorado . June 5 -- Ronald Reagan , the 40th President of the United States , dies at his home in Bel - Air , California at the age of 93 . A six - day state funeral follows after his death . June 8 -- The G8 Summit takes place over the next 2 days on Sea Island , in Georgia , United States . June 11 The national funeral service for former U.S. president Ronald Reagan is held at the National Cathedral in Washington , D.C. Terry Nichols is spared the death penalty by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing , exactly three years after his co-defendant , Timothy McVeigh , was executed for his role in the bombing . June 16 -- The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ( or `` 9 / 11 Commission '' ) issues an initial report of its findings . June 21 -- In Mojave , California , SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight . June 28 The U.S. - led coalition occupying Iraq transfers sovereignty to an interim Iraqi government . Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe trains collide in a rural area outside of San Antonio , Texas ; 40 cars are derailed , including one chlorine car . Three people die , another 50 people are hospitalized because of exposure to the gas . July ( edit ) July 29 : John Kerry , Democratic Presidential nominee July 4 -- Construction of the Freedom Tower in New York City begins . July 25 -- Lance Armstrong wins a record 6th consecutive Tour de France cycling title . July 26 -- July 29 -- The Democratic National Convention in Boston , Massachusetts nominates John Kerry for U.S. President and John Edwards for vice president . Future President Barack Obama delivers the keynote address . July 31 -- `` The Last Dispatch '' concert is played as a reunion concert with the band Dispatch on the Hatch Shell in Boston ; 110,000 people attend , making it the single largest gathering in independent music industry history . August ( edit ) August 3 The Statue of Liberty reopens after security improvements . NASA 's MESSENGER is launched ( it was captured into Mercury 's orbit on March 18 , 2011 ) . August 12 -- New Jersey Governor James McGreevey announces that he is `` a gay American '' and will resign effective November 15 , 2004 . August 13 -- Hurricane Charley kills 27 people in Florida , after killing four in Cuba and one in Jamaica . Charley makes landfall near Cayo Costa , Florida as a Category 4 hurricane . Charley is the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . August 13 -- August 29 -- The United States compete at the Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , and win 36 gold , 39 silver and 27 bronze medals . August 29 -- Around 200,000 protesters demonstrate in New York City against President George W. Bush and his government , ahead of the Republican National Convention . August 30 -- September 2 -- U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney are renominated at the Republican National Convention in New York City . September ( edit ) September 3 -- Hurricane Frances makes landfall in Florida . After killing two people in the Bahamas , Hurricane Frances killed ten people in Florida , two in Georgia and one in South Carolina . September 8 -- In the `` Rathergate '' affair , the first Internet posts appear , pointing out that documents claimed by CBS News to be typewritten memos from the early 1970s appear instead to have been produced using modern word processing systems . September 13 -- The U.S. Federal Assault Weapons Ban expires . September 16 -- Hurricane Ivan strikes Gulf Shores , Alabama , as a Category 3 storm , killing 25 in Alabama and Florida , becoming the third - costliest hurricane in American history at the time . September 23 Tropical Storm Ivan , having come around and reformed in the Gulf of Mexico , makes its final landfall near Cameron , Louisiana , to little effect . In total , the storm kills 92 people . Mount St. Helens became active again . September 24 -- Major League Baseball announces that the Montreal Expos will move to Washington D.C. in 2005 . September 25 -- Hurricane Jeanne makes landfall near Port Saint Lucie , Florida , near the location Hurricane Frances hit two weeks earlier . Jeanne kills over 3,030 , mostly in Haiti . September 28 -- The redesigned $50 bill is released , containing many of the same features as on its $20 counterpart . September 29 -- In Mojave , California , the first Ansari X-Prize flight takes place of SpaceShipOne , which is competing with a number of spacecraft ( including Canada 's Da Vinci Project , claimed to be its closest rival ) and goes on to win the prize on October 4 . September 30 -- First debate of the U.S. presidential election , 2004 . October ( edit ) October 5 -- Vice Presidential debate of the U.S. presidential election , 2004 between the candidates , Dick Cheney and John Edwards . October 8 -- Second debate of the U.S. presidential election , 2004 . October 13 -- Third debate of the U.S. presidential election , 2004 . October 16 -- The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox by a score of 19 -- 8 in Game 3 of Major League Baseball 's American League Championship Series . The game , which pushes the Yankees to a 3 -- 0 series lead , sets a record for longest nine - inning baseball game . October 20 -- Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 crashes in Missouri , killing 13 people , and injuring two . October 25 -- Martin Luther King , Jr. and Coretta Scott King receive the Congressional Gold Medal . October 27 -- The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the first time since 1918 , breaking the Curse of the Bambino . October 29 -- A videotape of Osama bin Laden speaking airs on Arabic TV , in which he threatens terrorist attacks on the US , and taunts the President , George W. Bush , over the September 11 Terrorist attacks . November ( edit ) November 2 : George W. Bush re-elected president November 2 The United States re-elects George W. Bush of the Republican Party to a second term as President of the United States , defeating John Kerry . Eleven American states ban gay marriage . November 7 -- Second Battle of Fallujah : U.S. Forces launch a major assault on the Iraqi town of Fallujah , in an effort to rid the area of insurgents before the Iraqi elections in January . November 14 -- United States Secretary of State Colin Powell submits his resignation . He is replaced by Condoleezza Rice after her confirmation by the United States Congress . November 16 -- NASA 's hypersonic Scramjet breaks a record by reaching a velocity of about 7,000 mph in an unmanned experimental flight . It obtains a speed of Mach 9.6 , almost 10 times the speed of sound . November 19 -- The NBA 's Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons engage in a brawl that involves fans and players . The incident gets ( then ) Pacer Ron Artest suspended for the remainder of the season . December ( edit ) December 2 -- Brian Williams replaces Tom Brokaw as weeknight anchor for NBC Nightly News . December 3 -- The Colombian government extradites Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela , one of the most powerful drug dealers in the world , arrested in 1995 and 2003 , to the United States . December 6 -- Terrorists attack the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , killing several people . December 8 The biggest Chinese PC producer Lenovo announces its plan to purchase IBM 's global PC business , making it the third largest world PC maker after Dell and Hewlett - Packard . Former Pantera guitarist `` Dimebag '' Darrell Abbott is murdered on stage by gunman Nathan Gale in Columbus , Ohio . Gale also kills 3 others before being shot dead by police . December 21 -- Iraqi insurgents attack a U.S. military base in the city of Mosul , killing 22 people . December 23 -- Second Battle of Fallujah : US - UK - Iraqi forces defeat the remaining Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah . December 31 -- Simón Trinidad , high - profile FARC leader , is extradited to the United States , following the second extradition of a high drug dealer in a month and in 2004 . Ongoing ( edit ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Births ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 ) January 10 -- Kaitlyn Maher , singer and actress February 18 -- Kylie Rogers , actress February 26 -- The Hanselman sextuplets , notable multiple birth May 6 -- Sterling Jerins , actress May 22 -- Peyton Elizabeth Lee , actress June 8 -- Francesca Capaldi , actress June 15 -- Sterling Jerins , actress July 2 -- Caitlin Carmichael , actress August 1 -- Neveah Gallegos , murder victim ( d . 2007 ) Full date unknown ( edit ) Apple Blythe Alison Martin , daughter of Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin Deaths ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) January ( edit ) January 3 -- David Lipschultz , journalist . ( b . 1970 ) January 5 -- Tug McGraw , baseball player ( b . 1944 ) January 19 -- Harry E. Claiborne , American lawyer and judge ( b . 1917 ) January 23 -- Bob Keeshan , actor , clown , and television producer ( b . 1927 ) January 27 -- Jack Paar , comedian and television host ( b . 1918 ) January 29 -- Ed Sciaky , Philadelphia broadcaster and disk jockey . ( b . 1948 ) January 30 -- Scott Walker , professional boxer ( b . 1969 ) February ( edit ) February 15 -- Jan Miner , actress ( b . 1917 ) February 22 -- Andy Seminick , baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1920 ) February 24 John Randolph , American actor ( b . 1915 ) Ernest Burke , baseball player ( b . 1924 ) February 28 -- Daniel J. Boorstin , American historian and Librarian of Congress ( b . 1914 ) March ( edit ) March 2 -- Mercedes McCambridge , American actress ( b . 1916 ) March 7 -- Paul Winfield , American television , film and stage actor ( b . 1939 ) April ( edit ) April 1 -- Aaron Bank , colonel , founded the US Army Special Forces ( b . 1902 ) April 22 -- Pat Tillman , American football player and soldier killed in action , died in Sperah , Afghanistan ( b . 1976 ) April 24 -- Estée Lauder , businesswoman ( b . 1906 ) May ( edit ) May 1 -- Nelson Gidding , screenwriter ( b . 1919 ) May 9 -- Alan King , comedian and actor ( b . 1927 ) May 17 -- Tony Randall , actor , comedian , producer , director ( b . 1920 ) May 29 -- Archibald Cox , 31st United States Solicitor General from 1961 till 1965 . ( b . 1912 ) June ( edit ) June 5 -- Ronald Reagan , actor , 40th President of the United States from 1981 till 1989 ; 33rd Governor of California from 1967 till 1975 ( b . 1911 ) June 6 -- Riley Fox , murder victim ( b . 2001 ) June 10 -- Ray Charles , singer , composer , and musician ( b . 1930 ) July ( edit ) July 1 -- Marlon Brando , actor ( b . 1924 ) July 8 -- Albert Francis Capone , son of Al Capone ( b . 1918 ) July 2 -- Eugene Roche , actor ( b . 1928 ) August ( edit ) August 1 -- Alex Scott , notable victim and philanthropist ( b . 1996 ) August 6 -- Rick James , singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer ( b . 1948 ) August 8 -- Fay Wray , Canadian - born American actress ( b . 1907 ) August 13 -- Julia Child , chef , author , and television host ( b . 1912 ) August 26 -- Laura Branigan , singer , songwriter , and musician ( b . 1952 ) August 30 -- Fred Lawrence Whipple , astronomer ( b . 1906 ) September ( edit ) September 2 -- Bob O. Evans , IBM computer scientist . ( b . 1927 ) September 5 -- Steve Wayne , American actor. ( b . 1920 ) October ( edit ) October 4 -- Gordon Cooper , aeronautical engineer , test pilot , and astronaut ( b . 1927 ) October 5 -- Rodney Dangerfield , comedian and actor ( b . 1921 ) October 10 -- Christopher Reeve , actor , film director , producer , screenwriter , writer , and activist ( b . 1952 ) October 16 -- Pierre Salinger , United States Senator from California in 1964 , 11th White House Press Secretary from 1961 till 1964 , and television journalist , died in Cavaillon , France ( b . 1925 ) November ( edit ) November 7 -- Howard Keel , actor and singer ( b . 1919 ) November 13 Thomas M. Foglietta , lawyer and politician , United States Ambassador to Italy ( b . 1928 ) Ol ' Dirty Bastard , rapper ( b . 1968 ) November 19 -- Jesse Koochin , notable euthanasia victim ( b . 1998 ) November 29 -- John Drew Barrymore , actor , son of John Barrymore and Dolores Costello , and father of Drew Barrymore ( b . 1932 ) December ( edit ) December 8 -- Darrell Lance Abbott , musician , songwriter , and murder victim ( b . 1966 ) December 26 -- Reggie White , American football player ( b . 1961 ) December 28 -- Jerry Orbach , actor and singer ( b . 1935 ) See also ( edit ) 2004 in American soccer 2004 in American television List of American films of 2004 Timeline of United States history ( 1990 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Rehnquist Biography '' . biography.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center cited by : Cornell University Library ( 2003 ) . `` Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline '' . Digital Preservation Management . USA . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2004 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline of United States history Period Before 1760 American Revolution ( 1760 -- 1789 ) 1790 -- 1819 1820 -- 1859 1860 -- 1899 1900 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- present Topic Diplomatic history Military operations Related History of the United States Outline of United States history Years in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> United States history timelines <Th_colspan="2"> 2004 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_in_the_United_States&oldid=846446261 '' Categories : 2004 in the United States Years of the 21st century in the United States 2000s in the United States 2004 by country 2004 in North America Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from November 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 20 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Events in the United States in 2004 2. Presidential election in 2004 3. Hurricane Charley and other natural disasters 4. Same-sex marriage legalization in Massachusetts 5. Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal

what was the purpose of the national industrial recovery act

National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 - wikipedia National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act <Td_colspan="2"> Long title An Act to encourage national industrial recovery , to foster fair competition , and to provide for the construction of certain useful publics and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) NIRA Enacted by the 73rd United States Congress Effective June 16 , 1933 <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law 73 - 67 Statutes at Large 48 Stat. 195 <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the House as H.R. 5755 by Robert L. Doughton ( D -- NC ) on May 17 , 1933 Committee consideration by Ways and Means , Senate Finance Passed the House on May 26 , 1933 ( 329 - 80 ) Passed the Senate on June 9 , 1933 ( 61 - 26 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 10 , 1933 ; agreed to by the House on June 10 , 1933 ( approved ) and by the Senate on June 13 , 1933 ( 48 - 42 ) Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 16 , 1933 <Th_colspan="2"> United States Supreme Court cases <Td_colspan="2"> Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States Not to be confused with National Recovery Administration . Front page of the National Industrial Recovery Act , as signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 16 , 1933 . The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery . It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration ( PWA , not to be confused with the WPA of 1935 ) . The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) portion was widely hailed in 1933 , but by 1934 business ' opinion of the act had soured . By March 1934 the `` NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up these industrial codes for all industries to adopt . '' However , the NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and not replaced . The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislative program . Section 7 ( a ) of the bill , which protected collective bargaining rights for unions , proved contentious ( especially in the Senate ) , but both chambers eventually passed the legislation . President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16 , 1933 . The Act had two main sections ( or `` titles '' ) . Title I was devoted to industrial recovery , authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition , guaranteed trade union rights , permitted the regulation of working standards , and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation . Title II established the Public Works Administration , outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in . Title II also provided funding for the Act . The Act was implemented by the NRA and the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) . Very large numbers of regulations were generated under the authority granted to the NRA by the Act , which led to a significant loss of political support for Roosevelt and the New Deal . The NIRA was set to expire in June 1935 , but in a major constitutional ruling the U.S. Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27 , 1935 , in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) . The National Industrial Recovery Act is widely considered a policy failure , both in the 1930s and by historians today . Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue . Among the suggested causes are that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies , that the Act lacked critical support from the business community , and that it was poorly administered . The Act encouraged union organizing , which led to significant labor unrest . The NIRA had no mechanisms for handling these problems , which led Congress to pass the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 . The Act was also a major force behind a major modification of the law criminalizing making false statements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and enactment 1.1 Enactment 2 Structure of the Act 3 Implementation 4 Legal challenge and nullification 5 Criticism 6 Legacy 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background and enactment ( edit ) The Depression began in the United States in October 1929 and grew steadily worse to its nadir in early 1933 . President Herbert Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self - reliance , which he considered to be important American values . His laissez - faire views appeared to be shared by the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon . To combat with the growing economic decline , Hoover organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses , encouraged state and local government responses , and accelerated federal building projects . However his policies had little or no effect on economic recovery . Toward the end of his term , however , Hoover supported several legislative solutions which he felt might lift the country out of the depression . The final attempt of the Hoover administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act ( which provided funds for public works programs ) and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) ( which provided low - interest loans to businesses ) . Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election . Roosevelt was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country 's economic decline . In his first hundred days in office , the Congress enacted at Roosevelt 's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system , including the Emergency Banking Act , the Glass -- Steagall Act ( which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ) , and the 1933 Banking Act . The Congress also passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation 's agricultural industry . Enactment ( edit ) Hugh S. Johnson , one of the primary authors of NIRA , was Time magazine 's Man of the Year for 1933 . Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act climaxed the first 100 days of Roosevelt 's presidency . Hugh S. Johnson , Raymond Moley , Donald Richberg , Rexford Tugwell , Jerome Frank , and Bernard Baruch -- key Roosevelt advisors -- believed that unrestrained competition had helped cause the Great Depression and that government had a critical role to play through national planning , limited regulation , the fostering of trade associations , support for `` fair '' trade practices , and support for `` democratization of the workplace '' ( a standard work week , shorter working hours , and better working conditions ) . Roosevelt himself , the former head of a trade association , believed that government promotion of `` self - organization '' by trade associations was the least - intrusive and yet most effective method for achieving national planning and economic improvement . Some work on an industrial relief bill had been done in the weeks following Roosevelt 's election , but much of this was in the nature of talk and the exchange of ideas rather than legislative research and drafting . The administration , preoccupied with banking and agriculture legislation , did not begin working on industrial relief legislation until early April 1933 . Congress , however , was moving on its own industrial legislation . In the Senate , Robert F. Wagner , Edward P. Costigan , and Robert M. La Follette , Jr. were promoting public works legislation , and Hugo Black was pushing short - work - week legislation . Motivated to work on his own industrial relief bill by these efforts , Roosevelt ordered Moley to work with these Senators ( and anyone else in government who seemed interested ) to craft a bill . By May 1933 , two draft bills had emerged , a cautious and legalistic one by John Dickinson ( Under Secretary of Commerce ) and an ambitious one focusing on trade associations by Hugh Johnson . Many leading businessmen -- including Gerard Swope ( head of General Electric ) , Charles M. Schwab ( chairman of Bethlehem Steel Corporation ) , E.H. Harriman ( chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad ) , and Henry I. Harriman , president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce -- helped draft the legislation . A two - part bill , the first section promoting cooperative action among business to achieve fair competition and provide for national planning and a second section establishing a national public works program , was submitted to Congress on May 15 , 1933 . The House of Representatives easily passed the bill in just seven days . The most contentious issue was the inclusion of Section 7 ( a ) , which protected collective bargaining rights for unions . Section 7 ( a ) was nearly passed into the bill , but Senator Wagner , Jerome Frank , and Leon Keyserling ( another Roosevelt aide ) worked to retain the section in order to win the support of the American labor movement . The bill had a more difficult time in the Senate . The National Association of Manufacturers , Chamber of Commerce , and industrialist Henry Ford all opposed its passage . Senator Bennett Champ Clark introduced an amendment to emasculate Section 7 ( a ) , but Wagner and Senator George W. Norris led the successful opposition to the change . The bulk of the Senate debate , however , turned on the bill 's suspension of antitrust law . Senators William E. Borah , Burton K. Wheeler , and Hugo Black opposed any relaxation of the Sherman Antitrust Act , arguing that this would exacerbate existing severe economic inequality and concentrate wealth in the hands of the rich ( a severe problem which many economists at the time believed was one of the causes of the Great Depression ) . Wagner defended the bill , arguing that the bill 's promotion of codes of fair trade practices would help create progressive standards for wages , hours , and working conditions , and eliminate sweatshops and child labor . The Senate passed the amended legislation 57 - to - 24 on June 9 . A House -- Senate conference committee met throughout the evening of June 9 and all day June 10 to reconcile the two versions of the bill , approving a final version on the afternoon of June 10 . The House approved the conference committee 's bill on the evening of June 10 . After extensive debate , the Senate approved the final bill , 46 - to - 39 , on June 13 . President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16 , 1933 . Structure of the Act ( edit ) The National Industrial Recovery Act had two major titles . Title I was devoted to industrial recovery . Title I , Section 2 empowered the President to establish executive branch agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act , and provided for a sunset provision nullifying the Act in two years . The heart of the Act was Title I , Section 3 , which permitted trade or industrial associations to seek presidential approval of codes of fair competition ( so long as such codes did not promote monopolies or provide unfair competition against small businesses ) and provided for enforcement of these codes . Title I , Section 5 exempted the codes from the federal antitrust laws . Title I , Section 7 ( a ) guaranteed the right of workers to form unions and banned yellow - dog contracts : ... employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing , and shall be free from the interference restraint , or coercion of employers of labor , or their agents , in the designation of such representatives or in self - organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection ; ( and ) ( 2 ) that no employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining , organizing , or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing ... Title I , Section 7 ( b ) permitted the establishment of standards regarding maximum hours of labor , minimum rates of pay , and working conditions in the industries covered by the codes , while Section 7 ( c ) authorized the President to impose such standards on codes when voluntary agreement could not be reached . Title I , Section 9 authorized the regulation of oil pipelines and prices for the transportation of all petroleum products by pipeline . Section 9 ( b ) permitted the executive to take over any oil pipeline company , subsidiary , or business if the parent company was found in violation of the Act . Title II established the Public Works Administration . Title II , Section 201 established the agency and provided for a two - year sunset provision . Section 202 outlines the types of public works which the new agency may seek to fund or build . Title II , Section 203 authorized the Public Works Administration to provide grants and / or loans to states and localities in order to more rapidly reduce unemployment as well as to use the power of eminent domain to seize land or materials to engage in public works . Title II , Section 204 explicitly provided $400 million for the construction of public highways , bridges , roads , railroad crossings , paths , and other transportation projects . Title II , Section 208 authorized the president to expend up to $25 million to purchase farms for the purpose of relocating individuals living in overcrowded urban areas ( such as cities ) to these farms and allowing them to raise crops and earn a living there . Title II , Sections 210 -- 219 provided for revenues to fund the Act , and Section 220 appropriated money for the Act 's implementation . Title III of the Act contained miscellaneous provisions , and transferred the authority to engage in public works from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Public Works Administration . Implementation ( edit ) NRA Blue Eagle poster , the image most commonly associated with the NIRA . Main article : National Recovery Administration Main article : Public Works Administration Implementation of the Act began immediately . Hugh Johnson spent most of May and June planning for implementation , and the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was established on June 20 , 1933 -- a scant four days after the law 's enactment . Roosevelt angered Johnson by having him administer only the NRA , while the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) went to Harold L. Ickes . NRA and PWA reported to different cabinet agencies , making coordination difficult , and PWA money flowed so slowly into the economy that NRA proved to be the more important agency by far . The premiere symbol of the NIRA was the Blue Eagle . NIRA , as implemented by the NRA , became notorious for generating large numbers of regulations . The agency approved 557 basic and 189 supplemental industry codes in two years . Between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited , some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10,000 pages promulgated , and thousands of opinions and guides from national , regional , and local code boards interpreted and enforced the Act . The backlash against the Act was so significant that it generated a large loss of political support for the New Deal and turned a number of Roosevelt 's closest aides against him . Roosevelt himself shifted his views on the best way to achieve economic recovery , and began a new legislative program ( known as the `` Second New Deal '' ) in 1935 . Implementation of Section 7 ( a ) of the NIRA proved immensely problematic as well . The protections of the Act led to a massive wave of union organizing punctuated by employer and union violence , general strikes , and recognition strikes . At the outset , NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson naïvely believed that Section 7 ( a ) would be self - enforcing , but he quickly learned otherwise . In addition , the National Labor Board was established under the auspices of the NRA to implement the collective bargaining provisions of the Act . The National Labor Board , too , proved to be ineffective , and on July 5 , 1935 , a new law -- the National Labor Relations Act -- superseded the NIRA and established a new , long - lasting federal labor policy . The leadership of the Public Works Authority was torn over the new agency 's mission . PWA could initiate its own construction projects , distribute money to other federal agencies to fund their construction projects , or make loans to states and localities to fund their construction projects . But many in the Roosevelt administration felt PWA should not spend money , for fear of worsening the federal deficit , and so funds flowed slowly . Furthermore , the very nature of construction ( planning , specifications , and blueprints ) also held up the disbursement of money . Harold Ickes , too , was determined to ensure that graft and corruption did not tarnish the agency 's reputation and lead to loss of political support in Congress , and so moved cautiously in spending the agency 's money . Although the U.S. Supreme Court would rule Title I of NIRA unconstitutional , the severability clause in the Act enabled the PWA to survive . Among the projects it funded between 1935 and 1939 are : the USS Yorktown ; USS Enterprise ; the 30th Street railroad station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; the Triborough Bridge ; the port of Brownsville ; Grand Coulee Dam ; Boulder Dam ; Fort Peck Dam ; Bonneville Dam ; and the Overseas Highway connecting Key West , Florida , with the mainland . The agency survived until 1943 , when the Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated most federal public works and work relief functions of the federal government into the new Federal Works Agency . President Roosevelt sought re-authorization of NIRA on February 20 , 1935 . But the backlash against the New Deal , coupled with continuing congressional concern over the Act 's suspension of antitrust law , left the President 's request politically dead . By May 1935 , the issue was moot as the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled Title I of NIRA unconstitutional . Legal challenge and nullification ( edit ) Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes . On April 13 , 1934 , the President had approved the `` Code of Fair Competition for the Live Poultry Industry of the Metropolitan Area in and about the City of New York . '' The goal of the code was to ensure that live poultry ( provided to kosher slaughterhouses for butchering and sale to observant Jews ) were fit for human consumption and to prevent the submission of false sales and price reports . The industry was almost entirely centered on New York City . Under the new poultry code , the Schechter brothers were indicted on 60 counts ( of which 27 were dismissed by the trial court ) , acquitted on 14 , and convicted in 19 . One of the counts on which they were convicted was for selling a diseased bird , leading Hugh Johnson to jokingly call the suit the `` sick chicken case '' . Even before these legal aspects became widely known , a number of court challenges to the NIRA were winding their way through the courts . The constitutionality of the NIRA was tested in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 ( 1935 ) . Courts identified three problems with the NIRA : `` ( i ) was the subject matter sought to be regulated by the power of congress ; ( ii ) if the regulations violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; and ( iii ) had Congress properly delegated its power to the executive . '' Although Roosevelt , most of his aides , Johnson , and the NRA staff felt the Act would survive a court test , the U.S. Department of Justice had on March 25 , 1935 , declined to appeal an appellate court ruling overturning the lumber industry code on the grounds that the case was not a good test of the NIRA 's constitutionality . The Justice Department 's action worried many in the administration . But on April 1 , 1935 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the constitutionality of the NIRA in the Schechter case . Although Donald Richberg and others felt the government 's case in Schechter was not a strong one , the Schechters were determined to appeal their conviction . So the government appealed first , and the Supreme Court heard oral argument on May 2 and 3 . On May 27 , 1935 , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States that Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional . First , Hughes concluded that the law was void for vagueness because the critical term `` fair competition '' was nowhere defined in the Act . Second , Hughes found the Act 's delegation of authority to the executive branch unconstitutionally overbroad : To summarize and conclude upon this point : Section 3 of the Recovery Act ( 15 USCA 703 ) is without precedent . It supplies no standards for any trade , industry , or activity . It does not undertake to prescribe rules of conduct to be applied to particular states of fact determined by appropriate administrative procedure . Instead of prescribing rules of conduct , it authorizes the making of codes to prescribe them . For that legislative undertaking , section 3 sets up no standards , aside from the statement of the general aims of rehabilitation , correction , and expansion described in section 1 . In view of the scope of that broad declaration and of the nature of the few restrictions that are imposed , the discretion of the President in approving or prescribing codes , and thus enacting laws for the government of trade and industry throughout the country , is virtually unfettered . We think that the code - making authority thus conferred is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power . Finally , in a very restrictive reading of what constituted interstate commerce , Hughes held that the `` ' current ' or ' flow ' '' of commerce involved was simply too minute to constitute interstate commerce , and subsequently Congress had no power under the Commerce Clause to enact legislation affecting such commercial transactions . The Court dismissed with a bare paragraph the government 's ability to regulate wages and hours . Although the government had argued that the national economic emergency required special consideration , Hughes disagreed . The dire economic circumstances the country faced did not justify the overly broad delegation or overreach of the Act , the majority concluded . `` Extraordinary conditions may call for extraordinary remedies . But the argument necessarily stops short of an attempt to justify action which lies outside the sphere of constitutional authority . Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power . '' Although the decision emasculated NIRA , it had little practical impact , as Congress was unlikely to have reauthorized the Act in any case . Criticism ( edit ) A key criticism of the Act at the time as well as more recently is that the NIRA endorsed monopolies , with the attendant economic problems associated with that type of market failure . Even the National Recovery Review Board , established by President Roosevelt in March 1934 to review the performance of the NRA , concluded that the Act hindered economic growth by promoting cartels and monopolies . One of the economic effects of monopoly and cartels is higher prices -- this was seen as necessary because the severe deflation of 1929 -- 33 had depressed prices 20 % and more . There is anecdotal evidence that these higher prices led to some stability in industry , but a number of scholars maintain that these prices were so high that economic recovery was inhibited . But other economists disagree , pointing to far more important monetary , budgetary , and tax policies as contributors to the continuation of the Great Depression . Others point out that the cartels created by the Act were inherently unstable ( as all cartels are ) , and that the effect on prices was minimal because the codes collapsed so quickly . A second key criticism of the Act is that it lacked support from the business community , and thus was doomed to failure . Business support for national planning and government intervention was very strong in 1933 , but had collapsed by mid-1934 . Many studies conclude , however , that business support for NIRA was never uniform . Larger , older businesses embraced the legislation while smaller , newer ones ( more nimble in a highly competitive market and with less capital investment to lose if they failed ) did not . This is a classic problem of cartels , and thus NIRA codes failed as small business abandoned the cartels . Studies of the steel , automobile manufacturing , lumber , textile , and rubber industries and the level and source of support for the NIRA tend to support this conclusion . Without the support of industry , the Act could never have performed as it was intended . A third major criticism of the Act is that it was poorly administered . The Act purposefully brought together competing interests ( labor and business , big business and small business , etc . ) in a coalition to support passage of the legislation , but these competing interests soon fought one another over the Act 's implementation . As a consequence , NRA collapsed due to failure of leadership and confusion about its goals . By the end of 1934 , NRA leaders had practically abandoned the progressive interventionist policy which motivated the Act 's passage , and were supporting free - market philosophies -- contributing to the collapse of almost all industry codes . There are a wide range of additional critiques as well . One is that NIRA 's industry codes interfered with capital markets , inhibiting economic recovery . But more recent analyses conclude that NIRA had little effect on capital markets one way or the other . Another is that political uncertainty created by the NRA caused a drop in business confidence , inhibiting recovery . But at least one study has shown no effect whatsoever . As noted above , Section 7 ( a ) led to significant increases in union organizing , as intended by the Act . But the enforcement of Section 7 ( a ) and its legal limitations led to clear failures . Although Section 7 ( a ) was not affected by the Supreme Court 's decision in Schechter v. Poultry , the failure of the section led directly to passage of the National Labor Relations Act in July 1935 . Historian Alan Brinkley stated that by 1935 the NRA was a `` woeful failure , even a political embarrassment . '' Many liberals , probably including Roosevelt , were quietly relieved by its demise . However , New Dealers were worried by the Supreme Court 's strict interpretation of the interstate commerce clause and worried that other legislation was jeopardized . Legacy ( edit ) In 1934 , at the request of the Secretary Ickes , who wished to use the statute criminalizing making false statements to enforce Section 9 ( c ) of the NIRA against producers of `` hot oil '' , oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA , Congress passed Pub. L. 73 -- 394 , 48 Stat. 996 , enacted June 18 , 1934 , which amended the False Claims Act of 1863 to read : ... or whoever , for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim , or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States , or any department thereof , or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder , shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick , scheme , or device a material fact , or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations , or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill , receipt , voucher , roll , account , claim , certificate , affidavit , or deposition , knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry , in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder ... This form of the statute , in slightly modified form , still exists today at 18 U.S.C. § 1001 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 73 -- 67 , 48 Stat. 195 , enacted June 16 , 1933 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § 703 ) Jump up ^ Ellis W. Hawley , New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly : A Study in Economic Ambivalence ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal , ( 2003 ) pp. 87 -- 176 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents '' . National Industrial Recovery Act . National Archives . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger Biles , A New Deal for the American People ( 1991 ) pp. 78 -- 95 ) ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Freedom from Fear , ( 2001 ) pp. 151 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , The Blue Eagle At Work : Reclaiming Democratic Rights In The American Workplace , 2004 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Statement on Signing the National Industrial Recovery Act , '' June 16 , 1933 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Himmelberg , The Origins of the National Recovery Administration , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Eisner , Regulatory Politics in Transition , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Best , Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Bellush , The Failure of the NRA , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : National Recovery Review Board , Report to the President of the United States , First report , May 21 , 1934 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen , `` The Federal Trade Commission v. the National Recovery Administration , 1935 , '' Social Science Quarterly , March 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Horwitz , The Irony of Regulatory Reform : The Deregulation of American Telecommunications , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Dubofsky and Dulles , Labor in America : A History , 1999 ; Bernstein , The Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 , 1970 ; Rayback , A History of American Labor , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy , 1975 ; Vittoz , New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy , 1987 ; Gross , The Making of the National Labor Relations Board , 1974 ; Tomlins , The State and the Unions , 1985 ; Fine , Automobile Under the Blue Eagle , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Gilliland , 312 US 86 , 93 -- 94 ( 1941 ) ( `` Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and , in particular , to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9 ( c ) of the ( NIRA ) . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Galbraith , The Great Crash of 1929 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression , 1970 ; Barber , From New Era to New Deal , 1989 ; Sobel and Hyman , Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1930 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : Crisis of the Old Order , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth , 1935 . Jump up ^ Moley , After Seven Years , 1939 ; Vadney , The Wayward Liberal : A Political Biography of Donald Richberg , 1970 ; Richberg , My Hero : The Autobiography of Donald Richberg , 1954 ; Sternsher , Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips and Mitgang , From the Crash to the Blitz , 1929 -- 1939 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Houck , Rhetoric As Currency : Hoover , Roosevelt , and the Great Depression , 2001 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : `` Message to Congress Recommending Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act. , '' May 17 , 1933 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : Gould , The Most Exclusive Club : A History of the Modern United States Senate , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Debates With Wagner . '' Associated Press . June 8 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Income Publicity Voted . '' New York Times . June 10 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Recess Taken to Monday . '' New York Times . June 11 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Lund and Harriman Back Recovery Act . '' New York Times . June 14 , 1933 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 2 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 5 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 7 ( a ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 7 ( b ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 9 ( a ) . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 9 ( b ) . Jump up ^ Sections in Title I of the NIRA are numbered 1 , 2 , 3 , etc . However , in a discrepancy , sections in Title II and III of the NIRA are numbered 201 , 202 , 203 , etc. and 301 , 302 , 303 , etc . National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 201 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 202 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 203 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 204 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 208 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title II , Sec. 210 -- 220 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title III . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Roosevelt 's Warrior : Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 3 : The Politics of Upheaval , 1935 -- 1936 , 2003 ; Brinkley , The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War , 1996 ; Venn , The New Deal , 1999 ; Shogan , Backlash : The Killing of the New Deal , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 9357 -- Transferring the Functions of the Public Works Administration to the Federal Works Agency . '' June 30 , 1943 . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters , The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara , CA : University of California ( hosted ) , Gerhard Peters ( database ) ; Olson , James Stuart . Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1940 . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30618 - 4 Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 555 , fn. 5 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 555 , fn. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Some Legal Aspects of the National Industrial Recovery Act . '' Harvard Law Review . 47 : 1 ( 1933 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ National Industrial Recovery Act , Ch. 90 , 48 Stat. 195 , Title I , Sec. 3 ( a ) reads : `` Upon the application to the President by one or more trade or industrial associations or groups , the President may approve a code or codes of fair competition for the trade or industry or subdivision thereof ... '' Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 531 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 541 -- 542 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 542 -- 548 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 548 -- 550 . Jump up ^ Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 , 528 . Jump up ^ As of 2007 , Schechter Poultry and Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan , 293 U.S. 388 ( 1935 ) , are the only cases in which the Supreme Court has struck down an act of Congress for overbroad delegation of legislative authority . See : Ross , The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. ; Ohanian , Lee E. ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` How Government Prolonged the Depression '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ This was not , however , unexpected : Senator Gerald Nye , an ardent opponent of monopolies , named five of the Board 's six members , and long - time antitrust advocate Clarence Darrow led the Board . See : Schlesinger , The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal , 2003 , pp. 132 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Chris . Deflation : What Happens When Prices Fall . New York : HarperCollins , 2004 . ISBN 0060576456 ; Fisher , I. ( 1933 ) . `` The Debt - Deflation Theory of Great Depressions '' . Econometrica. 1 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 57 . doi : 10.2307 / 1907327 . JSTOR 1907327 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Recovery and Redistribution Under the NIRA , 1980 ; Roose , The Economics of Recession and Revival : An Interpretation of 1937 -- 38 , 1954 ; Hayes , Business Confidence and Business Activity : A Case Study of the Recession of 1937 , 1951 . Jump up ^ Friedman and Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 , 1963 ; Bernanke , B. ; Parkinson , M. ( 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . The American Economic Review . 79 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 14 . doi : 10.3386 / w2862 . JSTOR 1827758 . ^ Jump up to : Krepps , M ( 1999 ) . `` Facilitating practices and the path - dependence of collusion '' . International Journal of Industrial Organization . 17 ( 6 ) : 887 -- 901 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 7187 ( 97 ) 00066 - 0 . ; Krepps , Matthew B. ( 1997 ) . `` Another Look at the Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 79 : 151 -- 54 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465397556502 . ^ Jump up to : Lande , Robert H. ; Connor , John M. ( 2005 ) . `` How High Do Cartels Raise Prices ? Implications for Reform of the Antitrust Sentencing Guidelines '' . Tulane Law Review . 80 . SSRN 787907 . ; Harringtonjr , J ; Chen , J ( 2006 ) . `` Cartel pricing dynamics with cost variability and endogenous buyer detection '' . International Journal of Industrial Organization . 24 ( 6 ) : 1185 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijindorg. 2006.04. 012 . ; Perloff , Jeffrey M ; Karp , Larry S. ; and Golan , Amos . Estimating Market Power and Strategies . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 052180440X Jump up ^ Galambos , Competition and Cooperation : The Emergence of a National Trade Association , 1966 ; Collins , R.M. ( 1978 ) . `` Positive Business Responses to the New Deal : The Roots of the Committee for Economic Development , 1933 -- 1942 '' . The Business History Review . 52 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 3113736 . JSTOR 3113736 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Steel -- Problems of a Great Industry , 1937 ; Kennedy , The Automobile Industry : The Coming of Age of Capitalism 's Favorite Child , 1941 ; Daugherty , et al. , The Economics of the Iron and Steel Industry , 1937 ; Rae , American Automobile Manufacturers : The First Forty Years , 1959 ; James , L.M. ( 1946 ) . `` Restrictive Agreements and Practices in the Lumber Industry , 1880 -- 1939 '' . Southern Economic Journal . 13 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 1052520 . JSTOR 1052520 . ; Shaffer , In Restraint of Trade : The Business Campaign Against Competition , 1918 -- 1938 , 1997 ; Pennock , P. ( 1997 ) . `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 '' . The Business History Review . 71 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116306 . JSTOR 3116306 . Jump up ^ Lyon , et al. , The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal , 1935 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William L. ( 2000 ) . `` Risk and the National Industrial Recovery Act : An Empirical Evaluation '' . Public Choice . 103 : 139 -- 61 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005054019819 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Thomas ; Chatterji , Monojit ( 2009 ) . `` Political Shocks and Investment : Some Evidence from the 1930s '' . The Journal of Economic History . 45 ( 4 ) : 913 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700035166 . JSTOR 2121886 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War , 1996 , Kindle Location 385 . References ( edit ) Anderson , William L. `` Risk and the National Industrial Recovery Act : An Empirical Evaluation . '' Public Choice . 103 : 1 -- 2 ( April 2000 ) Barber , William J. From New Era to New Deal : Herbert Hoover , the Economists , and American Economic Policy , 1921 -- 1933 . Paperback ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36737 - 9 Bellush , Bernard . The Failure of the NRA . New York : Norton , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05548 - 5 Bernanke , Ben ; Parkinson , Martin ( 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . American Economic Review : Papers and Proceedings . 79 : 2 . doi : 10.3386 / w2862 . Bernstein , Irving . The New Deal Collective Bargaining Policy . Paperback reissue . New York : Da Capo Press , 1975 . ( Originally published 1950 . ) ISBN 0 - 306 - 70703 - 9 Bernstein , Irving . The Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 . Paperback edition . Boston : Houghton - Mifflin Co. , 1970 . ( Originally published 1969 . ) ISBN 0 - 395 - 11778 - X Bernstein , Michael . The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 . Reprint ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37985 - 7 Best , Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . New York : Praeger Publishers , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 Brinkley , Alan . The End Of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . Paperback ed . New York : Vintage Books , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75314 - 1 Clarke , Jeanne Nienaber . Roosevelt 's Warrior : Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5094 - 0 Collins , Robert M. `` Positive Business Responses to the New Deal : The Roots of the Committee for Economic Development , 1933 -- 1942 . '' Business History Review . 52 : 3 ( Autumn 1978 ) . Cole , Harold L. and Ohanian , Lee E. `` How Government Prolonged the Depression . '' Wall Street Journal . February 2 , 2009 . Daugherty , Carroll R. ; de Chazeau , Melvin G. ; and Stratton , Samuel S . The Economics of the Iron and Steel Industry . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1937 . Dubofsky , Melvyn and Dulles , Foster Rhea . Labor in America : A History . 6th ed . Wheeling , Ill. : Harlan Davidson , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 88295 - 979 - 4 Eisner , Marc Allen . Regulatory Politics in Transition . 2d ed . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6492 - 5 Fine , Sidney . Automobile Under the Blue Eagle : Labor , Management , and the Automobile Manufacturing Code . Ann Arbor , Mich. : University of Michigan Press , 1963 . Friedman , Milton and Schwartz , Anna J. A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1963 . Galambos , Louis . Competition and Cooperation : The Emergence of a National Trade Association . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 0209 - 1 Galbraith , John Kenneth . The Great Crash of 1929 . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 1997 . ( Originally published in 1954 . ) ISBN 0 - 395 - 85999 - 9 Gould , Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club : A History of the Modern United States Senate . New York : Basic Books , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02779 - 2 Gross , James A . The Making of the National Labor Relations Board : A Study in Economics , Politics , and the Law . Albany , N.Y. : SUNY Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 271 - 5 Hayes , Douglas A. Business Confidence and Business Activity : A Case Study of the Recession of 1937 . Ann Arbor , Mich : : University of Michigan Press , 1951 . Hawley , Ellis . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1966 . Himmelberg , Robert . The Origins of the National Recovery Administration . 2d paperback ed . New York : Fordham University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1541 - 5 Horwitz , Robert Britt . The Irony of Regulatory Reform : The Deregulation of American Telecommunications . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505445 - 8 Houck , David W. Rhetoric As Currency : Hoover , Roosevelt , and the Great Depression . College Station , Tex. : Texas A&M University Press , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 109 - 0 James , Lee M. `` Restrictive Agreements and Practices in the Lumber Industry , 1880 -- 1939 . '' Southern Economic Journal . October 1946 . Johnson , Hugh S . The Blue Eagle From Egg to Earth . New York : Doubleday , Doran & Company , 1935 . Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . Paperback ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514403 - 1 Kennedy , E.D. The Automobile Industry : The Coming of Age of Capitalism 's Favorite Child . New York : Reynal and Hitchcock , 1941 . Krepps , Matthew B. `` Another Look at the Impact of the National Industrial Recovery Act on Cartel Formation and Maintenance Costs . '' Review of Economics and Statistics . 79 : 1 ( February 1997 ) Krepps , Matthew B. `` Facilitating Practices and the Path - Dependence of Collusion . '' International Journal of Industrial Organization . 17 : 6 ( August 1999 ) . Lyon , Leverett S. ; Homan , Paul T. ; Lorwin , Lewis L. ; Terborgh , George ; Dearing , Charles L. ; and Marshall , Leon C. The National Recovery Administration : An Analysis and Appraisal Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution , 1935 . Mayer , Thomas and Chatterji , Monojit . `` Political Shocks and Investment : Some Evidence from the 1930s . '' Journal of Economic History . 45 : 4 ( December 1985 ) . McKenna , Marian Cecilia. Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War : The Court - Packing Crisis of 1937 . New York : Fordham University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2154 - 7 Moley , Raymond . After Seven Years . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1939 . Morris , Charles . The Blue Eagle At Work : Reclaiming Democratic Rights In The American Workplace . Ithaca , N.Y. : ILR Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4317 - 2 Ohl , John Kennedy . Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal . Dekalb , Ill. : Northern Illinois University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 110 - 2 Paulsen , George E. `` The Federal Trade Commission v. the National Recovery Administration , 1935 . '' Social Science Quarterly . 70 : 1 ( March 1989 ) . Pennock , Pamela . `` The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry , 1933 -- 1935 . '' Business History Review . December 1997 . Phillips , Cabell B.H. and Mitgang , Herbert . From the Crash to the Blitz , 1929 -- 1939 : The New York Times Chronicle of American Life . New York : Fordham University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2000 - 1 Rae , John B. American Automobile Manufacturers : The First Forty Years . Philadelphia : Chilton Co. , 1959 . Rayback , Joseph G. A History of American Labor . Rev. and exp . ed . New York : Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1974 . ISBN 1 - 299 - 50529 - 5 Richberg , Donald . My Hero : The Autobiography of Donald Richberg , Indiscreet Memoirs of Fifty Years in Top - Level Politics . New York : Putnam , 1954 . Roose , Kenneth D . The Economics of Recession and Revival : An Interpretation of 1937 -- 38 . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press , 1954 . Ross , William G . The Chief Justiceship of Charles Evans Hughes , 1930 -- 1941 . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 679 - 9 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 1 : Crisis of the Old Order . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1957 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34085 - 8 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 2 : The Coming of the New Deal . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1958 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt , Vol. 3 : The Politics of Upheaval , 1935 -- 1936 . Paperback ed . New York : Mariner Books , 2003 . ( Originally published 1960 . ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34087 - 4 Shaffer , Butler D. In Restraint of Trade : The Business Campaign Against Competition , 1918 -- 1938 . Cranberry , N.J. : Bucknell University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 5325 - 6 Shogan , Robert . Backlash : The Killing of the New Deal . Chicago , Ivan R. Dee , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 56663 - 674 - 4 Smith , Gene . The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression . New York : Willam Morrow and Co. , 1970 . Sobel , Robert and Hyman , Harold M. Herbert Hoover at the Onset of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1930 . New York : Lippincott , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 397 - 47334 - 6 Stewart , Maxwell S. Steel -- Problems of a Great Industry . New York : Public Affairs Committee , 1937 . Sternsher , Bernard . Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 0440 - 6 Tomlins , Christopher L. The State and the Unions : Labor Relations , Law , and the Organized Labor Movement in America , 1880 -- 1960 . Reprint ed . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31452 - 6 Vadney , Thomas E. The Wayward Liberal : A Political Biography of Donald Richberg . Lexington , Ky. : The University Press of Kentucky , 1970 . Venn , Fiona . The New Deal . New York : Taylor & Francis , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 145 - 5 Vittoz , Stanley . New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1729 - 5 Weinstein , Michael . Recovery and Redistribution Under the NIRA . Amsterdam : North - Holland Publishing Co. , 1980 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 86007 - X External links ( edit ) Text of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 <Th_colspan="2"> hide New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner <Td_colspan="2"> Commons LCCN : n97038552 NDL : 00639623 VIAF : 173886222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933&oldid=840237162 '' Categories : 1933 in law 73rd United States Congress United States federal commerce legislation United States federal labor legislation National Recovery Administration New Deal legislation 1933 in economics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2011 Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 16 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 2. New Deal legislative program 3. Public Works Administration 4. Supreme Court ruling on NIRA 5. Controversies and criticisms of NIRA

when does 50 shades frees come out on dvd

Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fifty Shades Freed <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Arielle Kebbel Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes ( rated ) 110 minutes ( unrated ) Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $371.1 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard , and based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James . It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series , following Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) . The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively , and follows the couple as they marry , and must deal with Ana 's former boss ( Eric Johnson ) , who begins to stalk them . Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016 , in Paris and Vancouver . The film was released in the United States on February 9 , 2018 , including a limited IMAX release . It grossed $370 million worldwide , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 2018 , but , like its two predecessors , received negative reviews , with criticism aimed at its screenplay and performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break - in at Christian 's corporate headquarters . Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss who was fired for sexual assault . Meanwhile , Ana is introduced to her new personal security team . Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect , Gia Matteo , to rebuild it . Ana is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with Christian in Ana 's presence . Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she continues her flirting , forcing her to stop . When Christian is away on a business trip , Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home , and meets her friend , Kate Kavanagh , for an after - work drink . Kate , who is dating Christian 's older brother , Elliot , confides that she suspects Elliot may be having an affair with Gia , who is also his business associate . When Ana returns home , she encounters Jack Hyde , who attempts to kidnap her . Ana 's security team subdue him and he is arrested . After an argument with Christian about her night out with Kate , Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom . Soon after , Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen , bringing along Kate , Elliot , Mia , and José . Elliott proposes to Kate , who accepts . It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliott choose the ring . Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation , but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant . Christian is deeply disturbed , saying he had other plans for their early years together . He leaves , going on a night - long drunken bender . The next day , Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant , Elena Lincoln . Shortly after , Jack Hyde , released on a $500,000 bond , phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia , Christian 's abducted sister . Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed . He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone . Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe , then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount . The suspicious bank manager calls Christian . He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices the coincidence of Hyde 's recent release , Mia 's unknown whereabouts , and Ana 's sudden large cash withdrawal . Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard . Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager 's phone and slipping her phone own into the bag of cash . She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack 's accomplice is her co-worker , Liz . Ana arrives at the drop - off site with the money . Hyde , psychotic and vengeful , attacks Ana , kicking her abdomen . Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg . Christian and his security team , who electronically tracked Ana 's cell phone , arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz . Ana blacks out as she hears Christian 's voice . Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side . Though angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood , Christian realizes how important their baby is to her , and they reconcile . Christian 's adoptive mother , Grace , assures Christian that Ana will not leave him . Ana returns home the next day . Christian 's private investigator , Welch , has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family , though Christian has no memory of this . Hyde was vengeful over Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him . It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice . Christian and Ana also learn where Christian 's birth mother is buried . They visit her grave and Christian lays flowers on it . Two years later , Christian and Ana have a son named Theodore , and Ana is pregnant with their second child . Cast ( edit ) Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Grey Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss and stalker . Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh , Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's fiancée . Rita Ora as Mia Grey , adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey , and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey . Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , older brother of Christian and Mia Grey , and Katherine 's fiancé . Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's friends . Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard . Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks , Anastasia 's mother . Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln , Christian 's former dominant . ( Unrated Version only ) Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother . Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach . Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo , the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian 's future home . Callum Keith Rennie as Ray , Anastasia 's former stepfather . Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey , Christian 's second in command . Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer , Ana 's bodyguard . Amy Price - Francis as Liz Morgan , Jack 's accomplice . Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox , popular author whose books are published by SIP . Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah , Ana 's co-worker and friend . Fay Masterson as Gail Jones , Christian 's housekeeper . Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark . Production ( edit ) Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions . At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6 , 2015 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted , with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016 . After the announcement , Taylor - Johnson told Digital Spy that `` It 's not my decision ( to return ) , and I have n't been privy to any of the discussions . '' On November 12 , 2015 , TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels , which would be shot back - to - back in 2016 , with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce , along with E.L. James and Marcus Viscidi . Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles . On February 8 , 2016 , Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo , a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home , and on February 12 , 2016 , Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP and stalker . On February 20 , 2016 , Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer , the personal bodyguard for Anastasia . Filming ( edit ) In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back - to - back , with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Release ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed was released on February 9 , 2018 , by Universal Pictures . A teaser trailer was released on September 10 , 2017 , and a theatrical trailer on November 6 . Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed was released on digital on April 24 , 2018 , with a Blu - ray Disc , DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray release following on May 8 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists Released February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Recorded 2017 Genre Electro - R&B alternative R&B pop electropop Length 1hr 13mins Label Universal Studios Republic Producer Danny Elfman Ali Payami Benjamin Rice BloodPop Peter Karlsson Andrew Watt Oligee Black Atlass XXYYXX Whethan John Hill Rob Cohen Rissi Palmer Julian Gramma Geoffro Rice N ' Peas J Remy Hybrid Mark Jackson Ian Scott Freddy Wexler Spencer Lee Joe Pringle Eric Valentine Mattman & Robin Nasri Adam Messinger Miike Snow Jordan Palmer Shungudzo Kuyimba DJ Camper Ryan Marrone Oliver Kraus Louis the Child Max Martin Harvey Mason Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Fifty Shades soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Td_colspan="2"> `` For You '' Released : January 5 , 2018 `` Capital Letters '' Released : January 12 , 2018 `` Heaven '' Released : January 26 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> The lead single from the film 's soundtrack , `` For You '' , performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne , was released on January 5 , 2018 . The soundtrack 's track list was released on January 8 , 2018 , including artists Julia Michaels , Sia , Jessie J , Black Atlass , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld , Dua Lipa , and Miike Snow on the 22 - song album . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Capital Letters '' ( performed by Hailee Steinfeld and BloodPop ) Michael Tucker Rachel Keen Hailee Steinfeld Andrew Jackson Elena Goulding Ely Weisfield BloodPop Ben Rice 2 . `` For You '' ( performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne ) Liam Payne Rita Sahatçiu Andrew Watt Alexander Payami Alexandra Tamposi Peter Karlsson Ali Payami Watt 3 . `` Sacrifice '' ( performed by Black Atlass featuring Jessie Reyez ) Alexander `` Black Atlass '' Fleming Jessica Reyez Oliver Goldstein Marcel Everett Billy Walsh Jason Quenneville Black Atlass Oligee XXYYXX 4 . `` High '' ( performed by Whethan and Dua Lipa ) Ethan Snoreck Dua Lipa Jonathan Hill Sarah Aarons Whethan John Hill Rob Cohen 5 . `` Heaven '' ( performed by Julia Michaels ) Julia Michaels Brian Garcia Uzoechi Emenike Morten Ristorp Jansen Taylor Parks Rissi Palmer 6 . `` Big Spender '' ( performed by Kiana Ledé featuring Prince Charlez ) Kiana Ledé Brown Jared Cotter Jeremy Skaller Charles Hinshaw Jr . Julian Gramma Geoffrey Early Adam Daniel Andrew Bazzi Cotter J Gramm Geoffro J Remy Rice N Peas 7 . `` Never Tear Us Apart '' ( performed by Bishop Briggs ) Andrew Farriss Michael Hutchence HyBrid Mark Jackson Ian Scott 8 . `` The Wolf '' ( performed by The Spencer Lee Band ) Spencer Lee Freddy Wexler Eric Valentine Lee Joe Pringle Wexler Valentine 9 . `` Are You '' ( performed by Julia Michaels ) Michaels Mattias Larsson Robin Fredriksson Justin Tranter Mattman & Robin 10 . `` Cross Your Mind '' ( performed by Sabrina Claudio ) Sabrina Claudio Adam Messinger Nasri Atweh Hayley Penner Nasri Messinger 11 . `` Change Your Mind '' ( performed by Miike Snow ) Andrew Wyatt Pontus Winnberg Christian Karlsson Miike Snow 12 . `` Come On Back '' ( performed by Shungudzo Kuyimba ) Alexandra `` Shungudzo '' Govere Jordan Palmer Jenny Owen Youngs Shungudzo Kuyimba Palmer 13 . `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' ( performed by Jessie J ) James Brown DJ Camper 14 . `` ( Te Meilleure Ennemie ) Pearls '' ( performed by Samantha Gongol featuring Juliette Armanet ) Samantha Gongol Ryan Marrone Juliette Armanet Marrone 15 . `` Deer In Headlights '' ( performed by Sia ) Sia Furler Samuel Dixon Oliver Kraus 16 . `` Diddy Bop '' ( performed by Jacob Banks and Louis the Child ) Jacob Banks Freddy Kennett Robby Hauldren Louis the Child 17 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' ( performed by Ellie Goulding ) Ebba Nilsson Payami Ilya Salmanzadeh Savan Kotecha Karl Sandberg Max Martin Payami 18 . `` Freed '' ( performed by Danny Elfman ) Danny Elfman Elfman 19 . `` Seeing Red '' ( performed by Danny Elfman ) Elfman Elfman <Th_colspan="5"> Fifty Shades Freed : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' ( performed by Jamie Dornan ) Paul McCartney Harvey Mason Jr . 21 . `` Cross Your Mind '' ( Spanish version ) ( performed by Sabrina Claudio ) Claudio Messinger Atweh Penner Luis Riog Atweh Messinger 22 . `` Pearls '' ( performed by Samantha Gongol ) Gongol Marrone Marrone Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed grossed $100.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $270.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $370.6 million , against a production budget of $55 million . In the United States and Canada , Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross $37 -- 40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews , down 2 % from the $5.7 million taken in Fifty Shades Darker the previous year . It ended up making $38.6 million over the weekend , the lowest of the trilogy , but enough to take first place at the box office . The film grossed $10.8 million on Valentine 's Day , the third - highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday , behind The Vow ( $11.6 million in 2012 ) and Darker ( $11 million ) , and bringing its five - day gross to $56.1 million . In its second weekend , the film made $17.3 million , dropping 55.1 % ( a slightly better hold than the previous film ) and finishing third , behind newcomer Black Panther and Peter Rabbit . Worldwide , the film was expected to make $80 -- 90 million from 57 countries , including France , Germany , the UK , Australia , Brazil , Mexico and Japan , for a worldwide debut of $113 -- 130 million in its first three days . It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136.9 million , making a 7 % decrease from the previous film but still finishing first in 54 of the 57 markets . Its leading countries were Germany ( $10.7 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $8.8 million ) and France ( $8.7 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 13 % , based on 147 reviews , and an average rating of 3.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion , making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , meaning `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by Darker , while PostTrak reported that 56 % of females ( who made up 81 % of the opening weekend audience ) gave the film a `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Variety , Guy Lodge was critical of the film , saying `` Indeed , a sex - free , PG - 13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence , such as it is ; one could ask what the point of that would be , though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four , stating `` With this last entry , we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel . Whips , chains , butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars , and wrote `` This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product - placement Audi . '' Jeannette Catsoulis , writing for The New York Times , found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger 's 91⁄2 Weeks , stating : `` Layering a damp - squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one - percent lifestyle , the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase . There 's an out - of - left - field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses ; but these narrative fragments , lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast , are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions . '' Conversely , IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Finally , the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES FREED ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades Freed '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Newsweek . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson on 50 Shades of Grey sequel : ' It 's not my decision ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Adds ' Ballers ' Actress Arielle Kebbel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Newsweek . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barilla , Lucille ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . Newsweek . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Trailer : Things Get Darker , Sexier & Soapier In Third Installment Of Franchise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyriazis , Stefan ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed new and final TRAILER is coming : Watch it here and it will be in HD in first '' . The Daily Express . Express Newspapers . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latchem , John ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Unrated ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Coming to Digital April 24 , Disc May 8 '' . Media Play News . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Track List : Sia , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Looks To Lead Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend With Around $40 M -- B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Pops At Valentine 's Day B.O. Before ' Black Panther ' Attacks -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rips Apart Box Office Records : 3 - Day Opening Rises To $194 M+ ; 4 - Day At $223 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Collars $98 M Overseas ; ' Jumanji ' Now Sony 's # 3 WW Release Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Welcome to the Most Painful ' Shades ' of All '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed review : painful , prissy , and even ropier than the last one '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , Jeannette ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Finally , the Audience Is ' Fifty Shades Freed ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Finally , a Sex Comedy From a Franchise That Took Itself Too Seriously '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fifty Shades Freed on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by James Foley <Td_colspan="2"> Reckless ( 1984 ) At Close Range ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) Two Bits ( 1995 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Corruptor ( 1999 ) Confidence ( 2003 ) Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films produced by Michael De Luca <Td_colspan="2"> Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2011 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&oldid=846564710 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Fifty Shades 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films Adultery in films American erotic films American films American romantic drama films American sequel films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by James Foley Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in France Films set in Seattle Films shot in Paris Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films Pregnancy films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Fifty Shades Freed film 2. Erotic romantic drama 3. Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey 4. Stalking and kidnapping plot 5. Negative reviews and box office success

where did kansas city's quarterback go to college

Patrick Mahomes - wikipedia Patrick Mahomes For his father , the baseball player , see Pat Mahomes . Patrick Mahomes <Td_colspan="2"> Mahomes in 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> No. 15 -- Kansas City Chiefs Position : Quarterback <Th_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1995 - 09 - 17 ) September 17 , 1995 ( age 23 ) Tyler , Texas Height : 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight : 230 lb ( 104 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school : Whitehouse ( Whitehouse , Texas ) College : Texas Tech NFL Draft : 2017 / Round : 1 / Pick : 10 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history <Td_colspan="2"> Kansas City Chiefs ( 2017 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roster status : Active <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> Second - team All - Big 12 ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of Week 8 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> TD -- INT : 26 -- 7 Passing yards : 2,810 Completion percentage : 65.3 Passer rating : 111.1 Rushing yards : 129 Rushing touchdowns : 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com Patrick Lavon Mahomes II ( born September 17 , 1995 ) is an American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Texas Tech , and was drafted by the Chiefs with the tenth overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft . Mahomes is the son of former MLB pitcher Pat Mahomes . Contents 1 Early years 2 College career 2.1 Freshman 2.2 Sophomore 2.3 Junior 2.4 NCAA records 2.5 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 NFL draft 3.2 2017 season 3.3 2018 season 3.4 NFL records 3.5 Chiefs franchise records 3.6 NFL statistics 3.6. 1 Regular season 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) Mahomes was born to parents Pat Mahomes , a former MLB pitcher , and Randi Mahomes on September 17 , 1995 . Mahomes attended Whitehouse High School in Whitehouse , Texas . He played football , baseball , and basketball . In football , he had 4,619 passing yards , 50 passing touchdowns , 948 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns as a senior . In baseball , he threw a no - hitter with 16 strikeouts in a game his senior year . He was named the Maxpreps Male Athlete of the Year for 2013 -- 2014 . Mahomes was rated by Rivals.com as a three - star football recruit and was ranked as the 12th best dual - threat quarterback in his class . He committed to Texas Tech University . Mahomes was also a top prospect for the 2014 Major League Baseball draft , but was not expected to be selected high due to his commitment to Texas Tech . He was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the 37th round , but did not sign . College career ( edit ) Freshman ( edit ) Mahomes entered his freshman season as a backup to Davis Webb . Mahomes saw his first career action against Oklahoma State after Webb left the game with an injury , completing two of five passes for 20 yards with one touchdown and an interception . After Webb was again injured , Mahomes started his first career game against Texas . He completed 13 of 21 passes for 109 yards in the game . Mahomes would remain the starter for the final three games after that . Against Baylor , he threw for a Big 12 freshman record 598 yards with six touchdowns and one interception . For the season , he passed for 1,547 yards and 16 touchdowns with four interceptions . Mahomes split time with the Texas Tech baseball team , where he was a relief pitcher . Sophomore ( edit ) Mahomes began his sophomore season at Texas Tech as the starter at quarterback . In the first game of the 2015 season , Mahomes passed for 425 yards and four touchdowns in a 59 -- 45 win over Sam Houston State University . He followed that up with a 361 - yard passing performance against UTEP , throwing for four touchdowns and rushing for two in Tech 's 69 -- 20 win over the Miners . Against TCU , Mahomes passed for 392 yards and two touchdowns in the 55 -- 52 loss . Overall , in the 2015 season , he finished with 4,653 yards , 36 touchdowns , and 15 interceptions . Junior ( edit ) Prior to the start of the 2016 season , Mahomes announced that he was leaving the baseball team to focus on football for the entire offseason . On October 22 , 2016 , Mahomes set multiple NCAA , Big 12 , and school records in a 66 -- 59 loss to Oklahoma at home . Mahomes broke the NCAA FBS records for single - game total offense with 819 yards . He also tied the NCAA record for single game passing yards with 734 . He fell one short of the record for most attempts at 88 . Overall , the game set NCAA records for most combined yards of total offense with 1,708 combined passing yards , and total offense by two players ( the other being Oklahoma quarterback Baker Mayfield ) . The 125 combined points are the second most all time involving ranked teams . Mahomes would finish the season leading the country in yards per game ( 421 ) , passing yards ( 5,052 ) , total offense ( 5,312 ) , points responsible for ( 318 ) , and total touchdowns ( 53 ) . For his performance , he was awarded the Sammy Baugh Trophy , given annually to the nation 's top college passer , joining head coach Kliff Kingsbury , Graham Harrell , and B.J. Symons as other Red Raiders to have won the award . He was also named an Academic All - American 2nd Team by the College Sports Information Directors of America . Mahomes announced on January 3 , 2017 that he would forego his last year of college eligibility and enter the NFL Draft . NCAA records ( edit ) Single - game yards passing : 734 ( rank t - 1st ) ( vs. Oklahoma Oct. 22 , 2016 ) Single - game Yards total offense : 819 ( rank 1st ) ( vs. Oklahoma Oct. 22 , 2016 ) College statistics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="6"> Passing Year Team GP Cmp Att Pct Yards TDs Int 2014 Texas Tech 7 105 185 56.8 1,547 16 2015 Texas Tech 13 364 573 63.5 4,653 36 15 2016 Texas Tech 12 388 591 65.7 5,052 41 10 <Td_colspan="2"> College Totals 32 857 1,349 63.5 11,252 93 29 Professional career ( edit ) NFL draft ( edit ) Coming out of Texas Tech , Mahomes was projected as a first or second round pick by the majority of analysts and scouts . During the throwing drills at the NFL Scouting Combine , Mahomes ' passes were clocked at 60 mph , tying Logan Thomas and Bryan Bennett for the fastest pass ever recorded at the NFL combine . Mahomes was ranked the second best quarterback by SI.com , the third best by ESPN , and ranked the fourth best quarterback by NFLDraftScout.com After an impressive showing at the NFL Combine , representatives from 28 NFL teams were on hand to attend his pro day at Texas Tech . He became one of the fastest rising prospects during the draft process and had 18 private workouts and visits for team , which was the most for any prospect in 2017 . Among the teams and coaches that he had workouts and visits with were the Arizona Cardinals head coach Bruce Arians , New Orleans Saints head coach Sean Payton , Cincinnati Bengals quarterbacks coach Bill Lazor , and coaches from the Los Angeles Chargers , Cleveland Browns , Chicago Bears , and Pittsburgh Steelers . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Mahomes ' NFL Combine workout <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Mahomes ' 40 - yard dash <Td_colspan="2"> Mahomes ' NFL Combine Press Conference <Td_colspan="2"> Mahomes ' Texas Tech Pro Day workout Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ( 1.88 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 33 ⁄ in ( 0.84 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.23 m ) 4.80 s 4.08 s 6.88 s 30 in ( 0.76 m ) 9 ft 6 in ( 2.90 m ) 24 <Td_colspan="13"> All values from NFL Combine The Kansas City Chiefs selected Mahomes in the first round ( 10th overall ) in the 2017 NFL Draft . The Buffalo Bills traded the 10th overall pick to the Chiefs for their first round pick , third round pick , and the Chiefs ' first round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft . He was the first quarterback selected by the Chiefs in the first round since they selected Todd Blackledge seventh overall in the 1983 NFL Draft . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Chiefs select Mahomes 10th overall <Td_colspan="2"> Mahomes received call from Chiefs 2017 season ( edit ) Mahomes in 2017 On July 20 , 2017 , the Chiefs signed Mahomes to a fully guaranteed four - year , $16.42 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $10.08 million . The Chiefs announced on December 27 , 2017 , that with a playoff spot and the fourth seed in the playoffs secured , they would rest starter Alex Smith and give Mahomes his first career start in their Week 17 game against the Denver Broncos . Mahomes played most of the game and helped lead the Chiefs to a 27 -- 24 win , and completed 22 of 35 passes for 284 yards with an interception . 2018 season ( edit ) On January 30 , 2018 , the Chiefs announced they had agreed to trade Alex Smith , making Mahomes the starting quarterback for the 2018 season . In his first game as the Chiefs full -- time starting quarterback , Mahomes beat division rival the Los Angeles Chargers by a score of 38 -- 28 . In the game he threw for 256 yards and four touchdowns with no interceptions and a 127.5 quarterback rating . For the performance , Mahomes was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week . His first career touchdown came on a 58 yard pass to wide receiver Tyreek Hill in the first quarter against the Chargers . The following week Mahomes threw for 326 yards , six touchdowns , no interceptions , and a passer rating of 154.8 . After throwing his fifth touchdown in the game , he broke the NFL record for most touchdown passes through a quarterback 's first three career games . Following his sixth touchdown pass in the game , he broke the NFL record for touchdown passes thrown in the first two weeks of the season . For his performance against the Steelers , Mahomes won his second consecutive AFC Offensive Player of the Week award becoming the first quarterback since Tom Brady in 2011 to start the season with back - to - back player of the week awards . Mahomes was named AFC Offensive Player of the Month for September . In Week 4 , against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football , he passed for 304 passing yards and a passing touchdown to go along with a rushing touchdown in the 27 -- 23 comeback victory . NFL records ( edit ) Most touchdown passes thrown through first three career games ( 10 ) Most touchdown passes thrown through first two games of a season ( 10 ) Most touchdown passes thrown through first three games of a season ( 13 ) Most touchdown passes thrown through first eight career games ( 22 ) Youngest quarterback to throw for six touchdowns in a game ( 22 years , 364 days ) Most consecutive 300 - plus passing yard games ( 7 ) ( NFL Record ) Chiefs franchise records ( edit ) Most touchdown passes thrown in a game : 6 ( tied ) NFL statistics ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4"> Teams <Td_colspan="8"> Passing <Td_colspan="5"> Rushing Season Team GP GS Comp Att Pct Yds Avg TD Int Rate Att Yds Avg TD 2017 KC 22 35 62.9 284 8.1 0 76.4 7 10 1.4 0 2018 KC 8 8 187 285 65.6 2,526 8.9 26 6 115.3 30 119 4.0 <Th_colspan="2"> Career 9 9 209 320 65.3 2,810 8.8 26 7 111.1 37 129 3.5 Personal life ( edit ) His father Pat Mahomes is a former Major League Pitcher Mahomes is the godson of former Major League pitcher LaTroy Hawkins , who was a teammate of his father 's on the Minnesota Twins . On May 12 , 2017 , Mahomes and three friends were robbed at gunpoint in his hometown of Tyler , Texas after getting out of their vehicle in a driveway . A car pulled up carrying two men that approached the group and one of the suspects gestured as if they had a weapon and demanded property . Authorities were later able to locate the vehicle and arrest the suspects . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Palmer , Tod . `` Father 's big - league career provides insight , template for Patrick Mahomes II '' . kansascity . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jonathan . `` Patrick Mahomes ' Family : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . heavy . Jump up ^ Parry , Chris . `` Whitehouse native and Texas Tech quarterback Patrick Mahomes II declares for NFL draft '' . TylerPaper.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jr. , Louis Ojeda . `` Texas Tech 's all - around athlete might be next sports superstar '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech QB signee Patrick Mahomes tosses no - hitter , strikes out 16 - SportsDay '' . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MaxPreps 2013 - 14 Male Athlete of the Year : Patrick Mahomes - MaxPreps '' . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech gets Mahomes , top in - state QB '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech or MLB : QB Pat Mahomes may face tough call this weekend '' . Jump up ^ `` Kingsbury keeping fingers crossed regarding Mahomes ' uncertain plans '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mahomes : No MLB team will offer enough on draft day 3 to keep him from Tech '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers take Mahomes in 37th round '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sayles : Baseball 's in their blood , but they 're picking football '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Texas Tech Red Raiders Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech Football 2014 Schedule Analysis '' . AthlonSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech at Oklahoma State Box Score , September 25 , 2014 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech freshman Patrick Mahomes to start against Texas ; Davis Webb on crutches '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Texas at Texas Tech Box Score , November 1 , 2014 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech 's Mahomes sets Big 12 freshman record with his 598 yards passing in loss to Baylor '' . 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hairopoulos : How Patrick Mahomes stole the show for Texas Tech in comeback attempt against Baylor '' . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Mahomes 2014 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Don ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Mahomes II to skip baseball season , focus on football '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tech 's Patrick Mahomes , Jakeem Grant win Big 12 weekly awards '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SportsDay 's Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week ( 9 / 14 ) : Texas Tech QB Patrick Mahomes dazzles in follow - up '' . Jump up ^ `` TCU vs. Texas Tech - Game Summary - September 26 , 2015 - ESPN '' . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Mahomes 2015 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma at Texas Tech Box Score , October 22 , 2016 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Led by Patrick Mahomes , NCAA records fall in Oklahoma - Texas Tech shootout '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Led by Patrick Mahomes , NCAA records fall in Oklahoma - Texas Tech shootout '' . USA Today . October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Mahomes College Stats '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Carlton , Chuck ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Texas Tech QB Patrick Mahomes receives Sammy Baugh Award '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soliz , Brandon ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Texas Tech 's Mahomes named second - team Academic All - America '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Events : Combine Player Profiles -- Patrick Mahomes '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Mahomes Advanced Stats and Metrics Profile : Throw Velocity '' . PlayerProfiler.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL draft rankings : Top prospects by position '' . si.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Legwold ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking 2017 's draft top 100 players '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` * Patrick Mahomes , DS # 2 QB , Texas Tech '' . NFLdraftscout.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aaron Wilson ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Texas Tech quarterback Patrick Mahomes has 18 total visits , workouts '' . chron.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Bob ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the NFL draft prospects : Quarterbacks '' . PackersNews.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Chiefs trade up for QB Patrick Mahomes at No. 10 '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Paylor , Terez ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` For first time since ' 83 , Chiefs draft quarterback in first round : Patrick Mahomes '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spotrac.com : Patrick Mahomes contract '' . spotrac.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Kansas City Chiefs Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Patrick Mahomes to start at QB for Chiefs vs. Broncos '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paylor , Terez A. ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Chiefs trade Alex Smith to Washington , saving $15.6 million '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hong , Jae C. `` Hill , Mahomes lead Chiefs to 38 - 28 victory over Chargers '' . Olean Times Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' QB Patrick Mahomes Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . Chiefs.com . September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Mahomes sets mark for TD passes in first 3 games '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mahomes , Fitzpatrick among NFL Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' QB Patrick Mahomes Wins AFC Offensive Player of the Month Honors '' . Chiefs.com . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes somehow outdoes himself again in rally at Denver '' . Kansas City . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Bob ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Mahomes -- the NFL 's hottest QB -- grew up in MLB clubhouses '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Adam Teicher ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chiefs rookie QB Patrick Mahomes II uninjured after being robbed '' . espn.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Texas Tech Red Raiders football bio Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball bio Kansas City Chiefs bio <Th_colspan="2"> Kansas City Chiefs current roster Active roster 2 Dustin Colquitt 4 Chad Henne 7 Harrison Butker 10 Tyreek Hill 11 Demarcus Robinson 14 Sammy Watkins 15 Patrick Mahomes 17 Chris Conley 19 Marcus Kemp 20 Steven Nelson 21 Eric Murray 22 Orlando Scandrick 23 Kendall Fuller 24 Jordan Lucas 26 Damien Williams 27 Kareem Hunt 29 Eric Berry 30 Josh Shaw 31 Darrel Williams 32 Spencer Ware 35 Charvarius Ward 38 Ron Parker 39 Tremon Smith 41 James Winchester 42 Anthony Sherman 44 Dorian O'Daniel 50 Justin Houston 51 Frank Zombo 53 Anthony Hitchens 54 Nate Orchard 55 Dee Ford 56 Ben Niemann 57 Breeland Speaks 59 Reggie Ragland 61 Mitch Morse 62 Austin Reiter 66 Kahlil McKenzie 67 Jimmy Murray 71 Mitchell Schwartz 72 Eric Fisher 73 Jeff Allen 74 Justin Hamilton 75 Cameron Erving 77 Andrew Wylie 82 Deon Yelder 84 Demetrius Harris 87 Travis Kelce 91 Derrick Nnadi 92 Tanoh Kpassagnon 94 Jarvis Jenkins 95 Chris Jones 97 Allen Bailey 98 Xavier Williams Reserve lists 1 Byron Pringle ( IR ) 13 De'Anthony Thomas ( IR ) 25 Armani Watts ( IR ) 43 John David Moore ( IR ) 47 Step Durham ( IR ) 48 Terrance Smith ( IR ) 49 Daniel Sorensen ( IR ) 64 Dillon Gordon ( IR ) 65 Jordan Devey ( IR ) 73 Tejan Koroma ( IR ) 76 Laurent Duvernay - Tardif ( IR ) 82 Alex Ellis ( IR ) -- Davon Grayson ( IR ) Practice squad 6 Josh Crockett 8 Chase Litton 12 Gehrig Dieter 34 Leon McQuay III 40 D'Montre Wade 60 Ryan Hunter 65 Robert McCray ( Inj . ) 88 David Wells 90 Joey Ivie -- Raymond Davison -- Pace Murphy <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA <Th_colspan="2"> List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 8 of the 2018 NFL season ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Derek Anderson ( Buffalo Bills ) Brock Osweiler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Sam Darnold ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Baker Mayfield ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Andrew Luck ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Case Keenum ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Alex Smith ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Aaron Rodgers ( Green Bay Packers ) Kirk Cousins ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Josh Rosen ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Texas Tech Red Raiders starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Dempsey Cannon ( 1936 ) Jack Kirkpatrick ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Tom Wilson ( 1965 ) Joe Matulich ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Charles Napper ( 1970 ) Joe Barnes ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Rodney Allison ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Ron Reeves ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Jim Hart ( 1982 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Jamie Gill ( 1989 ) Robert Hall ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Zebbie Lethridge ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Rob Peters ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Kliff Kingsbury ( 1999 -- 2002 ) B.J. Symons ( 2003 ) Sonny Cumbie ( 2004 ) Cody Hodges ( 2005 ) Graham Harrell ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Taylor Potts ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Steven Sheffield ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Seth Doege ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Baker Mayfield ( 2013 ) Davis Webb ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Patrick Mahomes ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Nic Schimonek ( 2017 ) McLane Carter ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Jett Duffey ( 2018 ) Alan Bowman ( 2018 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NFL Draft first - round selections <Td_colspan="2"> Myles Garrett Mitchell Trubisky Solomon Thomas Leonard Fournette Corey Davis Jamal Adams Mike Williams Christian McCaffrey John Ross Patrick Mahomes Marshon Lattimore Deshaun Watson Haason Reddick Derek Barnett Malik Hooker Marlon Humphrey Jonathan Allen Adoree ' Jackson O.J. Howard Garett Bolles Jarrad Davis Charles Harris Evan Engram Gareon Conley Jabrill Peppers Takkarist McKinley Tre'Davious White Taco Charlton David Njoku T.J. Watt Reuben Foster Ryan Ramczyk <Td_colspan="2"> Draft years 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs first - round draft picks <Td_colspan="2"> Haynes Holub Bull Buchanan E. Budde Beathard Sayers Brown Trosch Moorman Daney Marsalis Smith Wright Kinney W. Green Walters G. Green Still Bell Fuller B. Budde Scott Hancock Blackledge Maas Alt Horton Jozwiak Palmer Smith Thomas Snow Williams Carter Hill Jenkins Woods Gonzalez Riley Tait Morris Sims L. Johnson D. Johnson Hali Bowe Dorsey Albert Jackson Berry Baldwin Poe Fisher Ford Peters Mahomes <Th_colspan="2"> Kansas City Chiefs 2017 NFL draft selections <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Mahomes Tanoh Kpassagnon Kareem Hunt Jehu Chesson Ukeme Eligwe Leon McQuay III <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Cotton Davidson ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Hunter Enis ( 1960 ) Randy Duncan ( 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1962 -- 1975 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1963 ) Pete Beathard ( 1965 ) Jacky Lee ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Mike Livingston ( 1969 -- 1979 ) Tony Adams ( 1975 , 1977 -- 1978 ) Steve Fuller ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Bill Kenney ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Todd Blackledge ( 1984 -- 1987 ) Matt Stevens ( 1987 ) Frank Seurer ( 1987 ) Doug Hudson ( 1987 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Ron Jaworski ( 1989 ) Steve Pelluer ( 1989 ) Mark Vlasic ( 1991 ) Dave Krieg ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Joe Montana ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Steve Bono ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Rich Gannon ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Elvis Grbac ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Warren Moon ( 2000 ) Trent Green ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Damon Huard ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Brodie Croyle ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Tyler Thigpen ( 2008 ) Matt Cassel ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Tyler Palko ( 2011 ) Kyle Orton ( 2011 ) Brady Quinn ( 2012 ) Alex Smith ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Chase Daniel ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Nick Foles ( 2016 ) Patrick Mahomes ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Mahomes&oldid=866513733 '' Categories : 1995 births American football quarterbacks Baseball players from Texas Kansas City Chiefs players Living people Players of American football from Texas Sportspeople from Tyler , Texas Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players Texas Tech Red Raiders football players Hidden categories : Kansas City Chiefs currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Pages using Template : NFL predraft with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Patrick Mahomes - Kansas City Chiefs quarterback 2. College career at Texas Tech 3. NFL draft and professional career 4. Records and achievements in the NFL 5. Personal life and family background

where is the largest amount of petroleum found

Petroleum - Wikipedia Petroleum Jump to : navigation , search `` Crude oil '' redirects here . For the 2008 film , see Crude Oil ( film ) . For the fuel `` petrol '' , see Gasoline . For other uses , see Petroleum ( disambiguation ) . Proven world oil reserves , 2013 . Unconventional reservoirs such as natural heavy oil and oil sands are included . Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock , Texas An oil refinery in Mina - Al - Ahmadi , Kuwait Natural petroleum spring in Korňa , Slovakia Petroleum ( from Latin : petra : `` rock '' + oleum : `` oil ''. ) is a naturally occurring , yellow - to - black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth 's surface . It is commonly refined into various types of fuels . Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation i.e separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point by means of distillation , typically using a fractionating column . It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds . The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil . A fossil fuel , petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms , usually zooplankton and algae , are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure . Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling ( natural petroleum springs are rare ) . Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology ( at the reservoir scale ) , sedimentary basin analysis , and reservoir characterization ( mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures ) have been completed . It is refined and separated , most easily by distillation , into a large number of consumer products , from gasoline ( petrol ) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals . Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials , and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each day . Concern over the depletion of the earth 's finite reserves of oil , and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it , is a concept known as peak oil . The use of fossil fuels , such as petroleum , will have a negative impact on Earth 's biosphere , damaging ecosystems through events such as oil spills and releasing a range of pollutants into the air including ground - level ozone and sulfur dioxide from sulfur impurities in fossil fuels . The burning of fossil fuels plays a major role in the current episode of global warming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Modern history 3 Composition 4 Chemistry 5 Empirical equations for thermal properties 5.1 Heat of combustion 5.2 Thermal conductivity 5.3 Specific heat 5.4 Latent heat of vaporization 6 Formation 7 Reservoirs 7.1 Crude oil reservoirs 7.2 Unconventional oil reservoirs 8 Classification 9 Petroleum industry 9.1 Shipping 10 Price 11 Uses 11.1 Fuels 11.2 Other derivatives 11.3 Agriculture 12 Petroleum by country 12.1 Consumption statistics 12.2 Consumption 12.3 Production 12.4 Export 12.5 Import 12.6 Oil Imports to the USA by country 2010 12.7 Non-producing consumers 13 Environmental effects 13.1 Ocean acidification 13.2 Global warming 13.3 Extraction 13.4 Oil spills 13.5 Tarballs 13.6 Whales 14 Alternatives to petroleum 14.1 Alternatives to petroleum - based vehicle fuels 14.2 Alternatives to using oil in industry 14.3 Alternatives to burning petroleum for electricity 15 Future of petroleum production 15.1 Peak oil 15.2 Unconventional production 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Etymology ( edit ) Fractional distillation apparatus The word petroleum comes from Greek : πέτρα ( petra ) for rocks and Greek : ἔλαιον ( elaion ) for oil . The term was found ( in the spelling `` petraoleum '' ) in 10th - century Old English sources . It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium , published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer , also known as Georgius Agricola . In the 19th century , the term petroleum was often used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal ( and later oil shale ) , and refined oils produced from them ; in the United Kingdom , storage ( and later transport ) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts , from the Petroleum Act 1863 onwards . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the petroleum industry Early History ( edit ) Oil derrick in Okemah , Oklahoma , 1922 Petroleum , in one form or another , has been used since ancient times , and is now important across society , including in economy , politics and technology . The rise in importance was due to the invention of the internal combustion engine , the rise in commercial aviation , and the importance of petroleum to industrial organic chemistry , particularly the synthesis of plastics , fertilizers , solvents , adhesives and pesticides . More than 4000 years ago , according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus , asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon ; there were oil pits near Ardericca ( near Babylon ) , and a pitch spring on Zacynthus . Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus , one of the tributaries of the Euphrates . Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society . The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago . In I Ching , one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered , extracted , and used in China in the first century BCE . In addition , the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE . By 347 AD , oil was produced from bamboo - drilled wells in China . Early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that , in 1795 , had hundreds of hand - dug wells under production . The mythological origins of the oil fields at Yenangyaung , and its hereditary monopoly control by 24 families , indicate very ancient origins . Pechelbronn ( Pitch fountain ) is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used . The still active Erdpechquelle , a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498 , e.g. for medical purposes . Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century . In Wietze in lower Saxony , natural asphalt / bitumen has been explored since the 18th century . Both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze , the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies . Modern History ( edit ) Scottish chemist James Young noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton , Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil , at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery . In 1848 Young set up a small business refining the crude oil . Young eventually succeeded , by distilling cannel coal at a low heat , in creating a fluid resembling petroleum , which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products . Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it , one of which he named `` paraffine oil '' because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax . The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850 . In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow ; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil - works in the world with the first modern oil refinery , using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite , shale , and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils ; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold until 1856 . Shale bings near Broxburn , 3 of a total of 19 in West Lothian The world 's first oil refinery was built in 1856 by Ignacy Łukasiewicz . His achievements also included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil , the invention of the modern kerosene lamp ( 1853 ) , the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe ( 1853 ) , and the construction of the world 's first modern oil well ( 1854 ) . The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew . Edwin Drake 's 1859 well near Titusville , Pennsylvania , is popularly considered the first modern well . Already 1858 Georg Christian Konrad Hunäus had found a significant amount of petroleum while drilling for lignite 1858 in Wietze , Germany . Wietze later provided about 80 % of the German consumption in the Wilhelminian Era . The production stopped in 1963 , but Wietze has hosted a Petroleum Museum since 1970 . Drake 's well is probably singled out because it was drilled , not dug ; because it used a steam engine ; because there was a company associated with it ; and because it touched off a major boom . However , there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century . A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand - drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848 . There were engine - drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake 's well . An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853 , and another in nearby Romania in 1857 . At around the same time the world 's first , small , oil refinery was opened at Jasło in Poland , with a larger one opened at Ploiești in Romania shortly after . Romania is the first country in the world to have had its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics : 275 tonnes for 1857 . The first commercial oil well in Canada became operational in 1858 at Oil Springs , Ontario ( then Canada West ) . Businessman James Miller Williams dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground . Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860 , refining much of it into kerosene lamp oil . Williams 's well became commercially viable a year before Drake 's Pennsylvania operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America . The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area . Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring - pole drilling method . On January 16 , 1862 , after an explosion of natural gas Canada 's first oil gusher came into production , shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 3,000 barrels per day . By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire , particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan , had taken the lead in production . Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the twentieth century , including World War II , during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed . The German invasion of the Soviet Union included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields , as it would provide much needed oil - supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades . Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later led to the US becoming the leading producer by mid-century . As petroleum production in the US peaked during the 1960s , however , the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and the Soviet Union . Today , about 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil . Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States , but is responsible for only 1 percent of electricity generation . Petroleum 's worth as a portable , dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world 's most important commodities . Viability of the oil commodity is controlled by several key parameters , number of vehicles in the world competing for fuel , quantity of oil exported to the world market ( Export Land Model ) , Net Energy Gain ( economically useful energy provided minus energy consumed ) , political stability of oil exporting nations and ability to defend oil supply lines . The top three oil producing countries are Russia , Saudi Arabia and the United States . About 80 percent of the world 's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East , with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab 5 : Saudi Arabia , UAE , Iraq , Qatar and Kuwait . A large portion of the world 's total oil exists as unconventional sources , such as bitumen in Canada and extra heavy oil in Venezuela . While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands , particularly in Canada , logistical and technical hurdles remain , as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water , making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil . Thus , Canada 's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future . Composition ( edit ) In its strictest sense , petroleum includes only crude oil , but in common usage it includes all liquid , gaseous and solid hydrocarbons . Under surface pressure and temperature conditions , lighter hydrocarbons methane , ethane , propane and butane occur as gases , while pentane and heavier hydrocarbons are in the form of liquids or solids . However , in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas , liquid , and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture . An oil well produces predominantly crude oil , with some natural gas dissolved in it . Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground , some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered ( or burned ) as associated gas or solution gas . A gas well produces predominantly natural gas . However , because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface , the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane , hexane , and heptane in the gaseous state . At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form `` natural gas condensate '' , often shortened to condensate . Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils . The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields , ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens . The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes , cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons , while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen , oxygen and sulfur , and trace amounts of metals such as iron , nickel , copper and vanadium . Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria . The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over fairly narrow limits as follows : Composition by weight Element Percent range Carbon 83 to 85 % Hydrogen 10 to 14 % Nitrogen 0.1 to 2 % Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5 % Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0 % Metals < 0.1 % Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil . The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil , determining the properties of each oil . Composition by weight Hydrocarbon Average Range Alkanes ( paraffins ) 30 % 15 to 60 % Naphthenes 49 % 30 to 60 % Aromatics 15 % 3 to 30 % Asphaltics 6 % remainder Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones . Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition . It is usually black or dark brown ( although it may be yellowish , reddish , or even greenish ) . In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas , which being lighter forms a `` gas cap '' over the petroleum , and saline water which , being heavier than most forms of crude oil , generally sinks beneath it . Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water , as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada , where it is usually referred to as crude bitumen . In Canada , bitumen is considered a sticky , black , tar - like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow . Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the Orinoco oil sands , although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called extra heavy oil . These oil sands resources are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods . Between them , Canada and Venezuela contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels ( 570 × 10 ^ m ) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil , about twice the volume of the world 's reserves of conventional oil . Petroleum is used mostly , by volume , for producing fuel oil and gasoline , both important `` primary energy '' sources . 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy - rich fuels ( petroleum - based fuels ) , including gasoline , diesel , jet , heating , and other fuel oils , and liquefied petroleum gas . The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products , but as the world 's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted , oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen , and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required . Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen , these processes generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules , and using fluid catalytic cracking to convert the longer , more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter , simpler ones in the fuels . Due to its high energy density , easy transportability and relative abundance , oil has become the world 's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s . Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products , including pharmaceuticals , solvents , fertilizers , pesticides , and plastics ; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials . Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth 's crust . There is also petroleum in oil sands ( tar sands ) . Known oil reserves are typically estimated at around 190 km ( 1.2 trillion ( short scale ) barrels ) without oil sands , or 595 km ( 3.74 trillion barrels ) with oil sands . Consumption is currently around 84 million barrels ( 13.4 × 10 ^ m ) per day , or 4.9 km per year , yielding a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years , if current demand remains static . Chemistry ( edit ) Octane , a hydrocarbon found in petroleum . Lines represent single bonds ; black spheres represent carbon ; white spheres represent hydrogen . Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons ; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes ( paraffins ) , cycloalkanes ( naphthenes ) , aromatic hydrocarbons , or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes . Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules , which define its physical and chemical properties , like color and viscosity . The alkanes , also known as paraffins , are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula C H. They generally have from 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule , although trace amounts of shorter or longer molecules may be present in the mixture . The alkanes from pentane ( C H ) to octane ( C H ) are refined into gasoline , the ones from nonane ( C H ) to hexadecane ( C H ) into diesel fuel , kerosene and jet fuel . Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating oil . At the heavier end of the range , paraffin wax is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms , while asphalt has 35 and up , although these are usually cracked by modern refineries into more valuable products . The shortest molecules , those with four or fewer carbon atoms , are in a gaseous state at room temperature . They are the petroleum gases . Depending on demand and the cost of recovery , these gases are either flared off , sold as liquefied petroleum gas under pressure , or used to power the refinery 's own burners . During the winter , butane ( C H ) , is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates , because its high vapor pressure assists with cold starts . Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric , it is best known for powering cigarette lighters , but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries . Propane can be liquified under modest pressure , and is consumed for just about every application relying on petroleum for energy , from cooking to heating to transportation . The cycloalkanes , also known as naphthenes , are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula C H. Cycloalkanes have similar properties to alkanes but have higher boiling points . The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more planar six - carbon rings called benzene rings , to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula C H. They tend to burn with a sooty flame , and many have a sweet aroma . Some are carcinogenic . These different molecules are separated by fractional distillation at an oil refinery to produce gasoline , jet fuel , kerosene , and other hydrocarbons . For example , 2 , 2 , 4 - trimethylpentane ( isooctane ) , widely used in gasoline , has a chemical formula of C H and it reacts with oxygen exothermically : 2 C 8H 18 + 25 O 2 → 16 CO 2 + 18 H 2O ( ΔH = − 5.51 MJ / mol of octane ) The number of various molecules in an oil sample can be determined by laboratory analysis . The molecules are typically extracted in a solvent , then separated in a gas chromatograph , and finally determined with a suitable detector , such as a flame ionization detector or a mass spectrometer . Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil , many can not be resolved by traditional gas chromatography and typically appear as a hump in the chromatogram . This unresolved complex mixture ( UCM ) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil . Incomplete combustion of petroleum or gasoline results in production of toxic byproducts . Too little oxygen results in carbon monoxide . Due to the high temperatures and high pressures involved , exhaust gases from gasoline combustion in car engines usually include nitrogen oxides which are responsible for creation of photochemical smog . Empirical equations for thermal properties ( edit ) Heat of combustion ( edit ) At a constant volume , the heat of combustion of a petroleum product can be approximated as follows : Q v = 12,400 − 2,100 d 2 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( v ) = 12 ( , ) 400 - 2 ( , ) 100d ^ ( 2 ) ) , where Q v ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( v ) ) is measured in calories per gram and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the specific gravity at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . Thermal conductivity ( edit ) The thermal conductivity of petroleum based liquids can be modeled as follows : K = 1.62 A P I ( 1 − 0.0003 ( t − 32 ) ) ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( 1.62 ) ( API ) ) ( 1 - 0.0003 ( t - 32 ) ) ) where K ( \ displaystyle K ) is measured in BTU ° F hr ft , t ( \ displaystyle t ) is measured in ° F and A P I ( \ displaystyle API ) is degrees API gravity . Specific heat ( edit ) The specific heat of petroleum oils can be modeled as follows : c = 1 d ( 0.388 + 0.00046 t ) ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) ( 0.388 + 0.00046 t ) ) , where c ( \ displaystyle c ) is measured in BTU / ( lb ° F ) , t ( \ displaystyle t ) is the temperature in Fahrenheit and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the specific gravity at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . In units of kcal / ( kg ° C ) , the formula is : c = 1 d ( 0.4024 + 0.00081 t ) ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) ( 0.4024 + 0.00081 t ) ) , where the temperature t ( \ displaystyle t ) is in Celsius and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the specific gravity at 15 ° C . Latent heat of vaporization ( edit ) The latent heat of vaporization can be modeled under atmospheric conditions as follows : L = 1 d ( 110.9 − 0.09 t ) ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) ( 110.9 - 0.09 t ) ) , where L ( \ displaystyle L ) is measured in BTU / lb , t ( \ displaystyle t ) is measured in ° F and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the specific gravity at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . In units of kcal / kg , the formula is : L = 1 d ( 194.4 − 0.162 t ) ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d ) ) ( 194.4 - 0.162 t ) ) , where the temperature t ( \ displaystyle t ) is in Celsius and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the specific gravity at 15 ° C . Formation ( edit ) Structure of a vanadium porphyrin compound ( left ) extracted from petroleum by Alfred E. Treibs , father of organic geochemistry . Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and chlorophyll a ( right ) . Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials , such as zooplankton and algae . Vast quantities of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms , mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions . As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed , intense heat and pressure build up in the lower regions . This process caused the organic matter to change , first into a waxy material known as kerogen , which is found in various oil shales around the world , and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis . Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and / or pressure . There were certain warm nutrient - rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose . This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud . This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil . Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an `` oil window '' -- below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen , and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking . Sometimes , oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level . The Athabasca Oil Sands are one example of this . An alternative mechanism was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s , the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin , but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence . Abiogenic ( formed by inorganic means ) sources of oil have been found , but never in commercially profitable amounts . `` The controversy is n't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist , '' said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists . `` The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth 's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out . '' Reservoirs ( edit ) Crude oil reservoirs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hydrocarbon trap Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form : a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil , a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in , and a cap rock ( seal ) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface . Within these reservoirs , fluids will typically organize themselves like a three - layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it , although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs . Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water , they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks ( known as reservoirs ) by impermeable rocks above . However , the process is influenced by underground water flows , causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir . When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap , an oil field forms , from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping . The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions , where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions , and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions . The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries . Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil . `` Natural lift '' production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped . In some reservoirs , such as in the Middle East , the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time . The natural pressure in most reservoirs , however , eventually dissipates . Then the oil must be extracted using `` artificial lift '' means . Over time , these `` primary '' methods become less effective and `` secondary '' production methods may be used . A common secondary method is `` waterflood '' or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or `` wellbore . '' Eventually `` tertiary '' or `` enhanced '' oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil 's flow characteristics by injecting steam , carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir . In the United States , primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis , secondary methods account for about half , and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent . Extracting oil ( or `` bitumen '' ) from oil / tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort , or using `` in - situ '' methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping out the oil - saturated liquid . Unconventional oil reservoirs ( edit ) See also : Unconventional oil , Oil sands , and Oil shale reserves Oil - eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface . Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded , but they contain so much migrating oil that , although most of it has escaped , vast amounts are still present -- more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs . The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first , resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil , called crude bitumen in Canada , or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela . These two countries have the world 's largest deposits of oil sands . On the other hand , oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil . Technically speaking , oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil , but are fined - grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen . The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes . The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering , `` A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch , tar , and oil out of a sort of stone . '' Although oil shales are found in many countries , the United States has the world 's largest deposits . Classification ( edit ) Some marker crudes with their sulfur content ( horizontal ) and API gravity ( vertical ) and relative production quantity See also : Benchmark ( crude oil ) The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in ( e.g. West Texas Intermediate , Brent , or Oman ) , its API gravity ( an oil industry measure of density ) , and its sulfur content . Crude oil may be considered light if it has low density or heavy if it has high density ; and it may be referred to as sweet if it contains relatively little sulfur or sour if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur . The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery . Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline , while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries . Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of Crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories . Barrels from an area in which the crude oil 's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing references throughout the world . Some of the common reference crudes are : West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , a very high - quality , sweet , light oil delivered at Cushing , Oklahoma for North American oil Brent Blend , consisting of 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea . The oil is landed at Sullom Voe terminal in Shetland . Oil production from Europe , Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil , which forms a benchmark Dubai - Oman , used as benchmark for Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia - Pacific region Tapis ( from Malaysia , used as a reference for light Far East oil ) Minas ( from Indonesia , used as a reference for heavy Far East oil ) The OPEC Reference Basket , a weighted average of oil blends from various OPEC ( The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ) countries Midway Sunset Heavy , by which heavy oil in California is priced Western Canadian Select the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy , high TAN ( acidic ) crudes . There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year , so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered . While the reference price may be for West Texas Intermediate delivered at Cushing , the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil -- Western Canadian Select -- delivered at Hardisty , Alberta , and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland , it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk . Petroleum industry ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) Main article : Petroleum industry Crude oil export treemap ( 2012 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity New York Mercantile Exchange prices ( $ / bbl ) for West Texas Intermediate 2000 through Oct 2014 The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration , extraction , refining , transporting ( often with oil tankers and pipelines ) , and marketing petroleum products . The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline . Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products , including pharmaceuticals , solvents , fertilizers , pesticides , and plastics . The industry is usually divided into three major components : upstream , midstream and downstream . Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category . Petroleum is vital to many industries , and is of importance to the maintenance of industrialized civilization itself , and thus is a critical concern to many nations . Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world 's energy consumption , ranging from a low of 32 percent for Europe and Asia , up to a high of 53 percent for the Middle East , South and Central America ( 44 % ) , Africa ( 41 % ) , and North America ( 40 % ) . The world at large consumes 30 billion barrels ( 4.8 km3 ) of oil per year , and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations . In fact , 24 percent of the oil consumed in 2004 went to the United States alone , though by 2007 this had dropped to 21 percent of world oil consumed . In the US , in the states of Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington , the Western States Petroleum Association ( WSPA ) represents companies responsible for producing , distributing , refining , transporting and marketing petroleum . This non-profit trade association was founded in 1907 , and is the oldest petroleum trade association in the United States . Shipping ( edit ) In the 1950s , shipping costs made up 33 percent of the price of oil transported from the Persian Gulf to USA , but due to the development of supertankers in the 1970s , the cost of shipping dropped to only 5 percent of the price of Persian oil in USA . Due to the increase of the value of the crude oil during the last 30 years , the share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3 % in 2010 . For example , in 2010 the shipping cost from the Persian Gulf to the USA was in the range of 20 $ / t and the cost of the delivered crude oil around 800 $ / t . Price ( edit ) Nominal and inflation - adjusted US dollar price of crude oil , 1861 -- 2015 Main article : Price of oil After the collapse of the OPEC - administered pricing system in 1985 , and a short - lived experiment with netback pricing , oil - exporting countries adopted a market - linked pricing mechanism . First adopted by PEMEX in 1986 , market - linked pricing was widely accepted , and by 1988 became and still is the main method for pricing crude oil in international trade . The current reference , or pricing markers , are Brent , WTI , and Dubai / Oman . Uses ( edit ) Further information : Petroleum product The chemical structure of petroleum is heterogeneous , composed of hydrocarbon chains of different lengths . Because of this , petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and treated by other chemical processes , to be used for a variety of purposes . The total cost of a plant is about 9 billion dollars per plant . Fuels ( edit ) A poster used to promote carpooling as a way to ration gasoline during World War II The most common distillation fractions of petroleum are fuels . Fuels include ( by increasing boiling temperature range ) : Common fractions of petroleum as fuels Fraction Boiling range C Liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) − 40 Butane − 12 to − 1 Gasoline − 1 to 110 Jet fuel 150 to 205 Kerosene 205 to 260 Fuel oil 205 to 290 Diesel fuel 260 to 315 Petroleum classification according to chemical composition . Class of petroleum <Th_colspan="5"> Composition of 250 -- 300 ° C fraction , wt . % Par . Napth Arom . Wax Asph . Paraffinic 46 -- 61 22 -- 32 12 -- 25 1.5 -- 10 0 -- 6 Paraffinic - naphtenic 42 -- 45 38 -- 39 16 -- 20 1 -- 6 0 -- 6 Naphthenic 15 -- 26 61 -- 76 8 -- 13 Trace 0 -- 6 Paraffinic - naphtenic - aromatic 27 -- 35 36 -- 47 26 -- 33 0.5 -- 1 0 -- 10 Aromatic 0 -- 8 57 -- 78 20 -- 25 0 -- 0.5 0 -- 20 Other derivatives ( edit ) Certain types of resultant hydrocarbons may be mixed with other non-hydrocarbons , to create other end products : Alkenes ( olefins ) , which can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds Lubricants ( produces light machine oils , motor oils , and greases , adding viscosity stabilizers as required ) Wax , used in the packaging of frozen foods , among others Sulfur or sulfuric acid . These are useful industrial materials . Sulfuric acid is usually prepared as the acid precursor oleum , a byproduct of sulfur removal from fuels . Bulk tar Asphalt Petroleum coke , used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel Paraffin wax Aromatic petrochemicals to be used as precursors in other chemical production Agriculture ( edit ) Since the 1940s , agricultural productivity has increased dramatically , due largely to the increased use of energy - intensive mechanization , fertilizers and pesticides . Petroleum by country ( edit ) Consumption statistics ( edit ) Global fossil carbon emissions , an indicator of consumption , for 1800 -- 2007 . Total Oil Rate of world energy usage per day , from 1970 to 2010 . 1000 TWh = 1 PWh . Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006 Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006 : USA Europe Asia and Oceania Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region Consumption ( edit ) According to the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) estimate for 2011 , the world consumes 87.421 million barrels of oil each day . Oil consumption per capita ( darker colors represent more consumption , gray represents no data ) ( source : see file description ) > 0.07 0.07 - 0.05 0.05 - 0.035 0.035 - 0.025 0.025 - 0.02 0.02 - 0.015 0.015 - 0.01 0.01 - 0.005 0.005 - 0.0015 < 0.0015 This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels ( 1000 bbl ) per day and in thousand cubic metres ( 1000 m ) per day : Consuming nation 2011 ( 1000 bbl / day ) ( 1000 m / day ) Population in millions bbl / year per capita m / year per capita National production / consumption United States 18,835.5 2,994.6 314 21.8 3.47 0.51 China 9,790.0 1,556.5 1345 2.7 0.43 0.41 Japan 4,464.1 709.7 127 12.8 2.04 0.03 India 3,292.2 523.4 1198 0.16 0.26 Russia 3,145.1 500.0 140 8.1 1.29 3.35 Saudi Arabia ( OPEC ) 2,817.5 447.9 27 40 6.4 3.64 Brazil 2,594.2 412.4 193 4.9 0.78 0.99 Germany 2,400.1 381.6 82 10.7 1.70 0.06 Canada 2,259.1 359.2 33 24.6 3.91 1.54 South Korea 2,230.2 354.6 48 16.8 2.67 0.02 Mexico 2,132.7 339.1 109 7.1 1.13 1.39 France 1,791.5 284.8 62 10.5 1.67 0.03 Iran ( OPEC ) 1,694.4 269.4 74 8.3 1.32 2.54 United Kingdom 1,607.9 255.6 61 9.5 1.51 0.93 Italy 1,453.6 231.1 60 8.9 1.41 0.10 Source : US Energy Information Administration Population Data : peak production of oil already passed in this state This country is not a major oil producer Production ( edit ) For oil production by country , see List of countries by oil production . For oil reserves by country , see List of countries by proven oil reserves . Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day ) World map with countries by oil production ( information from 2006 -- 2012 ) In petroleum industry parlance , production refers to the quantity of crude extracted from reserves , not the literal creation of the product . Country Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Russia 10,551,497 Saudi Arabia ( OPEC ) 10,460,710 United States 8,875,817 Iraq ( OPEC ) 4,451,516 5 Iran ( OPEC ) 3,990,956 6 China , People 's Republic of 3,980,650 7 Canada 3,662,694 8 United Arab Emirates ( OPEC ) 3,106,077 9 Kuwait ( OPEC ) 2,923,825 10 Brazil 2,515,459 11 Venezuela ( OPEC ) 2,276,967 12 Mexico 2,186,877 13 Nigeria ( OPEC ) 1,999,885 14 Angola ( OPEC ) 1,769,615 15 Norway 1,647,975 16 Kazakhstan 1,595,199 17 Qatar ( OPEC ) 1,522,902 18 Algeria ( OPEC ) 1,348,361 19 Oman 1,006,841 20 United Kingdom 939,760 Export ( edit ) See also : Fossil fuel exporters and OPEC Petroleum Exports by Country ( 2014 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Oil exports by country ( barrels per day , 2006 ) In order of net exports in 2011 , 2009 and 2006 in thousand bbl / d and thousand m3 / d : # Exporting nation 10 bbl / d ( 2011 ) 10 m / d ( 2011 ) 10 bbl / d ( 2009 ) 10 m / d ( 2009 ) 10 bbl / d ( 2006 ) 10 m / d ( 2006 ) Saudi Arabia ( OPEC ) 8,336 1,325 7,322 1,164 8,651 1,376 Russia 7,083 1,126 7,194 1,144 6,565 1,044 Iran ( OPEC ) 2,540 403 2,486 395 2,519 401 United Arab Emirates ( OPEC ) 2,524 401 2,303 366 2,515 400 5 Kuwait ( OPEC ) 2,343 373 2,124 338 2,150 342 6 Nigeria ( OPEC ) 2,257 359 1,939 308 2,146 341 7 Iraq ( OPEC ) 1,915 304 1,764 280 1,438 229 8 Angola ( OPEC ) 1,760 280 1,878 299 1,363 217 9 Norway 1,752 279 2,132 339 2,542 404 10 Venezuela ( OPEC ) 1,715 273 1,748 278 2,203 350 11 Algeria ( OPEC ) 1,568 249 1,767 281 1,847 297 12 Qatar ( OPEC ) 1,468 233 1,066 169 -- -- 13 Canada 1,405 223 1,168 187 1,071 170 14 Kazakhstan 1,396 222 1,299 207 1,114 177 15 Azerbaijan 836 133 912 145 532 85 16 Trinidad and Tobago 177 112 167 160 155 199 Source : US Energy Information Administration peak production already passed in this state Canadian statistics are complicated by the fact it is both an importer and exporter of crude oil , and refines large amounts of oil for the U.S. market . It is the leading source of U.S. imports of oil and products , averaging 2,500,000 bbl / d ( 400,000 m / d ) in August 2007 . Total world production / consumption ( as of 2005 ) is approximately 84 million barrels per day ( 13,400,000 m / d ) . Import ( edit ) Oil imports by country ( barrels per day , 2006 ) In order of net imports in 2011 , 2009 and 2006 in thousand bbl / d and thousand m3 / d : # Importing nation 10 bbl / day ( 2011 ) 10 m / day ( 2011 ) 10 bbl / day ( 2009 ) 10 m / day ( 2009 ) 10 bbl / day ( 2006 ) 10 m / day ( 2006 ) United States 8,728 1,388 9,631 1,531 12,220 1,943 China 5,487 872 4,328 688 3,438 547 Japan 4,329 688 4,235 673 5,097 810 India 2,349 373 2,233 355 1,687 268 5 Germany 2,235 355 2,323 369 2,483 395 6 South Korea 2,170 345 2,139 340 2,150 342 7 France 1,697 270 1,749 278 1,893 301 8 Spain 1,346 214 1,439 229 1,555 247 9 Italy 1,292 205 1,381 220 1,558 248 10 Singapore 1,172 186 916 146 787 125 11 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 1,009 160 944 150 942 150 12 Netherlands 948 151 973 155 936 149 13 Turkey 650 103 650 103 576 92 14 Belgium 634 101 597 95 546 87 15 Thailand 592 94 538 86 606 96 Source : US Energy Information Administration peak production of oil expected in 2020 Major oil producer whose production is still increasing Oil Imports to the USA by country 2010 ( edit ) Oil imports to US , 2010 Non-producing consumers ( edit ) Countries whose oil production is 10 % or less of their consumption . # Consuming nation ( bbl / day ) ( m3 / day ) Japan 5,578,000 886,831 Germany 2,677,000 425,609 South Korea 2,061,000 327,673 France 2,060,000 327,514 5 Italy 1,874,000 297,942 6 Spain 1,537,000 244,363 7 Netherlands 946,700 150,513 8 Turkey 575,011 91,663 Source : CIA World Factbook Environmental effects ( edit ) Main article : Environmental impact of the petroleum industry Diesel fuel spill on a road Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance , its presence in the environment need not be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities ( seismic exploration , drilling , extraction , refining and combustion ) . Phenomena such as seeps and tar pits are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man 's involvement . Regardless of source , petroleum 's effects when released into the environment are similar . Ocean acidification ( edit ) Seawater acidification Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth 's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide ( CO ) from the atmosphere . This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life -- having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms ( see scallops ) . Global warming ( edit ) When burned , petroleum releases carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . Along with the burning of coal , petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO . Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv , from the 180 -- 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature may have reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi ( 2,800,000 km ) , smaller than ever recorded . Because of this melt , more oil reserves have been revealed . It is estimated by the International Energy Agency that about 13 percent of the world 's undiscovered oil resides in the Arctic . Extraction ( edit ) Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir ( oil pool ) . Oil is often recovered as a water - in - oil emulsion , and specialty chemicals called demulsifiers are used to separate the oil from water . Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging . Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment . Oil spills ( edit ) Further information : Oil spill and List of oil spills Kelp after an oil spill Oil slick from the Montara oil spill in the Timor Sea , September , 2009 Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the Prestige oil spill Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems in Alaska , the Gulf of Mexico , the Galapagos Islands , France and many other places . The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons ( e.g. , Deepwater Horizon oil spill , SS Atlantic Empress , Amoco Cadiz ) . Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems , such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill . Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land , since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil . This can kill sea birds , mammals , shellfish and other organisms it coats . Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes , and land animals can avoid the oil more easily . Control of oil spills is difficult , requires ad hoc methods , and often a large amount of manpower . The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the SS Torrey Canyon wreck produced poor results ; modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck , like in the Prestige oil spill or the Erika oil spill . Though crude oil is predominantly composed of various hydrocarbons , certain nitrogen heterocylic compounds , such as pyridine , picoline , and quinoline are reported as contaminants associated with crude oil , as well as facilities processing oil shale or coal , and have also been found at legacy wood treatment sites . These compounds have a very high water solubility , and thus tend to dissolve and move with water . Certain naturally occurring bacteria , such as Micrococcus , Arthrobacter , and Rhodococcus have been shown to degrade these contaminants . Tarballs ( edit ) A tarball is a blob of crude oil ( not to be confused with tar , which is a man - made product derived from pine trees or refined from petroleum ) which has been weathered after floating in the ocean . Tarballs are an aquatic pollutant in most environments , although they can occur naturally , for example in the Santa Barbara Channel of California or in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas . Their concentration and features have been used to assess the extent of oil spills . Their composition can be used to identify their sources of origin , and tarballs themselves may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents . They are slowly decomposed by bacteria , including Chromobacterium violaceum , Cladosporium resinae , Bacillus submarinus , Micrococcus varians , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida marina and Saccharomyces estuari . Whales ( edit ) James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum - refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil , thus eliminating the economic imperative for open - boat whaling . Alternatives to petroleum ( edit ) Further information : Renewable energy In the United States in 2007 about 70 percent of petroleum was used for transportation ( e.g. gasoline , diesel , jet fuel ) , 24 percent by industry ( e.g. production of plastics ) , 5 percent for residential and commercial uses , and 2 percent for electricity production . Outside of the US , a higher proportion of petroleum tends to be used for electricity . Alternatives to petroleum - based vehicle fuels ( edit ) Main articles : Alternative fuel vehicle , Hydrogen economy , and Green vehicle Brazilian fuel station with four alternative fuels for sale : diesel ( B3 ) , gasohol ( E25 ) , neat ethanol ( E100 ) , and compressed natural gas ( CNG ) Alternative fuel vehicles refers to both : Vehicles that use alternative fuels used in standard or modified internal combustion engines such as natural gas vehicles , neat ethanol vehicles , flexible - fuel vehicles , biodiesel - powered vehicles , propane autogas , and hydrogen vehicles . Vehicles with advanced propulsion systems that reduce or substitute petroleum use such as battery electric vehicles , plug - in hybrid electric vehicles , hybrid electric vehicles , and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles . Alternatives to using oil in industry ( edit ) Biological feedstocks do exist for industrial uses such as Bioplastic production . Alternatives to burning petroleum for electricity ( edit ) Main articles : Alternative energy , Nuclear power , and Renewable energy In oil producing countries with little refinery capacity , oil is sometimes burned to produce electricity . Renewable energy technologies such as solar power , wind power , micro hydro , biomass and biofuels are used , but the primary alternatives remain large - scale hydroelectricity , nuclear and coal - fired generation . Future of petroleum production ( edit ) US oil production and imports , 1910 - 2012 Consumption in the twentieth and twenty - first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile growth ; the 1985 -- 2003 oil glut even fueled the sales of low economy vehicles in OECD countries . The 2008 economic crisis seems to have had some impact on the sales of such vehicles ; still , the 2008 oil consumption shows a small increase . In 2016 however Goldman Sachs predicts lower demand due to emerging economies concerns , especially China . The BRICS ( Brasil , Russia , India , China , South Africa ) countries might also kick in , as China briefly was the first automobile market in December 2009 . The immediate outlook still hints upwards . In the long term , uncertainties linger ; the OPEC believes that the OECD countries will push low consumption policies at some point in the future ; when that happens , it will definitely curb oil sales , and both OPEC and EIA kept lowering their 2020 consumption estimates during the past 5 years . Oil products are more and more in competition with alternative sources , mainly coal and natural gas , both cheaper sources . Production will also face an increasingly complex situation ; while OPEC countries still have large reserves at low production prices , newly found reservoirs often lead to higher prices ; offshore giants such as Tupi , Guara and Tiber demand high investments and ever - increasing technological abilities . Subsalt reservoirs such as Tupi were unknown in the twentieth century , mainly because the industry was unable to probe them . Enhanced Oil Recovery ( EOR ) techniques ( example : DaQing , China ) will continue to play a major role in increasing the world 's recoverable oil . The reach of available petroleum resources has always been around 35 years or even less since the start of the modern exploration . The oil constant , a insider pun in the German industry refers to that effect . Peak oil ( edit ) Main article : Peak oil Global peak oil forecast Peak oil is the projection that future petroleum production ( whether for individual oil wells , entire oil fields , whole countries , or worldwide production ) will eventually peak and then decline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted . The peak of oil discoveries was in 1965 , and oil production per year has surpassed oil discoveries every year since 1980 . However , this does not mean that potential oil production has surpassed oil demand . Hubbert applied his theory to accurately predict the peak of U.S. conventional oil production at a date between 1966 and 1970 . This prediction was based on data available at the time of his publication in 1956 . In the same paper , Hubbert predicts world peak oil in `` half a century '' after his publication , which would be 2006 . It is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region , due to the lack of knowledge and / or transparency in accounting of global oil reserves . Based on available production data , proponents have previously predicted the peak for the world to be in years 1989 , 1995 , or 1995 -- 2000 . Some of these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s , and the consequent reduction in global consumption , the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years . Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact , a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off . The peak is also a moving target as it is now measured as `` liquids '' , which includes synthetic fuels , instead of just conventional oil . The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) said in 2010 that production of conventional crude oil had peaked in 2006 at 70 MBBL / d , then flattened at 68 or 69 thereafter . Since virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum , peak oil , if it were to occur , could lead to a `` partial or complete failure of markets '' . In the mid-2000s , widespread fears of an imminent peak led to the `` peak oil movement , '' in which over one hundred thousand Americans prepared , individually and collectively , for the `` post-carbon '' future . Unconventional production ( edit ) The calculus for peak oil has changed with the introduction of unconventional production methods . In particular , the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has resulted in a significant increase in production from previously uneconomic plays . Analysts expect that $150 billion will be spent on further developing North American tight oil fields in 2015 . The large increase in tight oil production is one of the reasons behind the price drop in late 2014 . Certain rock strata contain hydrocarbons but have low permeability and are not thick from a vertical perspective . Conventional vertical wells would be unable to economically retrieve these hydrocarbons . Horizontal drilling , extending horizontally through the strata , permits the well to access a much greater volume of the strata . Hydraulic fracturing creates greater permeability and increases hydrocarbon flow to the wellbore . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Barrel of oil equivalent Filling station Gas oil ratio List of oil exploration and production companies List of oil fields Manure - derived synthetic crude oil Natural Gas Oil burden Petroleum geology Thermal depolymerization Total petroleum hydrocarbon Waste oil Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ oil - late 12c. , `` olive oil , '' from Anglo - French and Old North French olie , from Old French oile , uile `` oil '' ( 12c. , Modern French huile ) , from Latin oleum `` oil , olive oil '' ( source of Spanish , Italian olio ) , from Greek elaion `` olive tree , '' from elaia http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=oil&allowed_in_frame=0 Jump up ^ Medieval Latin : literally , rock oil = Latin petr ( a ) rock ( < Greek pétra ) + oleum oil http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petroleum Jump up ^ Medieval Latin : literally , rock oil , equivalent to Latin petr ( a ) rock ( < Greek pétra ) + oleum oil http://www.dictionary.com/browse/petroleum Jump up ^ `` Petroleum '' . Concise Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ The Latin word petra is a loanword from Greek πέτρα . Jump up ^ `` Gasoline as Fuel -- History of Word Gasoline -- Gasolin and Petroleum Origins '' . Alternativefuels.about.com. 2013 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ EIA Energy Kids - Oil ( petroleum ) Jump up ^ Guerriero V , et al. ( 2012 ) . `` A permeability model for naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs '' . Marine and Petroleum Geology . Elsevier . 40 : 115 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpetgeo. 2012.11. 002 . Jump up ^ Guerriero V , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Improved statistical multi-scale analysis of fractures in carbonate reservoir analogues '' . Tectonophysics . Elsevier . 504 : 14 -- 24 . Bibcode : 2011Tectp. 504 ... 14G . doi : 10.1016 / j. tecto. 2011.01. 003 . Jump up ^ `` Organic Hydrocarbons : Compounds made from carbon and hydrogen '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary online edition , entry `` petroleum '' Jump up ^ Bauer ( 1546 ) Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petroleum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gao , Zhiguo . `` Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas '' . Kluwer Law International . p. 8 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rapp , George ( 1985 ) . `` Archaeomineralogy '' . Springer . p. 237 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Burke , Michael ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Nanotechnology : The Business '' ( published 2008 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 9781420053999 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ George E. Totten ASTM Timeline Jump up ^ Dalvi , Samir ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners : '' . ISBN 978 - 9352064199 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Longmuir , Marilyn V. `` Oil in Burma : The Extraction of `` Earth Oil '' to 1914 `` . Bangkok : White Lotus ( 2001 ) ISBN 974 - 7534 - 60 - 6 pp. 329 Jump up ^ `` The oil wells of Alsace ; a discovery made more than a century ago . What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad -- primitive methods of obtaining oil -- the process similar to that used in coal mining '' . New York Times . 23 February 1880 . Jump up ^ Erdöl in Wietze ( Bildband ) , Horb am Neckar : Geiger - Verlag 1994 , ISBN 3 - 89264 - 910 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rainer Karlsch , Raymond G. Stokes : Faktor Öl . Die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859 -- 1974 . Verlag C.H. Beck , München , 2003 . ISBN 3 - 406 - 50276 - 8 Jump up ^ Russell , Loris S. ( 2003 ) . A Heritage of Light : Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3765 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` James Young '' . Jump up ^ Frank , Alison Fleig ( 2005 ) . Oil Empire : Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia ( Harvard Historical Studies ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01887 - 7 . Jump up ^ Warsaw University timeline Archived May 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maugeri ( 2006 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ F.A.Z. : Deutsche Erdölförderung Klein - Texas in der Lüneburger Heide 23 June 2009 Jump up ^ Erdoelmuseum-Wietze.de , abgerufen am 21 . September 2007 Jump up ^ Vassiliou , M.S. ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press ( Rowman & Littlefield ) , 700pp Jump up ^ Matveichuk , Alexander A. Intersection of Oil Parallels : Historical Essays . Moscow : Russian Oil and Gas Institute , 2004 . Jump up ^ McKain , David L. , and Bernard L. Allen . Where It All Began : The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began -- West Virginia and South - eastern Ohio . Parkersburg , W.Va. : David L. McKain , 1994 . Jump up ^ The History Of Romanian Oil Industry Archived June 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Eakins - Scenes from Modern Life : World Events : 1844 - 1856 - PBS '' . pbs.org . ^ Jump up to : Oil Museum of Canada , Black Gold : Canada 's Oil Heritage , Oil Springs : Boom & Bust Archived July 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Turnbull Elford , Jean . Canada West 's Last Frontier . Lambton County Historical Society , 1982 , p. 110 Jump up ^ May , Gary . Hard Oiler ! The Story of Early Canadians ' Quest for Oil at Home and Abroad . Dundurn Press , 1998 , p 43 Jump up ^ Ford , R.W. A History of the Chemical Industry in Lambton County , 1988 , p 5 Jump up ^ Akiner ( 2004 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Hanson Baldwin , 1959 , `` Oil Strategy in World War II '' Archived August 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Petroleum Institute Quarterly -- Centennial Issue , pages 10 -- 11 . American Petroleum Institute . Jump up ^ Baku : City that Oil Built Archived February 12 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` EIA - Electricity Data '' . www.eia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` InfoPlease '' . InfoPlease . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hyne ( 2001 ) , pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Ollivier B. , Magot M. ( 2005 ) . Petroleum Microbiology . Washington , DC : ASM Jump up ^ Speight ( 1999 ) , p. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Alboudwarej ; et al. ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Highlighting Heavy Oil '' ( PDF ) . Oilfield Review . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Sands -- Glossary '' . Mines and Minerals Act . Government of Alberta . 2007 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Sands in Canada and Venezuela '' . Infomine Inc. 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crude oil is made into different fuels '' . Eia.doe.gov . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EIA reserves estimates '' . Eia.doe.gov . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CERA report on total world oil '' . Cera.com . November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat of Combustion of Fuels '' . Webmo.net . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories Archived February 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... TemaNord 2003 : 516 . Jump up ^ Mansure , A.J. ( Sandia National Labs. , Albuquerque , NM ( United States ) . Geothermal Research Dept . ) . `` SciTech Connect : Hot oiling spreadsheet '' . osti.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Speight ( 2007 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ United States Bureau of Standards , `` Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products '' . Miscellaneous Publication No. 97 , November 9 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Treibs , A.E. ( 1936 ) . `` Chlorophyll - und Häminderivate in organischen Mineralstoffen '' . Angew . Chem. 49 ( 38 ) : 682 -- 686 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19360493803 . Jump up ^ Kvenvolden , K.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Organic geochemistry -- A retrospective of its first 70 years '' . Org . Geochem. 37 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. orggeochem. 2005.09. 001 . Jump up ^ Kvenvolden , Keith A. ( 2006 ) . `` Organic geochemistry -- A retrospective of its first 70 years '' . Organic Geochemistry. 37 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. orggeochem. 2005.09. 001 . Jump up ^ Braun , Robert L. ; Burnham , lan K. ( June 1993 ) . `` Chemical Reaction Model for Oil and Gas Generation from Type I and Type II Kerogen '' ( PDF ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tracing Oil Reserves to Their Tiny Origins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Polar Prospects : A minerals treaty for Antarctica . United States , Office of Technology Assessment . September 1989 . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 2232 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glasby , Geoffrey P ( 2006 ) . `` Abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons : an historical overview '' ( PDF ) . Resource Geology. 56 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 98 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 3928.2006. tb00271. x . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Mysterious Origin and Supply of Oil '' . Live Science . Jump up ^ Lambertson , Giles ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Oil Shale : Ready to Unlock the Rock '' . Construction Equipment Guide . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chevron Crude Oil Marketing -- North America Posted Pricing -- California '' . Crudemarketing.chevron.com . May 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada ( May 2011 ) . Canadian Crude Oil , Natural Gas and Petroleum Products : Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ottawa , ON : Government of Canada . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 16436 - 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Light Sweet Crude Oil '' . About the Exchange . New York Mercantile Exchange ( NYMEX ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Who exported Petroleum oils , crude in 2012 ? - The Atlas Of Economic Complexity '' . harvard.edu . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Annual 2004 '' ( XLS ) . Energy Information Administration . July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook 2008 -- crude oil '' . Energy data . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Western States Petroleum Association . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A liquid market : Thanks to LNG , spare gas can now be sold the world over '' . The Economist. 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mabro ( 2006 ) , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Speight ( 1999 ) , p. 543 . Jump up ^ Simanzhenkov , Vasily ; Idem , Raphael ( 2003 ) . Crude Oil Chemistry . CRC Press , . p. 33 . ISBN 0203014049 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ BP : Statistical Review of World Energy Archived May 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration . Excel file from this web page . Table Posted : March 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ From DSW - Datareport 2008 ( `` Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung '' ) Jump up ^ One cubic metre of oil is equivalent to 6.28981077 barrels of oil Jump up ^ `` IBGE '' . IBGE . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbblpd_m.htm Jump up ^ `` AEO2014 EARLY RELEASE OVERVIEW '' Early report US Energy Information Administration , December 2013 . Accessed : December 2013 . Quote : `` Domestic production of crude oil ... increases sharply ... is expected to level off and then slowly decline after 2020 '' Jump up ^ http://seeps.wr.usgs.gov/ Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California Jump up ^ `` Acidic ocean deadly for Vancouver Island scallop industry '' . cbc.ca . February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature , on a geological and recent time scale . ( June 2007 ) . In UNEP / GRID - Arendal Maps and Graphics Library . Retrieved 19 : 14 , February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deep ice tells long climate story . Retrieved 19 : 14 , February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell John F.B. ( 1989 ) . `` The `` Greenhouse '' Effect and Climate Change `` . Reviews of Geophysics. 27 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1989RvGeo ... 27 ... 115M . doi : 10.1029 / RG027i001p00115 . Jump up ^ McKibbin , Bill . Eaarth : Making a Life on a Tough New Planet . New York : Times , 2010 ISBN 978 - 0312541194 Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sea Ice Reaches New Low , Shattering Record Set Just 3 Weeks Ago . '' NBCNews.com , 19 Sept. 2012 . Web . 1 Oct. 2012 . < http://worldnews.nbcnews.com > . Jump up ^ Waste discharges during the offshore oil and gas activity by Stanislave Patin , tr . Elena Cascio Jump up ^ Torrey Canyon bombing by the Navy and RAF Jump up ^ `` Pumping of the Erika cargo '' . Total.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sims , Gerald K. ; O'Loughlin , Edward J. ; Crawford , Ronald L. ( 1989 ) . `` Degradation of pyridines in the environment '' . Critical Reviews in Environmental Control . Taylor & Francis . 19 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 340 . doi : 10.1080 / 10643388909388372 . ^ Jump up to : Itah A.Y. and Essien J.P. ( Oct 2005 ) . `` Growth Profile and Hydrocarbonoclastic Potential of Microorganisms Isolated from Tarballs in the Bight of Bonny , Nigeria '' . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology . Kluwer Academic . 21 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 1317 -- 1322 . doi : 10.1007 / s11274 - 004 - 6694 - z . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hostettler , Frances D. ; Rosenbauer , Robert J. ; Lorenson , Thomas D. ; Dougherty , Jennifer ( 2004 ) . `` Geochemical characterization of tarballs on beaches along the California coast . Part I -- Shallow seepage impacting the Santa Barbara Channel Islands , Santa Cruz , Santa Rosa and San Miguel '' . Organic Geochemistry. 35 ( 6 ) : 725 -- 746 . doi : 10.1016 / j. orggeochem. 2004.01. 022 . Jump up ^ Drew Jubera ( August 1987 ) . `` Texas Primer : The Tar Ball '' . Texas Monthly . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Knap Anthony H , Burns Kathryn A , Dawson Rodger , Ehrhardt Manfred , and Palmork Karsten H ( December 1984 ) . `` Dissolved / dispersed hydrocarbons , tarballs and the surface microlayer : Experiences from an IOC / UNEP Workshop in Bermuda '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 17 ( 7 ) : 313 -- 319 . doi : 10.1016 / 0025 - 326X ( 86 ) 90217 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wang , Zhendi ; Fingas , Merv ; Landriault , Michael ; Sigouin , Lise ; Castle , Bill ; Hostetter , David ; Zhang , Dachung ; Spencer , Brad ( July 1998 ) . `` Identification and Linkage of Tarballs from the Coasts of Vancouver Island and Northern California Using GC / MS and Isotopic Techniques '' . Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. 21 ( 7 ) : 383 -- 395 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1521 - 4168 ( 19980701 ) 21 : 7 < 383 : : AID - JHRC383 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ How Capitalism Saved the Whales by James S. Robbins , The Freeman , August , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector , 2007 '' Archived May 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Energy Information Administration Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bioprocessing Seattle Times ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ; Editor , Commodities ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Goldman Sachs says commodity rally is unlikely to last '' . Financial Times . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chris Hogg ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` China 's car industry overtakes US '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ OPEC Secretariat ( 2008 ) . `` World Oil Outlook 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ni Weiling ( October 16 , 2006 ) . `` Daqing Oilfield rejuvenated by virtue of technology '' . Jump up ^ Samuel Schubert , Peter Slominski UTB , 2010 : Die Energiepolitik der EU Johannes Pollak , - 235 Seiten , p. 20 Jump up ^ Campbell CJ ( December 2000 ) . `` Peak Oil Presentation at the Technical University of Clausthal '' . Jump up ^ Hubbert , Marion King ; Shell Development Company ( 1956 ) . `` Nuclear energy and the fossil fuels '' ( PDF ) . Drilling and Production Practice . Washington , DC : American Petroleum Institute . 95 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves '' . Iags.org . March 31 , 2004 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peak Oil Info and Strategies Archived June 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . `` The only uncertainty about peak oil is the time scale , which is difficult to predict accurately . '' Jump up ^ `` Peak Oil '' : The Eventual End of the Oil Age pg. 12 Jump up ^ `` Is ' Peak Oil ' Behind Us ? '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Has the World Already Passed `` Peak Oil '' ? `` . National Geographic News . November 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Military Study Warns of a Potentially Drastic Oil Crisis '' . Spiegel Online . September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider - Mayerson Matthew ( 2015 ) . Peak Oil : Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 28543 - 6 . Jump up ^ U.S. Crude Oil Production Forecast - Analysis of Crude Types ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : U.S. Energy Information Administration , 29 May 2014 , retrieved 31 May 2014 , U.S. oil production has grown rapidly in recent years . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) data , which reflect combined production of crude oil and lease condensate , show a rise from 5.7 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) in 2011 to 7.4 million bbl / d in 2013 . EIA 's Short - Term Energy Outlook ( STEO ) projects continuing rapid production growth in 2014 and 2015 , with forecast production in 2015 reaching 9.2 million bbl / d . Beyond 2015 , EIA 's Annual Energy Outlook ( AEO ) projects further production growth , although its pace and duration remain uncertain . Domestic production plateaus near 9.6 million bbl / d between 2017 and 2020 , close to its historic high of 9.6 million bbl / d in 1970 , in the AEO2014 Reference case . In the AEO2014 High Oil and Gas Resource case , growth continues through the 2020s and into the 2030s , with production reaching 13.3 million barrels per day in 2036 . Jump up ^ Ovale , Peder . `` Her ser du hvorfor oljeprisen faller '' In English Teknisk Ukeblad , 11 December 2014 . Accessed : 11 December 2014 . References ( edit ) Akiner , Shirin ; Aldis , Anne , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : Politics , Energy and Security . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Bauer Georg , Bandy Mark Chance ( tr . ) , Bandy Jean A. ( tr . ) ( 1546 ) . De Natura Fossilium . vi ( in Latin ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) translated 1955 Hyne , Norman J. ( 2001 ) . Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology , Exploration , Drilling , and Production . PennWell Corporation . ISBN 0 - 87814 - 823 - X . Mabro , Robert ; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( 2006 ) . Oil in the 21st century : issues , challenges and opportunities . Oxford Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920738 - 1 . Maugeri , Leonardo ( 2005 ) . The Age of Oil : What They Do n't Want You to Know About the World 's Most Controversial Resource . Guilford , CT : Globe Pequot . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 118 - 3 . Speight , James G. ( 1999 ) . The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum . Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0217 - 4 . Speight , James G ; Ancheyta , Jorge , eds. ( 2007 ) . Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Residua . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7419 - 7 . Vassiliou , Marius ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Scarecrow Press ( Rowman & Littlefield ) . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5993 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Kenney , J. , Kutcherov , V. , Bendeliani , N. and Alekseev , V. ( 2002 ) . `` The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures : VI . The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen -- carbon system : The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 ( 17 ) : 10976 -- 10981 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9910976K . PMC 123195 . PMID 12177438 . arXiv : physics / 0505003 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 172376899 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Khavari , Farid A. ( 1990 ) . Oil and Islam : the Ticking Bomb . First ed . Malibu , Calif. : Roundtable Publications . viii , 277 p. , ill . with maps and charts . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 55 - 5 GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroleum . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Petroleum . American Petroleum Institute -- the trade association of the US oil industry . U.S. Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy EIA -- World supply and consumption Who are the major players supplying the world oil market ? Information on Petroleum and Crude Oil Petroleum Online e-Learning resource from IHRDC Petroleum Community Forum Geo ExPro ( Petroleum Geoscience Magazine ) Joint Organisations Data Initiative Oil and Gas Data Transparency U.S. National Library of Medicine : Hazardous Substances Databank -- Crude Oil Natural petroleum - intensification distillation , increase volume of light fractions Crude : 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary ( 3 x 30 minutes ) about the formation of oil , and humanity 's use of it <Th_colspan="2"> Petroleum industry <Td_colspan="2"> Petroleum Primary energy <Td_colspan="2"> Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Companies and organisations <Td_colspan="2"> Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil Lukoil Marathon Oil Nippon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council <Td_colspan="2"> Commons LCCN : sh85100361 GND : 4015179 - 7 BNF : cb11975899m ( data ) NDL : 00570596 BNE : XX524464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum&oldid=804274211 '' Categories : Petroleum Chemical mixtures Chinese inventions English inventions Glassforming liquids and melts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Petroleum production and refining 2. Composition and properties of crude oil 3. History and significance of petroleum 4. Environmental effects of petroleum use 5. Alternatives to petroleum-based fuels and products

what is a duty placed on goods that are imported or exported

Tariff - wikipedia Tariff For the policies of using tariffs , see Protective tariff . For other uses , see Tariff ( disambiguation ) . Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) General Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting ( BEPS ) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt Irish Green Jersey Locations Tax havens Corporate tax havens Offshore financial centres ( OFCs ) Offshore magic circle Conduit and Sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Examples Apple € 13 billion EU fine Luxembourg Leaks Leprechaun economics Paradise Papers Panama Papers Ireland as a tax haven United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base ( CCCTB ) Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research ( show ) Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr . Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy Groups Tax Justice Network ( TJN ) Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy ( ITEP ) Oxfam ( UK ) Tax Foundation ( US ) Tax Policy Center ( US ) Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % of GDP Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Average tariff rates for selected countries ( 1913 -- 2007 ) Tariff rates in Japan ( 1870 -- 1960 ) Average tariff rates in Spain and Italy ( 1860 -- 1910 ) Average tariff rates ( France , UK , US ) Average tariff rates in US ( 1821 -- 2016 ) US Trade Balance and Trade Policy ( 1895 -- 2015 ) Average tariff rates on manufactured products Average Levels of Duties ( 1875 and 1913 ) Trade Policy , Exports and Growth in European Countries A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states . Contents 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.1. 1 The Long Depression 1.2 Great Britain 1.3 United States 1.4 Tariff and the Great Depression 2 Arguments in favor of tariffs 2.1 Protection of emerging activities 2.2 Protection against dumping 2.3 Foreign trade and economic growth 2.4 The winner is the one who does n't play the game 2.5 Free trade and poverty 2.6 Criticism of the law of comparative advantage 2.6. 1 unrealistic assumption 1 : Capital and labour are not internationally mobile 2.6. 2 unrealistic assumption 2 : There are no externalities 2.6. 3 unrealistic assumption 3 : Productive resources move easily from one industry to another 2.6. 4 unrealistic assumption 4 : the gains resulting from international trade are only static gains 2.6. 5 unrealistic assumption 5 : Trade will always be balanced and there is an adjustment mechanism 2.6. 6 unrealistic assumption 6 : international trade is understood as bartering 2.6. 7 unrealistic assumption 7 : labour or capital is used to its full potential 3 Etymology 4 Customs duty 4.1 Calculation of customs duty 4.2 Harmonized System of Nomenclature 4.3 Customs authority 4.4 Evasion 4.5 Duty - free goods 4.6 Duty calculation for companies in real life 5 Economic analysis 5.1 Optimum tariff 6 Political analysis 7 Within technology strategies 8 See also 8.1 Types 8.2 Trade dynamics 8.3 Trade liberalisation 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Journal 10.2 Books 10.3 Websites 11 External links History ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) According to Paul Bairoch ( Myths and Paradoxes of Economic History , 1994 ) , the industrialized world of 1913 is similar to that of 1815 : `` An ocean of protectionism surrounding a few liberal islets '' , with the exception of the United Kingdom , and a short free trade interlude in Europe between 1860 and 1892 . On the other hand , `` the Third World was an ocean of liberalism without an islet of protectionism '' , with Western countries imposing so - called `` unequal '' treaties on colonized and even politically dependent countries that required the lowering of customs barriers . He notes that : `` in history , free trade is the exception and protectionism the rule `` . The Third World has suffered from the free trade imposed by the Western powers . The opening up of these economies was one of the main causes of the lack of development , since the import of large quantities of cheap manufactured goods led to a process of deindustrialization . India , for example , a British colony , has seen a highly developed textile craft industry disappear because of the trade imposed by Britain . Bairoch points out that : `` Protectionism has always coincided in time with industrialization and economic development and is even at the origin of it `` . Trade liberalisation in the United Kingdom from 1846 onwards was the first example of large - scale liberalisation after the Industrial Revolution and was initiated by the dominant economy . However , it is the only country where over a specific period ( during the two decades from 1846 ) , free trade coincided with an increase in growth . Bairoch explains this by the fact that the country had a significant lead over the other countries in 1846 , given that the country had emerged from at least half a century of protectionism . It was in 1860 that free trade made a real breakthrough in continental Europe with the Cobden - Chevalier Treaty signed by Napoleon III . It was followed by other agreements signed between France and many other European countries : the Franco - Belgian treaty was signed in 1861 and between 1861 and 1866 almost all European countries joined the Cobden treaty . The long Depression ( edit ) Paul Bairoch notes in Myths and Paradoxes of Economic History that the Great European Depression began around 1870 - 1872 at the height of free trade in Europe between 1866 and 1877 and ended with the return to protectionism around 1892 : `` The important point is not only that the crisis started at the height of free trade , but that it ended around 1892 - 1894 , just as the return to protectionism became effective in continental Europe '' ( ... ) `` It is almost certain that free trade coincided with the depression for which it was probably the cause , while protectionism was probably at the origin of growth and development in most of the current developed countries '' . He also notes that it was when all countries were strengthening protectionism that the growth rate reached its highest level in continental Europe : indeed , GNP growth rose from 1.1 % / year in the years 1850 - 1870 ( protectionist period ) to 0.2 % / year in the years 1870 - 1890 ( free trade period ) . And it was the countries that had returned to protectionism that mainly benefited from the economic recovery : during the protectionist phase ( after 1892 ) , GNP growth was 1.5 % in Mainland Europe , while in the United Kingdom , which continued free trade , the rate reached about 0.7 % . In all countries except Italy , and regardless of the date of policy review , the adoption of protectionist measures ( after 1892 ) was followed by a sharp acceleration in growth in the first ten years ; in the following decade , which is the decade of increased protection , there was a further acceleration in growth . In contrast , in the United Kingdom , where there was no change in free trade policy , there was an initial period of stagnation followed by a sharp decline in the growth rate . In Europe , the slowdown in GNP growth was mainly the result of the decline in agricultural production growth ; European tariff barriers were not completely eliminated on manufactured products , whereas they were totally eliminated on agricultural products in all countries . It was mainly the farmers who suffered because cheap imports led to the collapse of agricultural commodity prices ; the farmers ' standard of living fell or stagnated in almost all continental European countries . But it also affected overall demand for industrial goods and the construction sector . During the 1870s and 1880s , the United States was Europe 's largest supplier of cereals . There was an increasing trade imbalance between Europe and the United States until the 1900s , given that the United States had remained protectionist . The United States had not participated in the free trade movement and , on the contrary , had raised its level of protection . They experienced a period of strong growth while Europe was in the midst of a depression . Bairoch writes that with the exception of the United Kingdom between 1846 and 1875 : `` The history of the nineteenth century shows that the effects of trade liberalism ( free trade ) have been more negative than positive and , in contrast , shows that protectionist measures have most often had positive consequences '' . Great Britain ( edit ) Edward III ( 1312 -- 1377 ) was the first king who deliberately tried to expand the wool cloth manufacture . He brought Flemish weavers , centralized the raw wool trade and banned the importation of wool fabrics . The Tudor monarchs , particularly Henry VII ( 1485 - 1509 ) , transformed England from a raw wool exporter into the world 's largest wool manufacturing nation , through tariff ( A Plan of the English Commerce , Daniel Defoe ) . At the beginning of the 19th century , Britain 's average tariff on manufactured goods was roughly 51 percent , the highest of any major nation in Europe . And even after Britain embraced free trade in most goods , it continued to tightly regulate trade in strategic capital goods , such as the machinery for the mass production of textiles . Thus seen , according to Bairoch , Britain 's technological lead had been achieved `` behind high and long - lasting tariff barriers '' . In 1800 , the United Kingdom , which accounted for about 8 % to 10 % of the European population , provided 29 % of all pig iron produced in Europe , a proportion that reached 45 % in 1830 ; industrial production per capita was even more significant : in 1830 it was 250 % higher than in the rest of Europe compared to 110 % in 1800 . In 1846 , the industrialization rate per capita was more than double that of its closest competitors such as France , Belgium , Germany , Switzerland and the United States . Tariffs were reduced in 1833 and the Corn Law was repealed in 1846 , which amounted to free trade in food . ( The Corn Laws were passed in 1815 to restrict wheat imports and guarantee British farmers ' incomes ) . This devastated Britain 's old rural economy . Tariffs on many manufactured goods have also been abolished . But as free trade progressed in the United Kingdom , protectionism continued on the continent . British elites expected that thanks to free trade their lead in shipping , technology , scale economies and financial infrastructure to be self - reinforcing and thus last indefinitely . Britain practiced free trade unilaterally in the vain hope of imitation , but the United States emerged from the Civil War even more explicitly protectionist than before , Germany under Bismarck turned in this direction in 1879 , and the rest of Europe followed . During the 1880s and 1890s , tariffs went up in Sweden , Italy , France , Austria - Hungary and Spain . Britain 's economy still grew , but inexorably lagged : from 1870 to 1913 , industrial production rose an average of 4.7 percent per year in the U.S. , 4.1 percent in Germany , but only 2.1 percent in Britain . It was surpassed economically by the U.S. around 1880 . Britain 's lead in textiles and steelheld eroded as other nations caught up . Britain then fell behind as new industries , using more advanced technology , emerged after 1870 in states that still practiced protectionism . Fundamentally , the country believed that free trade was optimal as a permanent policy and was satisfied with laissez faire absence of industrial policy . But contrary to British belief , free trade did not improve the economic situation and increased competition from foreign production eventually devastated Britain 's old rural economy . Britain finally abandoned free trade in 1932 until 1950 . United States ( edit ) See also : Tariff in United States history The largest user of tariff was the United States . According to Paul Bairoch , the United States was `` the homeland and bastion of modern protectionism '' since the end of the 18th century and until after World War II . The Tariff Act was the second bill of the Republic signed by President George Washington allowing Congress to impose a fixed tariff of 5 % on all imports , with a few exceptions . Most American intellectuals were against the free trade theory advocated by classical economists like Adam Smith , Ricardo and Jean Baptiste Say and were protecting their industries . Alexander Hamilton , the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States ( 1789 -- 1795 ) and economist Daniel Raymond were the first theorists of the emerging industry argument , not the German economist Friedrich List . Alexander Hamilton feared that Britain 's policy towards the colonies would condemn the United States to be only producers of agricultural products and raw materials . Washington and Hamilton believed that political independence was predicated upon economic independence . Increasing the domestic supply of manufactured goods , particularly war materials , was seen as an issue of national security . He called in the Report on Manufactures for customs barriers to allow American industrial development and to help protect infant industries , including bounties ( subsidies ) derived in part from those tariffs . Hamilton explained that despite an initial `` increase of price '' caused by regulations that control foreign competition , once a `` domestic manufacture has attained to perfection ... it invariably becomes cheaper '' . According to Michael Lind , protectionism was America 's de facto policy from the passage of the Tariff of 1816 to World War II , `` switching to free trade only in 1945 '' . It has been argued that one of the underlying motivations for the American Revolution itself was a desire to industrialize , and reverse the trade deficit with Britain , which had grown by a factor of ten in the space of a few decades , from £ 67,000 ( 1721 -- 30 ) to £ 739,000 ( 1761 -- 70 ) . In 1812 , all tariffs were increased to 25 % due to the war . There was a brief episode of free trade from 1846 but the panic of 1857 eventually led to higher tariff demands than President James Buchanan , signed in 1861 ( Morrill Tariff ) . In the 19th century , statesmen such as Senator Henry Clay continued Hamilton 's themes within the Whig Party under the name `` American System `` . The American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) was fought over the issue of tariffs as well as slavery . The agrarian interests of the South were opposed to any protection , while the manufacturing interests of the North wanted to maintain it . The fledgling Republican Party led by Abraham Lincoln , who called himself a `` Henry Clay tariff Whig '' , strongly opposed free trade , and implemented a 44 - percent tariff during the Civil War -- in part to pay for railroad subsidies and for the war effort , and to protect favored industries In 1847 , he declared : `` Give us a protective tariff , and we shall have the greatest nation on earth '' . In the early 1860s , Europe and the United States pursued completely different trade policies . The 1860s were a period of growing protectionism in the United States , while the European free trade phase lasted from 1860 to 1892 . The tariff average rate on imports of manufactured goods was in 1875 from 40 % to 50 % in the United States against 9 % to 12 % in continental Europe at the height of free trade . Between 1850 and 1870 the annual growth rate of GNP per capita was 1.8 % , 2.1 % between 1870 and 1890 and 2 % between 1890 and 1910 ; the best twenty years of economic growth were therefore those of the most protectionist period ( between 1870 and 1890 ) , while European countries were following a free trade policy . After the United States overtook European industries in the 1890s , the argument for the Mckinley tariff was no longer to protect the `` infant industry '' but rather to maintain workers ' wage levels , improve protection of the agricultural sector and the principle of reciprocity . Alfred Eckes Jr notes that from 1871 to 1913 , the average U.S. tariff on dutiable imports never fell below 38 percent and gross national product ( GNP ) grew 4.3 percent annually , twice the pace in free trade Britain and well above the U.S. average in the 20th century ( Opening America 's Market : U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 , Alfred Eckes Jr ) . According to Ian Fletcher , the protectionist periode `` was the golden age of American industry , when America 's economic performance surpassed the rest of the world by the greatest margin '' . Tariff and the Great Depression ( edit ) Most economists hold the opinion that the tariff act did not greatly worsen the great depression : Milton Friedman held the opinion that the Smoot -- Hawley tariff of 1930 did not cause the Great Depression , instead he blamed the lack of sufficient action on the part of the Federal Reserve . Douglas A. Irwin wrote : `` most economists , both liberal and conservative , doubt that Smoot -- Hawley played much of a role in the subsequent contraction '' . Peter Temin , an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , explained that a tariff is an expansionary policy , like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers . He noted that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929 , they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff . He concluded that contrary the popular argument , contractionary effect of the tariff was small . William Bernstein wrote : `` Between 1929 and 1932 , real GDP fell 17 percent worldwide , and by 26 percent in the United States , but most economic historians now believe that only a miniscule part of that huge loss of both world GDP and the United States ' GDP can be ascribed to the tariff wars ... At the time of Smoot - Hawley 's passage , trade volume accounted for only about 9 percent of world economic output . Had all international trade been eliminated , and had no domestic use for the previously exported goods been found , world GDP would have fallen by the same amount -- 9 percent . Between 1930 and 1933 , worldwide trade volume fell off by one - third to one - half . Depending on how the falloff is measured , this computes to 3 to 5 percent of world GDP , and these losses were partially made up by more expensive domestic goods . Thus , the damage done could not possibly have exceeded 1 or 2 percent of world GDP -- nowhere near the 17 percent falloff seen during the Great Depression ... The inescapable conclusion : contrary to public perception , Smoot - Hawley did not cause , or even significantly deepen , the Great Depression . Nobel laureate Maurice Allais argued that : First , most of the trade contraction occurred between January 1930 and July 1932 , before most protectionist measures were introduced , except for the limited measures applied by the United States in the summer of 1930 . It was therefore the collapse of international liquidity that caused the contraction of trade ( 8 ) , not customs tariffs . Second , domestic output in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted , so it was not the contraction in foreign trade that caused the depression , but rather the reverse ( it was the fall in domestic demand in the countries that caused the contraction in foreign trade ) . This indicates that it is the domestic growth of countries that generate foreign trade , not the reverse . So protecting domestic production through tariffs is more important than safeguarding foreign trade . Maurice Allais concludes that higher trade barriers were a means of protecting domestic demand from external shocks , deflation , and deregulation of competition in the global labour market . Arguments in favor of tariffs ( edit ) Protection of emerging activities ( edit ) In the 19th century , Alexander Hamilton and the economist Friedrich List defended the benefits of `` educator protectionism '' as a necessary means of protecting infant industries . Protectionism would be necessary in the short term for a country to start industrialization away from competition from more advanced foreign industries , under which pressure it could succumb at the first stage of the process . As a result , they benefit from greater freedom of manoeuvre and greater certainty regarding their profitability and future development . The protectionist phase is therefore a learning period that would allow the least developed countries to acquire general and technical know - how in the fields of industrial production in order to become competitive on international markets . Protection against dumping ( edit ) States resorting to protectionism invoke unfair competition or dumping practices : Monetary dumping : a currency undergoes a devaluation when monetary authorities decide to intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of the currency against other currencies . This makes local products more competitive and imported products more expensive ( Marshall Lerner Condition ) , increasing exports and decreasing imports , and thus improving the trade balance . Countries with a weak currency cause trade imbalances : they have large external surpluses while their competitors have large deficits . Tax Dumping : some tax haven states have lower corporate and personal tax rates . Social dumping : when a state reduces social contributions or maintains very low social standards ( for example , in China , labour regulations are less restrictive for employers than elsewhere ) . Environmental dumping : when environmental regulations are less stringent than elsewhere . Foreign trade and economic growth ( edit ) According to Paul Bairoch , `` it is economic growth that generates foreign trade , not the opposite '' . James Riedel , also comes to the same conclusion in his study entitled Trade as an engine of growth : Theory and Evidence and writes : `` in reality , there is very little left of the assumptions that generated the mechanistic conclusions of trade theory as an engine of growth '' ( ... ) `` A thorough examination of the stylised facts that underline the theory of trade as an growth engine reveals that it is only a myth '' . Domestic production is therefore more important for economic growth than foreign trade . Thus , promoting economic development requires protecting domestic production rather than sacrificing it ( because of trade deficits ) for the benefit of liberalization and expansion of foreign trade . Bairoch notes several examples : During `` The Long Depression , the economic slowdown of nations preceded that of foreign trade . This indicates that it is national growth that drives foreign trade . During the 1929 Great Depression , it was the decline in the nations ' domestic production that preceded that of foreign trade : at the world level , in 1930 , the world 's industrial production ( minus Russia ) fell by 14 % while the volume of world trade fell by only 7 % ; In 1931 , the figures were - 13 % for industry and - 8 % for world trade ; in 1932 they were - 15 % for industry and - 13 % for world trade . In the United States , industrial production had declined since October 1929 , while the value of all American exports rose by 20 % and that of manufactured goods exports by 5 % . The winner is the one who does n't play the game ( edit ) The poor countries that have succeeded in achieving strong and sustainable growth are those that have become mercantilists , not free traders : China , South Korea , Japan , Taiwan ... Thus , whereas in the 1990s , China and India had the same GDP per capita , China followed a much more mercantilist policy and now has a GDP per capita three times higher than India 's . Dani Rodrik points out that it is the countries that have systematically violated the rules of globalisation that have experienced the strongest growth . Bairoch notes that in the free trade system , `` the winner is the one who does not play the game '' . For developed countries that have implemented free trade , the work of E.F. Denison on growth factors in the United States and Western Europe between 1950 and 1962 shows that the positive effects on growth of trade liberalization have been negligible in the United States , while in Western Europe it contributed to a weighted average of only 2 % of total economic growth . JWW Kendrick whose work deals with GNP growth in the United States comes to the same conclusion . Free trade and poverty ( edit ) According to Paul Bairoch , a very large number of Third World countries that have followed free trade can now be considered as `` quasi industrial deserts '' ; he notes that : `` Free trade meant for the Third World the acceleration of the process of economic underdevelopment . Poor countries have become even poorer since they removed economic protections in the early 1980s . In 2003 , 54 nations were poorer than they were in 1990 ( UN Human Development Report 2003 , p. 34 ) . During the 1960s and 1970s , when countries had more protection , the world economy grew much faster than today - world per capita income grew by about 3 % per year , while over the next 20 years ( free trade ) period it grew by only about 2 % . Growth in per capita income in developed countries increased from 3.2 % / year between 1960 and 1980 to 2.2 % / year between 1980 and 1999 ( free trade period ) , while in developing countries it increased from 3 % to 1.5 % / year . Without the strong growth of the past two decades in China and India , which have followed other policies , the rate would have been even lower . In Latin America , the annual growth rate of per capita income increased from 3.1 % / year between 1960 and 1980 to 0.6 % / year between 1980 and 1999 ( free trade period ) . The crisis was even more profound in other regions : over the next 20 years , per capita income declined in the Middle East and North Africa ( at an annual rate of - 0.2 % ) , while it increased by 2.5 % / year between 1960 and 1980 . Finally , since the beginning of their economic transition , most former communist countries have experienced the fastest declines in living standards in modern history , and many of them have not even regained half the level of per capita income under communism . Sub-Saharan African countries have a lower per capita income in 2003 than 40 years earlier ( Ndulu , World Bank , 2007 , p. 33 ) . By practicing free trade , Africa is less industrialized today than it was four decades ago . The contribution of the African manufacturing sector to the continent 's gross domestic product declined from 12 % in 1980 to 11 % in 2013 , and has remained stagnant in recent years , according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ( ECA ) . It is estimated that Africa accounted for more than 3 % of world manufacturing output in the 1970s , and this percentage has declined by half since . Between 1980 and 2000 ( free trade period ) , per capita income in sub-Saharan Africa fell by 9 % , while interventionist policies had increased it by 37 % over the previous two decades . Economic growth returned to Africa in the 2000s but was mainly driven by the commodity price boom , fuelled by China 's rapid growth in need of natural resources . But even after a decade of unprecedented expansion , per capita income in the region in 2012 is only 10 % higher than in 1980 , given the economic depression caused by laissez - faire policies in the 1980s and 1990s . Moreover , by applying the laissez - faire approach , few African countries have been able to convert their recent resources into a more sustainable industrial base . And over the past decade , many African countries have increased , rather than reduced , their dependence on primary commodities , whose notoriously large price fluctuations make sustained growth difficult . However , some African countries have managed to enter an industrialization phase : Ethiopia , Rwanda and , to a lesser extent , Tanzania . The common denominator among them is that they have abandoned free trade and adopted policies that target and promote their own manufacturing industries . They have pursued a `` developmental state model '' where governments manage and regulate economies . Thus , since 2006 , the Ethiopian manufacturing sector has grown at an average annual rate of more than 10 % , although from a very low base . Criticism of the law of comparative advantage ( edit ) Free trade is based on the theory of comparative advantage . The classical and neoclassical formulations of comparative advantage theory differ in the tools they use but share the same basis and logic . Comparative advantage theory says that market forces lead all factors of production to their best use in the economy . It indicates that international free trade would be beneficial for all participating countries as well as for the world as a whole because they could increase their overall production and consume more by specializing according to their comparative advantages . Goods would become cheaper and available in larger quantities . Moreover , this specialization would not be the result of chance or political intent , but would be automatic . However , the theory is based on assumptions that are neither theoretically nor empirically valid . Unrealistic assumption 1 : capital and labour are not internationally mobile ( edit ) The international immobility of labour and capital is essential to the theory of comparative advantage . Without this , there would be no reason for international free trade to be regulated by comparative advantages . Classical and neoclassical economists all assume that labour and capital do not circulate between nations . At the international level , only the goods produced can move freely , with capital and labour trapped in countries . David Ricardo was aware that the international immobility of labour and capital is an indispensable hypothesis . He devoted half of his explanation of the theory to it in his book . He even explained that if labour and capital could move internationally , then comparative advantages could not determine international trade . Ricardo assumed that the reasons for the immobility of the capital would be : `` the fancied or real insecurity of capital , when not under the immediate control of its owner , together with the natural disinclination which every man has to quit the country of his birth and connexions , and intrust himself with all his habits fixed , to a strange government and new laws '' Neoclassical economists , for their part , argue that the scale of these movements of workers and capital is negligible . They developed the theory of price compensation by factor that makes these movements superfluous . In practice , however , workers move in large numbers from one country to another . Today , labour migration is truly a global phenomenon . And , with the reduction in transport and communication costs , capital has become increasingly mobile and frequently moves from one country to another . Moreover , the neoclassical assumption that factors are trapped at the national level has no theoretical basis and the assumption of factor price equalisation can not justify international immobility . Moreover , there is no evidence that factor prices are equal worldwide . Comparative advantages can not therefore determine the structure of international trade . If they are internationally mobile and the most productive use of factors is in another country , then free trade will lead them to migrate to that country . This will benefit the nation to which they emigrate , but not necessarily the others . Unrealistic assumption 2 : there are no externalities ( edit ) An externality is the term used when the price of a product does not reflect its cost or real economic value . The classic negative externality is environmental degradation , which reduces the value of natural resources without increasing the price of the product that has caused them harm . The classic positive externality is technological encroachment , where one company 's invention of a product allows others to copy or build on it , generating wealth that the original company can not capture . If prices are wrong due to positive or negative externalities , free trade will produce sub-optimal results . For example , goods from a country with lax pollution standards will be too cheap . As a result , its trading partners will import too much . And the exporting country will export too much , concentrating its economy too much in industries that are not as profitable as they seem , ignoring the damage caused by pollution . On the positive externalities , if an industry generates technological spinoffs for the rest of the economy , then free trade can let that industry be destroyed by foreign competition because the economy ignores its hidden value . Some industries generate new technologies , allow improvements in other industries and stimulate technological advances throughout the economy ; losing these industries means losing all industries that would have resulted in the future . Unrealistic assumption 3 : productive resources move easily from one industry to another ( edit ) Comparative advantage theory deals with the best use of resources and how to put the economy to its best use . But this implies that the resources used to manufacture one product can be used to produce another object . If they can not , imports will not push the economy into industries better suited to its comparative advantage and will only destroy existing industries . For example , when workers can not move from one industry to another - usually because they do not have the right skills or do not live in the right place - changes in the economy 's comparative advantage will not shift them to a more appropriate industry , but rather to unemployment or precarious and unproductive jobs . Unrealistic assumption 4 : the gains resulting from international trade are only static gains ( edit ) Comparative advantage theory allows for a `` static '' and not a `` dynamic '' analysis of the economy . That is , it examines the facts at a single point in time and determines the best response to those facts at that point in time , given our productivity in various industries . But when it comes to long - term growth , it says nothing about how the facts can change tomorrow and how they can be changed in someone 's favour . It does not indicate how best to transform factors of production into more productive factors in the future . According to theory , the only advantage of international trade is that goods become cheaper and available in larger quantities . Improving the static efficiency of existing resources would therefore be the only advantage of international trade . And the neoclassical formulation assumes that the factors of production are given only exogenously . Exogenous changes can come from population growth , industrial policies , the rate of capital accumulation ( propensity for security ) and technological inventions , among others . Dynamic developments endogenous to trade such as economic growth are not integrated into Ricardo 's theory . And this is not affected by what is called `` dynamic comparative advantage '' . In these models , comparative advantages develop and change over time , but this change is not the result of trade itself , but of a change in exogenous factors . However , the world , and in particular the industrialized countries , are characterized by dynamic gains endogenous to trade , such as technological growth that has led to an increase in the standard of living and wealth of the industrialized world . In addition , dynamic gains are more important than static gains . Unrealistic assumption 5 : trade will always be balanced and there is an adjustment mechanism ( edit ) A crucial assumption in both the classical and neoclassical formulation of comparative advantage theory is that trade is balanced , which means that the value of imports is equal to the value of each country 's exports . The volume of trade may change , but international trade will always be balanced at least after a certain adjustment period . The balance of trade is essential for theory because the resulting adjustment mechanism is responsible for transforming the comparative advantages of production costs into absolute price advantages . And this is necessary because it is the absolute price differences that determine the international flow of goods . Since consumers buy a good from the one who sells it cheapest , comparative advantages in terms of production costs must be transformed into absolute price advantages . In the case of floating exchange rates , it is the exchange rate adjustment mechanism that is responsible for this transformation of comparative advantages into absolute price advantages . In the case of fixed exchange rates , neoclassical theory suggests that trade is balanced by changes in wage rates . So if trade were not balanced in itself and if there were no adjustment mechanism , there would be no reason to achieve a comparative advantage . However , trade imbalances are the norm and balanced trade is in practice only an exception . In addition , financial crises such as the Asian crisis of the 1990s show that balance of payments imbalances are rarely benign and do not self - regulate . There is no adjustment mechanism in practice . Comparative advantages do not turn into price differences and therefore can not explain international trade flows . Thus , theory can very easily recommend a trade policy that gives us the highest possible standard of living in the short term but none in the long term . This is what happens when a nation runs a trade deficit , which necessarily means that it goes into debt with foreigners or sells its existing assets to them . Thus , the nation applies a frenzy of consumption in the short term followed by a long - term decline . Unrealistic assumption 6 : international trade is understood as bartering ( edit ) The assumption that trade will always be balanced is a corollary of the fact that trade is understood as barter . The definition of international trade as barter trade is the basis for the assumption of balanced trade . Ricardo insists that international trade takes place as if it were purely a barter trade , a presumption that is maintained by subsequent classical and neoclassical economists . The quantity of money theory , which Ricardo uses , assumes that money is neutral and neglects the velocity of a currency . Money has only one function in international trade , namely as a means of exchange to facilitate trade . In practice , however , the velocity of circulation is not constant and the quantity of money is not neutral for the real economy . A capitalist world is not characterized by a barter economy but by a market economy . The main difference in the context of international trade is that sales and purchases no longer necessarily have to coincide . The seller is not necessarily obliged to buy immediately . Thus , money is not only a means of exchange . It is above all a means of payment and is also used to store value , settle debts and transfer wealth . Thus , unlike the barter hypothesis of the comparative advantage theory , money is not a commodity like any other . Rather , it is of practical importance to specifically own money rather than any commodity . And money as a store of value in a world of uncertainty has a significant influence on the motives and decisions of wealth holders and producers . Unrealistic assumption 7 : labour or capital is used to its full potential ( edit ) Ricardo and later classical economists assume that labour tends towards full employment and that capital is always fully used in a liberalized economy , because no capital owner will leave its capital unused but will always seek to make a profit from it . That there is no limit to the use of capital is a consequence of Jean - Baptiste Say 's law , which presumes that production is limited only by resources and is also adopted by neoclassical economists . From a theoretical point of view , comparative advantage theory must assume that labour or capital is used to its full potential and that resources limit production . There are two reasons for this : the realization of gains through international trade and the adjustment mechanism . In addition , this assumption is necessary for the concept of opportunity costs . If unemployment ( or underutilized resources ) exists , there are no opportunity costs , because the production of one good can be increased without reducing the production of another good . Since comparative advantages are determined by opportunity costs in the neoclassical formulation , these can not be calculated and this formulation would lose its logical basis . If a country 's resources were not fully utilized , production and consumption could be increased at the national level without participating in international trade . The whole raison d'être of international trade would disappear , as would the possible gains . In this case , a State could even earn more by refraining from participating in international trade and stimulating domestic production , as this would allow it to employ more labour and capital and increase national income . Moreover , any adjustment mechanism underlying the theory no longer works if unemployment exists . In practice , however , the world is characterised by unemployment . Unemployment and underemployment of capital and labour are not a short - term phenomenon , but it is common and widespread . Unemployment and untapped resources are more the rule than the exception . Etymology ( edit ) The small Spanish town of Tarifa is sometimes credited with being the origin of the word `` tariff '' , since it was the first port in history to charge merchants for the use of its docks . The name `` Tarifa '' itself is derived from the name of the Berber warrior , Tarif ibn Malik . However , other sources assume that the origin of tariff is the Italian word tariffa translated as `` list of prices , book of rates '' , which is derived from the Arabic ta'rif meaning `` making known '' or `` to define '' . Customs duty ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A customs duty or due is the indirect tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade . In economic sense , a duty is also a kind of consumption tax . A duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an import duty . Similarly , a duty levied on exports is called an export duty . A tariff , which is actually a list of commodities along with the leviable rate ( amount ) of customs duty , is popularly referred to as a customs duty . Calculation of customs duty ( edit ) Customs duty is calculated on the determination of the assessable value in case of those items for which the duty is levied ad valorem . This is often the transaction value unless a customs officer determines assessable value in accordance with the Harmonized System . For certain items like petroleum and alcohol , customs duty is realized at a specific rate applied to the volume of the import or export consignments . Harmonized System of Nomenclature ( edit ) For the purpose of assessment of customs duty , products are given an identification code that has come to be known as the Harmonized System code . This code was developed by the World Customs Organization based in Brussels . A Harmonized System code may be from four to ten digits . For example , 17.03 is the HS code for molasses from the extraction or refining of sugar . However , within 17.03 , the number 17.03. 90 stands for `` Molasses ( Excluding Cane Molasses ) '' . Introduction of Harmonized System code in 1990s has largely replaced the Standard International Trade Classification ( SITC ) , though SITC remains in use for statistical purposes . In drawing up the national tariff , the revenue departments often specifies the rate of customs duty with reference to the HS code of the product . In some countries and customs unions , 6 - digit HS codes are locally extended to 8 digits or 10 digits for further tariff discrimination : for example the European Union uses its 8 - digit CN ( Combined Nomenclature ) and 10 - digit TARIC codes . Customs authority ( edit ) A Customs authority in each country is responsible for collecting taxes on the import into or export of goods out of the country . Normally the Customs authority , operating under national law , is authorized to examine cargo in order to ascertain actual description , specification volume or quantity , so that the assessable value and the rate of duty may be correctly determined and applied . Evasion ( edit ) Main article : Tax evasion Evasion of customs duties takes place mainly in two ways . In one , the trader under - declares the value so that the assessable value is lower than actual . In a similar vein , a trader can evade customs duty by understatement of quantity or volume of the product of trade . A trader may also evade duty by misrepresenting traded goods , categorizing goods as items which attract lower customs duties . The evasion of customs duty may take place with or without the collaboration of customs officials . Evasion of customs duty does not necessarily constitute smuggling . Duty - free goods ( edit ) Many countries allow a traveler to bring goods into the country duty - free . These goods may be bought at ports and airports or sometimes within one country without attracting the usual government taxes and then brought into another country duty - free . Some countries impose allowances which limit the number or value of duty - free items that one person can bring into the country . These restrictions often apply to tobacco , wine , spirits , cosmetics , gifts and souvenirs . Often foreign diplomats and UN officials are entitled to duty - free goods . Duty - free goods are imported and stocked in what is called a bonded warehouse . Duty calculation for companies in real life ( edit ) With many methods and regulations , businesses at times struggle to manage the duties . In addition to difficulties in calculations , there are challenges in analyzing duties ; and to opt for duty free options like using a bonded warehouse . Companies use ERP software to calculate duties automatically to , on one hand , avoid error - prone manual work on duty regulations and formulas and on the other hand , manage and analyze the historically paid duties . Moreover , ERP software offers an option for customs warehouse , introduced to save duty and VAT payments . In addition , the duty deferment and suspension is also taken into consideration . Economic analysis ( edit ) Diagram showing effects of import tariff , which hurts domestic consumers more than domestic producers are helped . Higher prices and lower quantities reduce consumer surplus by areas A + B + C + D , while expanding producer surplus by A and government revenue by C. Areas B and D are dead - weight losses , surplus lost by consumers and overall . Shows the consumer surplus , producer surplus , government revenue , and deadweight losses after tariff imposition . Neoclassical economic theorists tend to view tariffs as distortions to the free market . Typical analyses find that tariffs tend to benefit domestic producers and government at the expense of consumers , and that the net welfare effects of a tariff on the importing country are negative . Normative judgments often follow from these findings , namely that it may be disadvantageous for a country to artificially shield an industry from world markets and that it might be better to allow a collapse to take place . Opposition to all tariff aims to reduce tariffs and to avoid countries discriminating between differing countries when applying tariffs . The diagrams at right show the costs and benefits of imposing a tariff on a good in the domestic economy . Imposing an import tariff has the following effects , shown in the first diagram in a hypothetical domestic market for televisions : Price rises from world price Pw to higher tariff price Pt . Quantity demanded by domestic consumers falls from C1 to C2 , a movement along the demand curve due to higher price . Domestic suppliers are willing to supply Q2 rather than Q1 , a movement along the supply curve due to the higher price , so the quantity imported falls from C1 - Q1 to C2 - Q2 . Consumer surplus ( the area under the demand curve but above price ) shrinks by areas A + B + C + D , as domestic consumers face higher prices and consume lower quantities . Producer surplus ( the area above the supply curve but below price ) increases by area A , as domestic producers shielded from international competition can sell more of their product at a higher price . Government tax revenue is the import quantity ( C2 - Q2 ) times the tariff price ( Pw - Pt ) , shown as area C . Areas B and D are deadweight losses , surplus formerly captured by consumers that now is lost to all parties . The overall change in welfare = Change in Consumer Surplus + Change in Producer Surplus + Change in Government Revenue = ( - A-B-C-D ) + A + C = - B-D . The final state after imposition of the tariff is indicated in the second diagram , with overall welfare reduced by the areas labeled `` societal losses '' , which correspond to areas B and D in the first diagram . The losses to domestic consumers are greater than the combined benefits to domestic producers and government . Besides that above analysis is by a partial equilibrium analysis , however by a general equilibrium analysis , it showed that the income transfer caused among to the welfare concerned to the production of the good imposed tariff from the another welfare of production . That tariffs overall reduce welfare is not a controversial topic among economists . For example , the University of Chicago surveyed about 40 leading economists in March 2018 asking whether `` Imposing new U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum will improve Americans'welfare . '' About two - thirds strongly disagreed with the statement , while one third disagreed . None agreed or strongly agreed . Several commented that such tariffs would help a few Americans at the expense of many . This is consistent with the explanation provided above , which is that losses to domestic consumers outweigh gains to domestic producers and government , by the amount of deadweight losses . Tariffs are more inefficient than consumption taxes . Optimum tariff ( edit ) For economic efficiency , free trade is often the best policy , however levying a tariff is sometimes second best . A tariff is called an optimal tariff if it 's set to maximize the welfare of the country imposing the tariff . It is a tariff derived by the intersection between the trade indifference curve of that country and the offer curve of another country . In this case , the welfare of the other country grows worse simultaneously , thus the policy is a kind of beggar thy neighbor policy . If the offer curve of the other country is a line through the origin point , the original country is in the condition of a small country , so any tariff worsens the welfare of the original country . It is possible to levy a tariff as a political policy choice , and to consider a theoretical optimum tariff rate . When countries impose tarrifs on each other , they will reach a position on the contract curve , which indicates a combination of trade quantities that satisfy each others maximum welfare , with the countries trade own goods between each other . Political analysis ( edit ) See also : Tariffs in United States history , List of tariffs in the United States , and Protectionism in the United States The tariff has been used as a political tool to establish an independent nation ; for example , the United States Tariff Act of 1789 , signed specifically on July 4 , was called the `` Second Declaration of Independence '' by newspapers because it was intended to be the economic means to achieve the political goal of a sovereign and independent United States . The political impact of tariffs is judged depending on the political perspective ; for example the 2002 United States steel tariff imposed a 30 % tariff on a variety of imported steel products for a period of three years and American steel producers supported the tariff . Tariffs can emerge as a political issue prior to an election . In the leadup to the 2007 Australian Federal election , the Australian Labor Party announced it would undertake a review of Australian car tariffs if elected . The Liberal Party made a similar commitment , while independent candidate Nick Xenophon announced his intention to introduce tariff - based legislation as `` a matter of urgency '' . Unpopular tariffs are known to have ignited social unrest , for example the 1905 meat riots in Chile that developed in protest against tariffs applied to the cattle imports from Argentina . Within technology strategies ( edit ) This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When tariffs are an integral element of a country 's technology strategy , some economists believe that such tariffs can be highly effective in helping to increase and maintain the country 's economic health . Other economists might be less enthusiastic , as tariffs may reduce trade and there may be many spillovers and externalities involved with trade and tariffs . The existence of these externalities makes the imposition of tariffs a rather ambiguous strategy . As an integral part of the technology strategy , tariffs are effective in supporting the technology strategy 's function of enabling the country to outmaneuver the competition in the acquisition and utilization of technology in order to produce products and provide services that excel at satisfying the customer needs for a competitive advantage in domestic and foreign markets . The notion that government and policy would be effective at finding new and infant technologies , rather than supporting existing politically motivated industry , rather than , say , international technology venture specialists , is however , unproven . This is related to the infant industry argument . In contrast , in economic theory tariffs are viewed as a primary element in international trade with the function of the tariff being to influence the flow of trade by lowering or raising the price of targeted goods to create what amounts to an artificial competitive advantage . When tariffs are viewed and used in this fashion , they are addressing the country 's and the competitors ' respective economic healths in terms of maximizing or minimizing revenue flow rather than in terms of the ability to generate and maintain a competitive advantage which is the source of the revenue . As a result , the impact of the tariffs on the economic health of the country are at best minimal but often are counter-productive . A program within the US intelligence community , Project Socrates , that was tasked with addressing America 's declining economic competitiveness , determined that countries like China and India were using tariffs as an integral element of their respective technology strategies to rapidly build their countries into economic superpowers . However , the US intelligence community tends to have limited inputs into developing US trade policy . It was also determined that the US , in its early years , had also used tariffs as an integral part of what amounted to technology strategies to transform the country into a superpower . See also ( edit ) Embargo Protectionism Trade barrier Types ( edit ) Ad valorem tax Bound tariff rate Environmental tariff Import quota List of tariffs Tariff - rate quota Telecommunications tariff Electricity tariff Trade dynamics ( edit ) Effective rate of protection Tariffication Trade liberalisation ( edit ) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) International free trade agreement Swiss Formula United States International Trade Commission References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : PAUL BAIROCH . Economics and World History myths and paradoxes . ^ Jump up to : `` Kicking Away the Ladder : The `` Real '' History of Free Trade - FPIF `` . 30 December 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Ian ( 12 September 2010 ) . `` America Was Founded as a Protectionist Nation '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Ha - Joon ; Gershman , John . `` Kicking Away the Ladder : The `` Real '' History of Free Trade `` . ips-dc.org . Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Spencer P. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Protectionist Past : The Hidden History Of Trade '' . National Economics Editorial . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Lind , `` Free Trade Fallacy '' , New America Foundation , January 1 , 2003 Jump up ^ Morrison , Spencer P ( 2016 ) . America Betrayed . Edmonton : Outremer Publishing Ltd. p. 67 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Spencer P. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Protectionist Past : The Hidden History Of Trade '' . National Economics Editorial . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ R. Luthin ( 1944 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff . Jump up ^ Lind , Matthew . `` Free Trade Fallacy '' . Prospect . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Douglas A. ( 2011 ) . Peddling Protectionism : Smoot - Hawley and the Great Depression . p. 116 . ISBN 9781400888429 . Jump up ^ Temin , P. ( 1989 ) . Lessons from the Great Depression . MIT Press . ISBN 9780262261197 . Jump up ^ William Bernstein . A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Maurice Allais ( December 5 -- 11 , 2009 ) . `` Lettre aux français : contre les tabous indiscutés '' ( pdf ) . Marianne ( in French ) . p. 38 . Jump up ^ http://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/after-neoliberalism-what.pdf ^ Jump up to : Erik S. Reinert . How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor . Jump up ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/AFR_Growth_Advance_Edition.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/xslt//DB=2.1/SET=3/TTL=1/CLK?IKT=1016&TRM=Les+fondements+non+neoclassiques+du+protectionnisme Jump up ^ Chambers Dictionary of Etymology , New York , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 550 - 14230 - 4 Jump up ^ The Online Etymology Dictionary : tariff . The 2nd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary gives the same etymology , with a reference dating to 1591 . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul and , Wells , Robin ( 2005 ) . Microeconomics . Worth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 5229 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stolper & Samuelson ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ University of Chicago IGM Panel - Steel And Aluminum Tariffs - March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Krugman & Wells ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Diamond , Peter A. ; Mirrlees , James A. ( 1971 ) . `` Optimal Taxation and Public Production I : Production Efficiency '' . The American Economic Review . 61 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 27 . JSTOR 1910538 . Jump up ^ El - Agraa , 1984 & p. 26 ( by Japanese ed . ) . Jump up ^ Almost all real life examples may be in this case . Jump up ^ El - Agraa ( 1984 ) , pp. 8 -- 35 ( in 8 -- 45 by the Japanese ed . ) , Chap. 2 保護 : 全般 的 な 背景 . Jump up ^ El - Agraa ( 1984 ) , p. 76 ( by the Japanese ed. , Chap. 5 「 雇用 - 関税 」 命題 の 政治 経済 学 的 評価 . Jump up ^ El - Agraa ( 1984 ) , p. 93 ( in 83 - 94 by the Japanese ed . ) , Chap. 6 最適 関税 、 報復 および 国際 協力 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson -- under George Washington by America 's History '' . americashistory.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Steel - Tariff Curtain '' . Business Week Online . March 8 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Sid Marris and Dennis Shanahan ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` PM rulses out more help for car firms '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate wants car tariff cuts halted '' . Melbourne : theage.com.au . October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Primeros movimientos sociales chileno ( 1890 -- 1920 ) . Memoria Chilena . Jump up ^ Benjamin S. 1997 . Meat and Strength : The Moral Economy of a Chilean Food Riot . Cultural Anthropology , 12 , pp. 234 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Watts , Denise K. ( 1990 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Martin County News '' . Gathering Information on High Technology . Further reading ( edit ) Journal ( edit ) Stolper , W.F. ; Samuelson , P.A. ( 1941 ) . `` Protection and Real Wages '' . Review of Economic Studies . 9 . Books ( edit ) 岡山 , 隆 ; 岩田 , 仲人 ; 宮川 , 典之 ( 1992 - 05 - 30 ) . EC の 貿易 政策 ― 国際 貿易 の 理論 と 政策 ― ( in jp ) . Tokyo : 株式 会社 文 眞 堂 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 8309 - 4082 - 8 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) translated from El - Agraa , Ali M. ( 1984 ) . TRADE THEORY AND POLICY . The Macmillian Press Ltd . Krugman , Paul ; Wells , Robin ( 2005 ) . Macroeconomics . Worth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 5229 - 5 . Salvatore , Dominick ( 2005 ) , Introduction to International Economics ( First ed . ) , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 20226 - 4 . Websites ( edit ) Biswas , R. ( 2014 ) . Tariffs that may fail to protect : A model of trade and public goods , MPRA Paper 56707 , University Library of Munich , Germany . Dal Bianco A. , Boatto V. , Caracciolo F. , Santeramo F.G. ( 2016 ) Tariffs and non-tariff frictions in the world wine trade European Review of Agricultural Economics . 43 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 57 ( Link to Working Paper ) U.S. Tariff Commission . Colonial tariff policies ( 1922 ) , worldwide ; 922pp External links ( edit ) Media related to tariffs at Wikimedia Commons Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Tariff . Types of Tariffs Effectively applied tariff by Country 2008 to 2012 MFN Trade Weighted Average Tariff by country 2008 -- 2012 World Bank 's site for Trade and Tariff Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements WTO Tariff Analysis Online -- Detailed information on tariff and trade data <Th_colspan="3"> International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Outstaffing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre International Chamber of Commerce Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Incoterms ATA Carnet Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariff&oldid=866319188 '' Categories : Customs duties International taxation Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with peacock terms from September 2015 All articles with peacock terms CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Papiamentu Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 17 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Tariff history and its impact on economic development 2. Arguments in favor of tariffs and protectionism 3. Tariffs in the United Kingdom and United States 4. The relationship between tariffs and the Great Depression 5. Economic analysis and political implications of tariffs

what is the youngest age to get married in america

Age of marriage in the United states - wikipedia Age of marriage in the United states Jump to : navigation , search General age of marriage ( without parental or court approval or other exceptions taken into account ) 18 19 21 Unlike most Western countries , half of the US states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage . While in most US states , individuals age 18 have a right to marriage ( with two exceptions -- Nebraska ( 19 ) and Mississippi ( 21 ) ) , all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances , such as parental consent , judicial consent , pregnancy , or a combination of these situations . Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone . In most states , children under 16 can be married too . In the 25 states which have an absolute minimum age set by statute , this age varies between 13 and 17 , while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met . Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute , the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states . Over the past 15 years , more than 200,000 minors married in US , and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001 . State <Th_colspan="2"> Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware none 18 District of Columbia 16 18 Florida none 18 No minimum age in case of pregnancy Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental and / or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky none 18 Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri none 18 Parental consent required for ages 15 -- 17 . Judicial consent required below age 15 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 13 for females , 14 for males 18 In cases of `` special cause '' with parental consent and court permission . New Jersey none 18 16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 14 18 14 With parental consent Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 18 South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee none 18 Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18 See also ( edit ) Child marriage in the United States Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Parental consent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in 2017 , Connecticut and Texas became the 24th and 25th states to set a minimum age ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and Exceptions '' . Tahirih Justice Center . November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html Jump up ^ `` Section 30 - 1 - 4 : Minimum age for contracting marriage . '' . Code of Alabama . Alabama Legislature. 1975 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . A person under the age of 16 years is incapable of contracting marriage . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 25 - 102 . Consent required for marriage of minors '' . Arizona Revised Statutes . Arizona State Legislature . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Persons under eighteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of such person . Persons under sixteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of that person and the approval of any superior court judge in the state . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Age Requirements Laws '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk and Recorder : Marriage & Recording / License Information / Marriage of Minors '' . City and County of Denver . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ C.R.S. Colorado Revised Statutes 14 - 2 - 106 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=HB05442&which_year=2017 Jump up ^ `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IC 31 - 11 - 1 : ARTICLE 11 . FAMILY LAW : MARRIAGE '' . Indiana Code 2016 . Indiana General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nonage minors ; authorization of marriage '' , General Laws : Chapter 207 , Section 25 , Massachusetts General Court , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ Richards , Victoria ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Child marriage chart reveals girls can wed at 12 in some parts of the US - as lawmakers battle to raise age to 16 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Meg ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Child Brides '' . Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Section 551.103 : MARRIAGE LICENSE ( EXCERPT ) , Act 128 of 1887 '' . Michigan Legislature. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 93 - DOMESTIC RELATIONS , Chapter 1 - MARRIAGE § 93 - 1 - 5 - Conditions precedent to issuance of license ; penalty for noncompliance '' . 2013 Mississippi Code . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every male who is at least seventeen ( 17 ) years old and every female who is at least fifteen ( 15 ) years old shall be capable in law of contracting marriage . Jump up ^ `` TITLE XLIII : DOMESTIC RELATIONS , CHAPTER 457 : MARRIAGES , Age : Section 457 : 4 '' . New Hampshire General Court . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/20/us-new-york-governor-signs-anti-child-marriage-law `` Human Rights Watch : NY State Marriage Laws Update 2016 / 2017 '' . Human Rights Watch . Human Rights Watch . June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio 's Marriage Laws '' . Ohio State Bar Association . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 23 : CHAPTER 13 , MARRIAGE LICENSE '' . Pennsylvania General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=SB1705 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Marriage Licenses '' . Courts of Utah . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Why 13 - year - olds can no longer marry in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Anjali ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` America 's child marriage crisis : Virginia law tackles continuing issue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 26.04. 010 Marriage contract -- Void marriages '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature. 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every marriage entered into in which either person has not attained the age of seventeen years is void except where this section has been waived by a superior court judge of the county in which one of the parties resides on a showing of necessity . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=801447515 '' Categories : Adolescence in the United States Law - related lists Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States Minimum ages Sex laws Statutory law Youth rights in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . About Wikipedia

1. Age of marriage in the United States 2. Minimum age for marriage in different states 3. Exceptions to the minimum age requirement for marriage 4. Child marriage in the United States 5. Parental and judicial consent for underage marriage

who is one of the first german composers that we know about

List of German composers - wikipedia List of German composers Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents J O Q U V X Y Z Bach Beethoven Brahms Handel Hildegard von Bingen Mendelssohn Schumann Schütz Stockhausen Richard Strauss Wagner Weill This is an alphabetical list of composers from Germany . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Ludwig Abeille ( 1761 -- 1838 ) Carl Friedrich Abel ( 1723 -- 1787 ) Clamor Heinrich Abel ( 1634 -- 1696 ) Ludwig Abel ( 1835 -- 1895 ) Otto Abel ( de ) ( 1905 -- 1977 ) Walter Abendroth ( 1896 -- 1973 ) Franz Abt ( 1819 -- 1885 ) Anton Cajetan Adlgasser ( 1729 -- 1777 ) Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( 1903 -- 1969 ) Johan Agrell ( 1701 -- 1765 ) Johann Friedrich Agricola ( 1720 -- 1774 ) Martin Agricola ( 1486 -- 1556 ) Carl Christian Agthe ( 1762 -- 1797 ) Johann Georg Ahle ( 1651 -- 1706 ) Johann Gottfried Arnold ( 1773 -- 1806 ) Johann Rudolph Ahle ( 1625 -- 1673 ) Eugen d'Albert ( 1864 -- 1932 ) Heinrich Albert ( 1604 -- 1651 ) Giovanni Henrico Albicastro ( c. 1660 -- 1730 ) , born Johann Heinrich von Weissenburg Christoph Albrecht ( born 1930 ) Leni Alexander ( 1924 -- 2005 ) Johann Peter Cornelius d'Alquen ( de ) ( 1800 -- 1863 ) Johann Ernst Altenburg ( 1734 -- 1801 ) Michael Altenburg ( 1584 -- 1640 ) Johann Christoph Altnikol ( 1720 -- 1759 ) Anna Amalia , Princess of Prussia ( 1723 -- 1787 ) Johann André ( 1741 -- 1799 ) Johann Anton André ( 1775 -- 1842 ) Anna Amalia , Duchess of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel ( 1739 -- 1807 ) Lothar Arnold ( de ) ( born 1959 ) Georg Daniel Auberlen ( de ) ( 1728 -- 1784 ) Wilhelm Amandus Auberlen ( de ) ( 1798 -- 1874 ) August Wilhelm Bach ( 1796 -- 1869 ) Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach ( 1714 -- 1788 ) Gottlieb Friedrich Bach ( de ) ( 1714 -- 1785 ) Heinrich Bach ( 1615 -- 1692 ) Johann ( es ) ( `` Hans '' ) Bach III . ( 1604 -- 1673 ) Johann Aegidius Bach I. ( 1645 -- 1716 ) Johann Ambrosius Bach ( 1644 -- 1695 ) Johann Bernhard Bach ( 1676 -- 1749 ) Johann Bernhard Bach ( the younger ) ( 1700 -- 1743 ) Johann Christian Bach ( 1735 -- 1782 ) Johann Christoph Bach ( the elder ) ( 1645 -- 1693 ) Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach ( 1732 -- 1795 ) Johann Elias Bach ( de ) ( 1705 -- 1755 ) Johann Ernst Bach II ( 1722 -- 1777 ) Johann Ludwig Bach ( 1677 -- 1731 ) Johann Lorenz Bach ( 1695 -- 1773 ) Johann Nikolaus Bach ( 1669 -- 1753 ) Johann Philipp Bach ( de ) ( 1752 -- 1846 ) Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1685 -- 1750 ) Wilhelm Friedemann Bach ( 1710 -- 1784 Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach ( 1759 -- 1845 ) Heinrich Backofen ( 1768 -- 1830 ) Selmar Bagge ( de ) ( 1823 -- 1896 ) Woldemar Bargiel ( 1828 -- 1892 ) Ernst Gottlieb Baron ( 1696 -- 1760 ) Friedrich Baumfelder ( 1836 -- 1916 ) Jürg Baur ( 1918 -- 2010 ) Waldemar von Baußnern ( 1866 -- 1931 ) Franz Ignaz Beck ( 1734 -- 1809 ) Günther Becker ( de ) ( 1924 -- 2007 ) Hugo Becker ( 1863 -- 1941 ) Alfred von Beckerath ( de ) ( 1901 -- 1978 ) Ignaz von Beecke ( 1733 -- 1803 ) Anton Beer - Walbrunn ( de ) ( 1864 -- 1929 ) Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 -- 1827 ) Franz Benda ( 1709 -- 1786 ) Georg Anton Benda ( 1722 -- 1795 ) Ortwin Benninghoff ( de ) ( born 1946 ) Jean Berger ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Wilhelm Berger ( 1861 -- 1911 ) Christoph Bernhard ( 1628 -- 1692 ) Otto Besch ( de ) ( 1885 -- 1966 ) Frank Michael Beyer ( 1928 -- 2008 ) Johann Samuel Beyer ( 1669 -- 1744 ) Günter Bialas ( 1907 -- 1995 ) Franz Biebl ( 1906 -- 2001 ) Michael von Biel ( born 1937 ) Helmut Bieler ( born 1940 ) Helmut Bieler - Wendt ( de ) ( born 1956 ) Benjamin Bilse ( 1816 -- 1902 ) Boris Blacher ( 1903 -- 1975 ) Oskar Gottlieb Blarr ( born 1934 ) Leo Blech ( 1871 -- 1958 ) Volker Blumenthaler ( de ) ( born 1951 ) Theodor Blumer ( 1881 -- 1964 ) Martin Traugott Blumner ( de ) ( 1827 -- 1901 ) Erhard Bodenschatz ( 1576 -- 1639 ) Hans Boll ( de ) ( born 1923 ) Georg Böhm ( 1661 -- 1733 ) Johann Ludwig Böhner ( de ) ( 1787 -- 1860 ) Siegfried Borris ( de ) ( 1906 -- 1987 ) Hans - Jürgen von Bose ( born 1953 ) Thomas Böttger ( born 1957 ) Johannes Brahms ( 1833 -- 1897 ) Caspar Joseph Brambach ( 1833 -- 1902 ) Torsten Brandes ( born 1959 ) Theo Brandmüller ( 1948 -- 2012 ) Nikolaus Brass ( de ) ( born 1949 ) Walter Braunfels ( 1882 -- 1954 ) Reiner Bredemeyer ( 1929 -- 1995 ) Wolfgang Carl Briegel ( 1626 -- 1712 ) Alois Bröder ( de ) ( born 1961 ) Max Bruch ( 1838 -- 1920 ) Kurt Brüggemann ( de ) ( 1908 -- 2002 ) Klaus Bruengel ( born 1949 ) Nicolaus Bruhns ( 1665 -- 1697 ) Karl Gottfried Brunotte ( born 1958 ) Wolfram Buchenberg ( de ) ( born 1962 ) Thomas Buchholz ( de ) ( born 1961 ) Philipp Friedrich Buchner ( 1614 -- 1669 ) Fritz Büchtger ( de ) ( 1903 -- 1978 ) Hans von Bülow ( 1830 -- 1894 ) August Bungert ( 1845 -- 1915 ) Friedrich Burgmüller ( 1806 -- 1874 ) Norbert Burgmüller ( 1810 -- 1836 ) Adolf Busch ( 1891 -- 1952 ) Hans Bußmeyer ( de ) ( 1853 -- 1930 ) Hugo Bußmeyer ( de ) ( 1842 -- 1912 ) Max Butting ( 1888 -- 1976 ) Johann Heinrich Buttstedt ( 1666 -- 1727 ) Dietrich Buxtehude ( 1637 -- 1707 ) Sethus Calvisius ( 1556 -- 1615 ) Christian Cannabich ( 1731 -- 1798 ) August Conradi ( 1821 -- 1873 ) Peter Cornelius ( 1824 -- 1874 ) Franz Danzi ( 1763 -- 1826 ) Ferdinand David ( 1810 -- 1871 ) Johann Nepomuk David ( 1895 -- 1977 ) Constantin Christian Dedekind ( 1628 -- 1715 ) Michael Denhoff ( born 1955 ) Ratko Delorko ( born 1959 ) Christoph Demantius ( 1567 -- 1643 ) Paul Dessau ( 1894 -- 1979 ) Felix Otto Dessoff ( 1835 -- 1892 ) Otto Dienel ( de ) ( 1839 -- 1905 ) Albert Dietrich ( 1829 -- 1908 ) Hugo Distler ( 1908 -- 1942 ) Johann Friedrich Doles ( 1715 -- 1797 ) Heinrich Dorn ( 1804 -- 1892 ) Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer ( 1783 -- 1860 ) Felix Draeseke ( 1835 -- 1913 ) Annette von Droste - Hülshoff ( 1797 -- 1848 ) Philipp Dulichius ( 1562 -- 1631 ) Johann Georg Ebeling ( 1637 -- 1676 ) Johann Ernst Eberlin ( 1702 -- 1762 ) Traugott Maximilian Eberwein ( de ) ( 1775 -- 1831 ) Johannes Eccard ( 1553 -- 1611 ) Moritz Eggert ( born 1965 ) Werner Egk ( 1901 -- 1983 ) Ernst Eichner ( 1740 -- 1777 ) , also known as Ernst Dietrich Adolph Eichner , Ernesto Eichner Hanns Eisler ( 1898 -- 1962 ) Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg ( 1613 -- 1676 ) Johann Samuel Endler ( de ) ( 1694 -- 1762 ) Philipp Heinrich Erlebach ( 1657 -- 1714 ) Jean Paul Ertel ( de ) ( 1865 -- 1933 ) Georg Espitalier ( de ) ( 1926 -- 2010 ) Kaspar Ett ( 1788 -- 1847 ) Jury Everhartz ( de ) ( born 1971 ) Rainer Fabich ( de ) ( born 1958 ) Hans Fährmann ( 1860 -- 1940 ) Immanuel Faißt ( 1823 -- 1894 ) Carl Friedrich Christian Fasch ( 1736 -- 1800 ) Johann Friedrich Fasch ( 1688 -- 1758 ) Peter Fassbänder ( de ) ( 1869 -- 1920 ) Reinhard Febel ( born 1952 ) Johann Georg Feldmayer ( 1756 -- 1834 ) Alexander von Fielitz ( 1860 -- 1930 ) Wolfgang Figulus ( de ) ( c. 1525 -- 1589 ) Anton Fils ( 1733 -- 1760 ) Gottfried Wilhelm Fink ( 1783 -- 1846 ) Siegfried Fink ( 1928 -- 2006 ) Gerhard Fischer - Münster ( de ) ( born 1952 ) Johann Fischer ( 1646 -- 1716 ) Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer ( 1556 -- 1656 ) Johann Christian Fischer ( 1733 -- 1800 ) Johann Karl Christian Fischer ( 1752 -- 1807 ) Michael Gotthard Fischer ( de ) ( 1773 -- 1829 ) Johann Friedrich Anton Fleischmann ( 1766 -- 1798 ) Christian Flor ( de ) ( 1629 -- 1697 ) Friedrich von Flotow ( 1812 -- 1883 ) Johann Nikolaus Forkel ( 1749 -- 1818 ) Christoph Förster ( 1693 -- 1745 ) Wolfgang Fortner ( 1907 -- 1987 ) Eduard Franck ( 1817 -- 1893 ) Johann Wolfgang Franck ( 1644 -- c. 1710 ) Johann Zacharias Franck ( 1686 -- 1756 ) Melchior Franck ( 1580 -- 1639 ) Richard Franck ( 1858 -- 1938 ) Clemens von Franckenstein ( 1875 -- 1942 ) Bernd Franke ( born 1959 ) Robert Franz ( 1815 -- 1892 ) Henning Frederichs ( de ) ( 1936 -- 2003 ) Frederick II of Prussia ( 1712 -- 1786 ) Carl Friedemann ( 1862 -- 1952 ) Johannes Fritsch ( born 1941 ) Johann Jakob Froberger ( 1616 -- 1667 ) Gerhard Frommel ( de ) ( 1906 -- 1984 ) Adam von Fulda ( 1445 -- 1505 ) Wilhelm Furtwängler ( 1886 -- 1954 ) Florian Leopold Gassmann ( 1729 -- 1774 ) ( 1 ) Gustav Geierhaas ( de ) ( 1888 -- 1976 ) Fritz Geißler ( 1921 -- 1984 ) Harald Genzmer ( 1909 -- 2007 ) Günter Gerlach ( de ) ( 1928 -- 2003 ) Hans Gerle ( um 1498 -- 1570 ) Friedrich Gernsheim ( 1839 -- 1916 ) Ottmar Gerster ( 1897 -- 1969 ) Franz Gleißner ( 1761 -- 1818 ) Michael Gielen ( born 1927 ) Christoph Willibald Gluck ( 1714 -- 1787 ) Werner Gneist ( de ) ( 1898 -- 1980 ) Hermann Goetz ( 1840 -- 1876 ) Walter Wilhelm Goetze ( 1883 -- 1961 ) Friedrich Goldmann ( born 1941 ) Berthold Goldschmidt ( 1903 -- 1996 ) Gunther Martin Göttsche ( de ) ( born 1953 ) Paul Graener ( 1872 -- 1944 ) Christian Ernst Graf ( 1723 -- 1804 ) Friedrich Hartmann Graf ( 1727 -- 1795 ) Johann Graf ( 1684 -- 1750 ) Wolfram Graf ( de ) ( born 1965 ) Kurt Grahl ( de ) ( born 1947 ) Carl Heinrich Graun ( 1704 -- 1759 ) Kurt Graunke ( 1915 - 2005 ) Johann Gottlieb Graun ( 1703 -- 1771 ) Christoph Graupner ( 1683 -- 1760 ) Eduard Grell ( 1800 -- 1886 ) Erhard Grosskopf ( de ) ( born 1934 ) Franz Grothe ( 1908 -- 1982 ) Martin Grütter ( de ) ( born 1983 ) Boris Guckelsberger ( de ) ( born 1968 ) Max Gulbins ( de ) ( 1862 -- 1932 ) Gustav Gunsenheimer ( born 1934 ) Manfred Gurlitt ( 1890 -- 1972 ) Volker Gwinner ( de ) ( 1912 -- 2004 ) Joseph Haas ( 1879 -- 1960 ) Hellmut Haase - Altendorf ( de ) ( 1912 -- 1990 ) Widmar Hader ( de ) ( born 1941 ) Bernhard Joachim Hagen ( 1720 -- 1787 ) Dietrich Hahne ( de ) ( born 1961 ) Bernhard Hamann ( de ) ( 1909 -- 1968 ) Peter Michael Hamel ( born 1947 ) Stefan Hakenberg ( born 1960 ) Andreas Hakenberger ( 1574 -- 1627 ) August Halm ( de ) ( 1869 -- 1929 ) Peter Michael Hamel ( born 1947 ) George Frideric Handel ( 1685 -- 1759 ) Bernd Hänschke ( de ) ( born 1948 ) Andreas Hantke ( born 1956 ) Holger Hantke ( de ) ( born 1951 ) Heinz Friedrich Hartig ( 1907 -- 1969 ) Heinrich Hartl ( de ) ( born 1953 ) Karl Amadeus Hartmann ( 1905 -- 1963 ) Ludwig Hartmann ( de ) ( 1836 -- 1910 ) Klaus Hashagen ( de ) ( 1924 -- 1998 ) Johann Adolph Hasse ( 1699 -- 1783 ) Karl Hasse ( ca ) ( 1883 -- 1960 ) Hans Leo Hassler ( 1546 -- 1612 ) Jakob Hassler ( 1569 -- 1622 ) Johann Wilhelm Häßler ( 1747 -- 1822 ) Martin Hauber ( de ) ( born 1964 ) Carl August Haupt ( 1810 -- 1891 ) Walter Haupt ( born 1935 ) Moritz Hauptmann ( 1792 -- 1868 ) Florian Havemann ( born 1952 ) Joseph Haydn ( 1732 − 1809 ) Pantaleon Hebenstreit ( 1668 -- 1750 ) Herbert Hechtel ( de ) ( 1937 -- 2014 ) Heinz Heckmann ( de ) ( born 1932 ) Werner Heider ( de ) ( born 1930 ) Peter Heilbut ( de ) ( 1920 -- 2005 ) Johann David Heinichen ( 1683 -- 1729 ) Prince Heinrich XXIV Reuss of Köstritz ( 1855 -- 1910 ) Hans Helfritz ( 1902 -- 1995 ) Barbara Heller ( born 1936 ) Sigmund Hemmel ( c. 1520 -- 1565 ) Fanny Hensel ( 1805 -- 1847 ) Adolf von Henselt ( 1814 -- 1889 ) Hans Werner Henze ( 1926 - 2012 ) Ulrich Herkenhoff ( de ) ( born 1966 ) Sven Hermann ( de ) ( born 1974 ) Heinrich Freiherr von Herzogenberg ( 1843 -- 1900 ) Hans - Joachim Hespos ( born 1938 ) Kurt Hessenberg ( 1908 -- 1994 ) Matthias Hettmer ( de ) ( born 1973 ) Stefan Heucke ( de ) ( born 1959 ) Richard Bruno Heydrich ( 1865 -- 1938 ) Manfred Heyl ( de ) ( 1908 -- 2001 ) Werner Richard Heymann ( 1896 -- 1961 ) Ernst Hildebrand ( de ) ( 1918 -- 1986 ) Hildegard of Bingen ( 1098 -- 1179 ) Wilhelm Hill ( 1838 -- 1902 ) Ferdinand Hiller ( 1811 -- 1885 ) Wilfried Hiller ( de ) ( born 1941 ) Paul Hindemith ( 1895 -- 1963 ) Rudolf Hindemith ( de ) ( 1900 -- 1974 ) Stefan Hippe ( de ) ( born 1966 ) Karl Höller ( 1907 -- 1987 ) York Höller ( born 1944 ) E.T.A. Hoffmann ( 1776 -- 1822 ) Melchior Hoffmann ( c. 1679 / 1685 -- 1715 ) Franz Anton Hoffmeister ( 1754 -- 1812 ) Heinrich Hofmann ( 1842 -- 1902 ) Richard Hofmann ( 1844 -- 1918 ) Franz von Holstein ( de ) ( 1826 -- 1878 ) Gottfried August Homilius ( 1714 -- 1785 ) Nicolaus A. Huber ( born 1939 ) Falk Hübner ( born 1979 ) Wolfgang Hufschmidt ( de ) ( born 1934 ) Carl Theodor Hütterott ( de ) ( born 1926 ) Bertold Hummel ( 1925 -- 2002 ) Franz Hummel ( born 1939 ) Johann Nepomuk Hummel ( 1778 -- 1837 ) Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1854 -- 1921 ) Hans Ulrich Humpert ( de ) ( 1940 -- 2010 ) Leopold Hurt ( de ) ( born 1979 ) Mathias Husmann ( de ) ( born 1948 ) Artur Immisch ( de ) ( 1902 -- 1949 ) J ( edit ) Salomon Jadassohn ( 1831 -- 1902 ) Johann Gottlieb Janitsch ( 1708 -- c1763 ) Philipp Jarnach ( 1892 -- 1982 ) Michael Jary ( 1906 -- 1988 ) Johannes Jeep ( c. 1581 / 82 -- 1644 ) , also known as Johann Jepp Gustav Jenner ( 1865 -- 1920 ) Adolf Jensen ( 1837 -- 1879 ) Jens Joneleit ( born 1968 ) Jens Josef ( born 1967 ) Friedrich Kalkbrenner ( 1785 -- 1849 ) Reinhard Keiser ( 1674 -- 1739 ) Richard Rudolf Klein ( 1921 -- 2011 ) Julius Klengel ( 1859 -- 1933 ) Paul Klengel ( 1854 -- 1935 ) August Friedrich Martin Klughardt ( 1847 -- 1902 ) Joseph Martin Kraus ( 1756 -- 1792 ) Johann Ludwig Krebs ( 1713 -- 1780 ) Peter Anton Kreusser ( 1765 -- 1831 ) Helmut Lachenmann ( born 1935 ) Josephine Lang ( 1815 - 1880 ) Alexander Ledkovsky ( 1944 -- 2004 ) Johann Carl Gottfried Löwe ( 1796 -- 1869 ) Henning Lohner ( born 1961 ) Carl Albert Löschhorn ( de ) ( 1819 - 1905 ) , also known as Loeschhorn Albert Lortzing ( 1801 -- 1851 ) Vincent Lübeck ( 1654 -- 1740 ) Thomas Mancinus ( de ) ( 1550 -- ~ 1612 ) , also Menckin , Mencken Emilie Mayer ( 1812 -- 1883 ) Simon Mayr ( 1763 -- 1845 ) Fanny Mendelssohn ( 1805 -- 1847 ) Felix Mendelssohn ( 1809 -- 1847 ) Johann Mattheson ( 1681 -- 1764 ) Giacomo Meyerbeer ( 1791 -- 1864 ) Jan Morgenstern ( pl ) ( born 1980 ) Leopold Mozart ( 1719 -- 1787 ) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1756 -- 1791 ) Johann Gottfried Müthel ( 1728 -- 1788 ) Johann Gottlieb Naumann ( 1741 -- 1801 ) Johann Nauwach ( 1595 -- 1630 ) Otto Nicolai ( 1810 -- 1849 ) O ( edit ) Jacques Offenbach ( 1819 -- 1880 ) Carl Orff ( 1895 -- 1982 ) Caspar Othmayr ( 1515 -- 1553 ) Johann Pachelbel ( 1653 -- 1706 ) Johann Christoph Pepusch ( 1667 -- 1752 ) , also known as John Christopher Pepusch and Dr Pepusch Hans Pfitzner ( 1869 -- 1949 ) Michael Praetorius ( 1571 -- 1621 ) Q ( edit ) Johann Joachim Quantz ( 1697 -- 1773 ) Carl Reinecke ( 1824 -- 1910 ) Max Reger ( 1873 -- 1916 ) Hermann Reutter ( 1900 -- 1985 ) Wolfgang Rihm ( born 1952 ) Johann Theodor Roemhildt ( 1684 -- 1756 ) Eduard Rohde ( 1828 -- 1883 ) Theodor von Schacht ( 1748 -- 1823 ) Christoph Schaffrath ( 1709 -- 1763 ) Samuel Scheidt ( 1587 -- 1653 ) Martin Scherber ( 1907 -- 1974 ) Louis Schlösser ( 1800 -- 1886 ) Johann Jacob Schnell ( de ) ( 1687 -- 1754 ) Johann Schop ( 1590 -- 1667 ) Franz Schreker ( 1878 -- 1934 ) Franz Schubert ( 1797 -- 1828 ) Ulrich Schultheiss ( de ) ( born 1956 ) Clara Schumann ( 1819 -- 1896 ) Robert Schumann ( 1810 -- 1856 ) Georg Caspar Schürmann ( c. 1673 -- 1751 ) Heinrich Schütz ( 1585 -- 1672 ) Philipp Scharwenka ( 1847 -- 1917 ) Fritz Seitz ( 1848 -- 1918 ) Louis Spohr ( 1784 -- 1859 ) Karlheinz Stockhausen ( 1928 -- 2007 ) Richard Strauss ( 1864 -- 1949 ) Georg Michael Telemann ( 1748 -- 1831 ) Georg Philipp Telemann ( 1681 -- 1767 ) Johann Theile ( 1646 -- 1724 ) Friedrich Hieronymus Truhn ( 1811 -- 1886 ) U ( edit ) Anton Urspruch ( 1850 -- 1907 ) V ( edit ) Andreas Nicolaus Vetter ( 1666 -- 1734 ) Johann Vierdanck ( c. 1605 -- 1646 ) , also Virdanck , Vyrdanck , Feyertagk , Feyerdank , Fierdanck Johann Christoph Vogel ( 1756 -- 1788 ) , also Fogel Friedrich Robert Volkmann ( 1815 -- 1883 ) Max Wagenknecht ( 1857 -- 1922 ) Ignatz Waghalter ( 1881 -- 1949 ) Richard Wagner ( 1813 -- 1883 ) Siegfried Wagner ( 1869 -- 1930 ) Carl Maria von Weber ( 1786 -- 1826 ) Kurt Weill ( 1900 -- 1950 ) Hans Jürgen von der Wense ( 1894 -- 1966 ) Richard Wetz ( 1875 -- 1935 ) Franz Wohlfahrt ( 1833 -- 1884 ) Z ( edit ) Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow ( 1663 -- 1712 ) , also Zachau Adolf Zander ( 1843 -- 1914 ) Hans Zimmer ( born 1957 ) Hermann Zilcher ( 1881 -- 1948 ) Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg ( 1760 -- 1802 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Biographical data of Johann Peter Cornelius d'Alquen . Jump up ^ Biography of Torsten Brandes in German . Jump up ^ Otto Dienel bio in German . Jump up ^ Johann Georg Feldmayer bio in German . Jump up ^ Biography of Falk Hübner . Jump up ^ Artur Immisch bio in German . Jump up ^ Thomas Mancinus bio in German . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Germany portal Music portal Lists portal Chronological list of German classical composers Lists of composers List of Germans <Th_colspan="2"> Composers by nationality Africa Egypt Nigeria South Africa Asia Armenia Azerbaijan China Cyprus India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Korea Mongolia Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Taiwan Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Catalonia Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Guatemala Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Peru Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_German_composers&oldid=800556583 '' Categories : German composers Lists of composers by nationality Lists of German people by occupation German music - related lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from December 2012 Dynamic lists Interlanguage link template link number Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Polski Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 08 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. List of German composers 2. German classical music 3. German musical heritage 4. German composers throughout history 5. Notable German composers

how many hat tricks did henry scored for arsenal

List of Premier League hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Premier League hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search Alan Shearer scored a record 11 Premier League hat - tricks , for Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United . Since the inception of the English football league competition , the Premier League , in 1992 , more than 100 players have scored three goals ( a hat - trick ) or more in a single match . The first player to achieve the feat was Frenchman Eric Cantona , who scored three times for Leeds United in a 5 -- 0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . Twenty players have scored more than three goals in a match ; of these , five players , Andy Cole , Alan Shearer , Jermain Defoe , Dimitar Berbatov and Sergio Agüero have scored five . Sadio Mané holds the record for the quickest Premier League hat - trick , netting three times for Southampton against Aston Villa in 2 minutes 56 seconds , breaking Robbie Fowler 's record , while in 1999 , Manchester United player Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored four goals in twelve minutes as a substitute against Nottingham Forest , `` the fastest scorer of a four - goal haul on record in England '' . The fixture between Arsenal and Southampton at Highbury in 2003 saw both Jermaine Pennant and Robert Pirès score a hat - trick for the home team . In 2007 , Blackburn 's Roque Santa Cruz and Wigan 's Marcus Bent both scored hat - tricks in a match that Wigan won 5 -- 3 . Only five players -- Les Ferdinand , Ian Wright , Didier Drogba , Wayne Rooney and Harry Kane -- have scored hat - tricks in two consecutive league games . Rooney 's hat - trick on 10 September 2011 and Matt Le Tissier 's hat - trick on 19 August 1995 were scored through set pieces , which consists of penalty kicks and direct free kicks . Everton 's Duncan Ferguson and Salomón Rondón of West Bromwich Albion are the only Premier League players to have scored a hat - trick of headers . Shearer has scored three or more goals eleven times in the Premier League , more than any other player . Robbie Fowler has scored nine hat - tricks ; Thierry Henry and Michael Owen have scored eight hat - tricks each . Five players have each scored hat - tricks for three different clubs : Yakubu Aiyegbeni ( Blackburn Rovers , Everton and Portsmouth ) ; Nicolas Anelka ( Arsenal , Chelsea and Manchester City ) ; Kevin Campbell ( Arsenal , Everton and Nottingham Forest ) ; Les Ferdinand ( Newcastle United , Queens Park Rangers and Tottenham Hotspur ) and Teddy Sheringham ( Manchester United , Portsmouth and Tottenham Hotspur ) . The Dubious Goals Committee has sometimes decided after a match that players have not scored hat - tricks because one of the goals was incorrectly credited to them . Southampton player Egil Østenstad was thought to have scored a hat - trick against Manchester United in 1996 , but the committee ruled that one of the goals be credited as an own goal to United 's Phil Neville . Anelka 's first goal for Manchester City in September 2002 was later credited as an own goal to Everton 's Tomasz Radzinski . Javier Hernández was denied a hat - trick against Aston Villa in November 2011 after the committee ruled his second goal was actually an own goal by Ron Vlaar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hat - tricks 2 Multiple hat - tricks 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Hat - tricks <Th_colspan="2"> Key Player scored four goals Player scored five goals Player scored hat - trick as a substitute * The home team Note : The results column shows the home team score first Eric Cantona scored the first hat - trick of the Premier League . Thierry Henry scored eight hat - tricks for Arsenal between 2000 and 2007 . Frank Lampard scored three Premier League hat - tricks in 17 years . Michael Owen scored eight hat - tricks . Robbie Fowler scored three or more goals on nine occasions . Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored four goals in twelve minutes against Nottingham Forest after coming on as a second - half substitute . Ruud van Nistelrooy scored five hat - tricks for Manchester United . Emmanuel Adebayor scored a hat - trick for Arsenal in both games against Derby County in 2007 -- 08 , the first time a player scored three goals in both fixtures against the same team in a season . Roque Santa Cruz scored a hat - trick for Blackburn Rovers in a 5 -- 3 defeat against Wigan Athletic . Despite scoring 84 league goals for Manchester United , Cristiano Ronaldo only scored one hat - trick , in a 6 -- 0 victory against Newcastle United in January 2008 . Jermain Defoe scored five goals against Wigan Athletic in Tottenham Hotspur 's 9 -- 1 victory in November 2009 . Mario Balotelli scored a hat - trick , including two penalties , in Manchester City 's 4 -- 0 victory over Aston Villa in December 2010 . Cameroon player Somen Tchoyi scored a hat - trick for West Bromwich Albion in May 2011 . England player Steven Gerrard became the first player in Premier League history to score a hat - trick in the Merseyside derby in March 2012 . Japanese player Shinji Kagawa became the first Asian player in Premier League to score a hat - trick in March 2013 . Uruguayan international Luis Suárez scored three hat - tricks for Liverpool within a calendar year from April 2012 . He also became the first player in Premier League to score three hat - tricks against the same team ( Norwich City ) in December 2013 . Sadio Mané 's hat - trick in 2 minutes 56 seconds against Aston Villa in May 2015 is the fastest in Premier League history . Algerian player Riyad Mahrez became the first Arabian player in Premier League to score a hat - trick in December 2015 . Player Nationality For Against Result Date Ref Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona France Leeds United * Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 0 000000001992 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1992 Robins , Mark Mark Robins England Norwich City * Oldham Athletic 3 -- 2 000000001992 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1992 Hendrie , John John Hendrie Scotland Middlesbrough * Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 2 000000001992 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1992 Sinton , Andy Andy Sinton England Queens Park Rangers * Everton 4 -- 2 000000001992 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1992 Deane , Brian Brian Deane England Sheffield United * Ipswich Town 3 -- 0 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1993 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Tottenham Hotspur * Leeds United 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1993 Strachan , Gordon Gordon Strachan Scotland Leeds United * Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 1993 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Queens Park Rangers * Nottingham Forest 4 -- 3 000000001993 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 1993 Bart - Williams , Chris Chris Bart - Williams England Sheffield Wednesday * Southampton 5 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1993 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Queens Park Rangers Everton * 3 -- 5 000000001993 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1993 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Norwich City * Leeds United 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 1993 Walters , Mark Mark Walters England Liverpool * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1993 Wallace , Rod Rod Wallace England Leeds United Coventry City * 3 -- 3 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton Oldham Athletic * 4 -- 3 000000001993 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1993 Quinn , Micky Micky Quinn England Coventry City Arsenal * 0 -- 3 000000001993 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1993 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England Everton * Sheffield United 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 1993 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Arsenal * Ipswich Town 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 09 - 11 - 0000 11 September 1993 Ekoku , Efan Efan Ekoku Nigeria Norwich City Everton * 1 -- 5 000000001993 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1993 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers Leeds United * 3 -- 3 000000001993 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1993 Beardsley , Peter Peter Beardsley England Newcastle United * Wimbledon 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1993 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Southampton 4 -- 2 000000001993 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1993 Allen , Bradley Bradley Allen England Queens Park Rangers Everton * 0 -- 3 000000001993 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1993 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Newcastle United * Liverpool 3 -- 0 000000001993 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1993 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Arsenal * Swindon Town 4 -- 0 000000001993 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1993 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England Everton * Swindon Town 6 -- 0 000000001994 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 1994 Fjortoft , Jan Age Jan Åge Fjørtoft Norway Swindon Town * Coventry City 3 -- 1 000000001994 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1994 Saunders , Dean Dean Saunders Wales Aston Villa * Swindon Town 5 -- 0 000000001994 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1994 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton * Liverpool 4 -- 2 000000001994 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1994 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Newcastle United * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1994 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal Ipswich Town * 1 -- 5 000000001994 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1994 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal Southampton * 0 -- 4 000000001994 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1994 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton Norwich City * 4 -- 5 000000001994 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 1994 Holdsworth , Dean Dean Holdsworth England Wimbledon * Oldham Athletic 3 -- 0 000000001994 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 1994 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers * Coventry City 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1994 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Arsenal 4 -- 3 000000001994 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 1994 Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Russia Manchester United * Manchester City 5 -- 0 000000001994 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1994 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Queens Park Rangers 4 -- 0 000000001994 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1994 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Tottenham Hotspur * Newcastle United 4 -- 2 000000001994 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1994 Cottee , Tony Tony Cottee England West Ham United * Manchester City 3 -- 0 000000001994 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1994 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * West Ham United 4 -- 2 000000001995 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1995 Johnson , Tommy Tommy Johnson England Aston Villa * Wimbledon 7 -- 1 000000001995 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1995 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Ipswich Town 9 -- 0 000000001995 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1995 Ndlovu , Peter Peter Ndlovu Zimbabwe Coventry City Liverpool * 2 -- 3 000000001995 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 1995 Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Ghana Leeds United * Ipswich Town 4 -- 0 000000001995 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1995 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 1995 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton * Nottingham Forest 3 -- 4 000000001995 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 1995 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Bolton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Coventry City 5 -- 1 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Ghana Leeds United Wimbledon * 2 -- 4 000000001995 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1995 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Newcastle United * Wimbledon 6 -- 1 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 1995 McAllister , Gary Gary McAllister Scotland Leeds United * Coventry City 3 -- 1 000000001995 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Nottingham Forest 7 -- 0 000000001995 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * West Ham United 4 -- 2 000000001995 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1995 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Coventry City Sheffield Wednesday * 4 -- 3 000000001995 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1995 Milosevic , Savo Savo Milošević Yugoslavia Aston Villa * Coventry City 4 -- 1 000000001995 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1995 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Arsenal 3 -- 1 000000001995 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1995 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers * Bolton Wanderers 3 -- 1 000000001996 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 1996 Peacock , Gavin Gavin Peacock England Chelsea * Middlesbrough 5 -- 0 000000001996 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 1996 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Blackburn Rovers Tottenham Hotspur * 2 -- 3 000000001996 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 1996 Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Wales Chelsea * Leeds United 4 -- 1 000000001996 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1996 Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Russia Everton Sheffield Wednesday * 2 -- 5 000000001996 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 1996 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Nottingham Forest Coventry City * 0 -- 3 000000001996 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 1996 Ravanelli , Fabrizio Fabrizio Ravanelli Italy Middlesbrough * Liverpool 3 -- 3 000000001996 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 1996 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 1 000000001996 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1996 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Aston Villa Newcastle United * 4 -- 3 000000001996 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1996 Speed , Gary Gary Speed Wales Everton * Southampton 7 -- 1 000000001996 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1996 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000001996 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1996 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Newcastle United * Leicester City 4 -- 3 000000001997 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1997 Marshall , Ian Ian Marshall England Leicester City * Derby County 4 -- 2 000000001997 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1997 Iversen , Steffen Steffen Iversen Norway Tottenham Hotspur Sunderland * 0 -- 4 000000001997 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 1997 Ravanelli , Fabrizio Fabrizio Ravanelli Italy Middlesbrough * Derby County 6 -- 1 000000001997 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 1997 Gallacher , Kevin Kevin Gallacher Scotland Blackburn Rovers * Wimbledon 3 -- 1 000000001997 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1997 Kitson , Paul Paul Kitson England West Ham United * Sheffield Wednesday 5 -- 1 000000001997 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1997 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Coventry City * Chelsea 3 -- 2 000000001997 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 1997 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers Aston Villa * 0 -- 4 000000001997 - 08 - 13 - 0000 13 August 1997 Vialli , Gianluca Gianluca Vialli Italy Chelsea Barnsley * 0 -- 6 000000001997 - 08 - 24 - 0000 24 August 1997 Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands Arsenal * Leicester City 3 -- 3 000000001997 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1997 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Arsenal * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 1 000000001997 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 1997 Berger , Patrik Patrik Berger Czech Republic Liverpool * Chelsea 4 -- 2 000000001997 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 1997 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Barnsley 7 -- 0 000000001997 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1997 Booth , Andy Andy Booth England Sheffield Wednesday * Bolton Wanderers 5 -- 0 000000001997 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1997 Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Italy Chelsea * Derby County 4 -- 0 000000001997 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1997 Flo , Tore Andre Tore André Flo Norway Chelsea Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 6 000000001997 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1997 Ferguson , Duncan Duncan Ferguson Scotland Everton * Bolton Wanderers 3 -- 2 000000001997 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1997 Gallacher , Kevin Kevin Gallacher Scotland Blackburn Rovers * Aston Villa 5 -- 0 000000001998 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Sheffield Wednesday * 3 -- 3 000000001998 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1998 Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton England Blackburn Rovers * Leicester City 5 -- 3 000000001998 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 1998 Huckerby , Darren Darren Huckerby England Coventry City Leeds United * 3 -- 3 000000001998 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1998 Klinsmann , Jurgen Jürgen Klinsmann Germany Tottenham Hotspur Wimbledon * 2 -- 6 000000001998 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 1998 Mendonca , Clive Clive Mendonca England Charlton Athletic * Southampton 5 -- 0 000000001998 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Newcastle United * 1 -- 4 000000001998 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1998 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Nottingham Forest 5 -- 1 000000001998 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1998 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin England Aston Villa Southampton 1 -- 4 000000001998 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1998 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool Aston Villa * 2 -- 4 000000001998 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1998 Armstrong , Chris Chris Armstrong England Tottenham Hotspur * Everton 4 -- 1 000000001998 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1998 Huckerby , Darren Darren Huckerby England Coventry City * Nottingham Forest 4 -- 0 000000001999 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 1999 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool * Southampton 7 -- 1 000000001999 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1999 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United Leicester City * 2 -- 6 000000001999 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 1999 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United Nottingham Forest * 1 -- 8 000000001999 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 1999 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Arsenal * Leicester City 5 -- 0 000000001999 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1999 Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell England Everton * West Ham United 6 -- 0 000000001999 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1999 Bridges , Michael Michael Bridges England Leeds United Southampton * 0 -- 3 000000001999 - 08 - 11 - 0000 11 August 1999 Cole , Andy Andy Cole England Manchester United * Newcastle United 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1999 Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips England Sunderland Derby County * 0 -- 5 000000001999 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1999 Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer England Newcastle United * Sheffield Wednesday 8 -- 0 000000001999 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1999 Kanu , Nwankwo Nwankwo Kanu Nigeria Arsenal Chelsea * 2 -- 3 000000001999 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 1999 Overmars , Marc Marc Overmars Netherlands Arsenal * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1999 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United * Everton 5 -- 1 000000001999 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1999 Barmby , Nick Nick Barmby England Everton West Ham United * 0 -- 4 000000002000 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2000 Collymore , Stan Stan Collymore England Leicester City * Sunderland 5 -- 2 000000002000 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2000 Iversen , Steffen Steffen Iversen Norway Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 7 -- 2 000000002000 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2000 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United * Derby County 3 -- 1 000000002000 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2000 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes England Manchester United * West Ham United 7 -- 1 000000002000 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 2000 Windass , Dean Dean Windass England Bradford City * Derby County 4 -- 4 000000002000 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2000 Wanchope , Paulo Paulo Wanchope Costa Rica Manchester City * Sunderland 4 -- 2 000000002000 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2000 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Aston Villa 3 -- 1 000000002000 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2000 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey England Liverpool Derby County * 0 -- 4 000000002000 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 2000 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Coventry City 6 -- 1 000000002000 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 2000 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Manchester United * Southampton 5 -- 0 000000002000 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2000 Viduka , Mark Mark Viduka Australia Leeds United * Liverpool 4 -- 3 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2000 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand England Tottenham Hotspur Leicester City * 3 -- 0 000000002000 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2000 Parlour , Ray Ray Parlour England Arsenal * Newcastle United 5 -- 0 000000002000 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2000 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Leicester City 6 -- 1 000000002000 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2000 Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips England Sunderland Bradford City * 1 -- 4 000000002000 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2000 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United * Arsenal 6 -- 1 000000002001 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 2001 Wiltord , Sylvain Sylvain Wiltord France Arsenal * West Ham United 3 -- 0 000000002001 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2001 Stewart , Marcus Marcus Stewart England Ipswich Town Southampton * 0 -- 3 000000002001 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2001 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool * Newcastle United 3 -- 0 000000002001 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2001 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Liverpool Leicester City * 1 -- 4 000000002001 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2001 Kitson , Paul Paul Kitson England West Ham United Charlton Athletic * 4 -- 4 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2001 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002001 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2001 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler England Leeds United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 3 000000002001 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2001 Solskjaer , Ole Gunnar Ole Gunnar Solskjær Norway Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 4 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 29 January 2002 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 0 000000002002 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2002 Bobic , Fredi Fredi Bobic Germany Bolton Wanderers * Ipswich Town 4 -- 1 000000002002 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2002 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool Manchester City * 0 -- 3 000000002002 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2002 Beattie , James James Beattie England Southampton * Fulham 4 -- 2 000000002002 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2002 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Newcastle United 5 -- 3 000000002002 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2002 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Everton 4 -- 3 000000002003 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2003 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * West Ham United 3 -- 1 000000002003 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Fulham 3 -- 0 000000002003 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2003 Viduka , Mark Mark Viduka Australia Leeds United Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2003 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes England Manchester United Newcastle United * 2 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2003 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Liverpool West Bromwich Albion * 0 -- 6 000000002003 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United * Charlton Athletic 4 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2003 Pennant , Jermaine Jermaine Pennant England Arsenal * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2003 Pires , Robert Robert Pirès France Arsenal * Southampton 6 -- 1 000000002003 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2003 Ljungberg , Fredrik Fredrik Ljungberg Sweden Arsenal Sunderland * 0 -- 4 000000002003 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2003 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham England Portsmouth * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 08 - 26 - 0000 26 August 2003 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Manchester City * Aston Villa 4 -- 1 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2003 Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United Leicester City * 1 -- 4 000000002003 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2003 Lisbie , Kevin Kevin Lisbie Jamaica Charlton Athletic * Liverpool 3 -- 2 000000002003 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2003 Watson , Steve Steve Watson England Everton * Leeds United 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2003 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000002003 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2003 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Chelsea * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 2 000000002004 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Liverpool 4 -- 2 000000002004 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Leeds United 5 -- 0 000000002004 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2004 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Portsmouth * Middlesbrough 5 -- 1 000000002004 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2004 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Portsmouth * Fulham 4 -- 3 000000002004 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2004 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Netherlands Middlesbrough Blackburn Rovers * 0 -- 4 000000002004 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2004 Gudjohnsen , Eidur Eiður Guðjohnsen Iceland Chelsea * Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 0 000000002004 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2004 Baros , Milan Milan Baroš Czech Republic Liverpool * Crystal Palace 3 -- 2 000000002004 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 2004 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 5 -- 1 000000002004 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2004 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Portsmouth 3 -- 0 000000002005 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2005 Earnshaw , Robert Robert Earnshaw Wales West Bromwich Albion Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 4 000000002005 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2005 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Norwich City 4 -- 1 000000002005 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2005 Harewood , Marlon Marlon Harewood England West Ham United * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002005 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2005 Camara , Henri Henri Camara Senegal Wigan Athletic * Charlton Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002005 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2005 Owen , Michael Michael Owen England Newcastle United West Ham United * 2 -- 4 000000002005 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2005 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Middlesbrough 7 -- 0 000000002006 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2006 Bentley , David David Bentley England Blackburn Rovers * Manchester United 4 -- 3 000000002006 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 2006 Moore , Luke Luke Moore England Aston Villa Middlesbrough * 0 -- 4 000000002006 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2006 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal * Wigan Athletic 4 -- 2 000000002006 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2006 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 4 000000002006 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 2006 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * Watford 4 -- 0 000000002006 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 2006 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch England Liverpool * Arsenal 4 -- 1 000000002007 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2007 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal * Derby County 5 -- 0 000000002007 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2007 Mwaruwari , Benjani Benjani Mwaruwari Zimbabwe Portsmouth * Reading 7 -- 4 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2007 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Everton * Fulham 3 -- 0 000000002007 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2007 Santa Cruz , Roque Roque Santa Cruz Paraguay Blackburn Rovers Wigan Athletic * 5 -- 3 000000002007 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2007 Bent , Marcus Marcus Bent England Wigan Athletic * Blackburn Rovers 5 -- 3 000000002007 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2007 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Tottenham Hotspur * Reading 6 -- 4 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2007 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United * Newcastle United 6 -- 0 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Mwaruwari , Benjani Benjani Mwaruwari Zimbabwe Portsmouth * Derby County 3 -- 1 000000002008 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2008 Carew , John John Carew Norway Aston Villa * Newcastle United 4 -- 1 000000002008 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2008 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * Middlesbrough 3 -- 2 000000002008 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 2008 Forssell , Mikael Mikael Forssell Finland Birmingham City * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2008 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * West Ham United 4 -- 0 000000002008 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2008 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea * Derby County 6 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 2008 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal Derby County * 2 -- 6 000000002008 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2008 Alves , Afonso Afonso Alves Brazil Middlesbrough * Manchester City 8 -- 1 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Agbonlahor , Gabriel Gabriel Agbonlahor England Aston Villa * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002008 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2008 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal Blackburn Rovers * 0 -- 4 000000002008 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2008 Robinho Brazil Manchester City * Stoke City 3 -- 0 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2008 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka France Chelsea * Sunderland 5 -- 0 000000002008 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2008 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England Liverpool * Aston Villa 5 -- 0 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2009 Arshavin , Andrei Andrei Arshavin Russia Arsenal Liverpool * 4 -- 4 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2009 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur Hull City * 1 -- 5 000000002009 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 2009 Benayoun , Yossi Yossi Benayoun Israel Liverpool * Burnley 4 -- 0 000000002009 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2009 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Liverpool * Hull City 6 -- 1 000000002009 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2009 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Ireland Tottenham Hotspur * Burnley 5 -- 0 000000002009 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2009 Dindane , Aruna Aruna Dindane Ivory Coast Portsmouth * Wigan Athletic 4 -- 0 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2009 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Tottenham Hotspur * Wigan Athletic 9 -- 1 000000002009 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2009 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Portsmouth * 1 -- 4 000000002009 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2009 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 000000002010 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2010 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United * Hull City 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2010 Bent , Darren Darren Bent England Sunderland * Bolton Wanderers 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2010 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea * Aston Villa 7 -- 1 000000002010 - 03 - 27 - 0000 27 March 2010 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002010 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2010 Kalou , Salomon Salomon Kalou Ivory Coast Chelsea * Stoke City 7 -- 0 000000002010 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 2010 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * Wigan Athletic 8 -- 0 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2010 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Ivory Coast Chelsea * West Bromwich Albion 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2010 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * Blackpool 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 Carroll , Andy Andy Carroll England Newcastle United * Aston Villa 6 -- 0 000000002010 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2010 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Liverpool 3 -- 2 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2010 Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan England Newcastle United * Sunderland 5 -- 1 000000002010 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2010 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 1 000000002010 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 2010 Balotelli , Mario Mario Balotelli Italy Manchester City * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002010 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2010 Best , Leon Leon Best Ireland Newcastle United * West Ham United 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2011 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Birmingham City 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2011 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2011 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City * West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 Saha , Louis Louis Saha France Everton * Blackpool 5 -- 3 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 Kuyt , Dirk Dirk Kuyt Netherlands Liverpool * Manchester United 3 -- 1 000000002011 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United West Ham United * 2 -- 4 000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2011 Rodriguez , Maxi Maxi Rodríguez Argentina Liverpool * Birmingham City 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2011 Rodriguez , Maxi Maxi Rodríguez Argentina Liverpool Fulham * 2 -- 5 000000002011 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2011 Tchoyi , Somen Somen Tchoyi Cameroon West Bromwich Albion Newcastle United * 3 -- 3 000000002011 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2011 Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Manchester City Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 5 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United * Arsenal 8 -- 2 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Wigan Athletic 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Bolton Wanderers * 0 -- 5 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Ba , Demba Demba Ba Senegal Newcastle United * Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 000000002011 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2011 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard England Chelsea Bolton Wanderers * 1 -- 5 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2011 Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson England Fulham * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 0 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2011 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal Chelsea * 3 -- 5 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 Ba , Demba Demba Ba Senegal Newcastle United Stoke City * 1 -- 3 000000002011 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2011 Yakubu Aiyegbeni Nigeria Blackburn Rovers * Swansea City 4 -- 2 000000002011 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2011 Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Bulgaria Manchester United * Wigan Athletic 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2011 Dempsey , Clint Clint Dempsey United States Fulham * Newcastle United 5 -- 2 000000002012 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 2012 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Arsenal * Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 1 000000002012 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2012 Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie Nigeria West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers * 1 -- 5 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 Pogrebnyak , Pavel Pavel Pogrebnyak Russia Fulham * Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 -- 0 000000002012 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2012 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England Liverpool * Everton 3 -- 0 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2012 Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Argentina Manchester City Norwich City * 1 -- 6 000000002012 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2012 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Norwich City * 0 -- 3 000000002012 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2012 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain Chelsea * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 1 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2012 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Manchester United Southampton * 2 -- 3 000000002012 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 2012 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Norwich City * 2 -- 5 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2012 Gomez , Jordi Jordi Gómez Spain Wigan Athletic * Reading 3 -- 2 000000002012 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2012 Cazorla , Santi Santi Cazorla Spain Arsenal Reading * 2 -- 5 000000002012 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2012 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales Tottenham Hotspur Aston Villa * 0 -- 4 000000002012 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2012 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * Newcastle United 7 -- 3 000000002012 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2012 Kagawa , Shinji Shinji Kagawa Japan Manchester United * Norwich City 4 -- 0 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Wigan Athletic * 0 -- 4 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie Netherlands Manchester United * Aston Villa 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Belgium Aston Villa * Sunderland 6 -- 1 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2013 Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge England Liverpool Fulham * 1 -- 3 000000002013 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2013 Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan England West Ham United * Reading 4 -- 2 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2013 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium West Bromwich Albion * Manchester United 5 -- 5 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool * Norwich City 5 -- 1 000000002013 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2013 Johnson , Adam Adam Johnson England Sunderland Fulham * 1 -- 4 000000002014 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2014 Etoo , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Chelsea * Manchester United 3 -- 1 000000002014 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2014 Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Belgium Chelsea * Newcastle United 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 2014 Schurrle , Andre André Schürrle Germany Chelsea Fulham * 1 -- 3 000000002014 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2014 Toure , Yaya Yaya Touré Ivory Coast Manchester City * Fulham 5 -- 0 000000002014 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2014 Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay Liverpool Cardiff City * 3 -- 6 000000002014 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2014 Costa , Diego Diego Costa Spain Chelsea * Swansea City 4 -- 2 000000002014 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2014 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 1 000000002014 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2014 Austin , Charlie Charlie Austin England Queens Park Rangers * West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 000000002014 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2014 Walters , Jonathan Jonathan Walters Ireland Stoke City * Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2015 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Leicester City 4 -- 3 000000002015 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2015 Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Belgium Aston Villa * Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 3 000000002015 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2015 Bolasie , Yannick Yannick Bolasie DR Congo Crystal Palace Sunderland * 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2015 Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Queens Park Rangers 6 -- 0 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Mane , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal Southampton * Aston Villa 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Walcott , Theo Theo Walcott England Arsenal * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 1 000000002015 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2015 Wilson , Callum Callum Wilson England AFC Bournemouth West Ham United * 3 -- 4 000000002015 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2015 Naismith , Steven Steven Naismith Scotland Everton * Chelsea 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 Sánchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Arsenal Leicester City * 2 -- 5 000000002015 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 2015 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City * Newcastle United 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2015 Sterling , Raheem Raheem Sterling England Manchester City * AFC Bournemouth 5 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2015 Wijnaldum , Georginio Georginio Wijnaldum Netherlands Newcastle United * Norwich City 6 -- 2 000000002015 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 2015 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur AFC Bournemouth * 1 -- 5 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 Koné , Arouna Arouna Koné Ivory Coast Everton * Sunderland 6 -- 2 000000002015 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2015 Mahrez , Riyad Riyad Mahrez Algeria Leicester City Swansea City * 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2015 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe England Sunderland Swansea City * 2 -- 4 000000002016 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2016 Carroll , Andy Andy Carroll England West Ham United * Arsenal 3 -- 3 000000002016 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2016 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City Chelsea * 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2016 Mané , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal Southampton * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002016 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2016 Giroud , Olivier Olivier Giroud France Arsenal * Aston Villa 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2016 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium Everton Sunderland * 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 Sánchez , Alexis Alexis Sánchez Chile Arsenal West Ham United * 1 -- 5 000000002016 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2016 Vardy , Jamie Jamie Vardy England Leicester City * Manchester City 4 -- 2 000000002016 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2016 Rondón , Salomón Salomón Rondón Venezuela West Bromwich Albion * Swansea City 3 -- 1 000000002016 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 2016 Gray , Andre Andre Gray England Burnley * Sunderland 4 -- 1 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * West Bromwich Albion 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 2017 Lukaku , Romelu Romelu Lukaku Belgium Everton * AFC Bournemouth 6 -- 3 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Stoke City 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2017 King , Joshua Joshua King Norway AFC Bournemouth * West Ham United 3 -- 2 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Leicester City * 1 -- 6 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Hull City * 1 -- 7 000000002017 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2017 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Manchester City Watford * 0 -- 6 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 2017 Morata , Álvaro Álvaro Morata Spain Chelsea Stoke City * 0 -- 4 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2017 Wilson , Callum Callum Wilson England AFC Bournemouth * Huddersfield Town 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2017 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Everton * West Ham United 4 -- 0 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur Burnley * 0 -- 3 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 2017 Kane , Harry Harry Kane England Tottenham Hotspur * Southampton 5 -- 2 000000002017 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2017 Multiple hat - tricks The following table lists the minimum number of hat - tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat - tricks . Players in bold are still active in the Premier League . Rank Player Hat - tricks Last hat - trick Alan Shearer 11 19 September 1999 Robbie Fowler 9 26 December 2001 Thierry Henry 8 7 May 2006 Harry Kane 26 December 2017 Michael Owen 17 December 2005 6 Wayne Rooney 7 29 November 2017 7 Sergio Agüero 6 16 September 2017 Luis Suárez 22 March 2014 9 Dimitar Berbatov 5 26 December 2011 Andy Cole 30 August 1999 Ruud van Nistelrooy 27 September 2003 Robin van Persie 22 April 2013 Ian Wright 13 September 1997 14 Yakubu Aiyegbeni 3 December 2011 Kevin Campbell 8 May 1999 Jermain Defoe 13 January 2016 Les Ferdinand 25 November 2000 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink 16 October 2004 Matthew Le Tissier 19 August 1995 Teddy Sheringham 26 August 2003 Chris Sutton 28 February 1998 Carlos Tevez 14 April 2012 Fernando Torres 29 April 2012 Dwight Yorke 25 February 2001 25 Emmanuel Adebayor 13 September 2008 Nicolas Anelka 1 November 2008 Tony Cottee 17 December 1994 Didier Drogba 14 August 2010 Dion Dublin 14 November 1998 Robbie Keane 26 September 2009 Frank Lampard 2 October 2011 Romelu Lukaku 4 February 2017 Ole Gunnar Solskjær 29 January 2002 Theo Walcott 24 May 2015 35 Demba Ba 31 October 2011 Christian Benteke 7 April 2015 Andy Carroll 9 April 2016 Kevin Gallacher 17 January 1998 Steven Gerrard 13 March 2012 Darren Huckerby 9 January 1999 Steffen Iversen 11 March 2000 Andrei Kanchelskis 27 April 1996 Paul Kitson 19 November 2001 Sadio Mané 1 May 2016 Benjani Mwaruwari 19 January 2008 Kevin Nolan 19 May 2013 Kevin Phillips 26 December 2000 Fabrizio Ravanelli 5 March 1997 Maxi Rodríguez 9 May 2011 Alexis Sánchez 3 December 2016 Paul Scholes 12 April 2003 Mark Viduka 5 April 2003 Callum Wilson 18 November 2017 Tony Yeboah 23 September 1995 Notes The Premier League , created in 1992 , is the top tier of English league football . References ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` The hat - trick Hall of Fame '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` Unassuming supersub who merits a place among the Old Trafford greats '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Norman ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Fastest UCL goals , little and large '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Norman ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Four - goal salvos , hat - trick heroes '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 1 Swansea City '' . BBC Sport. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` Hat - trick hero still going strong '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day in 1996 : Man Utd hit for six at Southampton '' . Premier League . 26 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 10 September 2002 ) . `` No regrets for Anelka on return to Arsenal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Chicha denied treble '' . Manchester United F.C. Official Website . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 26 August 1992 ) . `` Football : Cantona hits hat - trick to crush Spurs '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robins calls it a day '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 6 December 1992 ) . `` Football : Rovers rocked by Hendrie hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 29 December 1992 ) . `` Football : Everton 's day of dismissals '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 17 January 1993 ) . `` Football : Deane gets about Town '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 22 February 1993 ) . `` Football : Barmby poses a national problem '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Edworthy , Niall ( 11 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Strachan inspires '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Sam ( 11 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Forest full of goals and holes '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Phil ( 13 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Wednesday 's strength in depth '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 3 -- 5 QPR '' . Soccerbase. 12 April 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 15 April 1993 ) . `` Football : Sutton does the trick to inspire Norwich : Champions still without an away win as Canaries rediscover their scoring touch '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Coventry '' . Soccerbase. 17 April 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry 3 -- 3 Leeds '' . Soccerbase. 8 May 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rob ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` The Joy of Six : great escapes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this week ... '' Coventry City F.C. 17 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 22 August 1993 ) . `` Football : Cottee hits heights '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Ipswich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 1 -- 5 Norwich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 24 October 1993 ) . `` Leeds upstage Shearer show '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 -- 0 MK Dons '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Southampton '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 21 November 1993 ) . `` Football : Everton lose dignity '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Football : Cole collects hat - trick to humble Liverpool : Strikers display their talents as Newcastle 's passing game destroys weakened visitors and West Bromwich are punished for errors '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GGG35 : Ian Wright v Swindon Town , 1993 '' . Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 -- 0 Swindon '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Slot , Owen ( 6 February 1994 ) . `` Football : The age of Fjortoft '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 13 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Sizzling Saunders '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 15 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Le Tissier sets up the rout of poor Liverpool '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Frank ( 24 February 1994 ) . `` Football : Newcastle lifted by brilliant Cole : Familiar figure helps youthful Magpies return to winning ways '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day in ... '' Arsenal F.C. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Slot , Owen ( 20 March 1994 ) . `` Football : Wright floors revivalists '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 10 April 1994 ) . `` Football : Le Tissier hat - trick keeps Saints afloat '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MK Dons 3 -- 0 Oldham '' . Soccerbase. 25 September 1993 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Barton , Mark ( 29 August 1994 ) . `` Football : Sutton punishes sorry Coventry : Rovers leave it late '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Manchester United v Manchester City : Five classic derbies '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 0 QPR '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 2 Newcastle United '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 3 -- 0 Manchester City '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 3 January 1995 ) . `` Blackburn put clear by superb Shearer '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 1 Ipswich '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Neil ( 12 February 1995 ) . `` Seven up for Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A nightmare revisited '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2000 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Martin ( 23 April 2009 ) . `` Andrey the giant '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 6 April 1995 ) . `` Yeboah 's hat - trick buries Ipswich '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 16 April 1995 ) . `` Hat - trick is the Wright response '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hey , Stan ( 20 August 1995 ) . `` Roy runs free for Forest '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 24 September 1995 ) . `` Shearer lifts the gloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brenkley , Stephen ( 24 September 1995 ) . `` Yeboah up to his old tricks '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 22 October 1995 ) . `` Ferdinand dons triple crown '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 29 October 1995 ) . `` Leeds stirred by McAllister '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 19 November 1995 ) . `` Bohinen busts Forest 's dam '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cullely , Jon ( 3 December 1995 ) . `` Shearer bliss '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 December 1995 ) . `` Football : Bright 's finish makes Dublin 's hat - trick irrelevant '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 17 December 1995 ) . `` Football : Milosevic finally comes good '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 24 December 1995 ) . `` Fowler does trick for Liverpool '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 4 February 1996 ) . `` Dogged Shearer puts bite on Bolton '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 5 February 1996 ) . `` Chelsea burst into bloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` Shearer steals show '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 14 April 1996 ) . `` Hughes bang up to date '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Scott ( 28 April 1996 ) . `` Kanchelskis rules '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 18 August 1996 ) . `` Campbell calls tune '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough v Liverpool '' . The Times . London . 9 November 2002 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 17 September 1996 ) . `` Football : Wright 's hat - trick lifts the gloom '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 1 October 1996 ) . `` Yorke hat - trick in vain for Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 17 November 1996 ) . `` Football : Speed puts foot down '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 3 February 1997 ) . `` Football : Shearer provides Newcastle fantasy '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 23 February 1997 ) . `` Football : Marshall 's triple tale of the unexpected '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stamiforth , Tommy ( 5 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Spurs boosted by Iversen 's hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 6 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Ravanelli hat - trick bodes well for Boro '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 17 March 1997 ) . `` Football : Gallacher takes advantage of Sullivan 's sudden relapse '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Houston , Bob ( 4 May 1997 ) . `` Kitson glory day '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Clive ( 10 August 1997 ) . `` Football : Dublin exposes Chelsea 's flaw '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David . `` Blackburn 5 Aston Villa 0 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 25 August 1997 ) . `` Football : Barnsley exposed by Vialli '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Dennis Bergkamp 's 100 Arsenal goals '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 2 Chelsea '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David . `` Manchester United 7 -- 0 Barnsley '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 10 November 1997 ) . `` Football : Shreeves reaps reward of Pleat 's long - term plan '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Martin . `` Chelsea 4 Derby 0 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 7 December 1997 ) . `` Football : Tottenham 's revival hopes threatened by Venglos factor '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hits hat - trick for Everton '' . BBC News . 28 December 1997 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 18 January 1998 ) . `` Football : Villa cut down by Gallacher '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sheffield Wednesday 3 -- 3 Liverpool '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 2 March 1998 ) . `` Football : Why Sutton should eat humble pie '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Ian . `` Leeds 3 Coventry 3 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Wyn ( 4 May 1996 ) . `` Football : Klinsmann muddies the water '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff ( 22 August 1998 ) . `` Football Round - up : Mendonca 's Valley high '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 August 1998 ) . `` Football : Owen defines Gullit 's task with hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer -- England : Owen Returns With Four Goals '' . The New York Times . 26 October 1998 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 15 November 1998 ) . `` Football : Dublin 's treble leaves Villa in clover '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 22 November 1998 ) . `` Football Fowler trick trumps Villa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rowbottom , Mike ( 29 December 1998 ) . `` Football : Armstrong treble traumatises Everton '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 9 January 1999 ) . `` Huckerby hat - trick fells forlorn Forest '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Neil ( 17 January 1999 ) . `` Football : Fowler preys on sorry Saints '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , John . `` Leicester 2 -- 6 Manchester United '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Neil ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` West Brom 5 -- 5 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United romp to record win '' . BBC News . 7 February 1999 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 February 1999 ) . `` Football : Arsenal fired by Anelka hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 9 May 1999 ) . `` Everton joy as Campbell serves up treble treat '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bridges blasts hat - trick '' . BBC Sport. 11 August 1999 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` On this day ... '' BBC News . 30 August 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve ( 19 September 1999 ) . `` Football : Phillips ' hat - trick demolishes Derby '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shear Magic -- Alan 's greatest moments ! '' . BBC Tyne . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kanu hat - trick sinks Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 23 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 22 November 1999 ) . `` Football : Arsenal revived as Overmars hits overdrive '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 5 December 1999 ) . `` Football : Phillips ' hat - trick demolishes Derby '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brunton , Simon ( 27 February 2000 ) . `` Hammers crumble under Barmby hat - trick '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Collymore hat - trick sinks Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hoddle humbled on Spurs return '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yorke treble tethers Rams '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 7 -- 1 West Ham United '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford 4 -- 4 Derby '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 24 August 2000 ) . `` Wanchope 's hat - trick ends agony for City '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ross , Ian ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Owen hat - trick hits Voller and Villa '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heskey hat - trick sinks Derby '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Stuart ( 22 October 2000 ) . `` Chelsea banish blues '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Reading , Mark ( 30 October 2000 ) . `` Sheringham 's best comes of age '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four - midable Viduka stuns Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 4 February 2002 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur v Leicester '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 10 December 2000 ) . `` Now for Parlour 's first trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day football clockwatch '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2000 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day football clockwatch '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2000 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clockwatch : Man Utd 6 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 25 February 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Clive ( 3 March 2001 ) . `` Wiltord restores normal service '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 2 April 2001 ) . `` Stewart adds to Southampton misery '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 6 May 2001 ) . `` Impressive Owen claims hat - trick to knacker Newcastle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 October 2001 ) . `` Fowler just the trick for ' babysitter ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers held in thriller '' . BBC Sport. 19 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United hit Saints for six '' . BBC Sport. 22 December 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fowler fires Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2001 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , Ken . `` Bolton 0 Manchester Utd 4 '' . Sporting Life . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea thrash Spurs '' . BBC Sport. 13 March 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 7 April 2002 ) . `` Ipswich doomed by Bobic '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen sinks Man City '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership : Beattie hat - trick floors Fulham '' . CBBC. 27 October 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd back on song '' . BBC Sport. 23 November 2002 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keane inspires Tottenham '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Henry destroys Hammers '' . BBC Sport. 27 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Van Nistelrooy sends Man Utd top '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2003 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds thrash Charlton '' . BBC Sport. 5 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd rout Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Owen and Reds rout Baggies '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Steve ( 4 May 2003 ) . `` Van Nistelrooy puts United on the verge '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal hit Saints for six '' . BBC Sport. 7 May 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ljungberg treble sinks Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 11 May 2003 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth top Premiership '' . BBC Sport. 26 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anelka hat - trick sinks Villa '' . BBC Sport. 14 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Red - hot United stun Foxes '' . BBC Sport. 27 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbie treble stuns Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Everton rout sad Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keane inspires Spurs rout '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 5 -- 2 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 27 March 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 10 April 2004 ) . `` Henry 's hat - trick gives relieved Arsenal a treble to remember '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 5 -- 0 Leeds '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2004 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 5 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Craigie , Phil ( 31 August 2004 ) . `` Yakubu hat - trick seals Pompey win as Fulham fight back in vain '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 0 -- 4 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Roy ( 24 October 2004 ) . `` Gudjohnsen rains goals on Blackburn '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 2 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2004 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 5 -- 1 Southampton '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2004 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 5 March 2005 ) . `` Henry 's hat - trick steadies misfiring junior Gunners '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Ronald ( 20 March 2005 ) . `` Albion galvanised by Earnshaw grand slam '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 3 April 2005 ) . `` Three and easy for Henry as Norwich look doomed '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 19 December 2005 ) . `` Camara snaps up a treble as Charlton plunge '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jonathan ( 18 December 2005 ) . `` West Ham Utd 2 Newcastle Utd 4 : Owen 's crackerjacks lift the panto season '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Burt , Jason ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Arsenal 7 -- 0 Middlesbrough : Hat - trick for Henry in seven heaven '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 0 -- 4 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` Highbury story ends with last act of sublime skill from Henry '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 October 2006 ) . `` Rooney hat - trick revival crowns a United masterclass '' . Guardian . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Roy ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Watford floored by Drogba 's hat - trick '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 31 March 2007 ) . `` Liverpool 4 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rudd , Alyson ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Adebayor hat - trick elicits Henry comparisons '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` Everton 's Yakubu sends Fulham packing '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` Wigan 5 -- 3 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Allsop , Derick ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` Wigan 's Marcus Bent outguns Santa Cruz '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , David ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Tottenham 6 -- 4 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Mossop , James ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo adds to Newcastle nightmare '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Whyatt , Chris ( 19 January 2008 ) . `` Portsmouth 3 -- 1 Derby '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Aston Villa 4 -- 1 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 2 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( 2 March 2008 ) . `` Mikael Forssell hat - trick follows the script '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Football : Chelsea 6 -- 1 Derby County : Lampard hits four as Derby reel under Chelsea backlash '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 28 August 2008 ) . `` Derby 2 -- 6 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Middlesbrough 8 -- 1 Man City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( 17 August 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Agbonlahor hat - trick piles on the misery for City '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Culley , Jon ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Football : Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 4 Arsenal : Adebayor shows fine art of finishing '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , David ( 26 October 2008 ) . `` Man City 3 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Chelsea 5 -- 0 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Steven Gerrard hat - trick fires Liverpool title charge '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 21 April 2009 ) . `` Four - goal Andriy Arshavin shatters Liverpool 's hopes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rae , Richard ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` Jermain Defoe fires hat - trick as Tottenham tear Hull to shreds '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 0 Burnley '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 6 -- 1 Hull '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 12 September 2009 ) . `` Tottenham 5 -- 0 Burnley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Reekie , Harry ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Portsmouth 4 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 9 -- 1 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 28 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 4 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 4 -- 0 Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 7 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 7 -- 0 Stoke '' . BBC Sport. 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 8 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 0 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 6 -- 0 Blackpool '' . BBC Sport. 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 6 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 19 September 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 5 -- 1 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man United 7 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 5 -- 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport. 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man United 5 -- 0 Birmingham City '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 5 -- 3 Blackpool '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 6 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 2 -- 4 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 0 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 2 -- 5 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 3 -- 3 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 1 -- 5 Man City '' . BBC Sport. 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 8 -- 2 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 3 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 0 -- 5 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 3 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton 1 -- 5 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 6 -- 0 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke 1 -- 3 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn 4 -- 2 Swansea '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 5 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 -- 2 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 7 -- 1 Blackburn '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves 1 -- 5 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 5 -- 0 Wolves '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 0 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 1 -- 6 Man City '' . BBC Sport. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 0 -- 3 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 6 -- 1 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 2 -- 3 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich 2 -- 5 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan 3 -- 2 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lillywhite , Jamie ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Aston Villa 0 -- 4 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 29 December 2012 ) . `` Arsenal 7 -- 3 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Norwich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 2 March 2013 ) . `` Wigan 0 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Aston Villa 6 -- 1 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Fulham 1 -- 3 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` West Ham 4 -- 3 Reading '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 4 -- 1 West Bromwich Albion '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 -- 1 Norwich City '' . BBC Sport. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 -- 4 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 1 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham 1 -- 3 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 5 -- 0 Fulham '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff City 3 -- 6 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 4 -- 2 Swansea '' . BBC Sport. 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 4 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC Sport. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QPR 3 -- 2 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 31 January 2015 ) . `` Stoke 3 -- 2 QPR '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Martin ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` Tottenham 4 -- 3 Leicester '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Villa 3 -- 3 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 0 -- 4 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 6 -- 0 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 6 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 1 West Brom '' . BBC Sport. 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham 3 -- 4 AFC Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 3 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester 2 -- 5 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 6 -- 1 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 5 -- 1 AFC Bournemouth '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 6 -- 2 Norwich City '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 1 - 5 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 - 2 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 0 - 3 Leicester City '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea City 2 - 4 Sunderland '' . BBC Sport. 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 3 - 3 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 0 Manchester City 3 '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 4 -- 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport. 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 0 Everton 3 '' . BBC Sport. 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham United 1 Arsenal 5 '' . BBC Sport. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City 4 -- 2 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport. 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 4 Sunderland 1 '' . BBC Sport. 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 West Bromwich Albion 0 '' . BBC Sport. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 6 Bournemouth 3 '' . BBC Sport. 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 4 Stoke City 0 '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 3 West Ham United 2 '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City 1 Tottenham Hotspur 6 '' . BBC Sport. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hull City 1 -- 7 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watford 0 Manchester City 6 '' . BBC Sport. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City 0 Chelsea 4 '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Bournemouth 4 Huddersfield Town 0 '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 4 West Ham United 0 '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 - 3 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 - 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . External links `` English Premier League / All Time / Most Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker.com . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Men 's football in England <Td_colspan="2"> The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances <Td_colspan="2"> Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_hat-tricks&oldid=817214666 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Lists of association football team hat - tricks Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Nederlands Română Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Premier League hat-tricks 2. Alan Shearer's record 3. Fastest Premier League hat-trick 4. Hat-tricks in consecutive league games 5. Hat-tricks for multiple clubs

in the heat of the night season 5 episode 23

List of in the Heat of the Night episodes - wikipedia List of in the Heat of the Night episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following are a list of episodes of the television series In the Heat of the Night , which aired from 1988 through 1995 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 NBC 2.1 Season 1 : 1988 2.2 Season 2 : 1988 -- 1989 2.3 Season 3 : 1989 -- 1990 2.4 Season 4 : 1990 -- 1991 2.5 Season 5 : 1991 -- 1992 3 CBS 3.1 Season 6 : 1992 -- 1993 3.2 Season 7 : 1993 -- 1994 3.3 Made - for - television films ( Season 8 ) : 1994 -- 1995 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Most of this series has been released on DVD by TGG Direct . <Th_colspan="2"> Season Network Episodes Premiered : Ended : DVD set release date : 1 NBC 8 1988.03. 06 1988.05. 03 2012.08. 30 NBC 22 1988.12. 04 1989.05. 16 2014.03. 11 NBC 22 1989.10. 24 1990.05. 08 NBC 22 1990.09. 18 1991.04. 30 2013.12. 10 5 NBC 22 1991.10. 01 1992.05. 19 2013.12. 10 6 CBS 22 1992.10. 28 1993.05. 12 2014.11. 03 7 CBS 24 1993.09. 16 1994.05. 11 2014.11. 03 TV - movies CBS 1994.10. 21 1995.05. 16 2013.04. 16 Due to clearance issues , 16 episodes were not included in this DVD set . Due to clearance issues , 2 episodes were not included in this DVD set . Due to clearance issues , 3 episodes were not included in this DVD set . Due to clearance issues , 1 episode was not included in this DVD set . Due to clearance issues , 5 episodes were not included in this DVD set . NBC ( edit ) Season 1 : 1988 ( edit ) The first season 's opening credits of In the Heat of the Night consisted of still drawings of the show 's characters , with the sign reading `` SPARTA , MISS '' at the end . The only season , in which Christian LeBlanc was the cast member . This season consisted of 8 episodes . # Title Director Writer Original airdate Production Code `` Pilot : Part 1 '' David Hemmings James Lee Barrett March 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 06 ) 7801A <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil Tibbs returns to Sparta and joins the police force as chief of detectives . His arrival is met with resistance from police chief Bill Gillespie -- who , despite his good relationship with Tibbs , resents having an officer hired without his approval . Virgil has trouble adjusting to the small , antiquated police force . Tibbs ' first case is a racially charged murder case that is soon complicated when the suspect is murdered in his cell . Doug Savant and Kevin McCarthy guest star . `` Pilot : Part 2 '' David Hemmings James Lee Barrett March 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 06 ) 7801B <Td_colspan="6"> The investigation into the brutal murders of a young girl and the suspect in her death , leads Tibbs and Gillespie to the son of one of Sparta 's wealthiest and most influential citizens . As they come closer to the truth things become dangerous for Virgil . Savant and McCarthy guest star . `` Road Kill '' Leo Penn Kathy McCormick March 15 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 15 ) 7802 <Td_colspan="6"> The affair between the husband of a wealthy woman and her distant cousin leads to her murder . Virgil immediately suspects the pair . But he has a difficult time persuading Gillespie , who is a long time friend of the man and Bubba , who has been seeing the cousin . Bubba and Virgil clash again and Virgil is frustrated when the Chief rejects his theory about the crime . `` Fate '' Anthony Wilkinson Richard Fielder March 22 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 22 ) 7804 <Td_colspan="6"> Racial tensions run high when a married white woman has an affair with a black businessman from New York . Meanwhile Virgil is not happy when the Chief enlists his aid in tracking down Bubba 's cousin , a suspected moonshiner . 5 `` Blind Spot : Part 1 '' David Hemmings William Gray March 29 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 29 ) 7805 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil refuses to let go of a grudge against a wealthy former classmate who cheated him out of a scholarship . The man has promised city leaders that he will move his business to Sparta , but not all of his business interests are legal . The nephew of an old friend of Gillespie 's finds his life in danger after he steals drugs stored in the businessman 's mansion . 6 `` Blind Spot : Part 2 '' David Hemmings William Gray April 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) 7806 <Td_colspan="6"> An angry Gillespie seeks answers when an old friend is shot . And Virgil narrowly escapes death after trying to ascertain the real reason behind an old adversary 's return to Sparta . Nan finds herself in danger after she finds out the truth about her new love . 7 `` A Necessary Evil '' Winrich Kolbe Josef Anderson April 12 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 12 ) 7803 <Td_colspan="6"> In this humorous episode , Virgil and the Chief arrest a man for bigamy . It soon becomes a polygamy case after an endless parade of wives come to visit their husband . 8 `` ... And Then You Die '' Anthony Wilkinson Kathy McCormick May 3 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 03 ) 7807 <Td_colspan="6"> The Sparta police search for a killer and his girlfriend . But the case becomes personal when they take Althea and the grandson of one of the victims hostage . Season 2 : 1988 -- 1989 ( edit ) Lois Nettleton , Geoffrey Thorne , and Hugh O'Connor joined the cast in this season . This season consisted of 22 episodes . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` Do n't Look Back : Part 1 '' Peter Levin Jeri Taylor , David Moessinger December 4 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 04 ) 8804A <Td_colspan="6"> A copycat recreates a shocking unsolved murder from the past . Gillespie feels threatened after Ted Marcus suggests that Virgil should become the Chief . The situation becomes more tense after Virgil criticizes Parker and Bubba 's actions . `` Do n't Look Back : Part 2 '' Peter Levin Jeri Taylor , David Moessinger December 4 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 04 ) 8804B <Td_colspan="6"> Tibbs , Gillespie and Bubba pursue different leads in a bizarre murder case and the Chief realizes that the killer has plans for him . `` The Family Secret '' Lee H. Katzin Nancy Bond December 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 8801 <Td_colspan="6"> The murder of a well respected man turns up a shocking secret about his family . `` The Hammer and the Glove '' Harry Harris Jeri Taylor December 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 13 ) 8806 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil is delighted when Matthew ( Michael Warren ) his former partner from Philadelphia comes to visit . But he soon learns his friend has another purpose for coming to Sparta . Althea is uncomfortable because she and Matthew were romantically involved before she met Virgil and she realizes that he is unwilling to accept the fact that she chose Virgil over him . Meanwhile the F.B.I. enlist Sparta P.D. 's aid in hiding a witness . 5 `` Prisoners '' Russ Mayberry Lee Maddux December 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 20 ) 8805 <Td_colspan="6"> Sweet risks his life to prove that the Sheriff ( Ed Ames ) of a neighboring county is guilty of the racially motivated murder of a young man that Sweet was friends with in high school . 6 `` Hot Nights '' Harry Harris Mark Edens December 27 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 27 ) 8807 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba is seduced by an alluring writer who has more on her mind than romance . Bill and Virgil worry that he is in over his head . Bubba tries to protect her from her estranged husband , but things get complicated after she shoots someone . 7 `` Gunshot '' Lee H. Katzin David Moessinger January 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 03 ) 8811 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil is forced to shoot a suspect in an armed robbery . He has trouble dealing with the consequences of his actions , after he realizes the person he shot was a teenaged girl -- and no one can locate the gun he believed she was pointing at him . 8 `` Country Mouse , City Mouse '' Vincent McEveety Lee Maddux January 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 10 ) 8812 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil 's visiting niece and Bubba 's nephew team up in an effort to escape the boredom of small town life. But they get more excitement than they bargained for when they cross paths with a dangerous parolee . 9 `` Stranger in Town '' Michael Rhodes Jordan Budde January 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 17 ) 8802 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie suspects that JoAnn 's new cook is connected to the murder of a young prostitute . But Virgil suspects the culprit maybe a local pimp who has been intimidating the women . 10 `` Tear Down the Walls '' Vincent McEveety Terry Erwin January 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 31 ) 8808 <Td_colspan="6"> A minister who was integrating his church ( by inviting Virgil and Althea to attend services ) is poisoned . 11 `` A Trip Upstate '' Jeffrey Hayden Carroll O'Connor February 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) 8803 <Td_colspan="6"> In this thought provoking episode , Gillespie is surprised when a man he arrested asks to see him on the eve of his execution . He must confront his feelings about the death penalty when the prisoner asks him to witness his death . 12 `` A.K.A. Kelly Kay '' Chuck Bowman Lee Maddux February 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 14 ) 8813 <Td_colspan="6"> The past comes back to haunt JoAnn in the form of an escaped convict . 13 `` These Things Take Time '' Michael Rhodes Nancy Bond February 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 21 ) 8809 <Td_colspan="6"> A teenage mother from an impoverished family is arrested for murder after her infant is found dead , but Virgil believes there is more to the case than meets the eye . Meanwhile Althea believes the situation could have been prevented if the school had offered sex education classes . 14 `` Intruders '' Chuck Bowman Steven Baum March 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 07 ) 8817 <Td_colspan="6"> The police search for a burglar who preys on elderly women . And the prime suspect is the son of a city councilwoman . 15 `` The Creek '' Alexander Singer Jo William Philipp March 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 14 ) 8810 <Td_colspan="6"> The investigation of a possible assault brings back nightmarish and confusing childhood memories for Virgil . 16 `` Sister , Sister '' Lee H. Katzin Carol Saraceno March 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 21 ) 8818 <Td_colspan="6"> A vivacious socialites return to Sparta delights her ailing father and childhood friend Virgil , but her sister is less than thrilled at her homecoming . After their father is poisoned the jealous siblings become suspects in his murder . 17 `` Walkout '' Russ Mayberry Steven Aspis March 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 28 ) 8816 <Td_colspan="6"> A bitter strike at a local factory leads to a murder investigation on a snowy day in Sparta . O.J. Simpson guest stars . 18 `` Accused '' Chuck Bowman James Novack April 4 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 04 ) 8820 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba tries to rescue a woman from a rapist , but she mistakes him for her attacker . Gillespie tangles with an ambitious district attorney who plans to use the case to further his career . 19 `` Fifteen Forever '' Vincent McEveety Nancy Bond April 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 25 ) 8814 <Td_colspan="6"> Sparta grieves after a drunk driver causes a fatal crash with high school cheerleaders on their way home from a game . While the officers try to find other driver , Althea tries to help the victim 's families deal with their loss . The accident brings back painful memories for retired officer Tom Dugan ( Joe Don Baker ) . Meanwhile , district attorney Dutton accuses the department of being inadequate . 20 `` Ladybug , Ladybug '' Alexander Singer Terry Erwin May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 8815 <Td_colspan="6"> With the Chief in Quantico Bubba and Virgil try to catch a serial arsonist . Things get complicated after a man dies in one of the fires . And Councilwoman White stirs things up by appointing Tom Dugan acting chief of police in Gillespie 's absence . 21 `` The Pig Woman of Sparta '' David Moessinger Marc Taylor May 9 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 09 ) 8821 <Td_colspan="6"> It seems that a serial killer has been burying his victims in a wooded area owned by a wealthy hermit that Virgil refers to as `` Sparta 's Howard Hughes '' . Suspicion immediately falls on an eccentric woman who lives in the woods with her pigs and chases away trespassers with a shotgun . The officers ask the landowner 's disturbed son for help and Bubba is surprised to find that a woman he attended high school with is working as the man 's `` nurse '' . Also Parker and Sweet compete with one another to solve the case . 22 `` Missing '' Alexander Singer David Rupel May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 8819 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie is kidnapped and Virgil believes that Tom Dugan is involved . Season 3 : 1989 -- 1990 ( edit ) Starting with this season , the show 's theme song was rerecorded by removing the saxophone , and the `` Oh '' part at the end . Lois Nettleton was removed from the opening credits starting with this season . This season consisted of 22 episodes . Carroll O'Connor became the show 's executive producer at the beginning of this season . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` Rape '' Paul Lynch Nancy Bond October 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 24 ) 9803 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil struggles to help Althea after she is raped by a fellow teacher . Darnell does not think they can get a conviction because the man 's wife has given him an alibi . Virgil tries to control his anger -- until the man returns to intimidate Althea . And Gillespie tries to convince the wife to tell the truth . `` Fairest of Them All '' Mario Azzopardi Edward DeBlasio October 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 31 ) 9801 <Td_colspan="6"> A beauty pageant is marred by blackmail and the ambitious mother of a contestant . `` Murder Most Ancient '' Winrich Kolbe Edward DeBlasio November 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 07 ) 9807 <Td_colspan="6"> An unhappy wife asks her lover to place a bomb in her abusive husband 's Cadillac . `` First Girl '' Gene Reynolds Carroll O'Connor November 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 14 ) 9802 <Td_colspan="6"> Sparta P.D. gets its first black policewoman . 5 `` Crackdown '' E.W. Swackhamer Nancy Bond November 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 21 ) 9810 <Td_colspan="6"> Someone is selling crack to teenagers and Sweet tries desperately to save a young addict . 6 `` Anniversary '' Harry Harris Mark Rodgers November 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 28 ) 9812 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` Missing '' . After being released by his captors , the chief discovers that his abduction is part of a plot to assassinate a visiting civil rights leader . 7 `` Time of the Stranger '' Ivan Dixon Mark Rodgers December 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 05 ) 9804 <Td_colspan="6"> After a private investigator searching for a missing child is found dead , the evidence points to a local dance teacher -- a neighbor that Parker has become very fond of . 8 `` Vengeance '' E.W. Swackhamer Mark Rodgers December 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 12 ) 9817 <Td_colspan="6"> An outlaw family seeks revenge against Bubba after he is forced to shoot one of them during a holdup . The chief wants him to stay out of sight until they are arrested -- a suggestion that does not set well with Bubba . 9 `` My Name is Hank '' Harry Harris Edward DeBlasio December 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 19 ) 9815 <Td_colspan="6"> A young refugee claims to be the son of a Sparta cop who died in the Vietnam War . But he quickly becomes a suspect in a murder / robbery after he accepts a ride with the criminals who actually committed the crime . Gillespie looks into his story , while Virgil and the boys track down the shooter . Meanwhile , the young mans presence triggers a surprisingly bitter reaction from Parker , who views him as a painful reminder of the war . 10 `` King 's Ransom '' Jeffrey Hayden Kim Friese , Carroll O'Connor January 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 02 ) 9814 <Td_colspan="6"> The F.B.I. tries to talk an ex-boxer into testifying against a mobster he once worked for , but the fighter sees the situation as an opportunity for blackmail . 11 `` Epitaph for a Lady '' Vincent McEveety Steven Baum January 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 16 ) 9805 <Td_colspan="6"> A long time friend of the Chief makes threats against a doctor he believes is responsible for his wife 's death . When the doctor is killed he becomes the prime suspect . But Gillespie doubts his guilt -- even after he confesses . 12 `` Triangle '' Chuck Bowman Rick Kelbaugh January 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 23 ) 9818 <Td_colspan="6"> A man murders his wife and her lover after he catches them together , then flees to a remote cabin with his daughter who does not know what he has done . The chief and the boys hope to talk him into surrendering without resorting to violence . 13 `` Hello in There '' Vincent McEveety Cynthia Deming , William Royce January 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 30 ) 9821 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba refuses to believe that a former teammate embezzled funds from the bank where he worked . And sets out to prove that his friend was framed and murdered . Harriet hopes that art therapy can help the man 's traumatized son , who becomes a target himself when the killer realizes he witnessed the crime . 14 `` December Days '' Vincent McEveety Kim Friese February 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 13 ) 9816 <Td_colspan="6"> The Sparta police investigate a suspicious death in a nursing home . 15 `` A Loss of Innocence '' Paul Lynch Cynthia Deming , William Royce , Stephen Schneck February 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 20 ) 9823 <Td_colspan="6"> Darnell plans on indicting a teenager for murder after her father is found in the basement and her mother turns up missing . But Gillespie and his men do n't believe she is guilty . 16 `` Bubba 's Baby '' Jeffrey Hayden Edward DeBlasio February 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 27 ) 9820 <Td_colspan="6"> Someone abandons a baby at Bubba 's door . 17 `` Home is Where The Heart Is '' Leo Penn Carroll O'Connor March 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 06 ) 9822 <Td_colspan="6"> Maybelle the madam returns to Sparta with her `` nieces '' . And sets up shop just out of Gillespie 's jurisdiction . Her return is not without controversy and soon one of her most vocal critics is found murdered . 18 `` An Angry Woman '' Winrich Kolbe Carroll O'Connor March 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 13 ) 9809 <Td_colspan="6"> First the mother , then the father of two young children are murdered . Althea takes responsibility for the children . The killings appear to be related to a shady trucking firm . 19 `` Indiscretions '' Vince Edwards Nancy Bond March 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 20 ) 9811 <Td_colspan="6"> Althea does not realize that an old friend from Philly is hiding a dark secret , nor does Sweet who has fallen in love with the woman . 20 `` Night of the Killing '' Chuck Bowman Mark Rodgers March 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 27 ) 9819 <Td_colspan="6"> Racial tensions run high when a white cabbie is murdered in the bottoms . 21 `` Citizen Trundel : Part 1 '' Leo Penn Carroll O'Connor May 1 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 01 ) 9813 <Td_colspan="6"> Harriet 's sister is murdered on the orders of the wealthy white man who fathered her child . 22 `` Citizen Trundel : Part 2 '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming , William Royce May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 9824 <Td_colspan="6"> Harriet 's efforts to bring V.J. Trundel to trial are fruitless . The Chief does not believe they will ever get enough evidence to get an indictment , so he tries another method to bring Trundel to justice . Season 4 : 1990 -- 1991 ( edit ) This season consisted of 22 episodes . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` Brotherly Love : Part 1 '' Harry Harris William Royce September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) 3805A <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil goes to Philadelphia to investigate a friends death . And Bubba ( reluctantly ) fills in as Althea 's Lamaze coach . `` Brotherly Love : Part 2 '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) 3805B <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil is framed for murder and Gillespie travels to Philly to help him clear his name . `` Lessons Learned '' Mario Azzopardi Cynthia Deming September 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 25 ) 3802 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie sends Parker to confirm suspicions that a local truck stop is really a front for a prostitution business . When a young prostitute is found dead Gillespie is shocked at her fathers reaction . Parker is dismayed when he recognizes one of the ladies . `` Perversions of Justice '' Harry Harris Robert Bielak October 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 02 ) 3810 <Td_colspan="6"> A mild mannered school teacher is accused of child molestation . 5 `` And Justice For Some '' Harry Harris William Royce , Michael Thurman October 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 23 ) 3803 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie and his officers are outraged when a drug courier ( William Shockley ) who ran down the son of Virgil 's next door neighbor makes a deal with the F.B.I. to avoid prosecution . 6 `` Heart of Gold '' Russ Mayberry Mitchell Schneider October 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) 3815 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba is reunited with his high school sweetheart , but his happiness is short lived after she resorts to murder to silence an attorney who was threatening to stop her from inheriting her late husband 's estate . 7 `` Quick Fix '' Winrich Kolbe Julie Friedgen November 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 06 ) 3809 <Td_colspan="6"> The investigation into the death of an abandoned infant leads to a mentally handicapped teenager . 8 `` Homecoming '' Russ Mayberry Robert Bielak November 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 13 ) 3817 <Td_colspan="6"> A lawyer has personal reasons for trying to gain early release for a man who was sent to prison after an accident he caused while drinking and driving . 9 `` A Problem Too Personal '' Winrich Kolbe Carroll O'Connor November 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 20 ) 3819 <Td_colspan="6"> Harriet and Eugene are devastated after Gene 's father is arrested for murder . 10 `` A Final Arrangement '' Leo Penn David Hamilton , Peter Telep November 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) 3814 <Td_colspan="6"> Sweet is heartbroken when an elderly woman who befriended him is murdered in her bookstore . 11 `` Family Matters '' Vincent McEveety Mitchell Schneider December 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 04 ) 3812 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil 's dream of a better relationship with his Aunt Ruda and her son is shattered when his cousin takes part in a string of burglaries that result in murder . 12 `` Bounty Hunter '' Russ Mayberry Cynthia Deming , William Royce December 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 11 ) 3818 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie receives word that a former Spartan is wanted for the murder of a socialite in Houston . But a ruthless bounty hunter , sent by the victim 's jealous husband is already in Sparta and sees the man 's sister as a means to locate his quarry . 13 `` Blessings '' David Soul Walton Dornisch December 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 18 ) 3826 <Td_colspan="6"> In this Christmas episode the officers share memories with a reporter from the Sparta Herald . 14 `` Shine on Sparta Moon '' Leo Penn Robert Bielak January 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 08 ) 3822 <Td_colspan="6"> A bottle of spiked moonshine leads to an accident that claims the life of one teen and blinds another . 15 `` An Execution of Trust '' Leo Penn Mitchell Schneider January 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 15 ) 3823 <Td_colspan="6"> A psychiatrist tells Gillespie that one of her patients has confessed to a crime that another man is about to be executed for , but she refuses to divulge his identity . 16 `` Child of Promise '' Vincent McEveety Cynthia Deming February 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 05 ) 3820 <Td_colspan="6"> A story of two brothers as they struggle to influence a younger sibling . The first is an honor student that Althea has great plans for , the other a dangerous drug dealer . 17 `` Paper Castles '' Vincent McEveety Arthur Bernard Lewis February 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 12 ) 3801 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil soon regrets telling an old friend that his new business partners are being investigated by the police . 18 `` Laid to Waste '' Vincent McEveety Cynthia Deming , William Royce February 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 19 ) 3824 <Td_colspan="6"> Parker protects a blind woman who heard her neighbors murder . 19 `` First Deadly Sin '' Peter Salim Julie Friedgen February 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 26 ) 3821 <Td_colspan="6"> A serial rapist stalks Sparta . 20 `` Just a Country Boy '' Carroll O'Connor Carroll O'Connor March 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 19 ) 3811 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba travels to Los Angeles to arrest an arsonist . When the man is murdered to keep him from talking Bubba teams up with a pretty insurance investigator to solve the crime . 21 `` No Other Road '' Paul Chavez Carroll O'Connor March 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 26 ) 3824 <Td_colspan="6"> Harriet tries to keep Eugene from giving up when his father faces the death penalty . And the police search for three suspects in connection to a robbery / murder . 22 `` A Turning '' Paul Chavez Joe Gannon , Carroll O'Connor April 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 30 ) 3827 <Td_colspan="6"> Althea thinks Virgil needs a new line of work after seeing the aftermath of a deadly shooting at a roadhouse . Virgil finds himself in danger when they arrest the man who committed the crime . Season 5 : 1991 -- 1992 ( edit ) This is the last season on NBC before CBS picked up the show . This season consisted of 22 episodes . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` A Woman Much Admired '' Harry Harris Carroll O'Connor October 1 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 01 ) 4803 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie 's old flame returns to Sparta to settle some business matters and see Bill . When she is murdered he travels to Gulfport and meets his daughter Lana for the first time . `` Baby for Sale '' Harry Harris Mitchell Schneider October 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 08 ) 4809 <Td_colspan="6"> After Bubba 's cousin adopts a baby her husband is blackmailed by the child 's real parents -- they want him to help them steal the payroll where he works . `` Obsession '' Russ Mayberry Mitchell Schneider October 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 22 ) 4814 <Td_colspan="6"> A flirtatious schoolteacher is stalked by a madman . `` Liar 's Poker '' Harry Harris Mitchell Schneider October 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 29 ) 4801 <Td_colspan="6"> A game of high - stakes poker ends in murder . 5 `` Ruda 's Awakening '' Russ Mayberry Carroll O'Connor , Bill Taub November 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 05 ) 4807 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil 's Aunt Ruda is the only witness to a struggle between Bubba and a young robbery suspect that ends in the young man 's death . But her prejudice against the police -- and Virgil clouds her memory of the incident . 6 `` Unfinished Business '' Leo Penn Joe Gannon November 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 12 ) 4802 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` Just a Country Boy '' . Bubba returns to Los Angeles to testify at a murder trial and is reunited with Pat Day as they try to protect Mike from killers sent to prevent him from testifying . 7 `` The More Things Change '' Russ Mayberry Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce November 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 19 ) 4816 <Td_colspan="6"> A man murders his business partner and frames the man 's illegitimate daughter for the crime in an attempt to gain the man 's business and his wife . 8 `` Sweet , Sweet Blues '' Vincent McEveety William J. Royce November 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) 4821 <Td_colspan="6"> The lyrics to a blues song recall a murder that happened 50 years earlier . The victim -- Sweet 's grandfather . And the only people left with the answers are the bluesman who wrote the song and a retired sheriff . 9 `` Sparta Gold '' Winrich Kolbe Cynthia Deming , Joe Gannon , William J. Royce , Bill Taub December 3 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 03 ) 4819 <Td_colspan="6"> A deputy provides protection for a cotton grower who is running a pot growing operation . But the deputy makes a big mistake when he wounds Bubba 's girlfriend . 10 `` An Eye for an Eye '' Leo Penn Cynthia Deming December 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 10 ) 4813 <Td_colspan="6"> The father of a man Gerard prosecuted kidnaps the DA 's daughter . 11 `` The Littlest Victim '' Paul Chavez Gail Liberti - Kennedy December 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 17 ) 4817 <Td_colspan="6"> Lonnie makes a heartbreaking discovery about a woman he dated in high school . 12 `` The Landlord '' Larry Hagman Carroll O'Connor January 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 07 ) 4818 <Td_colspan="6"> A drug dealing slumlord is murdered by his accomplices . 13 `` Fool For Love '' Vincent McEveety Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce January 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 14 ) 4805 <Td_colspan="6"> A doctor plots to eliminate his wife -- and his mistress . 14 `` Love , Honor and Obey '' Reza Badiyi Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce February 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) 4823 <Td_colspan="6"> Parkers investigation into a purse snatching reveals an abused woman . 15 `` Odessa '' Vincent McEveety Denise Nicholas February 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 4822 <Td_colspan="6"> Racists target a ceremony honoring a civil rights pioneer . 16 `` A Time to Trust '' Winrich Kolbe Patt Shea February 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 18 ) 4808 <Td_colspan="6"> Althea fears for one of her students after her mother 's boyfriend is linked to a criminal operation that has resulted in the deaths of several truckers . 17 `` By Means Most Foul '' Russ Mayberry Joe Gannon February 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 25 ) 4825 <Td_colspan="6"> A restaurateur and her mechanic boyfriend plot to eliminate her husband , but their scheme backfires . Gillespie takes heat over a string of mailbox bashings . And Virgil soon regrets ignoring Parker 's theory regarding where the vandals would strike next . 18 `` Trundel 's Will Be Done '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce March 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 03 ) 4826 <Td_colspan="6"> V.J. Trundel 's widow takes Harriet to court to gain custody of Eric . But Harriet is determined that her nephew will not be raised in the home of the man who ordered the murder of her sister . 19 `` Moseley 's Lot '' Winrich Kolbe Joe Gannon March 31 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 4815 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie learns that the son of an old friend is a compulsive gambler . The young man wants his father to pay off his losses. But when two gangsters show up from New Orleans to collect , his jealous sibling sees the perfect opportunity to get rid of his troubled brother . 20 `` Family Reunion '' Harry Harris William J. Royce April 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 07 ) 4812 <Td_colspan="6"> An ex-convict attempts to retrieve his loot from his wife and her new husband in this tongue - in - cheek episode . 21 `` Sanctuary '' Mario Azzopardi Mitchell Schneider May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 4820 <Td_colspan="6"> A political prisoner who entered the country illegally , seeks sanctuary in a monastery . Gillespie and Tibbs find themselves at odds with Sheriff McComb when they try to help the man . 22 `` The Law on Trial '' Russ Mayberry Mitchell Schneider May 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 19 ) 4824 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` Sanctuary '' . Gillespie , Tibbs and Father DiMarco must stand trial for harboring a fugitive and obstructing justice . Althea fears Virgil 's career could suffer if he is found guilty . Meanwhile the other officers monitor the situation with Lawyer Epp and his mafia associates . CBS ( edit ) Season 6 : 1992 -- 1993 ( edit ) At the beginning of this season , In the Heat of the Night moved from NBC to CBS . This is the last season to use the still drawings intro . It has been in use since Season 1 . This is also the last season to feature Geoffrey Thorne , Anne - Marie Johnson , and Howard Rollins in the opening titles . Denise Nicholas joins the cast in this season . This season consisted of 22 episodes . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` A Small War : Part 1 '' Harry Harris Joe Gannon October 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 28 ) 5802 <Td_colspan="6"> Big city crack dealers invade Sparta . Eugene witnesses the drive - by shooting of a friend and his offer to help the police identify the shooters leaves Harriet frightened and angry at Bill . `` A Small War : Part 2 '' Harry Harris Joe Gannon November 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) 5803 <Td_colspan="6"> The police wage war against the big city drug dealers who have moved into Sparta . Eugene identifies the men who murdered his friend . And Bubba is teamed with and intrigued by a lady police lieutenant from Jackson . `` Brother 's Keeper '' Winrich Kolbe William J. Royce November 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 11 ) 5809 <Td_colspan="6"> Luann 's ne'er - do - well brother ( Meshach Taylor ) returns home after being paroled . `` A Frenzied Affair '' Winrich Kolbe Mitchell Schneider November 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 18 ) 5814 <Td_colspan="6"> Althea places herself in harms way trying to help one of her students , a disturbed and violent young man ; after he is implicated in a murder case . 5 `` Discovery '' Paul Chavez Carroll O'Connor , Mitchell Schneider November 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 18 ) 5817 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` A Frenzied Affair '' . Althea has trouble dealing with the violent death of a student . Young Megan Fowler quickly finds herself yet another dangerous boyfriend and they are soon wanted by the police . 6 `` Random 's Child '' Leo Penn Carroll O'Connor November 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 25 ) 5812 <Td_colspan="6"> Lana Gillespie comes to Sparta to claim her inheritance , but is stalked by a mobster who dated her mother . Meanwhile Harriet encourages Bill to talk to his daughter , but Lana does n't seem to be interested . Officer Randy Goode helps keep the bad guys at bay by playing them a little tune on the guitar . 7 `` An Occupational Hazard '' Vincent McEveety Cynthia Deming December 2 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 02 ) 5806 <Td_colspan="6"> A secretary takes drastic measures to protect herself from sexual harassment . 8 `` Last Rights '' Vincent McEveety Mitchell Schneider December 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 09 ) 5801 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil fears for his Aunt Ruda 's safety after several killings occur in the hospital where she is being treated . 9 `` When the Music Stopped '' Russ Mayberry Carroll O'Connor December 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 16 ) 5808 <Td_colspan="6"> Singer Eddie Larran ( Robert Goulet ) returns to Sparta for a concert , but not everyone is a fan . An angry man ( Gary Crosby ) insists that Eddie owes him money . And their dispute soon ends in violence . 10 `` Flowers from a Lady '' Russ Mayberry Denise Nicholas January 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 06 ) 5810 <Td_colspan="6"> A city councilwoman becomes dangerously obsessed with Bubba . 11 `` Private Sessions '' Russ Mayberry Cynthia Deming January 13 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 13 ) 5813 <Td_colspan="6"> One of Virgil 's classmates from law school is arrested following the death of his former girlfriend , but the man insists that her death was the result of her relationship with her psychiatrist . 12 `` Judgment Day '' Larry Hagman TBA January 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 20 ) 5818 <Td_colspan="6"> A judge schemes to get rid of his wife after she tries to blackmail him into giving her a divorce and a generous settlement by revealing a secret from his past . 13 `` Falsely Accused '' Reza Badiyi Joe Gannon February 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 03 ) 5820 <Td_colspan="6"> Sweet is the target of false accusations by two corrupt and racist car salesmen . 14 `` A Step Removed '' Paul Chavez Mitchell Schneider February 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 10 ) 5824 <Td_colspan="6"> Parker 's stepfather Roy ( Pat Hingle ) threatens his former employer after an altercation . When the boss is murdered Roy is arrested . 15 `` A Deadly Affection '' Vincent McEveety Joe Gannon February 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 17 ) 5825 <Td_colspan="6"> A woman asks Harriet to help her get an eviction order rescinded . The chief gives Parker a new radar gun - and soon comes to regret it . Sheriff McComb requests that Gillespie and Bubba help investigate a murder . Meanwhile Lonnie and Luann search for the boy who reported the murder . 16 `` The Leftover Man : Part 1 '' Larry Hagman Carroll O'Connor March 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 03 ) 5804 <Td_colspan="6"> A white supremacist politician plans to have his wife 's lover murdered and blame it on black radicals . 17 `` The Leftover Man : Part 2 '' Larry Hagman Carroll O'Connor March 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 03 ) 5805 <Td_colspan="6"> A white supremacist politician plans to have his wife 's lover murdered and blame it on black radicals . 18 `` A Dish Best Served Cold '' Reza Badiyi Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce March 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 17 ) 5823 <Td_colspan="6"> A swindlers homecoming upsets his wife and the families of his victims - especially Etta . 19 `` Legacy '' Paul Chavez Denise Nicholas March 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 24 ) 5821 <Td_colspan="6"> A wealthy man plans to grant a promise made to a black sharecropper many years ago by giving land to the man 's descendant . But his greedy son disapproves . 20 `` Even Nice People '' Carroll O'Connor Carroll O'Connor April 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 28 ) 5822 <Td_colspan="6"> Corrupt developers set their sights on Lana 's farm . When she refuses to sell they enlist the services of an arsonist to force her out . 21 `` Lake Winahatchie '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming May 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 05 ) 5819 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` Even Nice People '' . Bill discovers the motivation behind a crime syndicates attempt to muscle in on Sparta and the reason they are determined to get Lana 's land . 22 `` A Correct Settling '' Harry Harris Carroll O'Connor May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) 5826 <Td_colspan="6"> Eugene hopes a well known minister can save his father from Death Row . But someone runs the Reverend off the road on his way into town and the Sparta police try to protect him and track down his assailant . Meanwhile Harriet struggles with what her part in her ex-husbands appeal should be and is even more unsettled when Eugene demands that she break up with Bill . Season 7 : 1993 -- 1994 ( edit ) Starting with this season , the opening credits read `` Carroll O'Connor as Bill Gillespie In the Heat of the Night '' . Carl Weathers joins the cast in this season . Howard Rollins is no longer a series regular , he is also removed from the opening credits starting with this season . The final season 's opening credits consisted of moving images of the show 's characters , rather than still drawings of the show 's characters in the first six seasons . This season consisted of 24 episodes . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` Child 's Play '' Harry Harris Mitchell Schneider September 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 16 ) 2806 <Td_colspan="6"> Chief Gillespie is fired by the city council and Sparta 's new police chief Hampton Forbes arrives in town . Bill 's last case with Sparta P.D. is a murder investigation in which a young boy has been implicated . `` Hatton 's Turn : Part 1 '' Carroll O'Connor Carroll O'Connor September 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 18 ) 2809 <Td_colspan="6"> Hampton Forbes assumes the office of Chief of Police and Bill becomes the Sheriff of Newman County . Former Spartan Wade Hatton returns to Sparta hoping to make sense of his life and rekindle his relationship with Sarah Hallisey . Bubba and Covey take the new chief on a tour of Sparta and Bill takes Wade to visit some distant cousins . Meanwhile two young criminals involve a mentally handicapped young man in a terrible crime . `` Hatton 's Turn : Part 2 '' Carroll O'Connor Carroll O'Connor September 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 18 ) 2810 <Td_colspan="6"> Wade and Sarah try to keep young Henry ( Wayne Brady ) from being punished for a crime he did not commit and Forbes and his officers search for the two men who are really responsible . `` A Depraved Heart '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce September 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 23 ) 2805 <Td_colspan="6"> The daughter of an old friend asks Bubba to arrest the man who knowingly gave her AIDS . 5 `` Incident at Brewer 's Pond '' Russ Mayberry Terry Kay September 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 30 ) 2801 <Td_colspan="6"> A night of revelry at a local pond turns deadly . 6 `` A Love Lost '' Larry Hagman Joe Gannon October 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 14 ) 2807 <Td_colspan="6"> Lana 's ex - boyfriend comes to see her and brings a load of stolen rifles with him . 7 `` Singin ' the Blues '' Gail Liberti - Kennedy Cynthia Deming October 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 28 ) 2813 <Td_colspan="6"> Luann moonlights as a singer at a nightclub and finds romance with the clubs owner . Her happiness is short - lived when she realizes that the bartender is dealing drugs . 8 `` Virgil Tibbs : Attorney at Law '' Charles Mills Mitchell Schneider November 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 04 ) 2812 <Td_colspan="6"> Attorney Virgil Tibbs returns to Sparta and is soon assigned his first case as a defense attorney . 9 `` Every Man 's Family '' Harry Harris Cynthia Deming , William J. Royce November 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 10 ) 2815 <Td_colspan="6"> Bubba travels to Atlanta to help his nephew after the boy overdoses on drugs . He soon teams up with a street wise cop to take down the drug ring . Based on Hugh O'Connor's real - life struggle with drug addiction . 10 `` A Baby Called Rocket '' Paul Chavez Gina Barnett October 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 25 ) 2814 <Td_colspan="6"> A neglected baby stirs maternal feelings in Luann . 11 `` Little Girl Lost '' Larry Hagman Denise Nicholas December 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 09 ) 2819 <Td_colspan="6"> Tragic story of an alcoholic teen who accidentally kills a little girl while she is drinking and driving . 12 `` Your Own Kind '' Dick Martin Denise Nicholas December 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 16 ) 2808 <Td_colspan="6"> Gillespie and Forbes investigate the attempted shooting of an interracial high school couple . Meanwhile , Harriet holds a fundraiser to raise money for pregnant teens at her art studio . 13 `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Winrich Kolbe Cynthia Deming January 6 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 06 ) 2823 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil defends Parker after he is falsely accused of police brutality by a drug dealer . The prosecution 's main witness - the man 's girlfriend , who was once engaged to Parker . 14 `` Maybelle Returns '' Russ Mayberry Joe Gannon January 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 12 ) 2811 <Td_colspan="6"> Maybelle 's new phone sex business is a great success - until one of her girls decides to moonlight as a prostitute . 15 `` The Last Round '' Reza Badiyi Mitchell Schneider January 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 19 ) 2817 <Td_colspan="6"> Forbes is delighted when his fiancée Angela comes to see him , but is disappointed when he realizes that they have very different plans for the future . 16 `` Ches and the Grand Lady '' Vincent McEveety Carroll O'Connor January 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 26 ) 2818 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` Sweet , Sweet Blues '' . Lonnie must protect his Aunt Cordelia when her cherished friendship with Ches Collins angers one of his cousins . 17 `` Conspiracy of One '' Joe Gannon Joe Gannon February 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 02 ) 2820 <Td_colspan="6"> Virgil accepts a position at a prominent law firm . But as a former police officer he feels conflicting emotions when he realizes that one of their clients is guilty of murder . 18 `` The Rabbi '' Winrich Kolbe David O'Connor , Elyse O'Connor February 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 09 ) 2816 <Td_colspan="6"> A Rabbi ( Jerry Stiller ) returns to Sparta after many years . Racists vandalize his synagogue and soon after their Torah is stolen . Forbes investigates but the Rabbi refuses to trust Bill because of his inaction while investigating a hate crime many years ago . 19 `` Hard Choices '' Russ Mayberry Gina Barnett March 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 09 ) 2802 <Td_colspan="6"> Eugene tries to protect a friend who was an unwilling accomplice to a robbery and in doing so endangers his probation -- and his life . 20 `` Time 's Long Shadow '' Paul Chavez David O'Connor , Elyse O'Connor March 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 16 ) 2803 <Td_colspan="6"> Harriet tries to stop an arrogant developer from destroying an important archeological site . 21 `` Poor Relations '' Reza Badiyi Denise Nicholas , Carroll O'Connor March 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 30 ) 2822 <Td_colspan="6"> Follow up to `` A Step Removed '' . Comedic episode in which Parker 's ne'er - do - well stepfather ( Hingle ) returns to Sparta with a new wife , a stolen painting and two inept art thieves who are determined to steal the painting back . 22 `` Dangerous Engagement '' Vincent McEveety Mitchell Schneider May 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 04 ) 2821 <Td_colspan="6"> Bill and Harriet 's wedding plans are interrupted by a sniper who mistakes Bill for Sheriff McComb . 23 `` Give Me Your Life : Part 1 '' Russ Mayberry John Ball , Cynthia Deming , Carroll O'Connor , William J. Royce May 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 11 ) 2824A <Td_colspan="6"> Part 1 of a two - part series finale . Bill and Harriet travel to New Orleans for their honeymoon . Forbes learns that a cult which has rented an old school building may be involved in child abuse and other illegal activities . While inspecting the premises Bubba and Dee rescue a frightened young girl . Bubba finds a foster home for the girl but the girl 's mother tries to regain custody in court - with Sarah Hallisey as their attorney . 24 `` Give Me Your Life : Part 2 '' Russ Mayberry John Ball , Cynthia Deming , Carroll O'Connor , William J. Royce May 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 11 ) 2824B <Td_colspan="6"> Part 2 of a two - part series finale . Bill and Harriet return home . The cult kidnaps the girl from her foster home . And Forbes and his men arrest a man who has been supplying drugs used to keep the cult members under control . Soon a standoff develops and the officers realize that they have no intention of surrendering . Sarah is taken hostage . As they attempt to rescue the women and children Lonnie and Parker find themselves defusing a bomb and Bubba risks his life to rescue a small child from the building . Made - for - television films ( season 8 ) : 1994 -- 1995 ( edit ) The opening credits remains the same as Season 7 . Four made - for - television films were made . # Title Director Writer ( s ) Original airdate Production Code `` A Matter of Justice '' Reza Badiyi Mitchell Schneider , October 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 21 ) TBA <Td_colspan="6"> The daughter of a close friend of Forbes is murdered and the officers must prove that the deranged grandson of a retired judge ( George C. Scott ) is guilty . `` Who Was Geli Bendl ? '' Larry Hagman Carroll O'Connor December 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 09 ) TBA <Td_colspan="6"> A famous Italian actress returns to Sparta to take care of some unfinished business and rescue her younger sister from a life of drugs and poverty . `` By Duty Bound '' Harry Harris Joe Gannon February 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 17 ) TBA <Td_colspan="6"> Acting Sheriff Gillespie must decide whether he should run for sheriff or retire from law enforcement . It soon becomes apparent that the other candidate is corrupt and dangerous . `` Grow Old Along With Me '' Winrich Kolbe Cynthia Deming May 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 16 ) TBA <Td_colspan="6"> Ex-cop Tom Harwood 's happiness with his new bride is threatened by an old flame who sees an opportunity for blackmail . References ( edit ) In the Heat of the Night on IMDb ^ Jump up to : In the Heat of the Night at TVShowsOnDVD.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Virgil Tibbs Novel In the Heat of the Night by John Ball Films In the Heat of the Night They Call Me Mister Tibbs ! The Organization TV series In the Heat of the Night ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_episodes&oldid=805229014 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. In the Heat of the Night episodes 2. Television series 3. Season overview 4. NBC and CBS seasons 5. DVD release dates

who played philip in yours mine and ours

Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 film ) - wikipedia Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1968 film . For the 2005 film , see Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Yours , Mine and Ours <Td_colspan="2"> Film poster by Frank Frazetta Directed by Melville Shavelson Produced by Robert F. Blumofe Written by Helen Beardsley ( book ) Bob Carroll Jr. ( story ) Madelyn Davis ( story ) Mort Lachman ( screenplay ) Melville Shavelson ( screenplay ) Starring Lucille Ball , Henry Fonda Music by Fred Karlin Edited by Stuart Gilmore Production company Desilu - Walden Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date April 24 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 24 ) Running time 111 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.5 million Box office $25,912,624 Yours , Mine and Ours is a 1968 film , directed by Melville Shavelson and starring Lucille Ball , Henry Fonda and Van Johnson . Before its release , it had three other working titles : The Beardsley Story , Full House , and His , Hers , and Theirs . It was based loosely on the story of Frank and Helen Beardsley , although Desilu Productions bought the rights to the story long before Helen 's autobiographical book Who Gets the Drumstick ? was released to bookstores . Screenwriters Madelyn Pugh and Bob Carroll wrote several I Love Lucy - style stunts that in most cases had no basis in the actual lives of the Beardsley family , before Melville Shavelson and Mort Lachman took over primary writing duties . The film was commercially successful , and even the Beardsleys themselves appreciated it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Adult friends and relatives 2.2 Frank 's children 2.3 Helen 's children 2.4 Other acquaintances 2.5 Teachers , officials , etc . 2.6 Frank 's unsuccessful housekeepers 3 Reality versus film 4 Production notes 5 Reception 6 Home video releases 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Frank Beardsley is a Navy Chief Warrant Officer , recently detached from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and assigned as project officer for the Fresnel lens glide - slope indicator , or `` meatball , '' that would eventually become standard equipment on all carriers . Helen North is a civilian nurse working in the dispensary at NAS Alameda , the California U.S. Navy base to which Frank is assigned . Frank meets Helen , first by chance in the commissary on the base and again when Frank brings his distraught teen - age daughter for treatment at the dispensary , where Helen informs him that the young lady is simply growing up in a too - crowded house that lacks a mother 's guidance . They immediately hit it off and go on a date , all the while shying away from admitting their respective secrets : Frank has ten children and Helen has eight , from previous marriages ended by their spouses ' deaths . When each finally learns the other 's secret , they initially resist their mutual attraction . But Chief Warrant Officer Darrell Harrison ( Van Johnson ) is determined to bring them together , so he `` fixes up '' each of them with a sure - to - be-incompatible blind date . Helen 's date is an obstetrician ( Sidney Miller ) who stands a good head shorter than she ( `` Darrell had a malicious sense of humor , '' Helen observes in voice - over ) ; Frank 's date is a `` hip '' girl ( Louise Troy ) who is not only young enough to be his daughter , but is also far too forward for his taste . As the final touch , Harrison makes sure that both dates take place in the same Japanese restaurant . As Harrison fully expects , Frank and Helen end up leaving the restaurant together in his car , with Frank 's date sitting uncomfortably between them as they carry on about their children . Frank and Helen continue to date regularly , and eventually he invites her to dinner in his home . This nearly turns disastrous when Mike , Rusty , and Greg ( Tim Matheson , Gil Rogers , and Gary Goetzman ) , Frank 's three sons , mix hefty doses of gin , scotch , and vodka into Helen 's drink . As a result , Helen 's behavior turns wild and embarrassing , which Frank can not comprehend until he catches his sons trying to conceal their laughter . `` The court of inquiry is now in session ! '' he declares , and gets the three to own up and apologize . After this , he announces his intention to marry Helen , adding , `` And nobody put anything into my drink . '' Most of the children oppose the union at first , regarding each other and their respective stepparents with suspicion . Eventually , however , the 18 children bond into one large blended family , about to increase -- Helen becomes pregnant . Further tension develops between young Philip North and his teacher at the parochial school that he attends : his teacher insists that he use his `` legal '' name , which remains North even after his mother marries Beardsley . This prompts Helen and Frank to discuss cross-adopting each other 's children , who ( except for Philip ) are aghast at the notion of `` reburying '' their deceased biological parents . The subsequent birth of Joseph John Beardsley finally unites the children , who agree unanimously to adoption under a common surname . The film ends with the eldest sibling , Mike Beardsley , going off to Camp Pendleton to begin his stint in the United States Marine Corps . Cast ( edit ) Henry Fonda as CWO Frank Beardsley , USN Lucille Ball as Helen Brandmeier North Beardsley Adult friends and relatives ( edit ) Van Johnson as CWO Darrell Harrison , USN Walter Brooke as Howard Beardsley ( Frank 's brother , who in this film temporarily `` borrows '' Germaine and Joan Beardsley after Frank 's detachment from the Enterprise . ) Nancy Howard as Nancy Beardsley ( Frank 's sister - in - law ) Sidney Miller as Dr. Ashford ( Helen 's date , an obstetrician who stands a good head shorter than she ) Louise Troy as Madeleine Love ( Frank 's date , a `` hip '' girl young enough to be his daughter ) Tom Bosley as a family doctor who makes a house call on the Beardsleys , and is also the consulting physician for the California Draft Board when Mike Beardsley reports for a required physical exam . Frank 's children ( edit ) Tim Matheson as Mike ( credited as `` Tim Matthieson '' ) Gil Rogers as Rusty Gary Goetzman as Greg Nancy Roth as Rosemary Morgan Brittany as Louise ( Credited as `` Suzanne Cupito '' ) Holly O'Brien as Susan Michele Tobin as Veronica Maralee Foster as Mary Tracy Nelson as Germaine Stephanie Oliver as Joan Helen 's children ( edit ) Jennifer Leak as Colleen Kevin Burchett as Nick Kimberly Beck as Janette Mitch Vogel as Tommy Margot Jane as Jean Eric Shea as Philip Greg Atkins as Gerald Lynnell Atkins as Teresa Other acquaintances ( edit ) Ben Murphy as Larry , Colleen 's boyfriend Jennifer Gan as Young Lady In Coffeehouse Teachers , officials , etc. ( edit ) Mary Gregory as Sister Mary Alice , who questions Philip 's use of the Beardsley name Harry Holcombe as the judge who handles the grand mutual adoption Frank 's unsuccessful housekeepers ( edit ) Ysabel MacCloskey as Number One , who lasts less than a day . Pauline Hague as Number Two , aka `` Mrs. Anderson . '' She lasts a week because she is hiding from the police . After a stint with the Beardsleys , she turns herself in . Marjorie Eaton as Number Three , aka `` Mrs. Ferguson , '' who famously says , `` Mrs. Anderson was last week ; I 'm Mrs. Ferguson , and you can mail me my check ! '' She has the fight with Louise that precipitates Frank 's second meeting with Helen . Reality versus film ( edit ) This film departs in several various ways from the actual lives of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children . The names of Frank and Helen Beardsley and their children are real ; the wedding invitation that appears midway through the film is the actual North - Beardsley wedding invitation . The career of Lieutenant Richard North USN is also described accurately , but briefly : specifically , he was a navigator on the crew of an A-3 Skywarrior that crashed in a routine training flight , killing all aboard , exactly as Helen describes in the film . Frank Beardsley is described correctly as a Navy warrant officer . The `` loan - out '' of the two youngest Beardsleys is also real , and indeed Michael , Charles ( `` Rusty '' ) , and Gregory Beardsley were determined to see their father marry Helen North as a means of rectifying this situation . The movie correctly describes Frank Beardsley as applying his Navy mind - set to the daunting task of organizing such a large family ( although the chart with the color - coded bathrooms and letter - coded bedrooms -- `` I 'm Eleven Red A ! '' -- is likely a Hollywood exaggeration ) . Finally , Michael Beardsley did indeed serve a term in the Marines , as did Rusty . The differences from what Helen Beardsley 's book Who Gets the Drumstick ? puts forth include the following : The film changes the ages and birth order of many of the children , and places some of the children , most notably Colleen and Philip North , into situations not mentioned in the book . For example , Colleen North is not mentioned in Beardsley 's book as ever having a boyfriend who took inappropriate liberties with her . Contrary to the depiction in the film , Helen North and Frank Beardsley began their relationship by corresponding with each other in sympathy for their recent losses . Furthermore , each knew how many children the other had before their first meeting , which was not by accident in a Navy commissary ; Frank 's sister told Helen about Frank 's situation and she wrote to him to offer her sympathy . On their first date , Helen made no attempt to hide her children from Frank . Frank Beardsley was a yeoman in the Navy and afterward the personnel officer at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey , California . He played no role in the development of the `` meatball '' , nor is he listed as having served aboard any ship named USS Enterprise . Frank 's friend `` CWO Darrell Harrison USN '' , the character ( portrayed by Van Johnson ) who draws Frank and Helen together , was invented for the film . Helen Beardsley writes in Who Gets the Drumstick ? that her own sister and brother - in - law played this role . Frank Beardsley never told his own story in print , and Helen provides very little description of his homelife before he married her ; there is no mention of Frank 's home not being exactly `` shipshape '' , or his not being able to keep a housekeeper longer than a week . The couple who temporarily took care of Germaine and Joan Beardsley were not Frank 's brother and sister - in - law as depicted in the film , but two unrelated friends of his . The North and Beardsley children received the prospect of Helen and Frank 's marriage with enthusiasm and without reservation . When Helen visited Frank 's home for the first time , she took her five oldest children along . They met some of their Beardsley counterparts and immediately became friends . From the moment that the prospect of Frank and Helen 's marriage became real , the children all began regarding Frank and Helen as their parents and even pressured them to marry as soon as possible . The `` drunken dinner scene '' in which Mike , Rusty , and Greg Beardsley serve Helen North a double ( or perhaps triple ) screwdriver with Scotch and gin makes no appearance in the book . Rather , it is reminiscent of the `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' episode in Lucille Ball 's television show I Love Lucy , in which she over-rehearses a television commercial for a vitamin elixir ( Vitameatavegamin ) with a very high alcohol content . Two I Love Lucy writers who wrote that episode -- Madelyn Davis and Bob Carroll -- are given story credit in the film . Mike , Rusty , and Greg observed `` company manners '' from the beginning of Helen 's first visit to the Beardsley home . Helen describes their gestures as touching her greatly . The film does not depict this . The blended family did not move into a neutral home as shown in the film . Instead , Frank Beardsley had bedrooms and bathrooms added to his existing home , and Helen North sold her house when she and her children moved into his . ( The leaking - roof scene is based on the incident that prompted Helen North to move to California from Whidbey Island . ) The North boy who was determined to be bad because `` the good die young '' was actually Nicholas North , not Philip . It was also Nicholas whose teachers commanded him to use the North name after his mother 's marriage although he preferred the Beardsley name . ( However , the ruckus in the film -- that a schoolteacher incites in her classroom over the naming issue -- is also a dramatization . ) Philip 's idolization of Mike , and Mike 's willingness to be a role model to Philip , are touched on in the book . However , all of Frank Beardsley 's three eldest sons actually played this role . Likewise , all of Helen North 's sons , not Philip alone , lionized Mike , as well as Rusty and Greg . The high mutual respect that the stepbrothers developed for one another was one of the most important developments that knit the blended family together . ( In this regard , the petty jealousies between Frank 's and Helen 's children , as depicted in the film , are generally dramatic liberties . ) The one incident of mutual jealousy that did develop in real life -- between the eldest Beardsley and North daughters -- is not depicted in the film . The children never objected to the massive cross-adoption . The chief objectors fell into two groups : Richard North 's brother and some of his other relatives , who objected to the `` erasure '' of Mr. North 's name ; and a large number of readers of a major magazine ( which Helen Beardsley never named ) who objected in principle to the adoption when that magazine mistakenly reported it as an accomplished fact . However , Frank and Helen ultimately ignored those objections in the face of more pressing and important consequences of their having married without initially adopting each other 's children . The film also takes dramatic liberties with its depiction of Navy life and flight operations aboard an aircraft carrier : When Frank learns that Helen is pregnant ( with Joseph John ) , he asks the catapult launch officer to stop the launch of the mail plane to permit him to board it ; in reality , this officer does not have that authority . In fact , the Air Boss is the lowest - ranking officer who can stop the launch of an aircraft , and normally he does not keep station on the flight deck at all . Frank is seen wearing a ship 's ballcap , and then a combination cap . Neither would be permitted , as they constitute a foreign object damage hazard . Additionally , no one would be permitted on the flight deck during active flight operations without wearing helmet , goggles , and ear plugs . As much as this film departed from the Beardsleys ' actual life , the remake departed even more significantly . Production notes ( edit ) Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball take turns providing voice - over narration throughout -- and in at least one scene , Van Johnson talks directly to the camera , as does Fonda . That Lucille Ball would portray Helen Beardsley was never in doubt . But a long line of distinguished actors came under consideration , at one time or another , for the role of Frank Beardsley . They included Desi Arnaz , James Stewart , Fred MacMurray , Jackie Gleason , Art Carney , and John Wayne . Henry Fonda finally accepted , and indeed asked for , the role in a telephone conversation with Robert F. Blumofe in 1967 . Ball , who had worked with Fonda before in the 1942 release The Big Street , readily agreed to the casting . One account says that Ball recalled in 1961 that Desilu Productions first bought the rights to the Beardsley - North story in 1959 , even before Helen Beardsley published her biography , but this is highly unlikely because Frank and Helen Beardsley married on September 6 , 1961 . More likely is the story that Bob Carroll and his wife brought the story of the Beardsley family to Ball 's attention after reading it in a local newspaper . However , Mr. Carroll is said to recall his wife mentioning the story in 1960 -- again , a full year before the Beardsleys were married and probably when Dick North was still alive . In any event , Desilu Productions did secure the rights early on , and Mr. Carroll and Madelyn Pugh began instantly to write a script . Production suffered multiple interruptions for several reasons . It began in December 1962 after Ball 's abortive attempt at a career on the Broadway stage . In 1963 , production was halted after the box - office failure of her comedy effort Critic 's Choice ( with Bob Hope ) . Later , she had a falling - out with Madelyn Pugh ( then known as Madelyn Pugh Martin ) and Bob Carroll , precisely because their script overly resembled an I Love Lucy television episode , and commissioned another writer ( Leonard Spigelgass ) to rewrite the script . Mr. Spigelgass does not seem to have succeeded in breaking free of Lucy 's television work , so producer Robert Blumofe hired yet two more writers ( Mickey Rudin and Bernie Weitzman ) to make an attempt . When this failed , Blumofe hired Melville Shavelson , who eventually directed . All further rewrite efforts came to an abrupt end at the insistence of United Artists , the film 's eventual distributor . At this point in the production cycle , Helen Beardsley 's book Who Gets the Drumstick ? was actually released in 1965 . Like many film adaptations , exactly how much the book informed the final shooting script is impossible to determine . Production began in 1967 with Henry Fonda definitely signed on to portray Frank . Mort Lachman , who had been one of Bob Hope 's writers , joined the writing team at the recommendation of Shavelson . Leonard Spigelgass received no on - screen writing credit for his efforts in this film . Filming was done largely on - location in Alameda and San Francisco , California with Mike 's high - school graduation being filmed at Grant High School in southern California ( Frank Beardsley 's home , into which the blended family eventually moved , was in Carmel ) . The total budget is estimated at $2.5 million ( equivalent to $17.6 million in 2017 ) , including $1,700,000 for actual filming and post-production . Reception ( edit ) The film received lukewarm critical reviews -- although Leonard Maltin looked favorably upon it as a `` wholesome , ' family ' picture '' with an excellent script . Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and praised the performances of Ball and Fonda . It was a massive commercial success , earning nearly $26 million ( $182 Million adjusted for inflation ) at the box office ( on a tight budget of $2.5 million ) and earning over $11 million in rentals . Thus , it was the top - grossing film released by United Artists in 1968 and the 11th highest - grossing film of the year . ( Both figures are for U.S. and Canada only . ) This came about probably on the strength of Lucille Ball 's name and performance ( which many of her fans regard as a classic ) . Some critics felt that Ball , then in her late 50s , was too old for the part of a middle aged mother . Frank Beardsley commented that his family enjoyed the film as general entertainment , and acknowledged that perhaps the scriptwriters felt that their screenplay was `` a better story '' than the truth . Not anticipating the huge box office returns from the movie , Lucille Ball failed to make appropriate tax shelter and thus saw most of her share going to pay taxes . The film 's success partly inspired network approval of the television series The Brady Bunch ; the original script for the series pilot was written well before this movie became a reality . Among the child actors cast as the Beardsley and North children , several went on to greater success , including Tim Matheson ( billed here as Tim Matthieson ) who went on to play the character Otter in the more adult - oriented comedy Animal House ; Morgan Brittany ( billed here as Suzanne Cupito ) appeared in many episodes of Dallas ; Mitch Vogel appeared in The Reivers with Steve McQueen for which Vogel received a Golden Globe Best Supporting Actor nomination in 1970 ; and Tracy Nelson , daughter of actor / musician Ricky Nelson , who eventually starred in the series Father Dowling Mysteries beside Tom Bosley , who portrayed the doctor in this movie . Also , Matheson ( Mike Beardsley ) and future soap - opera actress Jennifer Leak ( Colleen North ) married in real life in 1968 , although they divorced in 1971 . Home Video releases ( edit ) Yours , Mine and Ours was released on VHS by MGM / UA Home Video in 1989 , 1994 , and 1998 . A Laserdisc version was released in 1994 , featuring noise reduction applied to the film soundtrack . It was released to DVD on March 6 , 2001 . While the DVD was released in full frame , the original film was a widescreen release ; this , therefore , constitutes a pan and scan . It was released on Blu ray on September 13 , 2016 . The sole special feature is the original movie trailer . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Lucille Ball received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy . The film itself was a candidate for the Golden Globe Award for Best Musical or Comedy Picture of 1968 . Lucille Ball won the Golden Laurel award for Best Female Performance in a Comedy . Henry Fonda placed third in the Golden Laurels for Best Male Performance in a Comedy . The film itself won the Golden Laurel for Best General Entertainment Film . Melville Shavelson and Mort Lachman received a nomination for the 1969 Writers Guild of America Award for Best - written American Comedy . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1968 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` YOURS MINE AND OURS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1968 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Yours , Mine , and Ours '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Beardsley , Who Gets the Drumstick ? , New York : Random House , 1965 , 215 pp . Jump up ^ Yours , Mine and Ours on GeoCities . Jump up ^ Yours , Mine and Ours at LucyFan.com Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/yours-mine-and-ours-1968 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1968 '' , Variety , 8 January 1969 p 15 . Please note this figure is a rental accruing to distributors . Jump up ^ Fred Sorri , `` Famous Carmel Family Operating Nut House , '' Monterey Peninsula Herald , April 1 , 1968 . External links ( edit ) Yours , Mine and Ours on IMDb Yours , Mine and Ours at AllMovie Yours , Mine and Ours at the TCM Movie Database Yours , Mine and Ours at Rotten Tomatoes `` Official '' site of the actual family of Frank and Helen Beardsley , a valuable reference that includes key differences between Helen Beardsley 's biography and the films . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Melville Shavelson <Td_colspan="2"> The Seven Little Foys ( 1955 ) Beau James ( 1957 ) Houseboat ( 1958 ) The Five Pennies ( 1959 ) It Started in Naples ( 1960 ) On the Double ( 1961 ) The Pigeon That Took Rome ( 1962 ) A New Kind of Love ( 1963 ) Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 ) The War Between Men and Women ( 1972 ) Mixed Company ( 1974 ) The Legend of Valentino ( 1975 ) The Great Houdini ( 1976 ) The Other Woman ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yours,_Mine_and_Ours_(1968_film)&oldid=811814202 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films 1960s comedy - drama films American comedy - drama films Films based on actual events Films directed by Melville Shavelson Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area United Artists films Films about weddings Films about marriage Films about families Films about widowhood American films Love stories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Yours, Mine and Ours" (1968 film) 2. Lucille Ball and Henry Fonda 3. Blended family 4. Frank and Helen Beardsley 5. Navy life and aircraft carrier operations

who owns the old post office in washington dc

Old Post Office Pavilion - wikipedia Old Post Office Pavilion Jump to : navigation , search For similarly - named properties , see Old Post Office . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Old Post Office and Clock Tower <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Historic district Contributing property <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Old Post Office Pavilion in 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> Show map of Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 38.32 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 40.71 '' W  /  38.8939778 ° N 77.0279750 ° W  / 38.8939778 ; - 77.0279750 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 38.32 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 40.71 '' W  /  38.8939778 ° N 77.0279750 ° W  / 38.8939778 ; - 77.0279750 Built 1892 to 1899 Architect Willoughby J. Edbrooke ( original building ) Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey ( East Atrium ) Architectural style Romanesque Revival ( original building ) Modernist ( East Atrium ) Part of Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site ( # 66000865 ) NRHP reference # 73002105 Added to NRHP April 11 , 1973 The Old Post Office Pavilion , historically known as the Old Post Office and Clock Tower , located at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. was completed in 1899 , and is a contributing property to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site . It was used as the city 's main post office until 1914 . It functioned primarily as an office building afterward , and was nearly torn down during the construction of the Federal Triangle complex in the 1920s . It was nearly demolished again in the 1970s to make way for completion of the Federal Triangle . Major renovations occurred in 1976 and 1983 . The 1983 renovation added a food court and retail space and the building was renamed the Old Post Office Pavilion . An addition was added to the structure in 1991 . In 2013 , the U.S. General Services Administration leased the property for 60 years to a consortium headed by `` DJT Holdings LLC '' , a holding company owned by Donald Trump through a revocable trust . Trump developed the property into a luxury hotel , Trump International Hotel Washington , D.C. which opened in September 2016 . The building is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque , part of the Romanesque Revival architecture of the nineteenth century United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction and opening 2 First 50 years 3 1970s demolition attempt 4 Rejuvenation in 1970s 4.1 1979 -- 1983 renovation 5 1988 -- 1992 expansion 5.1 Post-expansion 6 Redevelopment as a hotel 6.1 Non-hotel redevelopment attempts 6.2 Limited movement on redevelopment 6.3 Post-legislation redevelopment initiatives 7 Lease to The Trump Organization 7.1 Lease protests 7.2 Trump lease negotiations 7.3 Change in financing and receiving preliminary regulatory approval 7.4 Final lease agreement 7.5 Tax credit 8 2014 redevelopment 9 Opening of Trump International Hotel 9.1 Opening 9.2 Reviews 9.3 Restaurant controversy 9.4 Impacts on Pennsylvania Avenue 10 Clock Tower and bells 11 Legal challenges associated with Trump 's presidency 11.1 Emoluments Clause lawsuits 11.1. 1 CREW v. Trump 11.1. 2 District of Columbia and Maryland v. Trump 11.1. 3 Blumenthal et . al. v. Trump 11.2 GSA contract 11.3 Trump response 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Construction and opening ( edit ) The Old Post Office Pavilion in 1911 The United States Congress approved construction of a new post office for Washington , D.C. , on June 25 , 1890 . The site , at the southwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 12th Street , was chosen by Senator Leland Stanford in 1888 in the hope that the building would revitalize the Murder Bay neighborhood between the Capitol building and the White House . The structure was designed in the Romanesque Revival style ( some classify it as Richardsonian Romanesque ) by Willoughby J. Edbrooke , Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department . Construction began in 1892 , and the building was complete in 1899 . The total cost of construction was $3 million . At the time of its completion , the Post Office Building contained the largest uninterrupted enclosed space in the city . Its clock tower reached 315 feet ( 96 m ) into the air . It was also the city 's first building to have a steel frame structure , and the first to be built with electrical wiring incorporated into its design . The structure featured elevators with cages of highly intricate wrought iron , a glass covered atrium and mezzanine level , and floors , moldings , railings , and wainscoting made of marble . The atrium was 196 feet ( 60 m ) high , and 10 floors of balconies looked out onto the space ( which provided interior light in an era when indoor lighting was not common ) . It boasted more than 39,000 interior electric lights , and its own electrical generator . Girders and catwalks spanned the atrium at the third floor level to allow post office supervisors to look down on the workers . The fifth floor housed executive offices in the corners . Each office had a turret , ornately carved wooden moldings , and red oak paneling . But there were problems with the structure . The Washington Star newspaper reported that the skylights and windows leaked air and water , the marble floors were poorly laid , and much of the construction was shoddy . The ninth floor was to have served as a file room , but a post-construction inspection showed it could not accommodate the weight . Technological advances in electricity and electrical wiring , mechanical engineering , movement of air , heating , and more made the building out of date as soon as it opened . The anticipated economic development never occurred . At the 1898 meeting of the American Institute of Architects , the structure was criticized as supremely ugly during a plenary address by New York City architect George B. Post . That same year , Senator Joseph Roswell Hawley called it `` a cross between a cathedral and a cotton mill '' . By the time it opened , the building was also too small to accommodate the government agencies which occupied it . The city postmaster had advocated a building with a 50,000 - square - foot ( 4,600 m ) footprint , but only 10,000 square feet ( 930 m ) were purchased . The post office used the main floor and mezzanine , but these were already too crowded by January 1900 . Treasury Department offices were to have taken over the eighth floor , but the structure was so overcrowded that this move was suspended . A year after the building opened , an accident there took the life of D.C. Postmaster James P. Willett . On September 30 , 1899 , Willett fell 90 feet ( 27 m ) down an open elevator shaft . Nothing more than a flimsy wooden barrier prevented access to the shaft . Willett died a day later . First 50 years ( edit ) Atrium of the Post Office Building in June 1914 In the early 1880s , Senator Justin Smith Morrill and Senator John James Ingalls proposed razing all the structures between Pennsylvania Avenue and B Street ( now Constitution Avenue ) to create a park . The influential McMillan Plan of 1902 , however , proposed retaining the structure . ( It could hardly have done otherwise , with the building only just having been completed . ) Nonetheless , the same year the Washington Post editorialized in favor of its demolition . In discussing plans to beautify Washington , essayist Sammuel E. Moffett disparagingly called the building in 1906 a `` Kansas City emporium so utterly out of keeping with the general atmosphere of official Washington that it sets the teeth of architects on edge '' . Later that year , Senator Weldon B. Heyburn introduced legislation to authorize the federal government to purchase all the land between Pennsylvania Avenue , the National Mall , 15th Street NW , and the U.S. Capitol for the construction of an architecturally `` harmonious '' set of massive office buildings . Heyburn 's plan retained the Old Post Office Building , but adjusted its Pennsvylania Avenue side to be parallel with the street . The clock in the building tower was originally mechanical in nature , and kept accurate time via gravity . A cable was wrapped around a drum , and a large weight attached to the end of the cable . As the cable unwound due to the force of gravity , the clock hands turned . The cable was rewound once or twice a day . On October 10 , 1956 , the weight came loose from the cable and plunged through two floors ( narrowly avoiding killing a man , who had just gotten up from his desk ) . The mechanical clock was later replaced with an electric one . In 1914 , the District of Columbia General Post Office moved to a larger building constructed next to Union Station . Although only 15 years old , the building at 12th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue was now commonly called the `` old '' post office . For the next forty years , the building served as office space for several government agencies . The Old Post Office Building was slated for demolition during construction of the Federal Triangle . In 1926 , the United States Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act , which authorized the construction not only of the Federal Triangle complex of buildings but also a new U.S. Supreme Court building opposite the United States Capitol , a major extension of the U.S. Government Printing Office building on North Capitol Street , and significant widening of B Street NW on the north side of the National Mall . Government officials , other experts , and the press believed that the demolition of the District Building and Old Post Office Pavilion and the closure of many streets in the area would occur . A Board of Architectural Consultants was created on May 19 , 1927 , to advise the federal agencies developing Federal Triangle on how to proceed . By July 1927 , the board had fashioned a general plan for the area , but did not address whether the Old Post Office Pavilion , District Building , or the Southern Railway Building should be torn down or not . Planning for the complex was deeply influenced by the City Beautiful movement and the idea of creating a civic center to achieve efficiency in administration as well as reinforce the public 's perception of government as authoritative and permanent . For the architectural style of the buildings , the board adopted the McMillan Plan 's recommendation of the Neoclassical style . Rather than a mass of tall , imposing buildings , two unifying open spaces ( intended for ceremonial use , and under discussion by the Board at least by March 1928 ) would be utilized . The first would be a Circular Plaza ( inspired by the Place Vendôme ) bisected by 12th Street NW , and which would require the demolition of the Old Post Office Pavilion . But by 1934 , although the government had cleared land around the Old Post Office Building , Congress was increasingly opposed to demolishing the structure . Tearing down a structurally sound 35 - year - old building during the Great Depression seemed foolish . But the executive branch agencies overseeing the Federal Triangle 's construction still wanted it gone . Yet , it was not demolished . Four years passed . Although a push was made to remove the Old Post Office Building again in 1938 , Senator Elmer Thomas defended it and attacked the erection of a Neoclassical office building in its place as financially unacceptable . The 1938 effort to remove the building was the last one for 30 years . Various reasons have been suggested for why the Old Post Office Building survived . A common claim is that the federal government , fighting the Great Depression , simply did not have the money . Press reports at the time , however , noted that voters would have punished congressmen who tore down a perfectly good building . Architectural historians have also argued that President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( who took office in March 1933 , five years into the Federal Triangle 's construction ) was not interested in completing the expensive complex of white marble office buildings or making the Federal Triangle architecturally harmonious . The Old Post Office Building 's tower slowly became an iconic one in the city . The United States Information Agency often used it as a backdrop for propaganda films to be shown in foreign countries . In one instance , a portion of a film about Soviet dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn was taped in the tower . 1970s demolition attempt ( edit ) Looking southeast down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Old Post Office Pavilion and United States Capitol ( 2007 ) By the 1950s , the neighborhood around the Old Post Office Pavilion had also declined . Pennsylvania Avenue NW was marked by deteriorating homes , shops , and office buildings on the north side and monumental Neoclassical federal office buildings on the south . After witnessing the poor state of the avenue during his inaugural parade , President John F. Kennedy appointed a President 's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue to study ways to improve the area . The council 's draft plan was ready for Kennedy 's approval when he was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 . The draft plan retained the Old Post Office Pavilion . Kennedy 's successor , President Lyndon B. Johnson , agreed to move forward with the plan and appointed a Temporary President 's Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue , although it did not hold its first meeting until May 21 , 1965 . The new commission recommended that the Old Post Office be torn down in favor of completing the plan for the Federal Triangle . The temporary commission managed to prevent development of the avenue which was contrary to the draft plan , but it never was able to win congressional approval for its plan . It ceased to function on November 15 , 1969 , due to lack of funds . A permanent Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation ( PADC ) was finally created by Congress on October 30 , 1972 . An attempt to demolish the Old Post Office Pavilion began in February 1970 . The National Capital Planning Commission , a federal agency with legal jurisdiction over major building projects in the Washington metropolitan area , agreed ( although it said the tower might be preserved ) . Within days , Wolf Von Eckardt , the influential architectural critic of The Washington Post , began campaigning for the structure 's preservation . No action was taken on the demolition project in 1970 , and Von Eckardt continued to press for the building 's preservation in 1971 . By early 1971 , a group of local citizens and architects formed a group known as `` Do n't Tear It Down '' ( predecessor to the D.C. Preservation League ) . The group 's members included Nancy Hanks , the politically influential chairwoman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Do n't Tear It Down began heavily lobbying the PADC , General Services Administration ( which owned the building for the federal government ) , White House , Congress , and D.C. city government to stop the demolition . Opposition to the demolition began to grow in the U.S. Senate , which held hearings on the buildings in April 1971 . Preservation forces received a major boost in May 1971 when the federal Advisory Council on Historic Preservation recommended retaining it . The Nixon administration , however , continued to seek its demolition so that Federal Triangle could be completed in time for the United States Bicentennial in 1976 . But by this time , Senator Mike Gravel , chair of the Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the Committee on Public Works was strongly opposed to the effort . Gravel sought allies in the United States House of Representatives , and in June 1972 , the House Committee on Appropriations voted down Nixon 's request for money to demolish the Old Post Office . Rejuvenation in 1970s ( edit ) The Old Post Office was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . That same year , the General Services Administration formally dropped its intention to demolish the building and instead developed a plan save the Old Post Office Pavilion . The National Capital Planning Commission agreed to the project . Major renovation of the structure was made possible in 1976 by enactment of the Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act . The law gave GSA the legal authority to lease federal buildings and use the money received for renovations and upgrades . It also legalized the use of a portion of federal office buildings for commercial retail and restaurant use . The Old Post Office was the first major project begun under the law . An $18 million renovation began in 1977 . The building badly needed it : The atrium roof had been covered over , making the interior dark ; the building leaked and had suffered extensive water damage ; there was mold throughout the building ; and the heating system often broke down . 1979 -- 1983 renovation ( edit ) The 1983 renovation added the grand staircase , seen from above ( 2009 ) Skylight above the grand staircase ( 2009 ) The GSA held a competition in 1978 to find a partner willing to redevelop the Old Post Office Pavilion . The agency believed that the configuration of the interior space and downtown real estate market would only support a hotel . But the winning bid did not propose a hotel . A joint venture by four firms -- McGaughy , Marshall , and McMillan ; Arthur Cotton Moore Associates ; Associated Space Design , Inc. ; and Stewart Daniel Hoban & Associates -- won the competition . GSA and the bidding team reached an agreement for a 55 - year lease . GSA collected $166,000 a year in rent , which increased just 5 percent during the life of the lease . GSA also received a percentage of all profits from the enterprise . The $29 million renovation was completed in 1983 . Much of the building was gutted to utilize the interior space more efficiently , but some `` preservation zones '' were established to retain the interior 's historic character . Much of the old marble was replaced with new , pink marble , and the interior repainted in shades of cream , gray , green , and ivory pastels . A glass - enclosed elevator to the observation deck was also added , as well as a new grand staircase to the second floor and two 6,000 - square - foot ( 560 m ) restaurants . The renovated building was officially dedicated on April 19 , 1983 . Vice President George H.W. Bush presided over the event . The re-opening was celebrated with peals from the Bells of Congress from the clock tower . Federal tenants included the Institute for Museum Services , National Endowment for the Arts , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the President 's Committee on the Arts and Humanities . ( Modular office furniture was used to allow more people to work in the offices , which proved controversial among federal employees used to traditional desks and chairs . ) The retail levels , which occupied the first three floors of the building , opened on September 13 , 1983 . The retail section included a performance space known as the Nancy Hanks Center . Hanks died on January 7 , 1983 , just weeks before the building 's re-opening . The clock tower and observation deck reopened to the public on May 1 , 1984 . The 1983 renovation won strong praise from architectural critic Benjamin Forgey . The commercial space was designed by the Boston firm of Benjamin Thompson & Associates , and it was leased by Evans Development Co. of Baltimore . More than 50 restaurants and boutique retail stores were anticipated to sublet portions of the three - story retail section , and it was 98 % leased at its opening . In the mid-1980s , Hillman Properties bought out its partner , Evans Development , and took control of the Old Post Office Pavilion . In October 1986 , Congress enacted legislation formally renaming the Old Post Office the `` Nancy Hanks Center '' . 1988 -- 1992 expansion ( edit ) Despite the positive news about the Old Post Office Pavilion , it was not doing well . GSA imposed conditions on the 1983 renovation that left the retail pavilion looking like an office building rather than a shopping mall . There was also too little retail space , the retail space was poorly configured due to the architectural design of the building , and GSA refused to allow any storefronts on the exterior that would signal that there was retail or restaurants inside . The pavilion 's revenues were generated in about equal parts from tourists , local office workers , and local residents . Although most retailers were making money , revenues fluctuated wildly on a seasonal basis . Restaurants had a difficult time earning money , and turnover among them was high . Old Post Office Joint Venture ( a group led by Hillman Properties ) , the developer of the pavilion , was also losing money . Old Post Office Joint Venture ( OPOJV ) received $166,000 a year in rent from GSA , but its agreement with the federal government called for doubling the size of the retail space to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) . Approval for that expansion had never been given . OPOJV originally proposed expansion of the retail space into the Internal Revenue Service Building , but this was rejected for security reasons . It then proposed an underground parking lot and pavilion expansion in the area occupied by the IRS building 's parking lot , but this , too , was not approved . With the financial situation at the Old Post Office Pavilion worsening , OPOJV proposed building a glass - enclosed annex on the IRS building 's parking lot . The proposal was strongly opposed by the D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board . Nonetheless , Congress appropriated $1.7 million for the project and OPOJV agreed to contribute another $15 million . The National Capital Planning Commission also gave its approval to the project . The new East Atrium opened on March 6 , 1992 . The three level structure had 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) of interior space and a glass roof . Under the terms of the development agreement , the federal government owned the land beneath the structure , but the building was owned by Hillman Properties . As construction occurred , the Old Post Office Pavilion lost many of its high - end retailers and replaced them with low - end shops selling mugs , souvenirs , T - shirts , and other items aimed at tourists . The East Atrium , however , included larger and more upscale retailers . The addition also featured a 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) miniature golf course and bar . The East Atrium was managed by General Growth Properties , which said about 78 percent of the space was leased . The East Atrium was not well received , critically . Architecture critic Benjamin Forgey acknowledged that the building achieved its goals ; incorporated many modern architectural design features ( such as glass curtain walls , setbacks , and good connections to sidewalks and pedestrian areas ) ; and it added a piece of the 1982 master plan for Federal Triangle . But Forgey called the design by the local architectural firm of Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey awkward , with `` clunky '' proportions and over-heavy elements . The interior , however , won praise for its lightness . Post-expansion ( edit ) A small fire broke out on the west side of the Old Post Office Pavilion between the ninth floor ceiling and the roof on August 26 , 1992 . Workers repairing the roof accidentally caused the blaze , which began at 3 : 45 P.M. and was extinguished 45 minutes later . Although small , the fire snarled downtown traffic during the evening rush hour . By October 1993 , despite more than 3 million visitors a year , OPOJV was behind on its rent to GSA and in default on its mortgage to Collin Equities ( a subsidiary of Wells Fargo ) . Real estate experts blamed the cost of heating and cooling the vast atrium , heavy tenant turnover , and the lack of a theater for a space below the East Atrium . Although the D.C. Convention and Visitors Association said the Old Post Office was the eighth most - visited attraction in the District of Columbia , retail experts believed it had never made money , and the East Atrium did not bring in enough rent to support the Old Post Office Pavilion . Collin Equities / Wells Fargo foreclosed on OPOJV in October 1993 . The bank hired Hill Partners , a real estate management firm from Charlotte , North Carolina , to revitalize the retail aspects of the development . Hill Partners said that improving access to and shoppers ' awareness of the retail area , it could double the number of visitors to the Old Post Office to more than 7 million . Hill Partners began reevaluating its tenant mix with a view to adding retailers which D.C. residents needed . It also revealed that the East Atrium was a money - loser , never filling more than half its space . Whether the East Atrium would remain open was not clear . The company agreed , however , to keep the Pavilion area a `` festival marketplace '' ( one which offers a combination of entertainment , food , and retail shops ) . In March 1995 , the Cineplex Odeon Corporation said it would open a seven - screen movie theater in East Atrium ( which now had no tenants ) . But the company pulled out in May 1996 , saying it could not reach a lease agreement with Hill Partners . Hill Partners had a difficult time finding any new tenants for the East Atrium and for the Pavilion . Virgin Group said in June 1996 it might build a Virgin Megastore , eight - to - 12 screen Virgin Cinema , and possible a rock music - themed restaurant at the Old Post Office . But the company wanted the main building for its retail outlets , not the East Atrium . But nothing came of these discussions . In 1997 , a hotel development firm , Denhill D.C. LLC , approached GSA and offered to take over Collins Equities / Wells Fargo lease . The company said it would spend more than $100 million to turn the office space on the upper floors into hotel rooms and open the Pennsylvania Avenue walls to create more access and street - front retail space . In return , the company asked the GSA to extend the 55 - year lease to 65 years , and give it the option of adding three more decade - long lease extension options . According to Denhill D.C. officials , the negotiations were so far advanced that they had a management company ready to operate the hotel and retail tenants ready to take space . GSA said it then ended the negotiations over legal concerns that it was about to enter into a long - term lease without advertising it to other bidders . By August 2000 , business conditions at the Old Post Office had sunk even lower . Operations there had never turned a profit in 17 years , the vacancy rate in the Pavilion was 80 percent , the East Atrium was closed , and GSA had stopped charging Wells Fargo rent because no income was being generated . Realizing that a retail / office combination was not going to make money , GSA began negotiating with Collins Equities / Wells Fargo to cancel the lease . GSA by now had realized that if retail space was to be retained , it would need to open onto Pennsylvania Avenue NW . But the agency also was considered scrapping the retail floors and turning them into office space or getting rid of both retail and office space to allow the structure to be developed as a hotel . The hotel option was proving far more appealing than in the early 1980s because of the agency 's overwhelmingly positive experience in allowing Kimpton Hotels to transform the 170,000 - square - foot ( 16,000 m ) vacant Tariff Commission Building into a 172 - room luxury Hotel Monaco . Redevelopment as a hotel ( edit ) Evening view of the Old Post Office and Clock Tower in July 2012 On December 28 , 2000 , GSA submitted the plan for the Old Post Office , as required by the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999 . On June 15 , 2001 , Senators Robert Smith , Harry Reid , Ben Nighthorse Campbell , and Byron Dorgan sent a letter to GSA giving consent for GSA to expend such funds as necessary to acquire by purchase the leasehold rights of the lease at the Old Post Office , if certain conditions were followed . Non-hotel redevelopment attempts ( edit ) In 2002 , lobbyist Jack Abramoff engaged in extensive illegal discussions with GSA chief of staff David H. Safavian an attempt to secure the lease on the structure for a Native American tribal client . Abramoff took Safavian on an all - expenses - paid golf trip to Scotland , during which time they discussed turning the lease over to the unidentified tribe . Savafian was later convicted of perjury for lying about his relationship with Abramoff . The General Services Administration issued a Request for Expression of Interest in 2004 for developing the Old Post Office Building . Several companies expressed interest , but GSA did not proceed further . Beginning in 2002 , a major push was made to convert the building into the National Women 's History Museum and a bill do do so passed in the United States Senate in 2005 . However , local developers , city residents , and members of the House of Representatives were angry that the building would be given away for free . The bill was reintroduced in the 109th United States Congress , although this time the women 's museum asked for only the East Atrium . This effort , too , was unsuccessful , even though the East Atrium had broken floor tiles and unfinished interior construction that exposed beams and left gaping holes instead of storefronts . Limited movement on redevelopment ( edit ) In March 2005 , GSA issued a request for information ( RFI ) and received more than 20 responses . However , the agency did not receive approval from the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) to proceed to a request for proposals ( RFP ) . OMB did not believe that the responses to the RFI showed that redevelopment was in the best financial interest of the federal government , however . In June 2006 , as a result of the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 , record - setting rainfall of 12.11 inches ( 308 mm ) fell on Washington , D.C. The basement of the Old Post Office Building flooded , as did the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building ( headquarters of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ) , the Herbert C. Hoover Building ( headquarters of the United States Department of Commerce ) , the Internal Revenue Service Building , the National Archives Building , and the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building . The Old Post Office Building , one of those on higher ground , reopened after two days . Most of the other buildings remained closed for a week . In 2007 , GSA estimated , that it would cost more than $100 million to modernize the structure . GSA also said that while it earned $5.4 million in rent at the Old Post Office Building in 2007 , it spent $11.9 million on administrative and maintenance , for a loss of $6.5 million . In 2008 , Eleanor Holmes Norton , D.C. 's Delegate to Congress , introduced the `` Old Post Office Building Redevelopment Act of 2008 '' ( H.R. 5001 ) to require GSA move faster on issuing a request for proposals . During hearings before the Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , members of Congress singled out the Old Post Office Building for under - utilization. The legislation passed the House on June 23 , and the Senate on September 26 . President George W. Bush signed it into law ( P.L. 110 - 359 ) on October 8 . As enacted , the Redevelopment Act required the GSA to proceed with redevelopment of the Old Post Office Building and relocate all federal tenants . It required the GSA to report to the appropriate House and Senate committees regarding any redevelopment agreement , and barred any redevelopment plan from coming into force until 30 days of a continuous session of Congress had passed . On July 12 , 2008 , the National Capital Planning Commission issued its National Capital Framework , a plan designed to govern development in Washington , D.C. for the next 50 years . The plan was supported by the United States Commission of Fine Arts , the federal agency with legislative authority to approve the aesthetic design of all major buildings in the D.C. metropolitan area . The National Capital Framework specifically asked that the Old Post Office Building be renovated in order to improve public amenities and support the ongoing revitalization of Pennsylvania Avenue . Post-legislation redevelopment initiatives ( edit ) D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton won passage of federal legislation in 2008 requiring the GSA to redevelop the Old Post Office Building By October 2010 , no major redevelopment goals had been met . The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee strongly criticized GSA in a report for mismanaging the Old Post Office Building . The report specifically accused GSA of not moving to redevelop the property during a real estate boom in 2006 . When the boom ended , GSA was stuck with the property , and the House committee accused the agency of losing more than $25 million on maintenance rather than generating income . With pressure building on the White House to deal with billions of dollars worth of excess or underutilized federal property , the Barack Obama administration said it would take action to more quickly dispose of property like the Old Post Office . Rather than sell property at fire sale prices , the administration created a new independent advisory panel to help create a disposal plan for each individual building . D.C. area lawmakers pressed the advisory panel to act immediately on the Old Post Office . Douglas Firstenberg , a principal with StonebridgeCarras , a real estate property management firm that helped the federal government lease buildings , said that historic preservation restrictions and the large number of existing tenants made redevelopment difficult . In March 2011 , A new RFP was finally issued by GSA . In all , GSA received 10 bids , most of which were hotels . Among the proposals were a luxury hotel and a National Museum of the Jewish People . Other bidders included The Trump Organization , Carpenter , Monument Realty , JBG Smith , and Hilton Worldwide . Lease to the Trump Organization ( edit ) On February 6 , 2012 , GSA announced that it had chosen The Trump Organization as the potential redeveloper of the Old Post Office Building . The company partnered with Colony Capital , a private equity firm , in its bid . The Trump Organization bid pledged to spend $200 million to turn the structure into a 250 - room ( later sources said 261 - room ) luxury hotel . Much of the investment would be in cash , not debt . The hotel would include a conference center , spa , three high - end restaurants , and a 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,300 m ) meeting and banquet facility . The company also pledged to create a small museum dedicated to the history of the building and the Bells of Congress , and to maintain the historic exterior . The Trump Organization also tentatively agreed to pay GSA $3 million a year in rent . The Trump Organization bid touted the involvement of Arthur Cotton Moore , a noted local architect who had renovated historic buildings in the area before and who had helped design the Old Post Office Building renovations in the 1970s . Moore left the effort within less than a year for health reasons . Another preservationist architect , John Cullinane , working on the project resigned `` because I could n't support what they were doing to the building ... ( t ) hey were covering up or tearing out everything that was historic ... '' There were many concerns expressed by local residents and historic preservationists by the successful Trump bid . Preservationists believed Trump would not respect the historic nature of the building and had almost no experience renovating historic properties but government officials said any redesign would need to be approved by the Commission of Fine Arts ( whose secretary signaled heavy scrutiny for any changes ) . Trump dismissed concerns that he lacked experience with historic buildings , pointing to his redevelopment of Grand Central Terminal in New York City and the Mar - a-Lago Club in Palm Beach , Florida . Some city residents worried that Trump would block access to the clock tower . However , the National Park Service said it will retain control over the clock tower and observation deck and it will keep them open for tours . Washington Post business columnist Steven Pearlstein questioned the financial wisdom of selecting Trump / Colony Capital , given Trump 's extensive problems with bankruptcy and Colony Capital 's current problems keeping its hotel properties out of receivership . Pearlstein and local hoteliers argued that the market would not support the room rates Trump wished to charge , and therefore would not be able to support the excessive amount of redevelopment money and rent Trump was paying for the property . Robert Peck , Commissioner of the General Services Administration , defended the selection , arguing that the Trump / Colony Capital bid was by far the best in terms of financial commitment , experience in renovating and managing properties , and quality of design . Peck dismissed criticism about Trump 's numerous past bankruptcies , noting that these mostly concerned casinos rather than hotels . There was , however , also the opinion expressed by Washington Post business reporters Petula Dvorak and Jonathan O'Connell that the new Trump hotel would help spark an economic renaissance in the Downtown neighborhood . Lease protests ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Washington Post reported that Monument Realty offered a base rent much higher than that of The Trump Organization . Monument and development partner Angelo , Gordon & Co. proposed a 260,000 - square - foot ( 24,000 m ) office building with a media center on the first three floors . It also proposed demolishing the annex in favor of a parking garage . Monument Realty bid for the building with a lease price of $5.1 million annually , with rent increases based on the building 's performance . The Trump Organization , however , offered $200 million in redevelopment dollars , while Monument would have provided just $116.5 million . GSA scored submission based on experience and past performance , design concept , financial capacity and capability , and initial development investment . It was unclear , therefore , that Monument 's bid was superior to The Trump Organization 's bid . Another bidder , BP - Metropolitan Investors , filed an official protest in April 2012 against GSA for awarding the redevelopment to The Trump Organization . The bidding group , which included Hilton Worldwide , said GSA failed to take into account Trump 's repeated bankruptcies and unrealistic economic assumptions . GSA said Metropolitan lost the award because it offered to spend only $140 million to renovate the building . GSA responded to the protest by noting that since the redevelopment was not a procurement , there were no legal grounds for protesting its decision . Trump lease negotiations ( edit ) In the summer of 2012 , The Trump Organization asked the District of Columbia to waive possessory interest taxes on the Old Post Office Building . The possessory interest tax was estimated at about $3 million in 2012 , although it would likely be far more once the property was fully redeveloped . D.C. tax officials denied the waiver . Pedro Ribeiro , a spokesperson for Mayor Vincent C. Gray , said , `` It was never part of the bid proposal that the project would not be subject to the tax . '' David Orowitz , the Vice President for Acquisitions and Development in The Trump Organization , said that the denial of tax waiver was not a surprise and would not change the financial calculations of the company 's bid . Donald Trump later denied seeking any tax waiver . As the clock ticked on the one - year deadline to finalize a deal with GSA , The Trump Organization hired Streetsense , a real estate and retail design firm , to select restaurants and retailers for the Old Post Office Pavilion . Trump chose the company over local real estate developer Douglas Jemal and retail design firm Ashkenazy Acquisition . Tiffany & Co. was among the retailers the company talked to . Six development meetings were held with GSA , the CFA , D.C. government officials , and The Trump Organization between February and December 2012 . Determining what was acceptable redevelopment was critical if a final lease agreement was to be signed . The Trump Organization 's new design team consisted of the firms Beyer Blinder Belle and WDG Architecture ( formerly Edwin Weihe & Associates ) . The Trump Organization proposed extending 11th Street NW south of Pennsylvania Avenue NW . City officials asked that a half - block of C Street NW south of the hotel be reopened with redevelopment money , too , but The Trump Organization declined the request . The architectural team proposed adding retail on all four corners of the Old Post Office Building , and building a new mezzanine level inside it ( with a restaurant on top and a spa and fitness center below ) . Historic preservation agencies refused to allow various types of canopies or signs bearing the hotel 's name along Pennsylvania Avenue , and six alternative designs for the East Atrium were rejected out of hand by the CFA . But still under consideration was a proposal to convert the lower level of the East Atrium into parking with the upper level retained as a ballroom . By late January 2013 , no final lease agreement had been reached . However , both The Trump Organization and GSA said that they were closing in on a deal , and GSA said it was unlikely to reopen the bidding process if one was not reached by the 12 - month deadline . Trump officials and GSA attributed the delay to the length of the lease , which created complexities that needed time to be resolved . GSA also said there were also unique issues raised by the building 's historic status . Nonetheless , federal law required the GSA to reach a deal by June 2013 or reopen the bidding process . Change in financing and receiving preliminary regulatory approval ( edit ) Donald Trump asserted that a deal was `` weeks '' away in mid-April 2013 . But even as he said that , contrary to rumor , he was not seeking to renegotiate his initial agreement with GSA , The Trump Organization re-evaluated its partnership with Colony Capital . Trump said his company was likely to either replace Colony or finance the entire redevelopment deal in cash . GSA officials said any such change would not affect the negotiations . The Trump Organization cleared several regulatory hurdles in April and May 2013 . On April 28 , the Commission of Fine Arts gave non-binding , preliminary approval to the company 's draft redevelopment plan . On May 16 , GSA completed an environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) which concluded the redevelopment would have no significant adverse historic , land use , or transportation impacts . The EIA also concluded that the hotel would generate about $6.5 million per year in hotel bed tax revenue and $1.5 million in sales tax revenue . Final lease agreement ( edit ) On June 4 , GSA reached a final agreement with The Trump Organization regarding redevelopment of the Old Post Office Building . The Trump Organization negotiated a 60 - year lease under which it paid $250,000 in rent per month , with annual increases tied to the Consumer Price Index . Rent payments were to begin either eight months after construction started or 20 months after the lease 's signing , whichever came first . The company had the option to extend the lease another 40 years . The Trump Organization agreed to spend at least $200 million redeveloping the property , with Trump using his personal funds to pay for the redevelopment . To allay concerns by critics that he too often defaulted on developments , Trump agreed to provide a $40 million personal guaranty as well as a `` bad acts '' ( to cover failure to pay taxes , fraud , or other forms of misconduct ) . The Trump Organization agreed to pay all taxes , although the lease did not bar the company from seeking a historic preservation tax credit . The Trump Organization agreed to turn the Old Post Office Building into a 260 - room hotel ( although some sources said there would be 267 rooms , some said 270 , some said 271 , and others 275 ) . Many of the rooms would have 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high ceilings , although most ceilings would be 14 - to - 16 - foot ( 4.3 to 4.9 m ) high . The average room was expected to be 600 square feet ( 56 m ) in size , and the hotel would have a higher percentage of suites and larger - than - average rooms to draw corporate executive and diplomats . In what were formerly the offices of the Postmaster General of the United States , the company planned two `` presidential suites '' of 3,000 square feet ( 280 m ) each with 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) ceilings . Each presidential suite would have a working fireplace , sauna , steam room , walk - in closet , direct - access elevators , and views of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and the National Mall . Redevelopment plans included an art gallery , café , bar , fitness center , library , lounge with fountain , meeting rooms , spa , two or three upscale restaurants , several luxury retail shops , a 4,000 - square - foot ( 370 m ) Mar - a-Lago brand spa , and a small museum about the building , its clock tower , and its bells . The Trump Organization agreed to continue to allow the public access to the clock tower and observation platform . The National Park Service agreed to operate the clock tower tours . The exterior of the building ( including the multicolor brick and granite pavement designed by Aleksandra Kasuba ) would be preserved in its historic state . Pending approval by regulatory authorities , The Trump Organization proposed building a floor over the ground level ( turning the mezzanine into a floor ) , although the grand staircase would remain . Most of the retail would occupy the ground and second floor , while the historic Stamp Counter on the east side of the ground floor would become the hotel registration desk . Major changes would be made to the 86,000 - square - foot ( 8,000 m ) East Atrium and the streets around it . The Trump Organization intended to convert the 34,400 - square - foot ( 3,200 m ) basement level into a 150 - space parking garage , with a 31,600 - to - 35,000 - square - foot ( 2,940 to 3,250 m ) ballroom on the ground level and 20,000 square feet ( 1,900 m ) of conference room space on the second floor . The ballroom 's size would make it the largest in any luxury hotel in the city . The city agreed to extend 11th Street NW into the Federal Triangle south to C Street NW to provide access for automobiles . The Old Post Office Building 's entrance on 11th Street NW would again be the structure 's main entrance ( opening the door on the long - closed side of the building ) . Pending final regulatory approval , a new steel and glass canopy will be constructed over the new entrance and a `` Trump International Hotel '' sign suspended inside the entrance arch . The 12th Street NW entrance would become the secondary entrance , providing public access to the restaurants and retail stores . Awnings would be over windows and the entrance on the ground floor , and a sign for the hotel added over the entrance . Outdoor seating would be added on the 12th Street NW , 11th Street NW , and Pennsylvania Avenue NW sides of the building . C Street NW would not be reopened to automobile traffic . The Trump Organization said it would remove the ahistoric glass and steel ground floor storefront on the C Street side and expand and renovate the public plaza there by adding outdoor seating and a performance space . With the lease signed , Ivanka Trump said construction would begin immediately after the building was turned over to The Trump Organization . Tax credit ( edit ) On November 14 , 2016 , the National Park Service approved Part 2 of the Trump organization 's application for a tax credit in the amount of 20 % of the rehabilitation cost of the building , estimated in the original application at $160 million . The final step would be the filing of Part 3 to collect the tax credit on the actual cost upon the completion of the construction . 2014 redevelopment ( edit ) Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion before 2014 redevelopment ( 2013 ) Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion after 2014 redevelopment ( 2016 ) Under the 2008 redevelopment law , Congress had 30 days to disapprove the lease or it would become final . Anticipating no problems from the legislature , GSA began relocating the existing federal tenants in the Old Post Office Building . Another major regulatory hurdle was cleared by The Trump Organization in early July 2013 . The staff of the National Capital Planning Commission recommended to the agency that it approve the redevelopment plans . The NCPC staff report suggested that GSA and The Trump Organization continue to work on exterior signage designs to ensure they are appropriate . The full commission approved the staff report and gave preliminary approval to the company 's building plans . The NCPC asked the organization to return in fall 2013 with final plans . On August 5 , 2013 , Congress allowed the lease between GSA and The Trump Organization to go into force . The Washington Business Journal reported that the lease called for a 263 - room ( another source said 270 - room ) hotel and for Trump to spend $250 million on renovations . The D.C. Preservation League ( the former Do n't Tear It Down ) said it supported the Trump redevelopment of the site . The Trump Organization hired the interior design firm of Hirsch Bedner Associates to work on the interior of the Old Post Office Building . The $200 million renovation began on May 1 , 2014 , with the closure of the clock tower . Changes to the structure 's exterior included the removal of the words `` OLD POST OFFICE '' from the central arch of the building 's main entrance and the placement beneath that arch of a bar containing the words `` TRUMP INTERNATIONAL HOTEL '' . Opening of Trump International hotel ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) The Trump International Hotel opened to paying guests with a `` soft opening '' on September 12 , 2016 . The hotel 's grand opening was celebrated on October 26 , 2016 . Reviews ( edit ) A Vanity Fair review described the hotel as grand on the outside , a complete disaster and `` a frightful dump '' on the inside . In December 2016 , Luxury Travel Intelligence reviewed the Trump Hotel and found major shortcomings in its service and operations . It called the decor `` garish '' , said that it was not suited to the discerning business traveler , and ranked it as the third worst hotel in the world . Restaurant controversy ( edit ) The Trump Organization initially entered into contracts with chefs José Andrés and Geoffrey Zakarian to open restaurants in the atrium and in the northwest corner of the Organization 's planned new hotel . However , both chefs pulled out of the deals after Donald Trump made controversial public comments about Mexicans in June 2015 , before the hotel had opened . The ensuing legal disputes were settled in April 2017 . Impacts on Pennsylvania Avenue ( edit ) For 16 years until 2015 , the Sakura Matsuri - Japanese Street Festival , the largest Japanese Cultural Festival in the United States , took place throughout a spring - time day on Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the Old Post Office Pavilion . The Festival 's location enabled the event to be near the route of the annual Cherry Blossom Parade , which traveled nearby along Constitution Avenue during the same day ( see National Cherry Blossom Festival ) . However , in 2016 and 2017 , the Street Festival 's organizers were forced to move their event to a distant location in Washington , D.C. The Festival 's relocation became necessary after the Trump Organization negotiated a deal with the Government of the District of Columbia that requires a 20 feet ( 6 m ) - wide lane on Pennsylvania Avenue to remain open to the Trump International Hotel 's customers and valet parking service except during major events such as presidential inaugural parades , thus leaving insufficient space on the Avenue for the festival 's activities and for those of other events formerly held near the Pavilion . Clock tower and bells ( edit ) One of the Bells of Congress hanging in the clock tower of the Old Post Office Building ( 2012 ) The Old Post Office Pavilion is the third - tallest building in Washington , D.C. Its 270 - foot - high ( 82 m ) observation deck in the building 's 315 - foot ( 96 m ) high Clock Tower offers distant views of the city . The tower includes an exhibit depicting the building 's long struggle for survival , and a view of the interior workings of the illuminated clock . The Clock Tower houses the Bells of Congress ( also known as the Ditchley Bells ) , which the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast and are replicas of bells in Westminster Abbey . Sir David Wills , who had founded England 's Ditchley Foundation , donated the bells to the United States in commemoration of the nation 's 1976 Bicentennial . However , the bells were not brought to the United States and installed in the Clock Tower until 1983 . The 10 - bell peal consists of bells ranging from 300 to 3,000 pounds ( 140 to 1,360 kg ) and from 2 to 4.5 feet ( 0.61 to 1.37 m ) in diameter . Their composition is 78 percent copper and 22 percent tin . Each bell features the Great Seal of the United States , the Great Seal of the Realm , and an image of the flower London Pride in relief . Because the tower was not designed to hold bells , the architectural firm of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill and the structural engineering firm Cagley & Associates were hired to modify the tower so that it could accommodate the weight of the bells and the stress of their swings . The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions . The official bells of the United States Congress , they are one of the largest sets of change ringing bells in North America . Tower visitors can see the colored ropes that the bell - ringers pull to sound the bells but not the bells themselves , although plans are in the works to open a viewing area for the bells as well . Prior to the 2014 renovation , National Park Service rangers provided tours of the Clock Tower . After stopping for three years during the tower 's renovation , the ranger tours resumed in February 2017 . Legal Challenges Associated with Trump 's presidency ( edit ) After Donald J. Trump was inaugurated as President of the United States , the Trump International Hotel became the focus of legal controversy . Emoluments clause lawsuits ( edit ) CREW v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : CREW v. Trump In January 2017 , a lawsuit against Trump was brought by Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) and several prominent legal scholars -- including Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School , former White House Special Counsel for Ethics and Government Reform Norman L. Eisen , Erwin Chemerinsky of the UC Irvine , and Zephyr Teachout of Fordham University . The lawsuit argues that Trump is in violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the United States because his hotels , as well as other businesses , are accepting payments from foreign guests . The suit is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York . District of Columbia and Maryland v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : D.C. and Maryland v. Trump On June 12 , 2017 , the Attorney General Karl Racine of the District of Columbia and Attorney General Brian Frosh of Maryland filed a joint lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland against President Trump alleging both foreign and domestic emoluments clause violations of the United States Constitution . Similar to CREW v. Trump , Attorney Generals Racine and Frosh cite The Trump Organization receipt of foreign money at Trump Hotels and other businesses as a violation of the constitution , and that this transaction negatively affects the economy of Washington , D.C. and Maryland , as well as the best interests of the American public . Blumenthal et . Al. v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : Blumenthal v. Trump On June 14 , 2017 , lead by Senator Richard Blumenthal and Representative John Conyers , Jr. , more than a third of the voting members of Congress filed a lawsuit alleging violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause seeking the right to be informed of and approve of gifts from foreign governments before they are received . The lawsuit makes specific allegations concerning attempts to solicit foreign governments at the Old Post Office Pavilion . GSA contract ( edit ) The Trump Organization 's lease contract with the U.S. General Services Administration , signed in 2013 , provides that `` no elected official of the government ... shall be admitted to any share or part of this Lease , or to any benefit that may arise therefrom . '' In a letter to the GSA , Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington wrote : `` Elected government officials are barred from receiving any benefit under the lease , and now that Mr. Trump has been sworn in today as President of the United States , Trump Old Post Office LLC , a company he largely owns , is in violation of the lease 's conflicts - of - interest provision . '' Since Trump 's election as president , Democrats have taken the position he `` must fully divest himself of all financial interests in the lease to be in compliance with the legal agreement . '' In February 2017 , Senators Tom Carper and Claire McCaskill ( the Democratic ranking members of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , respectively ) wrote a letter to the GSA inspector general , writing : `` Since President Trump took the oath of office , the Trump Old Post Office , LLC appears to be in breach of the plain language of the lease agreement . '' They requested an inspector general inquiry . In March 2017 , however , the GSA announced that they considered the tenant of the property to be in full compliance with the terms of the lease , following a reorganization of the hotel 's organizational structure and the placing of the property in a revocable trust . Trump response ( edit ) The President responded to the emolument clause allegations by outlining a plan where payments from foreign guests would be paid into the U.S. Treasury and to the GSA contract issues by placing his holdings into a trust directed by his children . This plan was criticized by Walter M. Shaub , the Director of the U.S. Office of Government Ethics , who stated that `` the plan does not comport with the tradition of our Presidents over the past 40 years '' and was at odds with past practice , since `` ... every President in modern times has taken the strong medicine of divestiture . '' See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal List of United States Post Offices References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Meyer , Eugene L. ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` A Trump Makeover for Washington 's Old Post Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` How the Trumps Landed the Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Peter ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Trump Hotel in Washington , D.C. , to Open Ahead of Schedule '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roston , Aram ; Wagner , Daniel ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Gave His Kids A Big Stake In Huge Government Deal , Document Shows '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Craig , Susanne ; Lipton , Eric ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Trust Records Show Trump Is Still Closely Tied To His Empire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ September 12 , 2016 Trump International Hotel Opens in DC ; grand - opening ceremonies planned for October . Fox 5 DC . Retrieved : October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Trump not ' welcome here ' : opening of DC hotel met with protests '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodan , Maya . `` Inside Donald Trump 's New Washington , D.C. Hotel '' . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post Office Site '' . The Washington Post . August 30 , 1890 . ^ Jump up to : Struck , Myron. `` Old Post Office Revived '' . The Washington Post . April 16 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Benedetto , Donovan , and Du Vall , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Moeller and Feldblyum , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Burke and Powers , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Pennoyer and Walker , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , Dickson , and Ackerman , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Wentzel , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Post Office Building Is Not a Great Success '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Gamarekian , Barbara . `` Old Post Office Building Becomes a ' Star Project ' '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1983 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Too Crowded for Comfort '' . The Washington Post . September 15 , 1899 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress and the Questions of Expansion and Increased Armaments Confronting It '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 1898 . Jump up ^ `` Fell Down the Shaft '' . The Washington Post . October 1 , 1899 ; `` Died '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 1899 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Municipal Building '' . The Washington Post . December 16 , 1902 . Jump up ^ Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scott and Lee , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Moffett , Samuel E. `` Washington , Despite Departure from L'Enfant's Plans , to Be in Time the Most Beautiful Capital City in the World '' . The Washington Post . July 22 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` Public Building Plan . ' The Washington Post . December 5 , 1906 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fond Memories of the Old Post Office '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Old P.O. Clock - Weight Goes Through 2 Floors '' . The Washington Post and Times Herald . October 11 , 1956 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` Negligence Is Ruled Out In Old PO Clock Mishap '' . Real Estate . The Washington Post and Times Herald . October 20 , 1956 . p . D9 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Applewhite , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` $165,000,000 Public Building Measure Signed ny Coolidge '' . The Washington Post . May 26 , 1926 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Charles B. `` Building for the Glory of Washington '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Architects Chosen to Advise on Plans for Mall Triangle '' . The Washington Post . May 20 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Triangle Sites Studied by Architectural Board '' . The Washington Post . July 12 , 1927 . Jump up ^ Gutheim and Lee , p. 181 - 195 . ^ Jump up to : Speers , L.C. `` Washington 's Aspect Is Undergoing Change '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 1928 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Anne O'Hare . `` Building the Greater Capital '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1929 . ^ Jump up to : Goode , P. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Mildred . `` Washington Triangle Grows '' . The New York Times . October 7 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Triangle Buildings to Be Up Within Year '' . The Washington Post . November 7 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Renews Fight to Save 50 - Year - Old Post Office Building '' . The Washington Post . May 1 , 1938 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Flashmaps Washington , D.C. , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bednar , p. 24 ; Glazer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Schrag , p. 68 ; Hess , p. 115 ; Hodgson , p. 80 . Jump up ^ White , Jean M. `` Pennsylvania Ave . Designs Must Win Johnson 's Support '' . The Washington Post . December 12 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` White , Jean M. `` Kennedy - Inspired ' Grand Design ' For New Pennsylvania Ave . Unveiled '' . The Washington Post . May 31 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Richard , Paul . `` Federal Triangle Action Asked '' . The Washington Post . September 10 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Blair , William . `` Fate of Panel on Restyling of Pennsylvania Avenue Is in Nixon 's Hands After Congress Deletes Funds '' . The New York Times . October 26 , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Signs Avenue Bill '' . The Washington Post . October 31 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack and Fiske , Phineas R. `` Drive Starts to Demolish Tower in NW '' . The Washington Post. February 6 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Clock Tower 's Time Draws Near '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Von Eckardt , Wolf . `` Why Ca n't We Keep the Old Post Office and Enjoy It ? '' The Washington Post . March 8 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Von Eckardt , Wolf . `` Catalytic Castle in the Triangle '' . The Washington Post . January 30 , 1971 ; `` Pennsylvania Avenue Projects Changed ; Post Office to Open '' . AIA Journal . September 1981 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ DeFerrari , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Levy , Claudia . `` Rally Seeks to Save Old D.C. Landmark '' . The Washington Post . April 19 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Levy , Claudia. `` Old Post Office Hearing '' . The Washington Post . April 22 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Scharfenberg , Kirk . `` Restoration Considered For Post Office Building '' . The Washington Post . July 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack . `` 76 Finish Sought for ' Triangle ' '' . The Washington Post . January 25 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Combes , Abbott . `` Gravel Seeks to Prevent Razing of Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . April 21 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Green , Stephen . `` Funds Denied For Building Grand Plaza '' . The Washington Post . June 20 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Goodin , Emily . `` Trump Unveils Plan for Luxury Hotel at Historic Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Hill . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Scharfenberg , Kirk . `` GSA Moves to Save Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . March 23 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia . `` Historic Old Post Office Building Saved for Avenue 's Grand Plan '' . The Washington Post . September 5 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth . `` Bold Renovation of Old Post Office Set '' . The Washington Post . June 3 , 1977 ; Eisen , Jack . `` $18 Million Appropriated to Convert Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . July 28 , 1977 ; Bruske , Ed . `` The Case of The Vanishing Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . July 12 , 1979 . ^ Jump up to : Spinner , Jackie . `` The Flop on Main Street '' . The Washington Post . August 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Ringle , Ken ( September 14 , 1983 ) . `` Renovated Interior Gets Boutique Stamp '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Caroline E. ( September 12 , 1983 ) . `` Old Post Office Awakens To New Life on the Avenue '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pearson , Richard . `` Nancy Hanks , 55 , Dies '' . The Washington Post . January 9 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Guillermoprieto , Alma ( May 2 , 1984 ) . `` Bells Ring Out At Opening of Old Post Office Tower '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( April 16 , 1983 ) . `` The Old Post Office Delivers '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( September 13 , 1983 ) . `` Old Post Office : Brilliant Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grimsley , Kirstin Downey ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` Post Office Pavilion Faces Foreclosure ; Popular Attraction Is Behind in Its Rent '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Tuck , Lon ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` Old Post Office Renamed After Nancy Hanks '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Tuck , Lon ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` A GRAND VISION REALIZED '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Hilzenrath , David S. `` Old Post Office Passes First Test for Expansion '' . The Washington Post . October 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Swisher , Kara . `` The New Look Down at the Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin . `` Facets of an Unpolished Jewel '' . The Washington Post . March 7 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Old Post Office Fire Snarls Traffic '' . The Washington Post . August 27 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Pressler , Margaret Webb and Haggerty , Maryann . `` Cineplex Odeon Plans Movie Theater at Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . March 29 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Injecting New Life Into the Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . September 6 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Cineplex Odeon Quits Project '' . The Washington Post . May 2 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Faiola , Anthony and Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Virgin Group Plans 2 D.C. Complexes '' . The Washington Post . June 21 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` S. Rept. 110 - 501 - OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING REDEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2008 '' . United States Congress . September 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ OVERBY , PETER ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` In Abramoff E-Mails , the Subtle and the Not - So '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Grimaldi , James V. ; Schmidt , Susan ( February 11 , 2006 ) . `` Abramoff Pressed GSA Contact on Getting Land '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Abramoff friend 's conviction upheld '' . United Press International . May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` H. Rept. 110 - 724 - OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING REDEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2008 '' . United States Congress . 2008 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Women 's Museum Supporters Renew Efforts in the House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL WOMEN 'S HISTORY MUSEUM ACT OF 2005 '' . U.S. Government Publishing Office . July 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ KUCINICH , JACKIE ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Group tries to move stalled women 's history museum bill '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Trump to Turn Old Post Office Into Luxury Hotel '' . The Washington Post . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Krouse , Sarah ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` GSA seeking Old Post Office redevelopment -- again '' . American City Business Journals . ^ Jump up to : Killian , Erin ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Norton bill would require faster action on Old Post Office site '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Steven ; Samuels , Robert ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` No Rest for the Wet and Weary '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Greenwell , Megan ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Dept. , Archives and IRS to Stay Shuttered Rest of Week '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ THE OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING : THE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION 'S PLANS FOR FUTURE USE ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ; O'Connell , Jonathan ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Federal office space cost cuts underway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` GOP blasts property oversight '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` White House revamping plan to sell federal buildings '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Government , Too , Has Trouble Selling Buildings '' . The New York Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; O'Connell , Jonathan ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Georgetown landmark to be sold by federal government '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Old Post Office gets another suitor : Hilton '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Old Post Office to Become 250 - Room Trump Hotel '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Trump deal could be first of several in downtown area '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Discuss Plans for Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlstein , Steven . `` What D.C. Does n't Need : A Trump Tower '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Architect Leaves Trump Team On Old Post Office Project '' . Washington Business Journal . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahler , Jonathan , `` Win or Lose , Donald Trump Is Coming to Pennsylvania Avenue ( With His New Hotel ) , The New York Times , September 7 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Dvorak , Petula . `` Trump Will Fit Right in on Pennsylvania Avenue '' . The Washington Post . February 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goodin , Emily . `` Trump Unveils Plan For Luxury Hotel at Historic Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Hill . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Donald and Ivanka Trump Unveil Plans For Glitzy Hotel at Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Monument 's Idea for Old Post Office : Newseum and the National Press Club Wrapped Into One '' . Washington City Paper . July 22 , 2011 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Monument Realty Offered Feds More Than Trump for Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brune , Tom . `` Trump Sees Hotel in D.C. Landmark '' . Newsday . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoop , Tom . `` Despite Challenges , Trump and GSA Still a Team '' . Government Executive . June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The federal government owns a large amount of property in the District of Columbia . The U.S. Constitution bars state and local governments from taxing the federal government . In order to prevent private businesses from evading property taxes by renting space from the federal government , the District of Columbia in 2000 enacted a `` possessory interest tax '' that captures much of the same revenue from those businesses leasing space from the federal government . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Trump Seeks Relief From D.C. Tax on Old Post Office Hotel '' . Washington Business Journal . January 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` D.C. Rebuffs Trumps ' Bid For Tax Relief '' . The Washington Post . January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Donald Trump Says Old Post Office Talks Nearly Done '' . Washington Business Journal . April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trump : Deal On Old Post Office Close '' . The Washington Post . April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Sign Up Local Advisers '' . The Washington Post . September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Glamour Bends to Rules About History '' . The Washington Post . December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump Goes Into Overtime On Old Post Office Negotiations '' . Washington Business Journal . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Weigh Partnership with Colony '' . The Washington Post . April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan and Bhattarai , Abha . `` Design for Old Post Office Earns Early Approval '' . The Washington Post . April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Donald Trump Clears Regulatory Hurdle on Old Post Office Redevelopment Plan '' . Washington Business Journal . May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , James . `` U.S. Taps Donald Trump to Convert DC 's Old Post Office Into Luxury Hotel '' . CNNMoney.com . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump On the Hook for D.C. Possessory Interest Taxes '' . Washington Business Journal . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Agree to Terms of Old Post Office Project '' . The Washington Post . June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Charles S. `` GSA and Trump Ink Final Deal on Washington Old Post Office '' . Government Executive . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSA and Trump Organization Come to Agreement on Old Post Office Lease '' . Travel & Leisure Close - Up . June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Neibauer , Michael . `` Inside Plans for Trump International Hotel , aka the Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Outlines Hotel Plans '' . The New York Times . September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trumps Promise Greatness for Downtown DC Hotel '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` A By - the - Numbers Look At Donald Trump 's Old Post Office Unveiling '' . Washington Business Journal . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trump 's Place '' . The Washington Post . August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roston , Aram ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's Post-Election Tax Subsidy '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Happening : Donald Trump Already Got a Post-Election Business Break '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` NCPC Preliminarily Backs Old Post Office Redevelopment '' . Washington Business Journal . July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trumps Reach Lease Deal on Old Post Office in D.C. '' Politico . August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump Organization Signs Lease for Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nycz - Conner , Jennifer . `` A Glimpse Inside the New Interior of the Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Want to Visit the Old Post Office Tower ? Better Hurry '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2013 and 2016 photographs of arches in main entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion in Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ Wang , Jennifer . `` Trump 's D.C. Hotel Officially Opens , But Trouble Has Dogged The Iconic Property Since The Start '' . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's D.C. is a frightful dumop - and a scary methaphor for the Trump presidency '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Freed , Benjamin ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Luxury Travel Group Gives Trump 's DC Hotel a Brutal Review '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ( 2 ) Calfas , Jennifer ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Luxury travel group puts Trump 's ' garish ' DC hotel on worst list '' . The Hill . ( 3 ) Gauthier , Brendan ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's new D.C. hotel ranks really badly , according to luxury travel site '' . Salon.com . ( 4 ) Sharman , Jon ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's new Washington DC hotel is branded one of the world 's worst '' . Independent . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` How Donald Trump Lost His DC Restaurants '' . Washingtonian. 2016 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . ( 2 ) Larson , Erik ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Settles Second Suit Against Chef Who Ditched D.C. Hotel '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` The 45th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` 51st Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` 53rd Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 4 ) `` 55th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Stein , Patty ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Thanks to Trump 's hotel , D.C. street festivals have to make a few changes '' . Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) Cooper , Rebecca ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Why the National Cherry Blossom Festival will have to move this year . ( Hint : Trump ) Plus , peak bloom ! '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` 56th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` Sakura Matsuri -- Japanese Street Festival : April 16 , 2016 '' . National Cherry Blossom Festival . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` 57th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ( 4 ) `` Sakura Matsuri -- Japanese Street Festival : April 8 , 2017 '' . National Cherry Blossom Festival . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` For Whom Will Old Post Office Bells Toll When Trump Comes to Town ? '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Wills '' . Ditchley Foundation . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ringle , Ken ( March 10 , 1983 ) . `` British Bicentennial Bells Installed in Old Post Office '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harpaz , Beth J. ( Associated Press ) ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Clock tower over the Trump hotel quietly reopens for tours '' . Travel . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laura Jarrett ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's DC hotel is the new legal hot spot in town '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ; Liptak , Adam ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Foreign Payments to Trump Firms Violate Constitution , Suit Will Claim '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler , Does the emoluments clause lawsuit against President Trump stand a chance ? , Washington Post ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Complaint , Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Trump , 1 : 17 - cv - 00458 ( S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3862984/2017-6-12-DC-MARYLAND-vs-TRUMP.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/attorneys-general-maryland-d-c-plan-file-lawsuit-president-trump/ Jump up ^ Bykowicz , Julie ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats in Congress are the latest to sue President Trump '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Complaint , Docket 1 ( PDF ) , 1 : 17 - cv - 01154 , D.D.C. , 2017 - 06 - 14 , pp. 39 -- 42 , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Eric Kelly , Democrats ask inspector general to review Trump 's hotel lease , USA Today ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Hansler , Jennifer ; Fishel , Justin ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Trump Hotel in DC not in violation of government lease , GSA says '' . ABS News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Walter M. Shaub , Jr. , Director , U.S. Office of Government Ethics , as prepared for delivery at 4 : 00 p.m. on January 11 , 2017 , at the Brookings Institution '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Institution . January 11 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Appewhite , E.J. Washington Itself : An Informal Guide to the Capital of the United States . Lanham , Md. : Madison Books , 1993 . Bednar , Michael J. L'Enfant's Legacy : Public Open Spaces in Washington . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Benedetto , Robert ; Donovan , Jane ; and Du Vall , Kathleen . Historical Dictionary of Washington . Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield , 2003 . Burke , Susan and Powers , Alice Leccese . DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Washington , D.C. London : Dorling Kindersley , 2012 . DeFerrari , John . Lost Washington , D.C. Charleston , S.C. : History Press , 2011 . Evelyn , Douglas E. ; Dickson , Paul ; and Ackerman , S.J. On This Spot : Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. 3rd rev . ed . Sterling , Va. : Capital Books , 2008 . Fodor 's Flashmaps Washington , D.C. New York : Fodor 's , 2004 . Glazer , Nathan . From a Cause to a Style : Modernist Architecture 's Encounter With the American City . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 2007 . Goode , James . `` Introduction : The Creation of Monumental Washington in the 1930s '' . In Wentzel , Volkmar Kurt and Goode , James . Washington by Night : Vintage Photographs From the 30s . Reprint ed . James Goode , ed . Golden , Colo. : Fulcrum Publishing , 1998 . Gutheim , Frederick Albert and Lee , Antoinette Josephine . Worthy of the Nation : Washington , D.C. , From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission . 2d ed . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Hess , Stephen . `` The Federal Executive '' . In Daniel Patrick Moynihan : The Intellectual in Public Life . Robert A. Katzmann , ed. 2d ed . Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press , 2004 . Hodgson , Godfrey . The Gentleman From New York : Daniel Patrick Moynihan : A Biography . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2000 . Moeller , Gerard Martin and Feldblyum , Boris . AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington , D.C. Baltimore , Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 . Pennoyer , Peter and Walker , Anne . The Architecture of Delano and Aldrich . New York : W.W. Norton , 2003 . Scott , Pamela and Lee , Antoinette Josephine . Buildings of the District of Columbia . Oxford , U.K. : Oxford University Press , 1993 . Schrag , Zachary M. The Great Society Subway : A History of the Washington Metro . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Sider , Sandra . `` Washington , D.C. '' In The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art . Joan M. Marter , ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 . Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds . To Review the Proposed Demolition of the Old Post Office Building and Other Landmark Buildings . Committee on Public Works . U.S. Senate . 92d Cong. , 1st sess . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , April 21 , 1971 . Wentzel , Volkmar Kurt and Goode , James . Washington by Night : Vintage Photographs from the 30s . Reprint ed . James Goode , ed . Golden , Colo. : Fulcrum Publishing , 1998 . Further reading ( edit ) Shultz , Scott G. `` America 's Watchtower : Saving the Old Post Office , '' Cultural Resource Management No. 2 , 1998 . Von Eckardt , Wolf ( September 1983 ) . `` A preservation Victory Saves Washington 's Old Post Office '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 3 . pp. 407 -- 416 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Post Office Pavilion . Trump International Hotel , Washington , D.C. Old Post Office Pavilion Management Company Old Post Office Tower Web site of the National Park Service Old Post Office Web site of the General Services Administration <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by United States Capitol Tallest Building in Washington , D.C. 1899 -- 1959 96m Succeeded by Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception <Th_colspan="2"> Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. <Td_colspan="2"> Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) <Th_colspan="2"> Shopping malls in the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area Washington , D.C. Georgetown Park Mazza Gallerie The Shops at National Place Union Station Suburban Maryland Beltway Plaza Bethesda Row The Boulevard at the Capital Centre The Centre at Forestville The Collection at Chevy Chase Ellsworth Place Lakeforest Mall Langley Park Laurel Shopping Center The Mall at Prince Georges Marlow Heights Shopping Center St. Charles Towne Center The Shops at Iverson The Shops at Wisconsin Place Towne Centre at Laurel Westfield Montgomery Westfield Wheaton Northern Virginia Ballston Common Mall Crystal City Shops Dulles Town Center Fair Oaks Mall Fairfax Square The Fashion Centre at Pentagon City Manassas Mall Market Common Clarendon Pentagon Row Potomac Mills Reston Town Center Seven Corners Shopping Center Springfield Town Center Tysons Corner Center Tysons Galleria The Village at Shirlington Defunct centers Capital Plaza Mall Landmark Mall Landover Mall Laurel Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Rockville Mall Skyline Mall Virginia Square Shopping Center White Flint Mall <Th_colspan="2"> Businesses of Donald Trump <Td_colspan="2"> The Trump Organization Donald Trump Jr . Eric Trump Allen Weisselberg Legal affairs of Donald Trump Michael D. Cohen List of things named after Donald Trump Real estate New York properties Trump Tower The Trump Building ( 40 Wall Street ) Trump Parc and Trump Parc East Trump Park Avenue Trump SoHo Trump Village Trump World Tower Central Park Carousel Wollman Rink Hotels Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago Honolulu Las Vegas New York City Washington D.C. Baku Panama City Vancouver Mar - a-Lago Name licensing Riverside South / Trump Place Trump Bay Street Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Parc Stamford Trump Plaza Atlantic City , NJ Jersey City , NJ New Rochelle , NY New York City , NY West Palm Beach , FL Trump Tower Sunny Isles Beach , FL White Plains , NY Istanbul , Turkey Manila , Philippines Pune , India Punta del Este , Uruguay Former properties GM Building Grand Hyatt New York Plaza Hotel The Adelaide Hotel Toronto Trump Hotel ( Brazil ) Cancelled projects Trump International Hotel and Tower Dubai , UAE New Orleans , LA Phoenix , AZ Trump Tower Charlotte , NC Philadelphia , PA Tampa , FL Brazil Germany Israel Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico Twin Towers 2 Russian projects Golf courses U.S. Los Angeles , CA `` Doral '' Miami , FL Washington , D.C. Bedminster , NJ Ferry Point , NY Pine Hill , NJ Westchester , NY Jupiter , FL West Palm Beach , FL Europe Wind farm dispute Doonbeg , Ireland Turnberry , Scotland Other ventures Current Donald J. Trump Foundation Trump Home Trump Model Management Trump Productions Trump Winery Former Donald J. Trump Signature Collection GoTrump.com Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA New Jersey Generals Tour de Trump Trump Entertainment Resorts Trump 's Castle / Trump Marina Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino Trump Taj Mahal Trump World 's Fair Trump Casino Indiana Trump fragrances Trump Ice Trump magazines Trump Mortgage Trump Network Trump Shuttle Trump Steaks Trump University Trump Vodka Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Post_Office_Pavilion&oldid=803719915 '' Categories : 1899 establishments in Washington , D.C. Assets owned by the Trump Organization Buildings of the United States government in Washington , D.C. Clock towers in the United States Government buildings completed in 1899 Historic district contributing properties in Washington , D.C. Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Washington , D.C. Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Romanesque Revival architecture in Washington , D.C. Skyscraper hotels in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 05 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Old Post Office Pavilion 2. Historic building 3. Renovation and redevelopment 4. Trump International Hotel 5. Preservation efforts

who sang the song you are the reason

You Are the Reason ( Calum Scott song ) - wikipedia You Are the Reason ( Calum Scott song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` You Are the Reason '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Calum Scott <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Only Human Released 17 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 24 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Calum Scott Corey Sanders Jon Maguire Producer ( s ) Fraser T Smith <Th_colspan="2"> Calum Scott singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rhythm Inside '' ( 2016 ) `` You Are the Reason '' ( 2017 ) `` Give Me Love '' ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rhythm Inside '' ( 2016 ) `` You Are the Reason '' ( 2017 ) `` Give Me Love '' ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Leona Lewis singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` ( We All Are ) Looking for Home '' ( 2016 ) ( We All Are ) Looking for Home 2016 `` You Are the Reason '' ( 2018 ) You Are the Reason2018 `` Amore '' ( 2018 ) Amore 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Are The Reason '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Are the Reason '' is a song by British singer - songwriter Calum Scott . It was released on 17 November 2017 via Capitol Records , as his second original single from his debut album Only Human . It was produced by Grammy Award - winning record producer Fraser T Smith and has sold over 2 million copies worldwide . The music video was filmed entirely in Kiev , Ukraine . Contents 1 Remixes and other versions 2 Track listing 3 Credits and personnel 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Remixes and other versions ( edit ) On 9 February 2018 , Scott released a remix version of the song with Leona Lewis . Scott remarked in a statement : `` Working with Leona was a dream come true . As a fan , I first remember watching her on TV before going on to grace the globe with her incredibly beautiful voice . Now having the honour of working with her on one of my own songs is completely surreal and the passion and raw emotion she brings to our duet makes it even more special to me . '' Scott released a version of `` You Are the Reason '' with Dutch singer Ilse DeLange on 21 May 2018 . A French version of `` You Are the Reason '' with French singer Barbara Pravi was released on 1 June 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Reason '' 3 : 24 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Reason '' ( Josh Gibbons remix ) 3 : 30 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download ( Duet version ) No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Reason '' ( with Leona Lewis ) 3 : 10 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download ( Duet version ) No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Reason '' ( with Ilse DeLange ) 3 : 10 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download ( French duet version ) No . Title Length 1 . `` You Are the Reason '' ( with Barbara Pravi ) 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from Tidal . Calum Scott , Corey Sanders , Jon Maguire -- composition Fraser T Smith -- production Phil Tan -- mixing Bill Zimmerman -- mixing assistance Rob Brinkman -- record engineering assistance Reuben James -- piano Kwaku Agyemang , Simone Brown , Rebecca Thomas , Shola Graham , Nathan J Gardner , Keshia Smith , Jayando Cole , Dawn Connie Morton - Young , Isaac Opoku - Kyerematen -- ensemble / orchestra Shola Graham , Rebecca Thomas , Dawn Connie Morton - Young , Simone Brown , Nathan J Gardner , Jayando Cole , Isaac Opoku - Kyerematen , Keshia Smith , Kwaku Agyemang -- choir Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 32 France ( SNEP ) 89 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) Portugal ( AFP ) 58 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Singapore ( RIAS ) 20 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) with Leona Lewis 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 23 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 South Africa ( RiSA ) 5 × Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States 17 November 2017 Digital download Capitol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Releases New Single You Are The Reason '' . Capitol Records . Jump up ^ `` Capitol 's Calum Scott Reaches Sales Milestones '' . All Access Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Enlists Leona Lewis for a Duet Version of You Are the Reason '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision The Netherlands : Calum Scott releases You Are The Reason with Ilse DeLange '' . ESCToday.com . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are the Reason ( French Duet Version ) -- Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Are The Reason -- Single by Calum Scott on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are The Reason -- Remix Single by Calum Scott on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are The Reason -- Duet version Single by Calum Scott with Leona Lewis on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are The Reason - Duet version Single by Calum Scott with Ilsa Delange on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are The Reason -- French Duet version Single by Calum Scott with Barbara Pravi on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You Are The Reason / Calum Scott TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Calum Scott -- You Are the Reason '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calum Scott & Leona Lewis -- You Are the Reason ( Duet Version ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calum Scott & Leona Lewis -- You Are the Reason ( Duet Version ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Calum Scott -- You Are the Reason '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Calum Scott '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Calum Scott -- You Are the Reason '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 31 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker -- Vecka 7 , 16 februari 2018 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Calum Scott -- You Are the Reason '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Calum Scott '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott is coming to Johannesburg '' . Jacaranda FM . 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum RIAA '' . RIAA. 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Leona Lewis <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Spirit Echo Glassheart Christmas , with Love I Am EPs Hurt : The EP Live albums The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 Singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Bleeding Love '' `` Better in Time '' `` Footprints in the Sand '' `` Forgive Me '' `` Run '' `` I Will Be '' `` Happy '' `` I Got You '' `` Collide '' `` Trouble '' `` Lovebird '' `` One More Sleep '' `` Fire Under My Feet '' `` I Am '' `` Thunder '' `` ( We All Are ) Looking for Home '' `` You Are the Reason '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Amore '' Other songs `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Homeless '' `` Take a Bow '' `` Outta My Head '' `` My Hands '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` I See You ( Theme from Avatar ) '' `` Glassheart '' Concert tours The Labyrinth Glassheart Tour I Am Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Ilse DeLange <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums The Great Escape ( 2006 ) Incredible ( 2008 ) Next to Me ( 2010 ) Songs `` Shine '' `` Miracle '' `` You Are the Reason '' Related Waylon The Common Linnets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_the_Reason_(Calum_Scott_song)&oldid=856909889 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2018 singles Capitol Records singles Leona Lewis songs Song recordings produced by Fraser T Smith Songs written by Jon Maguire Vocal duets Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Ireland3 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Calum Scott song 2. You Are the Reason 3. Single release 4. Collaboration with Leona Lewis 5. Chart positions and certifications

public health agency of canada - infectious disease prevention and control branch

Public Health Agency of Canada - wikipedia Public Health Agency of Canada Public Health Agency of Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed Preceding agency Health Canada 's Population and Public Health Branch Superseding agency Provincial and Health units Jurisdiction Canada Headquarters Ottawa , Ontario Employees 1,800 Annual budget $477.2 million CAD ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Minister responsible Ginette Petitpas Taylor , Minister of Health Agency executive Dr. Theresa Tam since Dec. 19 , 2016 ( acting until June 17 , 2017 ) , Chief Public Health Officer Deputy Chief -- Infectious Disease and Emergency Prepardness Parent department Health Canada Child agencies National Microbiology Laboratory , Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control ( CIDPC ) , Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response ( CEPR ) , Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses ( LFZ ) , Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat ( PPS ) Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch ( HPCDP ) Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control ( CCDPC ) , Centre for Health Promotion ( CHP ) , Transfer Payment Services and Accountability Division , Public Health Practice ( PHPRO ) , Office of Public Health Practice ( OPHP ) , Strategic Policy , Communications and Corporate Services Branch ( SPCCS ) Key document Public Health Agency of Canada Act - S.C. 2006 , c. 5 Website www.phac-aspc.gc.ca The Public Health Agency of Canada ( French : Agence de la santé publique du Canada ) is an agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health , emergency preparedness , and response and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention . It was formed by Order in Council in 2004 and subsequently by legislation that came into force December 15 , 2006 and it is member of the Federal Health Portfolio ( along with Health Canada , the Canadian Institute of Health Research , and other organizations ) . The head of the Public Health Agency is the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada . The current Chief is Dr. Theresa Tam . As the Deputy Minister responsible for the Public Health Agency of Canada , the Chief Public Health Officer reports to the Minister of Health . As the Federal Government 's lead public health official , the Chief Public Health Officer provides advice to the Minister of Health and the Government of Canada on issues concerning the health of Canadians . Its headquarters are located in two pillars -- one is in Ottawa , the other is the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg , Manitoba , the location of Canada 's only Level 4 microbiology lab for human health . At the time of its creation in 1998 , most of the agency 's staff were located in the former Gandalf Technologies building in Nepean , south of Ottawa , and were part of Health Canada 's Population and Public Health Branch . Contents 1 Responsibilities 2 Organizational structure 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) Disease Control and Detection Health Safety travel alerts immunization and vaccine Emergency Preparedness Health Promotion Injury Prevention Research and Statistics Organizational structure ( edit ) Chief Public Health Officer Senior Assistant Deputy Minister -- Population and Public Health Integration Branch Assistant Deputy Minister -- Infectious Disease and Emergency Prepardness Deputy Chief Public Health Officer -- Health Protection and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch Executive Director -- Corporate Secretariat See also ( edit ) For similar agencies , please see the list of national public health agencies VSV - EBOV , an Ebola virus vaccine developed by PHAC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2005 - 2006 Budget Jump up ^ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/top-doctor-theresa-tam-appointed-to-head-public-health-agency-of-canada/article35472115/ External links ( edit ) Public Health Agency of Canada Official Website https://infobase.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ Public Health Agency of Canada - infoBase National Microbiology Laboratory Official Website Bill C - 5 : Public Health Agency of Canada Act <Th_colspan="2"> Departments of the Government of Canada Principal departments Agriculture and Agri - Food Canadian Heritage Employment and Social Development Environment and Climate Change Finance Fisheries and Oceans Global Affairs Health Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship Indigenous and Northern Affairs Innovation , Science and Economic Development Justice National Defence Natural Resources Privy Council Office Public Safety Public Services and Procurement Transport Veterans Affairs Major agencies Canada Border Services Agency Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Canada Pension Plan Canada Revenue Agency Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Canadian Space Agency Geological Survey of Canada National Research Council of Canada Parks Canada Public Health Agency of Canada Public Prosecution Service of Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police Service Canada Statistics Canada Historic / defunct major departments Canadian International Development Agency Department of Soldiers ' Civil Re-establishment Passport Canada Solicitor General of Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Public Health Agency of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="3"> Public Health Agency of the Americas <Td_colspan="3"> North America Central America South America Caribbean Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada&oldid=837916323 '' Categories : Canadian federal departments and agencies Government agencies established in 2004 Health Canada Medical research institutes in Canada Organizations based in Ottawa Public health organizations 2004 establishments in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Public Health Agency of Canada 2. Responsibilities of the Public Health Agency 3. Organizational structure of the Public Health Agency 4. Chief Public Health Officer of Canada 5. National Microbiology Laboratory

information about dress of tamil nadu in hindi

Tamil Nadu - Wikipedia Tamil Nadu State in India <Th_colspan="2"> Tamil Nadu <Td_colspan="2"> State <Td_colspan="2"> The Nilgiri Mountain Railway , which runs between Ooty and Mettupalayam , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` Tamil Thai Valthu '' ( Invocation to Mother Tamil ) <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Tamil Nadu in India <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 13 ° 05 ′ N 80 ° 16 ′ E  /  13.09 ° N 80.27 ° E  / 13.09 ; 80.27 Coordinates : 13 ° 05 ′ N 80 ° 16 ′ E  /  13.09 ° N 80.27 ° E  / 13.09 ; 80.27 Country India Formation 26 January 1950 Capital and Largest city Chennai ( Madras ) Districts 32 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Body Government of Tamil Nadu Governor Banwarilal Purohit Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami ( AIADMK ) Deputy Chief Minister O. Panneerselvam ( AIADMK ) Legislature Unicameral ( 234 ) High Court Madras High Court <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 130,060 km ( 50,220 sq mi ) Area rank 11th <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) Total 72,147,030 Rank 6th Density 550 / km ( 1,400 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Tamil , Tamilian , Tamilar <Th_colspan="2"> GDP Total ( 2018 -- 19 ) ₹ 15.96 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) Per capita ( 2016 -- 17 ) ₹ 157,116 ( US $2,300 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Languages Official Tamil Additional official English Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - TN HDI 0.6663 ( medium ) HDI rank 3rd ( 2015 ) Literacy 80.33 % ( 2011 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ^ # Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem , while `` Invocation to Mother Tamil '' is the state song / anthem . ^ † Established in 1773 ; Madras State was formed in 1950 and renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> Symbols Emblem Srivilliputhur Andal temple Language Tamil Song `` Invocation to Goddess Tamil '' Dance Bharathanattiyam Animal Nilgiri tahr Bird Emerald dove Flower Gloriosa lily Tree Palm tree Sport Kabaddi <Td_colspan="2"> Tamil Nadu ( Tamil pronunciation : ( t̪amiɻ n̪aːᶑu ) ( listen ) tamiḻ nāḍu ? literally ' The Land of Tamils ' or ' Tamil Country ' ) is one of the 29 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai ( formerly known as Madras ) . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri , the Anamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . Tamil Nadu is the eleventh - largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous . The state was ranked third among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2015 , and is the second - largest state economy in India with ₹ 15.96 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) in gross domestic product after Maharashtra . Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a `` Multidimensional Development Index '' in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India . Its official language is Tamil , which is one of the longest - surviving classical languages in the world . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The people of Tamil Nadu have continued to develop their cultural heritage in terms of music , dance , literature , theatre , cuisine , and other art forms . Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BCE 1.3 Sangam period ( 300 BCE -- 300 CE ) 1.4 Bhakti Movement 1.5 Medieval period ( 600 -- 1300 ) 1.5. 1 Chola Empire 1.6 Vijayanagar and Nayak period ( 1336 -- 1646 ) 1.7 Power struggles of the 18th century ( 1688 -- 1802 ) 1.8 British rule ( 1801 -- 1947 ) 1.9 India ( 1947 -- present ) 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 National and state parks 5 Governance and administration 6 Administrative subdivisions 7 Politics 7.1 Pre-Independence 7.2 Post-Independence 8 Demographics 9 Religion 10 Language 11 Education 12 Culture 12.1 Literature 12.2 Festivals and traditions 12.3 Music 12.4 Film industry 12.5 Television industry 12.6 Cuisine 13 Economy 13.1 Agriculture 13.2 Textiles and leather 13.3 Automobiles 13.4 Heavy industries and engineering 13.5 Electronics and software 14 Infrastructure 14.1 Transport 14.1. 1 Road 14.1. 2 Rail 14.1. 3 Airports 14.1. 4 Seaport 14.2 Energy 15 Sports 16 Tourism 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Tamil Nadu Prehistory ( edit ) Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula . In Attirampakkam , archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education excavated ancient stone tools which suggests that a humanlike population existed in the Tamil Nadu region somewhere around 300,000 years before homo sapiens arrived from Africa . In Adichanallur , 24 km ( 15 mi ) from Tirunelveli , archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls , skeletons , bones , husks , grains of rice , charred rice and celts of the Neolithic period , 3,800 years ago . The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is `` very rudimentary '' Tamil Brahmi . Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies . About 60 per cent of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu , and most of these are in the Tamil language . A new study of Indigenous Australian DNA suggests there was some form of migration from India to Australia about 4,000 years ago . Genetic evidence suggests that just over 4 millennia ago a group of Indian travellers landed in Australia and stayed . The evidence emerged a few years ago after a group of Aboriginal men 's Y chromosomes matched with Y chromosomes typically found in Indians . The study found a pattern of SNPs that is found in genetics of Dravidian speakers from South India . Indus Valley script between 2000 and 1500 BCE. ( edit ) A Neolithic stone celt ( a hand - held axe ) with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian - Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu . According to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan , this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu . According to Mahadevan , the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language , and therefore that the `` Neolithic people of the Tamil country spoke a Harappan language '' . The date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. . Sangam period ( 300 BCE. -- 300 ce ) ( edit ) Main articles : Sangam period , Tamilakam , and Sangam landscape Sage Agastya father of Tamil literature , Sangam period The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature . Numismatic , archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries , from 300 BC to AD 300 . The recent excavations in Alagankulam archaeological site suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important trade centre or port city in Sangam Era . Bhakti movement ( edit ) Main article : Bhakti Movement Sambandar , one of the sixty - three Nayanars , ( Bhakti Movement ) The Bhakti movement originated in Tamil speaking region of South India and spread northwards through India . The Bhakti Movement was a rapid growth of bhakti beginning in this region with the Saiva Nayanars ( 4th -- 10th centuries ) and the Vaisnava Alvars who spread bhakti poetry and devotion . The Alwars and Nayanmars were instrumental in propagating the Bhakti tradition . Medieval period ( 600 -- 1300 ) ( edit ) Kallanai or Grand Anicut , an ancient dam built on the Kaveri River in Thanjavur district by Karikala Chola around the 2nd century AD Shore Temple built by the Pallavas at Mamallapuram during the 8th century , now a UNESCO World Heritage Site During the 4th to 8th centuries , Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallava dynasty under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I . The Pallavas ruled parts of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital . Tamil architecture reached its peak during Pallava rule . Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Meenakshi Amman Temple Much later , the Pallavas were replaced by the Chola dynasty as the dominant kingdom in the 9th century and they in turn were replaced by the Pandyan Dynasty in the 13th century . The Pandyan capital Madurai was in the deep south away from the coast . They had extensive trade links with the south east Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors , as well as contacts , even formal diplomatic contacts , reaching as far as the Roman Empire . During the 13th century , Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence . Temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture . The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature . They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south coast of India , between Sri Lanka and India , which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world . Chola empire ( edit ) Main article : Chola dynasty The Chola Empire at its greatest extent , during the reign of Rajendra Chola I in 1030 During the 9th century , the Chola dynasty was once again revived by Vijayalaya Chola , who established Thanjavur as Chola 's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from Mutharaiyar and the Pandya king Varagunavarman II . Aditya I and his son Parantaka I expanded the kingdom to the northern parts of Tamil Nadu by defeating the last Pallava king , Aparajitavarman . Parantaka Chola II expanded the Chola empire into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka , while under the great Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola , the Cholas rose to a notable power in south east Asia . Now the Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal and Sri Lanka . At its peak , the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km ( 1,400,000 sq mi ) . Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular south India and parts of Sri Lanka . Rajendra Chola 's navy went even further , occupying coasts from Burma ( now ) to Vietnam , the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Lakshadweep , Sumatra , Java , Malaya , Philippines in South East Asia and Pegu islands . He defeated Mahipala , the king of Bengal , and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram . The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola . These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas . His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions . The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the Pallavas , acknowledging their common socio - religious and cultural heritage . The celebrated Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities . Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola built temples such as the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram , the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram and the Sarabeswara ( Shiva ) Temple , also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at Thirubhuvanam , the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam . The first three of the above four temples are titled Great Living Chola Temples among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Architecture from Chola period From left to right : Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram ; Natarajan , Shiva as celestial dancer ; and Parvathi , the consort of Shiva Vijayanagar and nayak period ( 1336 -- 1646 ) ( edit ) Main article : Vijayanagara Empire Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal at Madurai The Muslim invasions of southern India triggered the establishment of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire with Vijayanagara in modern Karnataka as its capital . The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by a confederacy of Deccan sultanates . Subsequently , as the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after the mid-16th century , many local rulers , called Nayaks , succeeded in gaining the trappings of independence . This eventually resulted in the further weakening of the empire ; many Nayaks declared themselves independent , among whom the Nayaks of Madurai and Tanjore were the first to declare their independence , despite initially maintaining loose links with the Vijayanagara kingdom . The Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur were the most prominent of Nayaks in the 17th century . They reconstructed some of the well - known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the Meenakshi Temple . Power struggles of the 18th century ( 1688 -- 1802 ) ( edit ) By the early 18th century , the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a major change - over and was under the control of many minor rulers aspiring to be independent . The fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the sultanate of Golconda a chance to expand into the Tamil heartland . When the sultanate was incorporated into the Mughal Empire in 1688 , the northern part of current - day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the nawab of the Carnatic , who had his seat in Arcot from 1715 onward . Meanwhile , to the south , the fall of the Thanjavur Nayaks led to a short - lived Thanjavur Maratha kingdom . The fall of the Madurai Nayaks brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu , who ruled small parcels of land called palayams . The chieftains of these Palayams were known as Palaiyakkarar ( or ' polygar ' as called by British ) and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic . Fort Dansborg at Tharangambadi built by the Danish Europeans started to establish trade centres during the 17th century in the eastern coastal regions . Around 1609 , the Dutch established a settlement in Pulicat , while the Danes had their establishment in Tharangambadi also known as Tranquebar . In 1639 , the British , under the East India Company , established a settlement further south of Pulicat , in present - day Chennai . British constructed Fort St. George and established a trading post at Madras . The office of mayoralty of Chennai was established in 1688 . The French established trading posts at Pondichéry by 1693 . The British and French were competing to expand the trade in the northern parts of Tamil Nadu which also witnessed many battles like Battle of Wandiwash as part of the Seven Years ' War . British reduced the French dominions in India to Puducherry . Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the Kingdom of Mysore . Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern parts . In 1762 , a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur Maratha , Carnatic and the British by which Thanjavur became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to British . In the south , Nawabs granted taxation rights to the British which led to conflicts between British and the Palaiyakkarar , which resulted in series of wars called Polygar war to establish independent states by the aspiring Palaiyakkarar . Puli Thevar was one of the earliest opponents of the British rule in South India . Thevar 's prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam , who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s . Rani Velu Nachiyar , was the first woman freedom fighter of India and Queen of Sivagangai . She was drawn to war after her husband Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar ( 1750 -- 1772 ) , King of Sivaganga was murdered at Kalayar Kovil temple by British . Before her death , Queen Velu Nachi granted powers to the Maruthu brothers to rule Sivaganga . Kattabomman ( 1760 -- 1799 ) , Palaiyakkara chief of Panchalakurichi who fought the British in the First Polygar War . He was captured by the British at the end of the war and hanged near Kayattar in 1799 . Veeran Sundaralingam ( 1700 -- 1800 ) was the General of Kattabomman Nayakan 's palayam , who died in the process of blowing up a British ammunition dump in 1799 which killed more than 150 British soldiers to save Kattapomman Palace . Oomaithurai , younger brother of Kattabomman , took asylum under the Maruthu brothers , Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and raised an army . They formed a coalition with Dheeran Chinnamalai and Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja which fought the British in Second Polygar Wars . Dheeran Chinnamalai ( 1756 -- 1805 ) , Polygar chieftain of Kongu and feudatory of Tipu Sultan who fought the British in the Second Polygar War . After winning the Polygar wars in 1801 , the East India Company consolidated most of southern India into the Madras Presidency . Srivilliputhur Andal Temple Gopuram has been adopted as the official Seal of Tamil Nadu British rule ( 1801 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Main article : Madras Presidency At the beginning of the 19th century , the British firmly established governance over entirety of Tamil Nadu . The Vellore mutiny on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large - scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company , predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century . The revolt , which took place in Vellore , was brief , lasting one full day , but brutal as mutineers broke into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops , before they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot . The British crown took over the control governance from the Company and the remainder of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance until the beginning of 20th century Indian Independence movements . During the administration of Governor George Harris ( 1854 -- 1859 ) measures were taken to improve education and increase representation of Indians in the administration . Legislative powers given to the Governor 's council under the Indian Councils Act 1861 and 1909 Minto - Morley Reforms eventually led to the establishment of the Madras Legislative Council . Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency , the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 and the Indian famine of 1896 -- 97 . The famine led to migration of people as bonded labours for British to various countries which eventually formed the present Tamil diaspora . India ( 1947 -- present ) ( edit ) When India became independent in 1947 , Madras presidency became Madras state , comprising present - day Tamil Nadu , coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Odisha , South Canara district Karnataka , and parts of Kerala . The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines . In 1969 , Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu , meaning `` Tamil country '' . Geography ( edit ) Topographic map of Tamil Nadu Western Ghats traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km ( 50,216 sq mi ) , and is the eleventh largest state in India . The bordering states are Kerala to the west , Karnataka to the north west and Andhra Pradesh to the north . To the east is the Bay of Bengal and the state encircles the union territory of Puducherry . The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is Kanyakumari which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea , the Bay of Bengal , and the Indian Ocean . The western , southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation . The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills . The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala , effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the south west monsoon from entering the state . The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains . The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions . Tamil Nadu has the country 's third longest coastline at about 906.9 km ( 563.5 mi ) . Tamil Nadu 's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami when it hit India , which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state . Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone ; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) map , Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II & III . Historically , parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5. 0 range . Climate ( edit ) Tamil Nadu is mostly dependent on monsoon rains , and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail . The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid . The state has two distinct periods of rainfall : south west monsoon from June to September , with strong southwest winds ; North east monsoon from October to December , with dominant north east winds ; The annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm ( 37.2 in ) of which 48 per cent is through the north east monsoon , and 32 per cent through the south west monsoon . Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources , monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought . Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones : north east , north west , west , southern , high rainfall , high altitude hilly , and Kaveri Delta ( the most fertile agricultural zone ) . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Main articles : Wildlife of Tamil Nadu and List of birds of Tamil Nadu There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu . Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including elephants , tigers , leopards , wild dogs , sloth bears , gaurs , lion - tailed macaques , Nilgiri langurs , Nilgiri tahrs , grizzled giant squirrels and sambar deer , resident and migratory birds such as cormorants , darters , herons , egrets , open - billed storks , spoonbills and white ibises , little grebes , Indian moorhen , black - winged stilts , a few migratory ducks and occasionally grey pelicans , marine species such as the dugongs , turtles , dolphins , Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects . Indian Angiosperm diversity comprises 17,672 species with Tamil Nadu leading all states in the country , with 5640 species accounting for 1 / 3 of the total flora of India . This includes 1559 species of medicinal plants , 533 endemic species , 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230 red - listed species . The Gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species . The Pteridophytes diversity of India includes 1022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species . Vast numbers of bryophytes , lichen , fungi , algae and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity of Tamil Nadu . Common plant species include the state tree : palmyra palm , eucalyptus , rubber , cinchona , clumping bamboos ( Bambusa arundinacea ) , common teak , Anogeissus latifolia , Indian laurel , grewia , and blooming trees like Indian labumusum , ardisia , and solanaceae . Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium , ebony ( Diospyros nilagrica ) , Habenaria rariflora ( orchid ) , Alsophila , Impatiens elegans , Ranunculus reniformis , and royal fern . National and state parks ( edit ) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve has the largest elephant population in India Main article : Protected areas of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has a wide range of Biomes extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan thorn scrub forests to tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches , estuaries , salt marshes , mangroves , Seagrasses and coral reefs of the Bay of Bengal . The state has a range of flora and fauna with many species and habitats . To protect this diversity of wildlife there are Protected areas of Tamil Nadu as well as biospheres which protect larger areas of natural habitat often include one or more National Parks . The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed seagrassrass communities , coral reefs , salt marshes and mangrove forests . The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills comprises part of adjoining states of Kerala and Karnataka . The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is in the south west of the state bordering Kerala in the Western Ghats . Tamil Nadu is home to five declared National parks located in Anamalai , Mudumalai , Mukurithi , Gulf of Mannar , Guindy located in the centre of Chennai city and Vandalur located in South Chennai . Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve , Mukurthi National Park and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the tiger reserves in the state . Governance and administration ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Legislature Madras High Court , Chennai The Governor is the constitutional head of the state while the Chief Minister is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers . The Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is the head of the judiciary . The present Governor , Chief Minister and the Chief Justice are Banwarilal Purohit ( governor ) , Edappadi K. Palaniswami and Indira Banerjee respectively . Administratively the state is divided into 32 districts . Chennai ( formerly known as Madras ) is the state capital . It is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in India and is also one of the major Metropolitan cities of India . The state comprises 39 Lok Sabha constituencies and 234 Legislative Assembly constituencies . Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986 , when it was replaced with a unicameral legislature , like most other states in India . The term length of the government is five years . The present government is headed by Edappadi K. Palaniswami , after the demise of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , J. Jayalalithaa of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . The Tamil Nadu legislative assembly is housed at the Fort St. George in Chennai . The state had come under the President 's rule on four occasions -- first from 1976 to 1977 , next for a short period in 1980 , then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991 . Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of E-Governance initiatives in India . A large part of the government records like land ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state government like Urban Local Bodies -- all the corporations and municipal office activities -- revenue collection , land registration offices , and transport offices have been computerised . Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully . The Tamil Nadu Police Force is over 140 years old . It is the fifth largest state police force in India ( as of 2015 , total police force of TN is 1 , 11,448 ) and has the highest proportion of women police personnel in the country ( total women police personnel of TN is 13,842 which is about 12.42 % ) to specifically handled violence against women in Tamil Nadu . In 2003 , the state had a total police population ratio of 1 : 668 , higher than the national average of 1 : 717 . Administrative subdivisions ( edit ) Main articles : Districts of Tamil Nadu and Local bodies in Tamil Nadu Districts of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is subdivided into 32 districts , which are listed below . A district is administered by a District Collector who is mostly an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) member , appointed by State Government . Districts are further divided into 226 Taluks administrated by Tahsildars comprising 1127 Revenue blocks . A District has also one or more Revenue Divisions ( in total 76 ) constituted by many Revenue Blocks . 16,564 Revenue villages ( Village Panchayat ) are the primary grassroots level administrative units which in turn might include many villages and administered by a Village Administrative Officer ( VAO ) , many of which form a Revenue Block . Cities and towns are administered by Municipal corporations and Municipalities respectively . The urban bodies include 12 city corporations , 125 municipalities and 529 town panchayats . The rural bodies include 31 district panchayats , 385 panchayat unions and 12,524 village panchayats . Districts of Tamil Nadu show District Headquarters Area Population ( 2011 ) Population density Ariyalur Ariyalur 7003194400000000000 ♠ 1,944 km 7005752481000000000 ♠ 752,481 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 / km Chennai Chennai 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 km 7006468108700000000 ♠ 4,681,087 7004269030000000000 ♠ 26,903 / km Coimbatore Coimbatore 7003464200000000000 ♠ 4,642 km 7006317257800000000 ♠ 3,172,578 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 / km Cuddalore Cuddalore 7003370500000000000 ♠ 3,705 km 7006260088000000000 ♠ 2,600,880 7002702000000000000 ♠ 702 / km 5 Dharmapuri Dharmapuri 7003452700000000000 ♠ 4,527 km 7006150290000000000 ♠ 1,502,900 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 / km 6 Dindigul Dindigul 7003605400000000000 ♠ 6,054 km 7006216136700000000 ♠ 2,161,367 7002357000000000000 ♠ 357 / km 7 Erode Erode 7003569200000000000 ♠ 5,692 km 7006225960800000000 ♠ 2,259,608 7002397000000000000 ♠ 397 / km 8 Kanchipuram Kanchipuram 7003430500000000000 ♠ 4,305 km 7006269089700000000 ♠ 2,690,897 7002666000000000000 ♠ 666 / km 9 Kanyakumari Nagercoil 7003168500000000000 ♠ 1,685 km 7006186317400000000 ♠ 1,863,174 7003110600000000000 ♠ 1,106 / km 10 Karur Karur 7003290200000000000 ♠ 2,902 km 7006107658800000000 ♠ 1,076,588 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 / km 11 Krishnagiri Krishnagiri 7003509100000000000 ♠ 5,091 km 7006188373100000000 ♠ 1,883,731 7002370000000000000 ♠ 370 / km 12 Madurai Madurai 7003369500000000000 ♠ 3,695 km 7006244103800000000 ♠ 2,441,038 7002663000000000000 ♠ 663 / km 13 Nagapattinam Nagapattinam 7003241600000000000 ♠ 2,416 km 7006161406900000000 ♠ 1,614,069 7002668000000000000 ♠ 668 / km 14 Namakkal Namakkal 7003340200000000000 ♠ 3,402 km 7006172117900000000 ♠ 1,721,179 7002506000000000000 ♠ 506 / km 15 Nilgiris Udagamandalam 7003255200000000000 ♠ 2,552 km 7005735071000000000 ♠ 735,071 7002288000000000000 ♠ 288 / km 16 Perambalur Perambalur 7003174800000000000 ♠ 1,748 km 7005564511000000000 ♠ 564,511 7002323000000000000 ♠ 323 / km 17 Pudukkottai Pudukkottai 7003465200000000000 ♠ 4,652 km 7006161872500000000 ♠ 1,618,725 7002348000000000000 ♠ 348 / km 18 Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram 7003418000000000000 ♠ 4,180 km 7006133756000000000 ♠ 1,337,560 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 / km 19 Salem Salem 7003524900000000000 ♠ 5,249 km 7006348000800000000 ♠ 3,480,008 7002663000000000000 ♠ 663 / km 20 Sivaganga Sivaganga 7003414000000000000 ♠ 4,140 km 7006134125000000000 ♠ 1,341,250 7002324000000000000 ♠ 324 / km 21 Thanjavur Thanjavur 7003347700000000000 ♠ 3,477 km 7006230278100000000 ♠ 2,302,781 7002661000000000000 ♠ 661 / km 22 Theni Theni 7003287200000000000 ♠ 2,872 km 7006114368400000000 ♠ 1,143,684 7002397000000000000 ♠ 397 / km 23 Thoothukudi Thoothukudi 7003459900000000000 ♠ 4,599 km 7006173837600000000 ♠ 1,738,376 7002378000000000000 ♠ 378 / km 24 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 7003450800000000000 ♠ 4,508 km 7006271385800000000 ♠ 2,713,858 7002602000000000000 ♠ 602 / km 25 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 7003670900000000000 ♠ 6,709 km 7006307288000000000 ♠ 3,072,880 7002458000000000000 ♠ 458 / km 26 Tirupur Tirupur 7003519200000000000 ♠ 5,192 km 7006247122200000000 ♠ 2,471,222 7002476000000000000 ♠ 476 / km 27 Tiruvallur Tiruvallur 7003355200000000000 ♠ 3,552 km 7006372569700000000 ♠ 3,725,697 7003104900000000000 ♠ 1,049 / km 28 Tiruvannamalai Tiruvannamalai 7003618800000000000 ♠ 6,188 km 7006412196500000000 ♠ 4,121,965 7002667000000000000 ♠ 667 / km 29 Tiruvarur Tiruvarur 7003237900000000000 ♠ 2,379 km 7006126809400000000 ♠ 1,268,094 7002533000000000000 ♠ 533 / km 30 Vellore Vellore 7003608100000000000 ♠ 6,081 km 7006402810600000000 ♠ 4,028,106 7002671000000000000 ♠ 671 / km 31 Viluppuram Viluppuram 7003718500000000000 ♠ 7,185 km 7006346328400000000 ♠ 3,463,284 7002482000000000000 ♠ 482 / km 32 Virudhunagar Virudhunagar 7003428000000000000 ♠ 4,280 km 7006194330900000000 ♠ 1,943,309 7002454000000000000 ♠ 454 / km Politics ( edit ) Main articles : Elections in Tamil Nadu , Politics of Tamil Nadu , and Dravidian parties Fort St. George hosts the Chief Secretariat of the government of Tamil Nadu Pre-independence ( edit ) Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the Madras Presidency . The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916 . One of the earliest regional parties , the South Indian Welfare Association , a forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu , was started in 1916 . The party was called after its English organ , Justice Party , by its opponents . Later , South Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name . The reason for victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC , demanding complete independence of India . The Justice Party which was under E.V. Ramaswamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944 . It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu . However , due to the differences between its two leaders EVR and C.N. Annadurai , the party was split . Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) . The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956 . Post-Independence ( edit ) Political Alliance Assembly ( 2016 ) Lok Sabha ( 2014 ) AIADMK+ 134 37 DMK+ 98 0 Independent / Other 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Election Commission of India . Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1951 30,119,000 -- 1961 33,687,000 + 11.8 % 1971 41,199,000 + 22.3 % 1981 48,408,000 + 17.5 % 1991 55,859,000 + 15.4 % 62,406,000 + 11.7 % 2011 72,138,958 + 15.6 % <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Census of India Main article : Demographics of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India . 48.4 per cent of the state 's population live in urban areas , the second highest percentage among large states in India . The state has registered the lowest fertility rate in India in year 2005 -- 06 with 1.7 children born for each woman , lower than required for population sustainability . At the 2011 India census , Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030 . The sex ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females . There are a total of 23,166,721 households . The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832 . A total of 14,438,445 people constituting 20.01 per cent of the total population belonged to Scheduled Castes ( SC ) and 794,697 people constituting 1.10 per cent of the population belonged to Scheduled tribes ( ST ) . The state has 51,837,507 literates , making the literacy rate 80.33 per cent . There are a total of 27,878,282 workers , comprising 4,738,819 cultivators , 6,062,786 agricultural labourers , 1,261,059 in house hold industries , 11,695,119 other workers , 4,120,499 marginal workers , 377,220 marginal cultivators , 2,574,844 marginal agricultural labourers , 238,702 marginal workers in household industries and 929,733 other marginal workers . <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Tamil Nadu As of the 2011 Census Rank Name District Pop . Chennai Coimbatore Chennai Chennai 7,088,000 Madurai Tiruchirappalli Coimbatore Coimbatore 1,601,438 Madurai Madurai 1,561,129 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 916,674 5 Salem Salem 877,267 6 Tiruppur Tiruppur 829,778 7 Erode Erode 498,129 8 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 473,637 9 Ambattur Tiruvallur 466,205 10 Avadi Tiruvallur 345,996 List of most populous towns in Tamil Nadu Among the cities in 2011 , the state capital , Chennai , was the most populous city in the state , followed by Coimbatore , Madurai , Trichy and Salem respectively . India has a human development index calculated as 0.619 , while the corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736 , placing it among the top states in the country . The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years . However , it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural areas . In 2004 -- 2005 , the poverty line was set at ₹ 351.86 / month for rural areas and ₹ 547.42 / month for urban areas . Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7 per cent in 1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001 For the period 2004 -- 2005 , the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the state was 22.5 per cent compared with the national figure of 27.5 per cent . The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty , High drop - out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population . Other problems include class , gender , inter-district and urban - rural disparities . Based on URP -- Consumption for the period 2004 -- 2005 , percentage of the state 's population Below Poverty Line was 27.5 per cent . The Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141 , which is in the level of Ghana among the developing countries . Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of India . Religion ( edit ) Main articles : Hinduism in Tamil Nadu , Christianity in Tamil Nadu , Tamil Muslim , and Tamil Jain Religion in Tamil Nadu ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 87.58 % ) Christianity ( 6.12 % ) Islam ( 5.86 % ) Jainism ( 0.12 % ) Sikhism ( 0.02 % ) Buddhism ( 0.01 % ) Other or not religious ( 0.3 % ) As per the religious census of 2011 , Tamil Nadu had 87.6 % Hindus , 6.1 % Christians , 5.9 % Muslims , 0.1 % Jains and 0.3 % following other religions or no religion . Language ( edit ) Main article : Tamil language Tamil ( தமிழ் ) is the sole official language of Tamil Nadu , while English is declared an additional official language for communication purposes . When India adopted national standards , Tamil was the first language to be recognised as a classical language of India . As of 2001 census , Tamil is spoken as the first language by 89.41 percent of the state 's population followed by Telugu ( 5.65 % ) , Kannada ( 1.67 % ) , Urdu ( 1.51 % ) and Malayalam ( 0.89 % ) . Education ( edit ) Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India . Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 2001 -- 2011 . A survey conducted by the Industry body Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100 per cent Gross Enrolment Ratio ( GER ) in primary and upper primary education . One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools , which at 21.4 per cent is significant . The analysis of primary school education in the state by Pratham shows a low drop - off rate but poor quality of state education compared to other states . Tamil Nadu has 37 universities , 552 engineering colleges 449 Polytechnic Colleges and 566 arts and science colleges , 34335 elementary schools , 5167 high schools , 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals . Some of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are Indian Institute of Technology Madras , College of Engineering , Guindy , Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli , St. Joseph 's Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli , Indian Maritime University , National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University , Madras Medical College , Stanley Medical College , Chennai , Loyola College , Chennai , Ethiraj College for Women , Stella Maris College , Chennai , Anna University , Government College of Technology , Coimbatore and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University . Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational institutions for socially backward section of the society , the highest among all Indian states . The Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by Kamaraj , then it was expanded by MG Ramachandran in 1983 . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Tamil people , Temples of Tamil Nadu , and Tamil literature A State flag for Tamil Nadu was unilaterally proposed by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1970 The Tamil flag is widely used in Tamil Nadu , though it is not officially recognised Seventh century paintings in the Sittanavasal Cave , Pudukottai Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable culture . Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature , art , music and dance which continue to flourish today . Tamil Nadu is a land most known for its monumental ancient Hindu temples and classical form of dance Bharata Natyam . Unique cultural features like Bharatanatyam ( dance ) , Tanjore painting , and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu . Literature ( edit ) Tamil written literature has existed for over 2000 years . The earliest period of Tamil literature , Sangam literature , is dated from ca . 300 BC -- AD 300 . It is the oldest Indian literature amongst all others . The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC . Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form , with prose not becoming more common until later periods . The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets , some 102 of whom remain anonymous . Sangam literature is primarily secular , dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context . The Sangam literature also deals with human relationship and emotions . The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology . The categories are : Pathinenmaelkanakku ( The Major Eighteen Anthology Series ) comprising Eṭṭuttokai ( The Eight Anthologies ) and the Pattupattu ( Ten Idylls ) and Pathinenkilkanakku ( The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series ) . Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil , the Tolkāppiyam . Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 1000 B.C grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam , with some modifications . Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts , namely eḻuttu , sol , poruḷ , yāppu , aṇi . Of these , the last two are mostly applied in poetry . Notable example of Tamil poetry include the Tirukkural written by Tiruvalluvar before 2000 years . In 1578 , the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named ' Thambiraan Vanakkam ' , thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published . Tamil Lexicon , published by the University of Madras , is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language . During the Indian freedom struggle , many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit , social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man , notably Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan . Festivals and traditions ( edit ) Pongal is an important festival in Tamil Nadu Thiruvalluvar was the great Tamil poet and philosopher Pongal , also called as Tamizhar Thirunaal ( festival of Tamils ) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India , a four - day harvest festival is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu . The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum -- literally meaning , the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities -- is often quoted with reference to this festival . The first day , Bhogi Pongal , is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new . The second day , Surya Pongal , is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month Thai ( 14 January or 15 January in western calendar ) . The third day , Maattu Pongal , is meant to offer thanks to the cattle , as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu , a bull taming contest , marks the main event of this day . Alanganallur is famous for its Jallikattu contest usually held on 3rd day of Pongal . During this final day , Kaanum Pongal -- the word `` kaanum '' , means ' to view ' in Tamil . In 2011 the Madras High Court Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight . The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chittirai and the first day of this month in mid-April is celebrated as Tamil New Year . The Thiruvalluvar calendar is 31 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar , i.e. Gregorian 2000 is Thiruvalluvar 2031 . Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month Aadi , which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river Kaveri . Apart from the major festivals , in every village and town of Tamil Nadu , the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the time varies from place to place . Most of these festivals are related to the goddess Maariyamman , the mother goddess of rain . Other major Hindu festivals including Deepavali ( Death of Narakasura ) , Ayudha Poojai , Saraswathi Poojai ( Dasara ) , Krishna Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated . Eid ul - Fitr , Bakrid , Milad un Nabi , Muharram are celebrated by Muslims whereas Christmas , Good Friday , Easter are celebrated by Christians in the state . Mahamagam a bathing festival at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is celebrated once in 12 years . People from all the corners of the country come to Kumbakonam for the festival . This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South . Music ( edit ) See also : Ancient Tamil music and Carnatic music M.S. Subbulakshmi , was the first musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour In terms of modern cine - music , Ilaiyaraaja was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s . His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical mainstream . Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar Winner A.R. Rahman who has composed film music in Tamil , Telugu , Hindi films , English and Chinese films . He was once referred to by Time magazine as `` The Mozart of Madras '' . Film industry ( edit ) Main article : Tamil cinema Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as `` Kollywood '' , which released the most number of films in India in 2013 . The term Kollywood is a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . Tamil cinema is one of the largest industries of film production in India . In Tamil Nadu , cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government . Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of ₹ 50 , while theaters with more than three screens may charge a maximum of ₹ 120 per ticket . The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham , was made in 1916 . The first talkie was a multi-lingual film , Kalidas , which released on 31 October 1931 , barely 7 months after India 's first talking picture Alam Ara . Swamikannu Vincent , who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore , introduced the concept of `` Tent Cinema '' in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films . The first of its kind was established in Madras , called `` Edison 's Grand Cinemamegaphone '' . This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors . Television industry ( edit ) There are more than 30 television channels of various genre in Tamil . DD Podhigai , Doordarshan 's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993 . The first private Tamil channel , Sun TV was founded in 1993 by Kalanidhi Maran . In Tamil Nadu , the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links . The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost ₹ 3.6 billion ( US $52 million ) of which has led to high penetration of TV services . Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator Arasu Cable . From the early 2010s , Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services . Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series , where often several directors and writers work together . Vegetarian food from Tamil Nadu served in a banana leaf Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Tamil cuisine Items that are native to Tamil Nadu are Santhakai / Sandhavai , Athirasam , Chakkarai Pongal and Kuli Paniyaram . Salem is renowned for its unique mangoes , Madurai is the place of origin of milk dessert Jigarthanda while Palani is known for its Panchamirtham . Coffee and tea are the staple drinks . Economy ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Tamil Nadu , List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu , and List of rivers of Tamil Nadu TIDEL Park , Coimbatore ; Coimbatore is one of the leading IT / ITS centres in India For the year 2014 -- 15 Tamil Nadu 's GSDP was ₹ 9.767 trillion ( US $140 billion ) , and growth was 14.86 . It ranks third in foreign direct investment ( FDI ) approvals ( cumulative 1991 -- 2002 ) of ₹ 225.826 billion ( $5,000 million ) , next only to Maharashtra and Delhi constituting 9.12 per cent of the total FDI in the country . The per capita income in 2007 -- 2008 for the state was ₹ 72,993 ranking third among states with a population over 10 million and has steadily been above the national average . Gross State Domestic Product in ₹ Crores at Constant Prices hide Year GSDP Growth Rate Share in India 2000 -- 01 142,065 5.87 % 7.62 % 2001 -- 02 139,842 − 1.56 % 7.09 % 2002 -- 03 142,295 1.75 % 6.95 % 2003 -- 04 150,815 5.99 % 6.79 % 2004 -- 05 219,003 11.45 % 7.37 % 2005 -- 06 249,567 13.96 % 7.67 % 2006 -- 07 287,530 15.21 % 8.07 % 2007 -- 08 305,157 6.13 % 7.83 % 2008 -- 09 321,793 5.45 % 7.74 % 2009 -- 10 356,632 10.83 % 7.89 % 2010 -- 11 403,416 13.12 % 8.20 % 2011 -- 12 433,238 7.39 % 8.26 % 2012 -- 13 447,944 3.39 % 8.17 % 2013 -- 14 480,618 7.29 % 8.37 % According to the 2011 Census , Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India ( 49 per cent ) , accounting for 9.6 per cent of the urban population while only comprising 6 per cent of India 's total population . Services contributes to 45 per cent of the economic activity in the state , followed by manufacturing at 34 per cent and agriculture at 21 per cent . Government is the major investor in the state with 51 per cent of total investments , followed by private Indian investors at 29.9 per cent and foreign private investors at 14.9 per cent . Tamil Nadu has a network of about 113 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure . According to the publications of the Tamil Nadu government the Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices ( Base year 2004 -- 2005 ) for the year 2011 -- 2012 is ₹ 4.281 trillion ( US $62 billion ) , an increase of 9.39 per cent over the previous year . The per capita income at current price is ₹ 72,993 . Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state ; Two government - sector banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank in Chennai , and Four private - sector banks City Union Bank in Kumbakonam , Karur Vysya Bank , Lakshmi Vilas Bank in Karur , and Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited in Tuticorin . Agriculture ( edit ) Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of agricultural products in India . In 2008 , Tamil Nadu was India 's fifth biggest producer of rice . The total cultivated area in the State was 5.60 million hectares in 2009 -- 10 . The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu . In terms of production , Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables , in India . Annual food grains production in the year 2007 -- 08 was 10035 , 000 mt . Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of turmeric The state is the largest producer of bananas , turmeric , flowers , tapioca , the second largest producer of mango , natural rubber , coconut , groundnut and the third largest producer of coffee , sapota , Tea and Sugarcane . Tamil Nadu 's sugarcane yield per hectare is the highest in India . The state has 17,000 hectares of land under oil palm cultivation , the second highest in India . Agriculture forms a major portion of state 's economy Dr M.S. Swaminathan , known as the `` father of the Indian Green Revolution '' was from Tamil Nadu . Tamil Nadu Agricultural University with its seven colleges and thirty two research stations spread over the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies . Among states in India , Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock , poultry and fisheries production . Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17.7 per cent of the total poultry population in India . In 2003 -- 2004 , Tamil Nadu had produced 3783.6 million of eggs , which was the second highest in India representing 9.37 per cent of the total egg production in the country . With the second longest coastline in India , Tamil Nadu represented 27.54 per cent of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by India in 2006 . Namakkal is also one of the major centres of egg production in India . Coimbatore is one of the major centres for poultry production . Textiles and leather ( edit ) Kanchipuram hand loom silk sarees Tamil Nadu is one of the leading States in the textile sector and it houses the country 's largest spinning industry accounting for almost 80 per cent of the total installed capacity in India . When it comes to yarn production , the State contributes 40 per cent of the total production in the country . There are 2,614 Hand Processing Units ( 25 per cent of total units in the country ) and 985 Power Processing Units ( 40 per cent of total units in the country ) in Tamil Nadu . According to official data , the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the total invested capital in all the industries . Coimbatore is often referred to as the `` Manchester of South India '' due to its cotton production and textile industries . Tirupur is the country 's largest exporter of knitwear . for its cotton production . The region around Coimbatore , Tirupur , Palladam , Karur and Erode is referred to as the `` Textile Valley of India '' with the export from the Tirupur ₹ 50,000 million ( $1,000 million ) and Karur generates around ₹ 35,500 million ( $750 million ) a year in foreign exchange . Rajapalayam , Gobichettipalayam , Pollachi , Udumalpet , Theni and Vedasandur are known for its cotton spinning mills . Gobichettipalayam is a prominent producer of white silk with the country 's first automated silk reeling unit present here . Kanchipuram and Arani are world - famous for their pure silk sarees and hand loom silk weaving industries . Aruppukottai , Salem , and Sathyamangalam are also famous for art - silk sarees . Rajapalayam , Srivilliputhur , Sankarankovil , Andipatti , Tiruchengodu , Paramakudi , Kurinjipadi , Chennimalai , Komarapalayam are major handloom centres . Rajapalayam , Srivilliputhur , Sankarankovil , Negamam , Cinnalapatti , Woraiyur , Pochampalli are famous for its soft cotton saree weaving . Madurai is known for its Chungidi cotton sarees and Bhavani for its cotton carpets . Automobiles ( edit ) Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars , railway coaches , battle - tanks , tractors , motorcycles , automobile spare parts and accessories , tyres and heavy vehicles . Chennai is known as the Detroit of India . Major global automobile companies including BMW , Ford , Robert Bosch , Renault - Nissan , Caterpillar , Hyundai , Mitsubishi Motors , and Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like Mahindra & Mahindra , Ashok Leyland , Hindustan Motors , TVS Motors , Irizar - TVS , Royal Enfield , MRF , Apollo Tyres , TAFE Tractors , DaimlerChrysler AG Company also invested ( ₹ ) 4 billion for establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu . Heavy industries and engineering ( edit ) Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialised states in India . Over 11 % of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu . Many heavy engineering and manufacturing companies are located in and around the suburbs of Chennai . Bharat Heavy Electricals , one of India 's largest electrical equipment manufacturing companies , has manufacturing plants at Tiruchirapalli and Ranipet . India 's leading steel producer , the state - owned Steel Authority of India has a steel plant in Salem . Sterlite Industries has a copper smelter at Tuticorin and an aluminium plant in Mettur . The Chennai Petroleum Corporation is a state - owned oil and gas corporation headquartered in Chennai , and owns refineries at Manali and Panangudi . The state government owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers , in Karur . Jointly with the Tata Group , the state owns the world 's sixth largest manufacturer of watches , under the brand name of Titan , at Hosur . A number of large cement manufacturers , including the Chettinad Group , Ramco Cements , Tancem , the Dalmia Group , UltraTech Cements and ACC are present across the state . Coimbatore is also referred to as `` the Pump City '' as it supplies two - thirds of India 's requirements of motors and pumps . The city is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders and auto components and the term `` Coimbatore Wet Grinder '' has been given a Geographical indication . TIDEL Park in Chennai Electronics and software ( edit ) Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu , with many international companies like Nokia , Flextronics , Motorola , Sony - Ericsson , Foxconn , Samsung , Cisco , Moser Baer , Lenovo , Samsung , Dell , Sanmina - SCI , Texas Instruments having chosen Chennai as their south Asian manufacturing hub . Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets . Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India . Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from ₹ 76 billion ( $1.6 billion ) in 2003 -- 04 to ₹ 207 billion ( $5 billion ) by 2006 -- 07 according to NASSCOM and to ₹ 366 billion in 2008 -- 09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to STPI . Major national and global IT Companies such as Syntel , Infosys , Wipro , HCL , Tata Consultancy Services , Verizon , Hewlett - Packard , Bosch , Amazon.com , eBay , PayPal , IBM , Accenture , Ramco Systems , DXC Technology , Cognizant Technology solutions , Tech Mahindra , Polaris , Aricent , MphasiS , Mindtree , Hexaware Technologies and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu . The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms . According to estimates , about 50 per cent of the HR required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the State . Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state , next to Chennai . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transport ( edit ) Road ( edit ) A view of the NH 47 Expressway between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu Pamban road ( left ) and rail ( right ) bridges , connecting the Indian mainland with the Pamban Island Nilgiri Mountain Railway Chennai International Airport , one of India 's major international airports Main articles : Transport in Tamil Nadu and Road network in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the state. TNSTC Online Booking Portal Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network , providing links between urban centres , agricultural market - places and rural areas . There are 29 national highways in the state , covering a total distance of 5,006.14 km ( 3,110.67 mi ) . The state is also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral project , that connects Indian metropolises like ( New Delhi , Mumbai , Bengaluru , Chennai and Kolkata ) . The state has a total road length of 167,000 km ( 104,000 mi ) , of which 60,628 km ( 37,672 mi ) are maintained by Highways Department . This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all - India road network . The major road junctions are Chennai , Vellore , Madurai , Trichy , Coimbatore , Salem , Tirunelveli , Tuticorin , Karur , Krishnagiri , Dindigul , Kanniyakumari . Road transport is provided by state owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation and State Express Transport Corporation . Almost every part of state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day . The State accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country With 66,238 accidents in 2013 , 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths and 15 per cent of all road - related injuries , according to data provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways . Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India , it also leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident - prone areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign . The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013 . Rail ( edit ) Tamil Nadu has a well - developed rail network as part of Southern Railway . Headquartered at Chennai , the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India 's southern peninsula , covering the states of Tamil Nadu , Kerala , Puducherry , a small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh . Express trains connect the state capital Chennai with Mumbai , Delhi and Kolkata . Chennai Central is gateway for train towards north whereas Chennai Egmore serves as gateway for south . Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km ( 3,698 mi ) and there are 532 railway stations in the state . The network connects the state with most major cities in India . The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site connecting Ooty on the hills and Mettupalayam in the foot hills which is in turn connected to Coimbatore city . The centenary old Pamban Bridge over sea connecting Rameswaram in Pamban island to mainland is an engineering marvel . It is one of the oldest cantilever bridges still in operation , the double - leaf bascule bridge section can be raised to let boats and small ships pass through Palk Strait in Indian Ocean . Chennai has a well - established suburban railway network and is constructing a Chennai Metro with phase1 operational since July 2015 . Major railway junctions ( 4 & above lines ) in the state are Chennai , Coimbatore , Katpadi , Madurai , Salem , Erode , Dindigul , Karur , Nagercoil , Tiruchirapalli and Tirunelveli . Chennai Central , Madurai Junction , Katpadi Junction , Chennai Egmore , Salem Junction , Tiruchirappalli Junction , Coimbatore Junction are upgraded to A1 grade level . Loco sheds are located at Erode , Arakkonam , Royapuram in Chennai and Tondaiyarpet in Chennai , Ponmalai ( GOC ) in Tiruchirappalli as Diesel Loco Shed . The loco shed at Erode is a huge composite Electric and Diesel Loco shed . MRTS which covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery , and metro rail also running between Alandur and koyambedu station . Airports ( edit ) City served ICAO IATA Airport name Note International Chennai VOMM MAA Chennai International Airport AAI Coimbatore VOCB CJB Coimbatore International Airport AAI Madurai VOMD IXM Madurai International Airport AAI Tiruchirapalli VOTR TRZ Tiruchirapalli International Airport AAI Domestic Hosur VO95 Hosur Airport AAI Neyveli VONV NVY Neyveli Airport AAI Salem VOSM SXV Salem Airport AAI Thoothukudi VOTK TCR Tuticorin Airport AAI Tiruvannamalai VOTL TNM Tiruvannamalai Airport AAI Vellore VOVR Vellore Airport AAI Military Airbases Arakkonam VOAR INS Rajali Indian Navy Chennai VOTX Tambaram Air Force Station Indian Air Force Coimbatore VOSX Sulur Air Force Station Indian Air Force Ramanathapuram VORM INS Parundu Indian Navy Thanjavur VOTJ TJV Thanjavur Air Force Station Indian Air Force Seaport ( edit ) Tamil Nadu has three major seaports located at Chennai , Ennore and Tuticorin , as well as seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam . Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers . Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu . The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005 . Energy ( edit ) Wind farm in Muppandal and Aralvaimozhi region near Nagercoil Kamuthi Solar Power Project Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country . The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant , Ennore Thermal Plant , Neyveli Lignite Power Plant , many hydroelectric plants including Mettur Dam , hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu 's electricity . Tamil Nadu generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW , accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India . It is presently adding the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid , which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity . The total installed capacity of electricity in the State by January 2014 was 20,716 MW . Tamil Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel - based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent . From a power surplus state in 2005 -- 06 , Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in the commercial power generation at Kudankulam Atomic Power Project . The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators . The first generator was commissioned in July 1979 . The thermal power plants under construction include the coal - based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant . From the current 17MW installed Solar power , Tamil Nadu government 's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016 . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Tamil Nadu Kabbadi , is recognised as the state game in Tamil Nadu . The traditional sport of Tamil Nadu include Silambam , a Tamil martial arts played with a long bamboo staff , Cockfight , Jallikattu , a bull taming sport famous on festival occasions , ox - wagon racing known as Rekkala , Kite flying also known as Pattam viduthal , Goli , the game with marbles , Aadu Puli , the `` goat and tiger '' game and Kabaddi also known as Sadugudu . Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas . In urban areas of Tamil Nadu , modern sports like bat and ball games are played . S. Ilavazhagi carrom world champion from 2002 -- 2016 The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium chennai Viswanathan Anand , world chess champion 2007 -- 2013 The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai is an international cricket ground with a capacity of 50,000 and houses the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association . Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan , Krishnamachari Srikkanth , Laxman Sivaramakrishnan , Sadagoppan Ramesh , Laxmipathy Balaji , Murali Vijay , Ravichandran Ashwin and Dinesh Karthik are some prominent cricketers from Tamil Nadu . The MRF Pace Foundation in Chennai is a popular fast bowling academy for pace bowlers all over the world . Cricket contests between local clubs , franchises and teams are popular in the state . Chennai Super Kings represent the city of Chennai in the Indian Premier League , a popular Twenty20 league . The Super Kings are the most successful team in the league with three IPL titles at par with Mumbai Indians and two CLT20 titles . Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players including Ramesh Krishnan , Ramanathan Krishnan , Vijay Amritraj and Mahesh Bhupathi . Nirupama Vaidyanathan , the first Indian women to play in a grandslam tournament also hails from the state . The ATP Chennai Open tournament is held in Chennai every January . The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu ( SDAT ) owns Nungambakkam tennis stadium which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup play - off tournaments . The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of Hockey in the state . Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won gold medal in 1980 Olympics at Moscow . The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure . Tamil Nadu also has Golf ground in Coimbatore , The Coimbatore Golf Club is an 18 - hole golf course located in a place called Chettipalayam in Coimbatore , located within the city limits in the state of Tamil Nadu in India . The Club is also a popular venue for major Golf Tournaments held in India . The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu ( SDAT ) , a government body , is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the state . The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting events . It also accommodates sporting events , both at domestic and international level , organised by other sports associations at its venues . The YMCA College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia . The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting football and track & field events . The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai . Chennai hosted India 's first ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008 . The SDAT -- TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai is one of the very few academies in south Asia hosting international squash events. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Coimbatore , it is a football stadium and also a multi-purpose stadium in Coimbatore constructed in 1971 . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Tamil Nadu Brihadisvara Temple , Thanjavur is a UNESCO world heritage site Marina Beach , the longest urban beach in the country The tourism industry of Tamil Nadu is the largest in India , with an annual growth rate of 16 per cent . Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation ( TTDC ) , a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking . According to Ministry of Tourism statistics , 4.68 million foreign ( 20.1 % share of the country ) and 333.5 million domestic tourists ( 23.3 % share of the country ) visited the state in 2015 making it the most visited state in India both domestic and foreign tourists . The state boasts some of the grand Hindu temples built in Dravidian architecture . The Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur , Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram built by the Cholas and the Shore Temple along with the collection of other monuments in Mahabalipuram ( also called Mamallapuram ) have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district is one of the major Islamic tourist attraction site . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Tamil history List of countries where Tamil is an official language Outline of Tamil Nadu Coastline of Tamil Nadu Tamil culture Tamil diaspora Tamil Eelam Tamil Muslim Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu : Girija Vaidyanathan is the new chief secretary '' . Deccan Chronicle . Tamil Nadu. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajendran is new DGP '' . thehindu.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Census of india 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu fin_budget_speech_e_2018_19 '' ( PDF ) . tn.gov.in . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STATE WISE DATA '' ( PDF ) . rbi.org.in . Reserve Bank of India , New Delhi . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 52nd report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India ( July 2014 to June 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Minority Affairs ( Government of India ) . 29 March 2016 . p. 132 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Kerala is like Maldives and Uttar Pradesh , Pakistan '' . ^ Jump up to : `` IWhy Kerala is like Maldives and Uttar Pradesh , Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` censusindia.gov.in '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly history 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu Culture , Latest News , Politics , Art , Food , History , Travel '' . Tamilnadu . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Hindu & 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ GSDP at constant prices 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rajan report : Odisha , Bihar least developed ; Goa , Kerala on top '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Information Bureau releases 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Living culture of the Tamils ; The UNESCO Courier : a window open on the world '' ( PDF ) . The UNESCO Courier . Vol. : XXXVII , 3 ; 1984 . March 1984 . Jump up ^ Nobrega 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Science News : Archaeology - Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances '' . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Post : Very old , very sophisticated tools found in India . The question is : Who made them ? '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India & 1 January 2006 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 17 December 2005 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 26 May 2004 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 22 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : National : ' Rudimentary Tamil - Brahmi script ' unearthed at Adichanallur '' . Jump up ^ Reserve Collections to be Displayed Jump up ^ Caldwell 1989 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Ayyar 1991 , pp. 498 -- 499 . Jump up ^ K.A.N. Sashtri , A History of South India , pp 109 -- 112 Jump up ^ K.A.N. Sastri , A History of South India , OUP ( 1955 ) p 124 Jump up ^ Kamil Veith Zvelebil , Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature , p 12 Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-15/research-shows-ancient-indian-migration-to-australia/4466382 Jump up ^ http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/australia/four-thousand-years-ago-indians-landed-in-australia.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/world/science/ancestors-of-modern-indians-may-have-come-to-australia-before-europeans-genetic-study-shows-20130115-2crk9.html Jump up ^ Genomes link aboriginal Australians to Indians , Nature , 14 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ `` Significance of Mayiladuthurai find '' . The Hindu . 1 May 2006 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ T , Saravanan ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script '' . Jump up ^ Excavation begins at Alagankulam archaeological site ^ Jump up to : Embree , Ainslie Thomas ; Stephen N. Hay ; William Theodore De Bary ( 1988 ) . Sources of Indian Tradition . Columbia University Press . p. 342 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 06651 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Balaganessin , M. ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Flowing waters for fertile fields '' . The Hindu . India . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijay P. ; Ram Narayan Yadava ( 2003 ) . Water Resources System Operation : Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment . Allied Publishers . p. 508 . ISBN 81 - 7764 - 548 - X . Jump up ^ `` This is the oldest stone water - diversion or water - regulator structure in the world '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cauvery River -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sastri 2008 , pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Sastri 1970 , pp. 18 -- 182 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Cultural Association -- Tamil Language '' . Tamilculturewaterloo.org . Archived from the original on 13 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Danish flavour '' . Frontline . India . 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagret , Paul ( 1977 ) . Nagel 's encyclopedia - guide . `` India , Nepal '' . Geneva : Nagel Publishers . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8263 - 0023 - 6 . OCLC 4202160 . Jump up ^ Roberts J. M ( 1997 ) . A short history of the world . Helicon publishing Ltd. p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511504 - 8 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Years ' War : Battle of Wandiwash '' . History Net : Where History Comes Alive -- World & US History Online . Jump up ^ `` Puli Thevan : Define , Explore , Discuss '' . Museumstuff.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PIB English Features '' . pib.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` index '' . tn.nic.in . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Yang , Anand A. `` Bandits and Kings : Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Caldwell ( 1881 ) . A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly , in the Presidency of Madras . E. Keys , at the Government Press . pp. 195 -- 222 . Jump up ^ `` July 10 , 1806 -- The Vellore Mutiny Breaks out Against the British '' . mapsofindia.com . Jump up ^ `` July , 1806 Vellore -- S. Anand -- Jul 17 , 2006 '' . outlookindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Vellore Mutiny '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Migrant women and urban labour market : concepts and case studies . p. 105 . Jump up ^ `` Indian States by Coastline '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Amateur Seismic Centre 2007 . Jump up ^ UN , system of organisations 2012 . Jump up ^ Biodiversity of Tamil Nadu 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tamil Nadu Government Portal '' . Information Technology Department -- Tamil Nadu Government . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidyasagar Rao assumes office as acting Governor of Tamil Nadu '' . The Hindu . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mariappan , Julie ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Tamil Nadu Governor appoints Edappadi K Palaniswami as chief minister -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Subramani , A ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Justice Indira Banerjee takes oath as Madras HC chief justice , says she wants to learn Tamil -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Members of Parliament from Tamil Nadu State Tamil Nadu Government Portal '' . www.tn.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Police 2011 . Jump up ^ Rukmini S. `` Women police personnel face bias , says report '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ TN Police strength 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Municipalities in Tamil Nadu Gradewise '' . Commissionerate of Municipal Administration , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Directorate of Town Panchayats , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Town Panchayats '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Town Panchayats , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District Wise Block Maps '' . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of District panchayat '' ( PDF ) . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grama Sabha '' . Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department , Govt. of Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Statistical Report of 2006 Tamil Nadu assembly results 2006 . Jump up ^ List of Successful candidates 2009 . Jump up ^ Census population 2011 . Jump up ^ Distribution by language 2002 . Jump up ^ Census by religious communities 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Census of Tamil Nadu 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SC / ST population in Tamilnadu 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Census of Tamil Nadu 2001 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Human Development reports 2010 . Jump up ^ Business Line & 20 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Business Line & 9 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Southasia.oneworld.net & 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ rediff.com & 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population by religion community -- 2011 '' . Census of India , 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population By Religious Community -- Tamil Nadu '' ( XLS ) . Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner , Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Front Page : Tamil to be a classical language '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 18 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ The Times of India & 14 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Teachers absence in Indian schools 2008 . Jump up ^ The Guardian & 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ List of Engineering colleges in Tamilnadu , January -- 31 , 2015 , AICTE David , archived from the original on 5 January 2015 Jump up ^ District wise Polytechnics 2011 . Jump up ^ rediff.com & 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jul/25/when-tamil-nadu-proposed-a-state-flag-nearly-five-decades-ago-1633170--1.html Jump up ^ `` The state where modernity meets culture '' . blog.tricolorvoyages.com. 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 21st Century India : View and Vision . p. 320 . Jump up ^ `` Tamilnadu -- The Dance of Celestial Deities '' . Tamilnadu.com. 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thanjavur Painting -- Tamil Art '' . Tamilnadu.com. 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arts Archives -- Tamilnadu '' . Tamilnadu.com. 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1992 , p. 12 : `` ... the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar ( 1907 -- 1967 ) : 1 . Sangam Literature -- 200BC to AD 200 ; 2 . Post Sangam literature -- AD 200 -- AD 600 ; 3 . Early Medieval literature -- AD 600 to AD 1200 ; 4 . Later Medieval literature -- AD 1200 to AD 1800 ; 5 . Pre-Modern literature -- AD 1800 to 1900 '' Jump up ^ Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works . Classical Tamil , Government of India Jump up ^ Abraham , S.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Chera , Chola , Pandya : Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India '' . Asian Perspectives. 42 ( 2 ) : 207 . doi : 10.1353 / asi. 2003.0031 . Jump up ^ Stein , B. ( 1977 ) . `` Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 37 : 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 2053325 . JSTOR 2053325 . Jump up ^ Maloney , C. ( 1970 ) . `` The Beginnings of Civilization in South India '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 29 ( 3 ) : 603 . doi : 10.2307 / 2943246 . JSTOR 2943246 . at p. 610 Jump up ^ Subramaniam , T.S ( 29 August 2011 ) , `` Palani excavation triggers fresh debate '' , The Hindu , Chennai , India Jump up ^ George L. Hart III , The Poems of Ancient Tamil , U of California P , 1975 . Jump up ^ The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in paripaatal . The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions . See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , A History of South India , OUP ( 1955 ) pp. 330 -- 335 Jump up ^ Sastri 2008 , pp. 330 -- 335 . Jump up ^ `` Five fold grammar of Tamil '' , University of Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Karthik Madhavan . `` Tamil saw its first book in 1578 '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Kolappan , B. ( 22 June 2014 ) . `` Delay , howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars '' . The Hindu . Chennai . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pongal -- Tamil festival '' . Tamilnadu.com. 4 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Alanganallur - Jallikattu . `` Alanganallur - Jallikattu , Madurai , Tamil Nadu '' . Shadow Chief . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alanganallur '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mahamagam Festival '' . Jump up ^ Fairs and Festivals of India . p. 326 . Jump up ^ The Times of India & 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Economic Times & 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu leads in film production '' . Jump up ^ Hiro , Dilip ( 2010 ) . After Empire : The Birth of a Multipolar World . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 427 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil , Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood '' . Business Standard . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ashok Kumar , S.R. ( 2 January 2007 ) . `` Cinema ticket rate revision reflects a balancing act '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The pioneer'Tamil ' film - maker '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Velayutham , Selvaraj . Tamil cinema : the cultural politics of India 's other film industry . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` He brought cinema to South '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Language Satellite Service '' . Doordarshan . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu TV empire '' . Newslaundry . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu '' . DNA India . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars '' . NY Times . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sun TV seals deal with Arasu at Rs 3cr a month '' . Times of India . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FY - 2015 : Inflection point for DTH companies in India '' . India Television . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Chosun Ilbo 2007 . Jump up ^ Baradwaj Rangan . `` In search of Madurai Jigarthanda '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Shylashri ( 16 December 2016 ) . `` A coffee break in tradition '' . Open the magazine . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ GSDP at current prices 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 22 April 2005 . Jump up ^ The Economic Times & 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ GSDP at constant prices 2014 . Jump up ^ e-census India 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Tamil Nadu agricultural department 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tanjore , the `` Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu '' `` . tanjore.net . ^ Jump up to : Tamil Nadu horticulture 2008 . Jump up ^ Rubber board 2006 . Jump up ^ Tea production in India 2002 . Jump up ^ Palmoil Study 2004 . Jump up ^ MS Swaminathan Research Foundatation 2010 . Jump up ^ Live stock and poultry statistics 2005 . Jump up ^ Egg production from 1997 to 2004 2004 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering '' . Resource Investor . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions '' . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sangeetha Kandavel . `` New textile policy on the anvil '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Nicknames of places in India '' . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Challenges to textile and apparel industry in Tamil Nadu 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Names of India Places Manchester of India Ahmedabad Cochin Queen of Arabian Sea -- General Knowledge in India '' . winentrance.com . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Express -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Chennai turned into ' Detroit of India ' '' . Financial Express . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Daimler 2012 . Jump up ^ TNPL 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industry of Coimbatore '' . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Business Line & 7 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Business Line & 7 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Sangeetha Kandavel . `` TCS jumps the gun in campus hiring '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Coimbatore : IT sector on the fast track : NATION -- India Today '' . intoday.in . Jump up ^ `` National Highways Summary -- Ministry of Road Transport & Highways , Government of India '' . morth.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Join the Citizen Dialogue on Highway Safety -- Ministry of Road Transport & Highways , Government of India '' . Morth.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Highways 2012 . Jump up ^ TCA Sharad Raghavan . `` T.N. reduces deaths in road accidents '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Ennore Port 2011 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Centre for Wind Energy Technology ( C - WET ) , Chennai Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu energy policy 2009 . Jump up ^ NPCIL 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Central Electrical Authority 2012 . Jump up ^ http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/guidelines_sbd_tariff_gridconnected_res/Tamilnadu%20Solar%20Energy%20Policy%202012.pdf Jump up ^ Li 2012 , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Crego 2003 , pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Ramaswamy 2007 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Croker 1907 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ MA Chidambaram Stadium 2012 . Jump up ^ Srinivas Venkataraghavan 2012 . Jump up ^ Kris Srikkanth 2012 . Jump up ^ Laxman Sivaramakrishnan 2012 . Jump up ^ Lakshmipathy Balaji 2012 . Jump up ^ Murali Vijay 2013 . Jump up ^ Ravichandran Ashwin 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Garg 2010 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Garg 2010 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ The Hindu & 20 October 2004 . Jump up ^ TN Sports and Youth Welfare department 1992 . Jump up ^ Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu 2012 . Jump up ^ http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/India%20Tourism%20Book%20English.pdf Jump up ^ UNESCO Chola temples 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO Mahabalipuram temples 2012 . References ( edit ) `` India sets up classical languages '' . BBC . 17 August 2004 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . `` Radhakrishnan Stadium to have new turf '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 20 October 2004 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu ranks third in FDI , favoured destination '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 22 April 2005 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Chennai is the most densely populated city in Tamil Nadu , according to census 2011 '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . `` Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution '' . The Times of India . 1 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . `` The Hindu : National : Skeletons , script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 May 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . `` The Hindu : National : ' Rudimentary Tamil - Brahmi script ' unearthed at Adichanallur '' . The Hindu . 17 December 2005 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Staff Reporter ( 22 November 2005 ) . `` Students get glimpse of heritage '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Radha Venkatesan ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` India 's Jurassic nest dug up in Tamil Nadu '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . `` New DGP takes charge '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu India 's most literate state : HRD ministry '' . The Times of India . 14 May 2003 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Bunting , Madeleine ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Quality of Primary Education in States '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Top three States -- a socio - economic comparison '' . The Hindu Business Line . 20 October 2004 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu Poverty '' . The Hindu Business Line . 9 April 2004 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu Hunger Problem Alarming '' . BBC News . 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu Hunger Level in Danger List '' . The Times of India . 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Oscars : Eight on ten for ' Slumdog Millionaire ' '' . The Times of India . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . `` Indian joy at Oscar night glory '' . BBC News . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . `` AR Rahman wins best original score Oscar '' . Economic Times . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . `` Bihar is country 's fastest growing state at 13.1 % '' . The Times of India . 2 June 2012 . Mungekar , Bhalchandra ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Contrary to Modi 's projections , Gujarat 's growth story is riddled with contradictions -- The Economic Times '' . The Times of India . `` Flextronics signs pact for Chennai facility '' . The Hindu Business Line . 7 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` TN software exports clock 32 pc growth '' . The Hindu Business Line . 7 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI '' . 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . `` Tamil Nadu the most urbanised State : Minister '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Education is the means of social mobility -- Rediff India Abroad '' . Rediff. 1 May 2006 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Permit cock fight : Bench '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` MA Chidambaram Stadium '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Srinivas Venkataraghavan '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Kris Srikkanth '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Lakshmipathy Balaji '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Ravichandran Ashwin '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Ravichandran Ashwin '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Laxman Sivaramakrishnan '' . Espncricinfo. 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Primary census abstract 2001 '' . Directorate of Census Operations -- Tamil Nadu. 2001 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` Census of India '' . Census of India 2001 . Government of India . 27 May 2002 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . `` State Domestic Product and other aggregates , 2004 -- 05 series '' . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 27 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . `` Gross State Domestic Product at Constant 2004 -- 05 Prices ( in Rs . Crore ) and Growth ( % YoY ) '' ( PDF ) . Planning Commission of India . 2004 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly history '' . Assembly.tn.gov.in. 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` HDI and GDI Estimates for India and the States / UTs : Results and Analysis '' ( PDF ) . 16th if Union Territories are included . GDIGE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Human Development Index of India & Major States , 1981 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Union Ministry of Social Justice . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Sixth Economic Census '' . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation , Gov of India . 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Press Information Bureau English Releases '' . Pib.nic.in. 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` UNESCO World Heritage List '' . Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Amateur Seismic Centre , Pune '' . Asc-india.org. 30 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Biodiversity , Tamil Nadu Dept. of Forests '' . Forests.tn.nic.in. 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` United Nations , System of Organisations '' . Unsystem.org. 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` List of Municipalities in Tamil Nadu '' . Comm. of Municipal Admin. , Govt. of Tamil Nadu. 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . `` Elections to Local Bodies '' ( PDF ) . Tamil State Election Commission . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . `` Districts of Tamil Nadu '' . Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . `` Tamil Nadu Police '' . The Tamil Nadu Police . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu Police '' . The Tamil Nadu Police . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Statistical Report of 2006 Tamil Nadu assembly results '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 2011 . `` List of Successful candidates '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Census Population '' ( PDF ) . Census of India . Ministry of Finance India . 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . `` Distribution by Language -- States and Union Territories -- 2001 '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Population by religious community '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . `` Data Highlights : The Scheduled Tribes '' ( PDF ) . 2002 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Teachers Absence from Public Schools in India -- World Bank '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . `` District wise Polytechnic colleges in Tamil Nadu during the year 2010 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Technical Education , Tamil Nadu. 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . `` Glaring regional disparities in human development index '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Human Development Reports '' . Hdrstats.undp.org. 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Multidimensional Poverty Index of Tamil Nadu '' . Southasia.oneworld.net. 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Beware the political superbug : Hubris ! '' . Rediff.com. 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Cbfc India Annual Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . cbfcindia.gov.in. 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Most Enterprises in India '' . Indcom.tn.gov.in. 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu -- States and Union Territories -- Know India : National Portal of India '' ( PDF ) . India.gov.in. 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . `` National Horticulture Mission - Action Plan for Tamil Nadu '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Rubber Statistical News '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Production of Tea in India During And Up to August 2002 '' . Teauction.com. 2002 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Oil Palm Sector in India -- World Wildlife Fund -- India '' ( PDF ) . 2004 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation '' . Mssrf.org. 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Livestock & Poultry Statistics from Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries , Government of India '' . Dahd.nic.in. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Estimates of Egg Production '' . Dahd.nic.in. 2004 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Tewari , Meenu ( 2000 ) . `` The Challenge of Reform : How Tamil Nadu 's Textile and Apparel Industry is Facing the Pressures of Liberalisation '' ( PDF ) . The Government of Tamil Nadu , India and the Centre for International Development , Harvard University , Cambridge MA . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` Daimler Trucks Unveils Truck Test Track in Oragadam '' . Chennai : Daimler Chrysler . 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . `` What 's new India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd '' . Yamaha-motor-india.com. 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` TNPL '' . TNPL. 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` National Highways in Tamil Nadu '' . Ministry of Road Transport and Highways , Govt. of India . 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . `` Official site for Tamil Nadu Highways '' . Tnhighways.org. 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Official website for Ennore Port '' . Ennoreport.gov.in. 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` NPCIL '' . NPCIL. 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . `` Central Electricity Authority , GOI '' ( PDF ) . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Youth Welfare & Sports Development Department '' . Tn.gov.in. 1992 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . `` Sports development authority of Tamil Nadu , Chennai 600 084 '' . Sdat.in. 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tourism Statistics of India '' ( PDF ) . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . `` Great Living Chola Temples -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . Whc.unesco.org. 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram '' . Whc.unesco.org. 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . `` Tamil Nadu energy policy '' . Energy Department , Tamil Nadu , India by Govt. of Tamil Nadu. 2009 . Croker , Bithia Mary ( 1907 ) . The company 's servant : a romance of southern India , Volume 1 . London : Hurst and Blackett , Limited . Dil , Anwar S. ( 1980 ) . Language and Linguistic Area : Essays by Murray Barnson Emeneau . Stanford University Press : Stanford , California -- Reprinted ( 1980 ) . Crego , Robert ( 2003 ) . Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries . USA : Greewood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31610 - 4 . Garg , Chitra ( 2010 ) . Indian Champions : Profiles Of Famous Indian Sportspersons . Delhi : Rajpal and Sons . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31610 - 4 . Nobrega , William ; Ashish Sinha ( 2008 ) . Riding the Indian tiger : understanding India -- the world 's fastest growing market . John Wiley and Sons . p. 20 . Li , Ming ; Eric W. MacIntosh ; Gonzalo A. Bravo ( 2012 ) . International Sport Management . Ming Li , Eric W. MacIntosh , Gonzalo A. Bravo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 8273 - 0 . Ramaswamy , Vijaya ( 2007 ) . Historical dictionary of the Tamils . United States : Scarecrow Press , INC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82958 - 5 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 2008 ) . A History of South India ( 4th ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Oxford University Press . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 1970 ) . Advanced History of India . New Delhi : Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 181 -- 182 . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 1935 ) ( 1935 ) . The Cōlas . Madras : University of Madras . Chopra , P.N. ; Ravindran , T.K. ; Subrahmanian , N ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . History of South India ( Ancient , Medieval and Modern ) Part 1 . New Delhi : Chand Publications . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0153 - 7 . Keay , John ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ) . India : A History . New York : Grove Publications . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar . New Delhi : Indian Branch , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . Steever , Sanford ( 1998 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Steever , Sanford , The Dravidian Languages , London : Routledge , pp. 1 -- 39 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 10023 - 2 `` Places to Visit in Tamil Nadu '' , Tripoto , retrieved 2 November 2014 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTamil Naduat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government The Official Site of the Government of Tamil Nadu Official Tourism Site of Tamil Nadu , India General information Tamil Nadu Encyclopædia Britannica entry Tamil Nadu at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Tamil Nadu at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> State of Tamil Nadu <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Chennai State symbols Seal : Srivilliputhur Andal Temple Gopuram Animal : Nilgiri tahr Bird : Emerald dove Flower : Gloriosa lily Fruit : Jackfruit Tree : Palm tree Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan High Court Police Topics Cinema Cuisine Economy Government History Language Literature Music People Education Politics Temples Protected areas Highest point Wildlife Sexual Minorities Tourism Kaveri River water dispute 2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing Districts Ariyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kanchipuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Perambalur Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur The Nilgiris Theni Thoothukudi Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar Major cities Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirapalli Tiruppur <Td_colspan="2"> Tamil Nadu <Th_colspan="2"> States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry <Td_colspan="2"> Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Tamil Nadu portal Tamil People portal Tamil civilisation portal Dravidian civilisations portal India portal BNF : cb11942390s ( data ) GND : 4078142 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0001 2097 3393 VIAF : 132221136 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&oldid=854537633 '' Categories : Tamil Nadu South India States and union territories of India States and territories established in 1950 1950 establishments in India Tamil - speaking countries and territories Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2012 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Tamil Nadu - State in India 2. Tamil Nadu's history and culture 3. Tamil Nadu's economy and development 4. Tamil Nadu's geography and natural resources 5. Tamil Nadu's governance and administration

the degeneration of the substania nigra is associated with the following

Substantia nigra - wikipedia Substantia nigra Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Substantia nigra <Td_colspan="2"> Substantia nigra highlighted in red . <Td_colspan="2"> Section through superior colliculus showing Substantia nigra . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Part of Midbrain , Basal ganglia <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Substantia nigra MeSH A08. 186.211. 132.659. 687 NeuroNames hier - 527 NeuroLex ID Substantia nigra TA A14. 1.06. 111 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The substantia nigra is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement . Substantia nigra is Latin for `` black substance '' , reflecting the fact that parts of the substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring areas due to high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons . It was discovered in 1784 by Félix Vicq - d'Azyr , and Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring alluded to this structure in 1791 . Parkinson 's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta . Although the substantia nigra appears as a continuous band in brain sections , anatomical studies have found that it actually consists of two parts with very different connections and functions : the pars compacta and the pars reticulata . This classification was first proposed by Sano in 1910 . The pars compacta serves mainly as an input to the basal ganglia circuit , supplying the striatum with dopamine . The pars reticulata , though , serves mainly as an output , conveying signals from the basal ganglia to numerous other brain structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Pars reticulata 1.1. 1 Afferent connections 1.1. 2 Efferent connections 2 Function 2.1 Pars reticulata 2.2 Pars compacta 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Parkinson 's disease 3.2 Schizophrenia 3.3 Wooden Chest Syndrome 3.4 Multiple system atrophy 4 Chemical modification of the substantia nigra 4.1 Amphetamine and trace amines 4.2 Cocaine 4.3 Levodopa 4.4 MPTP 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Anatomy ( edit ) Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia , globus pallidus : external segment ( GPe ) , subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) , globus pallidus : internal segment ( GPi ) , and substantia nigra ( SN , red ) . The right section is the deeper one , closer to the back of the head Diagram of the main components of the basal ganglia and their interconnections Anatomical overview of the main circuits of the basal ganglia , substantia nigra is shown in black . Picture shows 2 coronal slices that have been superimposed to include the involved basal ganglia structures . + and - signs at the point of the arrows indicate respectively whether the pathway is excitatory or inhibitory in effect . Green arrows refer to excitatory glutamatergic pathways , red arrows refer to inhibitory GABAergic pathways and turquoise arrows refer to dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway . See also : Primate basal ganglia system The substantia nigra , along with four other nuclei , is part of the basal ganglia . It is the largest nucleus in the midbrain , lying dorsal to the cerebral peduncles . Humans have two substantiae nigrae , one on each side of the midline . The substantia nigra is divided into two parts : the pars reticulata and pars compacta , which lies medial to the pars reticulata . Sometimes , a third region , the pars lateralis , is mentioned , though it is usually classified as part of the pars reticulata . The pars reticulata and the internal globus pallidus are separated by the internal capsule . Pars reticulata ( edit ) Main article : Pars reticulata The pars reticulata bears a strong structural and functional resemblance to the internal part of the globus pallidus . The two are sometimes considered parts of the same structure , separated by the white matter of the internal capsule . Like those of the globus pallidus , the neurons in pars reticulata are mainly GABAergic . Afferent connections ( edit ) The main input to the pars reticulata derives from the striatum . It comes by two routes , known as the direct and indirect pathways . The direct pathway consists of axons from medium spiny cells in the striatum that project directly to pars reticulata . The indirect pathway consists of three links : a projection from striatal medium spiny cells to the external part of the globus pallidus ; a GABAergic projection from the globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus , and a glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the pars reticulata . Thus , striatal activity via the direct pathway exerts an inhibitory effect on neurons in the pars reticulata but an excitatory effect via the indirect pathway . The direct and indirect pathways originate from different subsets of striatal medium spiny cells : They are tightly intermingled , but express different types of dopamine receptors , as well as showing other neurochemical differences . Efferent connections ( edit ) Significant projections occur to the thalamus ( ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei ) , superior colliculus , and other caudal nuclei from the pars reticulata ( the nigrothalamic pathway ) , which use GABA as their neurotransmitter . In addition , these neurons form up to five collaterals that branch within both the pars compacta and pars reticulata , likely modulating dopaminergic activity in the pars compacta . Function ( edit ) The substantia nigra is an important player in brain function , in particular , in eye movement , motor planning , reward - seeking , learning , and addiction . Many of the substantia nigra 's effects are mediated through the striatum . The nigral dopaminergic input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway is intimately linked with the striatum 's function . The co-dependence between the striatum and substantia nigra can be seen in this way : when the substantia nigra is electrically stimulated , no movement occurs ; however , the symptoms of nigral degeneration due to Parkinson 's is a poignant example of the substantia nigra 's influence on movement . In addition to striatum - mediated functions , the substantia nigra also serves as a major source of GABAergic inhibition to various brain targets . Pars reticulata ( edit ) Main article : Pars reticulata § Function The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra is an important processing center in the basal ganglia . The GABAergic neurons in the pars reticulata convey the final processed signals of the basal ganglia to the thalamus and superior colliculus . In addition , the pars reticulata also inhibits dopaminergic activity in the pars compacta via axon collaterals , although the functional organization of these connections remains unclear . The GABAergic neurons of the pars reticulata spontaneously fire action potentials . In rats , the frequency of action potentials is roughly 25 Hz . The purpose of these spontaneous action potentials is to inhibit targets of the basal ganglia , and decreases in inhibition are associated with movement . The subthalamic nucleus gives excitatory input that modulates the rate of firing of these spontaneous action potentials . However , lesion of the subthalamic nucleus leads to only a 20 % decrease in pars reticulata firing rate , suggesting that the generation of action potentials in the pars reticulata is largely autonomous , as exemplified by the pars reticulata 's role in saccadic eye movement . A group of GABAergic neurons from the pars reticulata projects to the superior colliculus , exhibiting a high level of sustained inhibitory activity . Projections from the caudate nucleus to the superior colliculus also modulate saccadic eye movement . Altered patterns of pars reticulata firing such as single - spike or burst firing are found in Parkinson 's disease and epilepsy . Pars compacta ( edit ) Main article : Pars compacta § Function The most prominent function of the pars compacta is motor control , though the substantia nigra 's role in motor control is indirect ; electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra does not result in movement , due to mediation of the striatum in the nigral influence of movement . The pars compacta sends excitatory input to the striatum via D1 pathway that excites and activates the striatum , resulting in the release of GABA onto the globus pallidus to inhibit its inhibitory effects on the thalamic nucleus . This causes the thalamocortical pathways to become excited and transmits motor neuron signals to the cerebral cortex to allow the initiation of movement , which is absent in Parkinson 's disease . However , lack of pars compacta neurons has a large influence on movement , as evidenced by the symptoms of Parkinson 's . The motor role of the pars compacta may involve fine motor control , as has been confirmed in animal models with lesions in that region . The pars compacta is heavily involved in learned responses to stimuli . In primates , dopaminergic neuron activity increases in the nigrostriatal pathway when a new stimulus is presented . Dopaminergic activity decreases with repeated stimulus presentation . However , behaviorally significant stimulus presentation ( i.e. rewards ) continues to activate dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta . Dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area ( bottom part of the `` midbrain '' or mesencephalon ) to the prefrontal cortex ( mesocortical pathway ) and to the nucleus accumbens ( mesolimbic pathway - `` meso '' referring to `` from the mesencephalon '' ... specifically the ventral tegmental area ) are implicated in reward , pleasure , and addictive behavior . The pars compacta is also important in spatial learning , the observations about one 's environment and location in space . Lesions in the pars compacta lead to learning deficits in repeating identical movements , and some studies point to its involvement in a dorsal striatal - dependent , response - based memory system that functions relatively independent of the hippocampus , which is traditionally believed to subserve spatial or episodic - like memory functions . The pars compacta also plays a role in temporal processing and is activated during time reproduction . Lesions in the pars compacta leads to temporal deficits . As of late , the pars compacta has been suspected of regulating the sleep - wake cycle , which is consistent with symptoms such as insomnia and REM sleep disturbances that are reported by patients with Parkinson 's disease . Even so , partial dopamine deficits that do not affect motor control can lead to disturbances in the sleep - wake cycle , especially REM - like patterns of neural activity while awake , especially in the hippocampus . Clinical significance ( edit ) The substantia nigra is critical in the development of many diseases and syndromes , including parkinsonism and Parkinson 's disease . Parkinson 's disease ( edit ) Substantia nigra with loss of cells and Lewy body pathology Main article : Parkinson 's disease Parkinson 's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized , in part , by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra . The major symptoms of Parkinson 's disease include tremor , akinesia , bradykinesia , and stiffness . Other symptoms include disturbances to posture , fatigue , sleep abnormalities , and depressed mood . The cause of death of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta is unknown . However , some contributions to the unique susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta have been identified . For one , dopaminergic neurons show abnormalities in mitochondrial complex 1 , causing aggregation of alpha - synuclein ; this can result in abnormal protein handling and neuron death . Secondly , dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta contain less calbindin than other dopaminergic neurons . Calbindin is a protein involved in calcium ion transport within cells , and excess calcium in cells is toxic . The calbindin theory would explain the high cytotoxicity of Parkinson 's in the substantia nigra compared to the ventral tegmental area . Regardless of the cause of neuronal death , the plasticity of the pars compacta is very robust ; Parkinsonian symptoms do not appear until up to 50 - 80 % of pars compacta dopaminergic neurons have died . Most of this plasticity occurs at the neurochemical level ; dopamine transport systems are slowed , allowing dopamine to linger for longer periods of time in the chemical synapses in the striatum . Menke , Jbabdi , Miller , Matthews and Zari ( 2010 ) used diffusion tensor imaging , as well as T1 mapping to assess volumetric differences in the substantia nigra subregions , pars reticulata and pars compacta , in participants with Parkinson 's compared to healthy individuals . These researchers found that participants with Parkinson 's consistently had a smaller substantia nigra , specifically in the right substantia nigra pars reticulata . Because the substantia nigra pars reticulata is connected to the posterior thalamus , ventral thalamus and specifically , the motor cortex , and because participants with Parkinson 's disease report having a smaller substantia nigra pars reticulata ( Menke , Jbabdi , Miller , Matthews and Zari , 2010 ) , the small volume of this region may be responsible for motor impairments found in Parkinson 's disease patients . This small volume may be responsible for weaker and / or less controlled motor movements , which may result in the tremors often experienced by those with Parkinson 's . Schizophrenia ( edit ) See also : Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia Increased levels of dopamine have long been implicated in the development of schizophrenia . However , much debate continues to this day surrounding this dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia . Despite the controversy , dopamine antagonists remain a standard and successful treatment for schizophrenia . These antagonists include first generation ( typical ) antipsychotics such as butyrophenones , phenothiazines , and thioxanthenes . These drugs have largely been replaced by second - generation ( atypical ) antipsychotics such as clozapine and paliperidone . It should be noted that , in general , these drugs do not act on dopamine - producing neurons themselves , but on the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron . Other , non-pharmacological evidence in support of the dopamine hypothesis relating to the substantia nigra include structural changes in the pars compacta , such as reduction in synaptic terminal size . Other changes in the substantia nigra include increased expression of NMDA receptors in the substantia nigra , and reduced dysbindin expression . Increased NMDA receptors may point to the involvement of glutamate - dopamine interactions in schizophrenia . Dysbindin , which has been ( controversially ) linked to schizophrenia , may regulate dopamine release , and low expression of dysbindin in the substantia nigra may be important in schizophrenia etiology . Due to the changes to the substantia nigra in the schizophrenic brain , it may eventually be possible to use specific imaging techniques ( such as neuromelanin - specific imaging ) to detect physiological signs of schizophrenia in the substantia nigra . Wooden chest syndrome ( edit ) Wooden chest , also called fentanyl chest wall rigidity syndrome , is a rare side effect of synthetic opioids such as Fentanyl , Sulfentanil , Alfentanil , Remifentanil . It results in a generalised increase in skeletal muscle tone . The mechanism is thought to be via increased dopamine release and decreased GABA release in the nerves of the substantia nigra / striatum . The effect is most pronounced on the chest wall muscles and can lead to impaired ventilation . The condition is most commonly observed in anaesthesia where rapid and high doses of these drugs are given intravenously . Multiple system atrophy ( edit ) Multiple system atrophy characterized by neuronal degeneration in the striatum and substantial nigra , was previously called striatonigral degeneration . Chemical modification of the substantia nigra ( edit ) Chemical manipulation and modification of the substantia nigra is important in the fields of neuropharmacology and toxicology . Various compounds such as levodopa and MPTP are used in the treatment and study of Parkinson 's disease , and many other drugs have effects on the substantia nigra . Amphetamine and trace amines ( edit ) See also : Amphetamine and Trace amine Studies have shown that , in certain brain regions , amphetamine and trace amines increase the concentrations of dopamine in the synaptic cleft , thereby heightening the response of the post-synaptic neuron . The various mechanisms by which amphetamine and trace amines affect dopamine concentrations have been studied extensively , and are known to involve both DAT and VMAT2 . Amphetamine is similar in structure to dopamine and trace amines ; as a consequence , it can enter the presynaptic neuron via DAT as well as by diffusing through the neural membrane directly . Upon entering the presynaptic neuron , amphetamine and trace amines activate TAAR1 , which , through protein kinase signaling , induces dopamine efflux , phosphorylation - dependent DAT internalization , and non-competitive reuptake inhibition . Because of the similarity between amphetamine and trace amines , it is also a substrate for monoamine transporters ; as a consequence , it ( competitively ) inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and other monoamines by competing with them for uptake , as well . In addition , amphetamine and trace amines are substrates for the neuronal vesicular monoamine transporter , vesicular monoamine transporter 2 ( VMAT2 ) . When amphetamine is taken up by VMAT2 , the vesicle releases ( effluxes ) dopamine molecules into the cytosol in exchange . Cocaine ( edit ) See also : Cocaine Cocaine 's mechanism of action in the human brain includes the inhibition of dopamine reuptake , which accounts for cocaine 's addictive properties , as dopamine is the critical neurotransmitter for reward . However , cocaine is more active in the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area than the substantia nigra . Cocaine administration increases metabolism in the substantia nigra , which can explain the altered motor function seen in cocaine - using subjects . The inhibition of dopamine reuptake by cocaine also inhibits the firing of spontaneous action potentials by the pars compacta . The mechanism by which cocaine inhibits dopamine reuptake involves its binding to the dopamine transporter protein . However , studies show that cocaine can also cause a decrease in DAT mRNA levels , most likely due to cocaine blocking dopamine receptors rather than direct interference with transcriptional or translational pathways . Inactivation of the substantia nigra could prove to be a possible treatment for cocaine addiction . In a study of cocaine - dependent rats , inactivation of the substantia nigra via implanted cannulae greatly reduced cocaine addiction relapse . Levodopa ( edit ) See also : Levodopa The substantia nigra is the target of chemical therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson 's disease . Levodopa ( commonly referred to as L - DOPA ) , the dopamine precursor , is the most commonly prescribed medication for Parkinson 's disease , despite controversy concerning the neurotoxicity of dopamine and L - DOPA . The drug is especially effective in treating patients in the early stages of Parkinson 's , although it does lose its efficacy over time . Levodopa can cross the blood -- brain barrier and increases dopamine levels in the substantia nigra , thus alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The drawback of levodopa treatment is that it treats the symptoms of Parkinson 's ( low dopamine levels ) , rather than the cause ( the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra ) . MPTP ( edit ) See also : MPTP MPTP , is a neurotoxin specific to dopaminergic cells in the brain , specifically in the substantia nigra . MPTP was brought to the spotlight in 1982 when heroin users in California displayed Parkinson 's - like symptoms after using MPPP contaminated with MPTP . The patients , who were rigid and almost completely immobile , responded to levodopa treatment . No remission of the Parkinson 's - like symptoms was reported , suggesting irreversible death of the dopaminergic neurons . The proposed mechanism of MPTP involves disruption of mitochondrial function , including disruption of metabolism and creation of free radicals . Soon after , MPTP was tested in animal models for its efficacy in inducing Parkinson 's disease ( with success ) . MPTP induced akinesia , rigidity , and tremor in primates , and its neurotoxicity was found to be very specific to the substantia nigra pars compacta . In other animals , such as rodents , the induction of Parkinson 's by MPTP is incomplete or requires much higher and frequent doses than in primates . Today , MPTP remains the most favored method to induce Parkinson 's disease in animal models . Additional images ( edit ) Dopamine and serotonin Degradation of substantia nigra associated with Parkinson 's disease . Horizontal MRI ( T1 weighted ) slice with highlighting indicating location of the substantia nigra . Enhanced Neuromelanin MRI with Color images ( RGB ) showing Substantia nigra pars compacta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rabey , J.M. ; Hefti , F. ( 1990 ) . `` Neuromelanin synthesis in rat and human substantia nigra '' . Journal of Neural Transmission - Parkinson 's Disease and Dementia Section . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02251241 . PMID 2357268 . Jump up ^ Tubbs RS , Loukas M , Shoja MM , Mortazavi MM , Cohen - Gadol AA ( July 2011 ) . `` Félix Vicq d'Azyr ( 1746 - 1794 ) : early founder of neuroanatomy and royal French physician '' . Childs Nerv Syst. 27 ( 7 ) : 1031 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s00381 - 011 - 1424 - y . PMID 21445631 . Jump up ^ Swanson , LW . Neuroanatomical terminology : a lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations . Oxford University Press , 2014 . England ISBN 9780195340624 Jump up ^ Kim , S.J. ; Sung , JY ; Um , JW ; Hattori , N ; Mizuno , Y ; Tanaka , K ; Paik , SR ; Kim , J ; Chung , KC ( 2003 ) . `` Parkin Cleaves Intracellular - Synuclein Inclusions via the Activation of Calpain '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 278 ( 43 ) : 41890 -- 9 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M306017200 . PMID 12917442 . Jump up ^ Sano , T ( 1910 ) . `` Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Substantia nigra , des Corpus Luysii und der Zona incerta '' . Mschr Psychiat Neurol. 28 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 34 . doi : 10.1159 / 000209678 . Jump up ^ Nauta , Haring J.W. ; Cole , Monroe ( 1978 ) . `` Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus : An autoradiographic study in monkey and cat '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 180 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 901800102 . PMID 418083 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Malcolm B. ; Nakano , Katsuma ; Kim , Ronald ( 1976 ) . `` Nigrothalamic projections in the monkey demonstrated by autoradiographic technics '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 165 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 901650402 . PMID 57125 . Jump up ^ Deniau , J.M. ; Kitai , S.T. ; Donoghue , J.P. ; Grofova , I. ( 1982 ) . `` Neuronal interactions in the substantia nigra pars reticulata through axon collaterals of the projection neurons '' . Experimental Brain Research . 47 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00235891 . Jump up ^ Nicola , Saleem M. ; Surmeier , D. James ; Malenka , Robert C. ( 2000 ) . `` Dopaminergic Modulation of Neuronal Excitability in the Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 23 : 185 -- 215 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 23.1. 185 . PMID 10845063 . Jump up ^ Gernert , Manuela ; Fedrowitz , Maren ; Wlaz , Piotr ; Löscher , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) . `` Subregional changes in discharge rate , pattern , and drug sensitivity of putative GABAergic nigral neurons in the kindling model of epilepsy '' . European Journal of Neuroscience. 20 ( 9 ) : 2377 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2004. 03699. x . PMID 15525279 . Jump up ^ Sato , M ; Hikosaka , O ( 2002 ) . `` Role of primate substantia nigra pars reticulata in reward - oriented saccadic eye movement '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 ( 6 ) : 2363 -- 73 . PMID 11896175 . Jump up ^ Zahr , Natalie May ; Martin , Lynn Pauline ; Waszczak , Barbara Lee ( 2004 ) . `` Subthalamic nucleus lesions alter basal and dopamine agonist stimulated electrophysiological output from the rat basal ganglia '' . Synapse. 54 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 28 . doi : 10.1002 / syn. 20064 . PMID 15352137 . Jump up ^ Hikosaka , O ; Wurtz , RH ( 1983 ) . `` Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata . III . Memory - contingent visual and saccade responses '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 49 ( 5 ) : 1268 -- 84 . PMID 6864250 . Jump up ^ Tseng , Kuei Y. ; Riquelme , Luis A. ; Belforte , Juan E. ; Pazo , Jorge H. ; Murer , M. Gustavo ( 2000 ) . `` Substantia nigra pars reticulata units in 6 - hydroxydopamine - lesioned rats : Responses to striatal D2 dopamine receptor stimulation and subthalamic lesions '' . European Journal of Neuroscience. 12 ( 1 ) : 247 -- 56 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1460 - 9568.2000. 00910. x . PMID 10651879 . Jump up ^ Deransart , Colin ; Hellwig , Bernhard ; Heupel - Reuter , Miriam ; Léger , Jean - Francois ; Heck , Detlef ; Lücking , Carl Hermann ( 2003 ) . `` Single - unit Analysis of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons in Freely Behaving Rats with Genetic Absence Epilepsy '' . Epilepsia. 44 ( 12 ) : 1513 -- 20 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0013 - 9580.2003. 26603. x . PMID 14636321 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Gordon K. ; Butcher , Larry L. ( 1980 ) . `` Pars compacta of the substantia nigra modulates motor activity but is not involved importantly in regulating food and water intake '' . Naunyn - Schmiedeberg 's Archives of Pharmacology . 313 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 67 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00505805 . PMID 7207636 . Jump up ^ Pioli , E.Y. ; Meissner , W. ; Sohr , R. ; Gross , C.E. ; Bezard , E. ; Bioulac , B.H. ( 2008 ) . `` Differential behavioral effects of partial bilateral lesions of ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra pars compacta in rats '' . Neuroscience. 153 ( 4 ) : 1213 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroscience. 2008.01. 084 . PMID 18455318 . ^ Jump up to : Ljungberg , T ; Apicella , P ; Schultz , W ( January 1 , 1992 ) . `` Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions '' . J Neurophysio. 67 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 63 . PMID 1552316 . Jump up ^ Da Cunha , Claudio ; Silva , Marcio H.C. ; Wietzikoski , Samantha ; Wietzikoski , Evellyn C. ; Ferro , Marcelo M. ; Kouzmine , Ivana ; Canteras , Newton S. ( 2006 ) . `` Place learning strategy of substantia nigra pars compacta - lesioned rats '' . Behavioral Neuroscience. 120 ( 6 ) : 1279 -- 84 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7044.120. 6.1279 . PMID 17201473 . Jump up ^ Da Cunha , Claudio ; Wietzikoski , Samantha ; Wietzikoski , Evellyn C ; Miyoshi , Edmar ; Ferro , Marcelo M ; Anselmo - Franci , Janete A ; Canteras , Newton S ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence for the substantia nigra pars compacta as an essential component of a memory system independent of the hippocampal memory system '' . Neurobiology of Learning and Memory . 79 ( 3 ) : 236 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 7427 ( 03 ) 00008 - X . PMID 12676522 . Jump up ^ Matell , Matthew S. ; Meck , Warren H. ( 2000 ) . `` Neuropsychological mechanisms of interval timing behavior '' . BioEssays. 22 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 103 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1521 - 1878 ( 200001 ) 22 : 1 < 94 : : AID - BIES14 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - E. PMID 10649295 . Jump up ^ Lima , Marcelo M.S. ; Andersen , Monica L. ; Reksidler , Angela B. ; Vital , Maria A.B.F. ; Tufik , Sergio ( 2007 ) . Brosnan , Sarah , ed . `` The Role of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta in Regulating Sleep Patterns in Rats '' . PLoS ONE . 2 ( 6 ) : e513 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000513 . PMC 1876809 . PMID 17551593 . Jump up ^ Dzirasa , K. ; Ribeiro , S. ; Costa , R. ; Santos , L.M. ; Lin , S. - C. ; Grosmark , A. ; Sotnikova , T.D. ; Gainetdinov , R.R. ; Caron , M.G. ; Nicolelis , M.A.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Dopaminergic Control of Sleep - Wake States '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 26 ( 41 ) : 10577 -- 89 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1767 - 06.2006 . PMID 17035544 . Jump up ^ Jankovic , J ( 2008 ) . `` Parkinson 's disease : Clinical features and diagnosis '' . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery & Psychiatry . 79 ( 4 ) : 368 -- 76 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 2007.131045 . PMID 18344392 . Jump up ^ Adler , Charles H. ( 2005 ) . `` Nonmotor complications in Parkinson 's disease '' . Movement Disorders. 20 : S23 -- 9 . doi : 10.1002 / mds. 20460 . PMID 15822106 . Jump up ^ Dawson , T.M. ; Dawson , VL ( 2003 ) . `` Molecular Pathways of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson 's Disease '' . Science . 302 ( 5646 ) : 819 -- 22 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1087753 . PMID 14593166 . Jump up ^ Liang , Chang - Lin ; Sinton , Christopher M. ; Sonsalla , Patricia K. ; German , Dwight C. ( 1996 ) . `` Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in the Mouse that Contain Calbindin - D28kExhibit Reduced Vulnerability to MPTP - induced Neurodegeneration '' . Neurodegeneration. 5 ( 4 ) : 313 -- 8 . doi : 10.1006 / neur. 1996.0042 . PMID 9117542 . ^ Jump up to : Interview . Yoland Smith , PhD Jump up ^ Menke , R.A. , Jbabdi , S. , Miller , K.L. , Matthews , P.M. , & Zarei , M. ( 2010 ) . Connectivity - based segmentation of the substantia nigra in human and its implications in Parkinson 's disease . Neuroimage , 52 ( 4 ) , 1175 - 1180 . Jump up ^ van Rossum , J ( 1967 ) . `` The significance of dopamine - receptor blockade for the action of neuroleptic drugs '' . In Brill , H ; Cole , J ; Deniker , P ; Hippius , H ; Bradley , P B. Neuropsychopharmacology , Proceedings Fifth Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum . pp. 321 -- 9 . OCLC 458719 . Jump up ^ Kolomeets , N.S. ; Uranova , N.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Synaptic contacts in schizophrenia : Studies using immunocytochemical identification of dopaminergic neurons '' . Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 29 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 21 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02465329 . PMID 10432512 . Jump up ^ Kumamoto , Natsuko ; Matsuzaki , Shinsuke ; Inoue , Kiyoshi ; Hattori , Tsuyoshi ; Shimizu , Shoko ; Hashimoto , Ryota ; Yamatodani , Atsushi ; Katayama , Taiichi ; Tohyama , Masaya ( 2006 ) . `` Hyperactivation of midbrain dopaminergic system in schizophrenia could be attributed to the down - regulation of dysbindin '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 345 ( 2 ) : 904 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2006.04. 163 . PMID 16701550 . Jump up ^ Shibata , Eri ; Sasaki , Makoto ; Tohyama , Koujiro ; Otsuka , Kotaro ; Endoh , Jin ; Terayama , Yasuo ; Sakai , Akio ( 2008 ) . `` Use of Neuromelanin - Sensitive MRI to Distinguish Schizophrenic and Depressive Patients and Healthy Individuals Based on Signal Alterations in the Substantia Nigra and Locus Ceruleus '' . Biological Psychiatry . 64 ( 5 ) : 401 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2008.03. 021 . PMID 18452894 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Gregory M. ( 2011 ) . `` The emerging role of trace amine - associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 116 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 76 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 4159.2010. 07109. x . PMC 3005101 . PMID 21073468 . Jump up ^ `` Amphetamine '' . DrugBank . University of Alberta . 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . section = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eiden , Lee E. ; Weihe , Eberhard ( 2011 ) . `` VMAT2 : A dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1216 : 86 -- 98 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2010. 05906. x . PMC 4183197 . PMID 21272013 . Jump up ^ Maguire , J.J. ; Parker , W.A.E. ; Foord , S.M. ; Bonner , T.I. ; Neubig , R.R. ; Davenport , A.P. ( 2009 ) . `` International Union of Pharmacology . LXXII . Recommendations for Trace Amine Receptor Nomenclature '' . Pharmacological Reviews . 61 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1124 / pr. 109.001107 . PMC 2830119 . PMID 19325074 . Jump up ^ Heikkila , RE ; Cabbat , FS ; Duvoisin , RC ( 1979 ) . `` Motor activity and rotational behavior after analogs of cocaine : correlation with dopamine uptake blockade '' . Commun Psychopharmacol. 3 ( 5 ) : 285 -- 90 . PMID 575770 . Jump up ^ Joan M. Lakoski ; Matthew P. Galloway ; Francis J. White ( 1991 ) . Cocaine . Telford Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8813 - 9 . Jump up ^ M.G. Lacey ; N.B. Mercuri & R.A. North ( 1990 ) . `` Actions of cocaine on rat dopaminergic neurones in vitro '' . Br J Pharmacol. 99 ( 4 ) : 731 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1476 - 5381.1990. tb12998. x . PMC 1917549 . PMID 2361170 . ^ Jump up to : Xia , Yue ; Goebel , Dennis J. ; Kapatos , Gregory ; Bannon , Michael J. ( 1992 ) . `` Quantitation of Rat Dopamine Transporter mRNA : Effects of Cocaine Treatment and Withdrawal '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 59 ( 3 ) : 1179 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 4159.1992. tb08365. x . PMID 1494906 . Jump up ^ See , R.E. ; Elliott , J.C. ; Feltenstein , M.W. ( 2007 ) . `` The role of dorsal vs ventral striatal pathways in cocaine - seeking behavior after prolonged abstinence in rats '' . Psychopharmacology. 194 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 007 - 0850 - 8 . PMID 17589830 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Neng - Neng ; Maeda , Takehiko ; Kume , Toshiaki ; Kaneko , Satoshi ; Kochiyama , Hanae ; Akaike , Akinori ; Goshima , Yoshio ; Misu , Yoshimi ( 1996 ) . `` Differential neurotoxicity induced by l - DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons '' . Brain Research . 743 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 278 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 8993 ( 96 ) 01056 - 6 . PMID 9017256 . Jump up ^ Rascol , Olivier ; Payoux , Pierre ; Ory , Fabienne ; Ferreira , Joaquim J. ; Brefel - Courbon , Christine ; Montastruc , Jean - Louis ( 2003 ) . `` Limitations of current Parkinson 's disease therapy '' . Annals of Neurology . 53 : S3 -- 12 ; discussion S12 -- 5 . doi : 10.1002 / ana. 10513 . PMID 12666094 . Jump up ^ Langston , J. ; Ballard , P ; Tetrud , J. ; Irwin , I ( 1983 ) . `` Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine - analog synthesis '' . Science . 219 ( 4587 ) : 979 -- 80 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6823561 . PMID 6823561 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , N. ; Ferger , B. ( 2001 ) . `` Neurochemical findings in the MPTP model of Parkinson 's disease '' . Journal of Neural Transmission . 108 ( 11 ) : 1263 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s007020100004 . PMID 11768626 . Jump up ^ William Langston , J. ; Forno , Lysia S. ; Rebert , Charles S. ; Irwin , Ian ( 1984 ) . `` Selective nigral toxicity after systemic administration of 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydropyrine ( MPTP ) in the squirrel monkey '' . Brain Research . 292 ( 2 ) : 390 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 8993 ( 84 ) 90777 - 7 . PMID 6607092 . Jump up ^ Pierre Blanchet ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Relevance of the MPTP primate model in the study of dyskinesia priming mechanisms '' . Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 10 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 304 . doi : 10.1016 / j. parkreldis. 2004.02. 011 . PMID 15196509 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Substantia nigra . Stained brain slice images which include the `` substantia nigra '' at the BrainMaps project Diagram and explanation of cortico - basal pathways <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the midbrain Tectum ( Dorsal ) Surface Corpora quadrigemina : Inferior colliculus Brachium Superior colliculus Brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White : Sensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor / descending Tectospinal tract Peduncle ( Ventral ) Tegmentum White : Sensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Dentatothalamic tract White : Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro - olivary tract Descending MLF Grey : cranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic - GSE Oculomotor nucleus , Trochlear nucleus - GVE Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Grey : other <Td_colspan="2"> Periaqueductal gray Raphe nuclei dorsal <Td_colspan="2"> Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus <Td_colspan="2"> Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area <Td_colspan="2"> Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Ventricular system Cerebral aqueduct Base White : Motor / descending Cerebral crus : Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract / Frontopontine fibers / Temporopontine fibers Grey : Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa <Th_colspan="2"> Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures Basal ganglia Grey matter Striatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts : Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus Rhinencephalon Grey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrain Grey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex : Hippocampal formation / Hippocampus anatomy Grey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substantia_nigra&oldid=810572002 '' Categories : Midbrain Basal ganglia Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2014 CS1 errors : chapter ignored Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Substantia nigra - basal ganglia structure 2. Role in reward and movement 3. Parkinson's disease and dopaminergic neuron death 4. Pars reticulata and pars compacta 5. Clinical significance and chemical modification

when did jump in the line come out

Jump in the Line ( Shake , Señora ) - wikipedia Jump in the Line ( Shake , Señora ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Jump in the Line ( Shake , Señora ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Harry Belafonte <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Jump Up Calypso Released November 17 , 1961 Genre Calypso Length 3 : 39 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Lord Kitchener Producer ( s ) Bob Bollard <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Jump in the Line ( Shake , Señora ) '' is a song composed by Trinidadian calypsonian Lord Kitchener ( Aldwyn Roberts ) that won the 1946 Trinidad Carnival Road March . Later renditions ( edit ) Woody Herman and his Third Herd recorded Kitchener 's song in 1952 for Mars Records ; Herman 's band recorded it live that same year with the title `` Jump in Line . '' Lord Invader released a cover of the song on the Folkways Label in 1955 , titled `` Labor Day ( Jump in the Line ) '' . His rendition reached mento star Lord Flea , who in turn recorded a version based on Lord Invader 's interpretation . It was released in August 1 , 1958 , by Capitol Records . Flea 's version inspired Harry Belafonte , who released his own take on November 17 , 1961 ( credited to his pseudonym Raymond Bell on the disc label ) . It was included on the album Jump Up Calypso , and was later featured in the films Beetlejuice , The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . It was also recorded by Lord Fly and Joseph Spence in 1958 . In 1962 , R&B singer Gary U.S. Bonds released a version called `` Twist , Twist Senora '' . In 1998 , the song was covered by American swing band the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies for the soundtrack to the movie BASEketball . In 2008 , the song was performed by Samuel E. Wright , Kevin Michael Richardson , Rob Paulsen , Jim Cummings , Alvin Chea , Oren Waters , Rick Logan and Chris Garcia in The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning . The song was sampled by Pitbull as Shake Señora off the 2011 album Planet Pit . Later in 2011 , the song was recorded by Karl Zero and the Wailers , this version being used in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Santiwah ( 6 August 2011 ) . `` Jump in the line ( Shake Señora ) : Lord Kitchener '' . Trinizagada . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The King of Calypso ' Meet Lord Fly '' . mentomusic.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Spence : The Complete Folkways Recordings '' . smithsonianglobalsound.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jump_in_the_Line_(Shake , _Señora ) &oldid = 813260326 '' Categories : Harry Belafonte songs 1961 singles Calypso songs 1946 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Jump in the Line (Shake, Señora) 2. Lord Kitchener 3. Harry Belafonte 4. Calypso music 5. Musical covers and adaptations

what species is the conductor on dinosaur train

List of Dinosaur Train characters - wikipedia List of Dinosaur Train characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Left to right : Shiny , Buddy , Tiny , Don This is a list of characters seen on Dinosaur Train , a 2009 CGI animated television series produced by The Jim Henson Company for PBS Kids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Secondary characters 3 Dinosaurs gathered for the `` A '' to `` Z '' big idea 4 Other characters 5 References Main characters ( edit ) Buddy ( voiced by Phillip Corlett in Season 1 and 2 , by Sean Thomas in Season 3 and by Dayton Wall in Season 4 ) -- Buddy is the protagonist of the series . He is a male Tyrannosaurus that was adopted by the Pteranodon family while still in an egg , as was explained in the show 's opening credits . Buddy is friendly and precocious , much like his siblings , and his main trait is his inquisitive nature , wherein he likes to ask questions and form hypotheses . Since Buddy is incapable of flight , the family accommodates his differences by carrying him to when the others are going somewhere that requires flight . His sharp eyesight allows him to be the spotter for the Pteranodon family when they go fishing ; he spots the fish underwater and tells the other members of the family where to fish . Buddy 's color is orange in his family . He also tends to be quite curious . In early episodes , whenever they went through the Time Tunnel , Buddy would feel nauseous . Tiny ( voiced by Claire Corlett ) -- Tiny is a female Pteranodon . Her favorite hobby is rhyming and during the series , she approaches each of the dinosaurs with the confidence of a news reporter . She is Buddy 's best friend as well as his adopted sister . Her color is green , much like Don and her parents . When she meets a new dinosaur , she introduces herself and her family . Among her siblings , she is the only one who looks exactly like her mother . She is the smallest of the family , and sometimes likes to hide in holes and crevices in the trees , which she calls her `` Tiny Place '' , and at times takes her smallness very seriously , especially when dealing with dinosaurs smaller than her . Don ( voiced by Alexander Matthew Marr in Season 1 and 2 and by Joey Silva in Season 3 ) -- Don is a male Pteranodon . He is known for his singing his catchphrase jingle `` La la LOO ! '' when something fancies him the right way , and appears to be a silly and somewhat dim - witted comic relief when compared to his rest of his family . He enjoys dancing , digging holes , observing ( and then eating ) insects , and collecting objects for his nature collection . He 's a little wider than Shiny and Tiny as he has a larger chin , very similar to his grandfather . Shiny ( voiced by Erika - Shaye Gair ) -- Shiny is the second female Pteranodon who is less tomboyish than Tiny and loves roleplaying with her siblings . Shiny 's color differs from the Pteranodon members of her immediate family as she is aqua green , while the other Pteranodons are a grass or leaf green , although her grandmother is a similar shade of cyan . She enjoys collecting shells and shiny objects , something she has an affinity for given her namesake . In most episodes , she can be seen hanging out with Mr. Conductor 's nephew Gilbert Troodon , with whom she is infatuated with . Though Shiny goes along with her siblings on their various adventures , she is more timid and reserved , especially when dealing with something she finds potentially scary or unfamiliar ( at times responding to such trepidation by hiding behind or next to either parent , though usually her father , whom she appears the closest to among her parents ) . Whenever something tickles her fancy or she feels especially proud and beaming , her beak will glisten with a single `` shine , '' another trait per her name . Mr. Conductor ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) -- A male Troodon who operates the Dinosaur Train . Personality-wise he is friendly , warm , playful and charming to everyone he meets , and is a special friend to Buddy ( often postscripting his name with `` my buddy ! '' ) . He is also very wise in all things flora and fauna , usually being the first person the Pteranodon clan turns to whenever they need of learn something specific about a certain dinosaur or species , in which he is all to happy to oblige and teach . Although he prefers to be called Mr. Conductor by everyone except his mother ( Mrs. Conductor , who usually refers to him as `` Sonny boy '' ) and Don ( who calls him `` Mr. The Conductor '' by mistake , to which the Conductor will playfully call him `` Mr. The Don '' in response ) . Whenever the Dinosaur Train approaches a time tunnel , the conductor says , `` Time Tunnel , Time Tunnel Approaching ! '' He also hides his feathers under his hat . Mr. Conductor also tends to get shy around his mother whenever she visits . He also serves as the host of the series as he shows the viewers what will happen in today 's episode before each episode . Mrs. Pteranodon ( voiced by Ellen Kennedy ) -- The mother of Tiny , Shiny , Don , and Buddy . She is a teacher , companion , and thinks of herself as the ultimate tour guide . Unlike most other adult female characters in the series , her first name is never revealed in the series ; her children introduce her to other dinosaurs as `` Our Mom , ' Mom ' , '' and other dinosaurs ( the Conductor included ) simply refer to her as `` Mrs. Pteranodon . '' Mr. Pteranodon ( voiced by Colin Murdock ) -- The father of Tiny , Shiny , Don , and Buddy , and the husband of Mrs. Pteranodon . He likes to think of himself as the family 's coach , evidenced by the fact that he can make a squawking sound that sounds vaguely of a coach 's whistle ( a trait he seems to have inherited from his mother ) and refers to his family as `` Team Pteranodon '' , or simply `` Team . '' One of his interests is taking Don and Shiny on fishing expeditions while Buddy and Tiny ride the Dinosaur Train with his wife . Like his wife , his children sometimes introduce him as `` Our Dad , Dad . '' Mr. Pteranodon also suffers from a few phobias , namely based off any additional Dinosaur Train technology ; when it comes to the Dinosaur Train Zeppelin , he gets a little airsick at first , but he overcomes it by trying steering it , and with the Dinosaur Drill Train he becomes panicky when thinking about the prospect of being stuck underground . Secondary characters ( edit ) In order of appearance , characters that have significant appearances in more than one episode . Spikey Stygimoloch ( voiced by Tabitha St. Germain ) -- a young male Stygimoloch , he is a Junior conductor . Cory Corythosaurus ( voiced by Erika - Shaye Gair ) -- a young female pink Corythosaurus who performs in a choir using her crest . Tank Triceratops ( voiced by Alexander Matthew Marr ) -- a young male blue Triceratops who loves eating leaves . His appetite is , comically , almost insatiable and he is almost always seeking out something to snack on . He is a good friend to the Pteranodon kids and is taken care of by his mother , Trudy , and his herd ( two young members are named Truman and Todd and one grownup member is named Trenton ) . ( He calls him Little Horns . ) In the episode `` Tank 's Baby Brother '' , a baby brother named Tuck is added to the family , whom the Pteranodons help him accept . Morris Stegosaurus ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) -- a male Stegosaurus who speaks like a surfer and explains how his plates can be used . Alvin Allosaurus ( voiced by Brian Drummond ) -- a male Allosaurus . Boris Tyrannosaurus , Dolores Tyrannosaurus and Annie Tyrannosaurus ( voiced by Trevor Devall , Kathleen Barr and Erika Shaye - Gair ) -- a family of Tyrannosaurus . Annie is a friend of Buddy 's , is fairly hyperactive and has a habit of running up and playfully tackling / knocking her friends over . They were the first T. rex that Buddy met ( aside from himself ) , identifying his species . They migrate during the summer . Dolores 's husband Boris was introduced in the episode `` T. Rex Migration '' . Ned Brachiosaurus ( voiced by Kathleen Barr ) -- a teenage male Brachiosaurus who is a regular on the train and has been given the title of Junior Conductor . His herd is visited in `` Dinosaur Poop '' . Mrs. Conductor ( voiced by Tabitha St. Germain ) -- the Conductor 's mother and former conductor of the train . She has a voice that sounds like an older female version of the Conductor 's . Despite her age she maintains a childishly playful personality ( in contrast to her son 's more sophisticated and grown up demeanor and to his chagrin ) , and gets on very well with the Pteranodon children . She usually appears without being introduced or heard ( a trait Troodons possess ) , almost always with a loud and blustery `` Bw - AHHHH ! '' Petey Peteinosaurus ( voiced by Cedric Payne ) -- A male Peteinosaurus that eats insects . Unlike the Pteranodons , he has teeth . He joins the Pterosaur Flying club in the eponymous episode . He and Tiny are close friends , the two of them being small for their species , and both claiming to have `` Tiny Power '' ( strength in spite of their size ) when interacting or playing . Derek Deinonychus -- A young male Deinonychus first met by Tiny Pteranodon and her family in his debut episode `` Derek the Deinonychus '' . Oren and Ollie Ornithomimus ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball and Kathleen Barr ) -- Two male twin Ornithomimus , who move and talk very fast . Velma Velociraptor ( voiced by Kathleen Barr ) -- A female Velociraptor , who has feathers and lives with her daughter Valerie . Perry Parasaurolophus -- a young Parasaurolophus with a jazzy personality . He once mentions his parents who commonly appear in cameos . Jack Einiosaurus -- a green Einiosaurus who appears to be the cousin of the Triceratops . He supposedly has a child named Ernie who also has the same color . Arnie Argentinosaurus ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) -- A young male Argentinosaurus , who lives with his father . In a later episode , Arnie has a flatcar set up for him to ride on the train . Hank Ankylosaurus ( voiced by Colin Murdock ) -- A male Ankylosaurus and a star Dinoball player . Both Mr. Pteranodon and The Conductor are big fans of his . Laura the Giganotosaurus ( voiced by Kathleen Barr ) -- A female Giganotosaurus who usually resides in the Observation Car . She uses her large size and height to be a lookout and turn the train ( and an occasional obstruction ) around . She has an Argentine accent , reflecting the location of her species 's discovery . She has an affinity for bird watching and drawing , namely species of birds she discovers both on the train and off . Pauline Proganochelys -- A female Proganochelys ( prehistoric turtle ) from Pangea during the Triassic period . She is a heavily armored turtle ; with spikes on her neck , a tough shell and a hard tail she is capable of defending herself , though the spikes on her neck prevent her head from retracting into her shell like other turtles . She is also a mother , but unlike other mothers , she leaves her children to defend for themselves thanks to their own defenses , but she is still proud of her offspring . Her tone of voice and method of speaking is based heavily off Julia Sweeney 's Pat character . Travis Troodon ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) -- A male Troodon that comes from the Arctic . He has more plumage than the other Troodons . He plays hockey with a frozen gourd and stick . He has a Canadian accent . King Cryolophosaurus ( voiced by Phil Hayes ) -- a male Cryolophosaurus that talks and sings like Elvis Presley . He is afraid of crowds and often needs to be convinced to do concerts as a result . Eventually he retires from performing in order to live a quiet life in the Jurassic Antarctic . Crystal Cryolophosaurus ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) -- a female Cryolophosaurus singer with a crooning , country music style of singing . King ends up infatuated with her , which is easily reciprocated ( as she is also a big fan of his ) and she ends up living with him in the Jurassic Antarctic , though unlike King she still has the urge to sing and perform . Henry Hermit Crab -- a hermit crab Shiny befriends on a beach at the Big Pond . Like any crab in his habitat , he is in frequent need of a new shell as he consistently outgrows them . He speaks in an animated New Jersey accent . Erma Eoraptor ( voiced by Kathleen Barr ) -- a female Eoraptor that lives at the start of the rail line . She speaks in a pioneer accent . The Conductor ( despite being a different species ) has a crush on her Iggy Iguanodon -- a blue iguanodon first met by Buddy and his Pteranodon family when going on a would tour . Gilbert ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) -- a young male Troodon who is the Conductor 's nephew . He wears a miniature version of the Conductor 's uniform . He is notable for energetic greetings upon entering a room or within a group of people ( `` Helllllooo , everyone ! '' ) . Shiny has a crush on him . Larry Lambeosaurus ( voiced by Brian Drummond ) -- a male Lambeosaurus , the Pteranodons ' neighbor . He has a wife named Lorraine and kids , Leroy and Lily . While friendly and amiable as a neighbor to the Pteranodons , Mr. Pteranodon finds him irritating , yet does n't have the heart to tell him so . Larry also has a habit of eating leaves from Mr. Pteranodon 's favorite tree , which irks him all the more . Cindy Cimolestes ( voiced by Tabitha St. Germain ) -- a female Cimolestes that lived in Tiny 's Tiny Place , until Buddy found her a home up high . She is a good friend to Tiny and has a squeaky voice . Elmer Elasmosaurus -- a young male Elasmosaurus , who catches fish and plays under the sea . In `` Elmer Visits the Desert '' , he journeys to a desert , and learns of its underwater past . Grandpa and Grandma Pteranodon ( voiced by Colin Murdock and Ellen Kennedy ) -- Don , Tiny , Shiny and Buddy 's grandfather and grandmother on their father 's side . Grandma Pteranodon is aqua like Shiny , and looks like an older version of Shiny except for a less tapered beak . She is also capable of squawking in a tone akin to a coach 's whistle much like her son ( who , in turn , inherited for his own use ) . Grandpa Pteranodon enjoys fishing trips and collecting . He resembles an older Don , complete with a worn down version of his humming . They were not seen for a long time because they had been on a fishing tour . Kenny Kentrosaurus -- a purple Kentrosaurus with green plates and spikes . He has a Jamaican accent . Thurston Troodon ( voiced by Trevor Devall ) -- a male Troodon and conductor of the Rocket Train , and later captain of the Dinosaur Train Zeppelin , and as such is seen as a rival to the Conductor . He and the Conductor went to the same Conductor School and attended many of he same classes together ( namely the ones taught by Mrs. Conductor ) and had a rivalry between them even back then , with Thurston playfully referencing them as being on friendly terms ( most of the time ... ) . He is a brash but proud Troodon who views his Rocket Train as superior to the original Dinosaur Train due to its innate on board computer and higher rate of speed and is n't beneath attempting to rub its supposed superiority in the Conductor 's face . Tricia Troodon ( voiced by Diana Kaarina and Rebecca Shoichet ) -- a female Troodon who is the conductor of the solar train . Troodon Waiter ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) -- a male troodon who is the waitress of the dinosaur train . Troodon Official ( voiced by Ian James Corlett ) -- a male troodon who works at troodon town roudhouse . Troodon Mom ( voiced by Tabitha St. Germain ) -- a female troodon who is the wife of troodon waiter . Dinosaurs gathered for the `` a '' to `` z '' big idea ( edit ) Fanny Fabrosaurus -- she is a small theropod whose voice is high - pitched and has a light yellow body with blue feet and teal spots . Gabby Gallimimus -- she is a mix between a bird and a dinosaur . Her body is cerulean while her beak is yellow and her claws are pink . Hattie Hadrosaurus -- she is a reddish - pink hadrosaur whose crest does n't seem to hoot . Jacklyn Jaxartosaurus -- she is a purple hadrosaur with green lips . Manny Megalosaurus -- he is a Megalosaurus who is a type of theropod with an Australian accent . Norm Nodosaurus -- he is Manny 's bright red neighbor who appears to be Hank Ankylosaurus ' cousin . Quincy Qantassaurus -- he is another small dinosaur who has an Australian accent as well as a green body . Reba Rhabdodon -- she is Morris Stegosaurus ' neighbor whose skin is chartreuse and lime green colored . Ulysses Utahraptor -- he is an indigo theropod with periwinkle triangular stripe patterns on his skin . Juan Wannanosaurus -- he is a green - skinned small stygimoloch who has a British accent . Xavier Xenotarsosaurus -- he is a red theropod who has an Argentinian accent . Yang Yangchuanosaurus -- he is a mint green theropod who has a wise personality and a Chinese accent . Ziong Zigongosaurus -- he is a red sauropod who feels uncertain about Tiny 's big idea . Other characters ( edit ) Allen Alamosaurus -- a great big acquaintance of the families of Pteranodon , T - Rex and Lambeosaurus . He is first thought to be a cave , but he just moves , just to meet those he unexpectedly protects from rainstorms . Chung Confuciusornis -- a sapphire blue Confuciusornis with yellow streaks and a wise personality . He is first met by Buddy and his Pteranodon family who 's going on a Dinosaur Train World Tour . Paulie Pliosaurus -- known as the T - Rex of the ocean by the Troodon conductor , Paulie becomes friends with Buddy who is a land T - Rex . His mother once meets Buddy and his Pteranodon family at one point . According to Paulie 's wish , he is also the first volunteer to go into the Aqua Car . Rick Oryctodromeus -- a small friend whom Buddy and his Pteranodon family meets during sunset . Fossil Fred -- a deceased theropod in the Big Pond , species not yet confirmed Jess Hesperornis -- a purple bird who catches fish like a penguin . Vlad Volaticotherium -- a purple ancestor of the flying squirrel from the Jurassic time period who has a Romanian accent . Stella Sea Star -- a pink starfish who becomes friends with Henry Hermit Crab . She speaks in a shrill , nasally New Jersey accent . Aiden Adocus -- a turtle who came to Pteranodon Terrace on a raft . He speaks a little slow . Tommy Ptilodus -- Aiden 's little partner who speaks a little fast The Changyuraptor Family consists of Chester Jr. , a turquoise colored kid and the grownups , his parents ( unseen ) and grandparents . Igor Ichthyosaur has a Russian accent . He was beached with his friend during the storm until the Pteranodon family and conductor Troodon come to help . The Michelinoceras Brothers are named Mitch and Max . Mitch is pink while Max is green and purple . Soren Saurornitholestes -- a lucky mother who stays potentially in her nest at the North Pole . Frankie Fruitafossor -- a furry desert inhabitant who the Pteranodon Family ( except Mrs. Pteranodon ) visits . Natasha Necrolestes -- a white furry mammal who the Pteranodon Family visits when going deep into the Earth , except Mrs. Pteranodon who 's just relaxing at home . Percy Percemedes -- a back - striped lizard whom Buddy , his Pteranodon family and Elmer meets in a desert that used to be an ocean . The Troglobites consist of Bernie the Beetle , Crockett the Cricket , Sylvester the Spider ... Olivia Oviraptor -- a pink oviraptor with yellow accents . She was first thought to be the egg thief , but it turns out that she is a good mother . She states that the rose pink eggs are hers . Shoshana Shonisaurus -- she is a periwinkle giant with cyan spots . Cassie Castorocauda -- a new friend whom Cindy , Tiny , Buddy and Mr. Pteranodon meet . She is a fishing mammal who 's shown to be a mother because she already laid her eggs in her nest they found earlier . The Dilophosaurus Twins are named Dylan and Devlin . They both have cyan skin , but Dylan has a chartreuse crest and his brother Devlin has a dark blue one . Deon Dimetrodon -- the first Permian friend met by Buddy the T - Rex , Tiny Pteranodon and her mother , the Conductor and Erma Eoraptor . Emperor Globidens -- a green aquatic giant who talks like Louis Armstrong . Otto Ophthalmosaurus -- he is one of the aquatic giants with a French accent . Quenton Qianzhousaurus -- a V - snouted relative of Buddy Tyrannosaurus . Just like him , he can compare an contrast features , but Quenton only eats fish . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dinosaur Train : Meet the Characters '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur Train Episodes '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dinosaur_Train_characters&oldid=845766344 '' Categories : Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of characters in Canadian television animation Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Lists of Singaporean television series characters Lists of children 's television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from March 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Dinosaur Train characters 2. Main characters 3. Secondary characters 4. Buddy, Tiny, Don, and Shiny 5. Mr. Conductor and Mrs. Pteranodon

is the rundown and welcome to the jungle the same film

The Rundown - wikipedia The Rundown Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2003 film . For the defunct network news broadcast in the Philippines , see The Rundown ( Philippine TV program ) . For the weekday morning political talk show on MSNBC , see The Rundown with José Diaz - Balart . For other uses , see Rundown ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Rundown <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Berg Produced by Marc Abraham Bill Corless Karen Glasser Kevin Misher Screenplay by R.J. Stewart James Vanderbilt Story by R.J. Stewart Starring The Rock Seann William Scott Christopher Walken Rosario Dawson Ewen Bremner Jon Gries Music by Harry Gregson - Williams Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Richard Pearson Production company Strike Entertainment WWE Films Distributed by North America / Japan : Universal Pictures International : Columbia Pictures Release date September 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Portuguese Budget $85 million Box office $80.9 million The Rundown ( also known as Welcome to the Jungle ) is a 2003 American action comedy film starring Dwayne Johnson as a bounty hunter who must head for Brazil to retrieve his employer 's renegade son ( Seann William Scott ) . It was directed by Peter Berg . The film received positive reviews but failed at the box office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Possible sequel 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Beck ( Dwayne Johnson ) is a `` retrieval expert '' , a bounty hunter who collects debts for a man named Billy Walker ( William Lucking ) . He is dispatched to a nightclub to retrieve a championship ring from a football player , and after doing so is assaulted by one of Walker 's other collectors . Angry , he confronts Walker and tells him that he wants out of the business . Walker talks him into one last bounty - retrieve Walker 's son Travis ( Seann William Scott ) from a small mining town in Brazil and Walker will give him enough money to open his own restaurant . Beck accepts and leaves for Brazil . When Beck arrives in the town of El Dorado he meets with the man running the mining operation , Cornelius Hatcher ( Christopher Walken ) . Hatcher gives Beck his blessing to grab Travis , but reneges when he finds out that Travis has discovered a missing golden artifact called `` O Gato do Diabo '' . Beck confronts Hatcher and his men in the local bar and leaves with Travis . On the way back to the airfield , Travis forces their Jeep off the road and into the jungle . There he tries to escape but is re-captured by Beck . After an unfortunate encounter with some local monkeys , the two find themselves in the camp of the local resistance movement . At the resistance encampment , Travis convinces the rebels that Beck works for Hatcher and was sent to kill them all . After a prolonged fight , Beck gains the upper hand before the rebel leader Mariana ( Rosario Dawson ) intervenes . She wants Travis , as the Gato can be used to ensure the locals can free themselves from Hatcher . Hatcher suddenly attacks the camp , killing many rebels . Beck , Travis , and Mariana escape the camp and Beck makes Mariana a deal : she helps him get Travis to the airfield in exchange for the Gato . After some searching , Travis leads them to a cave behind a waterfall where the Gato is located . They retrieve it and begin the journey back . On the way back , Mariana chastises Travis for wanting to sell the artifact , but Travis argues that he actually did want to give it to a museum . Mariana gives the two men Konlobos , a toxic fruit that paralyzes the eater . As she tells Beck which direction the airfield is , she leaves them with the fire to keep the animals away . After waking up able to move , Beck hauls Travis to the airfield . The local pilot , Declan ( Ewen Bremner ) , tells Beck that Mariana was captured earlier by Hatcher and will probably be killed . Travis pleads with Beck to help , and the two head into town to rescue her . Using a cow stampede for cover , the two begin their assault on Hatcher 's goons . Travis becomes trapped by gunfire in a bus , and Beck saves him before the bus explodes . Hatcher tells his brother to take Mariana and the Gato and flee , but they are stopped by Travis . Hatcher confronts Beck , who offers him the chance to leave town still . Hatcher refuses , and is confronted by the townspeople who shoot him before he can leave . Travis gives the Gato to Mariana before leaving with Beck , who tells him that despite all they 've been through he must still return Travis to the U.S. Travis is delivered to his dad who begins to verbally and physically abuse him . Beck asks to celebrate with them and gives Walker and his men Konlobos . As they are paralyzed , Beck uncuffs Travis and the duo leave together , with Travis continuing to jokingly annoy Beck . Cast ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson as Beck Seann William Scott as Travis Alfred Walker Rosario Dawson as Mariana Christopher Walken as Cornelius Bernard Hatcher Ewen Bremner as Declan Jon Gries as Harvey Ernie Reyes , Jr. as Manito William Lucking as Billy Walker Antonio Muñoz ( actor ) as Kontiki Rebel Arnold Schwarzenegger as a bar patron ( uncredited cameo ) Reception ( edit ) The Rundown was well received by critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 71 % , based on 148 reviews , with a rating average of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Rundown does n't break any new ground , but it 's a smart , funny buddy action picture with terrific comic chemistry between Dwayne Johnson and Seann William Scott . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , gives the film a score of 59 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 ​ ⁄ stars out of 4 , saying `` The jungle locations give the film a texture and beauty that underlines the out - sized characters . '' Despite the positive acclaim , The Rundown was a significant box office failure , grossing just under $81 million worldwide compared to its $85 million budget , which makes a sequel not entirely likely . Director Peter Berg has expressed interest in making a sequel to the film but notes that `` no one can ever get motivated and focused enough to do it . '' Possible sequel ( edit ) In an interview with Collider.com in September of 2016 , Berg wants to make a sequel with Johnson returning and having Jonah Hill appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rundown.htm Jump up ^ `` The Rundown ( Welcome to the Jungle ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Rundown Reviews , Rating , Credits , and More - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 26 , 2003 ) . `` The Rundown '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rundown ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : The Kingdom 's Peter Berg - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net. 2007 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Peter Berg Wants Jonah Hill Opposite Dwayne Johnson in ' The Rundown 2 ' '' . Collider.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rundown The Rundown on IMDb The Rundown at Rotten Tomatoes The Rundown at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Peter Berg <Td_colspan="2"> Very Bad Things ( 1998 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films by WWE Studios Co-produced The Scorpion King The Rundown Walking Tall Behind Enemy Lines : Colombia Christmas Bounty Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! Term Life Incarnate Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania The Resurrection of Gavin Stone The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! Distribution only The Day Road to Paloma Les reines du ring Sleight 2000s The Mania of WrestleMania See No Evil The Marine The Condemned 12 Rounds The Marine 2 2010s Legendary Knucklehead The Chaperone That 's What I Am Inside Out The Reunion Bending the Rules Barricade The Marine 3 : Homefront Dead Man Down The Call No One Lives 12 Rounds 2 : Reloaded Oculus Leprechaun : Origins See No Evil 2 Jingle All the Way 2 The Marine 4 : Moving Target Vendetta 12 Rounds 3 : Lockdown The Condemned 2 Santa 's Little Helper Countdown Interrogation Incarnate The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! The Marine 5 : Battleground Armed Response Birth of the Dragon Upcoming Blood Brother Fighting with My Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rundown&oldid=819383494 '' Categories : 2003 films 2000s action films 2000s adventure films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American films American buddy films Films set in Brazil Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Films scored by Harry Gregson - Williams Films produced by Marc Abraham Films directed by Peter Berg Universal Pictures films Columbia Pictures films WWE Studios films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 02 : 11 . About Wikipedia

1. The Rundown - 2003 film 2. Action comedy film 3. Starring Dwayne Johnson and Seann William Scott 4. Bounty hunter in Brazil 5. Positive reviews, box office failure

what is the meaning behind happiness is a warm gun

Happiness is a Warm gun - wikipedia Happiness is a Warm gun <Th_colspan="2"> `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by the Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Beatles Released 22 November 1968 Recorded 23 -- 26 September 1968 , EMI Studios , London Length 2 : 43 Label Apple Records Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) Chris Thomas `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' is a song by the Beatles , featured on the double album The Beatles ( also known as the `` White Album '' ) , which was released on 22 November 1968 . Although credited to Lennon -- McCartney , it was written by John Lennon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Composition 3 In the studio 4 Personnel 5 Interpretations 6 Cover versions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) According to Lennon , the title came from a magazine cover that producer George Martin showed him : `` I think he showed me a cover of a magazine that said ' Happiness Is a Warm Gun . ' It was a gun magazine . I just thought it was a fantastic , insane thing to say . A warm gun means you just shot something . '' The gun magazine derived the phrase from the bestselling book by Peanuts cartoonist Charles M. Schulz , Happiness is a Warm Puppy . Composition ( edit ) Lennon said he `` put together three sections of different songs ... it seemed to run through all the different kinds of rock music ... '' and described it as a miniature `` history of rock and roll . '' This results in a three - part through - composed structure . The song begins with surreal imagery allegedly taken from an acid trip that Lennon and Derek Taylor experienced , with Taylor contributing the opening lines . The three sections of the song were described by Lennon as `` the dirty old man ... the junkie ... and the gunman . '' In the Studio ( edit ) `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' reportedly is Paul McCartney 's and was George Harrison 's favourite song on the White Album . Although tensions were high among the band during the album 's recording sessions , they reportedly collaborated as a close unit to work out the song 's challenging rhythmic and metre issues . Recording of the song began at 7 pm in Studio Two at EMI Studios in London on 23 September 1968 , continued over the following two nights , with daytime breaks , and was completed at 5 am on 26 September . Piano , electronic organ and tuba parts in this recording are unattributed ; the tuba was all but removed through mixing . George Martin was on holiday while this song was recorded , and had left a note asking Chris Thomas to take over as producer . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald : John Lennon -- double - tracked lead vocal , electric guitar , backing vocal Paul McCartney -- bass guitar , backing vocal George Harrison -- lead guitar , backing vocal Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine Interpretations ( edit ) Many different interpretations of the song have been offered . Some writers have suggested that the `` warm gun '' could refer to Lennon 's sexual desire for Yoko Ono . In his 1980 Playboy interview Lennon admitted to the double meaning of guns and sexuality but denied that the song had anything to do with drugs : `` that was the beginning of my relationship with Yoko and I was very sexually oriented then . '' American and British censors were unhappy with the song , and it was banned by the BBC . Cover versions ( edit ) Tori Amos , on the album Strange Little Girls . Phish , on the album Live Phish Volume 13 . U2 , as a B - side of the single `` Last Night on Earth . '' Joe Anderson with Salma Hayek , for the soundtrack of Across the Universe The Breeders , on the album Pod Marc Ribot , on the album Saints Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 107 - 108 . ^ Jump up to : Wenner 2000 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatle Songs '' . Rolling Stone . September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Womack , Kenneth ( 2016 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 179 . ISBN 1440844275 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Brad ( 2011 ) . `` Understanding Through - Composition in Post-Rock , Math - Metal , and other Post-Millennial Rock Genres '' . Music Theory Online . 17 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Womack , Kenneth ( 2016 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 179 . ISBN 1440844275 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Inglis 2000 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1995 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1995 , p. 300 ; Lewis & Spignesi 2004 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1995 , pp. 298 -- 301 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Marck 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Strange Little Girls - Tori Amos '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live Phish , Vol. 13 : 10 / 31 / 94 , Glens Falls Civic Center , Glens Falls , NY - Phish '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ IMDb 2009 . References ( edit ) Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . Simon & Schuster Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1995 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of The Beatles . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31377 - 2 . `` Across the Universe soundtrack '' . IMDb . Retrieved 24 September 2009 . Inglis , Ian ( 2000 ) . The Beatles , Popular Music and Society : A Thousand Voices . Palgrave Macmillan Publishing . Lewis , Michael ; Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2004 ) . 100 Best Beatles Songs : A Passionate Fan 's Guide . Black Dog & Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60376 - 265 - 6 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1995 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 58749 - 5 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 8 . Marck , John T. ( 2009 ) . `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' . I Am The Beatles . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying . St Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Beatles on Apple Records . 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 4 - 0 . Wenner , Jann S ( 2000 ) . Lennon Remembers ( Full interview from Lennon 's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine ) . London : Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 600 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happiness_Is_a_Warm_Gun&oldid=845059943 '' Categories : 1968 songs The Beatles songs Music medleys Songs about happiness Songs about sexuality Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Censorship of music Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2010 Use dmy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Happiness Is a Warm Gun" - Beatles song 2. John Lennon - songwriter 3. Composition - three-part structure 4. Recording - collaboration and challenges 5. Interpretations - sexual desire and censorship

sell all my old clothes i'm off to heaven

Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - sides - wikipedia Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - sides Jump to : navigation , search For the Stephen Duffy album , see The Ups and Downs ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Compilation album by Saves the Day Released August 24 , 2004 Recorded 1997 -- 2004 Length 43 : 56 Label Vagrant <Th_colspan="2"> Saves the Day chronology <Td_colspan="2"> In Reverie ( 2003 ) In Reverie 2003 Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides ( 2004 ) Sound the Alarm ( 2006 ) Sound the Alarm 2006 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Exclaim ! Favorable Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides is a B - Side compilation album by Saves the Day , released on Vagrant Records on August 24 , 2004 . As the title suggests , it is a compilation of early recordings and B - sides , recorded between 1997 when they were known as Sefler to the live reworking of `` Jessie & My Whetstone '' in 2003 . The compilation also includes the entire I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving , remastered and without the Modern English cover , `` I Melt with You '' , as well as for the first time on CD , the EP 's vinyl - only track `` The Way His Collar Falls '' . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Christopher Conley , all songs written by Saves the Day . `` Ups & Downs '' -- 3 : 18 ( a B - side track from Stay What You Are ( 2001 ) ) `` Sell My Old Clothes , I 'm Off to Heaven '' -- 3 : 24 ( from Another Year on the Streets , a various artist compilation album . ) `` A Drag in D Flat '' -- 2 : 38 ( from Another Year on the Streets , a various artist compilation album . ) `` I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving '' -- 2 : 47 ( from I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving ( 1999 ) ) `` Hold '' -- 2 : 22 ( from I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving ) `` Jessie & My Whetstone '' -- 2 : 05 ( from I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving ) `` Take Our Cars Now ! '' -- 2 : 36 ( from I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving ) `` The Way His Collar Falls '' -- 2 : 46 ( from I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving ) `` The Art of Misplacing Firearms '' -- 2 : 09 ( from Rebirth of Hardcore : 1999 , a various artist compilation album . ) `` East Coast '' -- 1 : 36 ( from Saves the Day 's demo ) `` 1 : 19 '' -- 1 : 38 ( from Saves the Day 's demo ) `` An Afternoon Laughing '' -- 2 : 00 ( from Saves the Day 's demo ) `` Dave Feels Right '' -- 2 : 26 ( from Saves the Day 's demo ) `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' -- 1 : 49 ( from Saves the Day 's demo ) `` 1959 '' -- 0 : 34 `` I Think I 'll Quit '' -- 2 : 14 ( mistitled as `` Kentucky Parallel Parking '' on the album 's first pressing . The song was recorded by Chris Conley 's previous band , Sefler . ) `` Cheer '' -- 2 : 39 ( Descendents cover ) `` Clash City Rockers '' -- 2 : 14 ( The Clash cover ) `` Jessie & My Whetstone '' -- 2 : 32 ( live 2003 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnny Loftus . `` Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides - Saves the Day - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Stuart ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Saves the Day Ups and Downs : Early Recordings and B - sides '' . Exclaim ! . Ian Danzig . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saves the Day <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Conley Arun Bali Rodrigo Palma Dennis Wilson Bryan Newman Justin Gaylord Anthony Anastacio David Soloway Ted Alexander Sean McGrath Eben D'Amico Alex Garcia - Rivera Pete Parada Manuel Carrero Durijah Lang Spencer Peterson Claudio Rivera Studio albums Ca n't Slow Down Through Being Cool Stay What You Are In Reverie Sound the Alarm Under the Boards Daybreak Saves the Day Compilation albums Ups & Downs : Early Recordings and B - Sides Bug Sessions Extended plays I 'm Sorry I 'm Leaving Related articles Discography Song list Equal Vision Records Vagrant Records DreamWorks Records Razor & Tie Face to Face Glassjaw Humble Beginnings Jackson United Two Tongues Two Tongues ( album ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ups_%26_Downs:_Early_Recordings_and_B-Sides&oldid=778719466 '' Categories : Saves the Day albums 2004 compilation albums Vagrant Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 May 2017 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Saves the Day B-Side compilation album 2. Early recordings and B-sides 3. Track listing and release details 4. Compilation includes remastered versions and vinyl-only tracks 5. Professional ratings and reviews

what is the difference between union and intersection in sql

Set operations ( SQL ) - wikipedia Set operations ( SQL ) Jump to : navigation , search Set operations allow the results of multiple queries to be combined into a single result set . Set operators include UNION , INTERSECT , and EXCEPT . Contents ( hide ) 1 UNION operator 1.1 Examples 2 INTERSECT operator 2.1 Example 3 EXCEPT operator 3.1 Example 3.2 Example 4 See also 5 References 6 External links UNION operator ( edit ) In SQL the UNION clause combines the results of two SQL queries into a single table of all matching rows . The two queries must result in the same number of columns and compatible data types in order to unite . Any duplicate records are automatically removed unless UNION ALL is used . UNION can be useful in data warehouse applications where tables are n't perfectly normalized . A simple example would be a database having tables sales2005 and sales2006 that have identical structures but are separated because of performance considerations . A UNION query could combine results from both tables . Note that UNION does not guarantee the order of rows . Rows from the second operand may appear before , after , or mixed with rows from the first operand . In situations where a specific order is desired , ORDER BY must be used . Note that UNION ALL may be much faster than plain UNION . Examples ( edit ) Given these two tables : sales2005 person amount Joe 1000 Alex 2000 Bob 5000 sales2006 person amount Joe 2000 Alex 2000 Zach 35000 Executing this statement : SELECT * FROM sales2005 UNION SELECT * FROM sales2006 ; yields this result set , though the order of the rows can vary because no ORDER BY clause was supplied : person amount Joe 1000 Alex 2000 Bob 5000 Joe 2000 Zach 35000 Note that there are two rows for Joe because those rows are distinct across their columns . There is only one row for Alex because those rows are not distinct for both columns . UNION ALL gives different results , because it will not eliminate duplicates . Executing this statement : SELECT * FROM sales2005 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM sales2006 ; would give these results , again allowing variance for the lack of an ORDER BY statement : person amount Joe 1000 Joe 2000 Alex 2000 Alex 2000 Bob 5000 Zach 35000 The discussion of full outer joins also has an example that uses UNION . INTERSECT operator ( edit ) The SQL INTERSECT operator takes the results of two queries and returns only rows that appear in both result sets . For purposes of duplicate removal the INTERSECT operator does not distinguish between NULLs . The INTERSECT operator removes duplicate rows from the final result set . The INTERSECT ALL operator does not remove duplicate rows from the final result set . Example ( edit ) The following example INTERSECT query returns all rows from the Orders table where Quantity is between 50 and 100 . SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 1 AND 100 INTERSECT SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 50 AND 200 ; EXCEPT operator ( edit ) The SQL EXCEPT operator takes the distinct rows of one query and returns the rows that do not appear in a second result set . The EXCEPT ALL operator does not remove duplicates . For purposes of row elimination and duplicate removal , the EXCEPT operator does not distinguish between NULLs . Notably , the Oracle platform provides a MINUS operator which is functionally equivalent to the SQL standard EXCEPT DISTINCT operator ( 1 ) . Example ( edit ) The following example EXCEPT query returns all rows from the Orders table where Quantity is between 1 and 49 , and those with a Quantity between 76 and 100 . Worded another way ; the query returns all rows where the Quantity is between 1 and 100 , apart from rows where the quantity is between 50 and 75 . SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 1 AND 100 EXCEPT SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 50 AND 75 ; Example ( edit ) The following example is equivalent to the above example but without using the EXCEPT operator . SELECT o1. * FROM ( SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 1 AND 100 ) o1 LEFT JOIN ( SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE Quantity BETWEEN 50 AND 75 ) o2 ON o1.id = o2.id WHERE o2.id IS NULL See also ( edit ) Union ( set theory ) Join ( SQL ) SQL : 2003 Select ( SQL ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The UNION ( ALL ) , INTERSECT , MINUS Operators '' . Oracle . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` a UNION ALL views technique for managing maintenance and performance in your large data warehouse environment ... This UNION ALL technique has saved many of my clients with issues related to time - sensitive database designs . These databases usually have an extremely volatile current timeframe , month , or day portion and the older data is rarely updated . Using different container DASD allocations , tablespaces , tables , and index definitions , the settings can be tuned for the specific performance considerations for these different volatility levels and update frequency situations . '' Terabyte Data Warehouse Table Design Choices - Part 2 ( URL accessed on July 25 , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) MSDN documentation on UNION in Transact - SQL for SQL Server Naming of select list items in set operations UNION in MySQL with Examples UNION in MySQL UNION Clause in PostgreSQL SQL UNION and UNION ALL Sort order within UNION statement Designing a data flow that loads a warehouse table Oracle 11g documentation for UNION ( ALL ) , INTERSECT and MINUS SQL Set Operators <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) SQL Versions SQL - 86 SQL - 89 SQL - 92 SQL : 1999 SQL : 2003 SQL : 2006 SQL : 2008 SQL : 2011 SQL : 2016 Keywords As Case Create Delete From Having Insert Join Merge Null Order by Prepare Select Truncate Union Update Where With Related Edgar Codd Relational database ISO / IEC SQL parts Framework Foundation Call - Level Interface Persistent Stored Modules Management of External Data Object Language Bindings Information and Definition Schemas SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language XML - Related Specifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_operations_(SQL)&oldid=835313315 '' Categories : SQL keywords Hidden categories : Articles with example SQL code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Set operations in SQL 2. UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT operators 3. Combining multiple queries into a single result set 4. Removing duplicates in SQL 5. Using set operators for data warehouse applications

the section of dna being used to make the strand of rna is known as

DNA - wikipedia DNA Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . For other uses , see DNA ( disambiguation ) . The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour - coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right . The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˌkliːɪk , - ˌkleɪɪk / ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen - containing nucleobases ( cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) , adenine ( A ) or thymine ( T ) ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar - phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double - stranded DNA . The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In a DNA molecule , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine , the purines are adenine and guanine . DNA stores biological information . The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double - stranded structure store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98 % for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information . RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription . Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation . Within eukaryotic cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953 , whose model - building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin . DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity . The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano - fabrication . Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA - based hybrid materials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Nucleobase classification 1.2 Non canonical bases 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA 1.4 Grooves 1.5 Base pairing 1.6 Sense and antisense 1.7 Supercoiling 1.8 Alternative DNA structures 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry 1.10 Quadruplex structures 1.11 Branched DNA 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging 2.2 Damage 3 Biological functions 3.1 Genes and genomes 3.2 Transcription and translation 3.3 Replication 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids 4 Interactions with proteins 4.1 DNA - binding proteins 4.2 DNA - modifying enzymes 4.2. 1 Nucleases and ligases 4.2. 2 Topoisomerases and helicases 4.2. 3 Polymerases 5 Genetic recombination 6 Evolution 7 Uses in technology 7.1 Genetic engineering 7.2 DNA profiling 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA 7.4 Bioinformatics 7.5 DNA nanotechnology 7.6 History and anthropology 7.7 Information storage 8 History of DNA research 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Properties Chemical structure of DNA ; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides . The structure of DNA is dynamic along its length , being capable of coiling into tight loops , and other shapes . In all species it is composed of two helical chains , bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . Both chains are coiled round the same axis , and have the same pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3.4 nanometres ) . The pair of chains has a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1.0 nanometre ) . According to another study , when measured in a different solution , the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 ångströms wide ( 2.2 to 2.6 nanometres ) , and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å ( 0.33 nm ) long . Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small , DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides . For instance , the DNA in the largest human chromosome , chromosome number 1 , consists of approximately 220 million base pairs and would be 85 mm long if straightened . In living organisms , DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule , but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together . These two long strands entwine like vines , in the shape of a double helix . The nucleotide contains both a segment of the backbone of the molecule ( which holds the chain together ) and a nucleobase ( which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix ) . A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide . A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) is called a polynucleotide . The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues . The sugar in DNA is 2 - deoxyribose , which is a pentose ( five - carbon ) sugar . The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings . These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction . In a double helix , the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand : the strands are antiparallel . The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ( 5 ′ ) and three prime ( 3 ′ ) , with the 5 ′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ′ end a terminal hydroxyl group . One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar , with the 2 - deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA . A section of DNA . The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands . ( animated version ) . The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces : hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base - stacking interactions among aromatic nucleobases . In the aqueous environment of the cell , the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule , minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell . The four bases found in DNA are adenine ( A ) , cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) and thymine ( T ) . These four bases are attached to the sugar - phosphate to form the complete nucleotide , as shown for adenosine monophosphate . Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine . It was represented by A-T base pairs and G-C base pairs . Nucleobase classification The nucleobases are classified into two types : the purines , A and G , being fused five - and six - membered heterocyclic compounds , and the pyrimidines , the six - membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase , uracil ( U ) , usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring . In addition to RNA and DNA , many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids , or for use in biotechnology . Non canonical bases Uracil is not usually found in DNA , occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine . However , in several bacteriophages , Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and Yersinia bacteriophage piR1 - 37 , thymine has been replaced by uracil . Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil . 5 - hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil ( dU ) is also known to replace thymidine in several genomes including the Bacillus phages SPO1 , φe , SP8 , H1 , 2C and SP82 . Another modified uracil - 5 - dihydroxypentauracil -- has also been described . Base J ( beta - d - glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil ) , a modified form of uracil , is also found in several organisms : the flagellates Diplonema and Euglena , and all the kinetoplastid genera . Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps : in the first step , a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine ; in the second , HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified . These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia . J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II . In 1976 a bacteriophage - S - 2L - which infects species of the genus Synechocystis was found to have all the adenosine bases within its genome replaced by 2 , 6 - diaminopurine . In 2016 deoxyarchaeosine was found to be present in the genomes of several bacteria and the Escherichia phage 9g . Modified bases also occur in DNA . The first of these recognised was 5 - methylcytosine which was found in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1925 . The complete replacement of cytosine by 5 - glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine in T even phages ( T2 , T4 and T6 ) was observed in 1953 In the genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae bacteriophage Xp12 and halovirus FH the full complement of cystosine has been replaced by 5 - methylcytosine . 6N - methyadenine was discovered to be present in DNA in 1955 . N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine was described in 1975 . 7 - methylguanine was described in 1976 . N4 - methylcytosine in DNA was described in 1983 . In 1985 5 - hydroxycytosine was found in the genomes of the Rhizobium phages RL38JI and N17 . α - putrescinylthymine occurs in both the genomes of the Delftia phage ΦW - 14 and the Bacillus phage SP10 . α - glutamythymidine is found in the Bacillus phage SP01 and 5 - dihydroxypentyluracil is found in the Bacillus phage SP15 . The reason for the presence of these non canonical bases in DNA is not known . It seems likely that at least part of the reason for their presence in bacterial viruses ( phages ) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria . This enzyme system acts at least in part as a molecular immune system protecting bacteria from infection by viruses . This does not appear to be the entire story . Four modifications to the cytosine residues in human DNA have been reported . These modifications are the addition of methyl ( CH ) - , hydroxymethyl ( CH OH ) - , formyl ( CHO ) - and carboxyl ( COOH ) - groups . These modifications are thought to have regulatory functions . Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA Seventeen non canonical bases are known to occur in DNA . Most of these are modifications of the canonical bases plus uracil . Modified Adenosine N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine N6 - methyadenine Modified Guanine 7 - Methylguanine Modified Cytosine N4 - Methylcytosine 5 - Carboxylcytosine 5 - Formylcytosine 5 - Glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine 5 - Hydroxycytosine 5 - Methylcytosine Modified Thymidine α - Glutamythymidine α - Putrescinylthymine Uracil and modifications Base J Uracil 5 - Dihydroxypentauracil 5 - Hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil Others Deoxyarchaeosine 2 , 6 - Diaminopurine DNA major and minor grooves . The latter is a binding site for the Hoechst stain dye 33258 . Grooves Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone . Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces , or grooves , between the strands . These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site . As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other , the grooves are unequally sized . One groove , the major groove , is 22 Å wide and the other , the minor groove , is 12 Å wide . The width of the major groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove than in the minor groove . As a result , proteins such as transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double - stranded DNA usually make contact with the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove . This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ) , but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form . Base pairing Further information : Base pair In a DNA double helix , each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand . This is called complementary base pairing . Here , purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines , with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds , and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds . This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a Watson - Crick base pair . Another type of base pairing is Hoogsteen base pairing where two hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine . As hydrogen bonds are not covalent , they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily . The two strands of DNA in a double helix can thus be pulled apart like a zipper , either by a mechanical force or high temperature . As a result of this base pair complementarity , all the information in the double - stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand , which is vital in DNA replication . This reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms . Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds , AT forming two hydrogen bonds , and GC forming three hydrogen bonds ( see figures , right ) . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content . As noted above , most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands , bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds ; this double - stranded ( dsDNA ) structure is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions , which are strongest for G , C stacks . The two strands can come apart -- a process known as melting -- to form two single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) molecules . Melting occurs at high temperature , low salt and high pH ( low pH also melts DNA , but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination , low pH is rarely used ) . The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC - content ( % G , C basepairs ) but also on sequence ( since stacking is sequence specific ) and also length ( longer molecules are more stable ) . The stability can be measured in various ways ; a common way is the `` melting temperature '' , which is the temperature at which 50 % of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules ; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA . As a result , it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA . Long DNA helices with a high GC - content have stronger - interacting strands , while short helices with high AT content have weaker - interacting strands . In biology , parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily , such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters , tend to have a high AT content , making the strands easier to pull apart . In the laboratory , the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds , their melting temperature ( also called T value ) . When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt , the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules . These single - stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape , but some conformations are more stable than others . Sense and antisense Further information : Sense ( molecular biology ) A DNA sequence is called `` sense '' if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein . The sequence on the opposite strand is called the `` antisense '' sequence . Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA ( i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences ) . In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , antisense RNA sequences are produced , but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear . One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA - RNA base pairing . A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and more in plasmids and viruses , blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes . In these cases , some DNA sequences do double duty , encoding one protein when read along one strand , and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand . In bacteria , this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription , while in viruses , overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome . Supercoiling Further information : DNA supercoil DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling . With DNA in its `` relaxed '' state , a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs , but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound . If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix , this is positive supercoiling , and the bases are held more tightly together . If they are twisted in the opposite direction , this is negative supercoiling , and the bases come apart more easily . In nature , most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases . These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication . From left to right , the structures of A , B and Z DNA Alternative DNA structures Further information : Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid , Molecular models of DNA , and DNA structure DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA , B - DNA , and Z - DNA forms , although , only B - DNA and Z - DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms . The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level , DNA sequence , the amount and direction of supercoiling , chemical modifications of the bases , the type and concentration of metal ions , and the presence of polyamines in solution . The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns -- and also B - DNA -- used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA . An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. , in 1953 , for the in vivo B - DNA X-ray diffraction - scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions . In the same journal , James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double - helix . Although the B - DNA form is most common under the conditions found in cells , it is not a well - defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells . Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder . Compared to B - DNA , the A-DNA form is a wider right - handed spiral , with a shallow , wide minor groove and a narrower , deeper major groove . The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA , while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands , and in enzyme - DNA complexes . Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form . Here , the strands turn about the helical axis in a left - handed spiral , the opposite of the more common B form . These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z - DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription . Alternative DNA chemistry For many years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere , a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life . One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA . A report in 2010 of the possibility in the bacterium GFAJ - 1 , was announced , though the research was disputed , and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules . Quadruplex structures Further information : G - quadruplex At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres . The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase , as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA can not copy the extreme 3 ′ ends of chromosomes . These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends , and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected . In human cells , telomeres are usually lengths of single - stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence . DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats . The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix . The green spheres in the center represent potassium ions . These guanine - rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four - base units , rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules . Here , four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four - base units then stack on top of each other , to form a stable G - quadruplex structure . These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four - base unit . Other structures can also be formed , with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases , or several different parallel strands , each contributing one base to the central structure . In addition to these stacked structures , telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops , or T - loops . Here , the single - stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere - binding proteins . At the very end of the T - loop , the single - stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double - stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double - helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands . This triple - stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D - loop . Single branch Multiple branches Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches . Branched DNA Further information : Branched DNA and DNA nanotechnology In DNA , fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double - strand of DNA . However , branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double - strand . Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA , complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible . Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes , see the section on uses in technology below . Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging cytosine 5 - methylcytosine thymine Structure of cytosine with and without the 5 - methyl group . Deamination converts 5 - methylcytosine into thymine . Base modifications and DNA packaging Further information : DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes , in a structure called chromatin . Base modifications can be involved in packaging , with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases . DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the histone protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes ( see Chromatin remodeling ) . There is , further , crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification , so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression . For one example , cytosine methylation produces 5 - methylcytosine , which is important for X-inactivation of chromosomes . The average level of methylation varies between organisms -- the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation , while vertebrates have higher levels , with up to 1 % of their DNA containing 5 - methylcytosine . Despite the importance of 5 - methylcytosine , it can deaminate to leave a thymine base , so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations . Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria , the presence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain , and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the `` J - base '' in kinetoplastids . Damage Further information : DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) , Mutation , and DNA damage theory of aging A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo ( a ) pyrene , the major mutagen in tobacco smoke , and DNA DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens , which change the DNA sequence . Mutagens include oxidizing agents , alkylating agents and also high - energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays . The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen . For example , UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers , which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases . On the other hand , oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage , including base modifications , particularly of guanosine , and double - strand breaks . A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage . Of these oxidative lesions , the most dangerous are double - strand breaks , as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations , insertions , deletions from the DNA sequence , and chromosomal translocations . These mutations can cause cancer . Because of inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms , if humans lived long enough , they would all eventually develop cancer . DNA damages that are naturally occurring , due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species , the hydrolytic activities of cellular water , etc. , also occur frequently . Although most of these damages are repaired , in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes . These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues . This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging . Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs , this is called intercalation . Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules ; examples include ethidium bromide , acridines , daunomycin , and doxorubicin . For an intercalator to fit between base pairs , the bases must separate , distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix . This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication , causing toxicity and mutations . As a result , DNA intercalators may be carcinogens , and in the case of thalidomide , a teratogen . Others such as benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication . Nevertheless , due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication , other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells . Biological functions Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes . DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome ; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes . The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes . Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing . For example , in transcription , when a cell uses the information in a gene , the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides . Usually , this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation , which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides . In alternative fashion , a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication . The details of these functions are covered in other articles ; here the focus is on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome . Genes and genomes Further information : Cell nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , and Noncoding DNA Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation , to fit the small available volumes of the cell . In eukaryotes , DNA is located in the cell nucleus , with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype . A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism . Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed , and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers , which control transcription of the open reading frame . In many species , only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein . For example , only about 1.5 % of the human genome consists of protein - coding exons , with over 50 % of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences . The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size , or C - value , among species , represent a long - standing puzzle known as the `` C - value enigma '' . However , some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules , which are involved in the regulation of gene expression . T7 RNA polymerase ( blue ) producing an mRNA ( green ) from a DNA template ( orange ) . Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes . Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes . An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes , which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation . These sequences are usually just molecular fossils , although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence . Transcription and translation Further information : Genetic code , Transcription ( genetics ) , and Protein biosynthesis A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism . Within a gene , the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence , which then defines one or more protein sequences . The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino - acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code consists of three - letter ' words ' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides ( e.g. ACT , CAG , TTT ) . In transcription , the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase . This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base - pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA , which carries amino acids . Since there are 4 bases in 3 - letter combinations , there are 64 possible codons ( 4 combinations ) . These encode the twenty standard amino acids , giving most amino acids more than one possible codon . There are also three ' stop ' or ' nonsense ' codons signifying the end of the coding region ; these are the TAA , TGA , and TAG codons . DNA replication . The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase . Next , one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy . Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand . This enzyme makes discontinuous segments ( called Okazaki fragments ) before DNA ligase joins them together . Replication Further information : DNA replication Cell division is essential for an organism to grow , but , when a cell divides , it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent . The double - stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication . Here , the two strands are separated and then each strand 's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase . This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand . As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix . In this way , the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand , and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA . Extracellular nucleic acids Naked extracellular DNA ( eDNA ) , most of it released by cell death , is nearly ubiquitous in the environment . Its concentration in soil may be as high as 2 μg / L , and its concentration in natural aquatic environments may be as high at 88 μg / L. Various possible functions have been proposed for eDNA : it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer ; it may provide nutrients ; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics . Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species . It may act as a recognition factor to regulate the attachment and dispersal of specific cell types in the biofilm ; it may contribute to biofilm formation ; and it may contribute to the biofilm 's physical strength and resistance to biological stress . Cell - free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother , and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus . Interactions with proteins All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins . These protein interactions can be non-specific , or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence . Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these , the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important . DNA - binding proteins Further information : DNA - binding protein Interaction of DNA ( in orange ) with histones ( in blue ) . These proteins ' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA . Structural proteins that bind DNA are well - understood examples of non-specific DNA - protein interactions . Within chromosomes , DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins . These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin . In eukaryotes , this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones , while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved . The histones form a disk - shaped complex called a nucleosome , which contains two complete turns of double - stranded DNA wrapped around its surface . These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones , making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA , and are thus largely independent of the base sequence . Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation , phosphorylation , and acetylation . These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones , making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription . Other non-specific DNA - binding proteins in chromatin include the high - mobility group proteins , which bind to bent or distorted DNA . These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes . A distinct group of DNA - binding proteins is the DNA - binding proteins that specifically bind single - stranded DNA . In humans , replication protein A is the best - understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated , including DNA replication , recombination , and DNA repair . These binding proteins seem to stabilize single - stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem - loops or being degraded by nucleases . The lambda repressor helix - turn - helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target In contrast , other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences . The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors , which are proteins that regulate transcription . Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters . The transcription factors do this in two ways . Firstly , they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription , either directly or through other mediator proteins ; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription . Alternatively , transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter . This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase . As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism 's genome , changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes . Consequently , these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development . The specificity of these transcription factors ' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases , allowing them to `` read '' the DNA sequence . Most of these base - interactions are made in the major groove , where the bases are most accessible . The restriction enzyme EcoRV ( green ) in a complex with its substrate DNA DNA - modifying enzymes Nucleases and ligases Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds . Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases , while endonucleases cut within strands . The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases , which cut DNA at specific sequences . For instance , the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6 - base sequence 5 ′ - GATATC - 3 ′ and makes a cut at the horizontal line . In nature , these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell , acting as part of the restriction modification system . In technology , these sequence - specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting . Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands . Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication , as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template . They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination . Topoisomerases and helicases Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity . These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA . Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate , thereby reducing its level of supercoiling ; the enzyme then seals the DNA break . Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break , before rejoining the helix . Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA , such as DNA replication and transcription . Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor . They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates , predominantly adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands . These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases . Polymerases Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates . The sequence of their products is created based on existing polynucleotide chains -- which are called templates . These enzymes function by repeatedly adding a nucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing polynucleotide chain . As a consequence , all polymerases work in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . In the active site of these enzymes , the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base - pairs to the template : this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template . Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use . In DNA replication , DNA - dependent DNA polymerases make copies of DNA polynucleotide chains . To preserve biological information , it is essential that the sequence of bases in each copy are precisely complementary to the sequence of bases in the template strand . Many DNA polymerases have a proofreading activity . Here , the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides . If a mismatch is detected , a 3 ′ to 5 ′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed . In most organisms , DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits , such as the DNA clamp or helicases . RNA - dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA . They include reverse transcriptase , which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses , and telomerase , which is required for the replication of telomeres . For example , HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication . Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure . It synthesizes telomeres at the ends of chromosomes . Telomeres prevent fusion of the ends of neighboring chromosomes and protect chromosome ends from damage . Transcription is carried out by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA . To begin transcribing a gene , the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands . It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator , where it halts and detaches from the DNA . As with human DNA - dependent DNA polymerases , RNA polymerase II , the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome , operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits . Genetic recombination Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination . The four separate DNA strands are coloured red , blue , green and yellow . Further information : Genetic recombination Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes ( M and F ) to produce two rearranged chromosomes ( C1 and C2 ) . A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA , and in human cells , the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called `` chromosome territories '' . This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information , as one of the few times chromosomes interact is in chromosomal crossover which occurs during sexual reproduction , when genetic recombination occurs . Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break , swap a section and then rejoin . Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes , which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins . Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair , particularly in the cell 's response to double - strand breaks . The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination , where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences . Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells , as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities . The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases , such as RAD51 . The first step in recombination is a double - stranded break caused by either an endonuclease or damage to the DNA . A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction , in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes , swapping one strand for another . The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA . Only strands of like polarity exchange DNA during recombination . There are two types of cleavage : east - west cleavage and north - south cleavage . The north - south cleavage nicks both strands of DNA , while the east - west cleavage has one strand of DNA intact . The formation of a Holliday junction during recombination makes it possible for genetic diversity , genes to exchange on chromosomes , and expression of wild - type viral genomes . Evolution Further information : RNA world hypothesis DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function , grow and reproduce . However , it is unclear how long in the 4 - billion - year history of life DNA has performed this function , as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material . RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes . This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases . This would occur , since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade - off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes . However , there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems , as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years , and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution . Claims for older DNA have been made , most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old , but these claims are controversial . Building blocks of DNA ( adenine , guanine , and related organic molecules ) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space . Complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life , including uracil , cytosine , and thymine , have also been formed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking those found in outer space , using starting chemicals , such as pyrimidine , found in meteorites . Pyrimidine , like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , the most carbon - rich chemical found in the universe , may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar cosmic dust and gas clouds . Uses in technology Genetic engineering Further information : Molecular biology , Nucleic acid methods , and Genetic engineering Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms , such as phenol - chloroform extraction , and to manipulate it in the laboratory , such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction . Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA is a man - made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences . They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format , by using a viral vector . The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins , used in medical research , or be grown in agriculture . DNA profiling Further information : DNA profiling Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood , semen , skin , saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual , such as a perpetrator . This process is formally termed DNA profiling , but may also be called `` genetic fingerprinting '' . In DNA profiling , the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA , such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites , are compared between people . This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA . However , identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people . DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys , and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case . The development of forensic science and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood , skin , saliva , or hair has led to re-examining many cases . Evidence can now be uncovered that was scientifically impossible at the time of the original examination . Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law in some places , this can allow cases to be reopened where prior trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury . People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes . The most obvious defense to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has occurred . This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime . DNA profiling is also used successfully to positively identify victims of mass casualty incidents , bodies or body parts in serious accidents , and individual victims in mass war graves , via matching to family members . DNA profiling is also used in DNA paternity testing to determine if someone is the biological parent or grandparent of a child with the probability of parentage is typically 99.99 % when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child . Normal DNA sequencing methods happen after birth , but there are new methods to test paternity while a mother is still pregnant . DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA Further information : Deoxyribozyme Deoxyribozymes , also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA , are first discovered in 1994 . They are mostly single stranded DNA sequences isolated from a large pool of random DNA sequences through a combinatorial approach called in vitro selection or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( SELEX ) . DNAzymes catalyze variety of chemical reactions including RNA - DNA cleavage , RNA - DNA ligation , amino acids phosphorylation - dephosphorylation , carbon - carbon bond formation , and etc . DNAzymes can enhance catalytic rate of chemical reactions up to 100,000,000,000-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction . The most extensively studied class of DNAzymes is RNA - cleaving types which have been used to detect different metal ions and designing therapeutic agents . Several metal - specific DNAzymes have been reported including the GR - 5 DNAzyme ( lead - specific ) , the CA1 - 3 DNAzymes ( copper - specific ) , the 39E DNAzyme ( uranyl - specific ) and the NaA43 DNAzyme ( sodium - specific ) . The NaA43 DNAzyme , which is reported to be more than 10,000-fold selective for sodium over other metal ions , was used to make a real - time sodium sensor in living cells . Bioinformatics Further information : Bioinformatics Bioinformatics involves the development of techniques to store , data mine , search and manipulate biological data , including DNA nucleic acid sequence data . These have led to widely applied advances in computer science , especially string searching algorithms , machine learning , and database theory . String searching or matching algorithms , which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters , were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides . The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct . These techniques , especially multiple sequence alignment , are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function . Data sets representing entire genomes ' worth of DNA sequences , such as those produced by the Human Genome Project , are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome . Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein - or RNA - coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms , which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally . Entire genomes may also be compared , which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events . DNA nanotechnology The DNA structure at left ( schematic shown ) will self - assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right . DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules . Image from Strong , 2004 . Further information : DNA nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self - assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties . DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information . This has led to the creation of two - dimensional periodic lattices ( both tile - based and using the DNA origami method ) and three - dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra . Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self - assembly have also been demonstrated , and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins . History and anthropology Further information : Phylogenetics and Genetic genealogy Because DNA collects mutations over time , which are then inherited , it contains historical information , and , by comparing DNA sequences , geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms , their phylogeny . This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology . If DNA sequences within a species are compared , population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations . This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology ; For example , DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel . Information storage Main article : DNA digital data storage In a paper published in Nature in January 2013 , scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA 's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage . The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code , synthesize the actual DNA , then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form , with a reported 100 % accuracy . The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files . A prior experiment was published in August 2012 . It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University , where the text of a 54,000 - word book was encoded in DNA . Moreover , in living cells , the storage can be turned active by enzymes . Light - gated protein domains fused to DNA processing enzymes are suitable for that task in vitro . Fluorescent exonucleases can transmit the output according to the nucleotide they have read . History of DNA Research Further information : History of molecular biology James Watson and Francis Crick ( right ) , co-originators of the double - helix model , with Maclyn McCarty ( left ) . Pencil sketch of the DNA double helix by Francis Crick in 1953 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who , in 1869 , discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages . As it resided in the nuclei of cells , he called it `` nuclein '' . In 1878 , Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of `` nuclein '' , nucleic acid , and later isolated its five primary nucleobases . In 1919 , Phoebus Levene identified the base , sugar , and phosphate nucleotide unit . Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups . Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order . In 1937 , William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure . In 1927 , Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a `` giant hereditary molecule '' made up of `` two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template '' . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith in his experiment discovered that traits of the `` smooth '' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the `` rough '' form of the same bacteria by mixing killed `` smooth '' bacteria with the live `` rough '' form . This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information -- the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment -- when Oswald Avery , along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty , identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943 . DNA 's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey -- Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage . A blue plaque outside The Eagle pub commemorating Crick and Watson Late in 1951 , Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge . In 1953 , Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double - helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature . Their double - helix , molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image ( labeled as `` Photo 51 '' ) taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , and the information that the DNA bases are paired . On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' . Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature . Of these , Franklin and Gosling 's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model ; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues , whose analysis and in vivo B - DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double - helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double - helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature . In 1962 , after Franklin 's death , Watson , Crick , and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients . A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery . In an influential presentation in 1957 , Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology , which foretold the relationship between DNA , RNA , and proteins , and articulated the `` adaptor hypothesis '' . Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double - helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson -- Stahl experiment . Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases , called codons , allowing Har Gobind Khorana , Robert W. Holley , and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code . These findings represent the birth of molecular biology . See also Autosome Crystallography DNA - encoded chemical library DNA microarray DNA sequencing Macromolecule Genetic disorder Genetic genealogy Haplotype Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software Meiosis Mitochondrial DNA Nuclear DNA Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid notation Nucleic acid sequence Pangenesis Phosphoramidite Ribosomal DNA Southern blot X-ray scattering techniques Xeno nucleic acid RNA Deoxyribozyme References Jump up ^ `` deoxyribonucleic acid '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2014 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland . p . Chapter 4 : DNA , Chromosomes and Genomes . ISBN 9780815344322 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Purcell A. `` DNA '' . Basic Biology . Archived from the original on 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell P ( 2001 ) . iGenetics . New York : Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4553 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mashaghi A , Katan A ( 2013 ) . `` A physicist 's view of DNA '' . De Physicus . 24e ( 3 ) : 59 -- 61 . arXiv : 1311.2545 v1 . Bibcode : 2013arXiv1311. 2545M . Jump up ^ Saenger W ( 1984 ) . Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 90762 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Peter W ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Fourth ed . ) . New York and London : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . OCLC 145080076 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Irobalieva RN , Fogg JM , Catanese DJ , Catanese DJ , Sutthibutpong T , Chen M , Barker AK , Ludtke SJ , Harris SA , Schmid MF , Chiu W , Zechiedrich L ( October 2015 ) . `` Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 8440 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E8440I . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms9440 . PMC 4608029 . PMID 26455586 . ^ Jump up to : Watson JD , Crick FH ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular structure of nucleic acids ; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 737 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 737W . doi : 10.1038 / 171737a0 . PMID 13054692 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Mandelkern M , Elias JG , Eden D , Crothers DM ( October 1981 ) . `` The dimensions of DNA in solution '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 152 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 81 ) 90099 - 1 . PMID 7338906 . Jump up ^ Gregory SG , Barlow KF , McLay KE , Kaul R , Swarbreck D , Dunham A , et al. ( May 2006 ) . `` The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 '' . Nature . 441 ( 7091 ) : 315 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 315G . doi : 10.1038 / nature04727 . PMID 16710414 . Jump up ^ Watson JD , Crick FH ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular structure of nucleic acids ; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 737 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 737W . doi : 10.1038 / 171737a0 . PMID 13054692 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Berg J. , Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. ( 2002 ) Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4955 - 6 Jump up ^ Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids , Polynucleotides and their Constituents Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . IUPAC - IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature ( CBN ) . Retrieved 3 January 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh A , Bansal M ( April 2003 ) . `` A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z '' . Acta Crystallographica Section D. 59 ( Pt 4 ) : 620 -- 6 . doi : 10.1107 / S0907444903003251 . PMID 12657780 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1D65 Jump up ^ Yakovchuk P , Protozanova E , Frank - Kamenetskii MD ( 2006 ) . `` Base - stacking and base - pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 34 ( 2 ) : 564 -- 74 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkj454 . PMC 1360284 . PMID 16449200 . Jump up ^ Burton E. Tropp -- `` Molecular Biology '' - Jones and Barlett Learning , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 8663 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Watson - Crick Structure of DNA -- 1953 '' . Steven Carr . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Archived from the original on 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Verma S , Eckstein F ( 1998 ) . `` Modified oligonucleotides : synthesis and strategy for users '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 67 : 99 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 67.1. 99 . PMID 9759484 . Jump up ^ Kiljunen S , Hakala K , Pinta E , Huttunen S , Pluta P , Gador A , Lönnberg H , Skurnik M ( December 2005 ) . `` Yersiniophage phiR1 - 37 is a tailed bacteriophage having a 270 kb DNA genome with thymidine replaced by deoxyuridine '' . Microbiology. 151 ( Pt 12 ) : 4093 -- 102 . doi : 10.1099 / mic. 0.28265 - 0 . PMID 16339954 . Jump up ^ Uchiyama J , Takemura - Uchiyama I , Sakaguchi Y , Gamoh K , Kato S , Daibata M , Ujihara T , Misawa N , Matsuzaki S ( September 2014 ) . `` Intragenus generalized transduction in Staphylococcus spp . by a novel giant phage '' . The ISME Journal . 8 ( 9 ) : 1949 -- 52 . doi : 10.1038 / ismej. 2014.29 . PMC 4139722 . PMID 24599069 . Jump up ^ Casella E , Markewych O , Dosmar M , Heman W ( 1978 ) Production and expression of dTMP - enriched DNA of bacteriophage SP15. J Virology 28 ( 3 ) 753 -- 766 Jump up ^ Simpson L ( March 1998 ) . `` A base called J '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 5 ) : 2037 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.2037 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.5. 2037 . PMC 33841 . PMID 9482833 . Jump up ^ Borst P , Sabatini R ( 2008 ) . `` Base J : discovery , biosynthesis , and possible functions '' . Annual Review of Microbiology. 62 : 235 -- 51 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 62.081307. 162750 . PMID 18729733 . Jump up ^ Cross M , Kieft R , Sabatini R , Wilm M , de Kort M , van der Marel GA , van Boom JH , van Leeuwen F , Borst P ( November 1999 ) . `` The modified base J is the target for a novel DNA - binding protein in kinetoplastid protozoans '' . The EMBO Journal . 18 ( 22 ) : 6573 -- 81 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 18.22. 6573 . PMC 1171720 . PMID 10562569 . Jump up ^ DiPaolo C , Kieft R , Cross M , Sabatini R ( February 2005 ) . `` Regulation of trypanosome DNA glycosylation by a SWI2 / SNF2 - like protein '' . Molecular Cell. 17 ( 3 ) : 441 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2004.12. 022 . PMID 15694344 . Jump up ^ Vainio S , Genest PA , ter Riet B , van Luenen H , Borst P ( April 2009 ) . `` Evidence that J - binding protein 2 is a thymidine hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of DNA base J '' . Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 164 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molbiopara. 2008.12. 001 . PMID 19114062 . Jump up ^ Iyer LM , Tahiliani M , Rao A , Aravind L ( June 2009 ) . `` Prediction of novel families of enzymes involved in oxidative and other complex modifications of bases in nucleic acids '' . Cell Cycle. 8 ( 11 ) : 1698 -- 710 . doi : 10.4161 / cc. 8.11. 8580 . PMC 2995806 . PMID 19411852 . Jump up ^ van Luenen HG , Farris C , Jan S , Genest PA , Tripathi P , Velds A , Kerkhoven RM , Nieuwland M , Haydock A , Ramasamy G , Vainio S , Heidebrecht T , Perrakis A , Pagie L , van Steensel B , Myler PJ , Borst P ( August 2012 ) . `` Glucosylated hydroxymethyluracil , DNA base J , prevents transcriptional readthrough in Leishmania '' . Cell. 150 ( 5 ) : 909 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2012.07. 030 . PMC 3684241 . PMID 22939620 . Jump up ^ Hazelbaker DZ , Buratowski S ( November 2012 ) . `` Transcription : base J blocks the way '' . Current Biology . 22 ( 22 ) : R960 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2012.10. 010 . PMC 3648658 . PMID 23174300 . Jump up ^ Khudyakov I , Ya , Kirnos MD , Alexandrushkina NI , Vanyushin BF ( 1976 ) Cyanophage S - 2L contains DNA with 2 , 6 - diaminopurine substituted for adenine . Virology 88 ( 1 ) 8 -- 18 Jump up ^ Thiaville JJ , Kellner SM , Yuan Y , Hutinet G , Thiaville PC , Jumpathong W ; Mohapatra S , Brochier - Armanet C , Letarov AV , Hillebrand R , Malik CK , Rizzo CJ , Dedon PC , de Crecy - Lagard V ( 2016 ) Novel genomic island modifies DNA with 7 - deazaguanine derivatives . Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 113 ( 11 ) 1452 -- 1459 Jump up ^ Johnson TB , Coghill RD ( 1925 ) Pyrimidines . CIII . The discovery of 5 - methylcytosine in tuberculinic acid , the nucleic acid of the tubercle bacillus . Journal of the American Chemical Society 47 : 2838 -- 2844 Jump up ^ Wyatt GR , Cohen SS ( 1953 ) Bases of the nucleic acids of some bacterial and animal viruses : the occurrence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine . Biochem J 55 : 774 -- 782 Jump up ^ Kuo T-T , Huang T-C , Teng M-H ( 1968 ) 5 - Methylcytosine replacing cytosine in the deoxyribonucleic acid of a bacteriophage for Xanthomonas oryzae. J Mol Biol 34 ( 2 ) 373 -- 375 Jump up ^ Vogelsang - Wenke H , Oesterhelt D ( 1988 ) ( 1988 ) Isolation of a halobacterial phage with a fully cytosine - methylated genome . Mol Gen Gen 211 ( 3 ) 407 -- 414 Jump up ^ Dunn DB , Smith JD ( 1955 ) Occurrence of a new base in the deoxyribonucleic acid of a strain of Bacterium coli . Nature 175 ( 4451 ) 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Allet B , Bukhari AI ( 1975 ) Analysis of bacteriophage Mu and λ - Mu hybrid DNAs by specific endonucleases . J Mol Biol 92 ( 4 ) 529 -- 540 Jump up ^ Nikolskaya II , Lopatina NG , Debov SS ( 1976 ) Methylated guanine derivative as a minor base in the DNA of phage DDVI Shigella disenteriae . Biochim Biophys Acta Nucleic Acids Protein Synth 435 ( 2 ) 206 -- 210 Jump up ^ Janulaitis A , Klimasauskas S , Petrusyte M , Butkus , V ( 1983 ) Cytosine modification in DNA by BcnI methylase yields N4 - methylcytosine . FEBS Letters 161 ( 1 ) 131 -- 134 Jump up ^ Swinton D , Hattman S , Benzinger R , Buchanan - Wollaston V , Beringer J ( 1985 ) Replacement of the deoxycytidine residues in Rhizobium bacteriophage RL38JI DNA . FEBS Letters 184 ( 2 ) 294 -- 298 Jump up ^ Maltman KL , Neuhard J , Warren RAJ ( 1981 ) 5 - ( ( Hydroxymethyl ) - O - pyrophosphoryl ) uracil , an intermediate in the biosynthesis of α - putrescinylthymine in deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage ΦW - 14 . Biochemistry 20 ( 12 ) 3586 -- 3591 Jump up ^ Carell T , Kurz MQ , Müller M , Rossa M , Spada F ( 2017 ) Non-canonical bases in the genome : The regulatory information layer in DNA . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl Jump up ^ Wing R , Drew H , Takano T , Broka C , Tanaka S , Itakura K , Dickerson RE ( October 1980 ) . `` Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B - DNA '' . Nature . 287 ( 5784 ) : 755 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1980Natur. 287 ... 755W . doi : 10.1038 / 287755a0 . PMID 7432492 . ^ Jump up to : Pabo CO , Sauer RT ( 1984 ) . `` Protein - DNA recognition '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 53 : 293 -- 321 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 53.070184. 001453 . PMID 6236744 . Jump up ^ Nikolova EN , Zhou H , Gottardo FL , Alvey HS , Kimsey IJ , Al - Hashimi HM ( 2013 ) . `` A historical account of Hoogsteen base - pairs in duplex DNA '' . Biopolymers. 99 ( 12 ) : 955 -- 68 . doi : 10.1002 / bip. 22334 . PMC 3844552 . PMID 23818176 . Jump up ^ Clausen - Schaumann H , Rief M , Tolksdorf C , Gaub HE ( April 2000 ) . `` Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules '' . Biophysical Journal . 78 ( 4 ) : 1997 -- 2007 . Bibcode : 2000BpJ ... 78.1997 C . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 00 ) 76747 - 6 . PMC 1300792 . PMID 10733978 . Jump up ^ Chalikian TV , Völker J , Plum GE , Breslauer KJ ( July 1999 ) . `` A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting : a characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 14 ) : 7853 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1999PNAS ... 96.7853 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.14. 7853 . PMC 22151 . PMID 10393911 . Jump up ^ deHaseth PL , Helmann JD ( June 1995 ) . `` Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase : the mechanism of polymerase - induced strand separation of double helical DNA '' . Molecular Microbiology. 16 ( 5 ) : 817 -- 24 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.1995. tb02309. x . PMID 7476180 . Jump up ^ Isaksson J , Acharya S , Barman J , Cheruku P , Chattopadhyaya J ( December 2004 ) . `` Single - stranded adenine - rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double - stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern '' ( PDF ) . Biochemistry . 43 ( 51 ) : 15996 -- 6010 . doi : 10.1021 / bi048221v . PMID 15609994 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Designation of the two strands of DNA Archived 24 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . JCBN / NC - IUB Newsletter 1989 . Retrieved 7 May 2008 Jump up ^ Hüttenhofer A , Schattner P , Polacek N ( May 2005 ) . `` Non-coding RNAs : hope or hype ? '' . Trends in Genetics . 21 ( 5 ) : 289 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2005.03. 007 . PMID 15851066 . Jump up ^ Munroe SH ( November 2004 ) . `` Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes : multiple mechanisms , emerging patterns '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 93 ( 4 ) : 664 -- 71 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 20252 . PMID 15389973 . Jump up ^ Makalowska I , Lin CF , Makalowski W ( February 2005 ) . `` Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes '' . Computational Biology and Chemistry . 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiolchem. 2004.12. 006 . PMID 15680581 . Jump up ^ Johnson ZI , Chisholm SW ( November 2004 ) . `` Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes '' . Genome Research . 14 ( 11 ) : 2268 -- 72 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 2433104 . PMC 525685 . PMID 15520290 . Jump up ^ Lamb RA , Horvath CM ( August 1991 ) . `` Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses '' . Trends in Genetics . 7 ( 8 ) : 261 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / 0168 - 9525 ( 91 ) 90326 - L. PMID 1771674 . Jump up ^ Benham CJ , Mielke SP ( 2005 ) . `` DNA mechanics '' . Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering . 7 : 21 -- 53 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bioeng. 6.062403. 132016 . PMID 16004565 . ^ Jump up to : Champoux JJ ( 2001 ) . `` DNA topoisomerases : structure , function , and mechanism '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 70 : 369 -- 413 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 70.1. 369 . PMID 11395412 . ^ Jump up to : Wang JC ( June 2002 ) . `` Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases : a molecular perspective '' . Nature Reviews . Molecular Cell Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : 430 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm831 . PMID 12042765 . Jump up ^ Basu HS , Feuerstein BG , Zarling DA , Shafer RH , Marton LJ ( October 1988 ) . `` Recognition of Z - RNA and Z - DNA determinants by polyamines in solution : experimental and theoretical studies '' . Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics . 6 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 309 . doi : 10.1080 / 07391102.1988. 10507714 . PMID 2482766 . Jump up ^ Franklin RE , Gosling RG ( 6 March 1953 ) . `` The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I . The Influence of Water Content '' ( PDF ) . Acta Crystallogr. 6 ( 8 -- 9 ) : 673 -- 7 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X53001939 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 January 2016 . Franklin RE , Gosling RG ( 1953 ) . `` The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II . The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function '' . Acta Crystallogr. 6 ( 8 -- 9 ) : 678 -- 85 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X53001940 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin RE , Gosling RG ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 740 -- 1 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 740F . doi : 10.1038 / 171740a0 . PMID 13054694 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins MH , Stokes AR , Wilson HR ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 738 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 738W . doi : 10.1038 / 171738a0 . PMID 13054693 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Leslie AG , Arnott S , Chandrasekaran R , Ratliff RL ( October 1980 ) . `` Polymorphism of DNA double helices '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 143 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 72 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 80 ) 90124 - 2 . PMID 7441761 . Jump up ^ Baianu , I.C. ( 1980 ) . `` Structural Order and Partial Disorder in Biological systems '' . Bull . Math. Biol. 42 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 141 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02462372 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hosemann R. , Bagchi R.N. , Direct analysis of diffraction by matter , North - Holland Publs. , Amsterdam -- New York , 1962 . Jump up ^ Baianu , I.C. ( 1978 ) . `` X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems '' . Acta Crystallogr A. 34 ( 5 ) : 751 -- 753 . Bibcode : 1978AcCrA ... 34 ... 751B . doi : 10.1107 / S0567739478001540 . Jump up ^ Wahl MC , Sundaralingam M ( 1997 ) . `` Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes '' . Biopolymers. 44 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 63 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0282 ( 1997 ) 44 : 1 < 45 : : AID - BIP4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - # . PMID 9097733 . Jump up ^ Lu XJ , Shakked Z , Olson WK ( July 2000 ) . `` A-form conformational motifs in ligand - bound DNA structures '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 300 ( 4 ) : 819 -- 40 . doi : 10.1006 / jmbi. 2000.3690 . PMID 10891271 . Jump up ^ Rothenburg S , Koch - Nolte F , Haag F ( December 2001 ) . `` DNA methylation and Z - DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of alleles '' . Immunological Reviews . 184 : 286 -- 98 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 065x. 2001.1840125. x . PMID 12086319 . Jump up ^ Oh DB , Kim YG , Rich A ( December 2002 ) . `` Z - DNA - binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 ( 26 ) : 16666 -- 71 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9916666O . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 262672699 . PMC 139201 . PMID 12486233 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer J ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Arsenic - loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bortman , Henry ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Arsenic - Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life '' . Space.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Katsnelson A ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Arsenic - eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2010.645 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cressey D ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` ' Arsenic - life ' Bacterium Prefers Phosphorus after all '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2012.11520 . ^ Jump up to : Greider CW , Blackburn EH ( December 1985 ) . `` Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts '' . Cell. 43 ( 2 Pt 1 ) : 405 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 85 ) 90170 - 9 . PMID 3907856 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent CI , Lundblad V ( April 1998 ) . `` The telomerase reverse transcriptase : components and regulation '' . Genes & Development . 12 ( 8 ) : 1073 -- 85 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 12.8. 1073 . PMID 9553037 . Jump up ^ Wright WE , Tesmer VM , Huffman KE , Levene SD , Shay JW ( November 1997 ) . `` Normal human chromosomes have long G - rich telomeric overhangs at one end '' . Genes & Development . 11 ( 21 ) : 2801 -- 9 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 11.21. 2801 . PMC 316649 . PMID 9353250 . Jump up ^ Created from Archived 17 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Burge S , Parkinson GN , Hazel P , Todd AK , Neidle S ( 2006 ) . `` Quadruplex DNA : sequence , topology and structure '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 34 ( 19 ) : 5402 -- 15 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkl655 . PMC 1636468 . PMID 17012276 . Jump up ^ Parkinson GN , Lee MP , Neidle S ( June 2002 ) . `` Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA '' . Nature . 417 ( 6891 ) : 876 -- 80 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 417 ... 876P . doi : 10.1038 / nature755 . PMID 12050675 . Jump up ^ Griffith JD , Comeau L , Rosenfield S , Stansel RM , Bianchi A , Moss H , de Lange T ( May 1999 ) . `` Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop '' . Cell. 97 ( 4 ) : 503 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80760 - 6 . PMID 10338214 . Jump up ^ Seeman NC ( November 2005 ) . `` DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter '' . Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. 38 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 71 . doi : 10.1017 / S0033583505004087 . PMC 3478329 . PMID 16515737 . Jump up ^ Hu Q , Rosenfeld MG ( 2012 ) . `` Epigenetic regulation of human embryonic stem cells '' . Frontiers in Genetics . 3 : 238 . doi : 10.3389 / fgene. 2012.00238 . PMC 3488762 . PMID 23133442 . Jump up ^ Klose RJ , Bird AP ( February 2006 ) . `` Genomic DNA methylation : the mark and its mediators '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 31 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2005.12. 008 . PMID 16403636 . Jump up ^ Bird A ( January 2002 ) . `` DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory '' . Genes & Development . 16 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 21 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 947102 . PMID 11782440 . Jump up ^ Walsh CP , Xu GL ( 2006 ) . `` Cytosine methylation and DNA repair '' . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 301 : 283 -- 315 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 31390 - 7_11 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 29114 - 8 . PMID 16570853 . Jump up ^ Kriaucionis S , Heintz N ( May 2009 ) . `` The nuclear DNA base 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain '' . Science . 324 ( 5929 ) : 929 -- 30 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 324 ... 929K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1169786 . PMC 3263819 . PMID 19372393 . Jump up ^ Ratel D , Ravanat JL , Berger F , Wion D ( March 2006 ) . `` N6 - methyladenine : the other methylated base of DNA '' . BioEssays. 28 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20342 . PMC 2754416 . PMID 16479578 . Jump up ^ Gommers - Ampt JH , Van Leeuwen F , de Beer AL , Vliegenthart JF , Dizdaroglu M , Kowalak JA , Crain PF , Borst P ( December 1993 ) . `` beta - D - glucosyl - hydroxymethyluracil : a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei '' . Cell. 75 ( 6 ) : 1129 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 93 ) 90322 - H. PMID 8261512 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1JDG Jump up ^ Douki T , Reynaud - Angelin A , Cadet J , Sage E ( August 2003 ) . `` Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation '' . Biochemistry . 42 ( 30 ) : 9221 -- 6 . doi : 10.1021 / bi034593c . PMID 12885257 . Jump up ^ Cadet J , Delatour T , Douki T , Gasparutto D , Pouget JP , Ravanat JL , Sauvaigo S ( March 1999 ) . `` Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage '' . Mutation Research . 424 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 9 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / S0027 - 5107 ( 99 ) 00004 - 4 . PMID 10064846 . Jump up ^ Beckman KB , Ames BN ( August 1997 ) . `` Oxidative decay of DNA '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 272 ( 32 ) : 19633 -- 6 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.32. 19633 . PMID 9289489 . Jump up ^ Valerie K , Povirk LF ( September 2003 ) . `` Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double - strand break repair '' . Oncogene. 22 ( 37 ) : 5792 -- 812 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1206679 . PMID 12947387 . Jump up ^ Johnson G ( 28 December 2010 ) . `` Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors , and Debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 June 2017 . If we lived long enough , sooner or later we all would get cancer . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Preventable Causes of Cancer '' . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances : mutations can never be absolutely avoided , because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication , as discussed in Chapter 5 . If a human could live long enough , it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop . Jump up ^ Bernstein H , Payne CM , Bernstein C , Garewal H , Dvorak K ( 2008 ) . `` Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage '' . In Kimura H , Suzuki A. New Research on DNA Damage . New York : Nova Science Publishers . pp. 1 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60456 - 581 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoeijmakers JH ( October 2009 ) . `` DNA damage , aging , and cancer '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 361 ( 15 ) : 1475 -- 85 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra0804615 . PMID 19812404 . Jump up ^ Freitas AA , de Magalhães JP ( 2011 ) . `` A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing '' . Mutation Research . 728 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 12 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrrev. 2011.05. 001 . PMID 21600302 . Jump up ^ Ferguson LR , Denny WA ( September 1991 ) . `` The genetic toxicology of acridines '' . Mutation Research . 258 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / 0165 - 1110 ( 91 ) 90006 - H. PMID 1881402 . Jump up ^ Stephens TD , Bunde CJ , Fillmore BJ ( June 2000 ) . `` Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis '' . Biochemical Pharmacology . 59 ( 12 ) : 1489 -- 99 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 2952 ( 99 ) 00388 - 3 . PMID 10799645 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey AM ( 1985 ) . `` DNA modification by chemical carcinogens '' . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 28 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 72 . doi : 10.1016 / 0163 - 7258 ( 85 ) 90013 - 0 . PMID 3936066 . Jump up ^ Braña MF , Cacho M , Gradillas A , de Pascual - Teresa B , Ramos A ( November 2001 ) . `` Intercalators as anticancer drugs '' . Current Pharmaceutical Design . 7 ( 17 ) : 1745 -- 80 . doi : 10.2174 / 1381612013397113 . PMID 11562309 . Jump up ^ Venter JC , Adams MD , Myers EW , Li PW , Mural RJ , Sutton GG , et al. ( February 2001 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' . Science . 291 ( 5507 ) : 1304 -- 51 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . PMID 11181995 . Jump up ^ Thanbichler M , Wang SC , Shapiro L ( October 2005 ) . `` The bacterial nucleoid : a highly organized and dynamic structure '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 96 ( 3 ) : 506 -- 21 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 20519 . PMID 15988757 . Jump up ^ Wolfsberg TG , McEntyre J , Schuler GD ( February 2001 ) . `` Guide to the draft human genome '' . Nature . 409 ( 6822 ) : 824 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 824W . doi : 10.1038 / 35057000 . PMID 11236998 . Jump up ^ Gregory TR ( January 2005 ) . `` The C - value enigma in plants and animals : a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership '' . Annals of Botany. 95 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 46 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mci009 . PMID 15596463 . Jump up ^ Birney E , Stamatoyannopoulos JA , Dutta A , Guigó R , Gingeras TR , Margulies EH , et al. ( June 2007 ) . `` Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1 % of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project '' . Nature . 447 ( 7146 ) : 799 -- 816 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 447 ... 799B . doi : 10.1038 / nature05874 . PMC 2212820 . PMID 17571346 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1MSW Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pidoux AL , Allshire RC ( March 2005 ) . `` The role of heterochromatin in centromere function '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 360 ( 1455 ) : 569 -- 79 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2004.1611 . PMC 1569473 . PMID 15905142 . Jump up ^ Harrison PM , Hegyi H , Balasubramanian S , Luscombe NM , Bertone P , Echols N , Johnson T , Gerstein M ( February 2002 ) . `` Molecular fossils in the human genome : identification and analysis of the pseudogenes in chromosomes 21 and 22 '' . Genome Research . 12 ( 2 ) : 272 -- 80 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 207102 . PMC 155275 . PMID 11827946 . Jump up ^ Harrison PM , Gerstein M ( May 2002 ) . `` Studying genomes through the aeons : protein families , pseudogenes and proteome evolution '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 318 ( 5 ) : 1155 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 00109 - 2 . PMID 12083509 . Jump up ^ Albà M ( 2001 ) . `` Replicative DNA polymerases '' . Genome Biology . 2 ( 1 ) : REVIEWS3002 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2001 - 2 - 1 - reviews3002 . PMC 150442 . PMID 11178285 . Jump up ^ Tani K , Nasu M ( 2010 ) . `` Roles of Extracellular DNA in Bacterial Ecosystems '' . In Kikuchi Y , Rykova EY . Extracellular Nucleic Acids . Springer . pp. 25 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 12616 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vlassov VV , Laktionov PP , Rykova EY ( July 2007 ) . `` Extracellular nucleic acids '' . BioEssays. 29 ( 7 ) : 654 -- 67 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20604 . PMID 17563084 . Jump up ^ Finkel SE , Kolter R ( November 2001 ) . `` DNA as a nutrient : novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 183 ( 21 ) : 6288 -- 93 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 183.21. 6288 - 6293.2001 . PMC 100116 . PMID 11591672 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy H , Charron - Mazenod L , Lewenza S ( November 2008 ) . `` Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms '' . PLoS Pathogens. 4 ( 11 ) : e1000213 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1000213 . PMC 2581603 . PMID 19023416 . Jump up ^ Berne C , Kysela DT , Brun YV ( August 2010 ) . `` A bacterial extracellular DNA inhibits settling of motile progeny cells within a biofilm '' . Molecular Microbiology. 77 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2010. 07267. x . PMC 2962764 . PMID 20598083 . Jump up ^ Whitchurch CB , Tolker - Nielsen T , Ragas PC , Mattick JS ( February 2002 ) . `` Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation '' . Science . 295 ( 5559 ) : 1487 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 295.5559. 1487 . PMID 11859186 . Jump up ^ Hu W , Li L , Sharma S , Wang J , McHardy I , Lux R , Yang Z , He X , Gimzewski JK , Li Y , Shi W ( 2012 ) . `` DNA builds and strengthens the extracellular matrix in Myxococcus xanthus biofilms by interacting with exopolysaccharides '' . PLoS One . 7 ( 12 ) : e51905 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 751905H . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0051905 . PMC 3530553 . PMID 23300576 . Jump up ^ Hui L , Bianchi DW ( February 2013 ) . `` Recent advances in the prenatal interrogation of the human fetal genome '' . Trends in Genetics . 29 ( 2 ) : 84 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2012.10. 013 . PMC 4378900 . PMID 23158400 . Jump up ^ Sandman K , Pereira SL , Reeve JN ( December 1998 ) . `` Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 54 ( 12 ) : 1350 -- 64 . doi : 10.1007 / s000180050259 . PMID 9893710 . Jump up ^ Dame RT ( May 2005 ) . `` The role of nucleoid - associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin '' . Molecular Microbiology. 56 ( 4 ) : 858 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2005. 04598. x . PMID 15853876 . Jump up ^ Luger K , Mäder AW , Richmond RK , Sargent DF , Richmond TJ ( September 1997 ) . `` Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution '' . Nature . 389 ( 6648 ) : 251 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 389 ... 251L . doi : 10.1038 / 38444 . PMID 9305837 . Jump up ^ Jenuwein T , Allis CD ( August 2001 ) . `` Translating the histone code '' ( PDF ) . Science . 293 ( 5532 ) : 1074 -- 80 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1063127 . PMID 11498575 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ito T ( 2003 ) . `` Nucleosome assembly and remodeling '' . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 274 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 55747 - 7_1 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 44208 - 0 . PMID 12596902 . Jump up ^ Thomas JO ( August 2001 ) . `` HMG1 and 2 : architectural DNA - binding proteins '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 29 ( Pt 4 ) : 395 -- 401 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0290395 . PMID 11497996 . Jump up ^ Grosschedl R , Giese K , Pagel J ( March 1994 ) . `` HMG domain proteins : architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures '' . Trends in Genetics . 10 ( 3 ) : 94 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / 0168 - 9525 ( 94 ) 90232 - 1 . PMID 8178371 . Jump up ^ Iftode C , Daniely Y , Borowiec JA ( 1999 ) . `` Replication protein A ( RPA ) : the eukaryotic SSB '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 34 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 80 . doi : 10.1080 / 10409239991209255 . PMID 10473346 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1LMB Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Myers LC , Kornberg RD ( 2000 ) . `` Mediator of transcriptional regulation '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 69 : 729 -- 49 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 69.1. 729 . PMID 10966474 . Jump up ^ Spiegelman BM , Heinrich R ( October 2004 ) . `` Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators '' . Cell. 119 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 67 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2004.09. 037 . PMID 15479634 . Jump up ^ Li Z , Van Calcar S , Qu C , Cavenee WK , Zhang MQ , Ren B ( July 2003 ) . `` A global transcriptional regulatory role for c - Myc in Burkitt 's lymphoma cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 14 ) : 8164 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100.8164 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1332764100 . PMC 166200 . PMID 12808131 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1RVA Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bickle TA , Krüger DH ( June 1993 ) . `` Biology of DNA restriction '' . Microbiological Reviews . 57 ( 2 ) : 434 -- 50 . PMC 372918 . PMID 8336674 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty AJ , Suh SW ( November 2000 ) . `` Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 28 ( 21 ) : 4051 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 28.21. 4051 . PMC 113121 . PMID 11058099 . Jump up ^ Schoeffler AJ , Berger JM ( December 2005 ) . `` Recent advances in understanding structure - function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 33 ( Pt 6 ) : 1465 -- 70 . doi : 10.1042 / BST20051465 . PMID 16246147 . Jump up ^ Tuteja N , Tuteja R ( May 2004 ) . `` Unraveling DNA helicases . Motif , structure , mechanism and function '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 271 ( 10 ) : 1849 -- 63 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.2004. 04094. x . PMID 15128295 . Jump up ^ Joyce CM , Steitz TA ( November 1995 ) . `` Polymerase structures and function : variations on a theme ? '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 177 ( 22 ) : 6321 -- 9 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 177.22. 6321 - 6329.1995 . PMC 177480 . PMID 7592405 . Jump up ^ Hubscher U , Maga G , Spadari S ( 2002 ) . `` Eukaryotic DNA polymerases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 133 -- 63 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.090501. 150041 . PMID 12045093 . Jump up ^ Johnson A , O'Donnell M ( 2005 ) . `` Cellular DNA replicases : components and dynamics at the replication fork '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 74 : 283 -- 315 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 73.011303. 073859 . PMID 15952889 . ^ Jump up to : Tarrago - Litvak L , Andréola ML , Nevinsky GA , Sarih - Cottin L , Litvak S ( May 1994 ) . `` The reverse transcriptase of HIV - 1 : from enzymology to therapeutic intervention '' . FASEB Journal . 8 ( 8 ) : 497 -- 503 . PMID 7514143 . Jump up ^ Martinez E ( December 2002 ) . `` Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription '' . Plant Molecular Biology . 50 ( 6 ) : 925 -- 47 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1021258713850 . PMID 12516863 . Jump up ^ Created from PDB 1M6G Archived 10 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cremer T , Cremer C ( April 2001 ) . `` Chromosome territories , nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 2 ( 4 ) : 292 -- 301 . doi : 10.1038 / 35066075 . PMID 11283701 . Jump up ^ Pál C , Papp B , Lercher MJ ( May 2006 ) . `` An integrated view of protein evolution '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 7 ( 5 ) : 337 -- 48 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1838 . PMID 16619049 . Jump up ^ O'Driscoll M , Jeggo PA ( January 2006 ) . `` The role of double - strand break repair - insights from human genetics '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 7 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 54 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1746 . PMID 16369571 . Jump up ^ Vispé S , Defais M ( October 1997 ) . `` Mammalian Rad51 protein : a RecA homologue with pleiotropic functions '' . Biochimie. 79 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 587 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 9084 ( 97 ) 82007 - X . PMID 9466696 . Jump up ^ Neale MJ , Keeney S ( July 2006 ) . `` Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination '' . Nature . 442 ( 7099 ) : 153 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 153N . doi : 10.1038 / nature04885 . PMC 5607947 . PMID 16838012 . Jump up ^ Dickman MJ , Ingleston SM , Sedelnikova SE , Rafferty JB , Lloyd RG , Grasby JA , Hornby DP ( November 2002 ) . `` The RuvABC resolvasome '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 269 ( 22 ) : 5492 -- 501 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1432 - 1033.2002. 03250. x . PMID 12423347 . Jump up ^ Joyce GF ( July 2002 ) . `` The antiquity of RNA - based evolution '' . Nature . 418 ( 6894 ) : 214 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 418 ... 214J . doi : 10.1038 / 418214a . PMID 12110897 . Jump up ^ Orgel LE ( 2004 ) . `` Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 39 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 123 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.537. 7679 . doi : 10.1080 / 10409230490460765 . PMID 15217990 . Jump up ^ Davenport RJ ( May 2001 ) . `` Ribozymes . Making copies in the RNA world '' . Science . 292 ( 5520 ) : 1278 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 292.5520. 1278a . PMID 11360970 . Jump up ^ Szathmáry E ( April 1992 ) . `` What is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet ? '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 89 ( 7 ) : 2614 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1992PNAS ... 89.2614 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 89.7. 2614 . PMC 48712 . PMID 1372984 . Jump up ^ Lindahl T ( April 1993 ) . `` Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA '' . Nature . 362 ( 6422 ) : 709 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1993Natur. 362 ... 709L . doi : 10.1038 / 362709a0 . PMID 8469282 . Jump up ^ Vreeland RH , Rosenzweig WD , Powers DW ( October 2000 ) . `` Isolation of a 250 million - year - old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal '' . Nature . 407 ( 6806 ) : 897 -- 900 . Bibcode : 2000Natur. 407 ... 897V . doi : 10.1038 / 35038060 . PMID 11057666 . Jump up ^ Hebsgaard MB , Phillips MJ , Willerslev E ( May 2005 ) . `` Geologically ancient DNA : fact or artefact ? '' . Trends in Microbiology. 13 ( 5 ) : 212 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2005.03. 010 . PMID 15866038 . Jump up ^ Nickle DC , Learn GH , Rain MW , Mullins JI , Mittler JE ( January 2002 ) . `` Curiously modern DNA for a `` 250 million - year - old '' bacterium `` . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 54 ( 1 ) : 134 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002JMolE ... 54 ... 134N . doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 001 - 0025 - x . PMID 11734907 . Jump up ^ Callahan MP , Smith KE , Cleaves HJ , Ruzicka J , Stern JC , Glavin DP , House CH , Dworkin JP ( August 2011 ) . `` Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 108 ( 34 ) : 13995 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 10813995C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1106493108 . PMC 3161613 . PMID 21836052 . Jump up ^ Steigerwald J ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` NASA Researchers : DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ScienceDaily Staff ( 9 August 2011 ) . `` DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space , NASA Evidence Suggests '' . ScienceDaily . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Marlaire R ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Goff SP , Berg P ( December 1976 ) . `` Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells '' . Cell. 9 ( 4 PT 2 ) : 695 -- 705 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 76 ) 90133 - 1 . PMID 189942 . Jump up ^ Houdebine LM ( 2007 ) . `` Transgenic animal models in biomedical research '' . Methods in Molecular Biology . 360 : 163 -- 202 . doi : 10.1385 / 1 - 59745 - 165 - 7 : 163 . ISBN 1 - 59745 - 165 - 7 . PMID 17172731 . Jump up ^ Daniell H , Dhingra A ( April 2002 ) . `` Multigene engineering : dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology '' . Current Opinion in Biotechnology . 13 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / S0958 - 1669 ( 02 ) 00297 - 5 . PMC 3481857 . PMID 11950565 . Jump up ^ Job D ( November 2002 ) . `` Plant biotechnology in agriculture '' . Biochimie. 84 ( 11 ) : 1105 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 9084 ( 02 ) 00013 - 5 . PMID 12595138 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Caitlin ; Hereward , James ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` From the crime scene to the courtroom : the journey of a DNA sample '' . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins A , Morton NE ( June 1994 ) . `` Likelihood ratios for DNA identification '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 91 ( 13 ) : 6007 -- 11 . Bibcode : 1994PNAS ... 91.6007 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.13. 6007 . PMC 44126 . PMID 8016106 . Jump up ^ Weir BS , Triggs CM , Starling L , Stowell LI , Walsh KA , Buckleton J ( March 1997 ) . `` Interpreting DNA mixtures '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 42 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 22 . PMID 9068179 . Jump up ^ Jeffreys AJ , Wilson V , Thein SL ( 1985 ) . `` Individual - specific ' fingerprints ' of human DNA '' . Nature . 316 ( 6023 ) : 76 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 316 ... 76J . doi : 10.1038 / 316076a0 . PMID 2989708 . Jump up ^ Colin Pitchfork -- first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 December 2006 Jump up ^ `` DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents '' . National Institute of Justice . September 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paternity Blood Tests That Work Early in a Pregnancy '' New York Times June 20 , 2012 Archived 24 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Breaker RR , Joyce GF ( December 1994 ) . `` A DNA enzyme that cleaves RNA '' . Chemistry & Biology . 1 ( 4 ) : 223 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 1074 - 5521 ( 94 ) 90014 - 0 . PMID 9383394 . Jump up ^ Chandra M , Sachdeva A , Silverman SK ( October 2009 ) . `` DNA - catalyzed sequence - specific hydrolysis of DNA '' . Nature Chemical Biology . 5 ( 10 ) : 718 -- 20 . doi : 10.1038 / nchembio. 201 . PMC 2746877 . PMID 19684594 . Jump up ^ Carmi N , Shultz LA , Breaker RR ( December 1996 ) . `` In vitro selection of self - cleaving DNAs '' . Chemistry & Biology . 3 ( 12 ) : 1039 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 5521 ( 96 ) 90170 - 2 . PMID 9000012 . Jump up ^ Torabi SF , Wu P , McGhee CE , Chen L , Hwang K , Zheng N , Cheng J , Lu Y ( May 2015 ) . `` In vitro selection of a sodium - specific DNAzyme and its application in intracellular sensing '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 112 ( 19 ) : 5903 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2015PNAS ... 112.5903 T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1420361112 . PMC 4434688 . PMID 25918425 . Jump up ^ Baldi P , Brunak S ( 2001 ) . Bioinformatics : The Machine Learning Approach . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02506 - 5 . OCLC 45951728 . Jump up ^ Gusfield , Dan . Algorithms on Strings , Trees , and Sequences : Computer Science and Computational Biology . Cambridge University Press , 15 January 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58519 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sjölander K ( January 2004 ) . `` Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function : advances and challenges '' . Bioinformatics. 20 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / bth021 . PMID 14734307 . Jump up ^ Mount DM ( 2004 ) . Bioinformatics : Sequence and Genome Analysis ( 2 ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 712 - 1 . OCLC 55106399 . Jump up ^ Rothemund PW ( March 2006 ) . `` Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns '' . Nature . 440 ( 7082 ) : 297 -- 302 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 440 ... 297R . doi : 10.1038 / nature04586 . PMID 16541064 . Jump up ^ Andersen ES , Dong M , Nielsen MM , Jahn K , Subramani R , Mamdouh W , Golas MM , Sander B , Stark H , Oliveira CL , Pedersen JS , Birkedal V , Besenbacher F , Gothelf KV , Kjems J ( May 2009 ) . `` Self - assembly of a nanoscale DNA box with a controllable lid '' . Nature . 459 ( 7243 ) : 73 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 459 ... 73A . doi : 10.1038 / nature07971 . PMID 19424153 . Jump up ^ Ishitsuka Y , Ha T ( May 2009 ) . `` DNA nanotechnology : a nanomachine goes live '' . Nature Nanotechnology. 4 ( 5 ) : 281 -- 2 . Bibcode : 2009NatNa ... 4 ... 281I . doi : 10.1038 / nnano. 2009.101 . PMID 19421208 . Jump up ^ Aldaye FA , Palmer AL , Sleiman HF ( September 2008 ) . `` Assembling materials with DNA as the guide '' . Science . 321 ( 5897 ) : 1795 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 321.1795 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1154533 . PMID 18818351 . Jump up ^ Wray GA ( 2002 ) . `` Dating branches on the tree of life using DNA '' . Genome Biology . 3 ( 1 ) : REVIEWS0001 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1525 - 142X. 1999.99010. x . PMC 150454 . PMID 11806830 . Jump up ^ Lost Tribes of Israel , Nova , PBS airdate : 22 February 2000 . Transcript available from PBS.org Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 4 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Yaakov . `` The Cohanim / DNA Connection : The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition '' . Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . aish.com ( 13 January 2000 ) . Retrieved 4 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman N , Bertone P , Chen S , Dessimoz C , LeProust EM , Sipos B , Birney E ( February 2013 ) . `` Towards practical , high - capacity , low - maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA '' . Nature . 494 ( 7435 ) : 77 -- 80 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 494 ... 77G . doi : 10.1038 / nature11875 . PMC 3672958 . PMID 23354052 . Jump up ^ Naik , Gautam ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Storing Digital Data in DNA '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 24 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Comment by Dandekar , T. , Lopez , D. , Schaack , D. ( 2013 ) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v494/n7435/abs/nature11875.html#comment-57415 Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Emerging Technology Final , Dandekar T. , Lopez , D. , Programmable bacterial membranes with active DNA storage ; presentation for the University of Würzburg for the Royal Society for Chemistry , London , 2016 - 06 - 29 Jump up ^ Patent `` Molecular highly integrated data storage via active control DNA '' , DE102013004584 A1 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . `` Jump up ^ Miescher , Friedrich ( 1871 ) `` Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen '' Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the chemical composition of pus cells ) , Medicinisch - chemische Untersuchungen , 4 : 441 -- 460 . From p. 456 : Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich habe mich daher später mit meinen Versuchen an die ganzen Kerne gehalten , die Trennung der Körper , die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres Präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches Nuclein bezeichnen will , einem günstigeren Material überlassend . '' ( Therefore , in my experiments I subsequently limited myself to the whole nucleus , leaving to a more favorable material the separation of the substances , that for the present , without further prejudice , I will designate as soluble and insoluble nuclear material ( `` Nuclein '' ) . ) Jump up ^ Dahm R ( January 2008 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Human Genetics . 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ See : Albrect Kossel ( 1879 ) `` Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On nuclein in yeast ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 3 : 284 -- 291 . Albrect Kossel ( 1880 ) `` Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe II '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On nuclein in yeast , Part 2 ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 4 : 290 -- 295 . Albrect Kossel ( 1881 ) `` Ueber die Verbreitung des Hypoxanthins im Thier - und Pflanzenreich '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the distribution of hypoxanthins in the animal and plant kingdoms ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 5 : 267 -- 271 . Albrect Kossel , Untersuchungen über die Nucleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte ( Investigations into nuclein and its cleavage products ) ( Strassburg , Germany : K.J. Trübne , 1881 ) , 19 pages . Albrect Kossel ( 1882 ) `` Ueber Xanthin und Hypoxanthin '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On xanthin and hypoxanthin ) , Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 6 : 422 -- 431 . Albrect Kossel ( 1883 ) `` Zur Chemie des Zellkerns '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the chemistry of the cell nucleus ) , Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 7 : 7 -- 22 . Albrect Kossel ( 1886 ) `` Weitere Beiträge zur Chemie des Zellkerns '' ( Further contributions to the chemistry of the cell nucleus ) , Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie , 10 : 248 -- 264 . Available on - line at : Max Planck Institute for the History of Science , Berlin , Germany Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... On p. 264 , Kossel remarked presciently : `` Der Erforschung der quantitativen Verhältnisse der vier stickstoffreichen Basen , der Abhängigkeit ihrer Menge von den physiologischen Zuständen der Zelle , verspricht wichtige Aufschlüsse über die elementaren physiologisch - chemischen Vorgänge . '' ( The study of the quantitative relations of the four nitrogenous bases -- ( and ) of the dependence of their quantity on the physiological states of the cell -- promises important insights into the fundamental physiological - chemical processes . ) Jump up ^ Jones ME ( September 1953 ) . `` Albrecht Kossel , a biographical sketch '' . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . National Center for Biotechnology Information . 26 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 97 . PMC 2599350 . PMID 13103145 . Jump up ^ Levene P ( 1 December 1919 ) . `` The structure of yeast nucleic acid '' . J Biol Chem. 40 ( 2 ) : 415 -- 24 . Jump up ^ See : W.T. Astbury and Florence O. Bell ( 1938 ) `` Some recent developments in the X-ray study of proteins and related structures , '' Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology , 6 : 109 -- 121 . Available on - line at : University of Leeds . Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Astbury , W.T. , ( 1947 ) `` X-ray studies of nucleic acids , '' Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology , 1 : 66 -- 76 . Available on - line at : Oregon State University . Archived 5 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Koltsov proposed that a cell 's genetic information was encoded in a long chain of amino acids . See : Н . К . Кольцов , `` Физико - химические основы морфологии '' ( The physical - chemical basis of morphology ) -- speech given at the 3rd All - Union Meeting of Zoologist , Anatomists , and Histologists at Leningrad , U.S.S.R. , December 12 , 1927 . Reprinted in : Успехи экспериментальной биологии ( Advances in Experimental Biology ) , series B , 7 ( 1 ) : ? - ? ( 1928 ) . Reprinted in German as : Nikolaj K. Koltzoff ( 1928 ) `` Physikalisch - chemische Grundlagen der Morphologie '' ( The physical - chemical basis of morphology ) , Biologisches Zentralblatt , 48 ( 6 ) : 345 -- 369 . In 1934 , Koltsov contended that the proteins that contain a cell 's genetic information replicate . See : N.K. Koltzoff ( October 5 , 1934 ) `` The structure of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of Drosophila , '' Science , 80 ( 2075 ) : 312 -- 313 . From page 313 : `` I think that the size of the chromosomes in the salivary glands ( of Drosophila ) is determined through the multiplication of genonemes . By this term I designate the axial thread of the chromosome , in which the geneticists locate the linear combination of genes ; ... In the normal chromosome there is usually only one genoneme ; before cell - division this genoneme has become divided into two strands . '' Jump up ^ Soyfer VN ( September 2001 ) . `` The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 2 ( 9 ) : 723 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / 35088598 . PMID 11533721 . Jump up ^ Griffith F ( January 1928 ) . `` The Significance of Pneumococcal Types '' . The Journal of Hygiene. 27 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 59 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022172400031879 . PMC 2167760 . PMID 20474956 . Jump up ^ Lorenz MG , Wackernagel W ( September 1994 ) . `` Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment '' . Microbiological Reviews . 58 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 602 . PMC 372978 . PMID 7968924 . Jump up ^ Avery OT , Macleod CM , McCarty M ( February 1944 ) . `` Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types : Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 79 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 58 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 79.2. 137 . PMC 2135445 . PMID 19871359 . Jump up ^ Hershey AD , Chase M ( May 1952 ) . `` Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 36 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 56 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 36.1. 39 . PMC 2147348 . PMID 12981234 . Jump up ^ The B - DNA X-ray pattern on the right of this linked image Archived 25 May 2012 at Archive.is was obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as `` Photo 51 '' Jump up ^ Regis , Ed ( 2009 ) What Is Life ? : investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 538341 - 9 ; p. 52 Jump up ^ Nature Archives Double Helix of DNA : 50 Years Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Original X-ray diffraction image '' . Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 Archived 7 February 2012 at WebCite Nobelprize . org Accessed 22 December 06 Jump up ^ Maddox B ( January 2003 ) . `` The double helix and the ' wronged heroine ' '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 407 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 407M . doi : 10.1038 / nature01399 . PMID 12540909 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Crick , F.H.C. On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis ( PDF ) . Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . genome.wellcome.ac.uk ( Lecture , 1955 ) . Retrieved 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Meselson M , Stahl FW ( July 1958 ) . `` THE REPLICATION OF DNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 44 ( 7 ) : 671 -- 82 . Bibcode : 1958PNAS ... 44 ... 671M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 44.7. 671 . PMC 528642 . PMID 16590258 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06 Jump up ^ Pray , L. ( 2008 ) Discovery of DNA structure and function : Watson and Crick . Nature Education 1 ( 1 ) : 100 Further reading Berry A , Watson J ( 2003 ) . DNA : the secret of life . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41546 - 7 . Calladine CR , Drew HR , Luisi BF , Travers AA ( 2003 ) . Understanding DNA : the molecule & how it works . Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 155089 - 3 . Carina D , Clayton J ( 2003 ) . 50 years of DNA . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1479 - 6 . Judson HF ( 1979 ) . The Eighth Day of Creation : Makers of the Revolution in Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 . Olby RC ( 1994 ) . The path to the double helix : the discovery of DNA . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 68117 - 3 . , first published in October 1974 by MacMillan , with foreword by Francis Crick ; the definitive DNA textbook , revised in 1994 with a 9 - page postscript Micklas D ( 2003 ) . DNA Science : A First Course . Cold Spring Harbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 636 - 8 . Ridley M ( 2006 ) . Francis Crick : discoverer of the genetic code . Ashland , OH : Eminent Lives , Atlas Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 082333 - X . Olby RC ( 2009 ) . Francis Crick : A Biography . Plainview , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 798 - 9 . Rosenfeld I ( 2010 ) . DNA : A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14271 - 7 . Schultz M , Cannon Z ( 2009 ) . The Stuff of Life : A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 8947 - 5 . Stent GS , Watson J ( 1980 ) . The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95075 - 1 . Watson , James ( 2004 ) . DNA : The Secret of Life . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945184 - 6 . Wilkins M ( 2003 ) . The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins . Cambridge , England : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860665 - 6 . External links Library resources about DNA Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : DNA Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` DNA '' dated 2007 - 02 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles DNA at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) DNA binding site prediction on protein DNA the Double Helix Game From the official Nobel Prize web site DNA under electron microscope Dolan DNA Learning Center Double Helix : 50 years of DNA , Nature Proteopedia DNA Proteopedia Forms_of_DNA ENCODE threads explorer ENCODE home page . Nature ( journal ) Double Helix 1953 -- 2003 National Centre for Biotechnology Education Genetic Education Modules for Teachers -- DNA from the Beginning Study Guide PDB Molecule of the Month DNA Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times June 1953 . First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure Olby R ( January 2003 ) . `` Quiet debut for the double helix '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 402 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 402O . doi : 10.1038 / nature01397 . PMID 12540907 . DNA from the Beginning Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA , genes , and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project . The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938 -- 2007 at Mandeville Special Collections Library , University of California , San Diego Seven - page , handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12 - year - old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA . See Crick 's medal goes under the hammer , Nature , 5 April 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod <Th_colspan="2"> Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human <Th_colspan="2"> Genetics <Td_colspan="2"> Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy <Td_colspan="2"> List of genetics research organizations Genetics Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=816227575 '' Categories : DNA Genetics Helices Biotechnology Nucleic acids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Spoken articles Articles with DMOZ links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. DNA structure and function 3. Nucleotides and base pairing 4. DNA replication and transcription 5. Genetic engineering and DNA profiling

why do they call it the death lineup

Death lineup - wikipedia Death lineup The Death Lineup is a group of smaller basketball players on the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Developed under head coach Steve Kerr , it began during their 2014 -- 15 run that led to an NBA championship . Unlike typical small - ball units , this Warriors lineup is versatile enough to defend larger opponents , while also aiming to create mismatches on offense with their shooting and playmaking skills . The lineup features the Splash Brothers , a three - point shooting backcourt consisting of two - time NBA MVP Stephen Curry , and perennial two - way All - Star Klay Thompson . It also features versatile defender Andre Iguodala on the wing alongside scorer Kevin Durant , and 2016 -- 17 Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green at center . Green 's defensive versatility has been described as the `` key '' that allows the lineup to be so effective ; although his natural position is power forward , he is able to play as an undersized center in lieu of a traditional center who might be slower or lack the playmaking and shooting abilities of Green . The lineup originally included Harrison Barnes , who was replaced by former league MVP Durant in 2016 -- 17 , when the group also began to be known as the Hamptons Five . The Death Lineup is considered to be indicative of a larger overall trend in the NBA towards `` positionless '' basketball , where traditional position assignments and roles have less importance . History ( edit ) In 2014 -- 15 , Golden State won 67 games in the regular season , led by NBA MVP Stephen Curry . The Warriors ' starting lineup with the 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) Andrew Bogut at center played 813 minutes together and outscored opponents by 19.6 points per 100 possessions . After falling behind 2 -- 1 in the 2015 NBA Finals , Warriors coach Steve Kerr inserted Andre Iguodala into the starting unit for Bogut , who had been named to NBA All - Defensive Team in 2014 . The change was first suggested by Kerr 's special assistant , Nick U'Ren , who was a fan of the lineup because it always seemed to pick up the pace of the game to a faster speed , which the Warriors preferred . The five - man lineup of Iguodala , Curry , Thompson , Green , and Barnes had played together for 102 minutes during the regular season and 62 minutes through the first 18 games of the playoffs . Although the tallest player was only 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) , the unit was also strong defensively . They were all able to switch on defense , spearheaded by Green 's ability to guard players taller and heavier than him . The Warriors won 103 -- 82 in Game 4 , and captured the series 4 -- 2 to win their first championship since 1975 . Iguodala was named the Finals MVP , becoming the first player to garner the award without starting every game in the series , as well as the first winner to have not started a game during the regular season . It took months after it was deployed in the Finals before the Warriors ' small lineup was referred to as the Death Lineup . Despite the unit 's success , the 2015 -- 16 Warriors continued to start a traditional lineup with Bogut as their center . Golden State won an NBA - record 73 games behind Curry 's league - leading 30.1 points per game and an NBA - record 402 three - pointers made in a season . He was named the MVP for the second straight season , becoming the first unanimous winner in league history . During the season , the Death Lineup was generally reserved to finish the first half and the end of games . It was deployed in 37 games , outscoring opponents by 166 points in 172 minutes for an average advantage of 4.5 points per game and 47.0 points per 100 possessions . Despite their regular season success , the Warriors lost the 2016 NBA Finals , becoming the first team to lose a Finals series after being ahead 3 -- 1 . During the off - season , Golden State signed former league MVP and four - time scoring champion Kevin Durant to replace Harrison Barnes , who had averaged just five points and made only 5 of 32 shots during the last three losses in the Finals . With Durant leaving the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Warriors ' opponents in the 2016 Western Conference Finals , the move was seen as a disruption in the competitive balance of the NBA , and the Warriors instantly became title favorites . The move gave the Death Lineup four players who have averaged at least five assists in a season . San Francisco Bay Area journalist Tim Kawakami coined the nickname `` Hamptons Five '' for the new group , which included the four players who traveled with team officials to The Hamptons to recruit Durant . The Warriors won the 2017 NBA Finals 4 -- 1 , and Durant was unanimously voted the Finals MVP . Kerr had used the Death Lineup for just 16 minutes in the series until deploying it for 17 in the Game 5 clincher . Iguodala scored 20 points in 38 minutes after averaging less than 30 minutes in the first four games of the series . Kerr used him in the small - ball lineup in favor of big men Zaza Pachulia ( 10 minutes ) and JaVale McGee ( 0 ) . Injuries limited Golden States ' use of the Death Lineup in 2017 -- 18 . Opponents had also adapted by rarely leaving their centers in the game against the Warriors ' small lineup . Through 49 games , the unit had a - 1.2 plus - minus rating . However , it was still considered the team 's most potent lineup . In the final 17 games of the regular season , the Warriors were 7 -- 10 with Curry missing all but one game after an ankle and later a knee injury . Durant , Thompson , Green , and Iguodala each missed four to eight games as well . In Game 4 of the conference semifinals in the 2018 playoffs , Kerr started the Hamptons Five with Durant for the first time ever , and they posted a plus - minus of + 26 in 18 minutes to lead a 118 -- 92 win over the New Orleans Pelicans , giving Golden State a 3 -- 1 lead in the series . After eliminating the Pelicans in five games , the Warriors continued with the starting lineup in the conference finals to build a 2 -- 1 series lead against the Houston Rockets . Golden State won the series 4 -- 3 , but Iguodola missed the last four games with a bruised leg . The Warriors entered the NBA Finals for the fourth straight time versus their longterm rivals , the Cleveland Cavaliers . They swept the Cavaliers in four games , leading to their third championship in four years . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tjarks , Jonathan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` The NBA 's New Lineups of Death '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slater , Anthony ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` A clash of styles : The Thunder 's big lineup against the Warriors ' small - ball unit '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dubin , Jared ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden State 's Death Lineup Has Been DOA on Defense '' . Vice Sports . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors waited until the right moment to unleash their greatest weapon , and the Cavs had no answer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tsan , Pin . `` How Draymond Green Drives the Golden State Machine -- Warriors World '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green as NBA 's top center ? It 's no joke '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors Monday Mailbag : What 's up with the center spot ? Death lineup overuse ? '' . mercurynews.com . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Power Rankings : Warriors back into top spot , Raptors up to third '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Epitome Of Positionless Basketball -- RealGM Articles '' . basketball.realgm.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orlando Magic are embracing positionless basketball '' . Orlando Magic Daily . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Positionless basketball defines NBA 's copycat nature '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Golliver , Ben ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors start small , then stay small , to blow out Cavs and even NBA Finals '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arnovitz , Kevin ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` How the Warriors discovered the cheat code to basketball in the 2015 NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Nick U'Ren on the `` Death Lineup '' and what it does for the Warriors : `` It works because there are no other players like those guys '' `` . The San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , Neil ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` No one can stop the Warriors ' small - ball lineup '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alipour , Sam ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry on copying the Warriors ' way : ' You wo n't have the personnel ' '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` One year later , Draymond Green has no regrets '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kawakami , Tim ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` How the Warriors ' `` Death Lineup '' was unleashed on Cleveland in last year 's Finals , and probably will be again this time `` . The San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan Sherwood ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Andre Iguodala named Finals MVP after coming off bench to begin series '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarecevic , Al ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Andre Iguodala : unlikely Finals MVP '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Lee ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The birth of the Warriors ' death lineup '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Scott ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` The NBA is still trying to solve the Warriors ' deadliest weapon '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry first player to win unanimous MVP '' . SI.com . May 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou , William ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kerr : Warriors will play Death Lineup with Durant at power forward '' . TheScore . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Kyle ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Warriors Are n't A Small - Ball Team Anymore '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slater , Anthony ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Examining five early season Warriors trends by the numbers '' . The San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Dwayne ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mavericks back in business with Warriors exes Bogut , Barnes on board '' . Star - Telegram . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Grades : Warriors outdo themselves with Kevin Durant blockbuster deal '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` KD to Warriors bad for NBA ? Adam Silver chimes in '' . SI.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's decision makes Warriors odds - on NBA title favorites '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Steven ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Warriors new ' Death Lineup ' is going to terrorize the NBA '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( 2017 ) . Golden Days : West 's Lakers , Steph 's Warriors , and the California Dreamers who Reinvented Basketball . Ballantine Books . p. 28 . ISBN 9780399179075 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Marc ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` To Dominate in New Orleans and Beyond , the Warriors Head to the Hamptons '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran . `` Golden State Warriors forward Kevin Durant claims Finals MVP '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Kyle ; Herring , Chris ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` They Are Kevin Durant 's Warriors Now '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Coaching edge : Steve Kerr 's best move of the championship - clinching Game 5 '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Warriors ' Death Lineup Is on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kawakami , Tim ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` The Warriors ' Death Lineup is n't so revolutionary these days , but it 's still the unit opponents fear the most '' . The Athletic . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kurtenback , Dieter ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` What we learned in the Warriors ' emphatic win over the Thunder '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slater , Anthony ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Five observations on the Warriors ' 119 - 79 blowout loss in Utah to cap the regular season '' . The Athletic . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Botemps , Tim ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rockets draw even with Warriors in Western Conference finals '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors reach 4th straight NBA Finals with win over Houston '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Golden State Warriors <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 2018 Conference Championships ( 10 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_Lineup&oldid=854564907 '' Categories : Golden State Warriors players Nicknamed groups of NBA players Basketball strategy Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 08 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Death Lineup - Golden State Warriors' versatile small-ball lineup 2. Splash Brothers - Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson's three-point shooting backcourt 3. Hamptons Five - The Death Lineup with Kevin Durant replacing Harrison Barnes 4. Positionless basketball - A trend in the NBA where traditional positions have less importance 5. Warriors' dominance - Golden State's success with the Death Lineup in winning championships

summary of the work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility

The work of art in the Age of Mechanical reproduction - wikipedia The work of art in the Age of Mechanical reproduction Part of a series on the Frankfurt School Major works Reason and Revolution The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Eclipse of Reason Escape from Freedom Minima Moralia Eros and Civilization One - Dimensional Man Negative Dialectics The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere The Theory of Communicative Action Dialectic of Enlightenment Notable theorists Herbert Marcuse Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer Walter Benjamin Erich Fromm Friedrich Pollock Leo Löwenthal Jürgen Habermas Alfred Schmidt Axel Honneth Siegfried Kracauer Otto Kirchheimer Important concepts Critical theory Dialectic Praxis Psychoanalysis Antipositivism Popular culture Culture industry Advanced capitalism Privatism Non-identity Communicative rationality Legitimation crisis The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction ( 1935 , Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit ) , by Walter Benjamin , is an essay of cultural criticism which proposes that the aura of a work of art is devalued by mechanical reproduction . The subject and themes of the essay have much influenced the fields of art history and architectural theory , and cultural studies and media theory . During the Nazi regime ( 1933 -- 45 ) in Germany , Benjamin wrote the essay to produce a theory of art that is `` useful for the formulation of revolutionary demands in the politics of art '' in mass culture ; that , in the age of mechanical reproduction , and the absence of traditional and ritualistic value , the production of art would be inherently based upon the praxis of politics . Three editions of The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction were published : ( i ) the original , German edition in 1935 ; ( ii ) the French edition in 1936 ; and ( iii ) the revised German edition in 1939 , from which derive the contemporary English translations of the essay . Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Epilogue 2 Influence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) The themes of The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction ( 1935 ) are initially presented in a quotation from the essay `` The Conquest of Ubiquity '' ( 1928 ) , by Paul Valéry , which establishes that the works of art developed in the past are different from contemporary works of art ; that the understanding and treatment of art and of artistic technique must progressively develop in order to understand a work of art in the modern context . Our fine arts were developed , their types and uses were established , in times very different from the present , by men whose power of action upon things was insignificant in comparison with ours . But the amazing growth of our techniques , the adaptability and precision they have attained , the ideas and habits they are creating , make it a certainty that profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of the Beautiful . In all the arts there is a physical component which can no longer be considered or treated as it used to be , which can not remain unaffected by our modern knowledge and power . For the last twenty years neither matter nor space nor time has been what it was from time immemorial . We must expect great innovations to transform the entire technique of the arts , thereby affecting artistic invention itself and perhaps even bringing about an amazing change in our very notion of art . The Preface presents Marxist analyses of the construction of society and of the place of art in a capitalist society ; and explains the socio - economic conditions to extrapolate future developments of capitalism , which , ultimately , result in the exploitation of the proletariat , and produce the social conditions that would abolish capitalism . Benjamin reviews the development of the means of the mechanical reproduction of art -- an artist manually copying the work of a master artist ; the industrial arts of the foundry and the stamp mill in Ancient Greece ; woodcut relief - printing , etching , engraving , lithography , and photography -- to establish that artistic reproduction is not a modern human activity , and that the modern means of artistic reproduction permit greater accuracy throughout the process of mass production . Benjamin discusses the concept of authenticity , of being in accordance with fact , noting that `` even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element : Its presence in time and space , its unique existence at the place where it happens to be . '' In the artwork proper , Benjamin argues , the `` sphere of authenticity is outside the technical ( sphere ) '' of producing the art work ; hence , the original work of art is independent of the copy . The action of mechanical reproduction diminishes the original art work by changing the cultural context ( original vs. copy ) ; thus , the aura , the unique aesthetic authority , of an artwork is absent from the mechanically produced copy . Benjamin 's concept of the aura of a work of art derived from the work of Ludwig Klages . That the social value of a work of art changes as society change their value systems , which accounts for the changes in artistic style and in the cultural taste of the public ; `` the manner in which human sense - perception is organized , the ( artistic ) medium in which it is accomplished , is determined not only by Nature , but by historical circumstances as well . '' Despite the socio - cultural effects of reproduction - art upon the original work of art , Benjamin said that `` the uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being embedded in the fabric of tradition '' , which separates the original work of art from the reproduction . He also discusses the ritualization of art - reproduction and the emancipation of `` the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual . '' That the social - value of the exhibition of art progressed from the private sphere to the public sphere of life ; historically , works of art were for the private viewing and aesthetic enjoyment of the owner of the artefacts ( usually High Art ) ; contemporarily , works of art are exhibited in a public gallery , to provide the enjoyment of aesthetic pleasure to a greater number of people . Epilogue ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2018 ) Influence ( edit ) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction much influenced the intellectualism of the Frankfurt School , especially the aesthetic and political analyses of Theodor W. Adorno , Max Horkheimer , and Herbert Marcuse . In the late 20th century , in the television program Ways of Seeing ( 1972 ) , John Berger drew from the themes of Walter Benjamin 's essay , and explained the contemporary representations of social - class and racial - caste in the production of art . That the modern means of artistic production and of artistic reproduction have destroyed the aesthetic , cultural , and political authority of art : `` For the first time ever , images of art have become ephemeral , ubiquitous , insubstantial , available , valueless , free '' , for lacking the aura of the original work of art . See also ( edit ) Aestheticization of politics Art for art 's sake , the aesthetic doctrine Benjamin criticizes in this essay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Brian . Benjamin for Architects , Routledge , London , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scannell , Paddy. ( 2003 ) `` Benjamin Contextualized : On ' The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction ' '' , in Canonic Texts in Media Research : Are There Any ? Should There Be ? How About These ? , Katz et al. ( Eds . ) Polity Press , Cambridge . ISBN 9780745629346 . pp. 74 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Notes on Walter Benjamin , `` The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction '' , a commentary by Gareth Griffiths , Aalto University , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Valéry , La Conquête de l'ubiquité ( 1928 ) ^ Jump up to : Walter Benjamin ( 1968 ) . Hannah Arendt , ed . `` The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction '' , Illuminations . London : Fontana . pp. 214 -- 18 . ISBN 9781407085500 . Jump up ^ Merquior , J.G. ( 1986 ) . Western Marxism , London : Palladin , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Miriam Bratu ( 2008 ) . `` Benjamin 's Aura '' , Critical Inquiry No. 34 ( Winter 2008 ) Jump up ^ Friedman , George . The Political Philosophy of the Frankfurt School . Cornell University Press , New York , 1988 . p. 000 . Jump up ^ Berger , John . Ways of Seeing . Penguin Books , London , 1972 , pp. 32 -- 34 . External links ( edit ) Complete text of the essay , translated Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung ( 1932 - 1941 ) - Download the original text in French , `` L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée '' , in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung Jahrgang V , Félix Alcan , Paris , 1936 , pp. 40 -- 68 ( 23MB ) Complete text in German ( in German ) Partial text of the essay , with commentary by Detlev Schöttker ( in German ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction&oldid=864934786 '' Categories : Social philosophy Aesthetics literature 1936 essays Essays in literary theory Works about avant - garde and experimental art Works by Walter Benjamin Contemporary philosophical literature Books in philosophy of technology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be expanded from October 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 2. Walter Benjamin 3. Aura of a work of art 4. Mechanical reproduction of art 5. Influence on Frankfurt School and contemporary art criticism

surrounded egypt helped protect the country from invasion

French campaign in Egypt and Syria - wikipedia French campaign in Egypt and Syria Jump to : navigation , search `` French invasion of Egypt '' redirects here . For the twentieth - century conflict , see Suez Crisis . <Th_colspan="2"> Egyptian Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798 <Td_colspan="2"> Battle of the Pyramids <Td_colspan="2"> Date 1 July 1798 -- 2 September 1801 ( 3 years , 2 months and 1 day ) Location Egypt , Levant Result Ottoman - British victory French conquest of Egypt and end of Mameluke rule Failure of French expedition to Syria Capitulation of French administration in Egypt <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Ottoman Empire Mamluks Beylik of Tunis Regency of Algiers Great Britain France <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Selim III Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha Mustafa Pasha Jezzar Pasha Murad Bey Ibrahim Bey William Sidney Smith Ralph Abercrombie ( DOW ) Horatio Nelson Napoleon Bonaparte Jean Baptiste Kléber † Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Jacques - Francois Menou <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Ottoman Empire : 220,000 Army of Egypt : 80,001 Army of Rhodes : 20,000 Army of Syria : 20,000 Army of the East : 30,000 2nd invasion of Egypt : 60,000 Great Britain : 30,000 40,000 + men ( land ) <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 50,000 killed or wounded 15,000 prisoners 15,000 killed or wounded 8,500 prisoners <Th_colspan="2"> Egypt -- Syria Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Shubra Khit Pyramids Nile 1st Cairo El Arish Jaffa Acre Mount Tabor 1st Aboukir Heliopolis 2nd Aboukir Mandora Canope Fort Julien 2nd Cairo Alexandria Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3100 BC <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3100 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 664 BC Late Period 664 -- 332 BC <Th_colspan="2"> Classical antiquity Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 <Th_colspan="2"> Middle Ages Islamic Egypt 641 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 <Th_colspan="2"> Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 <Th_colspan="2"> Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) was Napoleon Bonaparte 's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria , proclaimed to defend French trade interests , weaken Britain 's access to British India , and to establish scientific enterprise in the region . It was the primary purpose of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798 , a series of naval engagements that included the capture of Malta . On the scientific front , the expedition eventually led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone , creating the field of Egyptology . Despite many decisive victories and an initially successful expedition into Syria , Napoleon and his Armée d'Orient were eventually forced to withdraw , after sowing political disharmony in France , experiencing conflict in Europe , and suffering the defeat of the supporting French fleet at the Battle of the Nile . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations and voyage 1.1 Proposal 1.2 Before departure from Toulon 1.3 Capture of Malta 2 Alexandria to Syria 2.1 Disembarkment at Alexandria 2.2 Victory on land , defeat at sea 2.3 Bonaparte 's administration of Egypt 2.4 Revolt of Cairo 3 Syria 3.1 Canal of the Pharaohs 3.2 Ottoman offensives 3.3 French response 3.4 Jaffa 3.5 Mount Tabor 3.6 Acre 3.7 Retreat from Acre 3.8 Back in Egypt 4 Abukir to withdrawal 4.1 Land battle at Abukir 4.2 Bonaparte leaves Egypt 4.3 Bonaparte 's voyage to France 4.4 End of the campaign 5 Scientific expedition 6 The printing press 7 Analysis 8 Mamelukes in French service 9 French order of battle 10 Timeline and battles 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography and further reading Preparations and voyage ( edit ) Proposal ( edit ) At the time of the invasion , the Directoire had assumed executive power in France . It would resort to the army to maintain order in the face of the Jacobin and royalist threats , and count in particular on general Bonaparte , already a successful commander , having led the Italian campaign . The notion of annexing Egypt as a French colony had been under discussion since François Baron de Tott undertook a secret mission to the Levant in 1777 to determine its feasibility . Baron de Tott 's report was favorable , but no immediate action was taken . Nevertheless , Egypt became a topic of debate between Talleyrand and Napoleon , which continued in their correspondence during Napoleon 's Italian campaign . In early 1798 , Bonaparte proposed a military expedition to seize Egypt . In a letter to the Directoire , he suggested this would protect French trade interests , attack British commerce , and undermine Britain 's access to India and the East Indies , since Egypt was well - placed on the trade routes to these places . Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East , with the ultimate dream of linking with France 's ally Tipu Sultan , ruler of Mysore in India . As France was not ready for a head - on attack on Great Britain itself , the Directoire decided to intervene indirectly and create a `` double port '' connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea , prefiguring the Suez Canal . At the time , Egypt had been an Ottoman province since 1517 , but was now out of direct Ottoman control , and was in disorder , with dissension among the ruling Mamluk elite . In France , `` Egyptian '' fashion was in full swing -- intellectuals believed that Egypt was the cradle of western civilization and wished to conquer it . French traders already based on the River Nile were complaining of harassment by the Mamluks , and Napoleon wished to walk in the footsteps of Alexander the Great . He assured the Directoire that `` as soon as he had conquered Egypt , he will establish relations with the Indian princes and , together with them , attack the English in their possessions . '' According to a 13 February 1798 report by Talleyrand , `` Having occupied and fortified Egypt , we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to the Sultanate of Mysore , to join the forces of Tipu Sultan and drive away the English . '' The Directoire agreed to the plan in March 1798 , though troubled by its scope and cost . However , they saw that it would remove the popular and over-ambitious Napoleon from the center of power , though this motive long remained secret . Before departure from Toulon ( edit ) Rumors became rife as 40,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors were gathered in French Mediterranean ports . A large fleet was assembled at Toulon : 13 ships of the line , 14 frigates , and 400 transports . To avoid interception by the British fleet under Nelson , the expedition 's target was kept secret . It was known only to Bonaparte himself , his generals Berthier and Caffarelli , and the mathematician Gaspard Monge . Bonaparte was the commander , with subordinates including Thomas Alexandre Dumas , Kléber , Desaix , Berthier , Caffarelli , Lannes , Damas , Murat , Andréossy , Belliard , Menou , and Zajączek . His aides de camp included his brother Louis Bonaparte , Duroc , Eugène de Beauharnais , Thomas Prosper Jullien , and the Polish nobleman Joseph Sulkowski . The fleet at Toulon was joined by squadrons from Genoa , Civitavecchia and Bastia and was put under the command of Admiral Brueys and Contre - amirals Villeneuve , Du Chayla , Decrès and Ganteaume . The fleet was about to set sail when a crisis developed with Austria , and the Directoire recalled Bonaparte in case war broke out . The crisis was resolved in a few weeks , and Bonaparte received orders to travel to Toulon as soon as possible . It is claimed that , in a stormy meeting with the Directoire , Bonaparte threatened to dissolve them and directeur Reubell gave him a pen saying `` Sign there , general ! '' Bonaparte arrived at Toulon on 9 May 1798 , lodging with Benoît Georges de Najac , the officer in charge of preparing the fleet . The army embarked confident in their commander 's talent and on 19 May , just as he embarked , Bonaparte addressed the troops , especially those who had served under him in the Armée d'Italie : `` Soldiers ! You are one of the wings of the French army . You have made war on the mountains , on the plains , and in cities ; it remains for you to fight on the seas . The Roman legions , that you sometimes imitated but no longer equalled , fought Carthage now on this same sea and now on the plains of Zama ... Soldiers , sailors , you have been neglected until this day ; today , the greatest concern of the Republic is for you ... The genius of liberty , which made you , at her birth , the arbiter of Europe , wants to be genius of the seas and the furthest nations . '' Capture of Malta ( edit ) Main article : French occupation of Malta Napoleon 's arrival in Malta When Napoleon 's fleet arrived off Malta , Napoleon demanded that the Knights of Malta allow his fleet to enter the port and take on water and supplies . Grand Master von Hompesch replied that only two foreign ships would be allowed to enter the port at a time . Under that restriction , revictualling the French fleet would take weeks , and it would be vulnerable to the British fleet of Admiral Nelson . Napoleon therefore ordered the invasion of Malta . The French Revolution had significantly reduced the Knights ' income and their ability to put up serious resistance . Half of the Knights were French , and most of these knights refused to fight . French troops disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June . Gen. Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers landed soldiers and cannon in the western part of the main island of Malta , under artillery fire from Maltese fortifications . The French troops met some initial resistance but pressed forward . The Knights ' ill - prepared force in that region , numbering only about 2,000 , regrouped . The French pressed on with their attack . After a fierce gun battle lasting twenty - four hours , most of the Knights ' force in the west surrendered . Napoleon , during his stay in Malta , resided at Palazzo Parisio in Valletta . Napoleon then opened negotiations . Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta , von Hompesch surrendered the main fortress of Valletta . Alexandria to Syria ( edit ) Disembarkment at Alexandria ( edit ) French Campaign in Egypt , 1798 -- 99 Napoleon departed Malta for Egypt . After successfully eluding detection by the Royal Navy for thirteen days , the fleet was in sight of Alexandria where it landed on 1 July , although Napoleon 's plan had been to land elsewhere . On the day of the landing , Napoleon told his troops `` I promise to each soldier who returns from this expedition , enough to purchase six arpents of land . '' and added : `` The peoples we will be living alongside are Muslims ; their first article of faith is `` There is no other god but God , and Mahomet is his prophet '' . Do not contradict them ; treat them as you treated the Jews , the Italians ; respect their muftis and their imams , as you respected their rabbis and bishops . Have the same tolerance for the ceremonies prescribed by the Quran , for their mosques , as you had for the convents , for the synagogues , for the religion of Moses and that of Jesus Christ . The Roman legions used to protect all religions . You will here find different customs to those of Europe , you must get accustomed to them . The people among whom we are going treat women differently to us ; but in every country whoever violates one is a monster . Pillaging only enriches a small number of men ; it dishonours us , it destroys our resources ; it makes enemies of the people who it is in our interest to have as our friends . The first city we will encounter was built by Alexander ( the Great ) . We shall find at every step great remains worthy of exciting French emulation . '' Menou had been the first to set out for Egypt , and was the first Frenchman to land . Bonaparte and Kléber landed together and joined Menou at night at the Marabou , on which the first French tricolor to be hoisted in Egypt was raised . Bonaparte was informed that Alexandria intended to resist him and he rushed to get a force ashore . At 2 am he set off marching in three columns , arriving by surprise beneath Alexandria 's walls and ordering an assault -- the enemy gave up and fled . The city had not had time to surrender and put itself at the French 's discretion but , despite Bonaparte 's orders , the French soldiers broke into the city . On 1 July Napoleon , aboard the ship L'Orient en route to Egypt , wrote the following proclamation to the Muslim inhabitants of Alexandria : `` For too long the beys who govern Egypt have insulted the French nation and covered their traders in slanders . The hour of their punishment has come . For too long this horde of slaves , bought in the Caucasus and Georgia , have tyrannised the most beautiful part of the world ; but God , on whom all depends , has ordained that their empire shall end . People of Egypt , they have told you that I come to destroy your religion , but do not believe it ; ( tell them ) in reply ( that ) I come to restore your rights , punish the usurpers and that I respect God , his prophet and the Quran more than the Mamluks . Tell them that all men are equal before God ; wisdom , talents , virtues are the only things to make one man different from another ... Is there a more beautiful land ? It belongs to the Mamluks . If Egypt is their farm , then they should show the lease that God gave them for it ... Cadis , cheiks , imans , tchorbadjis , and notables of the nation ( I ask you to ) tell the people that we are true friends of Muslims . Was n't it us who destroyed the Knights of Malta ? Was n't it us who destroyed the Pope who used to say that he had a duty to make war on Muslims ? Was n't it us who have at all times been friends to the Great Lord and enemies to his enemies ? ... Thrice happy are those who will be with us ! They shall prosper in their fortune and in their rank . Happy are those who will be neutral ! They will get to know us over time , and join their ranks with ours . But unhappy , thrice unhappy , are those who shall arm themselves ( to fight ) for the Mamluks and who shall fight against us ! There shall be no hope for them , they shall perish . '' When the whole expeditionary force had been disembarked , Admiral Brueys received orders to take the fleet to Aboukir Bay before anchoring the battle - fleet in the old port of Alexandria if possible or taking it to Corfu . These precautions were made vital by the imminent arrival of the British fleet , which had already been seen near Alexandria 24 hours before the French fleet 's arrival . It was wisest to avoid the risks of a naval battle -- a defeat could have disastrous results and it was in the force 's better interests to go by land , marching at top speed to Cairo to frighten the enemy commanders and surprise them before they could put any defence measures in place . Victory on land , defeat at sea ( edit ) The Battle of the Pyramids , Louis - François , Baron Lejeune , 1808 Main articles : Battle of the Pyramids and Battle of the Nile Louis Desaix marched across the desert with his division and two cannon , arriving at Demenhour , fifteen miles ( 24 km ) from Alexandria , on 18 Messidor ( 6 July ) . Meanwhile , Bonaparte left Alexandria , leaving the city under Kléber 's command . General Dugua marched on Rosetta , with orders to seize and hold the entrance to the port housing the French fleet , which had to follow the route to Cairo down the river 's left bank and rejoin the army at Rahmanié . On 20 Messidor ( 8 July ) , Bonaparte arrived at Demenhour , where he found the forces that had met up , and on 22 Messidor they marched to Rahmanié , where they then awaited the fleet with their provisions . The fleet arrived on 24 Messidor ( 12 July ) and the army began to march again at night , followed by the fleet . The winds ' violence suddenly forced the fleet to the army 's left and straight into the enemy fleet , which was supported by musket fire from 4,000 Mamluks , reinforced by peasants and Arabs . The French fleet had numerical superiority but still lost its gunboats to the enemy . Attracted by the sound of gunfire , Bonaparte ordered his land force to the charge and attacked the village of Chebreiss , which was captured after two hours ' fierce fighting . The enemy fled in disorder towards Cairo , leaving 600 dead on the battlefield . The Battle of the Nile : Destruction of L'Orient , August 1 , 1798 After a day 's rest at Chebreiss , the French land force continued the pursuit . On 2 Thermidor ( 20 July ) , it arrived half a mile from the village of Embabé . The heat was unbearable and the army was exhausted and needed a rest , but there was not enough time and so Bonaparte drew up his 25,000 troops for battle approximately nine miles ( 15 km ) from the Pyramids of Giza . He is said to have shown his army the pyramids behind the enemy 's left flank and at the moment of ordering the attack shouted `` Soldiers , see the tops of the Pyramids '' -- in accounts written long afterwards , this phrase was altered into `` Soldiers , remember that from the top of these pyramids , 40 centuries of history contemplate you '' , though historians later discovered that the pyramids were not visible from the battlefield . This was the start of the so - called Battle of the Pyramids , a French victory over an enemy force of about 21,000 Mamluks . ( Around 40,000 Mamluk soldiers stayed away from the battle . ) The French defeated the Mamluk cavalry with a giant infantry square , with cannons and supplies safely on the inside . In all 300 French and approximately 6,000 Egyptians were killed . The battle gave rise to dozens of stories and drawings . Dupuy 's brigade pursued the routed enemy and at night entered Cairo , which had been abandoned by the beys Mourad and Ibrahim . On 4 Thermidor ( 22 July ) , the notables of Cairo came to Giza to meet Bonaparte and offered to hand over the city to him . Three days later , he moved his main headquarters there . Desaix was ordered to follow Mourad , who had set off for Upper Egypt . An observation corps was put in place at Elkanka to keep an eye on the movements of Ibrahim , who was heading towards Syria . Bonaparte personally led the pursuit of Ibrahim , beat him at Salahie and pushed him completely out of Egypt . The transports had sailed back to France , but the battle fleet stayed and supported the army along the coast . The British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson had been searching in vain for the French fleet for weeks . The British fleet had not found it in time to prevent the landings in Egypt , but on 1 August Nelson discovered the French warships anchored in a strong defensive position in the Bay of Abukir . The French believed that they were open to attack only on one side , the other side being protected by the shore . However , during the Battle of the Nile the arriving British fleet under Horatio Nelson managed to slip half of their ships in between the land and the French line , thus attacking from both sides . In a few hours 11 out of the 13 French ships of the line and 2 out of the 4 French frigates were captured or destroyed ; the four remaining ships fled . This frustrated Bonaparte 's goal of strengthening the French position in the Mediterranean Sea , and instead put it totally under British control . News of the naval defeat reached Bonaparte en route back to Cairo from defeating Ibrahim but , far from being worried , Mullié states : `` This disastrous event did not disconcert ( Bonaparte ) at all -- ever impenetrable , he did not allow any emotion to appear that he had not tested in his mind . Having calmly read the despatch which informed him that he and his army were now prisoners in Egypt , he said `` We no longer have a navy . Well ! We 'll have to stay here , or leave as great men just as the ancients did '' . The army then showed itself happy at this short energetic response , but the native Egyptians considered the defeat at Aboukir as fortune turning in their favour and so from then on busied themselves to find means to throw off the hateful yoke the foreigners were trying to impose on them by force and to hunt them from their country . This project was soon put into execution . '' Bonaparte 's administration of Egypt ( edit ) Napoleon in Cairo , by Jean - Léon Gérôme , 19th century , Princeton University Art Museum The skeleton of Napoleon 's Arabian horse , Marengo , on display at the National Army Museum in London `` Tracé du théatre operations Militaires '' from E.L.F. Hauet 's manuscripts of the Campaign in Egypt at the American University in Cairo After the naval defeat at Aboukir , Bonaparte 's campaign remained land - bound . However , his army still succeeded in consolidating power in Egypt , although it faced repeated nationalist uprisings , and Napoleon began to behave as absolute ruler of all Egypt . He set up a pavilion and from within it presided over a fête du Nil -- it was he who gave the signal to throw into the floats the statue of the river 's fiancée , his name and Mohammed 's were mingled in the same acclamations , on his orders gifts were distributed to the people , and he gave kaftans to his main officers . In a largely unsuccessful effort to gain the support of the Egyptian population , Bonaparte issued proclamations that cast him as a liberator of the people from Ottoman and Mamluk oppression , praising the precepts of Islam and claiming friendship between France and the Ottoman Empire despite French intervention in the breakaway state . This position as a liberator and Ottoman ally initially gained him solid support in Egypt and later led to admiration for Napoleon from Muhammad Ali of Egypt , who succeeded where Bonaparte had not in reforming Egypt and declaring its independence from the Ottomans . In a letter to a sheikh in August 1798 , Napoleon wrote , `` I hope ... I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of the Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness . '' However , Bonaparte 's secretary Bourienne wrote that his employer had no serious interest in Islam or any other religion beyond their political value . `` Bonaparte 's principle was ... to look upon religions as the work of men , but to respect them everywhere as a powerful engine of government ... If Bonaparte spoke as a Mussulman ( Muslim ) , it was merely in his character of a military and political chief in a Mussulman country . To do so was essential to his success , to the safety of his army , and ... to his glory ... In India he would have been for Ali , at Thibet for the Dalai - lama , and in China for Confucius . '' '' Shortly after Bonaparte 's return from facing Ibrahim came Mohammed 's birthday , which was celebrated with great pomp . Bonaparte himself directed the military parades for the occasion , preparing for this festival in the cheik 's house wearing oriental dress and a turban . It was on this occasion that the divan granted him the title Ali - Bonaparte after Bonaparte proclaimed himself `` a worthy son of the Prophet '' and `` favourite of Allah '' . Around the same time he took severe measures to protect pilgrim caravans from Egypt to Mecca , writing a letter himself to the governor of Mecca . Even so , thanks to the taxes he imposed on them to support his army , the Egyptians remained unconvinced of the sincerity of all Bonaparte 's attempts at conciliation and continued to attack him ceaselessly . Any means , even sudden attacks and assassination , were allowed to force the `` infidels '' out of Egypt . Military executions were unable to deter these attacks and they continued . 22 September 1798 was the anniversary of the founding of the First French Republic and Bonaparte organised the most magnificent celebration possible . On his orders , an immense circus was built in the largest square in Cairo , with 105 columns ( each with a flag bearing the name of a département ) round the edge and a colossal inscribed obelisk at the centre . On seven classical altars were inscribed the names of heroes killed in the French Revolutionary Wars , whilst the structure was entered through a triumphal arch , on which was shown the battle of the Pyramids . Here there was some awkwardness -- the painting flattered the French but aggrieved the defeated Egyptians they were trying to win over as allies . On the day of the festival , Bonaparte addressed his troops , enumerating their exploits since the 1793 siege of Toulon and telling them : `` From the English , famous for arts and commerce , to the hideous and fierce Bedouin , you have caught the gaze of the world . Soldiers , your destiny is fair ... This day , 40 million citizens celebrate the era of representative government , 40 million citizens think of you . '' After making himself master of Egypt , Bonaparte gave Egypt his version of the benefits of western civilisation . Cairo soon took on the appearance of a European city , with its administration confided to a ' divan ' chosen from among the best men of the province . At the same time the other cities received municipal institutions . An Institut d'Égypte of French scholars was set up and he joined the title of President of the Institut to the title of académicien . The conqueror became the legislator , setting up a library , a chemistry laboratory , a health service , a botanical garden , an observatory , an antiquities museum and a menagerie . Under Bonaparte 's orders , the scholars drew up a comparative table of Egyptian and French weights and measures , wrote a French - Arabic dictionary and calculated a triple Egyptian , Coptic and European calendar . Two journals were set up in Cairo , one for literature and political economy under the name Décade égyptienne , and the other for politics under the title Courrier égyptien . Its numbers hugely reduced by deaths in action and from disease , the army could no longer hope for reinforcements from France after the naval disaster at Aboukir , but Bonaparte tried to overcome this problem by levying from among the slaves in Egypt between the ages of 16 and 24 and turning the 3,000 sailors who had survived Aboukir into a légion nautique . All the streets in Cairo were closed at night by gates to stop the inhabitants aiding the Arabs in a night attack on the French . Bonaparte removed these fences , since the Egyptians could use them as barricades if they rose against the French -- this removal proved to be justified by the events that soon followed . Revolt of Cairo ( edit ) Further information : Revolt of Cairo The uprising in Cairo . Napoleon extended amnesty to the leaders of the revolt in 1798 . On 22 October 1798 , while Bonaparte was in old Cairo , the city 's population was spreading weapons around the streets and fortifying strongpoints , especially at the Great Mosque . The chef de brigade Dupuy , Cairo 's commander , was the first to be killed , then Sulkowski , friend and aide de camp to Bonaparte . Excited by the sheikhs and imams , the Egyptians swore by the Prophet to exterminate all Frenchmen and any Frenchman they met -- at home or in the streets -- was mercilessly killed . Crowds rallied at the city gates to keep out Bonaparte , who was repulsed and forced to take a detour to get in via the Boulaq gate . The French army 's situation was critical -- the British were menacing coastal towns , Murad Bey was still in the field in Upper Egypt , and generals Menou and Dugua were only just able to hold down Lower Egypt . The Arabs and the Egyptian peasants had common cause with those rising against the French in Cairo -- the whole desert was in arms . A manifesto of the Great Lord was published widely throughout Egypt . This attack on the religion of the French ( or lack of it ) stated : `` The French people are a nation of stubborn infidels and unbridled rascals ... They look upon the Quran , the Old Testament and the New Testament as fables ... Soon , troops as numerous as they are formidable will advance on us by land , at the same time ships of the line as high as the mountains will cover the surface of the seas ... If it please God , it is reserved for you to preside over their ( ie the French 's ) entire destruction ; as dust is scattered by the wind , there will not remain a single vestige of these infidels : for the promise of God is formal , the hope of the wicked man will be deceived , and the wicked men will perish . Glory to the Lord of the worlds ! '' Bonaparte did not feel threatened by the storm building on all sides . Via his orders the Arabs were beaten back into the desert and the artillery was turned back on the rebel city . Bonaparte personally hunted down the rebels from street to street and forced them to concentrate their retreat in the Great Mosque . Luckily for the French the sky was covered with clouds and thunder was rumbling , a very rare phenomenon in Egypt . Many of the superstitious residents considered the thunder as a sign from heaven and they begged for mercy from their enemies . Bonaparte replied `` He ( ie God ) is too late -- you 've begun , now I will finish ! '' He then immediately ordered his cannon to open fire on the Mosque . The French broke down the gates and stormed into the building , massacring the Egyptians inside . Back in absolute control of Cairo , Bonaparte sought out the authors and instigators of the revolt . Several sheikhs and many Turks or Egyptians were convicted of participation in the plot and executed . To complete his punishment , the city was hit by a high tax and its divan was replaced by a military commission . To negate the effects of the Great Lord 's firman , the French posted a proclamation in all the cities of Egypt , ending in the words : `` Stop founding your hopes on Ibrahim and Mourad , and put your trust in He who has empires in his discretion and who creates men . '' The most religious of the prophets said : `` The revolt has fallen asleep -- cursed be he who wakes it up ! '' While Bonaparte remained in Egypt , there was no further revolt . Syria ( edit ) Canal of the pharaohs ( edit ) Bonaparte and his chief of staff in Egypt , painting by Jean - Léon Gérôme , 1863 With Egypt quiet again and under his control , Bonaparte used this time of rest to visit Suez and see with his own eyes the possibility of a canal ( known as the Canal of the Pharaohs ) said to have been cut in antiquity between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean by order of the pharaohs . Before setting out on the expedition , he gave Cairo back its self - government as a token of its pardon -- a new ' divan ' made up of 60 members replaced the military commission . Then , accompanied by his colleagues from the Institut , Berthollet , Monge , Le Père , Dutertre , Costaz , Caffarelli , and followed by a 300 - man escort , Bonaparte set out for the Red Sea and after three days ' marching across the desert he and his caravan arrived at Suez . After giving orders to complete the fortifications at Suez , Bonaparte crossed the Red Sea and on 28 December 1798 moved into Sinai to look for the celebrated mountains of Moses 17 kilometres from Suez . On his return , surprised by the rising tide , he ran the risk of drowning . Arriving back at Suez , after much exploration the expedition fulfilled its aim , finding the remains of the ancient canal built by Senusret III and Necho II . Ottoman offensives ( edit ) Map of campaigns in Egypt and Syria In the meantime the Ottomans in Constantinople ( modern - day Istanbul ) received news of the French fleet 's destruction at Aboukir and believed this spelled the end for Bonaparte and his expedition , trapped in Egypt . Sultan Selim III decided to wage war against France , and sent two armies to Egypt . The first army , under the command of Jezzar Pasha , had set out with 12,000 soldiers ; but was reinforced with troops from Damascus , Aleppo , Iraq ( 10,000 men ) , and Jerusalem ( 8,000 men ) . The second army , under the command of Mustafa Pasha , began on Rhodes with about eight thousand soldiers . He also knew he would get about 42,000 soldiers from Albania , Constantinople , Asia Minor , and Greece . The Ottomans planned two offensives against Cairo : from Syria , across the desert of Salhayeh - Belbays - El Kankah , and from Rhodes by sea landing in the Aboukir area or the port city of Damietta . French response ( edit ) In January 1799 , during the canal expedition , the French learned of the hostile Ottoman movements and that Jezzar had seized the desert fort of El - Arich ten miles ( 16 km ) from Syria 's frontier with Egypt , which he was in charge of guarding . Certain that war with the Ottoman sultan was imminent and that he would be unable to defend against the Ottoman army , Bonaparte decided that his best defence would be to attack them first in Syria , where a victory would give him more time to prepare against the Ottoman forces on Rhodes . He prepared around 13,000 soldiers who were organised in divisions under the command of Generals Reynier ( with 2,160 men ) , Kléber ( with 2,336 ) , Bon ( 2,449 ) , Lannes ( 2,938 ) , division cavalry under General Murat ( 900 ) , brigade of infantry and cavalry under Brigade chief Bessières ( 400 ) , camel - company ( 89 ) , artillery under Dommartin ( 1,387 ) , and engineers and sappers under Caffarelli ( 3,404 ) . Every infantry and cavalry division had 6 cannons . Napoleon took 16 siege cannons which were placed on ships in Damietta under the command of Captain Standelet . He also ordered contre - amiral Perrée to Jaffa with siege artillery pieces . The total artillery sent on the campaign was 80 cannon . Regnier and the vanguard quickly arrived before Arish , captured it , destroyed part of the garrison and forced the rest to take refuge in the castle . At the same time he caused Ibrahim 's mamluks to flee and captured their camp . Bonaparte 's French forces left Egypt on 5 February 1799 and , seven days after leaving Cairo , Bonaparte too arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers . The garrison surrendered two days later and some of the garrison joined the French army . Jaffa ( edit ) After marching 60 miles ( 97 km ) across the desert the army arrived in Gaza , where it rested for two days , and then moved onto Jaffa . This city was surrounded by high walls flanked by towers . Jezzar had entrusted its defence to elite troops , with the artillery manned by 1,200 Ottoman gunners . The city was one of the ways into Syria , its port could be used by his fleet and a large part of the expedition 's success depended on its fall . This meant Bonaparte had to capture the city before advancing further , and so he laid siege to it from 3 -- 7 March . All the outer works were in the besiegers ' power and a breach could be produced . When Bonaparte sent a Turk to the city 's commander to demand his surrender , the commander beheaded him despite the envoy 's neutrality and ordered a sortie . He was repulsed and on the evening of the same day the besiegers ' cannonballs caused one of the towers to crumble . Despite the defenders ' desperate resistance , Jaffa fell . Two days and two nights of carnage were enough to assuage the French soldiers ' fury -- 4,500 prisoners were shot or beheaded by an executioner taken on in Egypt . This vengeful execution found apologists , who wrote that Napoleon could neither afford to hold such a large number of prisoners nor let them escape to join Jezzar 's ranks . Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa , by Antoine - Jean Gros Before leaving Jaffa , Bonaparte set up a divan for the city along with a large hospital on the site of the Carmelite monastery at Mount Carmel to treat those of his soldiers who had caught the plague , whose symptoms had been seen among them since the start of the siege . A report from generals Bon and Rampon on the plague 's spread worried Bonaparte . To calm his army , it is said he went into the sufferers ' rooms , spoke with and consoled the sick and touched them , saying `` See , it 's nothing '' , then left the hospital and told those who thought his actions unwise `` It was my duty , I 'm commander - in - chief '' . However , some later historians state that Napoleon avoided touching or even meeting plague - sufferers to avoid catching it and that his visits to the sick were invented by later Napoleonic propaganda . For example , long after the campaign , Antoine - Jean Gros produced the propaganda painting Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa in 1804 . This showed Napoleon touching a sick man 's body , modelling him on an Ancien Régime king - healer touching sufferers from the `` King 's Evil '' during his coronation rites -- this was no coincidence , since 1804 was the year Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor . Mount Tabor ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Mount Tabor ( 1799 ) The monument to Napoleon 's soldiers at Stella Maris Monastery , Haifa From Jaffa the army set off for the coastal town of Acre . En route it captured Haifa and the munitions and provisions stored there , along with the castle at Jaffe , the castle at Nazareth and the town of Tyre . The siege of Acre began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it and it was here that the Syrian campaign came to an abrupt halt . The city was defended by newly created Ottoman infantry elites ( Nizam - ı Cedid ) under the command of Jezzar Pasha and was right on the coast , enabling it to be reinforced and resupplied by the British and Ottoman fleets . After sixty days ' repeated attacks and two murderous and inconclusive assaults , the city remained uncaptured . Even so , it was still awaiting reinforcements by sea as well as a large army forming up in Asia on the sultan 's orders to march against the French . To find out the latter 's movements , Jezzar ordered a general sortie against Bonaparte 's camp . This sortie was supported by its own artillery and a naval bombardment from the British . With his usual impetuosity , Bonaparte pushed Jezzar 's columns back against their own walls and then went to help Kléber , who was retrenched in the ruins with 4,000 Frenchmen and 20,000 Ottomans under his command . Bonaparte conceived a trick which used all the advantages offered him by the enemy position , sending Murat and his cavalry across the River Jordan to defend the river crossing and Vial and Rampon to march on Nablus , while Bonaparte himself put his troops between the Ottomans and the magazines . These manoeuvres were successful , in what was known as the Battle of Mount Tabor . The enemy army , taken by surprise at many points at once , was routed and forced to retreat , leaving their camels , tents , provisions and 5,000 dead on the battlefield . Acre ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Acre ( 1799 ) Returning to besiege Acre , Bonaparte learned that Rear - Admiral Perrée had landed seven siege artillery pieces at Jaffa . Bonaparte then ordered two assaults , both vigorously repulsed . A fleet was sighted flying the Ottoman flag and Bonaparte realised he must capture the city before that fleet arrived there with reinforcements . A fifth general attack was ordered , which took the outer works , planted the French tricolour on the rampart , pushed the Ottomans back into the city and forced the Ottoman fire to relent . Acre was thus taken or about to capitulate . However , one of those fighting on the Ottoman side was the French émigré and engineer officer Phélippeaux , one of Bonaparte 's classmates at the École Militaire . Phélippeaux ordered cannon to be placed in the most advantageous positions and new trenches dug as if by magic behind the ruins which Bonaparte 's forces had captured . At the same time Sidney Smith , commander of the British fleet , and his ships ' crews landed . These factors renewed the courage of the besieged and they pushed Bonaparte 's force back , with stubborn fury on both sides . Three final consecutive assaults were all repulsed , convincing Bonaparte that it would be unwise to continue trying to capture Acre . He raised the siege in May and consoled his soldiers with the proclamation : `` After feeding the war for three months in the heart of Syria with a handful of men , taking forty guns , fifty flags , 10,000 prisoners , razing the fortifications of Gaza , Kaïffa , Jaffa , Acre , we shall return to Egypt . '' Retreat from Acre ( edit ) The French force 's situation was now critical -- the enemy could harass its rear as it retreated , it was tired and hungry in the desert , it was carrying a large number of plague - sufferers . To carry these sufferers in the middle of the army would spread the disease , so they had to be carried in the rear , where they were most at risk from the fury of the Ottomans , keen to avenge the massacres at Jaffa . There were two hospital depots , one in the large hospital on Mount Carmel and the other at Jaffa . On Bonaparte 's orders , all those at Mount Carmel were evacuated to Jaffa and Tentura . The gun horses were abandoned before Acre and Bonaparte and all his officers handed their horses over to the transport officer Daure , with Bonaparte walking to set an example . To conceal its withdrawal from the siege , the army set off at night . Arriving at Jaffa , Bonaparte ordered three evacuations of the plague sufferers to three different points -- one by sea to Damietta , one by land to Gaza and one by land to Arish . During the retreat the army picked clean all the lands through which they passed , with livestock , crops and houses all destroyed by sword and fire and Gaza the only place to be spared , in return for remaining loyal to Bonaparte . To speed the retreat , Bonaparte also took the controversial step of killing prisoners and plague - stricken men along the way . His supporters argued that this was necessary given continuing harassment of stragglers by Ottoman forces . Back in Egypt ( edit ) Finally , after four months away from Egypt , the expedition arrived back at Cairo with 1,800 wounded , after losing 600 men to the plague and 1,200 to enemy action . In the meantime Ottoman and British emissaries had brought news of Bonaparte 's setback at Acre to Egypt , stating that his expeditionary force was largely destroyed and Bonaparte himself was dead . On his return Bonaparte scotched these rumours by re-entering Egypt as if he was at the head of a triumphal army , with his soldiers carrying palm branches , emblems of victory . In his proclamation to the inhabitants of Cairo , Bonaparte told them : `` He is back in Cairo , the Bien - Gardé , the head of the French army , general Bonaparte , who loves Mahomet 's religion ; he is back sound and well , thanking God for the favours he has given him . He has entered Cairo by the gate of Victory . This day is a great day ; no one has ever seen its like ; all the inhabitants of Cairo have come out to meet him . They have seen and recognised that it is the same commander in chief , Bonaparte , in his own person ; but those of Jaffa , having refused to surrender , he handed them all over to pillage and death in his anger . He has destroyed all its ramparts and killed all those found there . There were around 5,000 of Jezzar 's troops in Jaffa -- he destroyed them all . '' Abukir to withdrawal ( edit ) Land battle at Abukir ( edit ) Bonaparte Before the Sphinx , ( ca . 1868 ) by Jean - Léon Gérôme , Hearst Castle At Cairo the army found the rest and supplies it needed to recover , but its stay there could not be a long one . Bonaparte had been informed that Murad Bey had evaded the pursuit by generals Desaix , Belliard , Donzelot and Davoust and was descending on Upper Egypt . Bonaparte thus marched to attack him at Giza , also learning that 100 Ottoman ships were off Aboukir , threatening Alexandria . Without losing time or returning to Cairo , Bonaparte ordered his generals to make all speed to meet the army commanded by the pasha of Rumelia , Saïd - Mustapha , which had joined up with the forces under Murad Bey and Ibrahim . Before leaving Giza , where he found them , Bonaparte wrote to Cairo 's divan , stating : `` 80 ships have dared to attack Alexandria but , beaten back by the artillery in that place , they have gone to anchor in Aboukir Bay , where they began disembarking ( troops ) . I leave them to do this , since my intention is to attack them , to kill all those who do not wish to surrender , and to leave others alive to be led in triumph to Cairo . This will be a handsome spectacle for the city . '' First Bonaparte advanced to Alexandria , from which he marched to Aboukir , whose fort was now strongly garrisoned by the Ottomans . Bonaparte deployed his army so that Mustapha would have to win or die with all his family . Mustapha 's army was 18,000 strong and supported by several cannons , with trenches defending it on the landward side and free communication with the Ottoman fleet on the seaward side . Bonaparte ordered an attack on 25 July and the Battle of Abukir ensued . In a few hours the trenches were taken , 10,000 Ottomans drowned in the ocean and the rest captured or killed . Most of the credit for the French victory that day goes to Murat , who captured Mustapha himself . Mustapha 's son was in command of the fort and he and all his officers survived but were captured and sent back to Cairo as part of the French triumphal procession . Seeing Bonaparte return with these high - ranking prisoners , the population of Cairo superstitiously welcomed him as a prophet - warrior who had predicted his own triumph with such remarkable precision . Bonaparte leaves Egypt ( edit ) The land battle at Abukir was Bonaparte 's last action in Egypt , partly restoring his reputation after the French naval defeat at the same place a year earlier . However , with the Egyptian campaign stagnating and political instability developing back home , a new phase in Bonaparte 's career was beginning -- he felt that he had nothing left to do in Egypt which was worthy of his ambition and that ( as had been shown by the defeat at Acre ) the forces he had left to him there were not sufficient for an expedition of any importance outside of Egypt . He also foresaw that the army was getting yet weaker from losses in battle and to disease and would soon have to surrender and be taken prisoner by its enemies , which would destroy all the prestige he had won by his many victories . Bonaparte thus spontaneously decided to return to France . During the prisoner exchange at Aboukir and notably via the Gazette de Francfort Sidney Smith had sent him , he was in communication with the British fleet , from which he had learned of events in France . As Bonaparte saw ( and later mythologised ) France was thrown back into retreat , its enemies had recaptured France 's conquests , France was unhappy at its dictatorial government and was nostalgic for the glorious peace it had signed in the Treaty of Campo Formio -- as Bonaparte saw it , this meant France needed him and would welcome him back . He only shared the secret of his return with a small number of friends whose discretion and loyalty were well - known . He left Cairo in August 1799 on the pretext of a voyage in the Nile Delta without arousing suspicion , accompanied by the scholars Monge and Berthollet , the painter Denon , and generals Berthier , Murat , Lannes and Marmont . On 23 August 1799 a proclamation informed the army that Bonaparte had transferred his powers as commander in chief to General Kléber . This news was taken badly , with the soldiers angry with Bonaparte and the French government for leaving them behind , but this indignation soon ended , since the troops were confident in Kléber , who convinced them that Bonaparte had not left permanently but would soon be back with reinforcements from France . As night fell , the frigate Muiron silently moored by the shore , with three other ships escorting her . Some became worried when a British corvette was sighted at the moment of departure , but Bonaparte cried `` Bah ! We 'll get there , luck has never abandoned us , we shall get there , despite the English . '' Bonaparte 's voyage to France ( edit ) On their 41 - day voyage back they did not meet a single enemy ship to stop them , with some sources suggesting that Bonaparte had purchased the British fleet 's neutrality via a tacit agreement , though others hold this unlikely , since many would argue that he also had a pact with Nelson to leave him to board on the Egyptian coast unopposed with the fleet bearing his large army . It has been suggested that Sidney Smith and other British commanders in the Mediterranean helped Napoleon evade the British blockade , thinking that he might act as a Royalist element back in France , but there is no solid historical evidence in support of this conjecture . On 1 October Napoleon 's small flotilla entered port at Ajaccio , where contrary winds kept them until 8 October , when they set out for France . When the coast came in sight , ten British ships were sighted . Contre - amiral Ganteaume suggested changing course towards Corsica , but Bonaparte said `` No , this manoeuvre would lead us to England , and I want to get to France . '' . This courageous act saved them and on 8 October 1799 ( 16 vendémiaire year VIII ) the frigates anchored in the roads off Fréjus . As there were no sick men on board and the plague in Egypt had ended six months before their departure , Bonaparte and his entourage were allowed to land immediately without waiting in quarantine . At 6 pm he set off for Paris , accompanied by his chief of staff Berthier . He stopped off at Saint - Raphaël , where he built a pyramid commemorating the expedition . End of the campaign ( edit ) Assassination of Kléber , painting in the Musée historique de Strasbourg British victory over the French at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801 The troops Bonaparte left behind were supposed to be honourably evacuated under the terms of a treaty Kléber had negotiated with Smith in early 1800 , but British Admiral Keith reneged on this treaty , sending an amphibious assault force of 30,000 Mamlukes against Kléber . Kléber defeated the Mamlukes at the battle of Heliopolis in March 1800 , and then suppressed an insurrection in Cairo . However , on 14 June ( 26 prairial ) 1800 a Syrian student called Suleiman al - Halabi assassinated Kléber with a dagger in the heart , chest , left forearm and right thigh . Command of the French army passed to General Menou , who held command from 3 July 1800 until August 1801 . Menou 's letter was published in Le Moniteur on 6 September , with the conclusions of the committee charged with judging those responsible for the assassination : `` The committee , after carrying through the trial with all due solemnity and process , thought it necessary to follow Egyptian customs in its application of punishment ; it condemned the assassin to be impaled after having his right hand burned ; and three of the guilty sheikhs to be beheaded and their bodies burned . '' The Anglo - Ottomans then commenced their land offensive , the French were defeated by the British in the Battle of Alexandria on March 21 , surrendered at Fort Julien in April and then Cairo fell in June . Finally besieged in Alexandria from 17 August -- 2 September 1801 , Menou eventually capitulated to the British . Under the terms of his capitulation , the British General John Hely - Hutchinson allowed the French army to be repatriated in British ships . Menou also signed over to Britain the priceless hoard of Egyptian antiquities such as the Rosetta Stone which it had collected . After initial talks in Al Arish on 30 January 1802 , the Treaty of Paris on 25 June 1802 ended all hostilities between France and the Ottoman Empire , resecuring Egypt for the Ottomans . Scientific expedition ( edit ) The Egyptian Expedition under the orders of Bonaparte , painting by Léon Cogniet , early 19th century An unusual aspect of the Egyptian expedition was the inclusion of an enormous contingent of scientists and scholars ( `` savants '' ) assigned to the invading French force , 167 in total . This deployment of intellectual resources is considered as an indication of Napoleon 's devotion to the principles of the Enlightenment , and by others as a masterstroke of propaganda obfuscating the true motives of the invasion ; the increase of Bonaparte 's power . These scholars included engineers and artists , members of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts , the geologist Dolomieu , Henri - Joseph Redouté , the mathematician Gaspard Monge ( a founding member of the École polytechnique ) , the chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , Vivant Denon , the mathematician Jean - Joseph Fourier ( who did some of the empirical work upon which his `` analytical theory of heat '' was founded in Egypt ) , the physicist Étienne Malus , the naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire , the botanist Alire Raffeneau - Delile , and the engineer Nicolas - Jacques Conté of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers . Their original aim was to help the army , notably by opening a Suez Canal , mapping out roads and building mills to supply food . They founded the Institut d'Égypte with the aim of propagating Enlightenment values in Egypt through interdisciplinary work , improving its agricultural and architectural techniques for example . A scientific review was created under the title Décade égyptienne and in the course of the expedition the scholars also observed and drew the flora and fauna in Egypt and became interested in the country 's resources . The Egyptian Institute that Napoleon established saw the construction of laboratories , libraries , and a printing press . The group worked prodigiously , and some of their discoveries were not finally cataloged until the 1820s . A young engineering officer , Pierre - François - Xavier Bouchard , discovered the Rosetta Stone in July 1799 . However , many of the antiquities collected by the French in Egypt were seized by the British Navy and ended up in the British Museum -- only about 50 of the 5,000 Egyptian objects in the Louvre were collected during the 1799 -- 1801 Egyptian expedition . Even so , the scholars ' research in Egypt gave rise to the Description de l'Égypte , published on Napoleon 's orders between 1809 and 1821 . Napoleon 's discoveries in Egypt gave rise to fascination with Ancient Egyptian culture and the birth of Egyptology in Europe . The printing press ( edit ) The printing press was first introduced to Egypt by Napoleon . He brought with his expedition a French , Arabic , and Greek printing press , which were far superior in speed , efficiency and quality to the nearest presses used in Istanbul . In the Middle East , Africa , India and even much of Eastern Europe and Russia , printing was a minor , specialized activity until the 1700s at least . From about 1720 , the Mutaferrika Press in Istanbul produced substantial amounts of printing , of which some Egyptian clerics were aware of at the time . Juan Cole reports that , `` Bonaparte was a master of what we would now call spin , and his genius for it is demonstrated by reports in Arabic sources that several of his more outlandish allegations were actually taken seriously in the Egyptian countryside . '' Bonaparte 's initial use of Arabic in his printed proclamations was rife with error . In addition to much of the awkwardly translated Arabic wording being unsound grammatically , often the proclamations were so poorly constructed that they were simply undecipherable . The French Orientalist Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis , perhaps with the help of Maltese aides , were responsible for translating the first of Napoleon 's French proclamations into Arabic . The Maltese language is distantly related to the Egyptian dialect , however , classical Arabic differs greatly in grammar , vocabulary , and idiom . Venture de Paradis , alternatively , who had lived in Tunis , understood Arabic grammar and vocabulary , but did not know how to use them idiomatically . The Sunni Muslim clerics of the Al - Azhar University in Cairo reacted incredulously to Napoleon 's proclamations . Abd al - Rahman al - Jabarti , a Cairene cleric and historian , received the proclamations with a combination of amusement , bewilderment , and outrage . He berated the French 's poor Arabic grammar and the infelicitous style of their proclamations . Over the course of Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt , al - Jabarti wrote a wealth of material regarding the French and their occupation tactics . Among his observations , he rejected Napoleon 's claim that the French were `` muslims '' ( the wrong noun case was used in the Arabic proclamation , making it a lower case `` m '' ) and poorly understood the French concept of a republic and democracy -- words which did not exist at the time in Arabic . Analysis ( edit ) Cemetery of French Soldiers of Napoleon Egypte Expedition , Fomm el - Khaleeg -- Cairo -- Egypt In addition to its significance in the wider French Revolutionary Wars , the campaign had a powerful impact on the Ottoman Empire in general and the Arab world in particular . The invasion demonstrated the military , technological , and organisational superiority of the Western European powers to the Middle East , leading to profound social changes in the region . The invasion introduced Western inventions , such as the printing press , and ideas , such as liberalism and incipient nationalism , to the Middle East , eventually leading to the establishment of Egyptian independence and modernisation under Muhammad Ali Pasha in the first half of the 19th century and eventually the Nahda , or Arab Renaissance . To modernist historians , the French arrival marks the start of the modern Middle East . The campaign ended in what some back home in France believed was a failure , with 15,000 French troops killed in action and 15,000 by disease . However , Napoleon 's reputation as a brilliant military commander remained intact and even rose higher , despite some of his failures during the campaign . This was due to his expert propaganda , such as his Courrier d'Égypte , set up to propagandise the expeditionary force itself and support its morale . That propaganda even spread back to France , where news of defeats such as at sea in Aboukir Bay and on land in Syria were suppressed . Defeats could be blamed on the now - assassinated Kléber , leaving Napoleon free from blame and with a burnished reputation . This opened his way to power and he profited from his reputation by engineering his becoming First Consul in the coup d'état of 18 brumaire ( November 1799 ) . Mamelukes in French service ( edit ) Colonel Barthelemy Serra took the first steps towards creating a Mameluke Corps in France . On September 27 , 1800 he wrote a letter from Cairo to the first consul , couched in an Oriental style . He regretted being very far away from Napoleon and offered his total devotion to the French nation and expressed the Mameluke 's wish to become the bodyguard to the first consul . They wished to serve him as living shields against those who would seek to harm him . The first consul became receptive of admitting a unit of carefully selected cavalrymen as his personal guard . He had an officer pay appropriate respects to the foreign troops and provided Napoleon himself with a full report to the number of refugees . French order of battle ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient ( 1798 ) Timeline and battles ( edit ) Battle at Nazareth by Gros 1798 19 May ( 30 Floréal year VI ) -- Departure from Toulon 11 June ( 23 Prairial year VI ) -- Capture of Malta 1 July ( 13 Messidor year VI ) -- Landing at Alexandria 21 July ( 3 Thermidor year VI ) -- Battle of the Pyramids , French land victory 1 and 2 August ( 14 -- 15 Thermidor year VI ) -- Battle of the Nile , British naval victory over French squadron anchored in Aboukir Bay 10 August -- Battle at Salheyeh , French victory 7 October -- Battle of Sédiman , French victory 21 October ( 30 Vendémiaire ) -- Cairo Revolt 1799 7 March -- Siege of Jaffa , French victory 8 April -- Battle at Nazareth , French victory , Junot with 500 defeats 3000 Turks 11 April -- Battle of Cana , French victory , Napoleon wins a great battle against Turks 16 April ( 27 Germinal year VII ) -- Bonaparte relieves the troops under Kléber just as the latter are about to be overwhelmed at the foot of Mount Tabor General Murat at the battle of Abukir , where 11,000 Ottoman soldiers drowned in the Nile 20 May ( 1 Prairial an VII ) -- Siege of Acre , French troops retire after eight assaults 1 August ( 14 Thermidor year VII ) -- Battle of Abukir , French victory 23 August ( 6 Fructidor year VII ) -- Bonaparte embarks on the frigate Muiron and abandons command to Kléber 1800 24 January ( 4 Pluviôse year VIII ) -- Kléber concludes the convention of El - Arich with the British admiral Sidney Smith February ( Pluviôse - Ventôse year VIII ) -- French troops begin their withdrawal , but the British admiral Keith refuses to recognize the convention 's terms . 20 March ( 29 Ventôse year VIII ) -- Battle of Heliopolis , Kléber wins one last victory , against a force of 30,000 Ottomans 14 June ( 25 Prairial year VIII ) -- A Kurd named Suleiman al - Halabi assassinates Kléber in his garden in Cairo . General Menou , a convert to Islam , takes over command 3 September ( 16 Fructidor year VIII ) -- The British recapture Malta from the French 1801 8 March ( 17 Ventôse year IX ) -- British landing near Aboukir 21 March ( 30 Ventôse year IX ) -- Battle of Alexandria , French defeat , army under Menou digs in at Alexandria ready for the siege of Alexandria 31 March ( 10 Germinal year IX ) -- Ottoman army arrives at El - Arich 19 April ( 29 Germinal year IX ) -- British and Ottoman forces capture Fort Julien at Rosetta after a four - day bombardment , opening the Nile . 27 June ( 8 Messidor year IX ) -- General Belliard surrenders in Cairo 31 August ( 13 Fructidor year IX ) -- Siege of Alexandria ends in Menou 's surrender See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Expédition d'Égypte . Crusader invasions of Egypt -- 1154 -- 1169 Italian invasion of Egypt -- 1940 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : James , T.G.H. ( 2003 ) . `` Napoleon and Egyptology : Britain 's Debt to French Enterprise '' . Enlightening the British : Knowledge , Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century . British Museum Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 5010 - X . Jump up ^ Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Greenwood . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) La Campagne d'Egypte de Bonaparte Archived 2010 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Emission Deux mille ans d'Histoire by France Inter , 22 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Amini , Iradj ( 1999 ) . Napoleon and Persia : Franco - Persian Relations Under the First Empire . Mage . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 934211 - 58 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Juan ( 2007 ) . Napoleon 's Egypt : Invading the Middle East . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6431 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Pages/Palazzo-Parisio.aspx Jump up ^ http://blog.maltaweathersite.com/2014/01/napoleons-bedroom-at-palazzo-parisio-in-valletta/ Jump up ^ http://archive.maltatoday.com.mt/2010/01/24/interview.html Jump up ^ Original text : Napoleon Bonaparte , ed . C.A. Fischer , Collection Générale et Complète de lettres ... de Napoléon le Grand ... Leipzig : H. Graff , 1808 ; pp. 58 - 9 . Available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Wikisource -- Full text of the Déclaration du général Bonaparte au peuple égyptien , 1798 '' ( in French ) . Fr.wikisource.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cairo , Nezar AlSayyad , p174 Jump up ^ Chandler , David . The Campaigns of Napoleon New York , Macmillan , 1966 Jump up ^ Bonaparte , chapter 6 , in Charles Mullié , Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850 , 1852 Jump up ^ Cherfils 1914 , pp. 105 and 125 Jump up ^ `` Bonaparte and Islam '' . George Mason University Center for History and New Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Issues of La Décade égyptienne in Gallica , the digital library of the bnF Jump up ^ Frank McLynn , `` Napoleon : a biography '' , Pimlico , 1998 . ( pp. 180 -- 183 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Juan ( 2007 ) . Napoleon 's Egypt : Invading the Middle East . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Cole , Juan ( 2007 ) . Napoleon 's Egypt : Invading the Middle East . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 31 . Jump up ^ ' Abd al - Rahman Al - Jabarti ( 2000 ) . Ta'rikh , Muddat al - faransis bi misr . Cairo : Dar al - Kitab al - Jami'i . pp. 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Shmuel Moreh ( 1995 ) . Napoleon in Egypt : Al - Jabarti 's Chronicle of the French Occupation , 1798 . Markus Wiener Publishing . pp. 27 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cole , Juan ( 2007 ) . Napoleon 's Egypt : Invading the Middle East . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , William L. ( 2004 ) . A history of the modern Middle East . Michigan University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4048 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pawly , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Napoleon 's Mamelukes . New York : Osprey Publishing . p. 9 . Bibliography and further reading ( edit ) Napoleon Was Here ! An interactive journey following Napoleon 's expedition to Egypt , The National Library of Israel Burleigh , Nina . Mirage . Harper , New York , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 059767 - 2 Cherfils , Christian ( 1914 ) . Bonaparte et l'Islam d'après les documents français & arabes . Pedone . OCLC 253080866 . Cole , Juan ( 2007 ) . Napoleon 's Egypt : Invading the Middle East . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6431 - 9 . Herold , J. Christopher . Bonaparte in Egypt . Hamish Hamilton , London , 1962 . Jourquin , Jacques , Journal du capitaine François dit ' le dromadaire d'Égypte ' , 2 vol. , introduction critique et annexes par Jacques Jourquin , éditions Tallandier ( couronné par l'Académie française ) , 1984 , new edition , 2003 . Mackesy , Piers . British Victory in Egypt , 1801 : The End of Napoleon 's Conquest . Routledge , 2013 . ISBN 9781134953578 Miot , Jacques . Narrative of the French expedition in Egypt , and the operations in Syria . Translated from the French . ( 1816 ) Miot , Jacques - François . Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie . Deuxième édition. ( 1814 ) . `` Review of Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie by J. Miot '' . The Quarterly Review . 13 : 1 -- 55 . April 1815 . Rickard , J French Invasion of Egypt , 1798 - 1801 , ( 2006 ) Strathern , Paul . Napoleon in Egypt : The Greatest Glory . Jonathan Cape , Random House , London , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 07681 - 4 Melanie Ulz : Auf dem Schlachtfeld des Empire . Männlichkeitskonzepte in der Bildproduktion zu Napoleons Ägyptenfeldzug ( Marburg : Jonas Verlag 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 3 - 89445 - 396 - 1 . Napoleonic Egypt Digital Collection ; Rare Books and Special Collections Library ; the American University in Cairo <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution <Th_colspan="2"> French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 - 1921 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 - 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 - 1917 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 - 1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria&oldid=815467435 '' Categories : French campaign in Egypt and Syria Conflicts in 1798 Conflicts in 1799 Conflicts in 1800 Conflicts in 1801 Invasions by France Military history of Egypt Napoleonic Wars History of Ottoman Syria Wars involving Ottoman Egypt 18th century in France 19th century in France 18th century in Egypt 19th century in Egypt 1798 in Egypt 1799 in Egypt 1800 in Egypt 1801 in Egypt 1799 in Ottoman Syria French colonisation in Africa 18th century in the British Empire 19th century in the British Empire Invasions of Ottoman Egypt Invasions of Ottoman Syria Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. French campaign in Egypt and Syria 2. Napoleon Bonaparte 3. Ottoman Empire 4. Battle of the Pyramids 5. British occupation of Egypt

what is the name of the oxoacid hclo

Oxoacid - wikipedia Oxoacid Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with keto acids or oxocarboxylic acids , which are sometimes called oxoacids . An oxoacid is an acid that contains oxygen . Specifically , it is a compound that contains hydrogen , oxygen , and at least one other element , with at least one hydrogen atom bond to oxygen that can dissociate to produce the H cation and the anion of the acid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Properties 3 Names of inorganic oxoacids 3.1 Examples 4 Sources 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Generally , oxyacids are simply oxyanions attached to a positively - polarized hydrogen , which can be split off as a cation . Under Lavoisier 's original theory , all acids contained oxygen , which was named from the Greek ὀξύς ( oxys : acid , sharp ) and the root - γενής ( - genes : creator ) . It was later discovered that some acids , notably hydrochloric acid , did not contain oxygen and so acids were divided into oxoacids and these new hydroacids . All oxoacids have the acidic hydrogen bound to an oxygen atom , so bond strength ( length ) is not a factor , as it is with binary nonmetal hydrides . Rather , the electronegativity of the central atom ( X ) and the number of O atoms determine oxoacid acidity . With the same central atom X , acid strength increases as the number of oxygens attached to X increases . With the same number of oxygens around E , acid strength increases with the electronegativity of X . Imidic acids are created by replacing =O with = NR in an oxoacid . Properties ( edit ) An oxoacid molecule contains the structure X − O − H , where other atoms or atom groups can be connected to the central atom X . In a solution , such a molecule can be dissociated into ions in two distinct ways : X − O − H ⇄ ( X − O ) + H X − O − H ⇄ X + OH If the central atom X is strongly electronegative , then it strongly attracts the electrons of the oxygen atom . In that case , the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atom is weak , and the compound ionizes easily in the way of the former of the two chemical equations above . In this case , the compound XOH is an acid , because it releases a proton , that is , a hydrogen ion . For example , nitrogen , sulfur and chlorine are strongly electronegative elements , and therefore nitric acid , sulfuric acid , and perchloric acid , are strong acids . If , however , the electronegativity of X is low , then the compound is dissociated to ions according to the latter chemical equation , and XOH is an alkaline hydroxide . Examples of such compounds are sodium hydroxide NaOH and calcium hydroxide Ca ( OH ) . Owing to the high electronegativity of oxygen , however , most of the common oxobases , such as sodium hydroxide , while strongly basic in water , are only moderately basic in comparison to other bases . For example , the pKa of the conjugate acid of sodium hydroxide , water , is 15.7 , while that of sodium amide , ammonia , is closer to 40 , making sodium hydroxide a much weaker base than sodium amide . If the electronegativity of X is somewhere in between , the compound can be amphoteric , and in that case it can dissociate to ions in both ways , in the former case when reacting with bases , and in the latter case when reacting with acids . Examples of this include aliphatic alcohols , such as ethanol . Inorganic oxoacids typically have a chemical formula of type H XO , where X is some atom functioning as a central atom , whereas parameters m and n depend on the oxidation state of the element X . In most cases , the element X is a nonmetal , but some metals , for example chromium and manganese , can form oxoacids when occurring at their highest oxidation states . When oxoacids are heated , many of them dissociate to water and the anhydride of the acid . In most cases , such anhydrides are oxides of nonmetals . For example , carbon dioxide , CO , is the anhydride of carbonic acid , H CO , and sulfur trioxide , SO , is the anhydride of sulfuric acid , H SO . These anhydrides react quickly with water and form those oxoacids again . Many organic acids , like carboxylic acids and phenols , are oxoacids . Their molecular structure , however , is much more complicated than that of inorganic oxoacids . Most of the commonly encountered acids are oxoacids . Indeed , in the 18th century , Lavoisier assumed that all acids contain oxygen and that oxygen causes their acidity . Because of this , he gave to this element its name , oxygenium , derived from Greek and meaning acid - maker , which is still , in a more or less modified form , used in most languages . Later , however , Humphry Davy showed that the so - called muriatic acid did not contain oxygen , despite its being a strong acid ; instead , it is a solution of hydrogen chloride , HCl . Such acids which do not contain oxygen are nowadays known as hydroacids . Names of inorganic oxoacids ( edit ) Many inorganic oxoacids are traditionally called with names ending with the word acid and which also contain , in a somewhat modified form , the name of the element they contain in addition to hydrogen and oxygen . Well - known examples of such acids are sulfuric acid , nitric acid and phosphoric acid . This practice is fully well - established , and IUPAC has accepted such names . In light of the current chemical nomenclature , this practice is , however , very exceptional , because systematic names of all other compounds are formed only according to what elements they contain and what is their molecular structure , not according to what other properties ( for example , acidity ) they have . IUPAC , however , recommends against calling future compounds not yet discovered with a name ending with the word acid . Indeed , acids can be called with names formed by adding the word hydrogen in front of the corresponding anion ; for example , sulfuric acid could just as well be called hydrogen sulfate ( or dihydrogen sulfate ) . In fact , the fully systematic name of sulfuric acid , according to IUPAC 's rules , would be dihydroxidodioxidosulfur and that of the sulfate ion , tetraoxidosulfate ( 2 − ) , Such names , however , are almost never used . However , the same element can form more than one acid when compounded with hydrogen and oxygen . In such cases , the English practice to distinguish such acids is to use the suffix - ic in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing more oxygen atoms , and the suffix - ous in the name of the element in the name of the acid containing fewer oxygen atoms . Thus , for example , sulfuric acid is H SO , and sulfurous acid , H SO . Analogously , nitric acid is HNO , and nitrous acid , HNO . If there are more than two oxoacids having the same element as the central atom , then , in some cases , acids are distinguished by adding the prefix per - or hypo - to their names . The prefix per - , however , is used only when the central atom is a halogen or a group 7 element . For example , chlorine has the four following oxoacids : hypochlorous acid HClO chlorous acid HClO chloric acid HClO perchloric acid HClO The suffix - ite occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix - ous . On the other hand , the suffix - ate occurs in names of anions and salts derived from acids whose names end to the suffix - ic . Prefixes hypo - and per - occur in the name of anions and salts ; for example the ion ClO − 4 is called perchlorate . In a few cases , the prefixes ortho - and para - occur in names of some oxoacids and their derivative anions . In such cases , the para - acid is what can be thought as remaining of the ortho - acid if a water molecule is separated from the ortho - acid molecule . For example , phosphoric acid , H PO , has sometimes been called orthophosphoric acid , in order to distinguish it from metaphosphoric acid , HPO . However , according to IUPAC 's current rules , the prefix ortho - should only be used in names of orthotelluric acid and orthoperiodic acid , and their corresponding anions and salts . Examples ( edit ) In the following table , the formula and the name of the anion refer to what remains of the acid when it loses all its hydrogen atoms as protons . Many of these acids , however , are polyprotic , and in such cases , there also exists one or more intermediate anions . In name of such anions , the prefix hydrogen - ( in older nomenclature bi - ) is added , with numeral prefixes if needed . For example , SO 2 − 4 is the sulfate anion , and HSO − 4 , the hydrogensulfate ( or bisulfate ) anion . Similarly , PO 3 − 4 is phosphate , HPO 2 − 4 is hydrogenphosphate , and H 2PO − 4 is dihydrogenphosphate . Oxoacids and their corresponding anions Element group Element ( central atom ) Oxidation state Acid formula Acid name Anion formula Anion name 6 Chromium + 6 2CrO Chromic acid CrO 2 − Chromate 2Cr 2O 7 Dichromic acid Cr 2O2 − 7 Dichromate 7 Manganese + 7 HMnO Permanganic acid MnO − Permanganate + 6 2MnO Manganic acid MnO 2 − Manganate Technetium + 7 HTcO Pertechnetic acid TcO − Pertechnetate + 6 2TcO Technetic acid TcO 2 − Technetate Rhenium + 7 HReO Perrhenic acid ReO − Perrhenate + 6 2ReO Tetraoxorhenic ( VI ) acid ReO 2 − Rhenate + 5 HReO Trioxorhenic ( V ) acid ReO − Rhenate 3ReO Tetraoxorhenic ( V ) acid ReO 3 − Rhenate 4Re 2O 7 Heptaoxodirhenic ( V ) acid Re 2O4 − 7 Rhenate 13 Boron + 3 3BO Boric acid ( formerly orthoboric acid ) BO 3 − Borate ( formerly orthoborate ) ( HBO 2 ) n Metaboric acid BO − Metaborate 14 Carbon + 4 2CO Carbonic acid CO 2 − Carbonate Silicon + 4 4SiO Silicic acid ( formerly orthosilicic acid ) SiO 4 − Silicate ( formerly orthosilicate ) 2SiO Metasilicic acid SiO 2 − Metasilicate 14 , 15 Carbon , nitrogen + 4 , − 3 HOCN Cyanic acid OCN − Cyanate HNCO Isocyanic acid NCO − Isocyanate HONC Fulminic acid ONC − Fulminate 15 Nitrogen + 5 HNO Nitric acid NO − Nitrate HNO Peroxynitric acid NO − Peroxynitrate 3NO Orthonitric acid NO 3 − Orthonitrate + 3 HNO Nitrous acid NO − Nitrite HOONO Peroxynitrous acid OONO − Peroxynitrite + 2 2NO Nitroxylic acid NO 2 − Nitroxylate + 1 2O Hyponitrous acid 2O2 − Hyponitrite Phosphorus + 5 3PO Phosphoric acid ( formerly orthophosphoric acid ) PO 3 − Phosphate ( orthophosphate ) HPO Metaphosphoric acid PO − Metaphosphate 2O 7 Pyrophosphoric acid ( diphosphoric acid ) 2O4 − 7 Pyrophosphate ( diphosphate ) 3PO 5 Peroxomonophosphoric acid PO 3 − Peroxomonophosphate + 5 , + 3 ( HO ) 2POPO ( OH ) Diphosphoric ( III , V ) acid O 2POPOO2 − Diphosphate ( III , V ) + 4 ( HO ) 2OPPO ( OH ) Hypophosphoric acid ( diphosphoric ( IV ) acid ) O 2OPPOO4 − Hypophosphate ( diphosphate ( IV ) ) + 3 2PHO Phosphonic acid PHO 2 − Phosphonate 2O 5 Diphosphonic acid 2O5 − Diphosphonate + 1 HPH 2O Phosphinic acid PH 2O − Phosphinate Arsenic + 5 3AsO Arsenic acid AsO 3 − Arsenate + 3 3AsO Arsenous acid AsO 3 − Arsenite 16 Sulfur + 6 2SO Sulfuric acid SO 2 − Sulfate 2O 7 Disulfuric acid 2O2 − 7 Disulfate 2SO 5 Peroxomonosulfuric acid SO 2 − 5 Peroxomonosulfate 2O 8 Peroxodisulfuric acid 2O2 − 8 Peroxodisulfate + 5 2O 6 Dithionic acid 2O2 − 6 Dithionate + 5 , 0 xO 6 Polythionic acids ( x = 3 , 4 ... ) xO2 − 6 Polythionates + 4 2SO Sulfurous acid SO 2 − Sulfite 2O 5 Disulfurous acid 2O2 − 5 Disulfite + 4 , 0 2O Thiosulfuric acid 2O2 − Thiosulfate + 3 2O Dithionous acid 2O2 − Dithionite + 3 , − 1 2O Thiosulfurous acid 2O2 − Thiosulfite + 2 2SO Sulfoxylic acid SO 2 − Sulfoxylate + 1 2O Dihydroxydisulfane 2O2 − 0 HSOH Sulfenic acid HSO − Sulfinite Selenium + 6 2SeO Selenic acid SeO 2 − Selenate + 4 2SeO Selenous acid SeO 2 − Selenite Tellurium + 6 2TeO Telluric acid TeO 2 − Tellurate 6TeO 6 Orthotelluric acid TeO 6 − 6 Orthotellurate + 4 2TeO Tellurous acid TeO 2 − Tellurite 17 Chlorine + 7 HClO Perchloric acid ClO − Perchlorate + 5 HClO Chloric acid ClO − Chlorate + 3 HClO Chlorous acid ClO − Chlorite + 1 HClO Hypochlorous acid ClO − Hypochlorite Bromine + 7 HBrO Perbromic acid BrO − Perbromate + 5 HBrO Bromic acid BrO − Bromate + 3 HBrO Bromous acid BrO − Bromite + 1 HBrO Hypobromous acid BrO − Hypobromite Iodine + 7 HIO Periodic acid IO − Periodate 5IO 6 Orthoperiodic acid IO 5 − 6 Orthoperiodate + 5 HIO Iodic acid IO − Iodate + 1 HIO Hypoiodous acid IO − Hypoiodite Sources ( edit ) Kivinen , Antti ; Mäkitie , Osmo ( 1988 ) . Kemia ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki , Finland : Otava . ISBN 951 - 1 - 10136 - 6 . Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds , IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ( Red Book 2005 ) . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . Otavan suuri ensyklopedia , volume 2 ( Cid - Harvey ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki , Finland : Otava. 1977 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 04170 - 3 . See also ( edit ) Strong acid Weak acid Electronegativity Hydrohalic acids Sulfur oxoacid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://goldbook.iupac.org/O04374.html Jump up ^ http://goldbook.iupac.org/I02949.html ^ Jump up to : Kivinen , Mäkitie : Kemia , p. 202 - 203 , chapter = Happihapot Jump up ^ `` Hapot '' . Otavan iso Fokus , Part 2 ( El - Io ) . Otava. 1973 . p. 990 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 00272 - 4 . Jump up ^ Otavan suuri Ensyklopedia , s . 1606 , art . Happi Jump up ^ Otavan suuri Ensyklopedia , s . 1605 , art . Hapot ja emäxet ^ Jump up to : Red Book 2005 , s . 124 , chapter IR - 8 : Inorganic Acids and Derivatives ^ Jump up to : Kivinen , Mäkitie : Kemia , p. 459 - 461 , chapter Kemian nimistö : Hapot ^ Jump up to : Red Book 2005 , p. 129 - 132 , table IR - 8 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Red Book 2005 , p. 132 , note a External links ( edit ) oxoacids IUPAC definition of `` oxoacid '' ( from the `` Gold Book '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxoacid&oldid=814225278 '' Categories : Acids Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Oxoacid definition 2. Properties of oxoacids 3. Naming of inorganic oxoacids 4. Acid strength and electronegativity 5. Examples of oxoacids and their anions

who played in lord of the rings and harry potter

David Bradley ( actor ) - wikipedia David Bradley ( actor ) For the actor who starred in Kes , see Dai Bradley . <Th_colspan="2"> David Bradley <Td_colspan="2"> David Bradley at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con David John Bradley ( 1942 - 04 - 17 ) 17 April 1942 ( age 76 ) York , England Occupation Actor Years active 1968 -- present David John Bradley ( born 17 April 1942 ) is an English actor . He is known for playing Argus Filch in the Harry Potter film series , Walder Frey in the HBO series Game of Thrones and Abraham Setrakian in The Strain , although he is also an established stage actor with a career that includes a Laurence Olivier Award for his role in a production of King Lear . Other acting credits include the BBC series Our Friends in the North , the ITV series Broadchurch ( for which he won the best supporting actor award at the 2014 British Academy Television Awards ) , and the films Hot Fuzz , The World 's End and Captain America : The First Avenger . In 2012 , he played Solomon in the episode of Doctor Who called `` Dinosaurs on a Spaceship '' . In 2013 , Bradley portrayed William Hartnell in the Doctor Who docudrama An Adventure in Space and Time . He returned to Doctor Who portraying the First Doctor in `` The Doctor Falls '' and the 2017 Christmas Special `` Twice Upon a Time '' . He also portrayed William Hartnell 's First Doctor in a series of audio stories released by Big Finish entitled The First Doctor Adventures starting in January 2018 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Bradley was born in York , where he attended the Catholic St George 's Secondary Modern School , at which he was a member of the choir . He first performed on stage in musical productions as a member of a youth club and with the Rowntree Youth Theatre . Upon leaving school he completed a five - year apprenticeship with the optical instruments maker Cooke , Troughton & Simms and he remained with the firm until 1966 when he moved to London to train as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) Bradley at the Harry Brown premiere in 2009 Bradley joined the Royal Shakespeare Company and performed at Laurence Olivier 's National Theatre Company in the early 1970s . He first appeared on television in 1971 , as a police officer in the successful comedy Nearest and Dearest . He was awarded a Laurence Olivier Award in 1991 for his supporting role as the Fool in King Lear at the Royal National Theatre . He appeared in the Royal National Theatre 's 1997 production of The Homecoming , as well as productions of The Caretaker at Sheffield Theatres and the Tricycle Theatre from 2006 to 2007 . Bradley played fictional Labour Member of Parliament Eddie Wells in the 1996 award - winning BBC Two serial Our Friends in the North . In 1996 , he appeared as gangster Alf Black in Band of Gold . In 1998 , he appeared in the BBC adaptation of Vanity Fair as the miserly Sir Pitt Crawley , and Our Mutual Friend as the villainous Rogue Riderhood . Other television appearances include the 2001 series The Way We Live Now , directed by David Yates , who would work with Bradley five years later on the Harry Potter films . From 2002 -- 04 , Bradley starred as Jake in the BBC comedy series Wild West . Bradley acted in the 2004 musical drama serial Blackpool on BBC One . He appeared in the 2005 BBC drama Mr. Harvey Lights a Candle , playing the role of a morose coach driver who takes an unruly party of pupils on a trip to Salisbury Cathedral , and the 2006 BBC drama Sweeney Todd . He had a small role in a 2005 episode of the series Taggart . In 2003 , he played Tom in the Midsomer Murders episode `` The Green Man '' . He appeared as the electrolarynx - using gangster Stemroach in the BBC comedy series Ideal and as Electric in the BBC 's Thieves Like Us , as well as the BBC One series True Dare Kiss in 2007 -- 08 . Bradley appeared in the 2002 film Nicholas Nickleby , and had a small role in the 2007 comedy film Hot Fuzz as a farmer who illegally hoards weapons . He played Cohen the Barbarian in a Sky One adaptation of The Colour of Magic in 2008 . That same year he appeared as Spooner in a production of No Man 's Land at the Gate Theatre , Dublin , which later transferred to London 's West End . In 2009 , Bradley appeared as an animal rights activist in the popular BBC drama Ashes to Ashes , and appeared in BBC 's The Street later that year . Bradley portrayed Will Somers , Henry VIII 's court fool , in an episode of the Showtime series The Tudors in 2009 . In 2010 , he appeared in the film Another Year , which earned him a nomination for Best Supporting Actor from the London Film Critics Circle Awards . In 2011 , 2013 and 2016 , Bradley appeared as Lord Walder Frey in the HBO series Game of Thrones . In January 2017 , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the seventh season of the show later that year . Bradley played Solomon , a ruthless buccaneer , in the 2012 Doctor Who episode `` Dinosaurs on a Spaceship '' . He previously provided voice work for The Sarah Jane Adventures serial Death of the Doctor . It was announced in January 2013 that Bradley had been cast as actor William Hartnell in An Adventure in Space and Time , a BBC docudrama about the creation of Doctor Who in 1963 . The special aired in November 2013 , adding to the buildup to the 50th anniversary episode of Doctor Who later that month . From 2014 , Bradley plays Professor Abraham Setrakian , a Holocaust survivor turned vampire hunter in Guillermo del Toro 's TV series The Strain . He will voice the Lord High Admiral Suvarov in the PC RPG The Mandate . In 2015 , Bradley was announced a public supporter of Chapel Lane Theatre Company based in Stratford - Upon - Avon , UK . In 2017 , in the final episode of the tenth series of Doctor Who , `` The Doctor Falls '' , Bradley returned to portray the First Doctor , having previously been portrayed by Hartnell , who originally played the character . He reprised this role in the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . This makes him the third actor to play the role in the television programme , after William Hartnell and Richard Hurndall since the premiere of Doctor Who in 1963 , and at the age of 75 , he is the also the oldest actor to play the role of the Doctor . Personal life ( edit ) Bradley serves as the President of Second Thoughts Drama Group , which performs in and around Stratford - upon - Avon . On 17 July 2012 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Warwick . On 19 November 2015 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from York St John University . He is an avid fan of football clubs Aston Villa and York City . On 22 November 2014 , he took part in a video paying tribute to Aston Villa on the club 's 140th birthday . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1971 A Family at War Colin Woodcock Television 1978 The Professionals German terrorist Television Prick Up Your Ears Undertaker Between the Lines Sgt . Harry Ross Television -- episode `` Lies and Damned Lies '' Screenplay Mr Preach Television -- episode `` Bad Girl '' Martin Chuzzlewit David Crimple Television mini-series Performance Barnadine Television -- episode `` Measure for Measure '' Screen Two Headmaster Television -- episode `` Criminal '' 1995 Casualty Stanmore Television -- episode `` Hit & Run '' The Vet Dick Sims Television -- episode `` Relative Vaules '' In Your Dreams Tutor Television Wycliffe Joe Mawnan Television -- episode `` Total Loss '' Band of Gold Alf Black Television -- episode `` Hustling '' Our Friends in the North Eddie Wells Television A Touch of Frost Les James Television -- episode `` Unknown Soldiers '' Reckless Arnold Springer Television mini-series The Moth Dave Waters Television film adaptation of Catherine Cookson novel 1998 Our Mutual Friend Rogue Riderhood Television mini-series Tom 's Midnight Garden Abel Left Luggage Concierge Vanity Fair Sir Pitt Crawley Television mini-series 2000 The King Is Alive Henry The Way We Live Now Mr. Broune Television mini-series Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Argus Filch Gabriel and Me Granddad Blow Dry Noah Thwaite 2002 This Is Not a Love Song Mr Bellamy Nicholas Nickleby Nigel Bray Wild West Jake Television Series Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Argus Filch 2003 Midsomer Murders The Green Man Television Series Season VII ep. 1 The Green Man Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Argus Filch Exorcist : The Beginning Father Gionetti 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Argus Filch 2006 Lycanthropy Club owner Ideal Stemroach Television series 2007 Hot Fuzz Arthur Webley Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Argus Filch 2008 I Know You Know Mr. Fisher The Daisy Chain Sean Cryan The Colour of Magic Cohen the Barbarian 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Argus Filch Harry Brown Leonard Attwell The Tudors Will Somers Television series Another Year Ronnie The Holding Cooper The Sarah Jane Adventures Shansheeth Voice New Tricks Simon Beswick / John Plummer 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Argus Filch 2011 2013 2016 -- 2017 Game of Thrones Walder Frey Television series Guest role ; 6 episodes Nominated for Best TV Villain at the 2013 IGN Awards 2011 Waking the Dead George Barlow Television series Captain America : The First Avenger Tower Keeper 2012 World Without End Brother Joseph TV miniseries Bad Education Ennis Television series 2012 -- 2013 Prisoners ' Wives Francesca 's Father Television series 2012 Benidorm Stan Garvey Television series The Hollow Crown Gardener Television series Episode : `` Richard II '' Doctor Who Solomon Television series Episode 7.2 -- `` Dinosaurs on a Spaceship '' 2012 -- 2014 Mount Pleasant Charlie Television series 2013 Broadchurch Jack Marshall Television series Won Best Supporting Actor award at the 2014 British Academy Television Awards An Adventure in Space and Time William Hartnell Television docudrama Nominated in Best Single Drama category at the 2014 British Academy Television Awards The World 's End Basil 2014 -- 2017 The Strain Professor Abraham Setrakian Television series 2014 Silk Judge Reynolds Television series 2016 The Young Messiah Old Rabbi Beowulf Gorrik Television series 2016 Medici : Masters of Florence Count Bardi Television series 2017 Doctor Who First Doctor Television series -- episode `` The Doctor Falls '' and Christmas Special `` Twice Upon A Time '' Trollhunters Merlin Netflix animated series Britannia Quane S1E5 cameo 2018 Await Further Instructions Grandad 2019 After Life References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Birth details at freebmd.org.uk '' . freebmd.org.uk. 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ David Bradley Interview : From a York childhood to Doctor Who . Retrieved 22 November 2013 Jump up ^ NATIONAL THEATRE : 1970s ROB WILTON THEATRICALIA . accessed 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Magical Midlanders '' . Sunday Mercury . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ George R.R. Martin ( 24 November 2010 ) . `` wedding guest '' . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' actor ' loved ' doing Red Wedding scene '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Bradley United Agents '' . www.unitedagents.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones season 7 : release date , cast , trailers , spoilers & more '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` FX 's ' The Strain ' Casts ' Harry Potter 's ' David Bradley to Replace John Hurt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mandate by Perihelion Interactive LLC -- Kickstarter '' . Kickstarter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harvey - Ball , Thom ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` New Supporter -- David Bradley ! '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First look pictures of the First and Twelfth Doctors together in the Doctor Who Christmas special '' . The Telegraph . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gill , James ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who Christmas special pictures tease history - making reunion for Peter Capaldi 's Doctor '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who recap : series 36 finale -- The Doctor Falls '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Second Thoughts Our President for several years now has been David Bradley . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Graduates 2012 '' . warwick.ac.uk. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter star Bradley : Villa Park is truly magical '' . Avfc.co.uk. 14 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter star is potty over York City '' . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA - winner David Bradley on Villa 's 140 years '' . Aston Villa . 22 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mariola , Tay ( 29 Jan 2018 ) . `` Crítica Britannia -- Primeira Temporada ( Amazon ) '' . Volts . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Há até uma participação especial de ninguém menos que David Bradley , O Walter Frey de Game of Thrones . External links ( edit ) Doctor Who portal David Bradley on IMDb Podcast interview with David Bradley on his career Interview with David Bradley on the occasion of receiving his Honorary Degree from the University of Warwick <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for David Bradley <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Matthew Macfadyen ( 2010 ) Martin Freeman ( 2011 ) Andrew Scott ( 2012 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2013 ) David Bradley ( 2014 ) Stephen Rea ( 2015 ) Tom Courtenay ( 2016 ) Tom Hollander ( 2017 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role 1977 -- 1984 Actor Nigel Hawthorne ( 1977 ) Robert Eddison ( 1978 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1979 ) David Threlfall ( 1980 ) Joe Melia ( 1981 ) David Healy ( 1982 ) Alan Devlin ( 1983 ) Edward Petherbridge ( 1984 ) Actress Mona Washbourne ( 1977 ) Elizabeth Spriggs ( 1978 ) Doreen Mantle ( 1979 ) Suzanne Bertish ( 1980 ) Gwen Watford ( 1981 ) Anna Massey ( 1982 ) Abigail McKern ( 1983 ) Marcia Warren ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 1990 Merged Imelda Staunton ( 1985 ) Paul Jesson ( 1986 ) Michael Bryant ( 1987 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1988 ) Michael Bryant ( 1989 / 1990 ) 1991 -- 1995 Actor David Bradley ( 1991 ) Oleg Menshikov ( 1992 ) Julian Glover ( 1993 ) Joseph Mydell ( 1994 ) Ken Stott ( 1995 ) Actress Sara Crowe ( 1991 ) Frances de la Tour ( 1992 ) Barbara Leigh - Hunt ( 1993 ) Helen Burns ( 1994 ) Dora Bryan ( 1995 ) 1996 -- 2002 Actor Trevor Eve ( 1997 ) Roger Allam ( 2000 ) Ben Daniels ( 2001 ) Toby Jones ( 2002 ) Actress Deborah Findlay ( 1997 ) Patricia Hodge ( 2000 ) Essie Davis ( 2001 ) Marcia Warren ( 2002 ) Merged Simon Russell Beale ( 1996 ) Sarah Woodward ( 1998 ) Brendan Coyle ( 1999 ) 2003 -- 2009 Merged Essie Davis ( 2003 ) Warren Mitchell ( 2004 ) Amanda Harris ( 2005 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2006 ) Jim Norton ( 2007 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2008 ) Patrick Stewart ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Actor Eddie Redmayne ( 2010 ) Adrian Scarborough ( 2011 ) Richard McCabe ( 2013 ) Jack Lowden ( 2014 ) Nathaniel Parker ( 2015 ) Mark Gatiss ( 2016 ) Anthony Boyle ( 2017 ) Bertie Carvel ( 2018 ) Actress Ruth Wilson ( 2010 ) Michelle Terry ( 2011 ) Nicola Walker ( 2013 ) Sharon D. Clarke ( 2014 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2015 ) Judi Dench ( 2016 ) Noma Dumezweni ( 2017 ) Denise Gough ( 2018 ) Merged Sheridan Smith ( 2012 ) Doctor Who portal Harry Potter portal Yorkshire portal BNF : cb16980211d ( data ) GND : 141500387 ISNI : 0000 0001 1478 9119 LCCN : no2009173656 VIAF : 101576719 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bradley_(actor)&oldid=854375297 '' Categories : 1942 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people People from York Laurence Olivier Award winners Male actors from Yorkshire 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors English male voice actors English male stage actors Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English male Shakespearean actors Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 21 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. David Bradley - English actor 2. Argus Filch - Harry Potter film series 3. Walder Frey - Game of Thrones 4. Abraham Setrakian - The Strain 5. Laurence Olivier Award - King Lear role

who sings i wanna be loved by you

I Wanna Be Loved by You - Wikipedia I Wanna Be Loved by You Jump to : navigation , search For the Claudja Barry album , see I Wanna Be Loved by You ( album ) . For other uses , see I Want to Be Loved . `` I Wanna Be Loved by You '' is a song written by Herbert Stothart and Harry Ruby , with lyrics by Bert Kalmar , for the 1928 musical `` Good Boy '' . It was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century in a survey by the RIAA to which 200 people responded ( out of 1300 asked ) . One of Marilyn Monroe 's most famous musical performances is her singing the song in Billy Wilder 's classic farce Some Like It Hot . The song was first performed in 1928 by Helen Kane , who became known as the ' Boop - Boop - a-Doop Girl ' because of her baby - talk , scat - singing tag line to the song . This version was recorded when Kane 's popularity started to reach its peak , and became her signature song . Two years later , a cartoon character named Betty Boop was modeled after Kane . Betty Boop performs the number in the 1980s animated film The Romance of Betty Boop . In 1950 , the song was a highlight of the Kalmer - Ruby biopic Three Little Words , performed by Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter as Helen Kane and vaudeville performer Dan Healy . Helen Kane dubbed the vocal for Reynolds ' voice . The song has also been recorded by Vaughn De Leath , Annette Hanshaw , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Miss Miller and The Chipettes , Rhonda Towns , Rose Murphy , Tina Louise , Verka Serduchka , Patricia Kaas , Sinéad O'Connor , Jinx Titanic , Shiina Ringo , Paul Manchin , Claire Johnston , Lorraine Allan ( formerly Lorraine Gray ) , Eve 's Plum , Barry Manilow ( in a duet with the Marilyn Monroe recording ) and many more . Actress Rue McClanahan performed a humorous rendition of the song while portraying Blanche Devereaux in the sitcom The Golden Girls . Actor and actress Robert Reed and Florence Henderson sang `` I Wanna Be Loved By You '' in a 1973 episode `` Never Too Young '' of The Brady Bunch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maida , Michael . I Wanna Be Loved By You . The Spirit of Sinatra . Updated December 8 , 2006 . Accessed January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Blier , Steven . Program Notes . The New York Festival of Song . 1998 . ( Parag. 12 of 31 . ) Accessed January 23 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Herbert Stothart on IMDb Harry Ruby on IMDb Bert Kalmar on IMDb Helen Kane on IMDb This 1920s song article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_Loved_by_You&oldid=780631662 '' Categories : 1928 songs Songs with lyrics by Bert Kalmar Songs with music by Harry Ruby Marilyn Monroe songs Songs about sexuality 1920s song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2017 , at 08 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "I Wanna Be Loved by You" song 2. Marilyn Monroe's performance in "Some Like It Hot" 3. Helen Kane, the original performer of the song 4. Other artists who have recorded the song 5. Popularity and recognition of the song

what is the difference between an ip packet and an ip address

IP address spoofing - wikipedia IP address spoofing Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) example scenario of IP address spoofing In computer networking , IP address spoofing or IP spoofing is the creation of Internet Protocol ( IP ) packets with a false source IP address , for the purpose of hiding the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system . One technique which a sender may use to maintain anonymity is to use a proxy server . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Applications 3 Legitimate uses 4 Services vulnerable to IP spoofing 5 Defense against spoofing attacks 5.1 Upper layers 6 Other definitions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The basic protocol for sending data over the Internet network and many other computer networks is the Internet Protocol ( IP ) . The protocol specifies that each IP packet must have a header which contains , among other things , the IP address of the sender of the packet . The source IP address is normally the address that the packet was sent from , but the sender 's address in the header can be altered , so that to the recipient it appears that the packet came from another source . The protocol requires the receiving computer to send back a response to the source address , so that spoofing is mainly used when the sender can anticipate the network response or does not care about the response . Applications ( edit ) IP spoofing involving the use of a trusted IP address can be used by network intruders to overcome network security measures , such as authentication based on IP addresses . This type of attack is most effective where trust relationships exist between machines . For example , it is common on some corporate networks to have internal systems trust each other , so that users can log in without a username or password provided they are connecting from another machine on the internal network ( and so must already be logged in ) . By spoofing a connection from a trusted machine , an attacker on the same network may be able to access the target machine without authentication . IP spoofing is most frequently used in denial - of - service attacks , where the objective is to flood the target with an overwhelming volume of traffic , and the attacker does not care about receiving responses to the attack packets . Packets with spoofed IP addresses are more difficult to filter since each spoofed packet appears to come from a different address , and they hide the true source of the attack . Denial of service attacks that use spoofing typically randomly choose addresses from the entire IP address space , though more sophisticated spoofing mechanisms might avoid unroutable addresses or unused portions of the IP address space . The proliferation of large botnets makes spoofing less important in denial of service attacks , but attackers typically have spoofing available as a tool , if they want to use it , so defenses against denial - of - service attacks that rely on the validity of the source IP address in attack packets might have trouble with spoofed packets . Backscatter , a technique used to observe denial - of - service attack activity in the Internet , relies on attackers ' use of IP spoofing for its effectiveness . Legitimate uses ( edit ) Spoofed IP packets are not always evidence of malicious intent : in performance testing of websites , hundreds or even thousands of `` vusers '' ( virtual users ) may be created , each executing a test script against the website under test , in order to simulate what will happen when the system goes `` live '' and a large number of users log on at once . Since each user will normally have its own IP address , commercial testing products ( such as HP LoadRunner , WebLOAD , and others ) can use IP spoofing , allowing each user its own `` return address '' as well . Spoof and sniff for unhackable servers is used to record incoming information without exposing the server to an IP address binding or IP stack . One computer binds to the IP address and is exposed to hacking risks while the spoof and sniff servers actually send and receive data . The server with the IP address is usually rebooted from Read Only Media on a regular basis hence the term unhackable . Services vulnerable to IP spoofing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Configuration and services that are vulnerable to IP spoofing : RPC ( Remote procedure call services ) Any service that uses IP address authentication The X Window System The R services suite ( rlogin , rsh , etc . ) Defense against spoofing attacks ( edit ) Packet filtering is one defense against IP spoofing attacks . The gateway to a network usually performs ingress filtering , which is blocking of packets from outside the network with a source address inside the network . This prevents an outside attacker spoofing the address of an internal machine . Ideally the gateway would also perform egress filtering on outgoing packets , which is blocking of packets from inside the network with a source address that is not inside . This prevents an attacker within the network performing filtering from launching IP spoofing attacks against external machines . It is also recommended to design network protocols and services so that they do not rely on the IP source address for authentication . Upper layers ( edit ) Some upper layer protocols provide their own defense against IP spoofing attacks . For example , Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) uses sequence numbers negotiated with the remote machine to ensure that arriving packets are part of an established connection . Since the attacker normally ca n't see any reply packets , the sequence number must be guessed in order to hijack the connection . The poor implementation in many older operating systems and network devices , however , means that TCP sequence numbers can be predicted . Other definitions ( edit ) The term spoofing is also sometimes used to refer to header forgery , the insertion of false or misleading information in e-mail or netnews headers . Falsified headers are used to mislead the recipient , or network applications , as to the origin of a message . This is a common technique of spammers and sporgers , who wish to conceal the origin of their messages to avoid being tracked down . See also ( edit ) Egress filtering Ingress filtering Network address translation Reverse path forwarding RFC 1948 , Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks , May 1996 Router ( includes a list of manufacturers ) Spoofed URL MAC Spoofing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tanase , Matthew ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` IP Spoofing : An Introduction '' . Symantec . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) ANA Spoofer Project : State of IP Spoofing and Client Test Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_address_spoofing&oldid=801715984 '' Categories : Internet security Deception IP addresses Types of cyberattacks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2016 Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. IP address spoofing 2. Internet Protocol (IP) packets 3. Network security measures 4. Denial-of-service attacks 5. Defense against spoofing attacks

how far is it to cycle from lands end to john o'groats

Land 's End to John o ' Groats - wikipedia Land 's End to John o ' Groats Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Signpost at Land 's End Signpost at John o ' Groats ( Full screen ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities ; in the southwest and northeast . The traditional distance by road is 874 miles ( 1,407 km ) and takes most cyclists 10 to 14 days ; the record for running the route is nine days . Off - road walkers typically walk about 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) and take two or three months for the expedition . Two much - photographed signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end . Land 's End is the extreme southwestward ( but not southern or western ) point of Great Britain , situated in western Cornwall at the end of the Penwith peninsula , O.S. Grid Reference SW342250 , Post Code TR19 7AA . The most southerly point is Lizard Point . John o ' Groats is the traditionally acknowledged extreme northern point of mainland Scotland , in northeastern Caithness , O.S. Grid Reference ND380735 , Post Code KW1 4YR . The actual northernmost point is at nearby Dunnet Head . The point that is actually farthest by road from Land 's End is Duncansby Head , about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from John o ' Groats . The straight - line distance from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is 603 miles ( 970 km ) as determined from O.S. Grid References , but such a route passes over a series of stretches of water in the Irish Sea . Google Earth reports a distance of 602.70 miles between the two iconic marker points . According to a 1964 road atlas , the shortest route using classified roads was 847 miles ( 1,363 km ) but in a 2008 road atlas , the shortest route using classified roads was 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) . An online route planner in 2011 also calculated the quickest route by road as 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) , estimating a time of 15 hours 48 minutes for the journey ( this uses the A30 , M5 , M6 , A74 ( M ) , M74 , M73 , M80 , M9 , A9 & A99 ) but the overall shortest route by road , using minor roads in numerous places and utilising modern bridges , is only about 814 miles ( 1,310 km ) . This route is roughly as follows : Land 's End , Bodmin , Okehampton , Tiverton , Taunton , Bridgwater , the M5 Avon Bridge , the M48 Severn Bridge , Monmouth , Hereford , Shrewsbury , Tarporley , St Helens , Preston , Carlisle , Beattock , Carstairs , Whitburn , Falkirk , Stirling , Crieff , Kenmore , Dalchalloch , A9 , Inverness , Kessock Bridge , Cromarty Bridge , Dornoch Firth Bridge , Latheron , Wick , John o ' Groats . Google Maps , on 2 August 2017 , calculated the fastest route by car , from the Land 's End Visitor Centre to John o ' Groats as being 837 miles and taking 14 hours 40 minutes . It also showed a walking route of 811 miles , which it suggested would take 268 hours , and involve an elevation gain of 30,148 ft and an elevation fall of 30,272 ft . Contents 1 Methods 1.1 Walking 1.1. 1 Routes 1.2 Cycling 1.3 Running 1.4 By horse 1.5 Swimming 1.6 Wheelchair 1.7 Skateboard 1.8 Motoring 1.9 Public transport 1.10 Hitchhiking 1.11 Paramotor ( motorised paraglider ) 1.12 Golf 1.13 Aeroplane 1.14 In a straight line 2 Youngest and oldest 3 Organisations 4 Scottish equivalent 5 English equivalent 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Methods ( edit ) There are many ways to go from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . Traditionally considered to be a walk , the route is now traversed in a number of ways , with cycling and multi-modal expeditions being particularly popular in recent years . Most trips are done by individuals or small groups for personal fulfilment . Some expeditions are organised as charity fundraisers , sometimes involving celebrities : examples include cricketer Ian Botham 's 1985 walk and athlete Jane Tomlinson in 2003 . In recent history the route has been used as a rite of passage by cyclists taking on the most iconic cycling challenge in Britain . Walking ( edit ) The first recorded end - to - end walk ( actually from John o ' Groats to Land 's End ) was undertaken by the brothers John and Robert Naylor in 1871 . Since then the walk has been undertaken many times , more particularly since 1960 , after a well - publicised road walk by Dr Barbara Moore . In 1960 the entrepreneur Billy Butlin organised a road walking race , which gave further impetus to the idea . Since the 1960s , walkers have mostly chosen off - road routes , using the growing network of long - distance footpaths . A classic account is from 1966 by the travel writer John Hillaby . Off - road walkers usually complete the journey in two to three months . There is a considerable choice of off - road routes , but all are much longer than the shortest road distance , usually 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) or more . The walk is still undertaken by road walkers , often doing the walk , like Sir Ian Botham , for charity , or as a `` challenge walk '' . They typically take a month or even less . Some walkers aim to complete the route piecemeal , perhaps over several years , to achieve the walk within the time constraints of a working life and before the possible health problems of retirement . Routes ( edit ) There is no continuous long - distance path from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . There are long - distance paths for substantial sections of the route , and where they do not exist walkers connect them by rights of way and minor roads . Most walkers broadly follow these routes : from Land 's End to Exmoor by the South West Coast Path ; or by a shorter inland route through Cornwall and Devon by minor roads and paths , the Two Castles Trail and the towpath of the Grand Western Canal across Somerset by parts of the Macmillan Way West , the Samaritans Way South West or the Limestone Link to the Peak District either by an eastern route using the Cotswold Way , the Heart of England Way ( or the Severn Way ) , the Staffordshire Way and the Limestone Way ; or a western route across the Severn Bridge then by the Offa 's Dyke Path , the Maelor Way and the South Cheshire Way to the Scottish Borders by the Pennine Way by St. Cuthbert 's Way and a section of the Southern Upland Way to the Pentland Hills , then by a western route using the towpaths of the Union Canal and the Forth and Clyde Canal , then by the West Highland Way and the Great Glen Way to Inverness ; or an eastern route across the Forth Road Bridge to Perth and Pitlochry , then by Glen Tilt and the Lairig Ghru to Speyside and the old Wade road to Inverness . from Inverness to John o ' Groats , a long distance footpath along cliff tops and shorelines with access to accommodation , known as the John o ' Groats Trail , is currently under development . Previously the route was mostly on roads with a few stretches of coast walking ; to avoid road walking , some walkers head north west from the end of the West Highland Way at Fort William using parts of the Cape Wrath Trail , then head northeast through the Flow Country of Caithness . However , this route is through remote country and requires wild camping . Cycling ( edit ) There are several annual mass participation cycle rides that go from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , the biggest of which is the Deloitte Ride Across Britain , run by Threshold Sports . The Ride Across Britain takes over 800 riders the full length of Britain , taking nine days and covering 969 miles ( 1,559 km ) , with each rider covering an average of 107 miles ( 172 km ) per day . Overnight accommodation is provided in large , tented base camps , and all aspects of the ride are fully supported . Previous celebrity participants include GB rower and Olympic gold medallist James Cracknell and former England Rugby captain Lewis Moody . The official Road Records Association record for a rider on a conventional bicycle is 43 hours , 25 minutes and 13 seconds , set by 40 year old Michael Broadwith on 17 June 2018 . Michael is a maths teacher who lives in the south of England . He studied mathematics at St Edmund Hall , Oxford University , representing the university in the reserve 's boat race in 2000 . He won the UK national 24 hour cycling road race ( Mersey roads ) in 2015 , 2016 and 2017 in the lead up to his record breaking ride . The record for cycling from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is held by Andy Wilkinson , who completed the journey in 41 hours , 4 minutes and 22 seconds on a Windcheetah recumbent tricycle . A typical cycling time when not attempting shortest time is 10 to 14 days . James MacDonald set a record in September 2017 for cycling from John o ' Groats to Land 's End and back again in five days , 18 hours and 3 minutes . From 1 to 4 March 2010 , David Walliams , Jimmy Carr , Fearne Cotton , Miranda Hart , Patrick Kielty , Davina McCall and Russell Howard cycled in a team relay from John o ' Groats to Land 's End to raise money for Sport Relief . Men 's tandem bicycle . 5 -- 7 May 2015 Riders : Dominic Irvine and Charlie Mitchell . Time : 1 day 21 hours 11 minutes . The previous record held for 49 years . The first tricyclist to complete the route was Mr. Alfred Nixon , champion of the London Tricycle Club , who in 1882 made `` the first , and at present only , tricycle journey from John o ' Groats to Land 's End , a distance of 1007 miles , in a fortnight '' . Men 's quadricycle . In the summer of 2012 . Riders : Hugo Catchpole , George Unwin , Tom Bethell and Richard Nicholls . Time 10 days 15 hours . On a four - man recumbent bike weighing 114 kg . There have been several unicycle completions of the journey . The Guinness World Record for the fastest completion by unicycle is held by Roger Davies and Sam Wakeling , who rode 862 miles ( 1,387 km ) ( Land 's End to John o ' Groats ) from 12 September to 18 September 2009 in 6 days , 8 hours and 43 minutes . They rode large 36 - inch - wheeled ( 910 mm ) unicycles equipped with two - speed Schlumpf geared hubs . The oldest person to cycle from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is Tony Rathbone ( UK , b . 10 December 1932 ) who was aged 81 years and 162 days when he completed the journey on 21 May 2014 . Roger Anthony `` Tony '' Rathbone started his journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats on 7 May 2014 with his friend , William `` Billy '' Skipper . They cycled a total of 1,526.46 km ( 948.5 miles ) and were riding for a total of 79 hours 34 minutes . Guinness World Record In 2017 Amelia Sampson aged 22 months completed John o ' Groats to Land 's End in 14 days in her trailer towed by her parents riding a tandem . Running ( edit ) The record time for a runner to complete the route , as reported by the Land 's End John o ' Groats Club , is nine days and 2 hours , by Andi Rivett . In July 2008 , Dan Driver became the first to run the route solo , meaning he carried all his equipment with him whilst he ran it . He completed the run in just over 17 days . Fred Hicks was an early record holder . He ran the journey between the 20th and 30th of May , 1977 in 10 days 3 hours and 30 minutes . He ran this for charity , not aiming to set any records , and it was only later , when he was approached by the Road Running association asking if they could pursue the record with Guinness , that he became aware he had set a new record . On 12 July 2009 British ultramarathon runner Kevin Carr successfully completed the first ever attempt to run the route off - road , becoming the first athlete to run the length of the UK as a fell / trail run . Like Driver , Carr ran unsupported and solo -- a format commonly known amongst fell runners as a mountain marathon. Carr ran the challenge as part of an event organised by Benumber1 , an event that saw several top - level British athletes ( mainly Olympians ) completing the challenge . The event was designed to encourage school students to participate in sport and to realise the benefits of a healthy lifestyle , whilst raising funds for the British Heart Foundation . The run covered 1,254 miles ( 2,018 km ) over footpaths , bridleways , canal paths , river banks , national trails , fields , moorland and mountains . Over 80 % of the route was off - road , the route resorting to tarmac only when necessary to link two trails , or where a trail passed through a village / town . The run took 6 weeks 3 days and 17 hours ( including three rest days ) . Factoring in the rest days , this run called for an average effort of just under 30 miles ( 50 km ) a day , every day , for more than six weeks . In July 2011 , a team of runners from Calday Grange Grammar School , Wirral completed a relay from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , becoming the first school to do so . They raised £ 200,000 for Alder Hey Children 's Hospital , Liverpool . In mid summer of 2011 Anthony Band from Surrey ran 1000 miles barefoot , all in aid for Help for heroes . Band took 29 days , running on average 36 miles per day . On 3 August 2014 , Marie - Claire Oziem became the first female runner to complete the distance unsupported and solo . She pushed all her provisions in a pram and camped along the way . Her route consisted of both on and off - road sections . Oziem ran for the charity Mind , based in Taunton for its project Go Wild , Stay Well , which aims to support those with mental illness through the use of various green therapy schemes . She started her run on 23 June and finished on 3 August 2014 , regularly running distances of over 32 miles daily . By horse ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evelyn Burnaby was the younger brother of the famous English Long Rider Colonel Frederick Burnaby . Whereas the elder brother was famous for having ridden across Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire , Evelyn decided to keep his equestrian adventures closer to home . He set off in 1892 to ride from Land 's End , Cornwall to John o ' Groats , Scotland . Evelyn 's journey was soon serialised in a popular publication , The Country Gentleman , and was published in book form the following year . Arthur Elliott , a veteran of the Great War , rode his horse , Goldflake , from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in 1955 . In 2006 the mother and daughter team of Vyv and Elsie Wood - Gee rode from John o ' Groats to Land 's End . Elsie was 13 at the time . Former army officer Grant Nicolle continued the tradition by travelling from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in 2007 with Marv ( solo and unsupported ) , taking 11 and a half weeks . Grant has published a book called ' Long Trot ' through Amazon , documenting the trip . It is generally completed north to south , starting in April to avoid the midges in the Highlands but also to benefit from warmer weather . Swimming ( edit ) Sean Conway swam the complete route from 30 June 2013 to 11 November 2013 . He is the first and only person to swim from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . Wheelchair ( edit ) The fastest time in a wheelchair was achieved in August 2009 by US Navy Pilot Rick Ryan : eight days , 10 hours and 9 minutes . Skateboard ( edit ) The record time to complete the 980 - mile ( 1,580 km ) journey on a skateboard is 21 days , achieved by Matt Elver , Charlie Mason and Lee Renshaw , who travelled around 50 miles ( 80 km ) per day to raise money for charity . Motoring ( edit ) Tony Wilding at Land 's End off to John o ' Groats Motoring events between the two extremities have been held since the first decade of the 20th century , when the Auto - Cycle Union organised a series of runs for motorcycles . In 1911 , Ivan B. Hart - Davies became the holder of the final Land 's End to John o ' Groats record for solo motorcycles . Riding his 3.5 hp single - speed Triumph , he covered the 886 miles ( 1,426 km ) in 29 hours , 12 minutes . As his average speed exceeded the then - maximum of 20 mph , further official record attempts were banned by the A.C.U. The Motor Cycling Club ( which had been running the London to Land 's End Trial since 1908 , still held today , at least in name ) put on an annual Land 's End to John o ' Groats Run from 1923 to 1928 which included cars as well as motorcycles . These events were also known as the End to End . In 2006 , BBC Television ran a series of three programmes called The Lost World of Friese - Greene covering Claude Friese - Greene 's 1920s - era road trip from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . The trip had originally been filmed using the Biocolour process , developed by Claude 's father William Friese - Greene and the film had degraded . The original print of Claude 's film was subjected to computer enhancement by the British Film Institute to remove the flickering problem inherent in the Biocolour process . In 1984 , Neal Champion covered 884 miles ( 1,423 km ) from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in 11 hours , 14 minutes , on a Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo. in 1984 , Christian Conzendorf - Mattner , covered the route from Land 's End to John o ' Groats -- there and back non-stop other than for fuel -- in 21 hours 22 mins in a 1941 BMW 327 . The record run was monitored by a team of journalists from a motoring magazine and is the current record for prewar classic cars end to end , non-stop , one driver . The end to end club awards this trophy to new record holders . On 17 September 1988 , Andrew Frankel and Mark Connaughton drove from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in a standard production Alfa Romeo 164 in 12 hours 30 minutes , including stops for refuelling . In 1993 , John Brown initiated the Land 's End to John o ' Groats Historic Reliability Trial , a race for vintage road vehicles . The race is held each December and is a tough , three - day rally for old and classic cars , built between the 1920s and 1970s . The route takes a long 1,400 - mile ( 2,300 km ) route , using remote upland roads of the west of England , Wales ( during the night ) , the Pennines and Scotland . Medals are awarded in gold , silver and bronze categories . On 15 -- 16 April 1997 , Hugh Edeleanu drove the route in a JCB excavator in a time of 22 hours , 10 minutes and 30 seconds . In June 2001 , Wayne Booth became the first person to do the journey by motorcycle without stopping ; the 37 - year - old completed the historic trip in 14 hours and 52 minutes , averaging 57 mph , on a modified 1,000 cc Honda Varedero , complete with additional 74 - litre petrol tank . The meticulously researched route of 854 miles ( 1,374 km ) passed through just two sets of traffic lights and was completed within all highway regulations , law and speed limits . Booth and the dozen strong support team raised over £ 1,000 for The National Childbirth Trust and Macmillan Cancer Relief . On 22 May 2011 , Kevin Sharpe and David Peilow completed the first end - to - end run from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in an electric car over two days , using only charging stations available to the general public , in a Tesla Roadster sports car . Jonathan Porterfield and Chris Ramsey at Land 's End in a Nissan leaf On 7 August 2011 , Darren Whitehead & Tony Dwight travelled 1,071 miles ( 1,724 km ) from John o ' Groats to Land 's End ( including crossing the Welsh border ) in 5 days using two ride - on Wheel Horse lawn mowers . They also raised money for charity during the trip which was named The Lawn Way Down . On 30 November 2013 , Lucy Grogan , travelling on a BMW GS R1200 motorbike , and her father Martin Grogan , travelling in a Mini Cooper Works , travelled from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in 19 hours , leaving Land 's End at 4 : 30am and arriving at John o ' Groats at 11 : 30pm same day . This was in aid of Safe Haven Children 's Trust and raised £ 3,000 for the non-governmental organisation . In September 2015 , Jonathan Porterfield and Chris Ramsey beat the record in a Nissan Leaf electric car , using the existing public rapid charger infrastructure to travel there and back . The route south took 28 hours and 38 minutes , and the return trip 27 hours and 46 minutes . They submitted an application to Guinness World Records to have the quicker time recognised as a record . Dr Jeff Allan and his son Ben Cottam - Allan having completed their journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats set off for the return journey . On 7 October 2015 , Jeff Allan and his son , Ben Cottam - Allan , beat the electric car record in a Tesla Model S completing the northbound route in 19 hours 45 minutes and the southbound route in 18 hours 53 minutes . Jeff prepared the route by cycling in May 2015 . They hold the Guinness World Record for shortest charging time from John o ' Groats to Land 's End of 3 hours 44 minutes 33 seconds . On 21 August 2017 , John Chivers completed the first journey by electric motorcycle ( a Zero DSR ) from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , then continued his journey to Orkney and finally to Skaw , on the island of Unst , Shetland . The journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats took him four days to complete , breaking the journey up into ten parts , each stop requiring a charge of at least three hours . On 30 July 2017 Andy Maxfield from Inskip near Preston completed the journey from John O'Groats to Land 's End on an unmodified John Deere X750 ride on lawn tractor . The 874 mile journey was completed in a Guinness World Record time of 5 days 8 hours 36 mins with an average speed of around 9mph . This journey was inspired by his father James Maxfield who suffered from Alzheimer 's for 13 years with the challenge raising around £ 9,000 for The Alzheimer 's Society . The journey was completed with a support team from John Deere and his two daughters Kathryn and Kaitlyn Maxfield . In September 2017 , Tommy Davies and Tom Harvey completed the 841 mile journey in 9 hours and 36 minutes , the fastest time ever recorded between the two points on land , with an overall average of 86.7 mph . They used a specially adapted Audi S5 with an additional fuel tank and an array of equipment to avoid detection from the police and speed cameras . The trip was allegedly tracked via a GPS tracker and filmed , although the footage and data has not been publicly released , presumably in an effort to avoid possible prosecution due to the excessive speed involved . Public Transport ( edit ) The current fastest journey by bus and coach was set by John and Kirsty Boyd from Runcorn , Cheshire , who travelled from Land 's End to John O ' Groats in August 2017 using 20 buses / coaches , in three days , 2 hours and 47 minutes . The current fastest journey by local bus ( defined as in section 3 of the Transport Act 1980 to be a stage carriage service with stops within 30 miles ) was set by Clive Burgess in September 2016 . He travelled from Lands End to John O'Groats using 31 buses , in 3 days , 8 hours and 55 minutes . In June 2014 , to celebrate completing his GCSE exams , 16 - year - old Adam Mugliston travelled from Land 's End to John o ' Groats on 36 buses in four days , 10 hours and 44 minutes . In August 2011 , James Aukett travelled from Land 's End to John o ' Groats on 31 buses in five days , 7 hours and 25 minutes . James undertook the trip to raise money for children 's charity , The Children 's Society . Richard Elloway , having completed the return trip using a senior bus - pass `` without paying a penny '' . In 2008 , Richard Elloway of Somerset claims to be the first person to complete the journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats and back free of charge by local buses , using the English National Concessionary Pass ( a free bus pass for people over 60 , allowing free off - peak travel on local bus services throughout England ) introduced on 1 April 2008 , and the pre-existing equivalent concession for pensioners in Scotland . He completed the first leg of the trip in one week and six hours . The entire journey was completed in two weeks , 8 hours and 30 minutes . In 1954 , Gertrude Leather travelled by 17 local buses from Land 's End to London , at a cost of £ 1 19s 6d ( £ 1.97 1⁄2 ) , and the following year travelled from London to John o ' Groats by 25 local buses at a cost of £ 4 5s 91⁄2d ( £ 4.29 ) . The current fastest route on land public transport takes a timetabled 22 hours 45 minutes , departing Land 's End car park at 14 : 35 on day 1 and arriving at John o ' Groats ferry terminal car park at 13 : 20 on day 2 . This involves a bus to Penzance , trains to Crewe to meet the London -- Inverness sleeper train , then the following morning buses via Wick to John o ' Groats . As of January 2011 , an ordinary one - way railway fare for the rail section of the journey cost £ 216 . Hitchhiking ( edit ) M. Clark and G. Beynon are the last hitchhikers recorded in the Guinness Book of Records for the Land 's End to John o ' Groats trip ( 17 hours 8 minutes ) . Paramotor ( motorised paraglider ) ( edit ) The first recorded journey by paramotor was by Andy Phillips , supported by a team of British Royal Marines in September 2000 . The trip took a little over six days and was completed from south to north . The first recorded trip from north to south was by John Caston , Brian Pushman , Alex Heron and Henry Glasse in September 2009 and took five days . In July 2016 a group of four pilots completed the trip from north to south in 6.5 days . This included double amputee Cayle Royce , who became the first person to fly the route in a ParaTrike . Golf ( edit ) In 2005 Surrey - based golfer and member of the Kent Golf Society David Sullivan walked from John o ' Groats to Land 's End hitting golf balls all the way . He travelled the 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) in seven weeks to be eligible for the Guinness Book of Records as the longest golf hole . He raised money for the Variety Club , the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Appeal , and the Orpheus Centre , a residential arts and learning facility for the young and disabled in Surrey . Aeroplane ( edit ) The fastest passage between the two points was made in 1988 by a McDonnell Douglas F - 4K Phantom in a time of 46 minutes 44 seconds In a straight line ( edit ) On 17 May 2014 a team of four set off to complete Beeline Britain - a journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in a straight line . This never before attempted route was completed in 28 days and required the two biggest sea kayak crossings ever completed in UK waters . The first crossing went direct from Land 's End to Pembrokeshire - a distance of over 200 km which took 34.5 hours to complete . The second crossing went direct from Pembrokeshire to Anglesey - around 170 km and taking 24.5 hours to complete . The team then kayaked , biked and hiked the remainder of the route which went via : Isle of Man - Dalmellington - Glasgow - Creiff - traversing Ben Macdui the second highest mountain in the UK - Lossiemouth - across the Moray Firth - Lybster - John o ' Groats . The project was devised and managed by Ian O'Grady . He recruited the Team GB Paralympian Nick Beighton , Adam Harmer , a professional kayak coach and University Lecturer , Tori James who was the first Welsh woman to stand on the summit of Mount Everest . Beeline Britain 's aim was to raise funds and awareness for Blesma , the limbless veterans charity . The project gained full royal endorsement from the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry , and has to date raised over £ 20,000 for Blesma . The whole journey was captured by filmmaker Ian Burton for the feature documentary As The Crow Flies Youngest and oldest ( edit ) The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association presents the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy annually to the youngest person to have completed the journey other than as a passenger in a motor vehicle . Henry Cole completed the journey in June 2006 , he was aged four . He cycled over 31 days . He started school in the following September , and was presented with the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy in January 2007 . Sophie George is currently the youngest recipient of the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy . She completed the journey by bus and train in August 2016 at the age of two years and 10 months and was awarded the trophy in January 2017 . Reg Savill is oldest person to complete the journey on foot ( although in the reverse direction from John o ' Groats to Land 's End ) , at the age of 74 . Organisations ( edit ) There are three organisations supporting people undertaking the journey . The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association is a non-commercial organisation established in 1983 for `` those who have completed the epic journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , or vice versa , by any means in a single trip '' . The Land 's End John o ' Groats Club , which is sponsored by the company that operates facilities at Land 's End and John o ' Groats , the end points . It holds an annual awards ceremony to select the most notable ' end - to - enders ' each year . Bike the UK for MS is a charity raising awareness for multiple sclerosis research and patients by running supported cycling trips including from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . They combine an important cause with an incredible experience to help fund treatment and research for a cure whilst addressing the challenges for those affected by MS . Scottish equivalent ( edit ) Until Union with England in 1707 , Scotland 's equivalent of the phrase was often `` John o ' Groats to Maidenkirk '' , as Maidenkirk ( Kirkmaiden ) was traditionally considered Scotland 's southernmost point , a 388 - mile ( 624 km ) trip . This can be found in Robert Burns ' poem On Captain Grose 's Peregrinations thro ' Scotland and the song , The Lady of Kenmure : From John o ' Groats to Maidenkirk You 'll never find a truer For loyal faith and dauntless deeds , Than the Lady of Kenmure . The southernmost village in Scotland is actually nearby Drummore , which has grown to a latitude several metres south of Kirkmaiden . English equivalent ( edit ) The length of the English mainland is delineated by the distance between Land 's End and Marshall Meadows Bay in Northumberland . The distance is 556 miles ( 895 km ) by road or 426 miles ( 686 km ) as the crow flies . The traversal of the length of England is sometimes used to define charity events such as walks and cycle - rides . See also ( edit ) Malin to Mizen Du battant des lames au sommet des montagnes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Naylor , J. and R. ( 1916 ) ' ' From John o ' Groats to Land 's End ' ' on Project Gutenberg '' . Gutenberg.org. 2004 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hillaby , J. ( 1966 ) Journey Through Britain Republished by Constable in 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 474990 - 0 Jump up ^ Drake , John ( 2011 ) . End to end in bits : a story of a walk from Lands End to John O'Groats . Leeds : Alewords . ISBN 0951904760 . Jump up ^ `` Annotated list of walkers routes , with links to websites '' . Hockeylejog.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Land 's End to John O'Groats - Deloitte Ride Across Britain '' . Deloitte Ride Across Britain . Jump up ^ `` Inside the 2018 End to End record attempt , words by Paul Jones '' . Cyclingtimetrials.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Windcheetah recumbent tricycle scrapbook '' . windcheetah.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Fastest return journey from John o ' Groats to Land 's End by bicycle '' . Project Kansas . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . As of 17 October 2017 the success of the attempt had not been confirmed by Guinness . `` search for return journey Land 's end to John o ' Groats bicycle '' . www.guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief celebrities reach Land 's End '' . BBC News . 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records Place to Place '' . Road Records Association . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincolnshire Chronicle 25 September 1883 p4 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records entry for Fastest journey o ' Groats by unicycle ( male ) '' . Jump up ^ Event blog with details of the trip and certificates from LEJOG Association , Redwelly.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Oldest person to cycle from Land 's End to John - O ' - Groats '' . Jump up ^ `` Cycling the country end - to - end : Postcards from an epic family journey '' . Touchnote. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Land 's End and John o ' Groats Club . `` Methods of Transport '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dan 's the first to run the length of Britain without back - up team '' . devonlive.com. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wirral '' . liverpoolecho . Jump up ^ `` Calday Grange Grammar School '' . caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` About Me '' . triblogs.com . Jump up ^ `` Photos and Blogs '' . Ride for Remembrance. 2009 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . 15 Aug. 2009 ; We did it ! ... A new world record : Land 's End to John o ' Groats by hand - crank wheelchair in 8 days : 10 hours : 9 minutes : 10 seconds Jump up ^ `` BBC - Skateboarding the UK '' . BBC Online . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End to End Run '' . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who at HERO : John Brown '' . HERO : Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation. 2006 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation Regulations & Eligibility '' . HERO : Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` yesterday was a ... '' The Independent . 1997 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` End to Enders - The End To End Challenge '' . endtoenders.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK top to bottom non-stop '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` TheGreenCarWebsite.co.uk '' . thegreencarwebsite.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` North West Lawn Mower Racing Association - The Lawn Way Round '' . nwlmra.org . Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Electric car trip from Land 's End to John O'Groats ' a record ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Father and Son Set New Guinness World Record in Electric Car '' . AutoVolt Magazine . 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking electric car and Europe 's first dragster to appear at Brighton Speed Trials '' . The Argus . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lands End to John O'Groats '' . www.tesla.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fundraiser from Land 's End to Unst on electric motorbike '' . The Shetland News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Breen , Jim ( 8 August 2018 ) . `` Epic lawn tractor journey is officially a world record '' . AgriLand . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andy 's 400 - mile trip - on a lawnmower '' . Lancashire Post . 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Going the Distance : A Man , a Mower , and a Mission from the Heart '' . John Deere Journal . John Deere . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellson , Andrew ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Record - breaking driver who drove length of Britain in nine hours ' should be prosecuted for speeding ' '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Man Averages 90mph in Illegal - But - Impressive Country Race Run '' . Gizmodo UK . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Completion certificates issued by the Lands End - John o'Groats Association '' . 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 2018 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/34/pdfs/ukpga_19800034_en.pdf 2018 Check url = value ( help ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.retro-speed.co.uk/showfeature.asp?art=20605 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` It 's a record : four days by bus from Land 's End to John O'Groats '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lejog Bus Country - Home '' . lejogbuscountry.org.uk . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Ultimate holiday ' on a bus pass '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Hehir ( Somerset County Gazette ) ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` A pensioner 's two - week bus journey '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Leather , G. and Parke , J ( 1986 ) Home with the Heather Ian Allan ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1550 - 3 Jump up ^ Transport Direct website Archived 23 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Sample journeys checked 2011 - 01 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Route Designer 's Tale - Books by John and Nancy Eckersley '' . Books by John and Nancy Eckersley . Jump up ^ `` As The Crow Flies '' . reelhouse.org . Jump up ^ `` Three - year - old lands prize as youngest to travel from Lands End to John O'Groats '' . Slough Observer. 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` On the Buses '' . BBC . 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association '' . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Land 's End John o ' Groats Club '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bike the UK for MS Welcome ! '' . www.biketheukforms.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Burns : Complete Works , Further reading ( edit ) Road walking Smailes , B. ( 2004 ) John o ' Groats to Land 's End : the Official Challenge Guide Challenge Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 903568 - 18 - 7 Offroad walking Robinson , A. ( 2007 ) The End to End Trail : Land 's End to John o ' Groats on Foot Cicerone ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 512 - 4 McCloy , A. ( 2001 ) The Land 's End to John o ' Groats Walk Cordee ISBN 1 - 871890 - 59 - 4 Salter , M. ( 2006 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats - a Thousand Mile Walking Route Folly Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 871731 - 71 - 2 Cycling Mitchell , N ( 2012 ) End to End Cycle Route : Land 's End to John o ' Groats ( Cicerone Press ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 670 - 1 Smailes Brian ( 2009 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats Cycle Guide - The Official Challenge Guide Challenge Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 903568 - 59 - 0 Brown , Simon ( 1995 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats Cycle Guide , Cicerone ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 188 - 1 Salter , P. ( 2002 ) Bike Britain : Cycling from Land 's End to John o ' Groats Epic New Zealand ISBN 978 - 0 - 9582256 - 1 - 8 Lewis , D. ( 2005 ) `` Land 's End to John o ' Groats '' , On a beer mat Publish and Print External links ( edit ) Comprehensive Free Journal `` Walking the length of Britain '' Includes detailed preparation tools . A bibliography of LEJOG / JOGLE published reports and guidebooks , and links to relevant websites Land 's End to John o ' Groats on the Long Distance Walkers ' Association website Land 's End to John o ' Groats in a straight line - one of the last Great British adventures . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land%27s_End_to_John_o%27_Groats&oldid=856942438 '' Categories : Geography of the United Kingdom Long - distance footpaths in the United Kingdom Scenic routes in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages with login required references or sources Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from October 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 14 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Land's End to John o' Groats 2. Traversal of Great Britain 3. Walking, cycling, and running routes 4. Various methods of completing the journey 5. Records and achievements

who does the voice of milli in team umizoomi

Team Umizoomi - wikipedia Team Umizoomi hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team Umizoomi <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Children 's animated Musical Created by Soo Kim Michael T. Smith Jennifer Twomey Directed by Matt Sheridan Presented by Sophia Fox Ethan Kempner Donovan Patton Opening theme `` Team Umizoomi Title Theme '' Ending theme `` Team Umizoomi Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 78 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennifer Twomey Producer ( s ) Soo Kim Michael T. Smith Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Curious Pictures ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Nickelodeon Productions Distributor MTV Networks International <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Nick Jr . Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) Audio format Surround Original release January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) -- April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Team Umizoomi is an American computer - animated musical children 's television series with an emphasis on preschool mathematical concepts , such as counting , sequences , shapes , patterns , measurements , and comparisons . The eponymous team consists of mini superheroes Milli and Geo and a robot named Bot who are the show 's hosts , and the audience who is viewing the show . Milli , Geo and Bot refer to the viewers as their Umifriend and encourage him or her to develop their `` Mighty Math Powers ! '' The action generally takes place in and around Umi City , a colorful city where the streets are paved with origami inspired patterns . In the United States , Team Umizoomi was first shown on Nick Jr . It first aired on January 25 , 2010 . On February 20 , 2014 , an executive of the show stated that the series had not been renewed for a fifth season by Nick Jr . Contents ( hide ) 1 General characteristics 2 Characters 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 UK Version 5 Toys and merchandising 5.1 DVD releases 5.2 Video games 6 References 7 External links General characteristics ( edit ) Each episode of Team Umizoomi feature each of the following : A task or quest to be completed , usually to assist a child in need . Completing the main task requires completion of several sub-tasks , and there are often unforeseen difficulties that must be surmounted . Each sub-task generally involves mathematical reasoning about patterns , sequences , counting , geometric shapes , or other mathematical concepts . Breaking the fourth wall , where the characters on screen communicate directly to the child viewing the show and encourage him or her to participate with the show , though it 's done more times than most Nick Jr. shows , a common fourth wall break in this show is at the beginning where someone asks `` Do You Like ... '' . A mixture of live - action and animation . The team and the surroundings are animated , but the person being helped is often a real child , or sometimes an adult . In the city , or in other crowd scenes , other real people are shown in the background . In comparison to the regular people , the animated characters on the team are less than a foot tall . The live - action actors are uncredited . Once the main task has been completed the team sings a song and performs a dance called the Crazy Shake , which involves shaking and wiggling back and forth quickly . The Crazy Shake was called the `` Umi Shake '' in the first season . The child viewing the show is encouraged to participate in the dance . `` How does it work ? '' In some episodes , a simple explanation is given of an everyday process , such as how milk gets from farm to market , or how packages are sorted at the post office , though in the latter , possibly to add more conflict to the episode that featured it , it 's said that if a letter or package does n't have enough stamps it gets dropped into the `` Do Not Delivery '' basket , whereas in real life , it would just get sent back to the sender . Characters ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Milli ( voiced by Sophia Fox ) -- A girl who is Geo 's older sister who has abilities related to patterns and measuring . If , while on an adventure , it is necessary to complete the next element in a pattern in order to accomplish something , Milli can change her pink dress to any pattern and can then project that pattern by singing `` Pattern Power '' . Her ponytails can be used to measure things , which is initiated by singing `` Milli Measure '' . She is 6 years old . Geo ( voiced by Ethan Kempner ) -- A boy who is Milli 's younger brother who travels everywhere on his Super Skates while wearing a blue helmet and a matching shirt . He has abilities related to geometric shapes and wears a Shape Belt that can create objects by assembling shapes and then singing `` Super Shapes '' . Often when Team Umizoomi is stuck and needs some type of vehicle to assist them Geo will figure out what they need , present a blueprint for the vehicle needed , and then interact with the child viewer to assemble shapes needed to fill in the blueprint . He also has a Shape Magnet to help him find shapes through obstacles and a Shape Splitter to help him split shapes . He is 5 years old . Bot ( voiced by Donovan Patton ) -- Bot is a green robot and friend of the siblings who likes to sing and dance with a fun - loving , childlike personality . His abilities are more functional than math - related . His arms and legs can be extended to reach things , by saying `` Arms Extendo '' or `` Legs Extendo '' and sometimes `` Jaw EXTENDO ! '' . He has a small receiver ( like a satellite dish ) on his head to receive calls ( called the Umi Alarm ) . He also has a screen on the front ( called a `` Belly Belly Belly Screen '' stylized as `` Belly Belly , Belly Screen ! '' ) that they can view videos / pictures on as well as have a video call with someone who needs help . He also has a storage compartment on the back of his body , called a Bot - o - mat , which frequently is carrying whatever the team happens to need . In each episode , he is introduced , usually by Milli , as their `` Best Robot Friend . '' UmiCar ( voiced by P.T. Walkley ) -- The team 's beloved little yellow and orange car who drives the team wherever their help is needed . He is seen playing basketball with the team against the puppets . The UmiCar is adapted to fit the needs of the team by transforming or adding camouflage depending on the mission . Recurring ( edit ) DoorMouse ( voiced by Joe Narcisco , and Chris Phillips ) -- The security mouse of Umi City and frenemy to Team Umizoomi . He often blocks the team 's entry into parks or buildings , stating a key is needed for access . The team must then complete a math - related challenge to get the key back . Team Umizoomi have helped Door Mouse several times when he was sick or accidentally shot into space . Nevertheless , Door Mouse insists on Team Umizoomi 's compliance with whatever minute bureaucratic impediments he is in charge of enforcing . The Troublemakers ( Little Trouble voiced by Nick Heatherington ; Big Trouble voiced by Jason Harris ) -- The Troublemakers are a group of antagonists from the fourth season . Their only goals in life are to cause havoc , chaos , and trouble in Umi City , as well as defeat Team Umizoomi . They have a secret weapon named the Trouble Ray , which fulfills their malicious troublemaking ways , and a vehicle they call the TroubleTruck , which they use to get away . The Troublemakers are named Little Trouble and Big Trouble . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Team Umizoomi episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired 19 January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 20 October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 19 October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 20 February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) Uk version ( edit ) When the show aired on Nick Jr . UK , the show was redubbed using British voice actors , replacing the original American soundtrack . Teresa Gallagher as Millie Joanna Ruiz as Geo Tom Eastwood as Bot Toys and merchandising ( edit ) Main article : List of Team Umizoomi Toys and Merchandise Fisher Price released the first official `` Team Umizoomi '' toys in early 2012 . The first products available included plush dolls , bath toys , and figurines featuring characters and vehicles from the show . Dvd releases ( edit ) Title Format Description Release Date Team Umizoomi DVD Includes `` The Rolling Toy Parade '' , `` Kite Festival '' , `` Wild West Toy Train Show '' , and `` The Legend of the Blue Mermaind '' June 28 , 2011 Team Umizoomi : Journey to Numberland DVD Includes the 2 - part special `` The King of Numbers ! '' , `` Picnic '' , and `` The Dinosaur Museum Mishap '' September 6 , 2011 Nickelodeon Favorites : Merry Christmas DVD Includes `` Santa 's Little Fixers '' , plus episodes from Dora the Explorer , Go , Diego , Go ! , The Wonder Pets , Blue 's Clues , and Ni Hao , Kai - lan October 4 , 2011 Nickelodeon Favorites : Dance to the Music DVD Includes `` The Butterfly Dance Show '' , plus episodes from Dora the Explorer , Go , Diego , Go ! , The Wonder Pets , Bubble Guppies , and Ni Hao , Kai - lan February 28 , 2012 Team Umizoomi : Umigames DVD Includes `` Umi Sports Games '' , `` Boardwalk Games '' , `` Crazy Skates '' , and `` Carnival '' June 5 , 2012 Nickelodeon Let 's Learn : ABC DVD Includes `` To the Library '' , plus episodes from Blue 's Clues , Ni Hao , Kai - lan , Dora the Explorer , Go , Diego , Go ! , and The Wonder Pets January 15 , 2013 Nickelodeon Let 's Learn : 1 , 2 , 3 DVD Includes `` Counting Comet '' and `` Super Soap ! '' , plus episodes from Blue 's Clues , Dora the Explorer , Go , Diego , Go ! , and The Wonder Pets January 15 , 2013 Nickelodeon Favorites : Once Upon a Rhyme DVD Includes `` The Umi City Treasure Hunt '' , plus episodes from Bubble Guppies , The Fresh Beat Band , Dora the Explorer , The Wonder Pets , and Blue 's Room April 30 , 2013 Team Umizoomi : Animal Heroes DVD Includes `` Purple Monkey Mission '' , `` Buster the Lost Dog '' , `` Cuckoo Bears '' , and `` Animal School House ! '' May 14 , 2013 Nickelodeon Let 's Learn : Colors DVD Includes `` Kite Festival '' , plus episodes from Bubble Guppies , Blue 's Clues , The Wonder Pets , and Dora the Explorer July 23 , 2013 Nickelodeon Favorites : Rootin ' Tootin ' Wild West DVD Includes `` The Wild West Train Show '' , plus episodes from Dora the Explorer , Go , Diego , Go ! , Bubble Guppies , The Wonder Pets , and The Fresh Beat Band August 6 , 2013 Bubble Guppies / Team Umizoomi : Into the Snow We Go ! DVD Includes `` A Sledding Snow Day '' & `` City of Lost Penguins '' , plus episodes from Bubble Guppies October 15 , 2013 Video games ( edit ) These video games based on the show are all published by Take - Two Interactive 's label , 2K Play . Title System Release date Developer ( s ) Publisher Team Umizoomi & Dora 's Fantastic Flight Nintendo DS 000000002012 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2012 Black Lantern Studios 2K Play References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leffler , Rebecca ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` MTVNI touting 5,000 hours of programming '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . section = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Team Umizoomi Curriculum from NickJr , accessed 30 December 2011 Jump up ^ http://ashleyfontones.tumblr.com/post/77252470488/my-staff-hoodie-came-in-the-mail-today-now-im Jump up ^ Nickelodeon Debuts Its Strongest Entertainment Portfolio Ever from marketwatch.com , accessed 12 April 2012 External links ( edit ) Team Umizoomi on Nick Jr . Team Umizoomi on the Internet Movie Database <Th_colspan="2"> hide Nick Jr. original programming Current Peppa Pig ( since 2004 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 2017 ) Former 1980s debuts Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) 1990s debuts Nick Jr . Rocks ( 1991 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Maisy ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 64 Zoo Lane ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Phred on Your Head Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Nanalan ' ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tiny Planets ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2003 ) The URL with Phred Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Play with Me Sesame ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Max & Ruby ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Miffy and Friends ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Moose and Zee ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Oobi ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Connie the Cow ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 2007 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 2008 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cooking for Kids with Luis ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Pocoyo ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Pinky Dinky Doo ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jack 's Big Music Show ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Wonder Pets ! ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Upside Down Show ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom ( 2009 -- 2013 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Dino Dan ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 - 2016 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Julius Jr. ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Hey Duggee ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Upcoming Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) Blue 's Clues ( Reboot ) ( 2018 ) The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) See also Nick Jr. ( block ) Nickelodeon on CBS Nickelodeon <Td_colspan="2"> Book Nickelodeon portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team_Umizoomi&oldid=843385759 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings 2010s American animated television series American children 's animated fantasy television series English - language television programs Preschool education television series American stop - motion animated television series Television series by Curious Pictures American television series with live action and animation Nick Jr. shows American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Television series with live action and animation Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Team Umizoomi 2. Children's animated series 3. Preschool mathematical concepts 4. Milli, Geo, and Bot 5. Educational television show

when did the currencies of mozambique first come in circulation

Mozambican metical - wikipedia Mozambican metical Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mozambican metical <Td_colspan="2"> Metical moçambicano ( Portuguese ) <Th_colspan="2"> ISO 4217 Code MZN <Th_colspan="2"> Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 centavo Symbol MT Banknotes Freq . used 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 meticais Rarely used 1000 meticais Coins 50 centavos , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 meticais obsolete : 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 centavos <Th_colspan="2"> Demographics User ( s ) Mozambique <Th_colspan="2"> Issuance Central bank Banco de Moçambique Website www.bancomoc.mz <Th_colspan="2"> Valuation Inflation 2.3 % Source The World Factbook , CIA ( USA ) , 2014 est . The metical ( plural : meticais ) is the currency of Mozambique , abbreviated with the symbol MZN or MT . It is nominally divided into 100 centavos . The name metical comes from Arabic مثقال ( mithqāl ) , a unit of weight and an alternative name for the gold dinar coin that was used throughout much of Africa until the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First metical ( MZM ) 1.2 Second metical ( MZN ) 2 Coins 2.1 First metical 2.2 Second metical 3 Banknotes 3.1 First metical 3.2 Second metical 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) First metical ( MZM ) ( edit ) The metical ( MZM ) replaced the escudo at par on 16 June 1980 . It was divided into 100 centavos . The metical underwent severe inflation . After the revaluation of the Romanian leu , the metical briefly became the least valued currency unit , at a value of about 24,500 meticais per USD , until the Zimbabwean dollar took the title in late August 2005 . Second metical ( MZN ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2006 , Mozambique redenominated the metical at a rate of 1000 : 1 . The new ISO 4217 code is MZN . New coins and banknotes were introduced on July 1 , 2006 , and the transitional period during which both old and new meticais could be used lasted until December 31 , 2006 . During the conversion , the new currency was locally abbreviated as MTn , but has since largely returned to MT . Old meticais were redeemed by the Bank of Mozambique for a period of six years , until December 31 , 2012 . Coins ( edit ) First metical ( edit ) In 1980 , coins were introduced in denominations of 50 centavos , 1 , 21⁄2 , 5 , 10 and 20 meticais . The 50 centavos , 21⁄2 and 5 meticais were minted in aluminium , with the 1 metical in brass and the 10 and 20 meticais in cupro - nickel . In 1986 , aluminium 1 , 10 , 20 and 50 meticais were introduced . A new coinage issued in 1994 was composed of 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 and 1000 meticais , with the lower four denominations in brass clad steel and the higher denominations in nickel clad steel . 5000 meticais coins were introduced in 1998 , followed by 10,000 meticais in 2003 . Second metical ( edit ) From July 1 , 2006 , coins were issued in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 centavos and 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 meticais. ( 1 ) <Th_colspan="9"> Coins of the Mozambican metical ( 2006 `` Banco de Moçambique '' series ) Value <Th_colspan="4"> Technical parameters <Th_colspan="2"> Description Date of issue Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 centavo 15 mm 2 grams Copper - plated steel Reeded Rhinoceros Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 5 centavos 19 mm 2.3 grams Copper - plated steel Reeded Leopard Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 10 centavos 17 mm 3.06 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Farm tractor Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 20 centavos 19.5 mm 4.1 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Cotton plant Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 50 centavos 23 mm 5.74 grams Brass - plated steel Reeded Kingfisher bird Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 1 metical 21 mm 5.3 grams Nickel - plated steel Plain ( seven - sided sections ) Female student ( representing the allegory of education ) Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 2 meticais 24 mm 6 grams Nickel - plated steel Segmented reeding Fish Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 5 meticais 27 mm 6.5 grams Nickel - plated steel Reeded Xylophone Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 10 meticais 24.92 mm 7.51 grams Bi-metallic coin consisting of a Nickel - plated steel center plug with a brass outer ring Reeded Headquarters of the Banco de Moçambique Logo of the Banco de Moçambique 2006 Banknotes ( edit ) First metical ( edit ) The First Metical had three issues of notes as follows : i . In 1980 ( 16 June 1980 ) , notes were introduced in denominations of 50 , 100 , 500 and 1,000 meticais . ii The same notes and denominations were reissued in 1983 ( 16 June 1983 ) with the new state logo , 5,000 meticais notes were introduced in 1989 ( 3 February 1989 ) . iii . In 1991 ( 16 June 1991 ) 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , and 10,000 notes were issued followed by 50,000 and 100,000 meticais in 1993 ( 16 June 1993 ) , 20,000 meticais in 1999 ( 16 June 1999 ) and 200,000 and 500,000 meticais in 2003 ( 16 June 2003 ) . Second metical ( edit ) From July 1 , 2006 , new banknotes were issued in denominations of 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 , and 1000 meticais . On October 1 , 2011 , Banco de Moçambique has issued a new family of banknotes that are similar to the 2006 series , but with enhanced security features . The three smaller denominations are now printed on polymer while the higher denominations remain printed on paper . The higher denominated metical banknotes are printed by De La Rue . <Th_colspan="5"> Banknotes of the Mozambican metical ( 16.06. 2006 `` Samora Machel '' Issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Watermark ( 2 ) 20 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Rhinoceros Samora Moisés Machel ( 3 ) 50 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Kudus Samora Moisés Machel ( 4 ) 100 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Giraffes Samora Moisés Machel ( 5 ) 200 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Lions Samora Moisés Machel ( 6 ) 500 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Buffaloes Samora Moisés Machel ( 7 ) 1000 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Elephants Samora Moisés Machel <Th_colspan="5"> Banknotes of the Mozambican metical ( 16.06. 2011 `` Samora Machel '' Issue ) Image Value Obverse Reverse Watermark ( 8 ) 20 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Rhinoceros Samora Moisés Machel ( 9 ) 50 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Kudus Samora Moisés Machel ( 10 ) 100 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Giraffes Samora Moisés Machel ( 11 ) 200 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Lions Samora Moisés Machel ( 12 ) 500 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Buffaloes Samora Moisés Machel ( 13 ) 1000 meticais Samora Moisés Machel Elephants Samora Moisés Machel <Th_colspan="2"> Current MZN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ZAR See also ( edit ) Economy of Mozambique References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Metical '' in Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico . Porto Editora , Porto , 2003 - 2015 . Accessed 1 April 2015 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Marion ( 1968 ) , `` The Nineteenth - Century Gold ' Mithqal ' in West and North Africa '' , The Journal of African History , Cambridge University Press , 9 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 569 , doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700009038 , ISSN 0021 - 8537 , JSTOR 180144 Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` Mozambique '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , California : www.BanknoteNews.com . Jump up ^ http://pjsymes.com.au/articles/Mozambique_1.htm The Banknotes of Mozambique ; Independence Issues -- 1975 to 1989 Peter Symes ( www.pjsymes.com.au ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 20 - , 50 - , and 100 - meticais notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 200 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 500 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mozambique new 1,000 - meticais note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Banco de Moçambique - Bank of Mozambique ( Portuguese ) Historical banknotes of Mozambique ( in English ) ( in German ) First metical <Td_colspan="1"> Preceded by : Mozambican escudo Ratio : at par <Td_colspan="1"> Currency of Mozambique 1980 -- June 30 , 2006 <Td_colspan="1"> Succeeded by : Second metical Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 second metical = 1000 first meticais Second metical <Td_colspan="1"> Preceded by : First metical Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 second metical = 1000 old meticais <Td_colspan="1"> Currency of Mozambique July 1 , 2006 -- <Td_colspan="1"> Succeeded by : Current <Th_colspan="2"> Economy of Mozambique <Td_colspan="2"> Currency : Metical Communications Banking Communications History of Trade Transportation Industries : Agriculture Tourism <Th_colspan="2"> Currencies of Africa North Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta ( unrecognized ) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar Central Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc East Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling ( unrecognized ) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling South Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar ( defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009 ) Zimbabwean bond coins ( since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents ) Zimbabwean bond notes ( since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S. Dollars ) West Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozambican_metical&oldid=824432224 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currencies of Africa Circulating currencies Currencies of Mozambique Currency introduced in 1980 Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles containing Portuguese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 08 : 37 . About Wikipedia

1. Mozambican metical - currency of Mozambique 2. History of the Mozambican metical 3. Coins and banknotes of the Mozambican metical 4. Redenomination of the metical in 2006 5. Current exchange rates of the Mozambican metical

who played the daughter in back to the future 2

List of Back to the Future characters - wikipedia List of Back to the Future characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franchise logo The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale . The lead character of the series is Marty McFly . During the course of the trilogy , he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown and encounters the villain , Biff Tannen , in several different time periods and visits his family ancestors and descendants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Marty McFly 1.2 Emmett `` Doc '' Brown 1.3 Biff Tannen 2 McFly family 2.1 George McFly 2.2 Lorraine Baines - McFly 2.3 Dave McFly 2.4 Linda McFly 2.5 Seamus and Maggie McFly 2.6 Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly 3 Brown family 3.1 Clara Clayton 3.2 Jules and Verne Brown 3.3 Copernicus 3.4 Einstein 4 Tannen family 4.1 Irving `` Kid '' Tannen 4.2 Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen 4.3 Griff 4.4 Biff Tannen , Jr . 5 Strickland family 5.1 Gerald Strickland 5.2 James Strickland 5.3 Edna Strickland 6 Other characters 6.1 Jennifer Parker 6.2 Douglas J. Needles 6.3 Goldie Wilson 6.4 Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D 7 See also 8 References Main characters ( edit ) Marty McFly ( edit ) Main article : Marty McFly Martin Seamus `` Marty '' McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly . Marty travels between the past and the future , encountering his ancestors and descendants . Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space - time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen ( or members of the Tannen clan ) at various points in time . Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Brown Doctor Emmett Lathrop `` Doc '' Brown ( portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future : The Game , and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series ) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine . At various points in time , Doc helps Marty restore the space - time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel . In 2008 , the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , ranking at # 76 . Biff Tannen ( edit ) Main article : Biff Tannen Biff Howard Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film . He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley , most of whom harassed members of the McFly family . Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen ( also portrayed by Wilson ) , who is one of Hill Valley 's outlaws during the 1880s . McFly family ( edit ) George McFly ( edit ) George Douglas McFly ( portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X . Sommers in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the father of Marty , Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly . Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie , George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . In the first film , George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen 's bullying . The novelization of the film expounds on George 's history of weakness , describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself . In 1955 , in contrast with Marty , George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school . He has a penchant for science fiction , and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection . In 1955 , with Marty 's help , he gets the courage to stand up to Biff , knocking him unconscious . As a result , he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight . In the new future , they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around . In the alternate timeline in Part II , George was murdered by Biff in 1973 . George 's character was greatly reduced in the sequels , and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman . Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover 's rendering of McFly , and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future . The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it . Glover did not appreciate this , and sued . The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again . Lorraine Baines - McFly ( edit ) Lorraine Baines - McFly ( portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty , Linda and Dave . She is the eldest daughter of Sam ( George DiCenzo ) and Stella ( Frances Lee McCain ) Baines , and sister of Milton ( Jason Hervey ) , Sally ( Maia Brewton ) , Toby , and Joey . In Back to the Future , Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle - aged and unhappy . After Marty changes the timeline , she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985 . In Part II , she is still happily married to George in 2015 , but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff . Dave McFly ( edit ) David `` Dave '' McFly ( portrayed by Marc McClure ) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Dave works at Burger King , but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white - collar worker for an accounting firm . In a deleted scene from Part II , the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George 's death and Lorraine 's second marriage to Biff . Linda McFly ( edit ) Linda McFly ( portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber ) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job . In 1985 after Marty went to 1955 , Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys . Seamus and Maggie McFly ( edit ) Seamus and Maggie McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson ) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great - great - grandparents of Marty McFly . In Part III , Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie . While Maggie does not trust the `` strange young man '' , Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do . They have a son named William ( Marty 's great - grandfather ) . Much like his descendants , Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family , Buford Tannen . Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson , who also plays Marty 's mother Lorraine , even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine ; in a DVD commentary track for Part III , Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film , and he imagines that McFly men are simply `` genetically predisposed '' to be attracted to women who look like her . Marty ( Jr. . ) and Marlene McFly ( edit ) Marty ( Jr . ) and Marlene McFly ( both portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker 's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II . Originally Marty ( Jr . ) was to be arrested for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang . Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to 20 years in a woman 's prison . Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening . Brown family ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series ) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown . Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine , which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory . The animated series reveals that Clara , along with the rest of the family , moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley . She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School . Jules and Verne Brown ( edit ) Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown ( portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series ) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife , Clara , who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne . The characters had minor , non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series . Jules , an introvert , mostly imitates his father 's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted . Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage . Copernicus ( edit ) Copernicus is Doc 's dog from 1955 . Like his other dogs , Copernicus was used in many of Doc 's experiments . When Copernicus died , he was replaced by Einstein . Einstein ( edit ) Einstein ( portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series ) is Doc Brown 's pet Catalan sheepdog . He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family 's dog . In the first film , Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future . In the animated series , Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter , helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future . Tannen family ( edit ) Irving `` Kid '' Tannen ( edit ) Kid Tannen is Biff 's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game . Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley . He , like the rest of the Tannen family , bullies the McFly family forcing Marty 's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting . Kid is brought down with the help of Marty , a young version of Doc , and Arthur McFly . He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help . Buford `` Mad dog '' Tannen ( edit ) Buford Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III ) is the main antagonist of the third film . He is the great - grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley . He was nicknamed `` Mad Dog '' by a newspaper reporter , due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling , a nickname Tannen greatly despises . Buford is cruel , homicidal , rude , and emotionally unstable . He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes , whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does . He is often accompanied by his gang ( played by Christopher Wynne , Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson ) , and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies . Griff ( edit ) Griff ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series ) is a grandson of Biff . He is part of a gang that also consists of `` Data '' , `` Spike '' , and `` Whitey '' ( portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan , Darlene Vogel , and Jason Scott Lee ) . In the animated series , Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode `` Solar Sailors '' where his grandson , Ziff ( also voiced by Wilson ) , is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly 's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family . Griff 's last name is never mentioned in the movies , which means he could either be the son of Biff 's son Biff Jr , or the son of Biff 's daughter , Tiffaney . However , in the animated series , Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens . Biff Tannen , Jr. ( edit ) In the animated series , Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen . Like his father and paternal relatives , he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud . In addition , Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people 's properties . Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship . He is voiced by Benji Gregory . Strickland family ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan ) is the authoritarian discipline officer of Hill Valley High School . He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885 . There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal . James Strickland ( edit ) James Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III ) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland . He also has an unnamed son ( portrayed by Kaleb Henley ) , who will become Gerald Strickland 's father . Edna Strickland ( edit ) Edna Strickland , in Back to the Future : The Game , is the sister of Gerald Strickland . She is somewhat nicer than her brother , but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness . After Marty alters her original timeline , Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen . Other characters ( edit ) Jennifer Parker ( edit ) Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend ( and , in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II , the wife ) of Marty McFly . The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future . However , Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons , and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future : The Game as a punk rock version of her character . Consequently , the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells ' place , rather than using the ending of Back to the Future . In the spin - off Back to the Future : the Animated Series , Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini . In 1985 , Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School , along with her boyfriend Marty . In the animated series , Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part - time as a tutor . She lives with her family on a ranch , the deed to the which was owned by Biff Tannen , after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer 's great - great - grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer 's great - great - grandmother hostage . In the episode `` A Friend in Deed '' , Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne . In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II , Jennifer and Marty had two children , Marlene and Marty Jr. ( both played by Michael J. Fox ) Douglas J. Needles ( edit ) Douglas J. Needles ( portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III ) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School . Like his school 's alumnus , Biff Tannen , Needles also has his own gang ( portrayed by Christopher Wynne , J.J. Cohen , and Ricky Dean Logan ) and develops a rivalry with Marty . Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015 . Goldie Wilson ( edit ) Goldie Wilson ( played by Donald Fullilove in part 1 ) is a young man working at Lou 's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s . A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks , suggesting Goldie is a nickname , presumably in reference to his gold tooth . He would also have a grandson , Goldie Wilson III ( also played by Fullilove ) in Part II , who works as a car salesman . Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D ( edit ) Match ( portrayed by Billy Zane ) , Skinhead ( portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen ) , and 3 - D ( portrayed by Casey Siemaszko ) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen 's gang in 1955 . Their nicknames are only given in the films ' novels , screenplays , and credits . Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies -- Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II , while outside of the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance . In the alternate 1985 , the three work in Biff 's casino as his bodyguards . Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait . Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth ; Skinhead has very short , close - cropped hair ; 3 - D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3 - D glasses ( a reference to the 3 - D movies that were popular in the 1950s ) . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weissman on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Glover Clarifies `` Back to the Future '' Squabble at BTTF.com . Jump up ^ Telltale , Incorporated ( December 22 , 2010 ) . Back to the Future : The Game - Episode 1 : It 's About Time . Level / area : May 14 , 1986 , 6 : 42 pm - Edna 's apartment - `` Pictures '' . Marty McFly : Is that ... Vice Principal Strickland ? Edna Strickland : Mother never could keep little Gerald out of her clothes ... Jump up ^ A Friend in Deed episode recap at TV.com . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Horizontal - wheeled flying car Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters&oldid=799391962 '' Categories : Back to the Future Lists of animated science fiction television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 13 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Back to the Future film trilogy 2. Marty McFly 3. Emmett "Doc" Brown 4. Biff Tannen 5. McFly family

what was the population of rupert's land

Rupert 's Land - Wikipedia Rupert 's Land Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the trading territory . For the ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Church of Canada , see Ecclesiastical Province of Rupert 's Land . For the Anglican diocese , see Diocese of Rupert 's Land . For the film , see Rupert 's Land ( film ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Rupert 's Land <Td_colspan="3"> Territory of British North America <Td_colspan="3"> 1670 -- 1870 → <Td_colspan="3"> Flag of the Hudson 's Bay Company <Td_colspan="3"> Rupert 's Land , showing location of York Factory <Td_colspan="2"> Government Trading company <Td_colspan="3"> Monarch 1670 -- 1685 ( first ) Charles II 1837 -- 1870 ( last ) Victoria <Td_colspan="3"> HBC Governor 1670 -- 1682 ( first ) Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1870 ( last ) Stafford Northcote <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era Age of Discovery Established 1670 Disestablished July 15 , 1870 <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of Canada United States Rupert 's Land , or Prince Rupert 's Land , was a territory in British North America comprising the Hudson Bay drainage basin , a territory in which a commercial monopoly was operated by the Hudson 's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870 . The area once known as Rupert 's Land is now mainly a part of Canada , but a small portion is now in the United States of America . It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine , a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) . In December 1821 , the HBC monopoly was extended from Rupert 's Land to the Pacific coast . Areas belonging to Rupert 's Land were mostly in present - day Canada and included the whole of Manitoba , most of Saskatchewan , southern Alberta , southern Nunavut , and northern parts of Ontario and Quebec . It also included present - day United States territory , including parts of the states of Minnesota and North Dakota and very small parts of Montana and South Dakota . The southern border west of Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains was the drainage divide between the Mississippi and Saskatchewan watersheds until the London Convention of 1818 substituted the 49th Parallel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hudson 's Bay Company 's claim of ownership 2 Fur trade 3 Law 4 Missions 5 Hudson 's Bay Company 's surrender of its charter to the Crown 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Hudson 's Bay Company 's claim of ownership ( edit ) When granted the English Royal Charter in 1670 by King Charles II of England , the Hudson 's Bay Company , under the governorship of the king 's cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine , was granted `` the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas , Streights , Bays , Rivers , Lakes , Creeks , and Sounds , in whatsoever Latitude they shall be , that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson 's Streights , together with all the Lands , Countries and Territories , upon the Coasts and Confines of the Seas , Streights , Bays , Lakes , Rivers , Creeks and Sounds , aforesaid , which are not now actually possessed by any of our Subjects , or by the Subjects of any other Christian Prince or State '' , `` and that the said Land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our Plantations or Colonies in America , called Rupert 's Land . '' The Royal Charter made the `` Governor and Company ... , and their Successors , the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors , of the same Territory , Limits and Places aforesaid , and of all other the Premisses ( sic ) , '' and granted them the authority `` to erect and build such Castles , Fortifications , Forts , Garrisons , Colonies or Plantations , Towns or Villages , in any Parts or Places within the Limits and Bounds granted before in these Presents , unto the said Governor and Company , as they in their Discretion shall think fit and requisite . '' Following merger with the North West Company in 1821 , the Hudson 's Bay Company 's monopoly privileges and licence were extended to trade over the whole of British North America by including a region called the North - Western Territory . The Rupert 's Land Act 1868 of the United Kingdom Parliament authorized the sale of Rupert 's Land to Canada with the understanding that `` ' Rupert 's Land ' shall include the whole of the Lands and Territories held or claimed to be held by the '' Hudson 's Bay Company . The prevailing attitude of the time was that Rupert 's Land was owned by the Hudson 's Bay Company because `` From the beginning to the end , the ( Hudson 's Bay Company ) had always claimed up to the parallel 49 , '' and argued that the Royal Charter and various Acts of Parliament granted them `` all the regions under British dominion watered by streams flowing into Hudson Bay . '' Rupert 's Land had been essentially a private continental estate cover 3.9 million km in the heart of North America that stretched from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains , and from the prairies to the Arctic Circle . Even Sir John A. Macdonald saw the land as being sold to Canada : `` No explanation has been made of the arrangement by which the country ( Rupert 's Land ) is handed over to the Queen , and that it is her Majesty who transfers the country to Canada with the same rights to settlers as existed before . All these poor people know is that Canada has bought the Country from the Hudson 's Bay Company , and that they are handed over like a flock of sheep to us . '' However , this did not settle the issue of Aboriginal title over the land . At the time the Royal Charter was granted in 1670 , the Crown did not have the authority to give jurisdiction of sovereignty over the territory already settled and inhabited by the Indigenous people of North America . The Royal Charter ignored the First Nations who were already living on the land and exercising sovereignty over it , and the Hudson 's Bay Company had not acquired title to the land from the Aboriginal communities prior to their negotiations with Canada that began in 1856 . Due to the Royal Charter and the later Rupert 's Land Act 1868 , the Crown held the attitude that they already possessed the land , and that the treaties were a peaceful way to allow for settlement of the Northwest Territories in lands the Crown already owned . While the First Nations understood the treaties to be between nations to share the land ( ownership of the land was not a concept in First Nation 's cultures ) , the Crown saw them as a way to ensure sovereignty over the land from a people who only had sovereignty as a `` personal and usufructuary right , dependent upon the good will of the Sovereign '' in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ( `` at the time of the discovery of America , and long after , it was an accepted rule that heathen and infidel nations were perpetual enemies , and that the Christian prince or people first discovering and taking possession of the country became its absolute proprietor , and could deal with the lands as such . '' ) The Calder v British Columbia ( AG ) case in 1973 was the first case in Canadian law that acknowledged `` a declaration that the aboriginal title , otherwise known as the Indian title , of the plaintiffs to their ancient tribal territory hereinbefore described , has never been lawfully extinguished . '' This ruling has led to more Aboriginal land claim negotiations , and overhauled much of the process of addressing Aboriginal title to land that existed prior to colonization and confederation , and whether that title had been extinguished . Fur trade ( edit ) Further information : North American fur trade See also : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts and List of French forts in North America Métis fur trader ca . 1870 In 1670 , the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) was granted a charter by King Charles II , giving it a trading monopoly over the watershed of all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay , an area known as `` Rupert 's Land '' ( named in honour of Prince Rupert of the Rhine , the king 's cousin and the company 's first governor ) . This covered an area of 3.9 million km ( 1.5 million sq mi ) , over one - third the area of Canada today . The Hudson 's Bay Company dominated trade in Rupert 's Land during the 18th -- 19th centuries and drew on the local population for many of its employees . This necessarily meant the hiring of many First Nations and Métis workers . Fuchs ( 2002 ) discusses the activities of these workers and the changing attitudes that the company had toward them . George Simpson , one of the most noted company administrators , held a particularly dim view of mixed - blood workers and kept them from attaining positions in the company higher than postmaster . Later administrators , such as James Anderson and Donald Ross , sought avenues for the advancement of indigenous employees . Morton ( 1962 ) reviews the pressures at work on that part of Rupert 's Land where Winnipeg now stands , a decade before its incorporation into Canada . It was a region completely given over to the fur trade , divided between the Hudson 's Bay Company and private traders , with some incursions by the rival North West Company based in Montreal . There was strong business and political agitation in Upper Canada for annexing the territory ; in London the Company 's trading license was due for review ; in St. Paul there was a growing interest in the area as a field for U.S. expansion . The great commercial depression of 1857 dampened most of the outside interests in the territory , which itself remained comparatively prosperous . Law ( edit ) Map of the Columbia District , also referred to as Oregon Country . Before 1835 , the Hudson 's Bay Company had no formal legal system in Rupert 's Land , creating `` courts '' on an ad hoc basis . The Hudson 's Bay Company 's `` laws '' in the 17th century and 18th centuries had been the regulations settling out the rules governing the relationships between various employees in the company 's posts in Rupert 's Land and to interact with the native peoples . The 1670 charter granting the company control of Rupert 's Land had said trials were to conducted by the governor of Rupert 's Land together with three of his councilors . There were only three cases before the 19th century with the one with the most detailed notes being the trial of one Thomas Butler in 1715 at the York Factory who was convicted of theft , slander and fornication with a native woman . In the early 19th century , the HBC had waged a violent struggle with the rival North West Company based in Montreal for the control of the fur trade culminating in the Seven Oaks massacre of 1816 , which led to an investigation by the House of Commons , and which in turn led to the Second Canada Jurisdiction Act of 1821 , ordering the Hudson 's Bay Company to establish justice of the peace in Rupert 's Land . Instead of establishing courts , the company directed the governor and the council of Assiniboia to mediate disputes as they arose . In 1839 the Hudson 's Bay Company were convinced of the need to dispense formal justice throughout Rupert 's Land and established a court at the Red River Colony , in the `` District of Assiniboia '' , south of Lake Winnipeg . A Recorder and President of the Court would act as legal organizer , adviser , magistrate , and councillor and be responsible for the rationalization and formalization of Rupert 's Land 's judicial system . The first Recorder was Adam Thom , who held the post until 1854 , although relieved of most of his duties by his deputy some years before . He was succeeded as President of the Court from 1862 to 1870 by John Black . Baker ( 1999 ) uses the Red River Colony , the only non-native settlement on the northwest prairies for most of the 19th century , as a site for critical exploration of the meaning of `` law and order '' on the Canadian frontier and for an investigation of the sources from which legal history might be rewritten as the history of legal culture . Previous historians have assumed that the Hudson 's Bay Company 's representatives designed and implemented a local legal system dedicated instrumentally to the protection of the company 's fur trade monopoly and , more generally , to strict control of settlement life in the company 's interests . But this view is not borne out by archival research . Examination of Assiniboia 's juridical institutions in action reveals a history formed less through the imposition of authority from above than by obtaining support from below . Baker shows that the legal history of the Red River Colony -- and , by extension , of the Canadian West in general -- is based on English common law . Following the forced merger of the North West Company with the HBC in 1821 , British Parliament applied the laws of Upper Canada to Rupert 's Land and the Columbia District and gave enforcement power to the HBC . The Hudson 's Bay Company maintained peace in Rupert 's Land for the benefit of the fur trade ; the Plains Indians had achieved a rough balance of power among themselves ; the organization of the Métis provided internal security and a degree of external protection . This stable order broke down in the 1860s with the decline of the Hudson 's Bay Company , smallpox epidemics and the arrival of American whiskey traders on the Great Plains , and the disappearance of the bison . The rule of law was , after the purchase of Rupert 's Land by Canada , enforced by the North - West Mounted Police . Missions ( edit ) Peake ( 1989 ) describes people , places , and activities that were involved in 19th - century Anglican missionary activities in the prairie areas of Rupert 's Land , that huge portion of Canada controlled by the Hudson 's Bay Company and inhabited by few Europeans . Early in the century , fur trade competition forced the company to expand into this interior region , and some officials saw advantages in allowing missionaries to accompany them . Officially they did not discriminate among denominations , but preference was often granted to the Anglicans of the Britain - based Church Missionary Society . The prairie missions extended from the area of 20th - century Winnipeg to the Mackenzie River delta in the north . Notable missionaries included Revd . John West , the first Protestant missionary to come to the area in 1820 , David Anderson the first Bishop of Rupert 's Land , the inept William Bompas and the Native American Anglican priests : Henry Budd , James Settee and Robert McDonald . There were also Roman Catholic missions in Rupert 's Land . One notable missionary was Alexandre - Antonin Taché , who both before and after his consecration as bishop worked as a missionary in Saint - Boniface , Île - à - la - Crosse , Fort Chipewyan and Fort Smith . Hudson 's Bay Company 's surrender of its Charter to the Crown ( edit ) In 1869 -- 1870 , the Hudson 's Bay Company surrendered its charter to the British Crown , receiving £ 300,000 in compensation . While it is often said that Hudson 's Bay `` sold '' Rupert 's Land as well as the North - Western Territory , the company had no land to sell : its Charter was essentially for a trading monopoly enforceable on British subjects . Control was originally planned to be transferred on 1 December 1869 , but due to the premature action of the new lieutenant governor , William McDougall , the people of Red River formed a provisional government that took control until arrangements could be negotiated by leaders of what is known as the Red River Resistance and the newly formed Government of Canada . As a result of the negotiations , Canada asserted control on July 15 , 1870 . However , Canada still did not have legal control because the Imperial Crown had made the transfer subject to treaties being entered into with the indigenous nations . While Canada did pass legislation on May 12 , 1870 purporting to create the `` Province of Manitoba '' , the absence of the treaties was soon noted , and it was decided in 1873 to pass a second Manitoba Act which would have legal certainty . Other `` numbered treaties '' followed , and treaty - making extended to the North - Western Territory , which comprised the regions northwest of Rupert 's Land and to the north of the Colony of British Columbia . The transaction was three - cornered . On 19 November 1869 , the company surrendered its charter under its letters patent to the British Crown , which was authorized to accept the surrender by the Rupert 's Land Act . By order - in - council dated June 23 , 1870 , the British government admitted the territory to Canada , under s . 146 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , effective July 15 , 1870 , subject to the making of treaties with the sovereign indigenous nations to provide their consent to the Imperial Crown to exercise its sovereignty pursuant to the limitations and conditions of the Rupert 's Land documents and the treaties . Lastly , the Government of Canada compensated the Hudson 's Bay Company £ 300,000 ( $ 1.5 million ) for the surrender of its charter on the terms set out in the order - in - council . The company retained its most successful trading posts and one - twentieth of the lands surveyed for immigration and settlement . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal 49th parallel north British Arctic Territories Canadian canoe routes Former colonies and territories in Canada Hudson 's Bay Company Archives Royal eponyms in Canada References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Morice , Adrian Gabriel ( 1912 ) . `` Alexandre - Antonin Taché '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 14 . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ `` Royal Charter of the Hudson 's Bay Company '' . Hudson 's Bay Company . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Bay Company , Struggle for Control of the Fur Trade : 18th Century '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada . `` Rupert 's Land Act , 1868 - Enactment No. 1 '' . Department of Justice . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada ( 1886 ) . `` Sessional Papers of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada '' . 19 ( 12 ) . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert 's Land , Massive Land Transfer '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Plamondon , Bob ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Forging a Nation '' . Blue Thunder : The Truth about Conservatives from Macdonald to Harper . https://books.google.ca/books?id=pg8qAgAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s : eBookIt.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McNeil , Kent ( 1999 ) . `` Sovereignty and the Aboriginal Nations of Rupert 's Land '' . Manitoba History . Number 37 ( Spring / Summer ) . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of Canada ( 1888 ) . `` St. Catharines Milling and Lumber Co. v . The Queen '' . 14 App . ( Cas. 46 ) : 54 -- 55 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Supreme Court Judgments ( 20 June 1887 ) . `` St. Catharines Milling and Lumber Co. v. R . '' ( 1887 ) 13 SCR 577 : 597 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Supreme Court Judgments ( 31 January 1973 ) . `` Calder et al. v. Attorney - General of British Columbia '' . ( 1973 ) SCR 313 : 423 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Denise . `` Embattled Notions : Constructions of Rupert 's Land 's Native Sons , 1760 To 1861 '' . Manitoba History . Manitoba Historical Society . 2002 -- 03 ( 44 ) : 10 -- 17 . ISSN 0226 - 5036 . Jump up ^ Morton , W.L. ( Autumn 1962 ) . `` Red River on the Eve of Change , 1857 to 1859 '' . The Beaver ( 293 ) : 47 -- 51 . ISSN 0005 - 7517 . Jump up ^ Baker , Robert `` Creating Order In The Wilderness : Transplanting the English Law to Rupert 's Land , 1835 -- 51 '' pages 209 - 249 from Law and History Review Volume 17 , No. 2 , Summer 1999 page 213 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Robert `` Creating Order In The Wilderness : Transplanting the English Law to Rupert 's Land , 1835 -- 51 '' pages 209 - 249 from Law and History Review Volume 17 , No. 2 , Summer 1999 page 214 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Robert `` Creating Order In The Wilderness : Transplanting the English Law to Rupert 's Land , 1835 -- 51 '' pages 209 - 249 from Law and History Review Volume 17 , No. 2 , Summer 1999 page 215 . Jump up ^ Baker , Robert `` Creating Order In The Wilderness : Transplanting the English Law to Rupert 's Land , 1835 -- 51 '' pages 209 - 249 from Law and History Review Volume 17 , No. 2 , Summer 1999 page 213 . Jump up ^ `` THOM , ADAM , '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black , John ( 1817 -- 1879 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , H. Robert ( 1999 ) . `` Creating Order In The Wilderness : Transplanting the English Law to Rupert 's Land , 1835 -- 51 '' . Law and History Review . American Society for Legal History . 17 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 246 . doi : 10.2307 / 744011 . ISSN 1939 - 9022 . Jump up ^ Spry , Irene M. ( 1968 ) . `` The Transition from a Nomadic to a Settled Economy in Western Canada , 1856 -- 1896 '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada . 6 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 201 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Tucker ( 1851 ) . `` The Rainbow in the North A Short Account of the First Establishment of Christianity in Rupert 's Land by the Church Missionary Society : Chapter XIII. Rev. R. and Mrs. Hunt -- Summary of the Missions -- Ordination of the Rev. H. Budd '' . London : James Nisbet . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Peake , Frank A. ( 1989 ) . `` From the Red River to the Arctic : Essays on Anglican Missionary Expansion in the Nineteenth Century '' . Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society . 31 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 171 . ISSN 0008 - 3208 . Jump up ^ Morice , Adrian Gabriel ( 1912 ) . `` Alexandre - Antonin Taché '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 14 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Rupert 's Land and North - Western Territory Order Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Act , 1867 s . 146 '' . Justice Laws Website . Department of Justice . 18 October 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Ens , Gerhard John ; Macleod , R.C. ; Binnema , Theodore ( 2001 ) . From Rupert 's Land to Canada . University of Alberta . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88864 - 363 - 6 . Grant , Cuthbert ( 1990 ) . The English River Book : A North West Company Journal and Account Book of 1786 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6213 - 4 . Davis , Richard Clarke ( 1988 ) . Rupert 's Land : A Cultural Tapestry . Wilfrid Laurier Univ \ ersity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 976 - 3 . Gillespie , Greg ( 2007 ) . Hunting for Empire : Narratives of Sport in Rupert 's Land , 1840 - 70 . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4038 - 5 . Hudson 's Bay Company . An Ordinance for the More Effectual Administration of Justice , In the Colony of Rupertsland . London : J. Brettell . Stubbs , Roy St. George ( 1967 ) . Four Recorders of Rupert 's Land ; A Brief Survey of the Hudson 's Bay Company Courts of Rupert 's Land . Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada : Peguis Publishers . Tucker , Sarah ( 1851 ) . The Rainbow in the North : a Short Account of the First Establishment of Christianity in Rupert 's Land by the Church Missionary Society . London : James Nisbet & Co . External links ( edit ) The Centre for Rupert 's Land Studies - The University of Winnipeg `` Canada Buys Rupert 's Land '' , CBC <Th_colspan="2"> British Empire <Td_colspan="2"> Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Europe <Td_colspan="2"> 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> North America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 17th century and before <Td_colspan="1"> 18th century <Td_colspan="1"> 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> South America <Td_colspan="2"> 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands <Td_colspan="2"> 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Africa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th centuries <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia <Td_colspan="2"> 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Asia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th century <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) <Td_colspan="2"> League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Oceania <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18th and 19th centuries <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea <Td_colspan="2"> 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Antarctica and South Atlantic <Td_colspan="2"> Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) <Td_colspan="2"> 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Hudson 's Bay Company <Td_colspan="2"> Canadian holdings Hudson 's Bay Home Outfitters <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. holdings Creative Design Studios Lord & Taylor Saks Fifth Avenue German holdings Galeria Kaufhof Former holdings North West Company ( 1779 -- 1821 ) G.W. Robinson ( 1972 -- 1980 ) Shop - Rite ( 1972 -- 1982 ) Marshall Wells ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Designer Depot ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Fortunoff ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Fields ( 1978 -- 2012 ) Markborough Properties ( to 1996 ) Just Kids Zellers ( 1978 -- 2013 ) Acquired , folded in I.G. Baker Company ( 1891 ) J.F. Cairns Ltd. ( 1918 ) Smallman and Ingram ( 1944 ) Federal Stores Ltd ( 1952 , via Zellers ) Freimans ( 1972 ) Morgan 's ( 1972 ) Simpsons ( 1991 ) Towers ( 1991 , via Zellers ) Woodward 's ( 1993 ) Kmart Canada ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Related Topics Hudson 's Bay Rewards Hudson 's Bay Company Archives NRDC Equity Partners Rupert 's Land Saks , Inc . <Th_colspan="2"> Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named Territories Vinland Markland Helluland Sites L'Anse aux Meadows Point Rosee French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of Forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Canadian Prairies Physiographic regions Manitoba Plain Manitoba Escarpment Saskatchewan Plain Missouri Coteau Alberta Plain Cypress Hills Rocky Mountain Foothills Physical features Qu'Appelle Valley Red River Valley Parks and protected areas World Heritage Sites Head - Smashed - In Dinosaur National Parks Elk Island Grasslands Riding Mountain Waterton Lakes Historic Sites Bar U Ranch Batoche Cypress Hills Massacre Fort Battleford Fort Livingstone Fort Pelly Fort Walsh Forts Rouge , Garry and Gibraltar Frenchman Butte Frog Lake Linear Mounds Lower Fort Garry Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex Riel House Rocky Mountain House The Forks Provincial ( AB ) Parks Historic Sites Historic regions Rupert 's Land Red River Colony / Selkirk Concession District of Alberta District of Assiniboia District of Saskatchewan Aboriginal peoples Plains First Nations Blackfoot Confederacy Iron Confederacy Red River Métis <Td_colspan="2"> See also Largest cities Geography of Canada portal Coordinates : 57 ° 00 ′ N 92 ° 18 ′ W  /  57.000 ° N 92.300 ° W  / 57.000 ; - 92.300 VIAF : 154691788 LCCN : n81011277 GND : 4246980 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert%27s_Land&oldid=832932188 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1670 States and territories disestablished in 1870 Rupert 's Land Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas English colonization of the Americas Former English colonies British North America Fur trade Watersheds of Canada Hudson 's Bay Company 1670 establishments in the British Empire Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use Canadian English from March 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Rupert's Land 2. Hudson's Bay Company 3. Fur trade 4. Indigenous sovereignty 5. Transfer of control to Canada

when is life is strange before the storm episode 3 come out

Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Life Is Strange : Before the Storm <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix . The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One between August and December 2017 . It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series , set as a prequel to the first game , focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber . Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues . Deck Nine started developing the game in 2016 , using the Unity game engine . Voice actors from the original game did not appear in Before the Storm on account of the SAG - AFTRA strike , but reprised their roles in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved . The soundtrack was created by Daughter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price , three years prior to Life Is Strange . Unlike its predecessor , the game does not include time travel . Instead , Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '' , with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse . A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted . Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes . The environment can be interacted with and altered , including marking walls with graffiti . Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay , sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill . Conflict arises with two men inside , whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction . The next day , Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class , stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point . They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park , which upsets Rachel . They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard . Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood , but is refused an answer . After Rachel leaves , Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed . She meets up with Rachel again , who discloses that she witnessed her father , James , cheating on her mother through the viewfinder . Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin , and in a fit of rage kicks it over , igniting a wildfire . The next day , Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school . Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repairing . She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers , who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him . Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew , who owes Frank a large sum . However , Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer , Damon Merrick , and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it . When later a student is unable to participate in the school 's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures from the wildfire , Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel . After the play , they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck and return to Rachel 's house to pack . There , following a confrontation , James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress , but in fact Rachel 's biological mother . Rachel is told that her mother , Sera , is a drug addict , and that on the day her father kissed her , he had rejected Sera 's plea to see Rachel . Chloe vows to find Rachel 's mother , against James ' wishes . Chloe contacts Frank , who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard . She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives . They are ambushed by Frank and Damon , who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney 's daughter . Surviving the wound , Rachel recovers at the hospital . Chloe continues the search by investigating James ' office for clues about Sera , instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon ; Chloe uses James ' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located , and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom . She races to Damon to pay him off , but learns when she reaches him that James wanted him to kill Sera . Frank appears and fights Damon , after which Sera entreats that Chloe never tell Rachel about James ' actions . Back at the hospital , Chloe is faced with a choice : tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth . Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression . Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine . Rhianna DeVries , who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price , voices the character , while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant . Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike . With the strike over , Burch and Hannah Telle , who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange , will return for a bonus episode . The game went under different working titles during casting , according to Kylie Brown , who was cast as Rachel Amber ( then codenamed Rebecca ) in February 2017 . The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter , and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017 . Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation , electric guitar for rebelliousness , and layered vocals for friendship . Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration . The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand the grieving process of the main character . Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development . Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017 , stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits , and Mixtape Mode , allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack . Episode Release date <Td_colspan="4"> `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' 20 December 2017 Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 76 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber . Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers . Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue . Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on , Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy . Conversely , the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed '' . Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature , while Metro and Wallace cared little for it . Otherwise lauded were the story , graphics , voice acting , and soundtrack . Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series ' greatest . Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc , while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit '' . Similarly , Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character , declaring this `` its biggest strength '' . However , Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace , in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends . Brett Makedonski , writing for Destructoid , thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect '' . Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence , which Metro stated as their favorite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices . Metro criticized the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting . Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with , saying it was `` a bit drawn out '' , though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature . Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017 , Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award . It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017 . At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards , it was nominated for Best Audio . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game '' . Red Bull Games . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 20 December 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 2017 ) . `` Life Will Be Strange '' . Develop . No. 184 . p. 17 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence , season pass kerfuffle and more '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Original Life is Strange actresses return for special episode '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Kylie Brown : ' I Was Nervous , But Ecstatic , ' to Voice Rachel Amber in Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Emily ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Talking to the voice of Rachel from Life is Strange : Before the Storm '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Kress , Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Biery , Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Scoring with Chloe : Daughter 's OST for Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` How ' Life is Strange ' landed in Deck Nine 's hands '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange Before the Storm : Chloe and Rachel 's next adventures REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Main menu . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 3 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Ep 1 review -- abandon the SS Pricefield , all aboard whatever we 're calling the Chloe Rachel ship '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm review in progress '' . VideoGamer.com . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is fan service at its finest '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jeremy ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 1 : Awake '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Episode One review : `` It 's touching , poignant , and will definitely move you '' `` . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 1 review -- Awake '' . Metro. 31 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm -- Awake '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 2 review -- Brave New World '' . Metro. 20 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Ozzie ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - ' Brave New World ' Impressions '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm : Brave New World '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before the Storm -- Brave New World '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best , most exciting games of E3 2017 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Best of E3 2017 -- Day Three : Fighter , Adventure , RPG , Shooter , Action '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 : List of Nominees '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Last chance to vote for your favourite video games of the year '' . The Daily Telegraph . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&oldid=816258423 '' Categories : 2017 video games Adventure games Coming - of - age fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Single - player video games Square Enix games Unity ( game engine ) games Video game prequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2010 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Life is Strange: Before the Storm 2. Episodic graphic adventure game 3. Prequel to Life is Strange 4. Focus on Chloe Price and Rachel Amber 5. Branching dialogues and gameplay choices

in lost girl do bo and dyson end up together

Bo ( Lost Girl ) - Wikipedia Bo ( Lost Girl ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bo Dennis <Td_colspan="2"> Lost Girl character First appearance September 12 , 2010 Last appearance October 25 , 2015 Created by Michelle Lovretta Portrayed by Anna Silk <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases Ysabeau Species Succubus Gender Female Occupation Private Investigator Affiliation Unaligned Family Aife ( mother ) Hades ( father ) Dagny ( half - sister ) Isabeau ( grandmother , maternal ) Fitzpatrick ' Trick ' McCorrigan ( grandfather , maternal ) Zee ( aunt ) ( aka Zeus ) Heratio ( uncle ) ( aka Hera ) Iris ( cousin ) Bo Dennis ( birth name `` Ysabeau '' ) is the protagonist of Lost Girl , the Canadian supernatural drama television series that premiered on Showcase on September 12 , 2010 , and ran for five seasons . Bo , a superhuman bisexual succubus , was portrayed by Anna Silk . In the first episode of the series , It 's a Fae , Fae , Fae , Fae World , Bo saved a young human woman named Kenzi from a rapist , and despite their differences the two quickly became friends . Confronted by the local Fae leaders with having to pick a clan , either `` Light '' or `` Dark '' , Bo declared herself neutral , choosing to side with humans after Kenzi risked her life to find out where Bo had been forcefully taken and then helped Bo break free from a trance by calling out to her . Throughout the first season , Bo learns more about the Fae world and her supernatural nature , while searching for information about her origins . Along the way , Bo also develops romantic relationships with both Dyson , a Light Fae wolf - shapeshifter and police detective in the human police force ; and Lauren , a human doctor and scientist in servitude to the Light Fae . In 2012 , `` Bo '' was No. 35 in the AfterEllen list of Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters ; and in 2013 , No. 10 in its Top 65 Kick - Ass Female Fantasy Characters . In 2014 , `` Bo Dennis '' was named No. 92 in the British Film Institute list of the top 100 Best Sci - Fi Characters of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Childhood and early years 1.2 Powers 2 Relationships 2.1 The Love Triangle 2.1. 1 Dyson 2.1. 2 Lauren Lewis 2.2 Kenzi 2.3 Fitzpatrick `` Trick '' McCorrigan 2.4 Hale Santiago 2.5 Tamsin 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Childhood and early years ( edit ) Bo is a succubus who grew up in an adopted human family , unaware of her non-human nature and of the Fae world she descended from . In `` Raging Fae '' , she told Kenzi that she began to feel `` different '' when she entered puberty and did n't know she was not normal until she accidentally killed her high school boyfriend by draining his life energy during her first sexual activity . When she told her parents what had happened , they broke the news to Bo that she had been adopted . Not knowing what she was and what she had done , Bo hated herself and ran away from home , exchanging her previous life for one without family or friends , moving from place to place and assuming a false identity whenever she killed again . Powers ( edit ) As a succubus , she can seduce and manipulate both humans and Fae with the touch of her skin ; and has the power to absorb the life force ( the `` chi '' , or Qi ) of humans and Fae by drawing it out through their mouths . She feeds and heals from oral chi intake , and chi absorbed from the sexual energy created with males or females . At first she could not feed without killing her sexual partners ; but with Lauren 's help Bo learned to control her sexual drive and chi - drawing powers so that she could have sex with both Fae and humans without injuring or killing them . Although Fae are stronger than humans and can better endure her feeding on them , they are not immune from being drained . Without self - control Bo can render them comatose or dead . In `` ( Dis ) Members Only '' , Dyson 's chi is drained by Bo 's succubus birth mother , Aife , and Bo brings him back to life by transferring some of her own life energy into him . Relationships ( edit ) The love Triangle ( edit ) The relationship between Bo and Dyson / Bo and Lauren is known as `` The Love Triangle '' . Initially , there was rivalry between Dyson and Lauren over Bo , as neither one wanted her to be with the other , but they tolerated it . As the series progressed , Dyson and Lauren began to understand each other and the role they played in Bo 's life , with the animosity that used to exist between them fading in favor of helping and protecting Bo . What Bo meant to them and they to her was tested throughout the series , with the relationship between Dyson and Bo evolving into an unequivocal friendship , while Lauren and Bo remained in love through hurdles and episodic distance . Dyson ( edit ) A Wolf - Shapeshifter and homicide detective in the human police force . He is over 1,500 years old , very strong , possesses a sharp sense of smell , is acutely knowledgeable about Fae politics , and is scornful towards humans . A member of the Light Fae , his true allegiance is to Trick rather than The Ash . He is the first individual Bo drew chi from that did n't die as a result . Dyson fell in love with Bo while under orders from Trick to keep an eye on her , and is best friends with Hale , his Light Fae detective partner . In `` Blood Lines '' , he involuntarily sacrificed his love for Bo when he offered his wolf to the Norn in return for her giving Bo the strength to defeat her maniacal mother , Aife ; but the Norn , who demanded his wolf the first time he supplicated her intervention , realized that his wolf was no longer what he valued most and instead took Dyson 's love for Bo and ability to love anyone else ; leaving him with the memory of their relationship but unable to feel his passion for her . He made efforts to remain friends with Bo , which was initially awkward when Bo could n't understand why he had become distant . After being reunited with his old love , Ciara , in `` BrotherFae of the Wolves '' , the two enter into a relationship that was hampered by Dyson 's reluctance to reveal his encounter with the Norn and what he had lost in the exchange ; however , he eventually admitted to her that he had offered his wolf but it had cost him his being able to love anyone . His ability to love was restored by the Norn in `` Into the Dark '' , after Kenzi threatened to mutilate and cut down her Ancient Tree with a chainsaw . In the first two seasons he showed disdain towards Lauren and there was rivalry between them over Bo , but Bo chose to be in a committed monogamous relationship with Lauren in `` Caged Fae '' ( even though it eventually was n't feasible because of her succubus feeding needs ) . After this , the few times Dyson was sexual with Bo was when she needed sexual chi to heal or gain strength -- but her being `` in love '' with Dyson was no longer an element in their relationship . In `` Here Comes the Night '' , the Oracles are sent by the Ancients to find Bo 's truth about her blood . To extract truth from someone , Oracles must also deliver truth to them . In order to accomplish this , they try to seduce their targets by appearing as the individual their heart desires most . The Oracle appeared as Dyson and said to Bo , `` You chose me first for a reason . Everything we 've gone through , everything we 've sacrificed ... that was love . And it 's still there . It does n't go away . '' To which Bo replied `` No , it does n't . But it changes . '' Their connection settled into friendship , with Dyson willing to sexually accommodate Bo when she needed chi energy . It is revealed in Season 5 that Dyson has a son named Mark , a black panther shapeshifter . Lauren lewis ( edit ) A Human owned by the Ash as his property , she serves as a doctor and scientist for the Light Fae . She was seduced by Bo during their first meeting and hence fell in love with her . She has extensive knowledge of the different types of Fae and their abilities . Lauren helped Bo learn how to control her powers so that she could have sex with both Fae and humans without hurting or killing them . It is later revealed that she had a human girlfriend , Nadia , who had fallen into a coma five years earlier after contracting a mysterious virus while in the Congo with her . In exchange for her servitude , The Ash offered Lauren access to the Light Fae 's laboratory and resources to find a cure for Nadia 's condition . Lauren learned from Lachlan in `` Masks '' that she was tricked by the previous Ash : he ordered a Dark Fae Shaman to curse Nadia into a coma to insure that Lauren would do everything in her power to find an antidote to the fever that was killing Fae , and then pulled her into the Light clan 's fold . After Bo ( unbeknownst to Lauren ) removed the curse , Lauren and Nadia reunited ; but their relationship was soon shattered when it was revealed that Nadia had been infected by the Garuda and he could control her mind and body . Bo was forced to kill Nadia when she threatened Lauren 's life leaving Lauren devastated . Grieving , Lauren seeks comfort in Bo and the two grow closer emotionally . In the Season 2 finale , Lauren relinquishes her chance for freedom from the Light Fae to stay with Bo , despite encouragement from Dyson to leave while she can . In `` Caged Fae '' , Bo asks Lauren to be together in a committed relationship . However , in `` Delinquents '' , Tamsin visits Lauren to furtively carry out one of her mercenary tasks , and intentionally provokes Lauren by telling her that she and Bo kissed without Bo feeding from her ( not knowing that the kiss was caused by Trick and Stella touching the Dawning invitation machine at the moment they shared a first kiss in `` Fae - ge Against The Machine '' , which made the machine spark , and propelled Tamsin towards Bo to kiss her ) . Overwhelmed by the all the stress and loss she had experienced , and feeling inadequate in satisfying Bo 's succubus nature , Lauren tells Bo that she needs to take a `` break '' from the relationship . As time passes , however , Bo becomes concerned that it might not be a temporary separation . In `` Adventures In Fae - bysitting '' , a part of Lauren 's past is disclosed and we learn that her real name is Karen Beattie and that she is a fugitive wanted by the International Criminal Offences and Criminal Intelligence Bureau . In addition to English she is also fluent in Spanish , French and Swahili . In `` Those Who Wander '' Lauren feigns being through with Bo in the presence of Dr. Isaac Taft and rejects her to protect Bo , and herself , from him . After this encounter , Bo and Lauren go their separate ways . Lauren then sabotages Taft 's plan to extract Dyson 's DNA and transfer the cells into him so as to become a Wolf - Shapeshifter , and turns Taft into a human / Cabbit hybrid instead , making him an easy kill for Dyson . She goes missing thereafter . ( The conversation that she and Dyson had during a phone call in `` Sleeping Beauty School '' showed that Dyson was aware of Lauren 's motives for subjecting him to the deceptive procedure . ) In `` Turn to Stone '' , Lauren reveals to Crystal that she has a brother , they had been inseparable , and decided together `` to change the world '' , but their cause had turned into blowing up pipelines . Lauren knew how to build pipe bombs and made them for her brother to position ; however , one location was supposed to have been deserted but was n't , and eleven people were killed in the explosion . This led Lauren ( Karen Beattie ) to go on the run , change her identity , and keep running ever since . Lauren confesses that not a day goes by that she does n't hate herself for what happened . ( By the details in the ICOCIB wanted poster , the incident occurred in 1998 , when Lauren was 17 or 18 years old . ) In `` Let the Dark Times Roll '' , Bo and Lauren are reunited at a Dark Fae party after the passage of a month , during which Lauren 's memory of Bo was removed by The Wanderer . They jump into each other 's arms and kiss passionately . Lauren told Bo that she had fled for her life after the Una Mens began to kill humans . The Dark Fae ( i.e. The Morrigan ) came looking for her , offering refuge , protection , and freedom to come and go as she pleased in exchange for working for the clan . When Bo tells Lauren that she can offer her protection by claiming her , Lauren turns her down . After being owned by The Ash for over five years , Lauren does n't want to be owned by anyone , even Bo . Bo walks away , stunned and bewildered by Lauren 's response . In `` Dark Horse '' , Bo and Lauren reconciled after Bo saved Lauren from Massimo . Lauren saw that Bo was wearing the necklace gift from Lauren she had found in `` Turn to Stone '' . When a defiant Lauren tells Bo that she 's not afraid of the Fae , Bo admiringly told her , `` You really are Dark '' ; to which Lauren replied , `` No , Bo . I 'm yours . '' Bo starts to leave , but turns around and walks back to Lauren and kisses her . At the start of Season 5 , Bo and Lauren have remained good friends , putting behind their previous tensions . In Big in Japan , when Bo felt that she was alone , following Kenzi 's departure , Lauren was among those who reassured Bo that she would never be alone , because she stole her heart . In Here Comes the Night , Bo and Lauren made love again since their breakup in Season 3 . They were seen by Tamsin , who had initiated a sexual relationship with Bo and thought the two were now `` girlfriends '' . When Bo realized their ' friends with benefits ' had been misunderstood she told Tamsin that she did love her , but not in a romantic way . In `` End of Faes '' , Tamsin told Bo that it did n't matter where her body was , because her heart will always be with Lauren ; that she and Lauren will always be a couple , even when they were not . Afterwards , Bo stopped Lauren to talk about what happened between them the day before and told her , `` There 's always going to be a reason for us not to be together . And I do n't want to put this off any longer . '' Bewildered , Lauren simply says , `` Oh , Boy . '' Bo asks , `` ' Oh , Boy ' , No . Or ' Oh , Boy ' , Yes ? '' Tamsin later tells Lauren that she and Bo should get back together . Tamsin told Lauren `` I entered the game and I lost . That 's life . The best woman won . I 'm over it . You should be , too . '' Later , Bo , Lauren and Dyson are searching for Mark , Dyson 's son . Bo had to leave to find one of the Ancient Fae , Iris , while Lauren and Dyson search for Mark , but before they went different ways , Lauren tells Bo , `` Oh , Boy , Yes '' ; letting her know that she , too , wanted to resume their relationship . In `` Rise '' , as the series comes to an end , Lauren tells Bo that she wants to spend the rest of her life with her , acknowledging mistakes that she would never make again . Both admit their relationship is messy and complicated , but after Lauren assures Bo that she is willing to weather the inevitable complications of their lives , Bo , gladdened , accepts her proposal . They embrace and kiss , this time forever . Kenzi ( edit ) A young human woman who becomes Bo 's best friend and sidekick after Bo saved her from a rapist who had surreptitiously drugged her with a `` roofie '' in her drink . A pickpocket and scam artist with a long rap sheet , she can speak Russian fluently , possesses excellent street - smarts , and has family connections in organized crime . Kenzi ran away from home and lived on the streets and underground for a long time before meeting Bo . During the `` trial '' by the local Fae leaders to choose alignment with either the Light or Dark , Bo chose to side with humanity after Kenzi risked her life to discover where Bo had been taken by force and what they were doing to her , and called out to Bo to help her break out of a spell she had been put under during the trial . Kenzi suggested to Bo that she should take advantage of her bewitching powers and neutrality to become a private investigator , with her as partner . She was declared Bo 's `` property '' and pet to allow her to participate within Fae society . Kenzi does not care about fae politics . Fitzpatrick `` Trick '' mccorrigan ( edit ) The bartender and owner of the only Fae pub in town , the Dal Riata ( aka `` The Dal '' ) , which is neutral ground where Light and Dark Fae can freely socialize and find sanctuary . Trick is very powerful : he is a Blood Sage and can alter fate by writing it with his blood . Once known as the Blood King , he forced the truce and wrote the decrees that ended the war between Light and Dark Fae ; and though few are now aware of his former position in the Fae hierarchy , he is on equal terms with the Fae Elders . Compared to other Fae , who have contempt for humans , he is tolerant and often fond of humans , even trading away his most prized possession to help save Kenzi 's life after she was infected with a lethal Fae virus . He respects Lauren and when necessary seeks her opinion and expertise with matters involving Fae . Trick is extremely reluctant to use his blood powers as it can have unforeseen consequences ; for example , his writing a culmination where Aife 's maternal instincts emerge and stop her from hurting and killing Bo not only left him weakened and wounded from the loss of blood , but also signaled his whereabouts to an ancient enemy of the Fae , the Garuda . Near the end of the second season , it was revealed that Trick is Bo 's maternal grandfather . Hale santiago ( edit ) A Siren and Dyson 's colleague as another Light Fae undercover agent in the human police force . He can pacify , control , and kill humans and Fae alike with his whistling ; in addition , he can cure pain and heal wounds with it . He is the son of the leader of one of the three most powerful Light Fae clans , the Clan Zamora , but despite his family 's high social status he disdains their social contacts and makes his own way in life ( although Bo and Kenzi used his contacts when they needed to infiltrate a high - class Fae event ) . Hale is good friends with Kenzi , with an undercurrent of mutual attraction gradually developing between them . He helped save Kenzi 's life by using his siren 's whistle to cauterize her wound in the Season Two finale . In the third season , he became the acting Ash after Lachlan 's death . Tamsin ( edit ) A Valkyrie and Dark Fae bounty hunter introduced in Season 3 . She creates doubt and intimidation in her victims , can awaken a comatose person , senses from a cadaver the fear someone experienced before death , kills with mental power , and reincarnates into several life cycles until the last one . In `` SubterrFaenean '' , Tamsin was sent by The Morrigan and Hale ( as acting Ash ) to work together with Dyson in a Fae clan exchange program . Their mission was to solve the murder of a Dark Fae that was drained of his chi outside the Dal Riata . At first determined to find Bo responsible , Tamsin becomes friendly towards her and defies The Morrigan . However , she had secretly accepted a contract by The Wanderer to find Bo and bring her to him . To capture her , Tamsin procured one hair from someone Bo loved ( Lauren ) , two from someone she trusted ( Dyson ) , and three from Bo 's own head , and mixed them in a rune glass to create a special elixir that , when Tamsin threw the vial at Bo 's feet and it shattered , the liquid marked Bo so that she could be `` collected '' by The Wanderer 's agents and transported through transcending planes . Tamsin seduces Dyson in `` End Of A Line '' when he becomes low - spirited about Bo 's questionable relationship with Rainer . As time passes , Tamsin becomes Bo 's roommate in Season 5 and falls in love with her . In `` It 's Your Lucky Fae '' , she offers herself sexually to Bo as a birthday gift and Bo accepts her . However , later in `` Here Comes the Night '' , when Tamsin tells Bo that she knows Bo 's heart lies with her and that she is in love with her , Bo tells Tamsin that she did care about her and loved her , but `` not like that '' . See also ( edit ) List of Lost Girl characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vann , Helena . `` Interview with Michelle Lovretta '' . The Watercooler. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Syfy PR , @ SyfyPR ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` That 's our Bo Dennis : serving + protecting fae / humans alike '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` There 's Bo Place Like Home '' . Lost Girl . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 01 : 13 minutes in . I , Bo Dennis Jump up ^ Lost Girl : Prologue. 2011 . p. 7 . `` Ysabeau '' , or Bo for short , was born of Fae and is a rarity in their world . Jump up ^ drsquid ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Nine Questions with Lost Girl Creator and Writer Michelle Lovretta '' . RGB Filter . Bo is a succubus , a grown woman , and bisexual ... Jump up ^ `` Syfy Lost Girl Producer Jay Firestone Discusses New Season and Show Origins ( VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . GamerLiveTV . July 23 , 2012 . The basic premise when we started , my basic pitch was : she 's good , she 's bad , she 's bi . Jump up ^ Landau , Emily ( February 2013 ) . `` The Erotic Education of Anna Silk : the Lost Girl star on playing a bisexual succubus '' . Toronto Life Magazine . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Kathie ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Anna Silk , sexy succubus of Lost Girl , Syfy 's newest series '' . Blastr . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . 35 . Bo Dennis ( Anna Silk ) , Lost Girl Jump up ^ `` The Top 65 Kick - Ass Female Fantasy Characters '' . AfterEllen . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . 10 . Bo Dennis , Lost Girl Jump up ^ BFI ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Best Sci - Fi Characters of All Time : the verdict '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Scott ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Stinson : The not - so - bizarre love triangle in Lost Girl '' . National Post . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` ' Lost Girl ' Season 4 : The Love Triangle Endures ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Dash ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Anna Silk on the Final Season of Lost Girl '' . Legion of Leia . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Igarashi , Hayley ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` The ABCs of Doccubus , TV 's Steamy Succubus Romance '' . Zimbio . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lost Girl 's Anna Silk is Eager to Reunite with Cast Mates and Meet Fans at ClexaCon 2018 '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Lost Girl at Prodigy Pictures Inc . Lost Girl at Syfy ( U.S. ) Lost Girl at Canada Media Fund Lost Girl official Twitter Lost Girl official page on Facebook Lost Girl at Lost Girl Writers Twitter Lost Girl on IMDb Lost Girl at Lost Girl Official Merchandise ( Gold Label ) Lost Girl at BO SERIES INC . ( Giant Ape Media ) Lost Girl at Lost Girl : The Official Site ( FUNimation ) Lost Girl at Funimation : Take Lost Girl Home <Th_colspan="2"> hide Lost Girl <Td_colspan="2"> Episodes Season 1 5 Characters Bo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_(Lost_Girl)&oldid=843387056 '' Categories : Lost Girl Fantasy television characters Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional female detectives Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional women soldiers and warriors Fictional polyamorous characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Bo Dennis - protagonist of Lost Girl 2. Succubus - Bo's species 3. Love Triangle - Bo's relationships with Dyson and Lauren 4. Kenzi - Bo's best friend and sidekick 5. Trick - bartender and owner of the Dal Riata

when was the tower of london first built

Tower of London - wikipedia Tower of London Jump to : navigation , search A historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London For other uses , see Tower of London ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 29 '' N 00 ° 04 ′ 34 '' W  /  51.50806 ° N 0.07611 ° W  / 51.50806 ; - 0.07611 <Th_colspan="2"> Tower of London <Td_colspan="2"> The Tower of London , seen from the River Thames , with a view of the water-gate called `` Traitors ' Gate '' Location London Borough of Tower Hamlets London , EC3 Area Castle : 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Tower Liberties : 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) Height 27 metres ( 89 ft ) Built White Tower : 1078 Inner Ward : 1190s Re-built : 1285 Wharf expansion : 1377 -- 1399 Visitors 2,843,031 ( in 2017 ) Owner Queen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii , iv Designated 1988 ( 12th session ) Reference no . 488 Country United Kingdom Region Europe and North America <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Listed Building -- Grade I <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Listed Building -- Grade II <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of the castle in central London The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard I , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site . The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century , the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle , its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery . The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase `` sent to the Tower '' . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 - year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty . Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today , the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner Ward 1.5 Outer Ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Crown Jewels 8 Royal Menagerie 9 Ghosts 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Architecture ( edit ) Audio description of the Tower of London by Mike Gatting Layout ( edit ) Plan of the Tower of London The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three `` wards '' , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I . Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 . The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4.9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties -- land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) . White Tower ( edit ) Main article : White Tower ( Tower of London ) The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord -- in this case , the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , `` The great tower ( White Tower ) was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence '' . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as `` the most complete eleventh - century palace in Europe '' . The original entrance to the White Tower was at first - floor level The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 -- 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived . Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north - east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south - east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north - east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south - east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth . The main building material is Kentish rag - stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original -- albeit restored -- examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level . The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St John 's Chapel , inside the White Tower The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south - east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber . There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , `` the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong - room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents '' . The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east -- both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall -- and St John 's Chapel in the south - east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold - painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity . Innermost ward ( edit ) The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th - century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers -- located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river -- began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers . It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower . Interior of the innermost ward . Right of centre is the 11th - century White Tower ; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower . Beyond that can be seen Traitors ' Gate . Inner ward ( edit ) See also : Church of St Peter ad Vincula The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I . The 13th - century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large - scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th - century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Clockwise from the south - west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower . While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow - maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night . The south face of the Waterloo Block As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4,000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 . The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor . Outer ward ( edit ) A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north - west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north - east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 - metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south - west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water-gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris . The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water-gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use . The Tower of London 's outer curtain wall , with the curtain wall of the inner ward just visible behind . In the centre is Legge 's Mount . Foundation and early History ( edit ) Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as `` the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle - building in the whole history of feudal Europe '' . They were multi-purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences . William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , `` certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace . For he ( William ) realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners '' . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London -- Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle -- were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south - east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William . The White Tower dates from the late 11th century . Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower -- which gives the whole castle its name -- is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti-Jewish violence . The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became `` the richest and most powerful man in England '' . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch . The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two . Expansion ( edit ) The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I ( 1189 -- 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , King Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with King Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege . The Tower of London from The Shard . The River Thames is to the south . The outer curtain walls were erected in the 13th century . John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower . Although under - garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Henry III . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III 's supporters would prevail . In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 -- 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10,000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15,000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 . Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north - west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug . The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation . Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was `` not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic '' . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign . Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21,000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self - sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country . Later medieval period ( edit ) A model of the Tower of London as it appeared after the final period of expansion under Edward I During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 -- 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high - ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape . In 1323 Roger Mortimer , Baron Mortimer , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 -- 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated . One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years ' War was Charles , Duke of Orléans , the nephew of the King of France . This late 15th - century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the Tower of London . It shows the White Tower and the water-gate , with Old London Bridge in the background . When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside . When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high - status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed . Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed `` the Kingmaker '' ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives . The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower , 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais , 1878 Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard , Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 - year - old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th - century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII . Changing use ( edit ) The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th - century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as `` an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in '' . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3,593 on repairs and imported nearly 3,000 tons of Caen stone for the work . Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations . In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high - status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower -- as would have been the case for any castle -- there was no purpose - built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a `` Prison for Soldiers '' , was built to the north - west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th - century religious propagandists and 19th - century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter . One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot . Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High - status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name . The cobbled surface of Tower Hill to the north of the Tower of London . Over a period of 400 years , 112 people were executed on the hill . The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . The Board of Ordnance ( successor to these Offices ) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage . In 1855 the Board was abolished ; its successor ( the Military Store Department of the War Office ) was also based there until 1869 , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich ( where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store ) . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control . The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4,000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose - built quarters for soldiers ( the `` Irish Barracks '' ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition . An engraving of the Tower of London in 1737 by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period . During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war . One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital . Restoration and tourism ( edit ) A recreation of Edward I 's bedchamber in the river - side St Thomas 's Tower above Traitors ' Gate . The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose - built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year . Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as `` castellated Gothic of the 15th century '' . Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London . Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The main entrance to the Tower of London . Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction . Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public . In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it . In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle . However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions . Two of the ravens Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day - to - day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Over 2.8 million people visited the Tower of London in 2017 . Crown Jewels ( edit ) See also : Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and Jewel House The Imperial State Crown ( side view ) The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 -- 1272 ) . The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for `` keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things '' was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1327 -- 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties , as decreed by Cromwell . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used , and the crowns were `` totallie broken and defaced '' . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th - century spoon and three ceremonial swords . ( Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown . ) Detailed records of old regalia survived , and replacements were made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 based on drawings from the time of Charles I . For the coronation of Charles II , gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower ( until 1841 ) . They were displayed here for viewing by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . Since 1994 , the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block . Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen . The display includes 23,578 gemstones , the 800 - year - old Coronation Spoon , St. Edward 's Crown ( worn during all crownings at Westminster Abbey ) and the Imperial State Crown . Royal Menagerie ( edit ) Wire animal sculptures at the tower , Kendra Haste There is evidence that King John ( 1166 -- 1216 ) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower . Records of 1210 -- 1212 show payments to lion keepers . The Royal Menagerie is frequently referenced during the reign of Henry III . Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards , circa 1235 , which were kept in the Tower . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep of the King 's polar bear , a gift from Haakon IV of Norway in the same year ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames while tied to the land by a chain . In 1254 or 1255 , Henry III received an African elephant from Louis IX of France depicted by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora . A wooden structure was built to house the elephant , 12.2 m ( 40 ft ) long by 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) wide . The animal died in 1258 , possibly because it was given red wine , but also perhaps because of the cold climate of England . In 1288 , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals . Edward III added other types of animals , two lions , a leopard and two wildcats . Under subsequent kings , the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types , jackals , hyenas , and an old brown bear , Max , gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian . In 1436 , during the time of Henry V , all the lions died and the employment of Keeper William Kerby was terminated . Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277 ; this area was later named the Lion Tower , to the immediate west of the Middle Tower . Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards , also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower . By the 1500s that area was called the Menagerie . Between 1604 and 1606 the Menagerie was extensively refurbished and an exercise yard was created in the moat area beside the Lion Tower . An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals , during lion baiting , for example in the time of James I. Reports from 1657 include mention of six lions , increasing to 11 by 1708 , in addition to other types of cats , eagles , owls and a jackal . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half - pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . By the end of the century , that had increased to 9 pence . A particularly famous inhabitant was Old Martin , a large grizzly bear given to George III by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1811 . An 1800 inventory also listed a tiger , leopards , a hyena , a large baboon , various types of monkeys , wolves and `` other animals '' . By 1822 , however , the collection included only a grizzly bear , an elephant and some birds . Additional animals were then introduced . In 1828 there were over 280 representing at least 60 species as the new keeper Alfred Copps was actively acquiring animals . After the death of George IV in 1830 , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie . In 1831 , most of the stock was moved to the London Zoo which had opened in 1828 . The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park . This decision was made after an incident , although sources vary as to the specifics : either a lion was accused of biting a soldier , or a sailor , Ensign Seymour , had been bitten by a monkey . The Menagerie buildings were removed in 1852 but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps , the last keeper , in 1853 . In 1999 , physical evidence of lion cages was found , one being 3x3 meters ( 6.5 x10 feet ) in size , very small for a lion that can grow to be 2.5 meters ( approximately 8 feet ) long . In 2008 , the skulls of two male Barbary lions ( now extinct in the wild ) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower . Radiocarbon tests dated them from 1280 -- 1385 and 1420 -- 1480 . During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste . Ghosts ( edit ) Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song `` With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm '' . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : `` Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! '' Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower . See also ( edit ) London portal Criminal justice portal Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London List of castles in England List of Keepers of the Records in the Tower of London List of prisoners of the Tower of London Tower of London in popular culture Zammitello Palace , built in imitation of the Tower of London References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Wakefield Tower was originally called Blundeville Tower . Jump up ^ Flambard , Bishop of Durham , was imprisoned by Henry I `` for the many injustices which Henry himself and the king 's other sons had suffered '' . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : `` ALVA Association of Leading Visitor Attractions '' . www.alva.org.uk . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Tower of London Frequently Asked Questions , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 27 December 2013 , retrieved 2 December 2015 Jump up ^ Vince 1990 in Creighton 2002 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown 1976 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 19 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Bloody Tower , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 28 April 2010 , retrieved 22 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 70 Jump up ^ `` List Entry : Waterloo Block '' . Historic England . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Royal ... Patchworks ? '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 35 -- 37 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Liddiard 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bennett 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Bennett 2001 , pp. 45 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 5 -- 9 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 12 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , pp. 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Gillingham 2002 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Allen Brown & Curnow 1984 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 35 -- 44 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 34 , 36 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lapper & Parnell 2000 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Costain 1958 , pp. 193 -- 195 Jump up ^ Calendar of Patent Rolls . 1321 -- 1327 . p. 29 Jump up ^ Strickland 1840 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 34 , 42 -- 43 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 46 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Horrox 2004 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Roman eagle found by archaeologists in City of London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman Warders , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 29 July 2010 , retrieved 21 July 2010 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Wilson 1998 , pp. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Black 1927 , p. 345 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Plowden 2004 Jump up ^ Collinson 2004 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Semark , H.W. ( 1997 ) . The Royal Naval Armament Depots of Priddy 's Hard , Elson , Frater and Bedenham , 1768 -- 1977 . Winchester : Hampshire County Council . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Executions at The Tower of London ( PDF ) , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2010 , retrieved 31 July 2010 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Sellers 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Osbourne , Mike ( 2012 ) , Defending London : A Military History from Conquest to Cold War , The History Press Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6465 - 7 ( p. 167 ) Jump up ^ Medieval Palace , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 30 May 2010 , retrieved 19 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Parnell 1993 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000 , pp. 118 -- 121 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 124 Jump up ^ On This Day 1974 : Bomb blast at the Tower of London , BBC News Online , 17 July 1974 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Regimental History '' , British Army website , Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , 2010 , Archived from the original on 5 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Royal Regiment of Fusiliers ( London ) Museum , Army Museums Ogilby Trust , archived from the original on 26 July 2011 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Ceremony of the Keys , Historic Royal Palaces , 2004 -- 2010 , archived from the original on 4 June 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Queen 's Guard , British Army , 2010 , Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 , retrieved 16 June 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Yeomen Warders , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Gun salutes , Royal Household of the United Kingdom , 2008 -- 2009 , archived from the original on 17 March 2015 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Cause and principles , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 22 December 2009 , retrieved 30 April 2010 Jump up ^ UNESCO Constitution , UNESCO , retrieved 17 August 2009 Jump up ^ Tower of London , UNESCO , retrieved 28 July 2009 Jump up ^ UNESCO warning on Tower of London , BBC News Online , 21 October 2006 , retrieved 16 June 2010 Jump up ^ Medieval Palace : Press Release , Historic Royal Palaces , Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 , retrieved 19 July 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ The Constable of the Tower , Historic Royal Palaces , Archived from the original on 30 November 2009 , retrieved 27 September 2010 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Maj Gen Keith Cima : Resident Governor HM Tower of London , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 6 December 2008 , retrieved 27 September 2010 Jump up ^ Jerome 2006 , pp. 148 -- 149 Jump up ^ Sax 2007 , pp. 272 -- 274 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1998 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Impey & Parnell 2000 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` British Crown Jewels -- Royal Exhibitions '' . royalexhibitions.co.uk . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( 23 June 2011 ) . A Brief History of Britain 1660 - 1851 . Little , Brown Book Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nick ( 31 August 2010 ) . The Book Of Lists London . Canongate Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Colonel Blood 's raid , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 6 July 2010 , retrieved 22 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection at The Tower of London : Jewel House '' . www.royalcollection.org.uk . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Rob ( 4 January 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to London . Penguin -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Jewels '' . Historic Royal Palaces . Jump up ^ Kristen Deiter ( 23 February 2011 ) . The Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama : Icon of Opposition . Books.google.ca . p. 34 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Connor ( 25 March 2008 ) . `` Royal Menagerie lions uncovered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Menagerie '' . Royal Armouries . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Historic Royal Palaces . `` Discover The Incredible Tales Of The Tower Of London 's Royal Beasts '' . hrp.org.uk . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Matthew ( 15 October 2016 ) . Henry III : The Son of Magna Carta . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mount , Toni ( 15 May 2016 ) . A Year in the Life of Medieval England . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nigel ( 2 October 2012 ) . Tower : An Epic History of the Tower of London . St. Martin 's Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ainsworth . The Tower of London : An Historical Romance . Books.google.ca . p. 249 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Blunt 1976 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` The Tower of London : Discover The Wild Beasts That Once Roamed The Royal Menagerie '' . www.hrp.org.uk . Historic Royal Palaces . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoo and Aquarium History : Ancient Animal Collections To Zoological Gardens . Books.google.ca. 18 September 2000 . p. 51 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained ... Books.google.ca . p. 15 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ African History at the Tower of London . Tower Hamlets : Tower Hamlets African and Caribbean Mental Health Organisation. 2008 . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9551368 - 7 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Allaby . Animals : From Mythology to Zoology . Books.google.ca . p. 68 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parnell 1993 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2 December 1993 ) . Book of the Tower of London . B.T. Batsford -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Tower 's old grizzly back on show '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London `` Zoo '' `` . News.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Beasts at Tower of London , View London , retrieved 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ Farson 1978 , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Hole 1951 , pp. 61 -- 62 , 155 Jump up ^ Roud 2009 , pp. 60 -- 61 Bibliography Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ; Curnow , P ( 1984 ) , Tower of London , Greater London : Department of the Environment Official Handbook , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , ISBN 0 - 11 - 671148 - 5 Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) , Campaigns of the Norman Conquest , Essential Histories , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 228 - 8 Black , Ernest ( 1927 ) , `` Torture under English Law '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register , University of Pennsylvania , 75 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 348 , doi : 10.2307 / 3307506 , JSTOR 3307506 Blunt , Wilfred ( 1976 ) , The Ark in the Park : The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century , Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 241 - 89331 - 3 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Collinson , Patrick ( 2004 ) , `` Elizabeth I ( 1533 -- 1603 ) , Queen of England and Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Costain , Thomas ( 1958 ) , The Three Edwards , Garden City Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Farson , Daniel ( 1978 ) , Ghosts in Fact and Fiction , Hamlyn Young Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 34053 - 9 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gillingham , John ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) , Richard I , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09404 - 3 Hole , Christina ( 1951 ) , Haunted England : A Survey of English Ghost - Lore ( 3 ed . ) , Batsford Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , `` Edward V ( 1470 -- 1483 ) , king of England and lord of Ireland '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Impey , Edward ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : The Official Illustrated History , Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces , ISBN 1 - 85894 - 106 - 7 Jerome , Fiona ( 2006 ) , Tales from the Tower : Secrets and Stories from a Gory and Glorious Past , Think Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84525 - 026 - 3 Lapper , Ivan ; Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) , The Tower of London : A 2000 - year History , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 170 - 1 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 Parnell , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , The Tower of London , Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6864 - 9 Plowden , Alison ( 2004 ) , `` Grey ( married name Dudley ) , Lady Jane ( 1537 -- 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press ( subscription required ) Roud , Steve ( 2009 ) ( 2008 ) , London Lore : The Legends and Traditions of the World 's Most Vibrant City , Arrow Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 951986 - 7 Sax , Boria ( 2007 ) , `` How Ravens Came to the Tower of London '' ( PDF ) , Society and Animals , 15 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 283 , doi : 10.1163 / 156853007X217203 , Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Sellers , Leonard ( 1997 ) , Shot in the Tower : The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War , Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 026 - 3 Strickland , Agnes ( 1840 ) , Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest . Volume II , II , Henry Colburn Vince , Alan ( 1990 ) , Saxon London : An Archaeological Investigation , Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 019 - 7 Wilson , Derek ( 1998 ) ( 1978 ) , The Tower of London : A Thousand Years ( 2nd ed . ) , Allison & Busby , ISBN 0 - 7490 - 0332 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Edward Turner ( 1829 ) . The Tower Menagerie : Comprising the Natural History of the Animals Contained in that Establishment ; with Anecdotes of their Characters and History . Robert Jennings . Harman , A. ( 1864 ) . Sketches of the Tower of London as a Fortress , a Prison , and a Palace . J. Wheeler . Parnell , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Tower of London : Past & Present . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5036 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Tower of London '' dated 2018 - 05 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tower of London ( category ) Wikivoyage has a listing for Tower of London . Official website Further reading recommended by Historic Royal Palaces Bibliography of sources relating to the Tower of London `` Tower of London , The '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . <Th_colspan="3"> History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications <Td_colspan="3"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Royal palaces and residences in the United Kingdom Occupied Bagshot Park Balmoral Castle , Birkhall & Craigowan Lodge Buckingham Palace Gatcombe Park Highgrove House Hillsborough Castle Holyrood Palace St James 's Palace & Clarence House Kensington Palace & Wren House Llwynywermod Sandringham House , Anmer Hall & Wood Farm Tamarisk ( Isles of Scilly ) Thatched House Lodge Windsor Castle & Royal Lodge , Windsor Preserved / used for diplomatic visits and public visits St James 's Palace Hampton Court Palace Tower of London Windsor Castle Historical ( ǂ = demolished ) ( ¤ = now ruins ) ( § = partly demolished ) Abergeldie Castle , Crathie and Braemar Albany ( London ) Allerton Castle Audley End House Palace of Beaulieu , Borehamǂ Barnwell Manor Beaumont Palace , Oxfordǂ Fort Belvedere , Old Windsor Bentley Priory Berkhamsted Castle ¤ Birch Hall , Windlesham Brantridge Park , Balcombe Bridewell Palace ǂ Brill Palace ¤ Bushy House Cadzow Castle ¤ Caernarfon Castle Cambridge Cottage , Kew Cambridge House Carisbrooke Castle Carlton House ǂ Castle Hill Lodge , Ealingǂ Castlewood House , Egham Wick Chelsea Manor ǂ Chevening Chideock Manor Chiswick House Christ Church , Oxford Claremont , Esher Clarendon Palace ¤ Cliveden , Taplow Coombe Abbey , Combe Fields , Rugby Coppins , Iver Crocker End House , Nettlebed Crosby Hall , London Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House ǂ Cumberland Lodge , Windsor Delnadamph Lodge ǂ Dolphin Square Doune Castle Dover House Dunfermline Palace ¤ Eastwell Park , Kent Edinburgh Castle Eltham Palace Falkland Palace , Fife Frogmore House , Windsor Gloucester House , Weymouth Gloucester House , London ǂ Gloucester Lodge Gunnersbury Park Hanworth Manor ǂ Hatfield House Havering Palace ǂ Ingestre House , Great Haywood Kent House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew Palace § Kingsbourne House King 's House , Winchester ǂ Kings Langley Palace ǂ Lancaster House Leeds Castle , Kent Leicester House , Leicester Square Linlithgow Palace ¤ Marlborough House Montagu House , Blackheath ǂ Castle of Mey , Caithness Nether Lypiatt Manor Nonsuch Palace ǂ Norfolk House ǂ Oak Grove House Oatlands Palace ǂ and Park § , Walton / Weybridge Osborne Cottage Osborne House Palace of Placentia , Greenwichǂ Queen Charlotte 's Cottage , Kew Queen 's House , Greenwich Ranger 's House , Blackheath Ribsden Holt , Windlesham Richmond Palace & White Lodge Romenda Lodge Royal Pavilion , Aldershotǂ Royal Pavilion , Brighton Savile House Savoy Palace ǂ Schomberg House , 77 Pall Mall Somerset House Stirling Castle Sunninghill Park ǂ Sussex House , Hammersmith The More , Rickmansworth Theobalds Palace , Cheshunt Walmer Castle Palace of Westminster Palace of Whitehall ǂ and the Banqueting House Windlesham Moor Witley Court , Great Witley Woodstock Palace ǂ York Cottage , Sandringham York House , St James 's Palace <Td_colspan="2"> 20th century residences abroad Sagana Lodge , Kenya Villa Guardamangia , Malta Les Jolies Eaux , Mustique , St Vincent <Td_colspan="2"> Historic residences in the Republic of Ireland Dublin Castle Royal City of Dublin Hospital <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St. Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications <Th_colspan="3"> Prisons in London Active Belmarsh Brixton Feltham Holloway Isis Pentonville Thameside Wandsworth Wormwood Scrubs Defunct Borough Compter Bridewell Palace Clerkenwell Bridewell Clerkenwell The Clink Coldbath Fields Fleet Fulham Refuge Gatehouse Giltspur Street Compter Horsemonger Lane King 's Bench Latchmere House Marshalsea Millbank New Newgate Palace of Placentia Poultry Compter St Giles 's Roundhouse Tothill Fields Bridewell Tower of London Wood Street Compter <Td_colspan="3"> Category <Th_colspan="4"> Gates and bars of the City of London <Td_colspan="2"> Former gates of London Wall and City bars Listed clockwise from the West Temple Bar Ludgate † Holborn Bar Newgate † Aldersgate † Cripplegate † Moorgate Bishopsgate † Bars Aldgate † ( Tower ) Posterngate Water - gates : Billingsgate and Dowgate Bridge - gates : Great Stone Gateway and New Stone Gate † The six Roman gates <Th_colspan="2"> London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon , Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) London Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres Adelphi Apollo Victoria Coliseum Criterion Dominion Lyceum Old Vic Palladium Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Vaudeville Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - by - the - Tower BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bevis Marks Synagogue Methodist Central Hall Regent 's Park Mosque St Martin - in - the - Fields St Mary - le - Bow St Paul 's Cathedral Southwark Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Cathedral Retailing Shops Fortnum & Mason Hamleys Harrods Liberty Peter Jones Selfridges Shopping centres and markets Borough Market Brent Cross Burlington Arcade Kensington Arcade Leadenhall Market The Mall Wood Green One New Change Petticoat Lane Market Royal Exchange Westfield London Westfield Stratford City Royal buildings Partly occupied by the Royal Family Buckingham Palace Clarence House Kensington Palace St James 's Palace Unoccupied Banqueting House Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace The Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews , Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers Broadgate Tower 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 25 Canada Square 1 Churchill Place 20 Fenchurch Street Heron Tower Leadenhall Building The Shard St George Wharf Tower 30 St Mary Axe Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch The Monument Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station Victoria Coach Station Emirates Air Line cable car Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd 's building London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St. James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Carnaby Street Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall <Th_colspan="2"> Museums and galleries in London <Td_colspan="2"> List of museums in London National museums British Library British Museum Geffrye Museum Horniman Museum National Army Museum National Gallery National Portrait Gallery Natural History Museum Royal Air Force Museum Sir John Soane 's Museum Wallace Collection Imperial War Museums Churchill War Rooms HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum London Royal Museums Greenwich Cutty Sark National Maritime Museum Queen 's House Royal Observatory Science Museum Group Science Museum Tate Tate Britain Tate Modern Victoria and Albert Museum V&A Museum of Childhood Designated collections Courtauld Gallery Dulwich Picture Gallery Firepower -- The Royal Artillery Museum Hunterian Museum Jewish Museum Library and Museum of Freemasonry London Transport Museum Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology Royal Academy of Arts Museum of London Museum of London Docklands Royal Collection Trust Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews Historic Royal Palaces Banqueting House , Whitehall Hampton Court Palace Kensington Palace Kew Palace Tower of London National Trust 2 Willow Road 575 Wandsworth Road Blewcoat School Carlyle 's House Eastbury Manor House Fenton House George Inn Lindsey House restricted Morden Hall Park Osterley Park Rainham Hall Red House Roman Baths Sutton House English Heritage Apsley House Chiswick House Down House Eltham Palace Jewel Tower Kenwood House ( Iveagh Bequest ) London Wall Marble Hill House Ranger 's House ( Wernher Collection ) Winchester Palace The London Museums of Health & Medicine ( selected ) Florence Nightingale Museum Foundling Museum Freud Museum Museum of the Order of St John Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret Wellcome Collection Other Arsenal Football Club Museum Bank of England Museum Barbican Art Gallery Benjamin Franklin House Bruce Castle Charles Dickens Museum David Zwirner Gallery Dennis Severs ' House Design Museum Dr Johnson 's House Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art Fashion and Textile Museum Flowers Gallery Garden Museum Guildhall Art Gallery Handel & Hendrix in London Hayward Gallery Hogarth 's House Institute of Contemporary Arts Leighton House Museum London Museum of Water & Steam Marlborough Gallery Museum of Brands , Packaging and Advertising Museum of Croydon Museum of Immigration and Diversity Museum of Richmond Orleans House Gallery The Redfern Gallery Royal Academy of Music Museum Saatchi Gallery Serpentine Galleries Sherlock Holmes Museum Two Temple Place Twickenham Museum Whitechapel Gallery White Cube William Morris Gallery Victoria Miro Gallery <Td_colspan="2"> Category BNF : cb124211409 ( data ) GND : 4302320 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0004 0492 3259 LCCN : sh85136293 NKC : kn20081218009 ULAN : 500302014 VIAF : 128321639 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_London&oldid=840491506 '' Categories : Tower of London Castles in London Defunct prisons in London Fortifications of London History museums in London Local museums in London Army museums in London Museums in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Museums on the River Thames National government buildings in London Historic Royal Palaces Royal residences in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Buildings and structures completed in 1078 Towers completed in the 11th century Towers in London Gothic architecture in England Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Grade I listed castles Defence of London Honourable Artillery Company Reportedly haunted locations in London Regimental museums in England Royal Regiment of Fusiliers William the Conqueror Buildings and structures on the River Thames Tourist attractions in London World Heritage Sites in London Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Use British English from February 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages containing links to subscription - only content Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 07 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Tower of London 2. Historic castle 3. River Thames 4. Norman Conquest 5. Crown Jewels

what event triggered the push for civil service reform of the 1880s

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - wikipedia Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Jump to : navigation , search Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act <Td_colspan="2"> Long title An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States Nicknames Pendleton Act Enacted by the 47th United States Congress <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Statutes at Large ch. 27 , 22 Stat. 403 <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the Senate as S. 133 by George H. Pendleton ( D - OH ) Passed the Senate on December 27 , 1882 ( 39 -- 5 ) Passed the House on January 4 , 1883 ( 155 -- 46 ) Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16 , 1883 The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ( ch. 27 , 22 Stat. 403 ) is a United States federal law , enacted in 1883 , which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation . The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams , rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation . It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property . To enforce the merit system and the judicial system , the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission . This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act . The Act also allowed for the president , by executive order to decide which positions could be subject to the act and which would not . A crucial result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business , since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading History ( edit ) In 1877 , there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoils system on the American political system . New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues , which would lead to several other organizations like it appearing in other cities . The presence of these organizations was one of the first steps in trying to up end the spoils system in America . The assassination of President James A. Garfield moved the Civil Service Reform from city organizations to a leading topic in the political realm . President Garfield was shot in July 1881 by Charles Guiteau , because Guiteau believed the president owed him a patronage position for his `` vital assistance '' in securing Garfield 's election the previous year . Garfield died two months later , and Vice President Chester A. Arthur acceded to the presidency . Once in office , President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform . On January 16 , 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act , which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio , one of the primary sponsors . The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton , a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission . However , the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur . The law offended machine politicians , or politicians who belong to a small clique that controls a political party . These politicians realized that with the Pendleton Act in place they would have to find a new means of income , since they could no longer count on donations from the wealthy hoping to receive jobs . The Act initially covered only about 10 % of the U.S. government 's civilian employees . However , there was a provision that allowed outgoing presidents to lock in their own appointees by converting jobs to civil service . After a series of party reversals at the presidential level ( 1884 , 1888 , 1892 , 1896 ) , the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service . See also ( edit ) Civil Service Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 National Civil Service Reform League References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1098 ^ Jump up to : Civil Service 2014 . Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Carroll ( 1966 ) . Tragedy and Hope : A History of the World in Our Time . San Pedro , CA : Macmillan Co. p. 71 . ISBN 094500110X . Jump up ^ `` Life and Death in the White House '' . The American Presidency . Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gilded Age Politics : Political Machines & Civil Service Reform '' . Study.Com . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Machine Politician '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Hoogenboom , Ari ( 1961 ) . Outlawing the Spoils : A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement , 1865 - 1883 . University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 313 - 22821 - 3 . Van Riper , Paul P. ( 1958 ) . History of the United States Civil Service . Row , Peterson and Co . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8755 - 9 . Foulke , William Dudley ( 1919 ) . Fighting the Spoilsmen : Reminiscences of The Civil Service Reform Movement . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Women 's Auxiliary to the Civil Service Reform Association ( 1907 ) . Bibliography of Civil Service Reform and Related Subjects ( 2nd ed . ) . New York . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&oldid=806556973 '' Categories : 1883 in law 1883 in the United States Civil service in the United States Public administration United States federal government administration legislation History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Presidency of Chester A. Arthur Assassination of James A. Garfield Reform in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 20 : 09 . About Wikipedia

1. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 2. Merit-based government positions 3. United States Civil Service Commission 4. Spoils system 5. Civil service reform

how old is the actress that plays daenerys

Emilia Clarke - wikipedia Emilia Clarke Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Emilia Clarke <Td_colspan="2"> Clarke in March 2013 ( 1986 - 10 - 23 ) 23 October 1986 ( age 31 ) London , England Residence Hampstead , London , England Venice Beach , California , U.S. Nationality English Occupation Actress Years active 2009 -- present Height 5 ft 2 in ( 157 cm ) Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke ( born 23 October 1986 ) is an English actress . Born in London and raised in Berkshire , Clarke studied at the Drama Centre London and appeared in a number of stage productions . Her television debut came with a guest appearance in an episode of the British soap opera Doctors . In 2010 , she was named as one of the UK Stars of Tomorrow by Screen International magazine for her role in Syfy 's film Triassic Attack ( 2010 ) . Clarke rose to prominence in 2011 for her breakthrough role as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) , a performance that has gained her critical acclaim . She has been nominated for three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and two Critics Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , among other accolades . Clarke made her Broadway debut as Holly Golightly in a production of Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 2013 . In 2015 , she was named Esquire 's Sexiest Woman Alive . She is also known for her starring roles as Sarah Connor in the science fiction film Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) and as Louisa Clark in the romance film Me Before You ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theatre 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke was born in London on 23 October 1986 , and grew up in Berkshire . Her father ( died 10 July 2016 ) was a theatre sound engineer from Wolverhampton , West Midlands . Her mother , Jennifer Clarke , is the director of the charity The Anima Foundation . She has an older brother . Clarke 's interest in acting began at the age of three after seeing the musical Show Boat , on which her father was working . She was educated at Rye St Antony School and at St Edward 's School , Oxford , graduating in 2005 . She attended Drama Centre London , and graduated in 2009 . Career ( edit ) Clarke speaking at Comic - Con International in 2013 Clarke 's early work includes two plays at St. Edwards , ten plays at Drama Centre London , the 2009 Company of Angels production of Sense , and two 2009 commercials for Samaritans . One of her first film roles was for a University of London students ' short film . Her first television roles were Saskia Mayer in a 2009 episode of the British soap opera Doctors and Savannah in Syfy 's 2010 film Triassic Attack . Screen International magazine named her as one of the `` UK Stars of Tomorrow '' . In 2010 Clarke was cast as Daenerys Targaryen in the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , based on the book series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . She was cast after fellow British actress Tamzin Merchant was replaced for undisclosed reasons . In an interview , Clarke stated that she did the funky chicken and robot dance during her audition . The show debuted in April 2011 to positive reviews and was quickly picked up by the network for a second season . Clarke won the 2011 EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama for her role as Daenerys . In 2013 , Clarke was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . She was nominated again in the category in 2015 and 2016 . Clarke has received widespread praise for her performance . Her acting , as she closed Daenerys 's arc initiated in the first episode from a frightened girl to an empowered woman , was praised . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes `` mesmerizing '' , adding that `` Clarke does n't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys , aside from fierce determination , and yet she is riveting . '' Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen , but concluded that `` Clarke ( ... ) more than seal ( s ) the deal here . In 2017 , Clarke reportedly became one of the highest paid actors on television , earning £ 2 million per episode of Game of Thrones . In 2012 , Clarke appeared in Spike Island , a film named after the location of The Stone Roses 's seminal 1990 gig . From March to April 2013 , Clarke played Holly Golightly in a Broadway production of Breakfast at Tiffany 's . That year , she also starred in Dom Hemingway alongside Jude Law . Critical reaction to the film was mostly positive , though it was a commercial failure . In May 2014 , it was announced that she had joined the feature film Garden of Last Days alongside James Franco , but the movie was scrapped two weeks before production was due to begin . Clarke was offered the role of Anastasia Steele in Fifty Shades of Grey but turned down the part because of the nudity required . She played Sarah Connor in Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) , opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger , Jai Courtney , and Jason Clarke . The film grossed over $400 million worldwide , but received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , despite this she did receive nominations for awards like the Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Female and Germany 's Jupiter Award for Best International Actress . In 2016 , Clarke starred as the female lead , opposite Sam Claflin , in the movie adaption of the best selling book ( of the same name ) , Me Before You , released on 3 June 2016 . The film was a commercial success , grossing over $200 million worldwide and is Clarke 's highest - rated film on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . For her role as Louisa Clark , she shared nominations with Sam Claflin for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock and the MTV Television Tearjerker Award . She played the lead as Nurse Verena , in the film Voice from the Stone which was released on April 2017 in limited release , video on demand and digital HD . Clarke is also set to be attached to the films The Guns of August opposite Helena Bonham Carter , Set It Up opposite Glen Powell , and Above Suspicion opposite Jack Huston . In November 2016 , Clarke was cast as the female lead in Solo : A Star Wars Story , set to be released 25 May 2018 . In January 2017 , Clarke was cast as the lead in the upcoming English language adaptation of the 2015 Korean romantic comedy , The Beauty Inside . Personal life ( edit ) In 2012 , Clarke began dating comedian and filmmaker Seth MacFarlane . The two broke up after approximately six months but remain friends . As of October 2015 , Clarke resides in Hampstead , London . In 2016 , she purchased a $4.64 million house in Venice Beach , California . Clarke was voted the most desirable woman in the world by AskMen readers in 2014 . She was named Esquire 's Sexiest Woman Alive in 2015 . On International Women 's Day 2017 , she published a well - received op - ed on HuffPost UK regarding modern feminism and encouraging gender equality . She was the cover feature for the edition of 13 July 2017 of Rolling Stone . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Drop the Dog Julie ! Julie Short film Triassic Attack Roundtree ! Savannah Roundtree Television film 2012 Spike Island Harris ! Sally Harris 2012 Shackled Malu Short film 2013 Dom Hemingway Hemingway ! Evelyn Hemingway 2015 Terminator Genisys Connor ! Sarah Connor 2016 Me Before You Clark ! Louisa Clark 2017 Voice from the Stone Verena 2017 Above Suspicion Smith ! Susan Smith Post-production 2018 Solo : A Star Wars Story Kira Post-production 2018 The Beauty Inside TBA Pre-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Doctors Mayer ! Saskia Mayer Episode : `` Empty Nest '' 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Targaryen ! Daenerys Targaryen Main role 2013 Futurama Marianne ( voice ) Episode : `` Stench and Stenchibility '' 2016 Robot Chicken Bridget ( voice ) Episode : `` Joel Hurwitz Returns '' 2017 Animals . Lumpy ( voice ) Episode : `` Rats . '' 2017 Thunderbirds Are Go Doyle ( voice ) Episode : `` Rigged for Disaster '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Game of Thrones Daenerys Targaryen Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Breakfast at Tiffany 's Holly Golightly Cort Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Emilia Clarke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose CLARKE - Personal Appointments ( free information from Companies House ) '' . beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Emilia ( @ mebeforeyou ) ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` @ LANNISTERSPRIDE ( my lucky number is ) 23 ! ! Ironically enough because it 's my birthday '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 -- via Twitter . ( For archive , scroll down to Clarke reply ) Jump up ^ `` England & Wales births 1837 - 2006 '' . FindMyPast.co.uk . Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Clarke , Emelia Isabelle ER ( born ) 1986 Jump up ^ `` Certification of Incorporation of a Private Limited Company : Scenic Root Limited '' . The Registrar of Companies for England and Wales via Companies House . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Emilia Isabelle Euphemia Rose Clarke : Date of Birth 23 / 10 / 1986 , Nationality British , Occupation Actor Jump up ^ Some sources give 1 May 1987 , including `` Emilia Clarke Biography : Actress ( 1987 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . `` Emilia Clarke '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke : I feel just like Khaleesi in real life '' . Now . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Celebrates 28th Birthday on ' Game of Thrones ' Set -- See Epic Cake ! '' . tooFab . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Bio : Emilia Clarke '' . Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew . HBO . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Alex ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Emilia Clarke , the Queen of Dragons , Tells All '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Vogue : Emilia Clarke '' . Vogue. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Dragon lady Emilia Clarke heats up a career with ' Thrones ' '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer CLARKE - Personal Appointments ( free information from Companies House ) '' . beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Interview '' . 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` OSE to star in new HBO drama '' . St Edward 's School . 14 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spotlight : Emilia Clarke '' . Spotlight . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lisa 's Story ( YouTube ) . Samaritans. 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video of Emilia Clarke in Student Movie '' . sitmovie.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Stars of Tomorrow 2010 '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Was Not the First Choice to Play Daenerys Targaryen on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Yahoo !. 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin , Patrick ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Did the Funky Chicken land Emilia Clarke her ' Game of Thrones ' role ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Re-commissions ' Game of Thrones ' '' . IFTN. 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EWwy Awards 2011 : Meet Your Winners ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominees Full List : Breaking Bad , Homeland , Downton Abbey Dominate 2013 Awards '' . The Huffington Post . 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2015 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` Fantasy gets real on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Boston Globe . John W. Henry . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` A Golden Crown '' ( for experts ) `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lesley Manville and Emilia Clarke Travel to ' Spike Island ' With The Stone Roses '' . Thefilmstage.com. 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's Coming to Broadway with Emilia Clarke '' . Broadway Tour . BroadwayTour.net. 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dom Hemingway Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dom Hemingway ( 2013 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Loading ... ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Games of Thrones Star Emilia Clarke Cast in New Film Garden of Last Days Alongside James Franco '' . Entertainmentwise . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Emilia Clarke Set For ' Terminator ' In Sarah Connor Role '' . Deadline.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator Genisys '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Trailer reveal : Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin in ' Me Before You ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Me Before You ( 2016 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Set for Thriller ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Emilia Clarke Is a Long Way From Westeros in First Look at ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins WWI Drama ' The Guns of August ' Opposite Helena Bonham Carter '' . Up and Comers . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Glen Powell to Star With Emilia Clarke in ' The Set Up ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke & Jack Huston in Talks For Beyond Suspicion Adaptation '' . Contactmusic.com. 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins Han Solo Movie as Female Lead '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` Emilia Clarke to Star in ' The Beauty Inside ' for Fox 2000 , Temple Hill '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Finally Opens Up About Dating Seth MacFarlane '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Benjamin ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke , Sexiest Woman Alive 2015 '' . Esquire . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Purchases Venice Beach Mansion '' . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Voted Most Desirable Woman '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gorgeous Balance of Emilia Clarke , Sexiest Woman Alive 2015 '' . Esquire. 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Emilia ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` The New Sexy '' . HuffPost UK . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Was In Syfy 's ' Triassic ' Before ' Game Of Thrones ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 31 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Island ( 2012 ) -- Cast e personaggi '' . Movieplayer.it . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shackled '' . Filmshortage.com . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McNally , Kelby ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Emilia Clarke gushes over Jude Law as she speaks about Dom Hemingway role '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' star Emilia Clarke cast as Sarah Connor in ' Terminator ' reboot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` ' GOT 's Emilia Clarke , ' Hunger Games ' Sam Claflin To Star In MGM 's ' Me Before You ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Emilia Clarke to Star in Indie Psychological Thriller ' Voice From the Stone ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Cannes : Emilia Clarke , Jack Huston to Star in Thriller ' Above Suspicion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMILIA CLARKE JOINS THE HAN SOLO STAND - ALONE FILM '' . StarWars.com. 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 2000 Wins $2 M Pitch Deal For ' The Beauty Inside ' ; ' GoT 's Emilia Clarke To Star '' . Deadline.com. 27 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Emilia Clarke 's First Appearance on TV '' . BBC America . 1 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Futurama : `` Stench and Stenchibility '' `` . The A.V. Club . 28 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Shares Secret On Overcoming The Downsides Of Fame '' . Movienewsguide.com. 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` ' Animals ' Trailer : Season 2 Throws Down With Emilia Clarke , Judy Greer , Rupaul and Dan Harmon '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` David Tennant and Emilia Clarke have signed up for Thunderbirds Are Go '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Meet The Exiled Son Of Game Of Thrones ' House Forrester '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` More Waifish Than Wild , the Ingénue Returns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilia Clarke . Emilia Clarke at the Internet Broadway Database Emilia Clarke on IMDb Emilia Clarke -- Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere in Hollywood Biography portal Film portal VIAF : 233192619 LCCN : no2012042337 GND : 1022824864 BIBSYS : 13014841 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilia_Clarke&oldid=816015963 '' Categories : Emilia Clarke 1986 births 21st - century English actresses Actresses from Berkshire Actresses from London Alumni of the Drama Centre London English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses Living people People educated at Rye St Antony School People educated at St Edward 's School , Oxford Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 EngvarB from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Emilia Clarke - English actress 2. Game of Thrones - breakthrough role 3. Terminator Genisys - starring role 4. Me Before You - highest-rated film 5. Solo: A Star Wars Story - upcoming film

uttar pardesh city is known as the grass of the east

Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia Uttar Pradesh State in India <Th_colspan="2"> Uttar Pradesh <Td_colspan="2"> State <Td_colspan="2"> The Taj Mahal , one of the greatest monuments in India , is located in Uttar Pradesh <Td_colspan="2"> Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Uttar Pradesh in India <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 26 ° 51 ′ N 80 ° 55 ′ E  /  26.85 ° N 80.91 ° E  / 26.85 ; 80.91 Coordinates : 26 ° 51 ′ N 80 ° 55 ′ E  /  26.85 ° N 80.91 ° E  / 26.85 ; 80.91 Country India Statehood 24 January 1950 Capital Lucknow Districts 75 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Body Government of Uttar Pradesh Governor Ram Naik Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath ( BJP ) Deputy Chief Ministers Keshav Prasad Maurya ( BJP ) Dinesh Sharma ( BJP ) Chief Secretary Rajive Kumar , IAS Director General of Police O.P. Singh , IPS <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 243,290 km ( 93,930 sq mi ) Area rank 4th <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) Total 199,812,341 Rank 1st Density 820 / km ( 2,100 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Uttar Pradeshi <Th_colspan="2"> Languages Official Hindi Additional official Urdu Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) UN / LOCODE IN - UP Vehicle registration UP XX -- XX HDI 0.5415 ( medium ) HDI rank 18th ( 2015 ) GDP ( 2018 - 19 ) ₹ 14.89 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) Literacy 69.72 % ( 27th ) 79.24 % ( male ) 59.26 % ( female ) Website Official Website Uttar Pradesh ( / ˈʊtər prəˈdɛʃ / ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś ) is a state in northern India . Abbreviated as UP , it is the most populous state in the Republic of India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . The densely populated state , located in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent , has over 200 million inhabitants . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . The main ethnic group is the Hindavi people , forming the demographic plurality . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganges and Yamuna , join at Allahabad and then flow as the Ganges further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.33 % of the total area of India , and is the fourth - largest Indian state by area . It is the fourth - largest Indian state by economy , with an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹ 14.89 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . President 's rule has been imposed in Uttar Pradesh ten times since 1968 , for different reasons and for a total of 1,700 days . The natives of the state are generally called Uttar Bhartiya , or more specifically either Awadhi , Bageli , Bhojpuri , Braji , Bundeli , or Rohilkhandi by their region of origin . Hinduism is practised by more than three - fourths of the population , with Islam being the next largest religious group . Uttar Pradesh was home to powerful empires of ancient and medieval India . The state has several historical , natural , and religious tourist destinations , such as Agra , Varanasi , Allahabad , Gorakhpur , Lucknow , Jhansi , Bareilly , Meerut , Mathura and Faizabad . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Ancient and classical period 1.3 Medieval and early modern period 1.3. 1 British India era 1.3. 2 Post-independence 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Divisions , Districts and Cities 5 Demographics 6 Government and administration 7 Crime 8 Economy 9 Transportation 10 Sports 11 Education 12 Tourism 13 Healthcare 14 Culture 14.1 Language and literature 14.2 Music and dance 14.3 Fairs and festivals 14.4 Cuisine 14.5 Dress 15 Media 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History Prehistory Modern human hunter - gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh since between around 85,000 and 72,000 years ago . There have also been prehistorical finds in Uttar Pradesh from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic dated to 21,000 -- 31,000 years old and Mesolithic / Microlithic hunter - gatherer settlement , near Pratapgarh , from around 10550 -- 9550 BC . Villages with domesticated cattle , sheep , and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC , and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period and extending into the Iron Age . Ancient and classical period Rama portrayed as an exile in the forest , accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana The kingdom of Kosala , in the Mahajanapada era , was located within the regional boundaries of modern - day Uttar Pradesh . According to Hindu legend , the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya , the capital of Kosala . Krishna , another divine king of Hindu legend , who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation ( Avatar ) of the Hindu god Vishnu , is said to have been born in the city of Mathura , in Uttar Pradesh . The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi , ( in what was Kuru Mahajanapada ) , during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira . The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India , around 1000 BC . Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India 's major empires , including the Maurya ( 320 -- 200 BC ) , Kushan ( AD 100 -- 250 ) , Gupta ( 350 -- 600 ) , and Gurjara - Pratihara ( 650 -- 1036 ) empires . Following the Huns ' invasions that broke the Gupta empire , the Ganges - Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj . During the reign of Harshavardhana ( 590 -- 647 ) , the Kannauj empire reached its zenith . It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south . It included parts of central India , north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo - Gangetic plain . Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj . Soon after Harshavardhana 's death , his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms , which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara - Pratihara empire , which challenged Bengal 's Pala Empire for control of the region . Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty , from the 8th century to the 10th century . Parts or all of Uttar Pradesh were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for 320 years ( 1206 -- 1526 ). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially : the Mamluk dynasty ( 1206 -- 90 ) , the Khalji dynasty ( 1290 -- 1320 ) , the Tughlaq dynasty ( 1320 -- 1414 ) , the Sayyid dynasty ( 1414 -- 51 ) , and the Lodi dynasty ( 1451 -- 1526 ) . Medieval and early modern period In the 16th century , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley ( modern - day Uzbekistan ) , swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire , covering India , along with modern - day Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh . The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks ( with significant Mongol admixture ) . In the Mughal era , Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire . Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi . In 1540 an Afghan , Sher Shah Suri , took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun . Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior . After the death of Islam Shah Suri , his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , and the western parts of Bengal . He was bestowed the title of Hemchandra Vikramaditya ( title of Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic Period ) at his formal coronation took place at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later , Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat , and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar 's rule . Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri . In the 18th century , after the fall of Mughal authority , the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire , in the mid-18th century , the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region , which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohilkhand to the Maratha forces led by Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar . The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir , the grandson of Najeeb - ud - Daula , who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia . In 1803 , following the Second Anglo - Maratha War , when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire , much of the region came under British suzerainty . British India era <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline of reorganization & name changes of UP 1807 Ceded and Conquered Provinces 14 November 1834 Presidency of Agra 1 January 1836 North - Western Provinces 3 April 1858 Oudh taken under British control , Delhi taken away from NWP and merged into Punjab 1 April 1871 Ajmer , Merwara & Kekri made separate commissioner - ship 15 February 1877 Oudh added to North - Western Provinces 22 March 1902 Renamed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 3 January 1921 Renamed United Provinces of British India 1 April 1937 Renamed United Provinces 1 April 1946 Self rule granted 15 August 1947 Part of independent India 24 January 1950 Renamed Uttar Pradesh 9 November 2000 Uttaranchal state , now known as Uttarakhand , created from part of Uttar Pradesh Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century , a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state 's territories . Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory , which was named the `` North - Western Provinces '' ( of Agra ) . Although UP later became the fifth - largest state of India , NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire . Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad . Due to dissatisfaction with British rule , a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India , which became known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ; Bengal regiment 's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment , Mangal Pandey , is widely considered as its starting point . After the revolt failed , the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries , splitting the Delhi region from ' NWFP of Agra ' and merging it with Punjab , while the Ajmer - Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state . The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh , which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP . In 1920 , the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow . The high court continued to be at Allahabad , but a bench was established at Lucknow . Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today 's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters . Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement . Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University , Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband . Nationally known figures such as Ram Prasad Bismil and Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh , and Motilal Nehru , Jawaharlal Nehru , Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress . The All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936 , with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President , in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights , thus sparking the Farmers movements in India . During the Quit India Movement of 1942 , Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey . Ballia became known as `` Baghi Ballia '' ( Rebel Ballia ) for this significant role in India 's independence movement . Post-independence After India 's independence , the United Provinces were renamed `` Uttar Pradesh '' ( `` northern province '' ) , preserving UP as the acronym , notification regarding this was done in union gazette on 24 January 1950 . The state has provided eight of India 's prime ministers , including current Prime Minister Narendra Modi who is MP from Varanasi , which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . Despite its political influence since ancient times , its poor record in economic development and administration , poor governance , organised crime and corruption have kept it amongst India 's backward states . The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste and communal violence . In Ayodhya in December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque was demolished by radical Hindu activists , leading to widespread violence across India . In 2000 , northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand . Geography Main article : Geography of Uttar Pradesh A part of the Gangetic Plain Uttar Pradesh , with a total area of 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,935 sq mi ) , is India 's fourth - largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom . It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal . The Himalayas border the state on the north , but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains . The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north ; it includes the Ganges - Yamuna Doab , the Ghaghra plains , the Ganges plains and the Terai . The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south . It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills , plains , valleys and plateaus . The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed with marshes and swamps . The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area , their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth . The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip . The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions . The first in the eastern tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been classified as scarcity areas . These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land . The other two regions , the central and the western are comparatively better with a well - developed irrigation system . They suffer from waterlogging and large - scale user tracts . In addition , the area is fairly arid . The state has more than 32 large and small rivers ; of them , the Ganges , Yamuna , Saraswati , Sarayu , Betwa , and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism . Cultivation is intensive . The valley areas have fertile and rich soil . There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes , but irrigation facilities are deficient . The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas , slopes down into a boulder bed called ' bhadhar ' . The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area . It has rich forests , cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon . Climate Main article : Climate of Uttar Pradesh Monsoon clouds over Lucknow Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons . The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September . Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0 ° C and 50 ° C in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the Loo . The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid . The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm in the southwest corner of the state to 1000 mm in the eastern and southeastern parts of the state . Primarily a summer phenomenon , the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state . After summer it is the south - west monsoon which brings most of the rain here , while in winters rain due to the western disturbances and north - east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Uttar Pradesh Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 37.7 ( 99.9 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) ( 0.08 ) 11 ( 0.43 ) 40 ( 1.57 ) 138 ( 5.43 ) 163 ( 6.42 ) 129 ( 5.08 ) 155 ( 6.1 ) 68 ( 2.68 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) ( 0.16 ) 741 ( 29.17 ) Average precipitation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana Monastery , Sravasti A hybrid nasturtium ( Tropaeolum majus ) showing nectar spur , found mainly in Hardoi district <Td_colspan="13"> Average High and Low temperatures for various Uttar Pradesh Cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lucknow 73 / 44 79 / 49 90 / 58 101 / 69 105 / 76 102 / 81 92 / 79 90 / 78 92 / 76 91 / 66 79 / 53 75 / 45 Kanpur 91 / 71 92 / 72 92 / 75 93 / 78 92 / 78 85 / 74 84 / 73 84 / 72 88 / 78 88 / 74 89 / 74 90 / 71 Ghaziabad 70 / 45 73 / 50 84 / 59 97 / 70 102 / 79 100 / 82 93 / 81 91 / 79 93 / 75 91 / 66 82 / 55 73 / 46 Allahabad 74 / 47 81 / 52 92 / 62 103 / 73 108 / 80 104 / 83 93 / 79 91 / 78 92 / 77 92 / 69 86 / 57 77 / 49 Agra 72 / 45 75 / 51 90 / 60 101 / 72 107 / 80 105 / 84 95 / 79 91 / 78 93 / 76 93 / 67 85 / 55 75 / 47 Varanasi 74 / 47 80 / 52 92 / 61 102 / 72 106 / 80 102 / 83 92 / 79 91 / 79 91 / 77 90 / 69 85 / 57 76 / 49 Gorakhpur 74 / 49 80 / 53 91 / 72 103 / 77 99 / 79 92 / 78 91 / 78 91 / 76 91 / 70 85 / 59 76 / 51 76 / 49 Bareilly 71 / 47 77 / 57 88 / 60 99 / 70 105 / 77 102 / 81 93 / 79 91 / 78 92 / 76 90 / 67 83 / 56 74 / 48 The rain in UP can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western U.P. Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon , excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts . As such , these two phenomena , floods and droughts , commonly recur in the state . The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1000 and 1200 mm , most of which comes during the monsoon . Typical summer months are from March to June , with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 ° C ( 86 to 100 ° F ) . There is low relative humidity of around 20 % and dust - laden winds blow throughout the season . In summers , hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh . Flora and fauna See also : Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Dudhwa National Park State symbols of Uttar Pradesh State animal Swamp deer State bird Sarus crane State tree Ashoka State flower Palash State dance Kathak State sport Field hockey View of the Terai region Gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) is found in the Ganges river The state has an abundance of natural resources . In 2011 the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km ( 6,403 sq mi ) which is about 6.88 % of the state 's geographical area . In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife , a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state . Several species of trees , large and small mammals , reptiles , and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests . Medicinal plants are found in the wild and are also grown in plantations . The Terai - Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle . Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain , especially along its riverbanks . This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals . The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles , amphibians , fresh - water fish , and crabs . Scrubland trees such as the babool and animals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas . Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains . Since much sunlight reaches the ground , shrubs and grasses are also abundant . Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation . Tropical thorny forests , consisting of widely scattered thorny trees , mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state . These forests are confined to areas which have low annual rainfall ( 50 -- 70 cm ) , a mean annual temperature of 25 -- 27 ° C and low humidity . Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna . The most common birds which are found in the state are doves , peafowl , junglefowl , black partridges , house sparrows , songbirds , blue jays , parakeets , quails , bulbuls , comb ducks , kingfishers , woodpeckers , snipes , and parrots . Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary , National Chambal Sanctuary , Chandra Prabha Sanctuary , Hastinapur Sanctuary , Kaimoor Sanctuary , and Okhla Sanctuary . Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards , cobras , kraits , and gharials . Among the wide variety of fishes , the most common ones are mahaseer and trout . Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have gone extinct in recent years , while others , like the lion from the Gangetic Plain and the rhinoceros from the Terai region , have become endangered . Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government . Divisions , districts and cities Main articles : Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar Pradesh See also : Western Uttar Pradesh , Eastern Uttar Pradesh , and Central Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions : Saharanpur Moradabad Bareilly Lucknow Devipatan Basti Gorakhpur Meerut Aligarh Agra Kanpur Faizabad Azamgarh Jhansi Chitrakoot Allahabad Varanasi Mirzapur Divisions of Uttar Pradesh The following is a list of top six districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population in India . Rank ( in India ) District Population Growth Rate ( % ) Sex Ratio ( Females per 1000 Males ) hide Literacy Rate ( % ) 13 Allahabad 5,954,391 20.63 901 72.32 26 Moradabad 4,772,006 25.22 906 56.77 27 Ghaziabad 4,681,645 42.27 881 78.07 30 Azamgarh 4,613,913 17.11 1019 70.93 31 Lucknow 4,589,838 25.82 917 77.29 32 Kanpur Nagar 4,581,268 9.92 862 79.65 <Th_colspan="1"> <Th_colspan="6"> Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by population ( 2011 Census ) <Th_colspan="1"> view talk Name Population Name Population Kanpur 2,920,067 Lucknow 2,901,474 Ghaziabad 2,358,525 Agra 1,746,467 Varanasi 1,435,113 Meerut 1,424,908 Allahabad 1,216,719 Bareilly 979,933 Each district is governed by a District Magistrate , who is an Indian Administrative Service officer appointed Government of Uttar Pradesh and reports to Divisional Commissioner of the division in which his district falls . The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority . Each district is divided into subdivisions , governed by a sub-divisional magistrate , and again into Blocks . Blocks consists of panchayats ( village councils ) and town municipalities . These blocks consists of urban units viz . census towns and rural units called gram panchayat . Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India . The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million , which constitutes 11.8 % of the total urban population of India , the second - highest of any state . According to the 2011 census , there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000 . There are 14 Municipal Corporations , while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam Budh Nagar district are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act , 1976 . In 2011 , state 's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal , Bundelkhand , Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty - eight , seven , twenty - three and seventeen districts , respectively , later the proposal was turned down when Akhilesh Yadav lead Samajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Uttar Pradesh See also : List of people from Uttar Pradesh and Pathans of Uttar Pradesh <Th_colspan="4"> show Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1951 60,274,000 -- 1961 70,144,000 16.4 % 1971 83,849,000 19.5 % 1981 105,137,000 25.4 % 1991 132,062,000 25.6 % 166,198,000 25.8 % 2011 199,581,477 20.1 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Census of India Religions in Uttar Pradesh ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 79.73 % ) Islam ( 19.26 % ) Sikhism ( 0.32 % ) Christianity ( 0.18 % ) Jainism ( 0.11 % ) Buddhism ( 0.10 % ) Other religions and Not stated ( 0.30 % ) Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth rate . From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 % . Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India , with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011 . The state contributes 16.16 % of India 's population . The population density is 828 people per square kilometre , making it one of the most densely populated states in the country . The sex ratio in 2011 , at 908 women to 1000 men , was lower than the national figure of 933 . The state 's 2001 -- 2011 decennial growth rate ( including Uttrakhand ) was 20.09 % , higher than the national rate of 17.64 % . Uttar Pradesh has a large number of people living below the poverty line . Estimates released by the Planning Commission for the year 2009 -- 10 revealed that Uttar Pradesh had 59 million people below the poverty line , the most for any state in India . As per 2011 census , Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state in India , is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and Muslims . By religion , the population in 2011 was Hindus 79.73 % , Muslims 19.26 % , Sikhs 0.32 % , Christians 0.18 % , Jains 0.11 % , Buddhists 0.10 % , and Others 0.30 % . The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 % , which was below the national average of 74 % . The literacy rate for men is 79 % and for women 59 % . In 2001 the literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27 % overall , 67 % for men and 43 % for women . Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population ( 91.32 % ) , although different regions have their own dialects . These include Awadhi spoken in the Awadh region of eastern Uttar Pradesh , Bhojpuri spoken in the Bhojpuri region of eastern Uttar Pradesh , and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region western Uttar Pradesh . Urdu is given the status of a second official language . Government and administration Main articles : Government of Uttar Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Legislature ( Vidhan Bhawan ) Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) , the lower house of the bicameral legislature The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy . Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India , where the state legislature is bicameral , comprising two houses : the Vidhan Sabha ( Legislative Assembly ) and the Vidhan Parishad ( Legislative Council ) . The Legislative Assembly consists of 404 members who are elected for five - year terms . The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 100 members with one - third ( 33 members ) retiring every two years . Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament , it is often considered to be one of the most important states with respect to Indian politics . The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , Lok Sabha and 31 seats to the upper house of the Indian Parliament , Rajya Sabha . Uttar Pradesh government is a democratically elected body in India with the Governor as its constitutional head and is appointed by the President of India for a five - year term . The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor , and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister . The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state , while the Chief Minister and his council are responsible for day - to - day government functions . The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State ( MoS ) . The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers . The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government . Each government department is headed by a Minister , who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary , who usually is an officer of Indian Administrative Service , the Additional Chief Secretary / Principal Secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to . Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary , Special Secretary , Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary / Principal Secretary . For purpose of administration , the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts . Divisional Commissioner , an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level . The administration in each district is headed by a District Magistrate , who is an IAS officer and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to state services . The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director General of Police . There are 8 Police Zones , 18 Police Ranges and 75 police districts in the state . An IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General of Police heads the zones , whereas an IPS officer of the rank of Inspector General of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police heads the ranges . A Superintendent of Police , an IPS officer and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service , is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district . The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad , the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court , district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division , and lower courts at the tehsil level . The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh . Other judges are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court . Subordinate Judicial Service , categorized into two divisions viz . Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service is another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh . While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges ( Junior Division ) / Judicial Magistrates and civil judges ( Senior Division ) / Chief Judicial Magistrate , the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges . The Subordinate judicial service ( viz . The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat ) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge . Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties , the Samajwadi Party , the Bahujan Samaj Party , the Indian National Congress , and the Bharatiya Janata Party . Politicians from Uttar Pradesh have played prominent roles in Union Government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister . Uttar Pradesh has been called India 's under - achiever because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state . Crime See also : Department of Home ( Uttar Pradesh ) and Uttar Pradesh Police Logo of Uttar Pradesh Police , the largest police force in the world According to the National Crime Records Bureau ( 2011 data ) , Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of crimes among any state in India , but due to its high population , the actual per capita crime rate is low . Because of this , the NCRB states that UP is the third safest state in the country to live in . The value of human development index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased over time . The Uttar Pradesh Police , governed by the Department of Home , is the largest police force in the world . Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths -- 23,219 -- due to road and rail accidents in 2015 , according to NCRB data . This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving . Between 2006 and 2010 , the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks , including explosions in a landmark holy place , a court and a temple . The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006 . At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured . In the afternoon of 23 November 2007 , within a span of 25 minutes , six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow , Varanasi , and Faizabad courts , in which 28 people were killed and several others injured . The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police and central security agencies busted Jaish - e-Mohammed terrorists who had planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi . The Indian Mujahideen has claimed responsibility for these blasts in an email sent to TV stations five minutes before the blast . Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010 , the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed and several others injured . Economy Main article : Economy of Uttar Pradesh See also : List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh Located in the rich fertile Indo - Gangetic Plain , Agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state . <Td_colspan="2"> Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices ( 2011 -- 12 Base ) figures in crores of Indian Rupees Year Net State Domestic Product 2011 - 12 229,074 2012 - 13 256,699 2013 - 14 294,031 2014 - 15 332,352 2015 - 16 384,718 2016 - 17 453,020 2017 - 18 ₹ 1,446,000 crore ( US $220 billion ) ( est . ) In terms of net state domestic product ( NSDP ) , Uttar Pradesh is the second - largest economy in India after Maharashtra , with an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹ 14.89 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) , and hence contributes 8.406 % of India . Agriculture is the leading occupation in Uttar Pradesh . According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation ( IBEF ) , in 2014 -- 15 , Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19 % share in the country 's total food grain output . The state has experienced a high rate of economic growth in the past few years . Food grain production in the state in 2014 -- 15 stood at 47,773.4 thousand tonnes . Wheat is the state 's principal food crop and sugarcane is the main commercial crop particularly in Western Uttar Pradesh . About 70 % of India 's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh . Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country 's largest producer of Sugar . As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association ( ISMA ) , total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh State industries are localised in the Kanpur region , the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region . The Mughalsarai is home to a number of major locomotive plants . Major manufacturing products include engineering products , electronics , electrical equipment , cables , steel , leather , textiles , jewellery , frigates , automobiles , railway coaches , and wagons . Meerut is sports capital of India and also a jewelry hub . More small - scale industrial units are situated in Uttar Pradesh than in any other state , with 12 per cent of over 2.3 million units . With 359 manufacturing clusters , cement is the top sector of SMEs in UP . Varanasi 's Dashashwamedh Ghat ; Tourism is important sector of Uttar Pradesh economy and holy cities of Varanasi , Mathura and Ayodhya attracts pilgrims from all over the world . The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation ( UPFC ) was established in the year 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small - and medium - scale industries in the state . The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a sound track record and to new units under a single window scheme . As of July 2012 , due to financial constraints and directions from the state government , lending activities have been suspended except for State Government Schemes . The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016 . According to a recent report of World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India , Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states . In 2009 -- 10 , the tertiary sector of the economy ( service industries ) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state , contributing 44.8 % of the state domestic product compared to 44 % from the primary sector ( agriculture , forestry , and tourism ) and 11.2 % from the secondary sector ( industrial and manufacturing ) . MSME sector is the second - largest employment generator in Uttar Pradesh , the first being agriculture and employs over 92 lakh people across the state . Under the leadership of Akhilesh Yadav , Uttar Pradesh has exceeded 11 five - year plan targets and has established several Micro Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs ) and generated 6.5 lakh employment opportunities across the state. ( 1 ) During the 11th five - year plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) , the average gross state domestic product ( GSDP ) growth rate was 7.28 % , lower than 15.5 % , the average for all states of the country . The state 's per capita GSDP was ₹ 29,417 ( US $440 ) , lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹ 60,972 ( US $910 ) . The state 's total financial debt stood at ₹ 2,000 billion ( US $30 billion ) in 2011 . Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25 . The economy also benefits from the state 's tourism industry . The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields ; Noida and Lucknow are becoming major hubs for the information technology ( IT ) industry and house the headquarters of most of the major corporate , media and financial institutions . Sonebhadra , a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh , has large - scale industries . Its southern region is known as the Energy Capital of India . In May 2013 Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of mobile subscribers in the country , a total of 121.60 million mobile phone connections out of 861.66 million in India , according to the telecom regulator , Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) . Transportation Further information : List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh , List of airports in Uttar Pradesh , and Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express near New Delhi . Inside view of the new airport terminal building The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth - highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population . As of 2011 , there were 8,546 km ( 5,310 mi ) of rail in the state . Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway . Other than Zonal Headquarters of Allahabad and Gorakhpur , Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division . Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express , the second fastest shatabdi train , connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow . This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches . The railway stations of Lucknow NR , Kanpur Central , Varanasi Junction , Agra Cantt , Gorakhpur , and Mathura Junction were included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world - class railway stations . New Yamuna Bridge in Allahabad is part of National Highway 30 The state has a large , multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country . The state is well connected to its nine neighbouring states and almost all other parts of India through the national highways ( NH ) . It boasts 42 national highways , with a total length of 4,942 km ( 9.6 % of the total NH length in India ) . The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide economical , reliable , and comfortable transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states and boasts as being the only State Transport Corporation that runs in profit in the entire nation . All cities are connected to state highways , and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state . One of them is Agra Lucknow Expressway , which is a 302 km ( 188 mi ) controlled - access highway constructed by Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority ( UPEIDA ) to reduce vehicular traffic in previously congested roads . This expressway is country 's largest Greenfield Expressway which reduced the travel time between Lucknow and Agra from 6 hours to 3.30 hours . Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets . Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads . Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India , ( 1,027 km per 1000 km ) and the largest surfaced urban - road network in the country ( 50,721 km ) . The state has two international airports located in Lucknow ( Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport ) and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport in Varanasi. and four domestic airports located at Agra , Allahabad , Gorakhpur and Kanpur . The Lucknow Airport is the second - busiest airport in North India after the Indira Gandhi International Airport , New Delhi . The state has also proposed creating the Taj International Airport at Kurikupa near Hirangaon , Tundla in Firozabad district . An international Airport is also proposed at Kushinagar . The Lucknow Metro , is being constructed in the city of Lucknow , and Kanpur Metro as an alternative mode of transport . The capital cities are witnessing a swift rise in the number of immigrants and this has called for the transformation of Public modes of transport . Sports See also : Indian Grand Prix and Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association Indian hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand Traditional sports , now played mostly as a pastime , include wrestling , swimming , kabaddi , and track - sports or water - sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment . Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or ' Pata ' ( stick ) . Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities , these sports survive mostly as individuals ' hobbies or local competitive events . Among modern sports , field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India , including Dhyan Chand and , more recently , Nitin Kumar and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay . Recently , cricket has become more popular than field hockey . Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006 , beating Bengal in the final . It can also boast of routinely having 3 or 4 players on the national side . Green Park Stadium in Kanpur , the only internationally recognised cricket stadium in the state , has witnessed some of India 's most famous victories . Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association ( UPCA ) has headquarters in Kanpur . An International Cricket Stadium with a capacity of 50,000 spectators , is being set up in the capital city of Uttar Pradesh . Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricket stadium . The Buddh International Circuit hosted India 's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011 . The 5.14 - kilometre - long ( 3.19 - mile ) circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer Herman Tilke to compete with other world - class race circuits . However , races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support . The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport , and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants . Education Main article : Education in Uttar Pradesh See also : List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh JRHU is the world 's first school for handicap Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education , although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools . Sanskrit - based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods . As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them , adding Pali , Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community . These formed the core of Hindu - Buddhist - Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism . The present schools - to - university system of education owes its inception and development in the state ( as in the rest of the country ) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration . Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts . Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the Council for ICSE boards . Under the 10 + 2 + 3 plan , after completing secondary school , students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college , also known as pre-university , or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board . Students choose from one of three streams , namely liberal arts , commerce , or science . Upon completing the required coursework , students may enroll in general or professional degree programs . Central Drug Research Institute , an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities , including 5 central universities , 28 state universities , 8 deemed universities , 2 IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur , 1 IIM in Lucknow , 1 NIT in Allahabad , 2 IIITs , 1 National Law University in Lucknow and several polytechnics , engineering colleges and industrial training institutes . Prestigious institutes like the Aligarh Muslim University , Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology ( Kanpur ) , Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) , the Indian Institute of Management ( Lucknow ) , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology ( Allahabad ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( Allahabad ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( Lucknow ) , University Institute of Engineering and Technology , Kanpur , King George 's Medical University , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University and the Harcourt Butler Technical University are known worldwide for their quality education and research in their respective fields . The presence of such institutions provides the students of the state with ample opportunities for higher education . Other universities in the state include Banaras Hindu University , University of Allahabad , University of Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology , Chaudhary Charan Singh University , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University , Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology , Gautam Buddha University , Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University , Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly , IMT Ghaziabad , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences , Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , M.J.P. Rohilkhand University , Bundelkhand University , Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University , Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University , Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts , Siddharth University , Allahabad State University and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu , Arabi ~ Farsi University . The Integral University , a state level institution , was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical , applied science , and other disciplines . The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture . Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world . A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh . Notable scholars who were born , worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Motilal Nehru , Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Uttar Pradesh See also : Kumbh Mela and Architecture of Uttar Pradesh Kumbh Mela 2013 at Sangam , Allahabad Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India with more than 71 million , owing to its rich and varied topography , vibrant culture , festivals , monuments , ancient places of worship , and viharas. Uttar Pradesh is also home to three World Heritage Sites : the Taj Mahal , Agra Fort , and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri . Millions gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges . This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela , where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world . The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are near to Gorakhpur and are located not far from Varanasi . Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment at Sarnath and died at Kushinagar ; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists . Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka , both important archaeological artefacts with national significance . At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi , Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis , the 18th - century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency . The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . The state also has a bird sanctuary in Etah district called Patna Bird Sanctuary . Lucknow , the capital of the state , has several beautiful historical monuments . It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh - period British Resident 's quarters , which are being restored . Varanasi is an ancient city famous for its ghats . To promote tourism , the Directorate of Tourism was established in the 1972 with a Director General who is an IAS . officer . In 1974 the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation was established to look after the commercial tourist activities . Healthcare District Hospital , Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh has a large public as well as private healthcare infrastructure , but the performance of the state on various health parameters is not encouraging . Although an extensive infrastructural network of Medical and Health services in the government as well as private sectors has been created over the years , the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state . In 15 years to 2012 -- 13 , the population of Uttar Pradesh increased by more than 25 per cent . However , the public health centres , which are the frontline of the government 's health care system , decreased by 8 per cent . Smaller sub-centres , the first point of public contact , increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015 , a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent . A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighboring state of Bihar , five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh . Uttar Pradesh contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths , including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths ( 2014 ) ; 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths ( 2015 ) . After Assam , Uttar Pradesh has India 's second - highest maternal mortality rate , 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births ( 2013 ) , with 62 percent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante - natal care . Around 42 per cent of pregnant women , more than 1.5 million , deliver babies at home . About two - thirds ( 61 per cent ) of childbirths at home in Uttar Pradesh are unsafe . State has the highest child mortality indicators , from the neonatal mortality rate ( NNMR ) to the under - five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age , 35 die within a month of birth , and 50 do not complete a year of life . A third of the rural population in the state has been deprived of primary healthcare infrastructure , according to the norms of the Indian Public Health Standards . Culture Main article : Culture of Uttar Pradesh Language and literature Main article : Languages of Uttar Pradesh The battle of Kurukshetra , folio from the Mahabharata Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh . The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa , and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas . There is a long literary and folk Hindi - language tradition in the state . In the 19th and 20th century , Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Jaishankar Prasad , Maithili Sharan Gupt , Munshi Premchand , Suryakant Tripathi Nirala , Babu Gulabrai , Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan ' Agyeya ' , Rahul Sankrityayan , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Dharamvir Bharati , Subhadra Kumari Chauhan , Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , Swami Sahajanand Saraswati , Dushyant Kumar , Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Acharya Kuber Nath Rai , Bharatendu Harishchandra , Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena , Shivmangal Singh Suman , Mahadevi Varma , and Vibhuti Narain Rai . The state is sometimes called the ' Hindi heartland of India ' . Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951 . A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu , as an additional language of the state . Linguistically , the state spreads across the Central , East - Central , and Eastern zones of the Hindi Belt , the major Hindi dialects of the state being Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Bundeli , Braj Bhasha , Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khariboli . Music and dance Uttar Pradesh has produced musicians , including Anup Jalota , Girija Devi , Kishan Maharaj Naushad Ali , Ravi Shankar , Shubha Mudgal , Siddheshwari Devi , Talat Mehmood , and Ustad Bismillah Khan . The Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was a native of Uttar Pradesh . The region 's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya ( especially popular in Braj ) , which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna . Other forms of music are kajari , sohar , qawwali , rasiya , thumri , birha , chaiti , and sawani . Traditional dance and musical styles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow , named after the musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande . Kathak , a classical dance form , owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh . The dance form is connected to classical Hindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj . Four of the six schools of this dance form , Lucknow gharana , Ajrara gharana , Farukhabad gharana and Benares gharana , are situated in Uttar Pradesh . Fairs and festivals Hindu priest saluting the sun in the Ganges , Varanasi Diwali ( celebrated between mid-October and mid-December ) and Rama Navami are popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh . Kumbh Mela , organised in the month of Maagha ( February -- March ) , is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Allahabad , Haridwar , Ujjain , on the river Ganges and Nasik on the Godavari river . Lath mar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi . It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura . Taj Mahotsav , held annually at Agra , is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area . Buddha Purnima , which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha , is a major Hindu and Buddhist festival , while Christmas is celebrated by the minority Christian population . Other festivals are Eid - ul - Fitr , Eid - ul - Adhaa / Bakreed , Vijayadashami , Makar Sankranti , Vasant Panchami , Ayudha Puja , Ganga Mahotsava , Janmashtami , Sardhana Christian Fair , Maha Shivaratri , Mahavir Jayanti , Bārah Wafāṭ , Chhath puja , Lucknow Mahotsav , Moharram , Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan , sultani dal , raita , and shahi paneer Paan , ( betel leaves ) being served with silver foil A typical day - to - day traditional vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh , like any other North Indian thali , consists of roti ( flatbread ) , chawal , dal , sabji , raita and papad . Many people still drink the traditional drink chaach ( traditional Butter milk ) with meals . On festive occasions , usually ' tava ' ( flat pan for roti ) is considered inauspicious , and instead fried foods are consumed . A typical festive thali consists of Puri , Kachauri , sabji , pulav , papad , raita , salad and desserts ( such as sewai or Kheer ) . Many communities have their own particular style of cuisines , such as the Jains , Kayasths and Muslims . There are also certain sub-regional delicacies . Awadhi cuisine is world - famous for dishes such as kebab , biryani , keema and nihari . Sweets occupy an important place in the Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies . People make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products , including khurchan , peda , gulabjamun , petha , makkhan malai , and chamcham . The chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is known across India for its flavour and ingredients . Awadhi cuisine is from the city of Lucknow . The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes . Awadh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques , and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of Central Asia , Kashmir , Punjab and Hyderabad ; and the city is known for Nawabi foods . The bawarchis and rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire , which has become synonymous with Lucknow today . Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes like kebabs , kormas , biryani , kaliya , nahari - kulchas , zarda , sheermal , roomali rotis , and warqi parathas . The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like mutton , paneer , and rich spices including cardamom and saffron . Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire . It represents the cooking styles used in North India , especially Uttar Pradesh . The cuisine is strongly influenced by the cuisine of Central Asia , and has in turn strongly similarities to the regional cuisines of Kashmir and the Punjab region . The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy , and is often associated with a distinctive aroma and the taste of ground and whole spices . Dress The people of Uttar Pradesh dress in a variety of traditional and Western styles . Traditional styles of dress include colourful draped garments -- such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men -- and tailored clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta - pyjama for men . Men often sport head - gear like topi or pagri . Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions . European - style trousers and shirts are also common among the men . Media A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi , English , and Urdu . The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen . Amar Ujala , Dainik Bhaskar , Dainik Jagran , Rajasthan Patrika and Hindustan Dainik have a wide circulation , with local editions published from several important cities . Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph , The Times of India , Hindustan Times , The Hindu , The Statesman , The Indian Express , and Asian Age . Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times , Financial Express , Business Line , and Business Standard are widely circulated . Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi , Nepali , Gujarati , Odia , Urdu , and Punjabi are also read by a select readership . Doordarshan is the state - owned television broadcaster . Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi , English , Bengali , Nepali and international channels via cable . Hindi 24 - hour television news channels are NDTV India , DD News , Zee News Uttar Pradesh , Jan TV , IBN - 7 , and ABP News . All India Radio is a public radio station . There are 32 private FM stations available in major cities like Lucknow , Kanpur , Varanasi , Allahabad , Agra , and Noida . Cell phone providers include Vodafone , Airtel , BSNL , Reliance Jio , Reliance Communications , Telenor , Aircel , Tata Indicom , Idea Cellular , and Tata DoCoMo . Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state - run BSNL and by private companies . Dial - up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers . See also India portal Uttar Pradesh portal Outline of India List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh List of people from Uttar Pradesh Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Social Mobilisation Network ( SMNet ) References Jump up ^ `` United Province , UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24 , 1950 '' . The New Indian Express . 2 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh District '' . up.gov.in . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of districts in Uttar Pradesh '' . archive.india.gov.in . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Governor of Uttar Pradesh '' . uplegisassembly.gov.in . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Kumar takes over as UP chief secretary '' . Times of India . 29 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bajpai , Namita ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` OP Singh takes charge as Uttar Pradesh 's new DGP ; bats for professional policing '' . The New Indian Express . Lucknow . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OP Singh takes charge as Uttar Pradesh DGP '' . The Times of India . Lucknow. 23 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 23 days after appointment , OP Singh finally takes charge as UP DGP '' . Daily News and Analysis . 23 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Demography '' ( PDF ) . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics Of Uttar Pradesh '' . up.gov.in . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 52nd report ( July 2014 to June 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . pp. 49 -- 53 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Khullar , Vatsal ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018 - 19 '' ( PDF ) . PRS Legislative Research . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Rule in Uttar Pradesh '' . uplegisassembly.gov.in . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Virendra N. Misra , Peter Bellwood ( 1985 ) . Recent Advances in Indo - Pacific Prehistory : proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona . p. 69 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07512 - 7 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridget Allchin , Frank Raymond Allchin ( 29 July 1982 ) . The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28550 - X . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia ; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo ; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar ( 1985 ) . Studies in Indian Archaeology : Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume . Popular Prakashan . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86132 - 088 - 2 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Confidence limits for the age are 85 ( ± 11 ) and 72 ( ± 8 ) thousand years ago . Jump up ^ Gibling , Sinha ; Sinha , Roy ; Roy , Tandon ; Tandon , Jain ; Jain , M ( 2008 ) . `` Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river , India : paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 391 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2007.11. 001 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A.R. Kennedy ( 2000 ) . God - apes and Fossil Men . University of Michigan Press . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11013 - 6 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridget Allchin , Frank Raymond Allchin ( 1982 ) . The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28550 - X . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Misra , VN ( November 2001 ) . `` Prehistoric human colonization of India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biosciences . Indian Academy of Sciences . 26 ( 4 Supp ) : 491 -- 531 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02704749 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sailendra Nath Sen ( 1 January 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History And Civilization . New Age International . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1198 - 0 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ William Buck ( 1 January 2000 ) . Ramayana . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1720 - 3 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard White ( 8 November 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00562 - 4 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall Cavendish Corporation ( September 2007 ) . World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia . Marshall Cavendish . pp. 331 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7631 - 3 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pran Nath Chopra ( 1 December 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of Ancient India . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2503 - 4 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Stewart Bowman ( 2000 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11004 - 4 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102 Jump up ^ The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37 Jump up ^ * Srivastava , Ashirvadi Lal ( 1929 ) . The Sultanate Of Delhi 711 - 1526 AD . Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : Rise of the Great Islamic Empires ( The Mughal Empire ) Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel ( 5 February 2004 ) . The Empire of the Great Mughals : History , Art and Culture . Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 185 - 3 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Babur ( Emperor of Hindustan ) ; Dilip Hiro ( 1 March 2006 ) . Babur Nama : Journal of Emperor Babur . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 400149 - 1 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlos Ramirez - Faria ( 1 January 2007 ) . Concise Encyclopeida Of World History . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0775 - 5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Stronge , Susan ( 16 October 2012 ) . Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence . London : The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms ( V&A 1999 ) . p. 255 . ISBN 9788174366962 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal ( 1 January 1983 ) . Studies In Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 30 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 2326 - 6 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fergus Nicoll , Shah Jahan : The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gyanesh Kudaisya ( 1994 ) . Region , nation , `` heartland '' : Uttar Pradesh in India 's body - politic . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 126 -- 376 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 2097 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Sivaramakrishnan ( 3 December 1999 ) . Modern Forests : Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India . Stanford University Press . pp. 240 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4556 - 7 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashutosh Joshi ( 1 January 2008 ) . Town Planning Regeneration of Cities . New India Publishing . p. 237 . ISBN 8189422820 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 1 June 2005 ) . Mangal Pandey : brave martyr or accidental hero ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303256 - 4 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ United Provinces of Agra and Oudh ( India ) ; D.L. Drake - Brockman ( 1934 ) . District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh : supp. D. Pilibhit District . Supdt. , Government Press , United Provinces . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dilip K. Chakrabarti ( 1 June 1997 ) . Colonial Indology : sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past . Michigan : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 215 - 0750 - 9 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernard S. Cohn ( 19 August 1996 ) . Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge : The British in India . Princeton University Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00043 - 5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Balasankaran Nair ( 1 January 2004 ) . Law Of Contempt Of Court In India . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0359 - 7 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Śekhara , Bandyopādhyāya ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Longman . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bandyopādhyāya , Śekhara ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Longman . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bankim Chandra Chatterji ( 15 January 2006 ) . Anandamath . Orient Paperbacks . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 222 - 0130 - 7 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh - States and Union Territories '' . Know India : National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh '' . What is India . 22 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Communal violence '' . Business Standard . Ananda Publishers . Kotak Mahindra Bank . 6 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ communal violence , in uttar pradesh . `` Communal conflicts in state '' . Tehalka . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ J.C. Aggarwal ; S.P. Agrawal ( 1995 ) . Uttarakhand : Past , Present , and Future . Concept Publishing Company of India . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 572 - 0 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most critical factors '' . Uttar Pradesh climate department . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Geography '' . Uttar Pradesh State Profile . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The larger Gangetic Plain '' ( PDF ) . Gecafs . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangetic Plains and Vindhya Hills and plateau '' . Zee news . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gopal K. Bhargava ; Shankarlal C. Bhatt ( 2005 ) . Land and people of Indian states and union territories . 28 . Uttar Pradesh . Delhi : Gyan Books Pvt Ltd . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 384 - 5 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Glossary of Meteorology '' . Allen Press Inc . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Creation and Utilisation '' . Irrigation department U.P. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Purports to define every important meteorological term likely to be found in the literature today '' . Allen Press , Inc . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Vir Singh . Mountain Ecosystems : A Scenario of Unsustainability . Indus Publishing . pp. 102 -- 264 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7387 - 081 - 1 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Upkar Prakashan - Editorial Board ( 2008 ) . Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge . Upkar Prakashan . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7482 - 408 - 0 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate change impacts '' . Uttar Pradesh climate department . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate '' . Uttar Prades : Land . Suni System ( P ) Ltd . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Government of Uttar Pradesh , Lucknow , Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh . `` Average rainfall pattern of Uttar Pradesh '' . Irrigation Department Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sethi , Nitin ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Met dept blames it on ' western disturbance ' '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local Weather Report '' . Local Weather Report and Forecast Department . 21 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Lucknow '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Kanpur '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Ghaziabad '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Allahabaad '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Agra '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Varanasi '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Gorakhpur '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Report & Forecast for Bareilly '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State Animal , Bird , Tree and Flower '' . Panna Tiger Reserve . Archived from the original on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music & Dance '' . uptourism.gov.in . Uttar Pradesh Tourism . Archived from the original on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Forest Corporation '' . Forest department uttar pradesh . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forest and tree resources in states and union territories : Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . India state of forest report 2009 . Forest Survey of India , Ministry of Environment & Forests , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aegyptica '' . Bsienvis.nic.in . Archived from the original on 6 May 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bird Sanctuary '' . U.P tourism . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary Park in U.P '' . U.P tourism . Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Few patches of natural forest '' . State government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The Forests and biodiversity , in UP are important in many ways . `` Miscellaneous Statistics '' . Ministry of Environment and Forests . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation of the Avifauna '' ( PDF ) . Dudhwa National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major wildlife sanctuaries and reserves of Uttar Pradesh '' . sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bakhira Bird Sanctuary '' . upforest.gov.in . UP Forest and Wildlife Department . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary '' . National Chambal Sanctuary . Archived from the original on 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary And Picnic Spots '' . uptourism.gov.in . Uttar Pradesh Tourism . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hastinapur Wild Life Sanctuary '' . upforest.gov.in . P Forest and Wildlife Department . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaimoor Wild Life Sanctuary '' . upforest.gov.in . Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Okhla Bird Sanctuary '' . upforest.gov.in . UP Forest and Wildlife Department . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ S.K. Agarwal . Environment Biotechnology . APH Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 313 - 0294 - 1 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Processing of manuscripts of Fauna '' ( PDF ) . Indian Government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State division of Uttar Pradesh '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Districts by population '' . 2011 Census of India . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panchayati Raj Act , 1947 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Panchayati Raj , Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1947 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panchayati Raj Act , 1947 - Chapter 6 - The Nyaya Panchayat '' ( PDF ) . Department of Panchayati Raj , Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1947 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panels to draft development plans for 13 cities '' . The Indian Express . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The area and density of metropolitan cities '' ( PDF ) . The Ministry of Urban Development . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional population totals , Census of India 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census of India 2011 . p. 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 : Uttar Pradesh '' . Census of India 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act , 1959 '' ( PDF ) . 1959 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act , 1959 '' ( PDF ) . Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission . 1959 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.P. INDUSTRIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT ACT -- 1976 ( U.P. Act Number 6 , of 1976 ) '' ( PDF ) . Noida Authority Online . 1976 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.P. INDUSTRIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT ACT -- 1976 ( U.P. Act Number 6 , of 1976 ) '' ( PDF ) . Greater Noida Authority . 1976 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Atiq ( 16 November 2011 ) . `` Maya splits U.P. poll scene wide open '' . Lucknow : The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Religion Census 2011 '' . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The density of population in U.P. '' Environment and Related Issues Department U.P. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional population totals '' ( PDF ) . Census of India 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of Uttar Pradesh '' . Census of India 2011 . UP Government . 1 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Decennil growth of population by census '' ( PDF ) . Census of India ( 2011 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Decennial growth rate and density for 2011 at a glance for Uttar Pradesh and the districts : provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 '' . Census of India ( 2011 ) . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The state with large no. of peoples living below poverty line '' . Government of India . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Note on Poverty Estimates , 2011 - 12 '' ( PDF ) . Planning Commission . Government of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim population grew faster : Census '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ C1 - Population by religious community , Uttar Pradesh . Archived 27 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Census India 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Profile '' ( PDF ) . Census of India 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A comparison of the literacy rates '' ( PDF ) . censusmp.gov.in . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh '' . Census of India 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad structure '' . Legislative Bodies of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha structure '' . Legislative Bodies of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Four other states seen as barometer of support for federal government . `` Legislative elections in Uttar Pradesh '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rajya Sabha '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover . Legislative Council in State Legislatures . Deep & Deep Publications . pp. 37 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7100 - 193 - 4 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Rajya Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . New Delhi : Rajya Sabha Secretariat . pp. 24 -- 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Role of The Governor '' . upgovernor.gov.in . Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP '' . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 4.3 -- 4.5 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . pp. 563 -- 572 . ISBN 9788125019886 . Jump up ^ Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 26 -- 129 . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 5.1 -- 5.2 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Jump up ^ `` Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner '' . Your Article Library . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P. '' Department of Home and Confidential , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` जिलाधिकारी / मंडलायुक्त की सूची '' ( List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners ) . Department of Appointments and Personnel , Government of Uttar Pradesh ( in Hindi ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . pp. 573 -- 597 . ISBN 9788125019886 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 6.1 -- 6.6 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Jump up ^ Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 50 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . Jump up ^ `` Powers Of District Magistrate in India '' . Important India . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uttar Pradesh judiciary '' . Maps of India . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Subordinate Civil Judiciary in Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Allahabad High Court . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UP : the nerve centre of politics '' . Zee news . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shafi , Alam . `` The strength of Armed Police in Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . National Crime Records Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` UP tops in crime , low on ' criminality ' '' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . December 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Human Development Report report raps Gujarat , praises UP and Bihar '' . Times of India . 22 Oct 2011 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Uttar Pradesh Police . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlight of criminal statistics '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of statics and program implementation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An accident reported every two hours in UP : Fatal accidents in the state '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A powerful bomb placed in '' . Zee news . 20 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast '' . ' Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh blasts , RDX use confirmed '' . Web India . 25 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Varanasi blast '' . NDTV. 7 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` Uttar Pradesh bombings mark new phase '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen ( 26 December 2007 ) . `` Wiretap warning on Uttar Pradesh bombings went in vain '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Massive terror attacks '' . The Sunday Indian . 25 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of recent terror attacks '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 : Net State Value Added -- State-Wise ( At Current Prices ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of India . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ( crore Rs ) UTTAR PRADESH '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Economics and Statistics , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The state profile '' ( PDF ) . PHD Chember . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial policy of Uttar Pradesh '' . Lex Universe . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian sugar mills association '' . www.indiansugar.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Malini Goyal ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` SMEs employ close to 40 % of India 's workforce , but contribute only 17 % to GDP '' . The Economic TImes . Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dole for holy cities to charm religious tourists to UP - Times of India Jump up ^ `` Details of financing & limits of accommodation '' ( PDF ) . UPFC India . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Corporation '' ( PDF ) . Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The budget allocated to each of its agency '' ( PDF ) . UPFC India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rawat , Virendra Singh . `` Private investment under Akhilesh government more than doubles '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . Uttar Pradesh - World Bank Survey : India 's top 10 states on the ease of doing business ranking - The Economic Times '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Investment climate of a state '' ( PDF ) . IBEF organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Service sector over the present crisis '' . The Economic Times . 14 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only 5 states exceed 11th Plan growth targets : Govt : Ruled by CNBC TV18 News '' . CNBC TV18 - MoneyControl Post . 13 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RBI releases Study on State Finances 2009 - 10 '' . Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt . Of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State slipping into debt burden '' . Times of India . 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Small scale industries and other small trades '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Small Scale Industries . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Western part of the coalfield '' . Northern Coalfields Limited . Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Report by , TRAI . `` Monthly press release '' ( PDF ) . Telecom Regulatory Authority of India . TRAI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UP , TN have most cell - phone users in India : TRAI '' . Business Line . The Hindu . 5 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UP has most cell phone users in India : TRAI '' . Indian Express . 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh top in mobile penetration '' . 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` total railway route length uttar pradesh '' . Northern Railways Lucknow Division . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` North Central Railway - The Allahabad Division '' . Indian Railways Portal CMS Team . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` the Portal of Indian Railways '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Equipment arrives for integrated security system '' . Times of india . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucknow New Delhi Shatabdi Express '' . The Times of India . 2 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Railway Budget 2011 - 12 '' ( PDF ) . Indian Railways . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Investment Promotion & Infrastructure Development Cell. `` Road '' ( PDF ) . Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Road network '' ( PDF ) . India Brand Equity Foundation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome : : U.P. Expressways Industrial Development Authority '' . www.upeida.in . Archived from the original on 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Longest Agra - Lucknow Expressway -- 20 Facts to Know '' . 26 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Roads in India are divided into the categories , For the purpose of management and administration , . `` One of the largest road networks in the Country '' ( PDF ) . Department of Industrial policy and promotion . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pervasive road network of Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Planning commission , Government of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` contributing to economic growth and prosperity of the nation '' . Airports Authority of India . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UP to seek DGCA nod for Taj airport '' . Hindustantimes.com. 21 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindustan Times e-Paper '' . Paper.hindustantimes.com . Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kushinagar international airport to get ready for take - off '' . Virendra Singh Rawat. 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucknow Metro Rail Right On Track - Times of India '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohan Rao ( 6 January 2005 ) . From Population Control To Reproductive Health : Malthusian Arithmetic . Sage Publications . pp. 244 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3269 - 7 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Hockey Player '' . stick2hockey . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hapless victim of a TV sting , this hockey player is now a rising star '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh win Ranji Trophy '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011 '' . First Published : PTI , Friday , 27 November 2009 , 21 : 26 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Buddh International Circuit ( BIC ) , which played host to India 's first Formula One Grand Prix '' . CNN - IBN. 18 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philosophy behind the Buddh International Circuit '' ( PDF ) . Jaypee Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Why India 's Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat '' . BBC News . 24 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic religious schools '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2003 . Jump up ^ `` British colonial administration system in state education system '' . State Education Board . Archived from the original on 21 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 April 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Facts & Figures '' . Uttar Pradesh education department . Archived from the original on 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of universities '' . Education info India . Archived from the original on 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh '' . Education department of U.P. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kanpur schools welcome IIT Council formula '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of IIM Lucknow '' . IIM Lucknow . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IIM - Lucknow sends country 's first team to global agribusiness meet '' . The Times of India . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IIM Lucknow students shine at International Agri - biz symposium in Shanghai '' . MBA Universe . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh '' . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Integral University Lucknow state level institution '' . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ragini , Dikshit ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` चित्रकूट : दुनिया का प्रथम विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय '' ( Chitrakuta : The world 's first handicapped university ) ( in Hindi ) . Jansatta Express . Jump up ^ Upkar Prakashan - Editorial Board ( 1 September 2010 ) . Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge . Upkar Prakashan . pp. 46 -- 287 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7482 - 408 - 0 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Performance of Tourist Centres in Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Uttar Pradesh Tourist Department . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kama MacLean ( 29 August 2008 ) . Pilgrimage and Power : The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad , 1765 - 1954 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533894 - 2 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SARNATH GENERAL INFORMATION '' . Tourism department of Varanasi . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanjeev Joon . Complete Guide for SSC . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 070645 - 3 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Monuments - Uttar Pradesh '' . Archaeological Survey of India . 8 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The historical monument called Bara Imambara of Lucknow that is also known as Asfi Imambara '' . Lucknow online news . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Tourism Development Policy '' . Department of Tourism , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Health Survey 2012 - 13 Fact Sheet - Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradesh - Urban Health Resource Center '' ( PDF ) . Urban Health Resource Centre . Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rural Health Statistics 2014 - 15 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 August 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahan , Bibi Ishrat . `` Public Private Partnership in Uttar Pradesh Health Care Delivery System - UPHSDP as an Initiative '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Inquiry into Health and Allied Themes . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Awakening Indians to India . Chinmaya Mission . 2008 . p. 167 . ISBN 81 - 7597 - 434 - 6 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Indus Valley Civilization '' . The Hindu universe . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Three indian children to attend J8 summit in Rome. :. newkerala.com Online News '' . New kerala . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Legislature '' . U.P assembly . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for language code : bfy '' . Ethnologue . Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website Of Varanasi District '' . Varanasi.nic.in . Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bhatkhande music institute '' . Uttar Pradesh Education Department . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` North Indian : Kathak '' ( PDF ) . Dance style loacator . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucknow gharana , developed with Kathak '' . Hindustani classical music . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benaras Gharana , traditional style and way of teaching and performing Indian classical music '' . Benares music academy . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kumbh Mela - India '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Braj Holi : Legend in real life '' . Hindustan Times . 19 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The glorious traditions and mythological legacy '' . Department of tourism U.P. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Banarasi paan or tobacco '' . The Times of India . 28 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee , Soma ( 2001 ) . Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions . ISBN 9788121207607 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costumes of Uttar Pradesh '' . Indify . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Uma ( 1977 ) . `` The Indian Press 1870 -- 1880 : A Small World of Journalism '' ( see pages 233 -- 234 ) . Modern Asian Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 235 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00015092 . JSTOR 311549 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Uttar Pradesh , India '' . Asiawaves . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian FM Stations Statewise '' . Bharatiya mobile . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh ( East ) '' . India cellular phone industry . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Service Provider '' . Data Infocom Limited . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . External links Find more aboutUttar Pradeshat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh Official Website of Department of Home of Government of Uttar Pradesh Official Website of Department of Tourism of Government of Uttar Pradesh General information Uttar Pradesh Encyclopædia Britannica entry Uttar Pradesh RERA Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Uttar Pradesh at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Uttar Pradesh <Td_colspan="2"> Himachal Pradesh Haryana Delhi Uttarakhand Far - Western Region , Mid-Western Region and Western Regions , Nepal Haryana Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand Chhattisgarh <Th_colspan="2"> State of Uttar Pradesh <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Lucknow Topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Achitecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Seal Political Party Regions Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh Central Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat ( Akbarpur ) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar ( Padrauna ) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ) Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Faizabad Meerut Allahabad Bareilly Aligarh Moradabad Saharanpur Gorakhpur Noida Jhansi Mathura Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran , Pindra Ahirani , Pindra Airla Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo , Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht . Harora Must . Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kudi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur Zafarabad <Td_colspan="2"> Portal : Uttar Pradesh <Th_colspan="3"> Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team <Th_colspan="2"> States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry <Td_colspan="2"> Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces BNF : cb119463735 ( data ) GND : 4062226 - 5 VIAF : 237706282 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=850335304 '' Categories : Uttar Pradesh North India States and union territories of India States and territories established in 1950 1950 establishments in India Hindustani - speaking countries and territories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Indian English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 06 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Uttar Pradesh - State in India 2. Population and demographics of Uttar Pradesh 3. History and ancient empires of Uttar Pradesh 4. Geography and climate of Uttar Pradesh 5. Economy and agriculture in Uttar Pradesh

who won season 15 dancing with the stars

Dancing With the Stars ( U.S. season 15 ) - wikipedia Dancing With the Stars ( U.S. season 15 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars ( season 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release September 24 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) -- November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Additional information Celebrity winner Melissa Rycroft Professional winner Tony Dovolani <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 14 Next → Season 16 Season fifteen of Dancing with the Stars , called Dancing with the Stars : All - Stars , premiered on September 24 , 2012 . Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts . The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided music throughout the season . The returning members of the dance troupe for this season were Oksana Dmyrenko , Emma Slater , Sharna Burgess , Henry Byalikov , and Sasha Farber . Sonny Fredie Pedersen replaced Kiki Nyemchek . Season 15 was the first to feature an `` all - star '' cast , in which previous celebrities who have competed on the show have another chance to win the competition . Six of the returning finalists , however , had already won the title in prior seasons ( Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , Emmitt Smith , Apolo Anton Ohno , Helio Castroneves , and Shawn Johnson ) . Season eight saw the most returning contestants , with 3 out of the 13 contestants coming from that season ( Gilles Marini , Shawn Johnson , and Melissa Rycroft ) . In addition , it was the only season to date to offer fractional ( 0.5 ) scores . Five contestants reunited with their original partners , while the other eight danced with new ones . Season eight finalist Melissa Rycroft defeated season eight champion Shawn Johnson and season one champion Kelly Monaco to win the trophy . This also marked the first win for professional Tony Dovolani . Tony was also the third professional ( after Kym Johnson and Peta Murgatroyd ) to win after being eliminated first the previous season . This was the first season to feature an all - female final three in the American series , which was seen again in season 18 . Rycroft was the only celebrity to place higher than her original season ( 3rd to 1st ) while everyone else ranked lower . Also , this is the first season where a couple performed a style of dance that no other couple performed : the waltz , danced only by Sabrina Bryan and Louis van Amstel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 1.1 Previous seasons 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : Iconic Dances Week 3.4 Week 4 : Opponents ' Choice Week 3.5 Week 5 : Guilty Pleasures Week 3.6 Week 6 : Country Night 3.7 Week 7 : Dance Fusion Week 3.8 Week 8 : Veterans Day / Trio Challenge Week 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals / Themed Dances / Bad Tribute Week 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 The results / guest performances 6 U.S. television ratings 7 References 8 External links Couples ( edit ) The names of twelve returning celebrities were revealed on July 27 , 2012 . All 12 professionals from season 14 returned . A thirteenth contestant was chosen by the public , from either Sabrina Bryan , Kyle Massey , or Carson Kressley . Bryan was announced the winner on August 27 , 2012 over Kressley and Massey . Louis van Amstel was partnered with Bryan , while the professional partners for the first twelve celebrities were revealed on August 13 . Mark Ballas and Cheryl Burke were the professionals with the most returning partners ( 3 ) and each reunited with one . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Previous finish Professional partner Status Pamela Anderson Film & television actress Season 10 competitor Tristan MacManus Eliminated 1st on September 25 , 2012 Joey Fatone NSYNC singer & actor Season 4 runner - up Kym Johnson Eliminated 2nd on October 2 , 2012 Drew Lachey Singer & actor Season 2 champion Anna Trebunskaya Eliminated 3rd on October 9 , 2012 Hélio Castroneves Indy 500 driver Season 5 champion Chelsie Hightower Eliminated 4th on October 9 , 2012 Bristol Palin Activist & author Season 11 finalist Mark Ballas Eliminated 5th on October 16 , 2012 Sabrina Bryan Singer & actress Season 5 competitor Louis van Amstel Eliminated 6th on October 30 , 2012 Kirstie Alley Film & television actress Season 12 runner - up Maksim Chmerkovskiy Eliminated 7th on November 13 , 2012 Gilles Marini Film & television actor Season 8 runner - up Peta Murgatroyd Eliminated 8th on November 13 , 2012 Apolo Anton Ohno Olympic short track speed skater Season 4 champion Karina Smirnoff Eliminated 9th on November 20 , 2012 Emmitt Smith Retired NFL player Season 3 champion Cheryl Burke Eliminated 10th on November 20 , 2012 Kelly Monaco Model & actress Season 1 champion Valentin Chmerkovskiy Third place on November 27 , 2012 Shawn Johnson Retired Olympic gymnast Season 8 champion Derek Hough Mark Ballas ( week 7 ) Runner - up on November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft Television presenter Season 8 finalist Tony Dovolani Winner on November 27 , 2012 Previous seasons ( edit ) Celebrity Season Partner Average Place Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 22.3 1st Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 27.7 Emmitt Smith 26.8 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.5 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.5 2nd Hélio Castroneves 5 Julianne Hough 27.1 1st Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 27.0 7th Shawn Johnson 8 26.9 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.1 2nd Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 26.8 3rd Pamela Anderson 10 Damian Whitewood 22.8 6th Bristol Palin 11 Mark Ballas 22.6 3rd Kirstie Alley 12 Maksim Chmerkovskiy 24.7 2nd Mark Ballas and Cheryl Burke have the most returning partners this season with 3 each . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 5 6 5 + 6 7 8 7 + 8 9 10 Melissa & Tony 21.0 23.5 27.0 37.0 27.0 + 29.5 = 56.5 29.5 86.0 29.0 + 10 = 39.0 30.0 + 30.0 = 60.0 99.0 27.5 + 30.0 = 57.5 30.0 + 30.0 + 28.5 = 88.5 Shawn & Derek 22.0 25.0 26.5 39.5 27.0 + 29.5 = 56.5 28.0 84.5 30.0 + 8 = 38.0 29.5 + 26.0 = 55.5 93.5 30.0 + 29.0 = 59.0 27.0 + 30.0 + 30.0 = 87.0 Kelly & Val 21.5 22.0 27.0 37.5 24.5 + 27.0 = 51.5 27.0 78.5 27.0 + 9 = 36.0 28.0 + 28.5 = 56.5 92.5 25.5 + 28.5 = 54.0 29.5 + 29.5 + 28.5 = 87.5 Emmitt & Cheryl 24.5 22.5 25.0 36.0 29.0 + 27.0 = 56.0 26.5 82.5 27.5 + 7 = 34.5 28.0 + 30.0 = 58.0 92.5 27.0 + 27.0 = 54.0 <Td_colspan="11"> Apolo & Karina 5 22.0 24.5 25.5 34.5 27.0 + 29.5 = 56.5 30.0 86.5 27.0 + 6 = 33.0 29.5 + 29.0 = 58.5 91.5 27.0 + 30.0 = 57.0 <Td_colspan="11"> Gilles & Peta 6 24.0 25.5 25.5 39.5 29.5 + 27.0 = 56.5 27.5 84.0 28.5 + 5 = 33.5 29.5 + 29.0 = 58.5 92.0 <Td_colspan="12"> Kirstie & Maks 7 19.0 21.0 24.0 30.0 25.5 + 27.0 = 52.5 27.5 + 2 = 29.5 82.0 24.0 + 4 = 28.0 27.0 + 24.0 = 51.0 79.0 <Td_colspan="12"> Sabrina & Louis 8 22.5 26.0 25.5 35.5 29.0 + 29.5 = 58.5 30.0 88.5 <Td_colspan="15"> Bristol & Mark 9 19.5 18.0 22.5 32.0 <Td_colspan="16"> Hélio & Chelsie 10 21.5 23.0 25.5 <Td_colspan="17"> Drew & Anna 11 21.5 22.5 24.0 <Td_colspan="19"> Joey & Kym 12 20.5 22.5 <Td_colspan="20"> Pamela & Tristan 13 17.0 <Td_colspan="21"> Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple finishing in the bottom two ( or three ) the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30 - points scale ( guest judge Paula Abdul 's scores from Week 4 , Kirstie Alley 's extra 2 points from the Country - Western group dance from Week 6 and the Swing Marathon dance scores from Week 7 have been removed ) . Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Melissa & Tony 420 15 28.0 Shawn & Derek 419 27.9 6 Gilles & Peta 275.5 10 27.6 5 Apolo & Karina 327 12 27.3 5 8 Sabrina & Louis 189.5 7 27.1 6 Kelly & Val 402 15 26.8 Emmitt & Cheryl 321 12 8 7 Kirstie & Maks 241.5 10 24.2 9 10 Hélio & Chelsie 70 23.3 10 11 Drew & Anna 68 22.7 11 12 Joey & Kym 43 21.5 12 9 Bristol & Mark 84 21.0 13 13 Pamela & Tristan 17 17.0 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Cha - cha - cha Shawn Johnson 30 Pamela Anderson 17 Foxtrot Emmitt Smith 26.5 Kirstie Alley 19 Jive Apolo Anton Ohno 29 Kirstie Alley 21 Quickstep Melissa Rycroft 30 Bristol Palin 18 Tango Apolo Anton Ohno 29.5 Gilles Marini 25.5 Samba Melissa Rycroft 30 Kelly Monaco 24.5 Paso doble Melissa Rycroft 30 Bristol Palin 22.5 Uncommon dances Gilles Marini Shawn Johnson 29.5 Kirstie Alley 22.5 Rumba Sabrina Bryan Apolo Anton Ohno 30 Shawn Johnson 27 Waltz Sabrina Bryan 29 -- -- Viennese Waltz Apolo Anton Ohno 30 Kirstie Alley 27 Fusion dance Shawn Johnson 30 Kirstie Alley 24 Salsa Emmitt Smith 30 Gilles Marini 29 Theme dances Shawn Johnson 30 Kelly Monaco 25.5 Argentine tango Melissa Rycroft 30 Shawn Johnson 29 Freestyle Melissa Rycroft Shawn Johnson 30 Kelly Monaco 29.5 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 30 - point maximum Couples Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Melissa & Tony Quickstep , Paso doble , Argentine tango , Samba , & Freestyle ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 21 ) Shawn & Derek Tango / Paso doble fusion , Bhangra , Freestyle , & Cha - cha - cha ( 30 ) Foxtrot ( 22 ) Kelly & Val Paso doble & Freestyle ( 29.5 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 21.5 ) Emmitt & Cheryl Salsa ( 30 ) Quickstep ( 22.5 ) Apolo & Karina Viennese Waltz & Rumba ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 22 ) Gilles & Peta Bollywood , Quickstep & Rumba ( 29.5 ) Foxtrot ( 24 ) Kirstie & Maks Rumba ( 27.5 ) Foxtrot ( 19 ) Sabrina & Louis Rumba ( 30 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 22.5 ) Bristol & Mark Rock n ' Roll ( 24 ) Quickstep ( 18 ) Hélio & Chelsie Quickstep ( 25.5 ) Foxtrot ( 21.5 ) Drew & Anna Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Foxtrot ( 21.5 ) Joey & Kym Quickstep ( 22.5 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20.5 ) Pamela & Tristan Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Joey & Kym 20.5 ( 6.5 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' -- Michael Jackson Safe Shawn & Derek 22 ( 8 , 6.5 , 7.5 ) Foxtrot `` Good Time '' -- Owl City feat . Carly Rae Jepsen Safe Sabrina & Louis 22.5 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` What Makes You Beautiful '' -- One Direction Safe Hélio & Chelsie 21.5 ( 7 , 7.5 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Pride and Joy '' -- Marvin Gaye Safe Pamela & Tristan 17 ( 5.5 , 5.5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` You Know I 'm No Good '' -- Amy Winehouse Eliminated Melissa & Tony 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- from Sweet Charity Safe Apolo & Karina 22 ( 7.5 , 7 , 7.5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Party Rock Anthem '' -- LMFAO Safe Gilles & Peta 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Call Me Irresponsible '' -- Bobby Darin Safe Bristol & Mark 19.5 ( 6.5 , 6.5 , 6.5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Blow Me ( One Last Kiss ) '' -- Pink Safe Drew & Anna 21.5 ( 7 , 7 , 7.5 ) Foxtrot `` Love Song '' -- Sara Bareilles Bottom two Kelly & Val 21.5 ( 7 , 7 , 7.5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Bang Bang '' -- David Sanborn Safe Kirstie & Maks 19 ( 6.5 , 6 , 6.5 ) Foxtrot `` Set Fire to the Rain '' -- Adele Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 24.5 ( 8 , 8.5 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Chain of Fools '' -- Aretha Franklin Safe Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Melissa & Tony 23.5 ( 8 , 8 , 7.5 ) Jive `` Shout '' -- The Isley Brothers Safe Bristol & Mark 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Quickstep `` Redneck Woman '' -- Gretchen Wilson Safe Hélio & Chelsie 23 ( 8 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Jive `` Everybody Talks '' -- Neon Trees Bottom two Apolo & Karina 24.5 ( 8.5 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Five Months , Two Weeks , Two Days '' -- Louis Prima Safe Sabrina & Louis 26 ( 9 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Quickstep `` Black Betty '' -- Ram Jam Safe Kirstie & Maks 21 ( 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Non Non Rien N'a Changé '' -- Les Poppys Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 22.5 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Quickstep `` A Cool Cat In Town '' -- Tape Five Safe Drew & Anna 22.5 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Jive `` Dance , Dance '' -- Fall Out Boy Safe Joey & Kym 22.5 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Quickstep `` Creep '' -- Radiohead Eliminated Shawn & Derek 25 ( 8.5 , 8 , 8.5 ) Jive `` The Nicest Kids in Town '' -- from Hairspray Safe Kelly & Val 22 ( 7.5 , 7 , 7.5 ) Quickstep `` Who Says '' -- Selena Gomez & The Scene Safe Gilles & Peta 25.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Jive `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' -- Queen Safe Week 3 : iconic Dances Week ( edit ) Celebrities must choose an iconic routine from the previous fourteen seasons and perform it but try to make it as `` iconic '' as it was previously . There was also a double - elimination . Two couples were `` in jeopardy '' halfway through the hour , two more at the end , with one couple of each pair eliminated . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Original couple Result Drew & Anna 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé feat . Jay - Z Joey & Ashly ( season 1 ) Eliminated Gilles & Peta 25.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Tango `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- Eurythmics Erin & Maks ( season 10 ) Safe Melissa & Tony 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Conga '' -- Gloria Estefan JR & Karina ( season 13 ) Safe Apolo & Karina 25.5 ( 9 , 8 , 8.5 ) Foxtrot `` Fever '' -- Michael Bublé Gilles & Cheryl ( season 8 ) Safe Kelly & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Erich Kunzel Laila & Maks ( season 4 ) Safe Kirstie & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Moves like Jagger '' -- Maroon 5 feat . Christina Aguilera Carson & Anna ( season 13 ) Safe Sabrina & Louis 25.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Paso doble `` Free Your Mind '' -- En Vogue Mel B & Maks ( season 5 ) Bottom three Emmitt & Cheryl 25 ( 8.5 , 8 , 8.5 ) Paso doble `` Canción Del Mariachi '' -- Los Lobos feat . Antonio Banderas Mario & Karina ( season 3 ) Safe Hélio & Chelsie 25.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Quickstep `` Mr. Pinstripe Suit '' -- Big Bad Voodoo Daddy Apolo & Julianne ( season 4 ) Eliminated Bristol & Mark 22.5 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Paso doble `` Living on Video '' -- Trans - X Joanna & Derek ( season 9 ) Safe Shawn & Derek 26.5 ( 9 , 8 , 9.5 ) Quickstep `` Hey Pachuco '' -- Royal Crown Revue Hélio & Julianne ( season 5 ) Safe Week 4 : opponents ' Choice Week ( edit ) Individual judges scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Paula Abdul , Bruno Tonioli . All of the celebrities chose a dance style for one of their opponents , as well as getting their style of dance chosen by a fellow competitor . Paula Abdul served as guest judge . Hélio & Chelsie would have danced Broadway , chosen by Shawn & Derek , had they not been eliminated . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Dance chosen by Result Kirstie & Maks 30 ( 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 , 7.5 ) Charleston `` Forty - Second Street '' -- from 42nd Street Sabrina & Louis Bottom two Bristol & Mark 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rock n ' Roll `` At the Hop '' -- Danny and the Juniors Gilles & Peta ( Last Style ) Eliminated Sabrina & Louis 35.5 ( 9 , 9 , 8.5 , 9 ) Disco `` You Should Be Dancing '' -- Bee Gees Kirstie & Maks Safe Emmitt & Cheryl 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Bolero `` Better in Time '' -- Leona Lewis Kelly & Val Safe Gilles & Peta 39.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Bollywood `` Jai Ho ( You Are My Destiny ) '' -- Pussycat Dolls feat . A.R. Rahman Bristol & Mark Safe Melissa & Tony 37 ( 9 , 9 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Jitterbug `` This Cat 's on a Hot Tin Roof '' -- Brian Setzer Orchestra Apolo & Karina Safe Shawn & Derek 39.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Mambo `` Para Los Rumberos '' -- Santana Hélio & Chelsie Safe Apolo & Karina 34.5 ( 8.5 , 9 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Hip - Hop `` Poison '' -- Bell Biv DeVoe Melissa & Tony Safe Kelly & Val 37.5 ( 9 , 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Contemporary `` Fix You '' -- Coldplay Emmitt & Cheryl Safe Week 5 : Guilty Pleasures Week ( edit ) The two couples with the highest total cumulative points / average became `` team captains '' and chose teams to join them in the Team Freestyle ; these captains were Gilles & Peta and Shawn & Derek . Gilles & Peta 's team consists of Kelly & Val , Emmitt & Cheryl , and Kirstie & Maks . Shawn & Derek 's team consists of Sabrina & Louis , Melissa & Tony , and Apolo & Karina . Bristol & Mark would have joined the team who lost a member , had they not been eliminated . Due to a presidential debate on October 22 , this week of competition consisted of two performance shows - October 22 and 23 . There was no elimination , so all the couples returned to dance during Week Six . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Kelly & Val 24.5 ( 8 , 8 , 8.5 ) Samba `` Want U Back '' -- Cher Lloyd Gilles & Peta 29.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 ) Rumba `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston Kirstie & Maks 25.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 8.5 ) Quickstep `` Mrs. Robinson '' -- Simon and Garfunkel Emmitt & Cheryl 29 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 10 ) Samba `` Copacabana '' -- Barry Manilow Sabrina & Louis Shawn & Derek Melissa & Tony Apolo & Karina 29.5 ( 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Call Me Maybe '' -- Carly Rae Jepsen Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Melissa & Tony 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Shawn & Derek 27 ( 9 , 8 , 10 ) Rumba `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- Celine Dion Apolo & Karina 27 ( 8.5 , 9.5 , 9 ) Samba `` Give It to Me Baby '' -- Rick James Sabrina & Louis 29 ( 10 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Waltz `` So This Is Love '' -- from Cinderella Kirstie & Maks Emmitt & Cheryl Kelly & Val Gilles & Peta 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Gangnam Style '' -- Psy Week 6 : Country night ( edit ) Each contestant and their partner danced to a country song , hence the name `` Country Night . '' Each individual routine included a solo portion by the celebrity member of the pair . After all individual routines were performed , all of the couples did a group dance . The couple that impressed the judges the most received 2 bonus points ; that was Kirstie & Maks . Sabrina Bryan was eliminated again in week six , with nearly the same average . This is the third time in Dancing with the Stars history ( after Willa Ford in season 3 & Maria Menounos in season 14 ) that the star with highest judges ' score was eliminated the week they came in first place . Bryan also had , at the time of her elimination , the highest accumulative average . Bryan was eliminated on exactly the same day that she was eliminated when she competed in season 5 five years prior ( October 30 , 2007 ) . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Gilles & Peta 27.5 ( 9 , 9 , 9.5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' -- Shania Twain Safe Sabrina & Louis 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Wanted '' -- Hunter Hayes Eliminated Kelly & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Good Girl '' -- Carrie Underwood Safe Melissa & Tony 29.5 ( 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Why Ya Wanna '' -- Jana Kramer Safe Shawn & Derek 28 ( 9.5 , 8.5 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha `` She Thinks My Tractor 's Sexy '' -- Kenny Chesney Safe Kirstie & Maks 27.5 ( 9.5 , 8.5 , 9.5 ) Rumba `` Home '' -- Blake Shelton Safe Apolo & Karina 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Skin ( Sarabeth ) '' -- Rascal Flatts Last to be called safe Emmitt & Cheryl 26.5 ( 8.5 , 8.5 , 9.5 ) Foxtrot `` Islands in the Stream '' -- Dolly Parton & Kenny Rogers Safe Emmitt & Cheryl Sabrina & Louis Gilles & Peta Kirstie & Maks Shawn & Derek Melissa & Tony Kelly & Val Apolo & Karina N / A Group Country - western ( freestyle ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Save a Horse , Ride a Cowboy '' -- Big & Rich `` I Play Chicken with a Train '' -- Cowboy Troy Week 7 : dance fusion Week ( edit ) On the Week 6 Results Show , dance styles were chosen by the couples for each other , as was done for Opponent 's Choice Week . For this week , however , a pair of dance styles was chosen that were to be `` fused '' together . Due to the presidential election and effects of Hurricane Sandy for East Coast viewers , no elimination took place , so all remaining couples advanced to Week 8 . There was also a Swing dance marathon . Mark Ballas danced with Shawn Johnson in place of Derek this week due to Derek having an injury in his neck . Sabrina & Louis would have danced a Tango / Foxtrot fusion , chosen by Emmitt & Cheryl , if they had not been eliminated . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Dances chosen by Apolo & Karina 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha Paso doble `` Scream '' -- Usher Gilles & Peta ( last style ) Emmitt & Cheryl 27.5 ( 8.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Rumba Samba `` Fine By Me '' -- Andy Grammer Shawn & Derek Kirstie & Maks 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Quickstep Samba `` Sir Duke '' -- Stevie Wonder Apolo & Karina Kelly & Val 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha `` Do n't Stop '' -- Gin Wigmore Sabrina & Louis Melissa & Tony 29 ( 10 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Tango Cha - cha - cha `` Die Young '' -- Ke $ ha Kirstie & Maks Shawn & Mark 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Tango Paso doble `` Livin ' On A Prayer '' -- Bon Jovi Melissa & Tony Gilles & Peta 28.5 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Argentine tango Samba `` When I Get You Alone '' -- Robin Thicke Kelly & Val Kirstie & Maks Gilles & Peta Apolo & Karina Emmitt & Cheryl Shawn & Mark Kelly & Val Melissa & Tony 5 6 7 8 9 10 Swing Marathon <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do Your Thing '' -- Basement Jaxx Week 8 : Veterans Day / Trio Challenge Week ( edit ) All seven couples chose one professional that was either previously eliminated or participates in the dance troupe , to perform with them in their Latin routine in an event known as the `` Trio Challenge '' . There was also a double elimination . In honor of Veterans Day , the first round featured performances to songs that pay homage to servicemen and women . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Shawn & Derek ( Mark Ballas ) 29.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Angel '' -- Sarah McLachlan Safe 26 ( 10 , 7 , 9 ) Samba `` Jungle Jazz '' -- Les Tambours du Bronx Apolo & Karina ( Sasha Farber ) 29.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 ) Tango `` Holding Out for a Hero '' -- Bonnie Tyler Last to be called safe 29 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 10 ) Jive `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- from Grease Kirstie & Maks ( Tristan MacManus ) 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Hallelujah '' -- Leonard Cohen Eliminated 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Bring Me to Life '' -- Evanescence Kelly & Val ( Louis van Amstel ) 28 ( 9.5 , 9 , 9.5 ) Viennese Waltz `` I 'll Be '' -- Edwin McCain Safe 28.5 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Jive `` Animal '' -- Neon Trees Gilles & Peta ( Chelsie Hightower ) 29.5 ( 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Danger Zone '' -- Kenny Loggins Eliminated 29 ( 9.5 , 10 , 9.5 ) Salsa `` Rebelión '' -- Joe Arroyo Emmitt & Cheryl ( Kym Johnson ) 28 ( 9 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Viennese Waltz `` Love Letters '' -- Ketty Lester Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Salsa `` Mr. Saxobeat '' -- Alexandra Stan Melissa & Tony ( Henry Byalikov ) 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' -- The Andrew Sisters Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` Rumour Has It '' -- Adele Week 9 : Semifinals / themed Dances / Bad tribute Week ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from Michael Jackson 's album Bad and one dance chosen by the other couples . The theme of the last dance was also chosen by the other couples . Kelly and Val chose the `` Caveman '' Hustle for Melissa and Tony , Emmitt and Cheryl chose the `` Knight Rider '' Bhangra for Shawn and Derek , Gilles and Peta chose the `` Big Top '' Jazz for Apolo and Karina and Shawn and Derek chose the `` Espionage '' Lindy Hop for Emmitt and Cheryl . This left the `` Surfer '' Flamenco for Kelly and Val . Gilles and Peta would have danced the `` Mad Monk '' Merengue , chosen by Apolo and Karina , had they not been eliminated . There is also another double elimination this week , due to the Finals . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Dance / theme chosen by Result Melissa & Tony 27.5 ( 9 , 9.5 , 9 ) `` Caveman '' Hustle `` Walk the Dinosaur '' -- Was ( Not Was ) Kelly & Val Safe 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Dirty Diana '' -- Michael Jackson Shawn & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) `` Knight Rider '' Bhangra `` Mundian to Bach Ke '' -- Panjabi MC Emmitt & Cheryl Safe 29 ( 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Bad '' -- Michael Jackson Apolo & Karina 27 ( 8.5 , 9 , 9.5 ) `` Big Top '' Jazz `` What You Waiting For ? '' -- Gwen Stefani Gilles & Peta Eliminated 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Man in the Mirror '' -- Michael Jackson Emmitt & Cheryl 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) `` Espionage '' Lindy Hop `` Secret Agent Man '' -- Johnny Rivers Shawn & Derek Eliminated 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Leave Me Alone '' -- Michael Jackson Kelly & Val 25.5 ( 8 , 9 , 8.5 ) `` Surfer '' Flamenco `` Malagueña '' -- Brian Setzer Melissa & Tony ( last style left ) Last to be called safe 28.5 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Rumba `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' -- Michael Jackson Week 10 : finals ( edit ) Emmitt & Cheryl as well as Apolo & Karina were eliminated in week nine , leaving Kelly Monaco , Shawn Johnson , and Melissa Rycroft to compete in the finals , the first time the finals have had three female celebrities . Each couple will perform their favorite dance of the season , along with a super-sized freestyle on night one , and an instant dance on night two in which they had to choose their dance style as well as their music the night of the competition . Each couple was allowed to bring in extra performers for their freestyle only . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Guest performers in the freestyle Kelly & Val 29.5 ( 9.5 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Erich Kunzel Troupe members & church choir 29.5 ( 10 , 9.5 , 10 ) Freestyle `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Melissa & Tony 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Samba `` Conga '' -- Gloria Estefan Trapeze artists 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` I Was Here '' -- Beyoncé Shawn & Derek 27 ( 9 , 8.5 , 9.5 ) Quickstep `` Hey Pachuco '' -- Royal Crown Revue Fierce Five ( U.S Women 's Olympic Gymnastics Team ) 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Carnaval de Paris '' -- Dario G Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result Kelly & Val 28.5 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Instant Jive `` Cat and Mouse '' -- Nikki & Rich Third place Melissa & Tony 28.5 ( 9.5 , 9.5 , 9.5 ) Instant Samba `` Life Is a Highway '' -- Rascal Flatts Winner Shawn & Derek 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Instant Cha - cha - cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Runner - up Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha or foxtrot Week 2 : Jive or quickstep Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Iconic Dances Week ) Week 4 : One unlearned and uncommon dance ( Opponents ' Choice Week ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance & freestyle team dance ( Guilty Pleasures Week ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance & group country - western ( Country Week ) Week 7 : One dance of two combined styles & swing marathon ( Dance Fusion Week ) Week 8 : One unlearned ballroom dance & one unlearned Latin trio dance ( Veterans Day / Trio Challenge Week ) Week 9 : One unlearned Michael Jackson - themed dance & one unlearned and uncommon dance / theme ( Semifinals / Themed Dances / Michael Jackson Week ) Week 10 : Favorite dance , super-sized freestyle & instant dance ( Finals ) Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 8 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 9 <Th_colspan="3"> Week 10 Melissa & Tony Foxtrot Jive Samba Jitterbug Tango Freestyle Viennese Waltz Country - Western Tango Cha - cha - cha Swing Quickstep Paso doble Hustle Argentine tango Samba Freestyle Samba Shawn & Derek Foxtrot Jive Quickstep Mambo Rumba Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Country - Western Tango Paso doble Swing Viennese Waltz Samba Bhangra Argentine tango Quickstep Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Kelly & Val Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Paso doble Contemporary Samba Freestyle Tango Country - Western Foxtrot Cha - cha - cha Swing Viennese Waltz Jive Flamenco Rumba Paso doble Freestyle Jive Emmitt & Cheryl Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Paso doble Bolero Samba Freestyle Foxtrot Country - Western Rumba Samba Swing Viennese Waltz Salsa Lindy Hop Tango <Td_colspan="2"> Cha - cha - cha Apolo & Karina Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Foxtrot Hip - Hop Samba Freestyle Viennese Waltz Country - Western Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Swing Tango Jive Jazz Rumba <Td_colspan="2"> Viennese Waltz Gilles & Peta Foxtrot Jive Tango Bollywood Rumba Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Country - Western Argentine tango Samba Swing Quickstep Salsa <Td_colspan="4"> Bollywood Kirstie & Maks Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha Charleston Quickstep Freestyle Rumba Country - Western Quickstep Samba Swing Viennese Waltz Paso doble <Td_colspan="4"> Cha - cha - cha Sabrina & Louis Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Paso doble Disco Waltz Freestyle Rumba Country - Western <Td_colspan="8"> Rumba Bristol & Mark Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Paso doble Rock ' n ' Roll <Td_colspan="12"> Cha - cha - cha Hélio & Chelsie Foxtrot Jive Quickstep <Td_colspan="13"> Quickstep Drew & Anna Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha <Td_colspan="13"> Cha - cha - cha Joey & Kym Cha - cha - cha Quickstep <Td_colspan="14"> Cha - cha - cha Pamela & Tristan Cha - cha - cha <Td_colspan="15"> Freestyle Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Danced , but not scored Gained bonus points for this dance The results / guest performances ( edit ) Date Dance style Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Dancers September 25 , 2012 Bollywood Pitbull `` Do n't Stop The Party '' Pitbull 's dancers Hip - Hop Justin Bieber `` As Long as You Love Me '' Justin Bieber 's dancers October 2 , 2012 Rumba Katherine Jenkins & Plácido Domingo `` Come What May '' Val Chmerkovskiy and Anna Trebunskaya Hip - Hop Cher Lloyd `` Want U Back '' Cher Lloyd 's dancers October 9 , 2012 Cha - cha - cha Karmin `` Brokenhearted / Hello '' Chelsie Hightower , Sharna Burgess , Sonny Pedersen and Jaymz Tuaileva Jive Frankie Moreno `` Tangerine Honey '' / `` Real Wild Child '' Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer w / Henry Byalikov , Oksana Dmytrenko , Sasha Farber and Emma Slater October 16 , 2012 Rumba Donny Osmond & Susan Boyle `` This Is The Moment '' Kym Johnson and Tristan MacManus Cha - cha - cha Tito Puente Jr . `` Oye Como Va '' Cheryl Burke , Michelle Hafle , Natalja Panina , Sergey Korshunov and Arkadiy Polezhaev Acrobatic Dancing Christina Grimmie `` Titanium '' The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers October 30 , 2012 Paso Doble Taylor Swift `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' Troupe Members Contemporary Jason Mraz `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Chelsie Hightower and Mark Ballas November 13 , 2012 Hip - Hop Ne - Yo `` Let Me Love You ( Until You Learn to Love Yourself ) '' Ne - Yo 's Dancers Cha - cha - cha Kylie Minogue `` The Loco - Motion '' Kym Johnson , Tristan MacManus and Troupe members November 20 , 2012 Hip - Hop The Wanted `` I Found You '' / `` Glad You Came '' The Wanted 's Dancers Hip - Hop Paula Abdul `` Dream Medley '' Mark Ballas , Chelsie Hightower , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Sonny Fredie Pederson , Henry Byalikov , Sharna Burgess , and Emma Slater Contemporary Drehz `` Heart Cry '' Derek Hough , Allison Holker , Melanie Moore , Kathryn McCormick , Jessica Lee Keller U.S. television ratings ( edit ) Show Episode Air date Viewers ( millions ) Rating / share ( adults 18 -- 49 ) Rating / share ( household ) Note `` Performance Show : Week 1 '' September 24 , 2012 14.11 2.5 / 7 9.3 / 14 `` Results Show : Week 1 '' September 25 , 2012 11.79 2.1 / 6 7.7 / 12 `` Performance Show : Week 2 '' October 1 , 2012 12.38 2.1 / 5 9.3 / 12 `` Results Show : Week 2 '' October 2 , 2012 12.03 2.1 / 5 7.9 / 12 5 `` Performance Show : Week 3 '' October 8 , 2012 13.55 2.2 / 6 8.9 / 13 6 `` Results Show : Week 3 '' October 9 , 2012 13.33 2.2 / 6 9.0 / 13 7 `` Performance Show : Week 4 '' October 15 , 2012 13.64 2.1 / 5 9.1 / 13 8 `` Results Show : Week 4 '' October 16 , 2012 12.92 2.0 / 6 8.6 / 13 9 `` Performance Show 1 : Week 5 '' October 22 , 2012 13.27 2.4 / 6 8.7 / 13 10 `` Performance Show 2 : Week 5 '' October 23 , 2012 12.90 2.3 / 7 8.3 / 13 11 `` Performance Show : Week 6 '' October 29 , 2012 13.90 2.3 / 5 9.5 / 14 12 `` Results Show : Week 6 '' October 30 , 2012 11.49 1.8 / 5 7.9 / 12 13 `` Performance Show : Week 7 '' November 5 , 2012 13.48 2.1 / 5 9.0 / 13 14 `` Performance Show : Week 8 '' November 12 , 2012 13.79 2.1 / 5 9.2 / 14 15 `` Results Show : Week 8 '' November 13 , 2012 12.11 1.9 / 5 7.9 / 12 16 `` Performance Show : Week 9 '' November 19 , 2012 14.28 2.4 / 6 9.2 / 14 17 `` Results Show : Week 9 '' November 20 , 2012 13.01 2.0 / 6 8.5 / 13 18 `` Performance Show : Week 10 '' November 26 , 2012 16.30 2.7 / 7 10.4 / 15 19 `` Season Finale '' November 27 , 2012 16.73 3.0 / 8 10.7 / 12 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing With The Stars - ABC.com '' . Beta.abc.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates : ' Modern Family ' , ' Revenge ' , ' DWTS : All - Stars ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Published Friday , Jul 27 2012 , 19 : 10 BST ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : All - Stars : Bristol Palin , Kirstie Alley , more - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lanford Beard ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Sabrina Bryan wins viewers ' choice vote '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Published Monday , Aug 13 2012 , 13 : 36 BST ( 2012 - 07 - 25 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars All - Stars ' : Professional partners confirmed - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ October 9 results show . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim . `` Paula Abdul to guest judge on ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Published Tuesday , Oct 9 2012 , 03 : 09 BST ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Paula Abdul `` excited '' about being ' Dancing with the Stars ' guest judge `` . Digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mentioned by Tom Bergeron during the Week 5 performance and results shows . ^ Jump up to : Mentioned by Tom Bergeron on October 29 performance show . Jump up ^ Lisa Reynolds ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars : All - Stars , ' Week 6 Performances : TV Recap '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mentioned by Tom Bergeron on October 30 results show . Jump up ^ Gina Carbone ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Injury Forces Derek Hough to `` Step Out '' Next Week on DWTS All - Stars , Mark Ballas to Step In Dancing With The Stars `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet. 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://abcmedianet.com/assets/pr/html/102612_03.html Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike and Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere down Monday ; ' Revolution ' stays strong and NBC wins 18 - 49 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' New Girl ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , & ' Ben & Kate ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Vegas ' open big Tuesday while ' The Mindy Project ' starts slowly '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' iHeartRadio Music Festival ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Revolution ' lead Monday for NBC while ' Dancing With the Stars ' struggles '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' stays on top Tuesday as ' The Mindy Project ' and new shows dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Partners ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , and ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' hits a high note Monday but ' Gossip Girl ' tanks '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' NCIS : LA ' & ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' lifts NBC to 18 - 49 win Tuesday ; ' New Girl ' and FOX comedies hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Revolution ' and ' The Voice ' rise Monday while ' Castle ' hits a high in viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Debate Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : Presidential debate draws big again and ' Emily Owens ' has a decent start Tuesday '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & MLB Baseball Adjusted up ; No Adjustment for ' 90210 ' or ' Dancing With the Stars ' + Final Debate Analysis Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : Obama and Romney beat baseball Monday and ' Gossip Girl ' up a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS : LA ' , ' DWTS ' & ' Vegas ' Adjusted Up , ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' , ' X Factor ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Happy Endings ' has modest premiere Tuesday and ' Parenthood ' beats ' Vegas ' in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' lead a Sandy - impacted Monday '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Voice ' up Tuesday but ' New Girl ' and ' Emily Owens ' drop '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Mob Doctor ' , ' 90210 ' or ' The Voice ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' The Voice ' lead a quiet Monday , CBS comedies low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' The Voice ' drops but still leads Monday in 18 - 49 , ' How I Met Your Mother ' up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Hart of Dixie ' , ' Happy Endings ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' New Girl ' and ' NCIS ' fall Tuesday but ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Emily Owens ' rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' up in 18 - 49 Monday while ' The Voice ' drops '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Private Practice ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' ' Happy Endings ' & ' The New Normal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Voice ' lead a quiet Tuesday while ' New Girl ' hits series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Bones ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' hit season highs Monday , ' The Voice ' rises too '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' finale hits season high Tuesday , ' NCIS ' and ' The Voice ' up too '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website of U.S Dancing with the Stars <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_15)&oldid=800965007 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Dancing With the Stars season 15 2. All-Star cast 3. Celebrity winner Melissa Rycroft 4. Professional winner Tony Dovolani 5. Highest and lowest scoring performances

meaning of the song plush by stone temple pilots

Plush ( song ) - wikipedia Plush ( song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Plush '' <Td_colspan="2"> UK and European single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Stone Temple Pilots <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Core B - side `` Sin '' Released May 13 , 1993 Format CD cassette 7 '' Recorded Genre Grunge Length 5 : 13 ( album version ) 4 : 19 ( radio edit ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Music : Robert DeLeo Lyrics : Scott Weiland Eric Kretz Producer ( s ) Brendan O'Brien <Th_colspan="2"> Stone Temple Pilots singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Sex Type Thing '' ( 1993 ) `` Plush '' ( 1993 ) `` Creep '' ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Sex Type Thing '' ( 1993 ) `` Plush '' ( 1993 ) `` Creep '' ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Plush '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Plush '' is a song by American rock band Stone Temple Pilots . It is one of the band 's biggest hits , and was released as the second single from the 1992 band 's debut studio album , Core . Contents 1 Composition and inspiration 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Acoustic version 5 Track listing 6 Charts 7 Covers 8 References 9 External links Composition and inspiration ( edit ) The song 's chord structure was inspired by Robert DeLeo 's love of ragtime music , and its lyrics were loosely based on a newspaper article Scott Weiland had read about a girl who had been found dead after having been kidnapped in the early 1990s . Weiland had also said that the song 's lyrics are a metaphor for a failed relationship . Reception ( edit ) The song was released in 1992 as Core 's second single and became a major rock radio hit in the U.S. , peaking at # 1 on the Album Rock Tracks and # 9 on the Modern Rock Tracks . The song was also one of the first alternative rock songs to reach the # 1 spot on the Album Rock Tracks chart during height of the alternative rock / grunge scene . `` Plush '' won in the category of `` Best Hard Rock Performance '' at the 1994 Grammy Awards . The music video also earned the band an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1994 . `` Plush '' remains one of the biggest rock hits of the 1990s , and is still commonly heard on radio stations today . The song also was voted # 12 on the Australian annual music poll Triple J Hottest 100 in 1993 . In 2004 , this song was featured in Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas soundtrack on Radio X . The song also appeared as a playable song in the music video games Rock Band 3 and Power Gig : Rise of the SixString in addition to the VH1 series Hindsight . Music video ( edit ) The award - winning music video , directed by Josh Taft , was released in 1993 and had heavy rotation on MTV . It combines a visual interpretation of the song 's lyrics with footage of a red - haired Weiland singing with the band as a lounge act in an empty bar . There are two different versions of this video , with minor but very noticeable differences . For example , in the version that appears on the Thank You Bonus DVD , the last shot of the video is a woman looking at a mirror image of herself and viewing her whole body while the mirror image drifts away . In another version , she 's looking at a mirror image of her face , with water ( possibly rain ) dripping down the reflection of the mirror . Acoustic version ( edit ) Weiland and Stone Temple Pilots guitarist Dean DeLeo performed an impromptu acoustic version of `` Plush '' on the MTV show Headbangers Ball in 1992 . The recording was originally only available on a CD single from the United Kingdom for their single , `` Creep '' , and on the German promotional radio release `` Plush ( unplushed ) '' , but it was not officially released anywhere else until it appeared on the band 's 2003 `` greatest hits '' compilation , Thank You , alongside the original studio recording . Like its original version , it also became a big hit to rock and alternative radio stations in 2003 ( despite not charting on any U.S. or international charts ) although it had moderate airplay when the original version had heavy airplay on radio at the time . A rare first take of the same acoustic version on MTV 's Headbangers Ball was also available , but it was only found as a B - side to the rare `` Crackerman '' single . This version was notable for being a longer version of the one which appeared on `` Thank You '' . It has the same length and processing as the original electric version , and also uses the last part of the original electric version . Although most radio stations play the original acoustic version , few radio stations also managed to play the rare acoustic version . Track listing ( edit ) `` Plush '' ( Edit ) -- 4 : 19 `` Sin '' -- 6 : 05 `` Sex Type Thing ( Swing Type Version ) '' -- 4 : 20 `` Sex Type Thing ( Live on the Word ) '' -- 3 : 32 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Singles Chart 21 UK Singles Chart 23 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay 39 U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 9 U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 18 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MLB pitcher Bronson Arroyo covered the song on his debut album Covering the Bases . Retired MLB player Jeff Conine also covered the song in 2005 on the album Oh Say Can You Sing ? . Aaron Lewis of Staind has covered an acoustic version of the song . Toby Rand and Magni both sang this song on Rock Star : Supernova . Folk - punk band Andrew Jackson Jihad performed a version of the song in July 2014 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . Keller Williams has covered the song during live performances. * Umphrey 's McGee has covered the song during live performance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Danaher ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` The 50 Best Grunge Songs '' . Paste . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg ( 2012 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Plush '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Radio Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock Tracks -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Stone Temple Pilots Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony , David ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Andrew Jackson Jihad covers Stone Temple Pilots '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Stone Temple Pilots <Td_colspan="2"> Dean DeLeo Robert DeLeo Eric Kretz Jeff Gutt Scott Weiland Chester Bennington Studio albums Core Purple Tiny Music ... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop No. 4 Shangri - La Dee Da Stone Temple Pilots ( 2010 ) Stone Temple Pilots ( 2018 ) Extended plays High Rise Compilations Thank You Singles Commercial `` Sex Type Thing '' `` Plush '' `` Creep '' `` Big Empty '' `` Vasoline '' `` Interstate Love Song '' `` Dancing Days '' `` Big Bang Baby '' `` Trippin ' on a Hole in a Paper Heart '' `` Lady Picture Show '' `` Down '' `` Sour Girl '' `` Days of the Week '' `` Hollywood Bitch '' `` Revolution '' `` All in the Suit That You Wear '' `` Between the Lines '' `` Take a Load Off '' `` Cinnamon '' `` Out of Time '' `` Black Heart '' `` Meadow '' Promotional `` Dead & Bloated '' `` Crackerman '' `` Wicked Garden '' `` Unglued '' `` Pretty Penny '' `` Tumble in the Rough '' `` Art School Girl '' `` Heaven & Hot Rods '' `` No Way Out '' `` Wonderful '' Related Discography 2008 Reunion Tour Army of Anyone album Talk Show album Velvet Revolver The Wondergirls Linkin Park <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plush_(song)&oldid=847142405 '' Categories : Stone Temple Pilots songs 1993 singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Songs written by Eric Kretz Songs written by Robert DeLeo Songs written by Scott Weiland Song recordings produced by Brendan O'Brien ( record producer ) Songs inspired by deaths Songs based on actual events Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Plush" - Stone Temple Pilots song 2. Composition and inspiration of the song 3. Reception and success of "Plush" 4. Music video for "Plush" 5. Covers of the song by other artists

what is the other symbol on the tilde key

Tilde - wikipedia Tilde This article is about the punctuation mark . For the given name , see Matilda ( name ) . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . <Th_colspan="2"> ~ <Td_colspan="2"> Tilde <Td_colspan="2"> _̃ ∼ ◌ ̃ Small tilde Tilde operator Combining tilde <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⧸ ⁄ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Word dividers interpunct space <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet caret dagger † ‡ ⹋ degree ° ditto mark '' equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign , pound , hash # numero sign No obelus ÷ ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus , minus + − plus - minus , minus - plus ± ∓ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Intellectual property copyright © copyleft 🄯 sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ​ ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₿ ​ ₵ ​ ¢ ​ ₡ ​ ₢ ​ $ ​ ₫ ​ ₯ ​ ֏ ​ ₠ ​ € ​ ƒ ​ ₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​ ₭ ​ ₺ ​ ₾ ​ ₼ ​ M ​ ₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​ ₱ ​ ₰ ​ £ ​ 元 圆 圓 ​ ریال ​ ៛ ​ ₽ ​ ₹ Rs ​ ₪ ​ ৳ ​ ₸ ​ ₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥ 円 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron , hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ <Th_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters <Th_colspan="2"> In other scripts <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book <Td_colspan="2"> The tilde ( / ˈtɪldə / or / ˈtɪldi / ; _̃ or ~ ) is a grapheme with several uses . The name of the character came into English from Spanish and from Portuguese , which in turn came from the Latin titulus , meaning `` title '' or `` superscription '' . The reason for the name was that it was originally written over a letter as a scribal abbreviation , as a `` mark of suspension '' , shown as a straight line when used with capitals . Thus the commonly used words Anno Domini were frequently abbreviated to A Dñi , an elevated terminal with a suspension mark placed over the `` n '' . Such a mark could denote the omission of one letter or several letters . This saved on the expense of the scribe 's labour and the cost of vellum and ink . Medieval European charters written in Latin are largely made up of such abbreviated words with suspension marks and other abbreviations ; only uncommon words were given in full . The tilde has since been applied to a number of other uses as a diacritic mark or a character in its own right . These are encoded in Unicode at U + 0303 ◌ ̃ Combining Tilde and U + 007E ~ Tilde ( as a spacing character ) , and there are additional similar characters for different roles . In lexicography , the latter kind of tilde and the swung dash ( ⁓ ) are used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common use 2 History 2.1 Use by medieval scribes 2.2 Role of mechanical typewriters 3 Connection to Spanish 4 Diacritical use 4.1 Pitch 4.2 Abbreviation 4.3 Nasalization 4.4 Palatal n 4.5 Tone 4.6 International Phonetic Alphabet 4.7 Letter extension 4.8 Other uses 4.9 Precomposed Unicode characters 5 Similar characters 6 ASCII tilde ( U + 007E ) 7 Punctuation 7.1 Range 7.2 Approximation 7.3 Japanese 7.3. 1 Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash 8 Mathematics 8.1 As a unary operator 8.2 As a relational operator 8.3 As an accent 9 Physics 10 Economics 11 Electronics 12 Computing 12.1 Directories and URLs 12.2 Computer languages 12.3 Backup filenames 12.4 Microsoft filenames 12.5 Other uses 13 Juggling notation 14 Keyboards 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Common use ( edit ) This symbol ( in English ) informally means `` approximately '' , `` about '' , or `` around '' , such as `` ~ 30 minutes before '' , meaning `` approximately 30 minutes before '' . It can mean `` similar to '' , including `` of the same order of magnitude as '' , such as : `` x ~ y '' meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude . Another approximation symbol is the double - tilde ≈ , meaning `` approximately equal to '' , the critical difference being the subjective level of accuracy : ≈ indicates a value which can be considered functionally equivalent for a calculation within an acceptable degree of error , whereas ~ is usually used to indicate a larger , possibly significant , degree of error . The tilde is also used to indicate `` equal to '' or `` approximately equal to '' by placing it over the `` = '' symbol , like so : ≅ . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Use by medieval scribes ( edit ) Text of Exeter Domesday Book of 1086 The text of the Domesday Book of 1086 , relating for example , to the manor of Molland in Devon ( see image left ) , is highly abbreviated as indicated by numerous tildes . The text with abbreviations expanded is as follows : Mollande tempore regis Edwardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling . Terra est quadraginta carucae . In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginta bordarii cum sedecim carucis . Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae . Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine . Libras ad pensam . Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole . Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida . Terra est duae carucae . Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo . Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram . Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos . Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum . Role of mechanical typewriters ( edit ) The incorporation of the tilde ( ~ ) into ASCII is a direct result of its appearance as a distinct character on mechanical typewriters in the late nineteenth century . When all character sets were pieces of metal permanently installed , and number of characters much more limited than in typography , the question of which languages and markets required which characters was an important one . Any good typewriter store had a catalog of alternative keyboards that could be specified for machines ordered from the factory . At that time , the tilde was used only in Spanish and Portuguese typewriters ( keyboards ) . In Modern Spanish , the tilde is used only with n and N. Both were conveniently assigned to a single mechanical typebar , which sacrificed a key that was felt to be less important , usually the 1⁄2 -- 1⁄4 key . Portuguese , however , uses not ñ but nh . It uses the tilde on the vowels a and o . So as not to sacrifice two of the tightly limited keys to ã Ã õ Õ , the decision was made to make the ~ a separate `` dead '' character in which the carriage holding the paper did not move . Dead keys , which had a notch cut out to avoid hitting a mechanical linkage that triggered carriage movement , were used for characters that were intended to be combined ( overstruck ) . On mechanical typewriters , Spanish keyboards ( the first , or one of the first , non-English keyboards ) had a dead key , which contained the acute accent ( _́ ) , used over any vowel , and the dieresis ( _̈ ) , used only over u . It was a simple matter to create a dead key for a Portuguese keyboard ( created later than the Spanish one ) to be overstruck with a and o and so the ~ was born as a typographical character , which did not exist previously as a type or hot - lead printing character . That was probably a product of the first and leading manufacturer of ( mechanical ) typewriters , Remington . Connection to Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Ñ Logo of the Instituto Cervantes Logo of CNN en Español As indicated by the etymological origin of the word `` tilde '' in English , this symbol has been closely associated with the Spanish language . The connection stems from the use of the tilde above the letter `` n '' to form `` ñ '' in Spanish , a feature shared by only a few other languages , all historically connected to Spanish . This peculiarity can help non-native speakers quickly identify a text as being written in Spanish with little chance of error . In addition , most native speakers , although not all , use the word `` español '' to refer to their language . Particularly during the 1990s , Spanish - speaking intellectuals and news outlets demonstrated support for the language and the culture by defending this letter against globalisation and computerisation trends that threatened to remove it from keyboards and other standardised products and codes . The Instituto Cervantes , founded by Spain 's government to promote the Spanish language internationally , chose as its logo a highly stylised Ñ with a large tilde . A 24 - hour news channel CNN in the US later adopted a similar strategy on its existing logo for the launch of its Spanish - language version . And similarly to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Spain men 's national basketball team is nicknamed ÑBA . Confusingly , in Spanish itself the word tilde is used more generally for diacritics , including the stress - marking acute accent . The diacritic ~ is more commonly called la virgulilla or la tilde de la eñe , and is not considered an accent mark in Spanish , but rather simply a part of the letter ñ ( much like the dot over the i ) . Diacritical use ( edit ) In some languages , the tilde is used as a diacritical mark ( _̃ ) placed over a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation , such as nasalization . Pitch ( edit ) It was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek , as a variant of the circumflex , representing a rise in pitch followed by a return to standard pitch . Abbreviation ( edit ) Carta marina showing Finnish economy , with the captions Hic fabricantur naves and Hic fabricantur bombarde abbreviated Later , it was used to make abbreviations in medieval Latin documents . When an ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ m ⟩ followed a vowel , it was often omitted , and a tilde ( i.e. , a small ⟨ n ⟩ ) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter ; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization ( compare the development of the umlaut as an abbreviation of ⟨ e ⟩ . ) The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ m ⟩ continued in printed books in French as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century . It was also used in Portuguese , and Spanish . The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations , such as over the letter ⟨ q ⟩ ( `` q̃ '' ) to signify the word que ( `` that '' ) . Nasalization ( edit ) It is also as a small ⟨ n ⟩ that the tilde originated when written above other letters , marking a Latin ⟨ n ⟩ which had been elided in old Galician - Portuguese . In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel : mão `` hand '' , from Lat . manu - ; razões `` reasons '' , from Lat . rationes . This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America , such as Guarani and Nheengatu , as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) and many other phonetic alphabets . For example , ( ljɔ̃ ) is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place - name Lyon . In Breton , the symbol ⟨ ñ ⟩ after a vowel means that the letter ⟨ n ⟩ serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation , without being itself pronounced , as it normally is . For example , ⟨ an ⟩ gives the pronunciation ( ãn ) whereas ⟨ añ ⟩ gives ( ã ) . Palatal n ( edit ) Main article : Ñ The tilded ⟨ n ⟩ ( ⟨ ñ ⟩ , ⟨ Ñ ⟩ ) developed from the digraph ⟨ nn ⟩ in Spanish . In this language , ⟨ ñ ⟩ is considered a separate letter called eñe ( IPA : ( ˈeɲe ) ) , rather than a letter - diacritic combination ; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters ⟨ n ⟩ and ⟨ o ⟩ . In Spanish the word tilde can refer to diacritics in general , e.g. the acute accent in José , and the diacritic in ⟨ ñ ⟩ can also be called `` virgulilla '' . Current languages in which the tilded ⟨ n ⟩ ( ⟨ ñ ⟩ ) is used for the palatal nasal consonant / ɲ / include : Asturian Basque Chamorro Filipino Galician Guaraní Iñupiaq Mapudungun Papiamento Quechua Spanish Tetum Tone ( edit ) In Vietnamese , a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising tone ( ngã ) . International phonetic Alphabet ( edit ) In phonetics , a tilde is used as a diacritic that is placed above a letter , below it or superimposed onto the middle of it : A tilde above a letter indicates nasalization , e.g. ( ã ) , ( ṽ ) . A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates velarization or pharyngealization , e.g. ( ɫ ) , ( z̴ ) . If no precomposed Unicode character exists , the Unicode character U + 0334 ◌ ̴ COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY can be used to generate one . A tilde below a letter indicates laryngealisation , e.g. ( d̰ ) . If no precomposed Unicode character exists , the Unicode character U + 0330 ◌ ̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW can be used to generate one . Letter extension ( edit ) In Estonian , the symbol ⟨ õ ⟩ stands for the close - mid back unrounded vowel , and it is considered an independent letter . Other uses ( edit ) Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes : Arabic script : A symbol resembling the tilde ( U + 0653 ـٓ ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE ) is used over the letter ⟨ ا ⟩ ( / a / ) to become ⟨ آ ⟩ , denoting a long / aː / sound ( ( ʔæː ) ) . Guaraní : The tilded ⟨ G̃ ⟩ ( note that ⟨ G / g ⟩ with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in Unicode ) stands for the velar nasal consonant . Also , the tilded ⟨ y ⟩ ( ⟨ Ỹ ⟩ ) stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel ( ɨ̃ ) . A small number of other alphabets also use ⟨ g̃ ⟩ . Syriac script : A tilde ( ~ ) under the letter Kaph represents a ( t͡ʃ ) sound , transliterated as ch or č . Estonian uses tilde above the letter o ( õ ) to indicate a vowel sound of ( ɤ ) almost unique to that language . Unicode has a combining vertical tilde character : U + 033E ◌ ̾ COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE . It is used to indicate middle tone in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the Lithuanian language . Precomposed Unicode characters ( edit ) The following letters using the tilde as a diacritic exist as precomposed or combining Unicode characters : Letter Code point hide Name Ẵ U + 1EB4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE ẵ U + 1EB5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE Ẫ U + 1EAA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ẫ U + 1EAB LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ã U + 00C3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE ã U + 00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE ᵬ U + 1D6C LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵭ U + 1D6D LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ễ U + 1EC4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ễ U + 1EC5 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ḛ U + 1E1A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW ḛ U + 1E1B LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW Ẽ U + 1EBC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE ẽ U + 1EBD LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE ᵮ U + 1D6E LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ḭ U + 1E2C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW ḭ U + 1E2D LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW Ĩ U + 0128 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE ĩ U + 0129 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE Ɫ U + 2C62 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɫ U + 026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɫ U + AB5E MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ꬸ U + AB38 LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE ◌ ᷬ U + 1DEC COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE ᵯ U + 1D6F LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵰ U + 1D70 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ñ U + 00D1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE ñ U + 00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE Ỗ U + 1ED6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ỗ U + 1ED7 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE Ỡ U + 1EE0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE ỡ U + 1EE1 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE Ṍ U + 1E4C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE ṍ U + 1E4D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE Ṏ U + 1E4E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS ṏ U + 1E4F LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS Ȭ U + 022C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON ȭ U + 022D LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON Õ U + 00D5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE õ U + 00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE ᵱ U + 1D71 LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵳ U + 1D73 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE ᵲ U + 1D72 LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵴ U + 1D74 LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE ᵵ U + 1D75 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE Ữ U + 1EEE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE ữ U + 1EEF LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE Ṹ U + 1E78 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE ṹ U + 1E79 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE Ṵ U + 1E74 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW ṵ U + 1E75 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW Ũ U + 0168 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE ũ U + 0169 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE Ṽ U + 1E7C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE ṽ U + 1E7D LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE Ỹ U + 1EF8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE ỹ U + 1EF9 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE ᵶ U + 1D76 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE Similar characters ( edit ) There are many Unicode characters for tildes , symbols incorporating tildes , and characters visually similar to a tilde : Character Code point Name hide Comments ~ U + 007E TILDE Same as keyboard tilde . In - line . _̃ U + 02DC SMALL TILDE Raised but quite small . ˷ U + 02F7 MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE ◌ ̃ U + 0303 COMBINING TILDE ◌ ̰ U + 0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW Used in IPA to indicate creaky voice ◌ ̴ U + 0334 COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY Used in IPA to indicate velarization or pharyngealization ◌ ̾ U + 033E COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE ◌ ͂ U + 0342 COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI Used as an Ancient Greek accent under the name `` circumflex '' ; it can also be written as an inverted breve . ◌ ͊ U + 034A COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE Raised , small , with slash through . ◌ ͠ ◌ U + 0360 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE ◌ ֘ U + 0598 HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA Hebrew cantillation mark . ◌ ֮ U + 05AE HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR Hebrew cantillation mark . ◌ ᷉ U + 1DC9 COMBINING ACUTE - GRAVE - ACUTE Used in IPA as a tone mark . ⁓ U + 2053 SWUNG DASH ∼ U + 223C TILDE OPERATOR Used in mathematics . In - line . Ends not curved as much . ∽ U + 223D REVERSED TILDE In some fonts it is the tilde 's simple mirror image ; others extend the tips to resemble a ᔕ , or an open ∞ . ∿ U + 223F SINE WAVE ≁ U + 2241 NOT TILDE ≂ U + 2242 MINUS TILDE ≃ U + 2243 ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO ≄ U + 2244 NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO ≅ U + 2245 APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO ≆ U + 2246 APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO ≇ U + 2247 NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO ≈ U + 2248 ALMOST EQUAL TO ≉ U + 2249 NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO ≊ U + 224A ALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO ≋ U + 224B TRIPLE TILDE ≌ U + 224C ALL EQUAL TO ⋍ U + 22CD REVERSED TILDE EQUALS ⍨ U + 2368 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS ⍫ U + 236B APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE ⍭ U + 236D APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE ⍱ U + 2371 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE ⍲ U + 2372 APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE ⥲ U + 2972 TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW ⥳ U + 2973 LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⥴ U + 2974 RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⧤ U + 29E4 EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE ⨤ U + 2A24 PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE ⨦ U + 2A26 PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW ⩪ U + 2A6A TILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE ⩫ U + 2A6B TILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS ⩳ U + 2A73 EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫇ U + 2AC7 SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫈ U + 2AC8 SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR ⫳ U + 2AF3 PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR ⭁ U + 2B41 REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW ⭇ U + 2B47 REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW ⭉ U + 2B49 TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW ⭋ U + 2B4B LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ⭌ U + 2B4C RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ⸛ U + 2E1B TILDE WITH RING ABOVE ⸞ U + 2E1E TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE ⸟ U + 2E1F TILDE WITH DOT BELOW ⸯ U + 2E2F VERTICAL TILDE 〜 U + 301C WAVE DASH Used in Japanese punctuation . 〰 U + 3030 WAVY DASH ◌ ︢ U + FE22 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE LEFT HALF ◌ ︣ U + FE23 COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE RIGHT HALF ◌ ︩ U + FE29 COMBINING TILDE LEFT HALF BELOW ◌ ︪ U + FE2A COMBINING TILDE RIGHT HALF BELOW _̅ U + FE4B WAVY OVERLINE _ U + FE4F WAVY LOW LINE ~ U + FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE 50 % wider . In - line . Ends not curved much . ~ U + E007E TAG TILDE Formatting tag control character . ASCII tilde ( U + 007E ) ( edit ) Serif : -- ~ -- Sans - serif : -- ~ -- Monospace : -- ~ -- <Td_colspan="2"> A tilde between two em dashes in three font families Raised tilde from a dot matrix printer Most modern proportional fonts align plain spacing tilde at the same level as dashes , or only slightly upper . This distinguishes it from a small tilde ( _̃ ) , which is always raised . But in some monospace fonts , especially used in text user interfaces , ASCII tilde character is raised too . This apparently is a legacy of typewriters , where pairs of similar spacing and combining characters relied on one glyph . Even in line printers ' age character repertoires were often not large enough to distinguish between plain tilde , small tilde and combining tilde . Overprinting of a letter by the tilde was a working method of combining a letter . Punctuation ( edit ) The tilde ( ~ ) is used in various ways in punctuation : Range ( edit ) In some languages ( though not generally in English ) , a tilde - like wavy dash may be used as punctuation ( instead of an unspaced hyphen , en dash or em dash ) between two numbers , to indicate a range rather than subtraction or a hyphenated number ( such as a part number or model number ) . For example , `` 12 ~ 15 '' means `` 12 to 15 '' , `` ~ 3 '' means `` up to three '' , and `` 100 ~ '' means `` 100 and greater '' . Japanese and other East Asian languages almost always use this convention , but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well . Chinese uses the wavy dash and full - width em dash interchangeably for this purpose . In English , the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in electronics , but rarely in formal grammar or in type - set documents , as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation ( see below ) . Approximation ( edit ) Before a number the tilde can mean `` approximately '' ; `` ~ 42 '' means `` approximately 42 '' . Japanese ( edit ) Further information : Japanese punctuation § Wave dash The wave dash ( 波 ダッシュ , nami dasshu ) is used for various purposes in Japanese , including to denote ranges of numbers , in place of dashes or brackets , and to indicate origin . The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line , as a colon is used in English . When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a sarcasm mark . The sign is used as a replacement for the chouon , katakana character , in Japanese , extending the final syllable . Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash ( edit ) Correct JIS wave dash . Previous Unicode wave dash ( incorrect ) . In practice the full - width tilde ( 全角 チルダ , zenkaku chiruda ) , Unicode U + FF5E , is often used instead of the wave dash ( 波 ダッシュ , nami dasshu ) , Unicode U + 301C , because the Shift JIS code for the wave dash , 0x8160 , which is supposed to be mapped to U + 301C , is instead mapped to U + FF5E in Windows code page 932 ( Microsoft 's code page for Japanese ) , a widely used extension of Shift JIS . This avoided a shape definition error in the Unicode code charts : the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS matches the Unicode reference glyph for U + FF5E , while the reference glyph for U + 301C was reflected , incorrectly , when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash . In other platforms such as the classic Mac OS and macOS , 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U + 301C . It is generally difficult , if not impossible , for users of Japanese Windows to type U + 301C , especially in legacy , non-Unicode applications . A similar situation exists regarding the Korean KS X 1001 character set , in which Microsoft maps the EUC - KR or UHC code for the wave dash ( 0xA1AD ) to U + 223C ( Tilde Operator ) , while IBM and Apple map it to U + 301C . The current Unicode reference glyph for U + 301C has been corrected to match the JIS standard in response to a 2014 proposal , which noted that while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued Windows XP , all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows matched the JIS reference glyph for U + 301C . The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U + 301C as of JIS X 0213 , whereas the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U + FF5E . These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several fonts , reducing the confusion and incompatibility . Mathematics ( edit ) As a unary operator ( edit ) A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean `` approximately '' , `` about '' or `` of the same order of magnitude as . '' In written mathematical logic , the tilde represents negation : `` ~ p '' means `` not p '' , where `` p '' is a proposition . Modern use often replaces the tilde with the negation symbol ( ¬ ) for this purpose , to avoid confusion with equivalence relations . As a relational operator ( edit ) In mathematics , the tilde operator ( Unicode U + 223C ) , sometimes called `` twiddle '' , is often used to denote an equivalence relation between two objects . Thus `` x ~ y '' means `` x is equivalent to y '' . It is a weaker statement than stating that x equals y . The expression `` x ~ y '' is sometimes read aloud as `` x twiddles y '' , perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of `` x = y '' . The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways . It can be used to denote the asymptotic equality of two functions . For example , f ( x ) ~ g ( x ) means that lim f ( x ) ∕ g ( x ) = 1 . A tilde is also used to indicate `` approximately equal to '' ( e.g. 1.902 ~ = 2 ) . This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the libra symbol used for the same purpose in written mathematics , which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump , bump , ︎or loop in the middle ( ︍︍ ♎ ︎ ) or , sometimes , a tilde ( ≃ ) . The symbol `` ≈ '' is also used for this purpose. ︎ In physics and astronomy , a tilde can be used between two expressions ( e.g. h ~ 10 J s ) to state that the two are of the same order of magnitude . In statistics and probability theory , the tilde means `` is distributed as '' ; see random variable . A tilde can also be used to represent geometric similarity ( e.g. ∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF , meaning triangle ABC is similar to DEF ) . A triple tilde ( ≋ ) is often used to show congruence , an equivalence relation in geometry . As an accent ( edit ) The symbol `` f ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( f ) ) ) '' is pronounced as `` eff tilde '' or , informally , as `` eff twiddle '' or , in American English , `` eff wiggle '' . This can be used to denote the Fourier transform of f , or a lift of f , and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context . A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a vector quantity ( e.g. ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ... , x n ) = x ∼ ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , x_ ( 2 ) , x_ ( 3 ) , \ ldots , x_ ( n ) ) = ( \ underset ( ^ ( \ sim ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) ) . In statistics and probability theory , a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable ; thus y ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( \ mathbf ( y ) ) ) ) would indicate the median of the variable y ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( y ) ) . A tilde over the letter n ( n ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( n ) ) ) ) is sometimes used to indicate the harmonic mean . Physics ( edit ) Often in physics , one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation , and then a perturbation to that equilibrium . For the variables in the original equation ( for instance X ( \ displaystyle X ) ) a substitution X → x + x ~ ( \ displaystyle X \ to x+ ( \ tilde ( x ) ) ) can be made , where x ( \ displaystyle x ) is the equilibrium part and x ~ ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( x ) ) ) is the perturbed part . A tilde is also used in particle physics to denote the hypothetical supersymmetric partner . For example , an electron is referred to by the letter e , and its superpartner the selectron is written ẽ . Economics ( edit ) For relations involving preference , economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods . For example , to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles x and y , an economist would write x ~ y . Electronics ( edit ) It can approximate the sine wave symbol ( ∿ , U+ 223F ) , which is used in electronics to indicate alternating current , in place of + , − , or ⎓ for direct current . Computing ( edit ) Directories and URLs ( edit ) On Unix - like operating systems ( including AIX , BSD , Linux and Mac OS X ) , tilde normally indicates the current user 's home directory . For example , if the current user 's home directory is / home / bloggsj , then the command cd ~ is equivalent to cd / home / bloggsj , cd $ HOME , or cd . This convention derives from the Lear - Siegler ADM - 3A terminal in common use during the 1970s , which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word `` Home '' ( for moving the cursor to the upper left ) on the same key . When prepended to a particular username , the tilde indicates that user 's home directory ( e.g. , ~ janedoe for the home directory of user janedoe , such as / home / janedoe ) . Used in URLs on the World Wide Web , it often denotes a personal website on a Unix - based server . For example , http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ might be the personal web site of John Doe . This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde . However , when accessed from the web , file access is usually directed to a subdirectory in the user 's home directory , such as / home / username / public_html or / home / username / www . In URLs , the characters ~ ( or % 7e ) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key . Thus , http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ and http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/ will behave in the same manner . Computer languages ( edit ) The tilde is used in the AWK programming language as part of the pattern match operators for regular expressions : variable ~ / regex / returns true if the variable is matched . variable ! ~ / regex / returns false if the variable is matched . A variant of this , with the plain tilde replaced with = ~ , was adopted in Perl , and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages , such as Ruby or the SQL variant of the database PostgreSQL . In APL and MATLAB , tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT . In the C , C++ and C# programming languages , the tilde character is used as bitwise NOT operator , following the notation in logic ( an ! causes a logical NOT , instead ) . In C++ and C# , the tilde is also used as the first character in a class 's method name ( where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class ) to indicate a destructor -- a special method which is called at the end of the object 's life . In ASP.NET application tilde ( ' ~ ' ) is used as a shortcut to the root of the application 's virtual directory . In the CSS stylesheet language , the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector . In the D programming language , the tilde is used as an array concatenation operator , as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator . Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types , and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects , or adding some objects to set of objects . It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations . For example , what to do with `` 120 '' + `` 14 '' ? Is this a string `` 134 '' ( addition of two numbers ) , or `` 12014 '' ( concatenation of strings ) or something else ? D disallows + operator for arrays ( and strings ) , and provides separate operator for concatenation ( similarly PHP programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation , and + for number addition , which will also work on strings containing numbers ) . In Eiffel , the tilde is used for object comparison . If a and b denote objects , the boolean expression a ~ b has value true if and only if these objects are equal , as defined by the applicable version of the library routine is_equal , which by default denotes field - by - field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality . If a and b are references , the object equality expression a ~ b is to be contrasted with a = b which denotes reference equality . Unlike the call a. is_equal ( b ) , the expression a ~ b is type - safe even in the presence of covariance . In the Apache Groovy programming language the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate ( ) method . Given a String the method will produce a java. util. regex. Pattern . Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. = ~ and = = ~ can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression . In Haskell , the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality . Also , in pattern - matching , the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match . In the Inform programming language , the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string . In `` text mode '' of the LaTeX typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using , e.g. , \ ~ ( n ) , yielding `` ñ '' . A stand - alone tilde can be obtained by using \ textasciitilde or \ string ~ . In `` math mode '' a tilde diacritic can be written as , e.g. , \ tilde ( x ) . For a wider tilde \ widetilde can be used . The \ sim command produce a tilde - like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions , and the double - tilde ≈ is obtained with \ approx . The url package also supports entering tildes directly , e.g. , \ url ( http://server/~name ) . In both text and math mode , a tilde on its own ( ~ ) renders a white space with no line breaking . In MediaWiki syntax , four tildes are used as a shortcut for a user 's signature . In Common Lisp , the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings . In Max / MSP , a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer 's sampling rate , i.e. mainly those that deal with sound . In Standard ML , the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator . In OCaml , the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter . In Microsoft 's SQL Server Transact - SQL ( T - SQL ) language , the tilde is a unary Bitwise NOT operator . In JavaScript , the tilde is used as a unary bitwise complement ( or bitwise negation ) operation ( ~ number ) . Because JavaScript internally uses floats and the bitwise complement only works on integers , numbers are stripped of their decimal part before applying the operation . This has also given rise to using two tildes ~ ~ number as a short syntax for a cast to integer ( numbers are stripped of their decimal part and changed into their complement , and then back . The net result is thus only the removal of the decimal part ) . For positive numbers , this is equivalent to the mathematical floor function . In Object REXX , the twiddle is used as a `` message send '' symbol . For example , Employee.name ~ lower ( ) would cause the lower ( ) method to act on the object Employee ' s name attribute , returning the result of the operation . ~ ~ returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced . Thus it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used . team ~ ~ insert ( `` Jane '' ) ~ ~ insert ( `` Joe '' ) ~ ~ insert ( `` Steve '' ) would send multiple concurrent insert messages , thus invoking the insert method three consecutive times on the team object . Backup filenames ( edit ) The dominant Unix convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name . It originated with the Emacs text editor and was adopted by many other editors and some command - line tools . Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme , with files named filename. ~ 1 ~ , filename. ~ 2 ~ and so on . It did n't catch on , as the rise of version control software eliminates the need for this usage . Microsoft filenames ( edit ) The tilde was part of Microsoft 's filename mangling scheme when it extended the FAT file system standard to support long filenames for Microsoft Windows . Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so - called 8.3 format -- the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set ( e.g. no spaces ) , followed by a period , followed by three more characters . In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system , each file had to be given two names -- one long , more descriptive one , and one that conformed to the 8.3 format . This was accomplished with a name - mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit . For example , `` Program Files '' might become `` PROGRA ~ 1 '' . The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows . For example , when a document `` Document1. doc '' is opened in Word , a file called `` ~ $ cument1. doc '' is created in the same directory . This file contains information about which user has the file open , to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time . Other uses ( edit ) Computer programmers use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol ( as opposed to the diacritic ) a squiggle , squiggly , or twiddle . According to the Jargon File , other synonyms sometimes used in programming include not , approx , wiggle , enyay ( after eñe ) and ( humorously ) sqiggle / ˈskɪɡəl / . It is used in many languages as a binary inversion operator , swapping a number 's binary 1 's and 0 's for example ~ 10 ( binary ~ 1010 ) is equal to 5 ( binary 0101 ) . In Perl 6 , `` ~ ~ '' is used instead of `` = ~ '' . Juggling notation ( edit ) In the juggling notation system Beatmap , tilde can be added to either `` hand '' in a pair of fields to say `` cross the arms with this hand on top '' . Mills Mess is thus represented as ( ~ 2x , 1 ) ( 1 , 2x ) ( 2x , ~ 1 ) * . Keyboards ( edit ) Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer 's language settings according to the following chart . On many keyboards it is primarily available through a dead key that makes it possible to produce a variety of precomposed characters with the diacritic . In that case , a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar , or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row . To insert a tilde with the dead key , it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the Alt Gr key . On the keyboard layouts that include an Alt Gr key , it typically takes the place of the right - hand Alt key . With a Macintosh either of the Alt / Option keys function similarly . In the US and European Windows systems , the Alt code for a single tilde is 126 . For Mac use option +'n ' key Keyboard Insert a single tilde ( ~ ) Insert a precomposed character with tilde ( e.g. ã ) Arabic ( Saudi Arabia ) ⇧ Shift + ` ذّ Croatian Alt Gr + 1 Danish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter Dvorak Alt Gr + = followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + ' followed by Space Alt Gr + = followed by the relevant letter , or Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + ' followed by the relevant letter English ( Australia ) ⇧ Shift + ` English ( Canada ) ⇧ Shift + ` English ( UK ) ⇧ Shift + # English ( US ) ⇧ Shift + ` Ctrl + ~ followed by the relevant letter Faroese Alt Gr + ð followed by Space Alt Gr + ð followed by the relevant letter Finnish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter French ( Canada ) Alt Gr + ç followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ç ç Alt Gr + ç followed by the relevant letter French ( France ) Alt Gr + é followed by Space , or Alt Gr + é é ⌥ Option + n ( on Mac OS X ) Alt Gr + é followed by the relevant letter French ( Switzerland ) Alt Gr + ^ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ^ ^ Alt Gr + ^ followed by the relevant letter Bépo ( French Dvorak ) Alt Gr + N followed by Space , or Alt Gr + K Alt Gr + N followed by the relevant letter German ( Germany ) Alt Gr + + German ( Switzerland ) Alt Gr + ^ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ^ ^ Alt Gr + ^ followed by the relevant letter Hebrew ( Israel ) ⇧ Shift + ~ Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + ~ followed by the relevant letter Hindi ( India ) Alt Gr + ⇧ Shift + the key to the left of 1 Hungarian Alt Gr + 1 Icelandic Alt Gr + ' ( the same key as ? ) Italian ⌥ Option + 5 ( on Mac OS X ) Alt Gr + ì ( on Linux ) Alt + 1 2 6 ( on Windows ) Norwegian Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ . On Mac : Ctrl + ⌥ Option + _̈ , or ⌥ Option + _̈ followed by Space . Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter . On Mac : ⌥ Option + _̈ followed by the relevant letter . Polish ⇧ Shift + ` followed by Space , or ⇧ Shift + ` ` The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde ; when followed by ( acelnosxz ) , it results in ( ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż ) instead . Portuguese ~ followed by Space ~ followed by the relevant letter Slovak Alt Gr + 1 Spanish ( Spain ) Alt Gr + 4 followed by Space , or Alt Gr + 4 4 ( on Windows ) On Linux : Alt Gr + 4 , or Alt Gr + ¡ followed by Space . On Mac : Ctrl + ⌥ Option + Ñ , or ⌥ Option + Ñ followed by Space . Alt Gr + 4 ( on Windows ) followed by the relevant letter . Alt Gr + ¡ ( on Linux ) followed by the relevant letter . On Mac : ⌥ Option + Ñ followed by the relevant letter . Spanish ( Latin America ) Alt Gr + + Swedish Alt Gr + _̈ followed by Space , or Alt Gr + _̈ _̈ Alt Gr + _̈ followed by the relevant letter Turkish Alt Gr + ü followed by Space , or Alt Gr + ü ü Alt Gr + ü followed by the relevant letter See also ( edit ) Circumflex Tittle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : tilde in the American Heritage dictionary Jump up ^ Several more or less common informal names are used for the tilde that usually describe the shape , including squiggly , squiggle ( s ) , and flourish . Jump up ^ `` Swung dash '' , WordNet ( search ) ( 3.0 ed . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tilde '' . Wolfram / MathWorld. 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Elementary Mathematics -- Mathematical symbols dictionary '' . Bymath . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Character design standards - Maths '' . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Liam . `` HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters '' . HTML help . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Math Symbols ... Those Most Valuable and Important : Approximately Equal Symbol '' . Solving Math problems . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 26 argumentos para seguir defendiendo la Ñ '' . La Razón . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ AFP . `` Batalla de la Ñ : Una aventura quijotesca para defender el alma de la lengua '' . Periódico ABC Paraguay . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Diccionario de la lengua española , Real Academia Española Jump up ^ Ortografía de la lengua española . Madrid : Real Academia Española. 2010 . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 670 - 3426 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lema en la RAE '' . Real Academia Española . Retrieved 10 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ Nestle , Eberhard ( 1888 ) . Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur , Chrestomathie und Glossar . Berlin : H. Reuther 's Verlagsbuchhandlung . ( translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography , chrestomathy and glossary , by R.S. Kennedy . London : Williams & Norgate 1889 . p. 5 ) . Jump up ^ Lithuanian Standards Board ( LST ) , proposal for a zigzag diacritic Jump up ^ `` Other symbols '' , Abstract Math Jump up ^ `` Appendix 1 : Shift_JIS - 2004 vs Unicode mapping table '' , JIS X 0213 : 2004 , X 0213 . Jump up ^ Shift - JIS to Unicode , Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Windows 932_81 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ISO - IR - 087 : Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange '' ( PDF ) . JP : Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan ( IPSJ / ITSCJ ) . Jump up ^ `` ISO - IR - 233 : Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange , Plane 1 '' ( PDF ) . JP : Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan ( IPSJ / ITSCJ ) . Jump up ^ Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode . Jump up ^ CJK Symbols and Punctuation ( Unicode 6.2 ) ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode . ^ Jump up to : Errata Fixed in Unicode 8.0. 0 , Unicode Jump up ^ `` windows - 949 - 2000 ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Lead Byte A1 - A2 ( Code page 949 ) '' . MSDN . Microsoft . Jump up ^ `` ibm - 1363_P110 - 1997 ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` euc - kr ( lead byte A1 ) '' . ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer . International Components for Unicode . Jump up ^ `` Map ( external version ) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later '' . Apple . Jump up ^ CJK Symbols and Punctuation ( PDF ) ( chart ) , Unicode Jump up ^ Komatsu , Hiroyuki , L2 / 14 - 198 : Proposal for the modification of the sample character layout of WAVE_DASH ( U + 301C ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Shift_JIS - 2004 ( JIS X 0213 : 2004 Appendix 1 ) vs Unicode mapping table , x0213.org Jump up ^ `` Shift_JIS visualization '' , Encoding Standard , WHATWG Jump up ^ Derbyshire , J ( 2004 ) , Prime Obsession : Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics , New York : Penguin . Jump up ^ `` Tilde '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Choy , Stephen TL ; Jesudason , Judith Packer ; Lee , Peng Yee ( 1988 ) . Proceedings of the Analysis Conference , Singapore 1986 . Elsevier . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tilde expansion '' , C Library Manual , The GNU project , retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Module mod_userdir '' , HTTP Server Documentation ( version 2.0 ed . ) , The Apache foundation , retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ RFC 3986 , IETF . Jump up ^ `` The Groovy programming language - Operators '' . Jump up ^ Groovy Regular Expression User Guide , Code haus . Jump up ^ Groovy RegExp FAQ , Code haus . Jump up ^ `` Type Families '' , Haskell Wiki . Jump up ^ `` Lazy pattern match - HaskellWiki '' . Jump up ^ `` CLHS : Section 22.3 '' . Lispworks.com. 2005 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Emacs Manual Jump up ^ `` The Internet Juggling Database '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2005 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) Diacritics Project -- `` all you need to create typefaces with correct accents '' `` Keyboard Help : Learn to create accent marks and other diacritics on a computer '' . Starr . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Latin script <Td_colspan="2"> History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) <Th_colspan="26"> Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz <Th_colspan="26"> Letters using tilde sign ( ◌ ̃ , ◌ ̰ , ◌ ̴ ) Ãã ᵬ ᵭ Ẽẽ Ḛḛ ᵮ G̃g̃ Ĩ ĩ Ḭḭ J̃ L̃l̃ Ɫɫ ꬸ M̃m̃ ᵯ Ññ ᵰ Õõ P̃p̃ ᵱ R̃r̃ ᵲ ᵴ ᵵ Ũũ Ṵṵ Ṽṽ Ỹỹ ᵶ Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Palaeography <Th_colspan="2"> Common logical symbols <Td_colspan="2"> ∧ or & and ∨ or ¬ or ~ not → implies ⊃ implies , superset ≡ iff nand ∀ universal quantification ∃ existential quantification ⊤ tautology ⊥ false , contradiction ⊢ entails , proves ⊨ entails , therefore ∴ therefore ∵ because Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilde&oldid=848397796 '' Categories : Latin - script diacritics Punctuation Typographical symbols Greek - script diacritics Logic symbols Mathematical symbols Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Punctuation mark 2. Diacritic mark 3. Spanish language 4. Abbreviations 5. Phonetic alphabet

where was the first railway built in britain

History of rail transport in Great Britain - wikipedia History of rail transport in Great Britain Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series . Rail Passengers in Great Britain from 1829 - 2016 Class 87 electric locomotive and Mark 3 coaches franchised by Virgin Trains . The railway system of Great Britain , the principal territory of the United Kingdom , is the oldest in the world . It was started with the building of local isolated wooden wagonways starting in 1560s . The system was later built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies in late 18th century . These isolated links developed during the railway boom of the 1840s into a national network , although still run by dozens of competing companies . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , these amalgamated or were bought by competitors until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see railway mania ) . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the government resisted calls for the nationalisation of the network . In 1923 , almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the `` big four '' , the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . From the start of 1948 , the `` big four '' were nationalised to form British Railways . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Declining passenger numbers and financial losses in the late 1950s and early 1960s prompted the closure of many branch and main lines , and small stations , under the Beeching Axe . Passenger services experienced a renaissance with the introduction of high - speed inter-city trains in the 1970s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in rail subsidies and above - inflation increases in fares and the service became more cost - effective . Railway operations were privatised during 1994 - 1997 . Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , whilst passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright . Since privatisation , passenger levels have since increased to their highest ever level , but whether this is due to privatisation is disputed . The Hatfield accident set in motion the series of events that resulted in the ultimate collapse of Railtrack and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1830 : The pioneers 2 1830 -- 1922 : Early development 3 1923 -- 1947 : The Big Four 4 1948 -- 1994 : British Rail 5 1995 onwards : Post-privatisation 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 General 8.2 Pre-1830 8.3 1830 -- 1922 8.4 1923 -- 1947 8.5 1948 -- 1994 Before 1830 : the pioneers ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 A wagonway was used by German miners at Caldbeck , Cumbria , England , perhaps from the 1560s . A wagonway was built at Prescot , near Liverpool , sometime around 1600 , possibly as early as 1594 . Owned by Philip Layton , the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away . Another wagonway was Sir Francis Willoughby 's Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire built between 1603 and 1604 to carry coal . As early as 1671 railed roads were in use in Durham to ease the conveyance of coal ; the first of these was the Tanfield Wagonway . Many of these tramroads or wagon ways were built in the 17th and 18th centuries . They used simply straight and parallel rails of timber on which carts with simple flanged iron wheels were drawn by horses , enabling several wagons to be moved simultaneously . Although the idea of wooden - railed wagonways originated in Germany in the 16th century , the first use of steam locomotives was in Britain . Its earliest `` railways '' were straight and were constructed from parallel rails of timber on which ran horse - drawn carts . These were succeeded in 1793 when Benjamin Outram constructed a mile - long tramway with L - shaped cast iron rails . These rails became obsolete when William Jessop began to manufacture cast iron rails without guiding ledges - the wheels of the carts had flanges instead . Cast iron is brittle and so the rails tended to break easily . Consequently , in 1820 , John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling wrought iron rails , which were used from then onwards . The first passenger service was at Oystermouth in 1807 The first passenger - carrying public railway was opened by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway at Oystermouth in 1807 , using horse - drawn carriages on an existing tramline . In 1804 , Richard Trevithick designed and built the first ( unnamed ) steam locomotive to run on smooth rails . Salamanca of 1812 The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Salamanca , built in 1812 by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray for the 4 ft ( 1,219 mm ) gauge Middleton Railway . Salamanca was a rack and pinion locomotive , with cog wheels driven by two cylinders embedded into the top of the centre - flue boiler . In 1813 , William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth designed a locomotive ( Puffing Billy ) for use on the tramway between Stockton and Darlington . Puffing Billy featured piston rods extending upwards to pivoting beams , connected in turn by rods to a crankshaft beneath the frames which , in turn , drove the gears attached to the wheels . This meant that the wheels were coupled , allowing better traction . A year later , George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive Blücher , which was the first locomotive to use single - flanged wheels . That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821 . While traffic was originally intended to be horse - drawn , Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage . The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway . The 25 - mile ( 40 km ) long route opened on 27 September 1825 and , with the aid of Stephenson 's Locomotion No 1 , was the first locomotive - hauled public railway in the world . 1830 -- 1922 : early Development ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened . This set the pattern for modern railways . It was the world 's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have ' scheduled ' services , terminal stations and services as we know them today . The railways carried freight and passengers with also the world 's first goods terminal station at the Park Lane railway goods station at Liverpool 's south docks , accessed by the 1.26 mile Wapping Tunnel . In 1836 , at the Liverpool end the line was extended to Lime Street Station in Liverpool 's city centre via a 1.1 mile long tunnel . Many of the first public railways were built as local rail links operated by small private railway companies . With increasing rapidity , more and more lines were built , often with scant regard for their potential for traffic . The 1840s were by far the biggest decade for railway growth . In 1840 , when the decade began , railway lines in Britain were few and scattered but , within ten years , a virtually complete network had been laid down and the vast majority of towns and villages had a rail connection and sometimes two or three . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , most of the pioneering independent railway companies amalgamated or were bought by competitors , until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see Railway Mania ) . The period also saw a steady increase in government involvement , especially in safety matters . The 1840 `` Act for Regulating Railways '' empowered the Board of Trade to appoint railway inspectors . The Railway Inspectorate was established in 1840 , to enquire into the causes of accidents and recommend ways of avoiding them . As early as 1844 , a bill had been put before Parliament suggesting the state purchase of the railways ; this was not adopted . It did , however , lead to the introduction of minimum standards for the construction of carriages and the compulsory provision of 3rd class accommodation for passengers - so - called `` Parliamentary trains '' . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the Conservative members of the wartime coalition government resisted calls for the formal nationalisation of the railways ( first proposed by William Ewart Gladstone as early as the 1840s ) in 1921 . 1923 -- 1947 : the Big Four ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 On 1 January 1923 , almost all the railway companies were grouped into the Big Four : the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies . A number of other lines , already operating as joint railways , remained separate from the Big Four ; these included the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . The LNER Class A4 streamlined loco hauled express trains of the 1930s offered a high - speed alternative to road transport The competition from road transport during the 1920s and 1930s greatly reduced the revenue available to the railways , even though the needs for maintenance on the network had never been higher , as investment had been deferred over the past decade . Rail companies accused the government of favouring road haulage through the construction of roads subsidised by the taxpayer , while restricting the rail industry 's ability to use flexible pricing because it was held to nationally agreed rate cards . The government response was to commission several inconclusive reports ; the Salter Report of 1933 finally recommended that road transport should be taxed directly to fund the roads and increased Vehicle Excise Duty and fuel duties were introduced . It also noted that many small lines would never be likely to compete with road haulage . Although these road pricing changes helped their survival , the railways entered a period of slow decline , owing to a lack of investment and changes in transport policy and lifestyles . During the Second World War , the companies ' managements joined together , effectively operating as one company . Assisting the country 's ' war effort ' put a severe strain on the railways ' resources and a substantial maintenance backlog developed . After 1945 , for both practical and ideological reasons , the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector . 1948 -- 1994 : British rail ( edit ) The network recommended by `` Beeching II '' plans Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 From the start of 1948 , the railways were nationalised to form British Railways ( latterly `` British Rail '' ) under the control of the British Transport Commission . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Regeneration of track and stations was completed by 1954 . Rail revenue fell and , in 1955 , the network again ceased to be profitable . The mid-1950s saw the hasty introduction of diesel and electric rolling stock to replace steam in a modernisation plan costing many millions of pounds but the expected transfer back from road to rail did not occur and losses began to mount . This failure to make the railways more profitable through investment led governments of all political persuasions to restrict rail investment to a drip feed and seek economies through cutbacks . The desire for profitability led to a major reduction in the network during the mid-1960s . Dr. Richard Beeching was given the task by the government of re-organising the railways ( `` the Beeching Axe '' ) . This policy resulted in many branch lines and secondary routes being closed because they were deemed uneconomic . The closure of stations serving rural communities removed much feeder traffic from main line passenger services . The closure of many freight depots that had been used by larger industries such as coal and iron led to much freight transferring to road haulage . The closures were extremely unpopular with the general public at that time and remain so today . Passenger levels decreased steadily from the late fifties to late seventies . Passenger services then experienced a renaissance with the introduction of the high - speed Intercity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in government funding and above - inflation increases in fares , but the service became more cost - effective . Following sectorisation of British Rail , InterCity became profitable . InterCity became one of Britain 's top 150 companies operating city centre to city centre travel across the nation from Aberdeen and Inverness in the north to Poole and Penzance in the south . Between 1994 and 1997 , British Rail was privatised . Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright ( six companies were set up , but five of these were sold to the same buyer ) . The Conservative government under John Major said that privatisation would see an improvement in passenger services . Passenger levels have since increased strongly . 1995 onwards : post-privatisation ( edit ) Main articles : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date and Impact of the privatisation of British Rail Rail modal share 1952 - 2015 The Great Western Railway 's London terminus at Paddington Since privatisation , numbers of passengers have grown rapidly ; by 2010 the railways were carrying more passengers than at any time since the 1920s. and by 2014 passenger numbers had expanded to their highest level ever , more than doubling in the 20 years since privatisation . Train fares cost more than under British Rail . The railways have become significantly safer since privatisation and are now the safest in Europe . However , the public image of rail travel was damaged by some prominent accidents shortly after privatisation . These included the Southall rail crash ( where a train with faulty automatic train protection equipment went through a red light ) , the Ladbroke Grove rail crash ( also caused by a train going through a red light ) and the Hatfield accident ( caused by a rail fragmenting due to the development of microscopic cracks ) . Following the Hatfield accident , the rail infrastructure company Railtrack imposed over 1,200 emergency speed restrictions across its network and instigated an extremely costly nationwide track replacement programme . The consequential severe operational disruption to the national network and the company 's spiralling costs set in motion the series of events which resulted in the ultimate collapse of the company and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railways of Great Britain . History of rail transport Rail transport in Great Britain Rail freight in Great Britain List of early British railway companies History of rail transport in Ireland British postal system List of railway lines in Great Britain List of closed railway lines in Great Britain British narrow gauge railways British industrial narrow gauge railways Railway electrification in Great Britain British electric multiple units British railcars and diesel multiple units History by era History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Allison , Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith , An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck in G. Boyes ( ed . ) , Early Railways 4 : Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008 ( Six Martlets , Sudbury , 2010 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark ( 2012 ) . Lancashire Railways -- The History of Steam . Newbury : Countryside Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 1 84674 298 9 . Jump up ^ Hylton , Stuart ( 2007 ) . The Grand Experiment : the Birth of the Railway Age 1820 - 1845 . Ian Allan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 3172 - X . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Kirkby ; Richard Shelton ; et al. ( October 1990 ) . Engineering in History . New York : Dover Publications Inc . pp. 274 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26412 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopaedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Puffing Billy '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the locomotives '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ 1840 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ Hall , Stanley ( 28 September 1990 ) . Railway Detectives : The 150 - year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate . Shepperton : Ian Allan Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1929 - 0 . Jump up ^ 1844 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ HM Government ( 1921 ) . `` Railways Act 1921 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by HMSO ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1947 ) . `` Transport Act 1947 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 1 : Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 2 : Maps '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did Dr Beeching get it wrong with his railway cuts 50 years ago ? '' . Jump up ^ The UK Department for Transport Archived 17 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine . ( DfT ) , specifically Table 6.1 from Transport Statistics Great Britain 2006 Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 4MB PDF file ) Jump up ^ Marsden , Colin J. ( 1983 ) . British Rail 1983 Motive Power : Combined Volume . London : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1284 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The fall and rise of Britain 's railways '' . Rail Staff News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1903 ) . `` Railways Act 1993 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EWS Railway - Company History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The UK Office of Rail Regulation Archived 9 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( ORR ) , specifically Section 1.2 from National Rail Trends 2006 - 2007 Q1 Archived 7 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( PDF file ) Jump up ^ `` Department for Transport Statistics : Passenger transport : by mode , annual from 1952 '' . Jump up ^ `` Growth of 6.9 % in 2010 takes demand for rail travel to new high levels '' . Association of Train Operating Companies . February 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Train fares cost 0.6 % more than under British Rail '' . Daily Telegraph . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's railways now safest in Europe '' . Jump up ^ Professor John Uff ( QC FREng ) ( 2000 ) . `` Investigation The Southall Rail Accident Inquiry Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 1 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 2 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Railway Safety ; Standards Board ( 2004 ) . `` Hatfield Report and Recommendations '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Network Rail - Our History '' . Network Rail website . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Sources ( edit ) General ( edit ) Simmons , Jack ; Biddle , Gordon ( eds . ) . The Oxford Companion to British Railway History : From 1603 to the 1990s ( 2nd ed. ( 1999 ) ed . ) . White , H.P. ( 1986 ) . Forgotten Railways . Newton Abbot , Devon : David St. John Thomas . ISBN 0 - 946537 - 13 - 5 . Westwood , John . Illustrated History of the Railroads . Brompton Books . Pre-1830 ( edit ) Hadfield , Charles. ; Skempton , A.W. ( January 1979 ) . William Jessop , Engineer . Newton Abbot : M. & M. Baldwin . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 7603 - 9 . Schofield , R.B. ( October 2000 ) . Benjamin Outram , 1764 - 1805 : An Engineering Biography . Cardiff : Merton Priory Press . ISBN 1 - 898937 - 42 - 7 . Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . `` The History of the Railway in Britain '' . Historic Herefordshire Online . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Old Times - History of the Locomotive '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Dendy Marshall , C.F. ( 1929 ) . `` The Rainhill Locomotive Trials of 1829 '' . Transactions of the Newcomen Society . 9 . Dowd , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` The Liverpool & Manchester Railway '' . Journal of the International Bond & Share Society . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Broad Gauge Story '' . Journal of the Monmouthshire Railway Society . Summer 1985 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . 1830 -- 1922 ( edit ) McKenna , Frank . `` Victorian Railway Workers , '' History Workshop ( spring 1975 ) # 1 pp. 26 -- 73 in JSTOR Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . Science Museum ( November 1972 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 1 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290153 - 0 . Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1980 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 2 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290309 - 6 . Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1985 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 3 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290432 - 7 . ( No Author ) ( 1980 ) . British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer ( 5th ed . ) . Shepperton : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0320 - 3 . 1923 -- 1947 ( edit ) R. Tourret ( November 2003 ) . GWR Engineering Work , 1928 - 1938 . Tourret Publishing , . ISBN 0 - 905878 - 08 - 6 . O.S. Nock ( 1967 ) . History of the Great Western Railway Volume Three 1923 - 48 . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0304 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 1 : The First Years , 1923 - 1930 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385087 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 2 : The Record Breaking ' Thirties , 1931 - 1939 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385093 - 6 . 1948 -- 1994 ( edit ) Henshaw , David ( 1994 ) . The Great Railway Conspiracy : The Fall and Rise of Britain 's Railways Since the 1950s ( 2nd ed . ) . Hawes , North Yorkshire : Leading Edge Press . ISBN 0 - 948135 - 48 - 4 . Gourvish , Terry ( 2002 ) . British Rail : 1974 - 97 : From Integration to Privatisation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926909 - 2 . `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . <Th_colspan="2"> History of rail transport in Great Britain <Td_colspan="2"> pre-1830 The pioneers 1830 -- 1922 Early development 1923 -- 1947 The Big Four 1948 -- 1994 British Rail 1995 to date Post-privatisation <Th_colspan="2"> History of rail transport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain&oldid=815515728 '' Categories : Rail transport in Great Britain History of rail transport in Great Britain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. History of rail transport in Great Britain 2. Railway system in Great Britain 3. Nationalization of British railways 4. Privatization of British Rail 5. Impact of privatisation on passenger numbers

how old was madonna when she had her first number one

Madonna ( entertainer ) - wikipedia Madonna ( entertainer ) <Th_colspan="2"> Madonna <Td_colspan="2"> Madonna performing during the Rebel Heart Tour in Stockholm , November 2015 Madonna Louise Ciccone ( 1958 - 08 - 16 ) August 16 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Bay City , Michigan , U.S. Residence Lisbon , Portugal Other names Veronica ( Catholic confirmation name ) Occupation Singer songwriter actress businesswoman record producer dancer film director author humanitarian Years active 1977 -- present Home town Rochester Hills , Michigan , U.S. Net worth U.S. $590 -- $800 million Spouse ( s ) Sean Penn ( m . 1985 ; div. 1989 ) Guy Ritchie ( m . 2000 ; div. 2008 ) Partner ( s ) Carlos Leon ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Children 6 <Td_colspan="2"> Musical career Genres Pop dance rock Instruments Vocals guitar Labels Sire Warner Bros . Maverick Interscope Associated acts Breakfast Club Emmy <Td_colspan="2"> Website madonna.com Madonna Louise Ciccone ( / tʃ ɪˈkoʊni / ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the `` Queen of Pop '' since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music , as well as imagery in music videos and on stage . She has also frequently reinvented both her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Besides sparking controversy , her works have been praised by music critics . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including the global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) , as well as the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Throughout her career , Madonna has written and produced most of her songs , with many of them reaching number one on the record charts , including `` Like a Virgin '' , `` La Isla Bonita '' , `` Like a Prayer '' , `` Vogue '' , `` Take a Bow '' , `` Frozen '' , `` Music '' , `` Hung Up '' , and `` 4 Minutes '' . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded her own entertainment company Maverick , including the label Maverick Records , in 1992 . Her other ventures include fashion design , writing children 's books , opening of health clubs , and filmmaking . She contributed in various charities and founded Ray of Light Foundation in 1998 and Raising Malawi in 2006 . Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide , Madonna is recognized as the best - selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) listed her as the second highest - certified female artist in the U.S. , with 64.5 million album units . According to Billboard , Madonna is the most successful solo act on its Hot 100 song chart and second overall behind the Beatles . She is also the highest - grossing solo touring artist of all time , earning U.S. $1.4 billion from her concert tickets . Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility , Madonna topped VH1 's countdown of 100 Greatest Women in Music . Additionally , Rolling Stone listed her among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 1958 -- 1981 : Early life and career beginnings 1.2 1982 -- 1985 : Madonna , Like a Virgin , and first marriage 1.3 1986 -- 1991 : True Blue , Who 's That Girl , Like a Prayer , and Dick Tracy 1.4 1992 -- 1997 : Maverick , Erotica , Sex , Bedtime Stories , Evita , and motherhood 1.5 1998 -- 2002 : Ray of Light , Music , second marriage , and touring comeback 1.6 2003 -- 2006 : American Life and Confessions on a Dance Floor 1.7 2007 -- 2011 : Filmmaking , Hard Candy , and business ventures 1.8 2012 -- 2016 : Super Bowl XLVI halftime show , MDNA , and Rebel Heart 1.9 2017 -- present : Upcoming 14th studio album and other projects 2 Artistry 2.1 Musical style and songwriting 2.2 Voice and instruments 2.3 Influences 2.4 Music videos and performances 3 Legacy 4 Achievements 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 Tours 8 Enterprises 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Life and career 1958 -- 1981 : early Life and career beginnings Madonna was born to Catholic parents Madonna Louise ( née Fortin ) and Silvio Anthony `` Tony '' Ciccone in Bay City , Michigan on August 16 , 1958 . Her father 's parents were Italian emigrants from Pacentro , while her mother was of French - Canadian descent . Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors . Since Madonna had the same name as her mother , family members called her `` Little Nonni '' . She has two elder brothers , Anthony and Martin , and three younger siblings , Paula , Christopher , and Melanie . Upon being confirmed in the Catholic Church in 1966 , she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name . She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township ( now Rochester Hills ) . Months before her mother died of breast cancer at age 30 on December 1 , 1963 , Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality , although she did not understand the reason . Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition , and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it . Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying . Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace . The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and rebelled against anyone brought into their home who they thought would try to take the place of their beloved mother . Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a `` lonely girl who was searching for something . I was n't rebellious in a certain way . I cared about being good at something . I did n't shave my underarms and I did n't wear make - up like normal girls do . But I studied and I got good grades ... I wanted to be somebody . '' Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well , Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him . Madonna 's stepmother and father , Joan and Tony Ciccone ( 2009 ) In 1966 , Tony married the family 's housekeeper Joan Gustafson . They had two children , Jennifer and Mario . Madonna resented her father for getting remarried , and began rebelling against him , which strained their relationship for many years afterward . She attended St. Frederick 's and St. Andrew 's Catholic Elementary Schools , and West Middle School . Madonna was known for her high grade point average , and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior . She would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes , dangle by her knees from the monkey bars during recess , and pull up her skirt during class -- all so that the boys could see her underwear . Madonna 's father put her in classical piano lessons , but she later convinced him to allow her to take ballet lessons . Christopher Flynn , her ballet teacher , persuaded her to pursue a career in dance . She later attended Rochester Adams High School where she became a straight - A student and a member of the cheerleading squad . After graduating , she received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan . In 1978 , Madonna dropped out of college and relocated to New York City . She had little money while working as a waitress at Dunkin ' Donuts and with modern dance troupes , taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater . Madonna said of her move to New York , `` It was the first time I 'd ever taken a plane , the first time I 'd ever gotten a taxi cab . I came here with $35 in my pocket . It was the bravest thing I 'd ever done . '' She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists . Madonna claimed that one night , while returning from a rehearsal , a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to perform fellatio . She later found the incident to be `` a taste of my weakness , it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong - girl show . I could never forget it . '' While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour , Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy and they lived in an abandoned synagogue in Corona , Queens . Together , they formed her first rock band , the Breakfast Club , for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar . In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and , with her then boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer , formed the band Emmy . The two began writing songs together , but Madonna later decided to promote herself as a solo act . Her music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein . 1982 -- 1985 : Madonna , Like a Virgin , and first marriage After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire , her debut single , `` Everybody '' , was released in October 1982 , and the second , `` Burning Up '' , in March 1983 . Both became big club hits in the United States , reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine . After this success , she started developing her eponymous debut album , Madonna , which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros . However , she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas ' production techniques , so decided to seek additional help . Madonna moved in with boyfriend John `` Jellybean '' Benitez , asking his help for finishing the album 's production . Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced `` Holiday '' , which was her third single and her first international top - ten hit . The overall sound of Madonna was dissonant and in the form of upbeat synthetic disco , using some of the new technology of the time , like the Linn drum machine , Moog bass and the OB - X synthesizer . The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later , in 1984 . It yielded two top - ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100 , `` Borderline '' and `` Lucky Star '' . Madonna with her crew on The Virgin Tour , 1985 Madonna 's look and style of dressing , her performances , and her music videos influenced young girls and women . Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s . Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol , the look consisted of lace tops , skirts over capri pants , fishnet stockings , jewelry bearing the crucifix , bracelets , and bleached hair . Madonna 's popularity continued to rise globally with the release of her second studio album , Like a Virgin , in November 1984 . It became her first number - one album in Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain , the UK , and the US . Like a Virgin became the very first album by a female to sell over five million copies in the U.S. It was later certified diamond , and has sold over 21 million copies worldwide . The album 's title track served as its first single , and topped the Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks . It attracted the attention of conservative organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values , and moralists sought to have the song and video banned . Madonna received a huge media coverage for her performance of `` Like a Virgin '' at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards . Wearing a wedding dress and white gloves , Madonna appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake and then rolled around suggestively on the floor . MTV retrospectively considered it one of the `` most iconic '' pop performances of all time . The second single , `` Material Girl '' , reached number two on the Hot 100 and was promoted by a music video recreating Marilyn Monroe 's performance of `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . While filming this video , Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn . They married on her birthday in 1985 . I was surprised by how people reacted to `` Like a Virgin '' because when I did that song , to me , I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way -- brand - new and fresh -- and everyone interpreted it as `` I do n't want to be a virgin anymore . Fuck my brains out ! '' That 's not what I sang at all . `` Like a Virgin '' was always absolutely ambiguous . -- Madonna on the backlash for `` Like a Virgin '' Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985 , beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest , a romantic drama film . Its soundtrack contained two new singles , her U.S. number - one single , `` Crazy for You '' , and another track `` Gambler '' . She also played the title role in the 1985 comedy Desperately Seeking Susan , a film which introduced the song `` Into the Groove '' , her first number - one single in the UK . Her popularity relegated the film as a Madonna vehicle , despite not having lead actress billing . The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985 . Beginning in April 1985 , Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America , The Virgin Tour , with the Beastie Boys as her opening act . She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing large sporting arenas . The tour saw the peak of Madonna wannabe phenomenon , with lots of female attendees dressing like her . At that time , she released two more hits , `` Angel '' and `` Dress You Up '' , making all four singles from the album peak inside the top five on the Hot 100 chart . In July , Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna , taken in New York in 1978 . She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time , and was paid as little as $25 a session . The publication of the photos caused a media uproar , but Madonna remained `` unapologetic and defiant '' . The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000 . She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert , saying that she would not take her jacket off because `` ( the media ) might hold it against me ten years from now . '' 1986 -- 1991 : True Blue , who 's that Girl , Like a Prayer , and Dick Tracy In June 1986 , Madonna released her third studio album , True Blue , which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn . Rolling Stone magazine was generally impressed with the effort , writing that the album `` sound ( s ) as if it comes from the heart '' . Five singles were released from the album -- `` Live to Tell '' , `` Papa Do n't Preach '' , `` True Blue '' , `` Open Your Heart '' , and `` La Isla Bonita '' -- all of which reached number one in the United States or the United Kingdom . The album topped the charts in 28 countries worldwide , an unprecedented achievement at the time , and became her best - selling studio album of her career with sales of 25 million copies . True Blue was featured in the 1992 edition of Guinness World Records as the best - selling album by a woman of all time . Madonna performing during the Who 's That Girl World Tour , 1987 Madonna starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise in 1986 , for which she received her first Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress . She made her theatrical debut in a production of David Rabe 's Goose and Tom - Tom ; the film and play both co-starred Penn . The next year , Madonna was featured in the film Who 's That Girl . She contributed four songs to its soundtrack , including the title track and `` Causing a Commotion '' . Madonna embarked on the Who 's That Girl World Tour in July 1987 , which continued until September . It broke several attendance records , including over 130,000 audience in a show near Paris , which was then a record for the highest - attended female concert of all time . Later that year , she released a remix album of past hits , titled You Can Dance , which reached number 14 on the Billboard 200 . After an annulment in December 1987 , Madonna filed for divorce from Penn in January 1989 , citing irreconcilable differences . In January 1989 , Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft - drink manufacturer , Pepsi . In one of her Pepsi commercials , she debuted `` Like a Prayer '' , the lead single from her fourth studio album of same name . The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning , and a dream of making love to a saint , leading the Vatican to condemn the video . Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products . Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract . `` Like a Prayer '' topped the charts in many countries , becoming her seventh number one on the Hot 100 . Madonna co-wrote and co-produced Like a Prayer with Patrick Leonard , Stephen Bray , and Prince . Music critic J.D. Considine from Rolling Stone hailed the album `` as close to art as pop music gets ... proof not only that Madonna should be taken seriously as an artist but that hers is one of the most compelling voices of the Eighties . '' Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide . Other successful singles from the album were `` Express Yourself '' and `` Cherish '' , both peaked at number two in the US , as well as the UK top - five `` Dear Jessie '' and the US top - ten `` Keep It Together '' . By the end of the 1980s , Madonna was named as the `` Artist of the Decade '' by MTV , Billboard and Musician magazine . Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , with Warren Beatty playing the title role . The film went to number one on the U.S. box office for two weeks and Madonna received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress . To accompany the film , she released the soundtrack album , I 'm Breathless , which included songs inspired by the film 's 1930s setting . It also featured the U.S. number - one song `` Vogue '' and `` Sooner or Later '' . While shooting the film , Madonna began a relationship with Beatty , which dissolved by the end of 1990 . Madonna performing with a Dick Tracy lookalike during the Blond Ambition World Tour , 1990 In April 1990 , Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour , which was held until August . Rolling Stone called it an `` elaborately choreographed , sexually provocative extravaganza '' and proclaimed it `` the best tour of 1990 '' . The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of `` Like a Virgin '' , during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation . In response , Madonna said , `` The tour in no way hurts anybody 's sentiments . It 's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way . Their own and others '' . The live recording of the tour won Madonna her first Grammy Award , in the category of Best Long Form Music Video . The Immaculate Collection , Madonna 's first greatest - hits compilation album , was released in November 1990 . It included two new songs , `` Justify My Love '' and `` Rescue Me '' . The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide , becoming the best - selling compilation album by a solo artist in history . `` Justify My Love '' reached number one in the U.S. becoming her ninth number - one Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism , bondage , same - sex kissing , and brief nudity . The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network . In December 1990 Madonna decided to leave Jennifer Lynch 's film , Boxing Helena , which she had previously agreed to star in , without any explanation to the producers . Around this time , Madonna had an eight - month relationship with rapper Vanilla Ice ; he ended their relationship because of Madonna 's Sex book . Her first documentary film , Truth or Dare ( known as In Bed with Madonna outside North America ) , was released in May 1991 . Chronicling her Blond Ambition World Tour , it became the highest - grossing documentary of all time ( surpassed eleven years later by Michael Moore 's Bowling for Columbine ) . 1992 -- 1997 : Maverick , Erotica , sex , Bedtime Stories , Evita , and motherhood In 1992 , Madonna starred in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito , a baseball player on an all - women 's team . It reached number one on the box - office and became the tenth highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. She recorded the film 's theme song , `` This Used to Be My Playground '' , which became her tenth Hot 100 number - one hit , the most by any female artist at the time . The same year , she founded her own entertainment company , Maverick , consisting of a record company ( Maverick Records ) , a film production company ( Maverick Films ) , and associated music publishing , television broadcasting , book publishing and merchandising divisions . The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million . It gave her 20 % royalties from the music proceedings , the highest rate in the industry at the time , equaled only by Michael Jackson 's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony . The first two projects released simultaneously from the venture were Madonna 's fifth studio album , Erotica , and her coffee table book , Sex . Consisting of sexually provocative and explicit images , photographed by Steven Meisel , the book received strong negative reaction from the media and the general public , but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days . The widespread backlash overshadowed Erotica , which ended up as her lowest selling album at the time . Despite positive reviews , it became her first studio album since her debut album not to score any chart - topper in the U.S. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number two and yielded the Hot 100 top - ten hits `` Erotica '' and `` Deeper and Deeper '' . Madonna continued her provocative imagery in the 1993 erotic thriller , Body of Evidence , a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage . It was poorly received by critics . She also starred in the film Dangerous Game , which was released straight to video in North America . The New York Times described the film as `` angry and painful , and the pain feels real . '' Madonna performing during The Girlie Show World Tour , 1993 In September 1993 , Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour , in which she dressed as a whip - cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers . In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island 's flag between her legs on stage , resulting in outrage among the audience . In March 1994 , she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman , using profanity that required censorship on television , and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it . The releases of her sexually explicit book , album and film , and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade . Critics and fans reacted negatively , who commented that `` she had gone too far '' and that her career was over . Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad `` I 'll Remember '' ( 1994 ) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image . The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian 's film With Honors . She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity . With her sixth studio album , Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) , Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and generated two U.S. top - five hits , `` Secret '' and `` Take a Bow '' , the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks , the longest period of any Madonna single . Something to Remember , a collection of ballads , was released in November 1995 . The album featured three new songs : `` You 'll See '' , `` One More Chance '' , and a cover of Marvin Gaye 's `` I Want You '' . Around this time Madonna started dating rapper Tupac Shakur , but it ended in 1994 . Next year , Shakur revealed in a letter to Madonna that he ended the relationship because she was white . She later became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon . In the 1996 musical , Evita , Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón . For a long time , Madonna had desired to play Perón and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part . She said later , `` This is the role I was born to play . I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie . It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time . And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done . '' After securing the role , she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón . During filming Madonna became ill several times , after finding out that she was pregnant , and from the intense emotional effort required with the scenes . After Evita 's release in December 1996 , Madonna 's performance was praised by film critics . Zach Conner from Time magazine commented , `` It 's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine , well cast and handsomely visualized . Madonna once again confounds our expectations . '' Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role . The Evita soundtrack , containing songs mostly performed by Madonna , was released as a double album . It included `` You Must Love Me '' and `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' ; the latter reached number one in countries across Europe . Madonna was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards . On October 14 , 1996 , she gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon , her daughter with Leon . Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna often worried that her pregnancy would harm Evita , she reached some important personal goals : `` Now 38 years old , Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child , both in the same year . She had reached another turning point in her career , reinventing herself and her image with the public . '' Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997 and she declared that they were `` better off as best friends '' . 1998 -- 2002 : Ray of Light , music , second marriage , and touring comeback After Lourdes 's birth , Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah , introduced to her by actress Sandra Bernhard . Her seventh studio album , Ray of Light , ( 1998 ) reflected this change in her perception and image . She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock . American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit `` was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record . Techno and rave was happening in the 90s and had a lot of different forms . There was very experimental , more hard stuff like Aphex Twin . There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim . That 's not what Madonna wanted for this . She wanted something more like a singer - songwriter , really . And William Orbit provided her with that . '' Madonna performing on the Drowned World Tour , 2001 The album garnered critical acclaim , with Slant Magazine calling it `` one of the great pop masterpieces of the ' 90s '' Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards -- including Best Pop Album and Best Dance Recording -- and was nominated for both Album of the Year and Record of the Year . Rolling Stone listed it among `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Commercially , the album peaked at number - one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide . The album 's lead single , `` Frozen '' , became Madonna 's first single to debut at number one in the UK , while in the U.S. it became her sixth number - two single , setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits . The second single , `` Ray of Light '' , debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records documented that `` no female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world '' . Madonna founded Ray of Light Foundation which focused on women , education , global development and humanitarian . She signed on to play a violin teacher in the 1999 film Music of the Heart but left the project , citing `` creative differences '' with director Wes Craven . She recorded the single `` Beautiful Stranger '' for the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me , which earned her a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Madonna starred in the 2000 film The Next Best Thing , and contributed two songs to the film 's soundtrack ; `` Time Stood Still '' and a cover of Don McLean 's 1971 song `` American Pie '' . Madonna released her eighth studio album , Music , in September 2000 . It featured elements from the electronica - inspired Ray of Light era , and like its predecessor , received acclaim from critics . Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï , Madonna commented : `` I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about -- the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there . Music is the future of sound . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that `` Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color , technique , style and substance . It has so many depth and layers that it 's easily as self - aware and earnest as Ray of Light . '' The album took the number - one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days . In the U.S. , Music debuted at the top , and became her first number - one album in eleven years since Like a Prayer . It produced three singles : the Hot 100 number - one `` Music '' , `` Do n't Tell Me '' , and `` What It Feels Like for a Girl '' . The music video of `` What It Feels Like for a Girl '' depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism , and was banned by MTV and VH1 . She first met director Guy Ritchie , who would later become her second husband , in the summer of 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11 , 2000 in Los Angeles . Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia . He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch , Scotland , on December 21 , 2000 . Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearby Skibo Castle . After an eight - year absence of touring , Madonna started her Drowned World Tour in June 2001 . The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest - grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist , earning $75 million from 47 sold - out shows . She also released her second greatest - hits collection , titled GHV2 , to coincide with the home video release of the tour . GHV2 debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 . Madonna starred in the film Swept Away , directed by Ritchie . Released direct - to - video in the UK , the film was a commercial and critical failure . In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre ( billed as ' Madonna Ritchie ' ) , to universally bad reviews and was described as `` the evening 's biggest disappointment '' by one . That October , she released `` Die Another Day '' , the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day , in which she had a cameo role , described by Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian as `` incredibly wooden '' . The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song . 2003 -- 2006 : American Life and Confessions on a dance Floor Following Die Another Day , Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro = CeSS . It included photography from a photo shoot in W magazine , and seven video segments . The installation ran from March to May in New York 's Deitch Projects gallery and also traveled the world in an edited form . The same year , Madonna released her ninth studio album , American Life , which was based on her observations of American society . She explained that the record was `` like a trip down memory lane , looking back at everything I 've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me . '' Larry Flick from The Advocate felt that `` American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent '' while condemning it as `` a lazy , half - arsed effort to sound and take her seriously . '' The title song peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100 . Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the clip , featuring violence and war imagery , would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq . With four million copies sold worldwide , American Life was the lowest - selling album of her career at that point . Madonna performing `` American Life '' during military segment of the Re-Invention World Tour , 2004 Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards , when she kissed singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera while singing the track `` Hollywood '' . In October 2003 , she provided guest vocals on Spears ' single `` Me Against the Music '' . It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited . The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included `` Your Honesty '' , a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions . Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children 's books . The first of these books , titled The English Roses , was published in September 2003 . The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other . The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest - selling children 's picture book of all time . The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner , claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars . In return , Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own . The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares , owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev , were purchased by Warner . Madonna and Dashev 's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music , but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract . In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S. , Canada , and Europe . It became the highest - grossing tour of 2004 , earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret . In November 2004 , she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members , along with The Beatles , Elvis Presley , Bob Marley , and U2 . Rolling Stone ranked her at number 36 on its special issue of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , featuring an article about her written by Britney Spears . In January 2005 , Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song `` Imagine '' at Tsunami Aid . She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005 . Madonna performing on the Confessions Tour , 2006 Her tenth studio album , Confessions on a Dance Floor , was released in November 2005 . Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ . It was acclaimed by critics , with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commenting that the album was a `` welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop . '' The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic / Dance Album . Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single , `` Hung Up '' , went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively , earning a place in Guinness World Records . The song contained a sample of ABBA 's `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' , only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used . ABBA songwriter Björn Ulvaeus remarked `` It is a wonderful track -- 100 per cent solid pop music . '' `` Sorry '' , the second single , became Madonna 's twelfth number - one single in the UK . Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006 , which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million , becoming the highest - grossing tour to that date for a female artist . Madonna used religious symbols , such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns , in the performance of `` Live to Tell '' . It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert . At the same time , the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies of her albums alone worldwide . While on tour Madonna founded charitable organization Raising Malawi and partially funded an orphanage in and traveling to that country . While there , she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006 . The adoption raised strong public reaction , because Malawian law requires would - be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting , which Madonna did not do . She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show , saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption . She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him . Banda 's biological father , Yohane , commented , `` These so - called human rights activists are harassing me every day , threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing ... They want me to support their court case , a thing I can not do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband . '' The adoption was finalized in May 2008 . 2007 -- 2011 : filmmaking , Hard Candy , and business ventures Madonna and Nathan Rissman at the premiere of I Am Because We Are at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival Madonna released and performed the song `` Hey You '' at the London Live Earth concert in July 2007 . She announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records , and declared a new $120 million , ten - year 360 deal with Live Nation . In 2008 , Madonna produced and wrote I Am Because We Are , a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians ; it was directed by Nathan Rissman , who worked as Madonna 's gardener . She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom . The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations . The Times said she had `` done herself proud '' while The Daily Telegraph described the film as `` not an entirely unpromising first effort ( but ) Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job . '' On March 10 , 2008 , Madonna was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility . She did not sing at the ceremony but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs `` Burning Up '' and `` Ray of Light '' . Madonna released her eleventh studio album , Hard Candy , in April 2008 . Containing R&B and urban pop influences , the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with Justin Timberlake , Timbaland , Pharrell Williams and Nate `` Danja '' Hills . The album debuted at number one in 37 countries and on the Billboard 200 . Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone complimented it as an `` impressive taste of her upcoming tour '' , while BBC correspondent Mark Savage panned it as `` an attempt to harness the urban market '' . Madonna performing on the 2009 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour , which was the second highest - grossing tour of all time `` 4 Minutes '' was released as the album 's lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Madonna 's 37th top - ten hit on the chart and pushed her past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top - ten hits . In the UK she retained her record for the most number - one singles for a female artist ; `` 4 Minutes '' becoming her thirteenth . At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards , Madonna received her fifth Artist of the Year trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan , the most for any artist . To further promote the album , she embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour , her first major venture with Live Nation . With a total gross of $408 million , it ended up as the second highest - grossing tour of all time , behind The Rolling Stones 's A Bigger Bang Tour . It remained the highest - grossing tour by a solo artist until Roger Waters ' The Wall Live surpassed it in 2013 . Life with My Sister Madonna , a book released in July 2008 by Madonna 's brother Christopher , debuted at number two on The New York Times bestseller list . The book caused a rift between Madonna and Christopher , because of unsolicited publication . By fall , Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie , citing irreconcilable differences . In December 2008 , Madonna 's spokesperson announced that Madonna had agreed to a divorce settlement with Ritchie , the terms of which granted him between £ 50 -- 60 million ( $64.1 -- 76.92 million ) , a figure that included the couple 's London pub and residence and Wiltshire estate in England . The marriage was dissolved by District Judge Reid by decree nisi at the clinical Principal Registry of the Family Division in High Holborn , London . They entered a compromise agreement for Rocco and David , then aged eight and three respectively , and divided the children 's time between Ritchie 's London home and Madonna 's in New York , where the two were joined by Lourdes . Soon after , Madonna applied to adopt Chifundo `` Mercy '' James from Malawi in May 2009 , but the country 's High Court rejected the application because Madonna was not a resident there . She re-appealed , and on June 12 , 2009 , the Supreme Court of Malawi granted her the right to adopt Mercy . Madonna concluded her contract with Warner by releasing her third greatest - hits album , Celebration , in September 2009 . It contained the new songs `` Celebration '' and `` Revolver '' along with 34 hits spanning her musical career with the label . Celebration reached number one in several countries , including Canada , Germany , Italy , and the United Kingdom . She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards to speak in tribute to deceased pop singer Michael Jackson . Madonna ended the 2000s as the best - selling single artist of the decade in the U.S. and the most - played artist of the decade in the UK . Billboard also announced her as the third top - touring artist of the decade -- behind only The Rolling Stones and U2 -- with a gross of over $801 million , 6.3 million attendance and 244 sell - outs of 248 shows . Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now : A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010 . Her third live album , Sticky & Sweet Tour , was released in April , debuting at number ten on the Billboard 200 . It also became her 20th top - ten on the Oricon Albums Chart , breaking the Beatles ' record for the most top - ten album by an international act in Japan . Madonna granted American television show , Glee , the rights to her entire catalog of music , and the producers created an episode featuring her songs exclusively . She also collaborated with Lourdes and released the Material Girl clothing line , inspired by her punk - girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s . In October , she opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness , and three months later unveiled a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare which included footwear , perfumes , underclothing , and accessories . Madonna directed her second feature film , W.E. , a biographical account about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson . Co-written with Alek Keshishian , the film was premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in September 2011 . Critical and commercial response to the film was negative . Madonna contributed the ballad `` Masterpiece '' for the film 's soundtrack , which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . 2012 -- 2016 : Super Bowl XLVI halftime show , MDNA , and Rebel Heart In February 2012 , Madonna headlined the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show at the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . Her performance was visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green . It became the then most - watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers , higher than the game itself . During the event , she performed `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' , the lead single from her twelfth studio album , MDNA . It became her record - extending 38th top - ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 . Madonna performing during The MDNA Tour , 2012 . The tour became the tenth highest - grossing tour of all time after its completion . MDNA was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers , including William Orbit and Martin Solveig . It was her first release under her three - album deal with Interscope Records , which she signed as a part of her 360 deal with Live Nation . She was signed to the record label since Live Nation was unable to distribute music recordings . MDNA became Madonna 's fifth consecutive studio record to debut at the top of the Billboard 200 . The album was mostly promoted by The MDNA Tour , which lasted from May to December 2012 . The tour featured controversial subjects such as violence , firearms , human rights , nudity and politics . With a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold - out shows , it became the highest - grossing tour of 2012 and then - tenth highest - grossing tour of all time . Madonna was named the top - earning celebrity of the year by Forbes , earning an estimated $125 million . Madonna collaborated with Steven Klein and directed a 17 - minute film , secretprojectrevolution , which was released on BitTorrent in September 2013 . With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative , which helped to promote `` art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe '' . The website for the project included over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception , with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators . By 2013 , Madonna 's Raising Malawi had built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000 . When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013 , President of Malawi Joyce Banda accused her of exaggerating the charity 's contribution . Madonna was saddened by Banda 's statement , but clarified that she had `` no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations '' . It was later confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released by her press team . Madonna also visited her hometown Detroit during May 2014 and donated funds to help with the city 's bankruptcy . The same year , her business ventures extended to skin care products with the launch of MDNA Skin in Tokyo , Japan . Madonna performing during the Rebel Heart Tour , 2015 Madonna 's thirteenth studio album , Rebel Heart , was released in March 2015 , three months after its thirteen demos leaked onto the Internet . Unlike her previous efforts , which involved only a few people , Madonna worked with a large number of collaborators , including Avicii , Diplo and Kanye West . Introspection was listed as one of the foundational themes prevalent on the record , along with `` genuine statements of personal and careerist reflection '' . Madonna explained to Jon Pareles of The New York Times that although she has never looked back at her past endeavors , reminiscing about it felt right for Rebel Heart . Music critics responded positively towards the album , calling it her best effort in a decade . Rebel Heart became Madonna 's first album to miss the top position of the Billboard 200 since Ray of Light , but reached number one in other major music markets , including Australia , Canada , Germany and Italy . From September 2015 to March 2016 , Madonna embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album . The tour traveled throughout North America , Europe and Asia and was Madonna 's first visit to Australia in 23 years , where she also performed a one - off show for her fans . Rebel Heart Tour grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows , with over 1.045 million ticket sales . While on tour , Madonna became engaged in a legal battle with Ritchie , over the custody of their son Rocco . The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living in England with Ritchie when the tour had visited there , while Madonna wanted him to travel with her . Court hearings took place in both New York and London . After multiple deliberations , Madonna withdrew her application for custody and decided to resolve the matter privately . In October 2016 , Billboard named Madonna its Woman of the Year . Her `` blunt and brutally honest '' speech about ageism and sexism at the ceremony received widespread coverage in the media . The next month Madonna , who actively supported Hillary Clinton during the 2016 U.S. presidential election , performed an impromptu acoustic concert at Washington Square Park in support of Clinton 's campaign . Upset that Donald Trump won the election , Madonna spoke out against him at the Women 's March on Washington , a day after his inauguration . She sparked controversy when she said that she `` thought a lot about blowing up the White House '' . The following day , Madonna asserted she was `` not a violent person '' and that her quote had been `` taken wildly out of context '' . 2017 -- present : upcoming 14th studio album and other projects In February 2017 , Madonna adopted four - year - old twin sisters from Malawi named Esther and Stella , and she moved to live in Lisbon , Portugal in summer 2017 with her adoptive children . In July she opened the Mercy James Institute for Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care in Malawi , a children 's hospital built by her Raising Malawi charity . The live album chronicling the Rebel Heart Tour was released in September 2017 , and won Best Music Video for Western Artists at the 32nd Japan Gold Disc Award . That month , Madonna launched MDNA Skin in select stores in the United States , after getting `` tired of hearing people complain here that they ca n't get it in America '' . A few months earlier , the auction house Gotta Have Rock and Roll had put up Madonna 's personal items like love letters from Tupac Shakur , cassettes , underwear and a hairbrush for sale . Darlene Lutz , an art dealer who had initiated the auction , was sued by Madonna 's representatives to stop the proceedings . Madonna clarified that her celebrity status `` does not obviate my right to maintain my privacy , including with regard to highly personal items '' . Madonna lost the case and the presiding judge ruled in favor of Lutz who was able to prove that in 2004 Madonna made a legal agreement with her for selling the items . In January 2018 , Madonna announced on Instagram that she had started working on her 14th studio album , which she later clarified would be infused with Portuguese fado music . Four months later , she appeared at the 2018 Met Gala and performed a new song called `` Beautiful Game '' , along with `` Like a Prayer '' and Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah '' . Her other projects include directing the MGM film , Taking Flight , based on ballet dancer Michaela DePrince 's memoir , as well as adapting author Andrew Sean Greer 's novel , The Impossible Lives of Greta Wells , for film . At the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards Madonna paid tribute to singer Aretha Franklin , who had died the previous week . Artistry Musical style and songwriting ( Madonna ) is a brilliant pop melodist and lyricist . I was knocked out by the quality of the writing ( during Ray of Light sessions ) ... I know she grew up on Joni Mitchell and Motown , and to my ears she embodies the best of both worlds . She is a wonderful confessional songwriter , as well as being a superb hit chorus pop writer . -- Rick Nowels , on co-writing with Madonna . Madonna 's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny . Robert M. Grant , author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis ( 2005 ) , commented that what has brought Madonna success is `` certainly not outstanding natural talent . As a vocalist , musician , dancer , songwriter , or actress , Madonna 's talents seem modest . '' He asserts Madonna 's success is in relying on the talents of others , and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career . The author believed that Madonna 's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of `` Find a winning formula and stick to it '' . Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim . Grant concluded that `` having established herself as the queen of popular music , Madonna did not stop there , but continued re-inventing . '' Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that `` Madonna 's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries . Her pieces explore various ways of constituting identities that refuse stability , that remain fluid , that resist definition . '' According to Thomas Harrison in the book Pop Goes the Decade : The Eighties , Madonna was `` an artist who pushed the boundaries '' of what a female singer could do , both visually and lyrically . Throughout her career Madonna has been involved in writing and producing most of her own music . Stuart Price , one of her past collaborators , said that `` You do n't produce Madonna , you collaborate with her . She 's a really good producer herself and obviously a great writer too . She has her vision and knows how to get it . '' Madonna 's early songwriting skill was developed during her time with the Breakfast Club in 1979 . According to Carol Gnojewski , her first attempts at songwriting are perceived as an important `` self - revelation '' . Madonna later became the sole writer of five songs on her debut album , including `` Lucky Star '' which she composed on synthesizer . As a songwriter , she has registered a total of 287 songs to ASCAP , including 18 songs written entirely by herself . Rolling Stone has named her `` an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics . '' According to Freya Jarman - Ivens , Madonna 's talent for developing `` incredible '' hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience , even without the influence of the music . Despite having worked with producers across many genres , Rolling Stone writes that Madonna 's songs have been `` consistently stamped with her own sensibility and inflected with autobiographical detail . '' She has criticized `` songwriting camps '' which she had to undergo during album cycles for Rebel Heart and MDNA , due to the fact that people are always in a hurry . She clarified her preference for writing material with other artists `` from beginning to the end '' of a record , and described her songs as `` meant to be ironic and not taken literally , and some are just straight - up , ' Open my veins , this is who I am ' . '' Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame three times , for 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ceremony . In 2015 , Rolling Stone ranked Madonna at number 56 on the `` 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time '' list . `` Live to Tell '' ( 1986 ) Madonna wrote all the lyrics and partial melodies of `` Live to Tell '' , an adult contemporary ballad , which was denoted by Taraborrelli as a vehicle of growth for the singer . `` Ray of Light '' ( 1998 ) An uptempo electronic dance song , `` Ray of Light '' showcases Madonna 's previously unexplored upper vocal register , which was trained while filming the 1996 musical Evita . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . Before emerging as a pop star , Madonna spent her early years dabbling in rock music alongside her bands , Breakfast Club and Emmy . While performing with Emmy , Madonna recorded about 12 - 14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period . Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna . Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self - titled debut album , Madonna began her career as a disco diva , in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of . In the beginning of the 1980s , disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop , and according to Erlewine , Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music . The album 's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success , including a strong dance - based idiom , catchy hooks , highly polished arrangements and Madonna 's own vocal style . Her second album , Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) , foreshadowed several trends in her later works . It contained references to classical works ( pizzicato synthesizer line that opens `` Angel '' ) ; potential negative reaction from social groups ( `` Dress You Up '' was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center ) ; and retro styles ( `` Shoo - Bee - Doo '' , Madonna 's homage to Motown ) . Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue ( 1986 ) and Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . In True Blue , she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music . Like a Prayer introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music , including dance , funk , R&B and gospel music . Her versatility was further shown on I 'm Breathless , which consists predominantly of the 1930s Broadway showtune - flavored jazz , swing and big band tracks . Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica ( 1992 ) and Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) . Both albums explored element of new jack swing , with Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly saying that `` she could actually be viewed as new jack swing 's godmother . '' She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples , drum loops and hip hop into her music . With Ray of Light , Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene . Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music ( 2000 ) and American Life ( 2003 ) . A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music , with most of them being simple love songs , but with an underlying tone of melancholy . According to Q magazine , American Life was characterized by `` a thumping techno rhythm , liquid keyboard lines , an acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap . '' The `` conventional rock songs '' of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition , including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song `` Nothing Fails '' . Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor , infusing club beats and retro music with paradoxical and metaphorical lyrics . She moved to an urban direction musically with Hard Candy ( 2008 ) , mixing R&B and hip hop with dance tunes . MDNA ( 2012 ) largely focused in electronic dance music , which she has embraced since Ray of Light . Voice and instruments Madonna playing the guitar riff of `` A New Level '' by heavy metal band Pantera during the Sticky & Sweet Tour in 2008 Possessing a mezzo - soprano vocal range , Madonna has always been self - conscious about her voice , especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald , Prince , and Chaka Khan . Mark Bego , author of Madonna : Blonde Ambition , called her `` the perfect vocalist for lighter - than - air songs '' , despite not being a `` heavyweight talent . '' According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani , `` Madonna 's vocals are the key to her rock roots . Pop vocalists usually sing songs `` straight , '' but Madonna employs subtext , irony , aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did . '' Madonna used a bright , girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became passé in her later works . The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as `` Minnie Mouse on helium '' . During the filming of Evita , Madonna had to take vocal lessons , which increased her range further . Of this experience she commented , `` I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I was n't using . Before , I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it . '' Besides singing , Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments . She learned to play drum and guitar from her then - boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s , before joining the Breakfast Club line - up as the drummer . This helped her to form the band Emmy , where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist . Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings . On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna , Stephen Bray wrote : `` I 've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist . '' After her career breakthrough , Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna ( 1983 ) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . In 1999 , Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart , before eventually leaving the project . After two decades , Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music ( 2000 ) . She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill . Since then , Madonna has played guitar on every tour , as well as her studio albums . At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards , she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award , which honors the most promising up - and - coming guitarist . Influences According to Taraborrelli , the defining moment of Madonna 's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother . Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother 's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming . Conversely , author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done , more important than the death of her mother : `` It 's not so much grief at her mother 's death that drives her , as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected . She encountered her own worst possible scenario , becoming a victim of male violence , and thereafter turned that full - tilt into her work , reversing the equation at every opportunity . '' As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them . They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses . This would later raise Madonna 's interest in poetry , with Sylvia Plath being her favourite . Later , Madonna commented : `` The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something . If I had n't had that emptiness , I would n't have been so driven . Her death had a lot to do with me saying -- after I got over my heartache -- I 'm going to be really strong if I ca n't have my mother . I 'm going to take care of myself . '' Taraborrelli believed that the devastation and abandonment Madonna felt at the loss of her mother taught her `` a valuable lesson , that she would have to remain strong for herself because , she feared weakness -- particularly her own . '' Madonna was influenced by Debbie Harry and Chrissie Hynde , calling them `` strong , independent women who wrote their own music and evolved on their own . '' In 1985 , Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' by Nancy Sinatra ; she said it summed up her own `` take - charge attitude '' . As a young woman , she attempted to broaden her taste in literature , art , and music , and during this time became interested in classical music . She noted that her favorite style was baroque , and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their `` feminine quality '' . Madonna 's major influences include Debbie Harry , Chrissie Hynde , Karen Carpenter , The Supremes and Led Zeppelin , as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev . She also grew up listening to David Bowie , whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended . Madonna 's Italian - Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer . It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career . Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism , such as the stigmata . During The Virgin Tour , she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for `` La Isla Bonita '' . The `` Open Your Heart '' video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language . On the Who 's That Girl World Tour , she dedicated the song `` Papa Do n't Preach '' to Pope John Paul II . Her album MDNA ( 2012 ) has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing , and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center , a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life . During her childhood , Madonna was inspired by actors , later saying , `` I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe . They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness , my knowingness and my innocence . '' Her `` Material Girl '' music video recreated Monroe 's look in the song `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' , from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) . She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s , particularly those of Lombard , in preparation for the film Who 's That Girl . The video for `` Express Yourself '' ( 1989 ) was inspired by Fritz Lang 's silent film Metropolis ( 1927 ) . The video for `` Vogue '' recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographs , in particular those by Horst P. Horst , and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich , Carole Lombard , and Rita Hayworth , while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her , including Bette Davis , described by Madonna as an idol . However , Madonna 's film career has been largely received negatively by film critics . Stephanie Zacharek stated in Time that , `` ( Madonna ) seems wooden and unnatural as an actress , and it 's tough to watch , because she 's clearly trying her damnedest . '' According to biographer Andrew Morton , `` Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism , but privately she is deeply hurt . '' After the box office bomb Swept Away ( 2002 ) , Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film , hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again . In 2016 , a career retrospective , titled Body of Work , was shown at New York 's Metrograph hall . According to The Guardian 's Nigel M. Smith , Madonna 's film career suffered mostly due to lack of proper material supplied to her , and given a chance `` ( she ) could steal a scene for all the right reasons '' . Influences also came to her from the art world , such as through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo . The music video of the song `` Bedtime Story '' featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo . Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka 's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours . Her video for `` Hollywood '' ( 2003 ) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin ; Bourdin 's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father 's work . Pop artist Andy Warhol 's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for `` Erotica '' and `` Deeper and Deeper '' . Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah , and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means `` star '' . She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject . She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna 's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism . Madonna defended her studies , saying : `` It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party '' , and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is `` not hurting anybody '' . The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna 's music , especially albums like Ray of Light and Music . During the Re-Invention World Tour , at one point in the show , Madonna and her dancers wore T - shirts that read `` Kabbalists Do It Better '' . Music videos and performances See also : Madonna videography In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist , Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work . According to them , many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context , while referring to the music . Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots ( 1993 ) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning `` queen of video '' is Madonna . He further asserted that `` the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna . The responses to Madonna 's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory . '' The media and public reaction towards her most - discussed songs such as `` Papa Do n't Preach '' , `` Like a Prayer '' , or `` Justify My Love '' had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact , rather than the songs themselves . Morton felt that `` artistically , Madonna 's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos . '' Madonna 's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor . She was able to transmit her avant - garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience . The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era . Author Douglas Kellner noted , `` such ' multiculturalism ' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences . '' Madonna 's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time , in the form of boleros and layered skirts , accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of `` La Isla Bonita '' . Madonna using the `` Madonna mic '' during the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour . She was one of the earliest adopters of hands - free headsets . Academics noted that with her videos , Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex . This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for `` Like a Prayer '' . The video included scenes of an African - American church choir , Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint , and singing in front of burning crosses . This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal . In 2003 , MTV named her `` The Greatest Music Video Star Ever '' and said that `` Madonna 's innovation , creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award . '' Madonna 's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV ; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying , `` MTV , with its almost exclusively lip - synched videos , ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day , every day , watching singers just mouth the words . '' The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip - syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows . He added , `` Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship , with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision - timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing . These effects came at the expense of live singing . '' Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip - syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour , she has subsequently reorganized her performances by `` stay ( ing ) mostly still during her toughest singing parts and ( leaves ) the dance routines to her backup troupe ... ( r ) ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time . '' To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing , Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands - free radio - frequency headset microphones , with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head , and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth . Because of her prominent usage , the microphone design came to be known as the `` Madonna mic '' . Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance . While her big - screen performances are panned , her live performances are critical successes . Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos . Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally , the fact that images from Madonna 's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos . She believed that `` her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized '' . Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia , latest technology and sound systems , Madonna 's concerts and live performances are `` extravagant show piece ( s ) , ( and ) walking art show ( s ) . '' Madonna always films her concert tours , saying : `` It 's like documenting and archiving your artwork . It 's a record of something I created with a lot of great and talented people ... They 're stages of my career , and they tell a story . They 're an important part of my legacy , so I 'm documenting them , '' she explained . Madonna has expressed her desire to create a stripped - down , acoustic only concert `` that continues to involve music and dance ( but also ) poetry and humor '' . She also wanted to involve water elements in her productions but had been discouraged due to logistical problems . Legacy See also : Cultural impact of Madonna , List of artists influenced by Madonna , List of Madonna tribute albums , List of cover versions of Madonna songs , Madonna wannabe , Madonna Studies , and Bibliography of works on Madonna Various music journalists , critical theorists , and authors have noted Madonna 's legacy and deemed her the most influential female recording artist of all time . She topped VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list and The Daily Telegraph 's `` 20 Greatest Female Artists '' list . Author Carol Clerk wrote that `` during her career , Madonna has transcended the term ' pop star ' to become a global cultural icon . '' Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that `` She became the first viral Master of Pop in history , years before the Internet was massively used . Madonna was everywhere ; in the almighty music television channels , ' radio formulas ' , magazine covers and even in bookshops . A pop dialectic , never seen since The Beatles 's reign , which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality . '' Laura Barcella and Jessica Valenti in the book Madonna and Me : Women Writers on the Queen of Pop ( 2012 ) wrote that `` really , Madonna changed everything the musical landscape , the ' 80s look du jour , and most significantly , what a mainstream female pop star could ( and could n't ) say , do , or accomplish in the public eye . '' William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that `` Madonna has changed the world 's social history , has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to . '' Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art , the likes of which we will never see again . He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop . Madonna 's wax statue at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC , `` It 's worth noting that before Madonna , most music mega-stars were guy rockers ; after her , almost all would be female singers ... When The Beatles hit America , they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band . Madonna changed it back -- with an emphasis on the female . '' Howard Kramer , curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , asserted that `` Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers . '' According to Fouz - Hernández , subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Kylie Minogue , the Spice Girls , Destiny 's Child , Jennifer Lopez , and Pink were like her `` daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna , and decided they wanted to be like her . '' Madonna has also influenced male artists , inspiring rock frontmen Liam Gallagher of Oasis and Chester Bennington of Linkin Park to become musicians . Madonna 's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism . As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , Volume 1 ( 2010 ) , she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations , social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit , sexual imagery and lyrics , religious symbolism , and otherwise `` irreverent '' behavior in her live performances . The Times wrote that she had `` started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex , nudity , style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice . '' Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self , of sexuality , and of one 's social relations . In Doing Gender in Media , Art and Culture ( 2009 ) , the authors noted that Madonna , as a female celebrity , performer , and pop icon , is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates . According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys , Madonna represents woman 's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex , as powerful , and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corvée allotted to women . Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as `` an almost sacred feminist icon . '' Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry , `` achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry '' , and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career . According to Gini Gorlinski in the book The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time ( 2010 ) , Madonna 's levels of power and control were `` unprecedented '' for a woman in the entertainment industry . Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described her as `` America 's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself . '' London Business School academics called her a `` dynamic entrepreneur '' worth copying ; they identified her vision of success , her understanding of the music industry , her ability to recognize her own performance limits ( and thus bring in help ) , her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success . Morton wrote that `` Madonna is opportunistic , manipulative , and ruthless -- somebody who wo n't stop until she gets what she wants -- and that 's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones . But that hardly mattered to her . '' Achievements See also : List of awards and nominations received by Madonna and List of Madonna records and achievements Madonna is the wealthiest woman in the music business , with an estimated net worth between $590 million to $800 million . She has sold more than 300 million records worldwide . The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best - selling female recording artist and the fourth best - selling act of all time , behind The Beatles , Elvis Presley , and Michael Jackson . According to the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , she is the best - selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top - selling female albums artist in the United States , with 64.5 million certified albums . Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom , with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) as of April 2013 . Madonna remains the highest - grossing solo touring artist of all time , with over $1.4 billion earned from her concert tours throughout her career . As of 2016 , Billboard Boxscore ranked Madonna as the third highest - grossing touring act of all time , with over $1.31 billion in concert gross since 1990 , behind only The Rolling Stones ( $1.84 billion ) and U2 ( $1.67 billion ) . Madonna also remains the only woman in history with two solo concerts attended by 100,000 people ; her Who 's That Girl World Tour 's concert in Parc de Sceaux , Paris , drew over 130,000 audience , while her Girlie Show World Tour 's concert in Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , drew over 120,000 audience . Madonna has also won seven Grammy Awards and twenty MTV Video Music Awards , including the 1986 Video Vanguard Award for which she became the first female recipient . Madonna holds the record for the most number - ones on all combined Billboard charts , including twelve number - one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number - one albums on the Billboard 200 . With 46 songs topping the Dance Club Songs chart , Madonna became the artist with the most number - one songs on an active Billboard chart , pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number - one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart . She has also scored 38 top - ten singles on the Hot 100 , more than any other artist in history . In 2008 , Billboard ranked her at number two , behind The Beatles , on the Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Artists , making her the most successful solo artist in the chart 's history . In 2016 , the magazine listed her as the Greatest Dance Club Songs Artist of All Time . At the 40th anniversary of Germany 's GfK Media Control Charts , Madonna was listed as the most successful singles artist in the chart 's history . Discography Main articles : Madonna albums discography , singles , and videos Studio albums Madonna ( 1983 ) Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) True Blue ( 1986 ) Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) Erotica ( 1992 ) Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) Ray of Light ( 1998 ) Music ( 2000 ) American Life ( 2003 ) Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) Hard Candy ( 2008 ) MDNA ( 2012 ) Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) Filmography Main article : Madonna filmography Films starred A Certain Sacrifice ( 1979 ) Vision Quest ( 1985 ) Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) Shanghai Surprise ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) Bloodhounds of Broadway ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Madonna : Truth or Dare ( 1991 ) Shadows and Fog ( 1991 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Body of Evidence ( 1993 ) Dangerous Game ( 1993 ) Blue in the Face ( 1995 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) Girl 6 ( 1996 ) Evita ( 1996 ) The Next Best Thing ( 2000 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret ( 2005 ) Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) Films directed Filth and Wisdom ( 2008 ) W.E. ( 2011 ) Tours Main article : List of Madonna live performances The Virgin Tour ( 1985 ) Who 's That Girl World Tour ( 1987 ) Blond Ambition World Tour ( 1990 ) The Girlie Show World Tour ( 1993 ) Drowned World Tour ( 2001 ) Re-Invention World Tour ( 2004 ) Confessions Tour ( 2006 ) Sticky & Sweet Tour ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The MDNA Tour ( 2012 ) Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Enterprises See also : Madonna fashion brands Boy Toy , Inc Webo Girl Publishing , Inc ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1992 ) Raising Malawi ( 2006 ) Hard Candy Fitness ( 2010 ) Truth or Dare by Madonna ( 2011 ) See also Madonna portal Book : Madonna Culture of the United States Honorific nicknames in popular music List of best - selling music artists List of dance - pop artists List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards References Jump up ^ `` Libraries Australia Authorities -- Madonna '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 America 's Self - Made Women Net Worth '' . Forbes . July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vasel , Kathryn ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` The world 's 10 richest recording artists '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2002 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Madonna Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : `` The Child Who Became a Star : Madonna Timeline '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guilbert 2002 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , pp. 26 -- 29 Jump up ^ Claro 1994 , pp. 24 , 27 Jump up ^ Tilden , Imogen ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Madonna '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hosted by Paula Zahn ( 2004 ) . `` A Star with Staying Power '' . People in the News . CNN . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Christopher ( October 14 , 1991 ) . `` Madonna Rising '' . New York . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Menconi , David ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna before she was Madonna -- dancing at American Dance Festival '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hosted by Jim Wallasky . `` Madonna : Queen of Pop '' . Biography. 5 minutes in . The History Channel . Jump up ^ Rettenmund 1995 , p. 45 Jump up ^ O'Brien 2007 , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Documentary reveals bedroom tapes Madonna made with lover '' . News.com.au . August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baron , Bruce ( July 2 , 1999 ) . `` Madonna -- From Genesis to Revelations '' . Goldmine. 25 ( 494 ) . ISSN 1055 - 2685 . Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Ganz , Caryn ( 2004 ) . `` Biography -- Madonna '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ LeRoy , Dan . `` Breakfast Club > Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orzeck , Kurt ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Madonna , Beastie Boys Nominated For Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame '' . MTV . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna -- Charts & Awards -- Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna -- Charts & Awards -- Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clerk 2002 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Rettenmund 1995 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( August 10 , 1985 ) . `` Hot Madonna : July Fills Her Coffers With RIAA Metal '' . Billboard . New York . 97 ( 32 ) : 7 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contrasting fortunes as Madonna and Jacko turn 50 '' . Melbourne : ABC News . August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : A Lot To ' Like ' About Far * East Movement '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's The Wardrobe Malfunction That Made Madonna 's ' Like A Virgin ' VMA Performance Legendary '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greig , Geordie ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` Geordie Greig Meets Madonna : Secret Life of a Contented Wife '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Clerk 2002 , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna Scores 12th Chart Topper in the UK '' . BBC News . February 26 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Desperately Seeking Madonna '' . Film Journal International . Arthur M. Sackler Foundation , University of Michigan . 10 : 20 . 1984 . ISSN 1536 - 3155 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( March 2 , 1986 ) . `` Critic 's Choices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Warren et al. 2001 , pp. 23 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Morton 2002 , pp. 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Dion , Richard . `` Madonna Biography '' . Musicomania . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Clerk 2002 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Sigerson , David ( July 7 , 1986 ) . `` Madonna : True Blue '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : Artist Discography '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bohem 1990 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna And Lionel Richie To Reunite On Billboard Charts ? '' . MTV ( MTV Networks ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McFarlan 1992 , p. 186 Jump up ^ `` Sizzle or Fizzle ? Real - Life Couples On Screen '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Biography '' . Tribune Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Neil ( May 24 , 2004 ) . `` Show Stealer Madonna on Tour '' . BBC . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Bassets , Luis ( August 31 , 1987 ) . `` Madonna convocó en París a 130.000 personas '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Jesús de Polanco . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( December 2 , 1987 ) . `` Madonna -- You Can Dance '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Biography , Discography , Filmography '' . Fox News Channel . January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi cancels Madonna ad '' . The New York Times . April 5 , 1989 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madonna ( 1989 ) . Like a Prayer ( Audio CD ) . Sire Records . ^ Jump up to : Considine , J.D. ( April 6 , 1989 ) . `` Madonna : Like A Prayer : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Julián ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Santa Madonna , ' ora pro nobis ' '' . El Mundo ( in Spanish ) . Unidad Editorial . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 217 Jump up ^ `` Michael , Madonna Top ' Billboard ' Poll '' . Dayton Daily News ( Press release ) . Cox Enterprises . May 25 , 1990 . p. 23 . ISSN 0897 - 0920 . Jump up ^ Bego 2000 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 98 Jump up ^ `` Dick Tracy '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Showbiz > Madonna '' . China Daily . November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Monica ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Poll : ' Vogue ' Is Fave Madonna Chart - Topper '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitts 2004 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Sporkin , Elizabeth ( July 2 , 1990 ) . `` He Still Leaves ' Em Breathless '' . People . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna.com > Tours > Blond Ambition Tour '' . Madonna.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Crucifixes , Leather and Hits '' . Rolling Stone . 1067 ( 56 ) . ISSN 0035 - 791X . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Carrie ( August 1991 ) . `` True Confessions : The Rolling Stone Interview With Madonna '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Award Winners -- Madonna '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 128 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum : Diamond Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clayton - Lea , Tony ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Girl gone wild : is it time for Madonna to grow up ? '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Joshua ( November 20 , 1998 ) . `` Madonna Banned '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lippens , Nate ( 2007 ) . `` Making Madonna : 10 Moments That Created an Icon '' . MSN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Jane ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Unarmed and Dangerous '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Vanilla Ice : I broke up with ' great lover ' Madonna over her ' Sex ' book '' . Daily News . Retrieved August 30 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` In Bed With Madonna -- BBFC rating '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Munoz , Lorenza ( January 3 , 2003 ) . `` Little pictures have a big year '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( April 20 , 1992 ) . `` Madonna Makes a $60 Million Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Kirschling , Gregory ( October 25 , 2002 ) . `` The Naked Launch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , pp. 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Body of Evidence '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 19 , 1993 ) . `` A Movie Within a Movie , With a Demure Madonna '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tetzlaff 1993 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , pp. 232 -- 235 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 242 ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 235 Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( November 17 , 1995 ) . `` Something to Remember '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Candace C. ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Tupac Shakur letter reveals he split from Madonna because she 's white '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 1996 ) . `` Evita ( 1997 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( December 6 , 1996 ) . `` Madonna , Chic Pop Star , As Chic Political Leader '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael 2004 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 16 , 1996 ) . `` Cinema : Madonna and Eva Peron : You Must Love Her '' . Time . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Busari , Stephanie ( March 24 , 2008 ) . `` Hey Madonna , Do n't Give Up the Day Job ! '' . CNN . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( September 23 , 1997 ) . `` Madonna -- Evita ( Original Soundtrack ) Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 109 ( 6 ) : 41 . February 8 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performers , Presenters Add Spark To Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. 108 ( 51 ) : 12 . December 21 , 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lacher , Irne ( October 16 , 1996 ) . `` Madonna Gives Birth to Daughter '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Barnes , Anthony ( July 9 , 2006 ) . `` Kabbalah : is Madonna losing her religion ? '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Michael 2004 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Powers , Ann ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ray Of Light ' Was Madonna 's ' Mid-Life Enlightenment ' Record '' . Soundcheck . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( March 9 , 2003 ) . `` Madonna : Ray Of Light Album Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna 's secret to making ' Music ' '' . CNN . November 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 303 Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 167 Jump up ^ `` Madonna.com > Discography > Ray of Light '' . Madonna.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Glenday 1998 , p. 228 Jump up ^ `` Madonna '' . Inside Philanthropy . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Review : `` Music of the Heart '' Hits All the Right Notes `` . CNN . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 47 : American Pie '' . BBC Radio 2 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bronson 2002 , p. 989 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Bogdanov & Woodstra 2002 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 28 , 2000 ) . `` After 11 Year Absence , Madonna 's Back At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hann C. ( March 23 , 2001 ) . `` Controversial new Madonna video airs on the Web '' . CNN . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , pp. xix ; 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Davies , Hugh ; Aldrick , Philip ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` Madonna 's wedding will be the Highlands ' biggest fling '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 29 , 2001 ) . `` The Year in Touring '' . Billboard . New York City . 113 ( 52 ) : 44 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Madonna -- GHV2 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna flop goes straight to video '' . BBC . November 8 , 2002 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Billington ( May 25 , 2002 ) . `` Up for Grabs , Wyndham 's Theatre , London Stage '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre review : Up for Grabs at Wyndham 's '' . Britishtheatreguide.info . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Film : Die Another Day '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , Rhonda ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` Weighty Madonna : Rhonda Lieberman on ' X-STaTIC PRo = CeSS ' '' . Artforum International . BNET . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American Life by Madonna : Review '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Norris , John ( April 9 , 2003 ) . `` Madonna : Her American Life '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2003 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( March 2003 ) . `` All - American Girl '' . The Advocate ( 887 ) : 45 . ISSN 0001 - 8996 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` Miss ' American ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Chris ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Thank You For the Music ! How Madonna 's New Single Will Give Abba Their Greatest - Ever Hit '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( August 28 , 2003 ) . `` Madonna Smooches With Britney And Christina '' . MTV . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( August 28 , 2003 ) . `` Madonna , Spears , Aguilera shock at MTV Awards '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Brackett , & Hoard 2004 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Horton & Simmons 2007 , pp. 196 -- 198 ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna 's label sues record giant '' . BBC . March 26 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna sells record company '' . NME . August 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Heads List Of Year 's Top Tours '' . Billboard . January 2 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Madonna -- I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( November 12 , 2004 ) . `` Cliff Richard and Robbie Williams join British music 's Hall of Fame '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Immortals : The First Fifty '' . Rolling Stone . 1092 ( 22 ) . November 9 , 2006 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood , music stars join forces in tsunami telethon '' . Australian Broadcasting Company . Associated Press . January 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Live 8 Event '' . BBC . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 19 , 2005 ) . `` Albums : Confessions on a Dance Floor '' . Billboard . New York . 117 ( 47 ) : 45 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glenday 2007 , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Madonna ' begged ' Abba for sample '' . BBC . October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Madonna 's ' Confessions ' Tour Sets Record '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khyam , Omar ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Boycott of Madonna Moscow concert urged '' . Jewish News Weekly . The Emanu - El . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Keane , Shakira , Coldplay and Madonna scoop summer Platinum Awards '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna ' adopts child in Africa ' '' . BBC . October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's adoption appeal begins in Malawi '' . CNN . Associated Press . April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Confessions on a TV show : Oprah hears Madonna 's side of the story '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Karen ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Madonna speaks out over furor '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Court Rules That Madonna May Adopt Malawi Girl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( July 7 , 2007 ) . `` Live Earth London Wraps With Madonna Spectacular '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 16 , 2007 ) . `` Update : Madonna Confirms Deal With Live Nation '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Acclaim for Madonna 's Malawi documentary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Review : Madonna 's Filth and Wisdom '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Johnston , Sheila ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Filth and Wisdom : Do n't give up the day job , Madonna '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Jonathan ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Madonna , Beasties , Mellencamp Up For Rock Hall '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Has Her Say At Rock Hall Ceremony '' . CBS News . Associated Press . March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` Timbaland Talks About His And Justin Timberlake 's ' Hot ' Collabo With Madonna '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billera , Michael ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna Superbowl Performance : ' Give Me All Your Luvin ' to Debut during Half - Time Show , Video to Air on American Idol '' . International Business Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna Leads Busy Billboard 200 with 7th # 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna Debuts Hard Candy With Justin Timberlake at New York Club Show '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` Review : Madonna 's Hard Candy '' . BBC . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Mariah , Madonna Make Billboard Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Veronica ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna Goes to No. 1 For the 13th Time '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 第 23 回 日本 ゴールド ディスク 大賞 で '' アーティスト ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ イヤー `` を 受賞 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Warner Music Japan . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna Resuming Sticky & Sweet Tour This Summer '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Roger Waters Passes Madonna For Solo Boxscore Record With 459m Wall Live '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Nonfiction '' . The New York Times . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's brother 's book explores Guy Ritchie marriage '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna and Ritchie Confirm Split '' . BBC News . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna gives Guy £ 50m in divorce '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adetunji , Jo ( November 22 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna and Ritchie granted quickie divorce '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna , Ritchie granted quick divorce '' . CNN . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Banda , Mabvuto ; Georgy , Michael ( May 25 , 2009 ) . Ireland , Louise , ed . `` Madonna Loses Adoption Bid in Malawi '' . Billboard . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Wins Adoption Battle '' . CBS News . Associated Press . June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna 's Celebration Hits Collection to Feature Two New Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna 's Celebration Tops Euro Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crosley , Hillary ; Kaufman , Gil ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna Pays Tearful Tribute To Michael Jackson At 2009 VMAs '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Decade End Charts : Singles Sales Artists '' . Billboard. 2009 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna ' most played ' artist of decade '' . BBC News . April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Touring Artists of the Decade '' . Billboard . December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Maura ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Madonna Brings Classic ' Like A Prayer ' To Hope for Haiti Now Telethon '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` マドンナ 、 TOP10 入り 獲得 数 20 作 で ザ ・ ビートルズ 抜き 歴代 単独 1 位 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon. April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Glee Exclusive : Madonna is on board ! Is Adam Lambert next ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 20 , 2010 ) . Tourtellotte , Bob , ed . `` Madonna sued over ' Material Girl ' clothing line '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Joyce ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Madonna to Open Hard Candy Gym Chain '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna And MG Icon Announce The Launch of The ' Truth or Dare by Madonna ' Brand '' . Madonna.com . November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( February 13 , 2010 ) . `` Madonna directing ' W.E. ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` W.E. Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` W.E. '' Rotten Tomatoes . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna 's ' Masterpiece ' Wins The Golden Globe '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI Halftime show featured Madonna '' . National Football League . December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl most watched TV show in U.S. history , draws record 111.3 million viewers '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Scores Record - Extending 38th Hot 100 Top 10 '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Interscope Records ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Material Girl is Back on the Dance Floor '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Madonna 's Interscope - Live Nation Deal Worth $40 Million ; Album Due Out in March '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live Nation 's Michael Rapino Wants to Upsell You , Talks Streaming and Madonna - Like 360 Deals '' . Billboard . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Lionel Richie at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cadan , Dan ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna Kicks Off ' MDNA ' Tour in Tel Aviv '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waddell , Ray ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna 's ' MDNA ' Tour Makes Billboard Boxscore 's All - Time Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nardine Saad ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna is Forbes ' top - earning celebrity thanks to MDNA tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Caitlin ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` BitTorrent and Madonna join forces for free speech '' . PC World . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blistein , John ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Madonna Names Katy Perry Art for Freedom Guest Curator '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` madonna - leaves - malawi - charity '' . Daily News . New York . April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malawi labels Madonna a ' bully ' after recent visit '' . BBC . April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mapondera , Godfrey ; Smith , David ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Malawi president 's attack on Madonna said to be a ' goof ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Madonna Aims to Help Detroit Hometown by Funding Charities '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Madonna Premiering Skin Care Brand in Japan '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Madonna : I did not say , ' Hey , here 's my music , and it 's finished . ' It was theft '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hampson , Sarah ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` My seven - minute , speed - date interview with Madonna '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna hits studio with Kills '' . The Belfast Telegraph . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mac , Sam C. ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna Releases Three More Songs from Rebel Heart : ' Joan of Arc ' , ' Iconic ' , & ' Hold Tight ' '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna Talks About ' Rebel Heart , ' Her Fall and More '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Rebel Heart '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna 's new studio album ' Rebel Heart ' shoots to the top of the world album charts this week ! '' . World Music Awards . March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna Plots Rebel Heart Tour for North America , Europe '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , Subel ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna completes her Rebel Heart tour in Sydney amid criticism '' . Borneo Bulletin . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Bob ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna Extends Record as Highest - Grossing Solo Touring Artist : $1.31 Billion Earned '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Judge rules on Madonna custody dispute '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Is Billboard 's 2016 Woman of the Year '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna Delivers Her Blunt Truth During Fiery , Teary Billboard Women In Music Speech '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shouneyia , Alexa ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Madonna Gives Surprise Performance in New York 's Washington Square Park in Support of Hillary Clinton '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Madonna Drop F - Bomb on Live TV at Women 's March on Washington '' . Billboard . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` In R - rated anti-Trump rant , Madonna muses about ' blowing up White House ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krepps , Daniel ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna Clarifies ' Out of Context ' Remark From Women 's March '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mponda , Félix ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna Adopts 4 - year - old Twin Girls in Malawi '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna Shares Video of New Twins Singing ' Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna is happy she moved '' . CNN . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phiri , Frank ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Malawi hails Madonna 's ' motherly spirit ' at opening of new hospital '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 32nd Japan Gold Disc Award '' ( in Japanese ) . Japan Gold Disc Award . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel Heart Tour > Madonna '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Yasmin ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Madonna 's Newest Venture , MDNA Skin '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna loses legal battle to prevent auction of Tupac letter and other personal items '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Madonna Confirms She Is Working On New Music '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Madonna 's new album will be `` infused '' with Portuguese fado music `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrea ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Met Gala 2018 : Madonna Performs ' Like a Prayer ' '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daw , Stephen ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Madonna Set to Direct Film Adaptation of Michaela Deprince 's Memoir ' Taking Flight ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kile , Meredith ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Madonna Honors Aretha Franklin With Personal VMA Tribute '' . MSN . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sears , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna 's ' Ray Of Light ' Turns 15 : Backtracking '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grant 2005 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Grant 2005 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lancaster & di Leonardo 1997 , p. 355 Jump up ^ Harrison 2017 , p. 213 ^ Jump up to : `` Madonna > Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Price interview '' . Popjustice . November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gnojewski 2007 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Zollo 2003 , p. 616 Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory : Madonna L. Ciccone '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : Album Guide '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , pp. 55 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Daniel ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Madonna , Step Away From The ' Songwriting Camps ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna on the rise of Trump : ' Of course I 'm saying I predicted it ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coulhan , Erin ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Madonna , Led Zeppelin Among Songwriters Hall of Fame Nominees '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's up for the 2016 Songwriters Hall of Fame ? '' . CBS News . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z , Madonna Among Nominees For The 2017 Songwriters Hall Of Fame '' . Access Hollywood . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Lamsweerde , Inez van ; Walters , Barry ( April 1998 ) . `` Madonna Chooses Dare '' . Spin. 14 ( 4 ) : 70 -- 76 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sclafani , Tony ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna : A true blue rock star '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna -- Madonna > Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Kellner 1995 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Bronson 2002 , p. 329 Jump up ^ `` CG : Madonna '' . Robert Christgau . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Madonna Gets Kinky With Erotica : Wake - Up Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 28 , 1994 ) . `` Album Review : ' Bedtime Stories ' ( 1994 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooksby 2004 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , pp. 301 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Rees , Paul ( May 2003 ) . `` Madonna Attacks ! '' . Q. Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd , Matthew ( November 2005 ) . `` Madonna : Confessions of an Icon '' . Attitude . Vitality Publishing . Jump up ^ Sischy , Ingrid ( April 2008 ) . `` Madonna : the one and only , on her life unchained '' . Interview . CNET Networks . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' MDNA , ' Madonna 's 12th Studio Album '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` That Time Monte Pittman Taught Madonna a Pantera Riff '' . Decibel . January 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean 2003 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Johnston , Maura ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna : Like a Prayer '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bego 2000 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Pre-Madonna ( CD , VHS ) . Madonna . Soultone. 1997 . 83332 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kuklenski , Valerie ( November 1 , 1999 ) . `` ' Slashmeister ' Craven tackles different genre with ' Music ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . The Greenspun Corporation . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kelly ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monte Pittman reveals what it 's like on tour with Madonna '' . Gulf News . Al Nisr Publishing . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Abbey ( February 15 , 2002 ) . `` Madonna : The Next Guitar God ? '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burston , Paul ( September 9 , 2007 ) . `` Madonna : Like an Icon , By Lucy O'Brien '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Madonna : For the first time , her friends and lovers speak out '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Worrell , Denise ( May 27 , 1985 ) . `` Madonna , Why She 's Hot '' . Time . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Michael 2004 , p. 199 Jump up ^ King , Larry ( January 19 , 1999 ) . `` Interview : Madonna reviews life on Larry King Live '' . CNN . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna accepts for David Bowie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Brien 2007 , pp. 126 -- 131 ^ Jump up to : Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , pp. 67 -- 70 Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` When it comes to controversy on tour , Madonna 's been down this road '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael De Groote ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Spiritual girl : Madonna 's shifting beliefs '' . Deseret News . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victor 2001 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 293 Jump up ^ M. Smith , Nigel ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Is Madonna 's acting really that bad ? A career retrospective lets you be the judge '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Voller 1999 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Guralnick & Wolk 2000 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( September 30 , 2003 ) . `` Madonna faces copyright suit over video images '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guilbert 2002 , p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Friskics - Warren 2006 , p. 72 Jump up ^ `` Madonna opens school in Karachi '' . Daily News and Analysis . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna defends Kabbalah interest '' . BBC . October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Taylor 1993 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Kellner 1995 , p. 271 Jump up ^ Clerk 2002 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Rettenmund 1995 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Welton 1998 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cross 2007 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Landrum 2007 , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Chris ( February 1 , 2004 ) . `` Lip - Synching Gets Real '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Thor ( September 15 , 2001 ) . `` Loose Lips : Pop Singers ' Lip - Syncing In Concert Is An Open Secret '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . B. 8 . ISSN 1068 - 624X . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harada , Kai ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Kai Harada , sound designer and sound handbook author , writes about ' The Feeding and Care of RF Microphones ' '' . Harada-Sound.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Castle , Andrew ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Wimbledon 's No 1 seat '' . The Independent . London : Independent News & Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Metz & Benson 1999 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Diamond 1996 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Taraborrelli 2002 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Ross , Martha ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Madonna should look to Mark Zuckerberg for reasons that a critical biopic can be a good thing '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , James ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Never Knew About ... Madonna '' . Clash . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scaggs , Austin ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna Looks Back : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kellner 1995 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` MDNA in the time of MDMA : The End of Madonna 's Reign ? '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Women in Music '' . VH1 . Viacom . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pop 's 20 greatest female artists '' . The Daily Telegraph . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clerk 2002 , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Mujeres que cambiaron las reglas del rock '' . Rolling Stone Spain ( in Spanish ) . April 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barcella 2012 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Langley , William ( August 9 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna , mistress of metamorphosis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGee , Alan ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna Pop Art '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` At 50 , has Madonna surpassed the Beatles ? '' . MSNBC . NBCUniversal . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gormly , Kellie B. ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Flamboyant Divas Can Thank Madonna '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , p. 161 Jump up ^ `` Madonna inspired Liam Gallagher to become a musician '' . Business Standard . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Our Time with Chester Bennington '' . Elvis Duran and the Morning Show . February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Roger Chapman ( 2010 ) . `` Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , Volume 1 '' . M.E. Sharpe : 333 . Jump up ^ Fouz - Hernández & Jarman - Ivens 2004 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Fiske 1989 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Buikema & van der Tuin 2009 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Jeffreys 2005 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Jhally 2006 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Kramarae & Spender 2000 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Gorlinski 2010 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Johnston , Ian ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Get a head for business , tune into Madonna '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jamie ; Kupp , Martin ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Case Study : Madonna '' . The Times . News Corp . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morton 2002 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna 's Top 40 most downloaded tracks revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Egan , Barry ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` U2 strike a chord in the best albums from 2009 '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Female Recording Artist of All Time '' . Guinness World Records . Jim Pattison Group . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Artists '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Recording Industry Announces Its Artists of the Century '' . Recording Industry Association of America . November 10 , 1999 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` British certifications -- Madonna '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Enter Madonna in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Wealthiest Female Musicians 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Concert Draws 120,000 '' . The Buffalo News . November 8 , 1993 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna '' . Grammy Award . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who has won the most MTV Video Music Awards ? '' . Vibe. 16 ( 2 ) : 58 . March 2008 . ISSN 1070 - 4701 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna Has Now Charted More Number One Singles Than Any Other Artist '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna Celebrates 30th Anniversary On Billboard Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Gordon ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Greatest of All Time : Madonna Is Billboard 's No. 1 Dance Club Songs Artist '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spahr , Wolfgang ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Germany 's Music Charts Turn 40 : Facts and Milestones in the 4th Biggest Music Market '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Bibliography See also : Bibliography of works on Madonna Barcella , Laura ( 2012 ) . Madonna and Me : Women Writers on the Queen of Pop . Soft Skull Press . ISBN 1 - 59376 - 475 - 8 . Bego , Mark ( 2000 ) . Madonna : Blonde Ambition . Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1051 - 5 . Bohem , David A. ( 1990 ) . Guinness World Records 1990 . Sterling Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8069 - 5791 - 3 . Bronson , Fred ( 2002 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Buikema , Rosemarie ; van der Tuin , Iris ( 2009 ) . Doing Gender in Media , Art and Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9780203876800 . Claro , Nicole ( 1994 ) . Madonna . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 2330 - 3 . Clerk , Carol ( 2002 ) . Madonnastyle . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8874 - 9 . Cross , Mary ( 2007 ) . Madonna : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33811 - 6 . Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll Gold Rush : A Singles Un-Cyclopedia . Algora Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . Diamond , Elin ( 1996 ) . Performance and Cultural Politics . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 12767 - 7 . Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ; Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ( 2002 ) . All music guide to rock : the definitive guide to rock , pop , and soul . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 1399 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 653 - X . Jeffreys , Sheila ( 2005 ) . Beauty And Misogyny : Harmful Cultural Practices In The West . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35183 - 9 . Fiske , John ( 1989 ) . Reading the popular . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07875 - X . Fouz - Hernández , Santiago ; Jarman - Ivens , Freya ( 2004 ) . Madonna 's Drowned Worlds . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3372 - 1 . Friskics - Warren , Bill ( 2006 ) . I 'll Take You There : Pop Music and the Urge for Transcendence . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1921 - 6 . Glenday , Craig ( 1998 ) . Guinness World Records 1998 . Jim Pattison Group . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 070 - 9 . Glenday , Craig ( 2007 ) . Guinness World Records 2007 . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 58992 - X . Gnojewski , Carol ( 2007 ) . Madonna : Express Yourself . Enslow Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7660 - 2442 - 7 . Gorlinski , Gini ( 2010 ) . The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 056 - 3 . Grant , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . Contemporary Strategy Analysis . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1999 - 3 . Guilbert , Georges - Claude ( 2002 ) . Madonna as postmodern myth . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1408 - 1 . Guralnick , Peter ; Wolk , Douglas ( 2000 ) . Best Music Writing . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80999 - 0 . Harrison , Thomas ( 2017 ) . Pop Goes the Decade : The Eighties . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1440836671 . Horton , Ros ; Simmons , Sally ( 2007 ) . Women Who Changed the World . Quercus . ISBN 1 - 84724 - 026 - 7 . Jhally , Sut ( 2006 ) . The Spectacle of Accumulation : Essays in Culture , Media , And Politics . Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7904 - 7 . Kellner , Douglas ( 1995 ) . Media Culture : Cultural Studies , Identity , and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10570 - 6 . Kramarae , Cheris ; Spender , Dale ( 2000 ) . Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women : Global Women 's Issues and Knowledge . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92091 - 4 . Lancaster , Roger Nelson ; di Leonardo , Micaela ( 1997 ) . The Gender / sexuality Reader : Culture , History , Political Economy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91005 - 6 . Landrum , Gene N. ( 2007 ) . Paranoia & Power : Fear & Fame of Entertainment Icons . Morgan James Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60037 - 273 - 2 . McFarlan , Donald ( 1992 ) . The Guinness Book of Records 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0851123783 . Metz , Allen ; Benson , Carol ( 1999 ) . The Madonna Companion : Two Decades of Commentary . Music Sales Group . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7194 - 9 . Morton , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Madonna . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 312 - 98310 - 7 . O'Brien , Lucy ( 2007 ) . Madonna : Like an Icon . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 593 - 05547 - 0 . Pitts , Michael ( 2004 ) . Famous Movie Detectives . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3690 - 4 . Rettenmund , Matthew ( 1995 ) . Madonnica : The Woman & The Icon From A To Z . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11782 - 5 . Rooksby , Rikky ( 2004 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9883 - 3 . Michael , Mick St. ( 2004 ) . Madonna talking : Madonna in Her Own Words . Omnibus Press . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 418 - 7 . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2002 ) . Madonna : An Intimate Biography . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2880 - 4 . Taylor , Mark C. ( 1993 ) . Nots . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 79131 - 9 . Tetzlaff , David ( 1993 ) . Metatextual Girl . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1396 - 1 . Victor , Barbara ( 2001 ) . Goddess , Inside Madonna . Cliff Street Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019930 - X . Voller , Debbie ( 1999 ) . Madonna : The Style Book . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 7511 - 6 . Warren , Holly ; George , Patricia Romanowski ; Bashe , Patricia Romanowski ; Pareles , Jon ( 2001 ) . The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0120 - 5 . Welton , Donn ( 1998 ) . Body and flesh : a philosophical reader . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 57718 - 126 - 3 . Zollo , Paul ( 2003 ) , Songwriters on Songwriting , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81265 - 7 External links Find more aboutMadonna ( entertainer ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Madonna at Encyclopædia Britannica Madonna at AllMovie Madonna at AllMusic Madonna on IMDb `` Madonna '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Madonna at the TCM Movie Database Madonna at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Madonna <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Songs Awards Achievements Live performances Videos Films Books Fashion brands Cultural impact Artists influenced Unreleased songs Covers Tribute albums Works on Madonna Studio albums Madonna Like a Virgin True Blue Like a Prayer Erotica Bedtime Stories Ray of Light Music American Life Confessions on a Dance Floor Hard Candy MDNA Rebel Heart Soundtrack albums Who 's That Girl I 'm Breathless Evita Compilation albums Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits ! You Can Dance The Immaculate Collection Something to Remember GHV2 Remixed & Revisited Celebration Box sets The Complete Studio Albums ( 1983 -- 2008 ) Music video releases Madonna The Immaculate Collection The Video Collection 93 : 99 Celebration : The Video Collection Live releases Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour Ciao Italia : Live from Italy Blond Ambition World Tour Live Truth or Dare ( In Bed with Madonna ) The Girlie Show : Live Down Under Drowned World Tour 2001 I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret The Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour MDNA World Tour Rebel Heart Tour Concerts and tours The Virgin Tour Who 's That Girl World Tour Blond Ambition World Tour The Girlie Show World Tour Drowned World Tour Re-Invention World Tour Confessions Tour Sticky & Sweet Tour The MDNA Tour Controversy Rebel Heart Tour Madonna : Tears of a Clown Films directed Filth and Wisdom W.E. secretprojectrevolution Documentaries Truth or Dare ( In Bed with Madonna ) I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret I Am Because We Are Television Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman in 1994 Super Bowl XLVI halftime show Books Sex The English Roses Mr. Peabody 's Apples Yakov and the Seven Thieves The Adventures of Abdi Lotsa de Casha Companies and brands Maverick Raising Malawi Hard Candy Fitness Truth or Dare by Madonna Works about Madonna `` Like a Surgeon '' Medusa : Dare to Be Truthful `` If Madonna Calls '' Madonna : An Intimate Biography Madonna `` Do it With Madonna '' `` She 's Madonna '' Madonna : Like an Icon Through the Wilderness Life with My Sister Madonna `` The Power of Madonna '' Soundtrack Strike a Pose Madonnaland Related articles Breakfast Club Pre-Madonna Sean Penn Guy Ritchie Madonna as a gay icon Madonna Studies Madonna wannabe Radio 1 Madonna controversy <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Madonna <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Brit Award for International Female 1980s Tracy Chapman ( 1989 ) 1990s Not Awarded ( 1990 ) Sinéad O'Connor ( 1991 ) Not Awarded ( 1992 ) Not Awarded ( 1993 ) Björk ( 1994 ) K.d. lang ( 1995 ) Björk ( 1996 ) Sheryl Crow ( 1997 ) Björk ( 1998 ) Natalie Imbruglia ( 1999 ) 2000s Macy Gray ( 2000 ) Madonna ( 2001 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) Pink ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2005 ) Madonna ( 2006 ) Nelly Furtado ( 2007 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2008 ) Katy Perry ( 2009 ) 2010s Lady Gaga ( 2010 ) Rihanna ( 2011 ) Rihanna ( 2012 ) Lana Del Rey ( 2013 ) Lorde ( 2014 ) Taylor Swift ( 2015 ) Björk ( 2016 ) Beyoncé ( 2017 ) Lorde ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical <Td_colspan="2"> Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) <Th_colspan="2"> Recording Industry Association of Japan -- Gold Disc Award for Artist of the Year Domestic Akina Nakamori ( 1987 ) Rebecca ( 1988 ) Boøwy ( 1989 ) Southern All Stars ( 1990 ) Yumi Matsutoya ( 1991 ) Chage and Aska ( 1992 ) Chage and Aska ( 1993 ) Wands ( 1994 ) TRF ( 1995 ) TRF ( 1996 ) Namie Amuro ( 1997 ) Glay ( 1998 ) B'z ( 1999 ) Utada Hikaru ( 2000 ) Ayumi Hamasaki ( 2001 ) Ayumi Hamasaki ( 2002 ) Utada Hikaru ( 2003 ) Ayumi Hamasaki ( 2004 ) Orange Range ( 2005 ) Kumi Koda ( 2006 ) Kumi Koda ( 2007 ) Exile ( 2008 ) Exile ( 2009 ) Arashi ( 2010 ) Arashi ( 2011 ) AKB48 ( 2012 ) AKB48 ( 2013 ) AKB48 ( 2014 ) Arashi ( 2015 ) Arashi ( 2016 ) Arashi ( 2017 ) Namie Amuro ( 2018 ) International Madonna ( 1987 ) The Beatles ( 1988 ) Bon Jovi ( 1989 ) Madonna ( 1990 ) Madonna ( 1991 ) Guns N ' Roses ( 1992 ) Madonna ( 1993 ) The Beatles ( 1994 ) Mariah Carey ( 1995 ) Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) Me & My ( 1997 ) Celine Dion ( 1998 ) Celine Dion ( 1999 ) Celine Dion ( 2000 ) The Beatles ( 2001 ) Backstreet Boys ( 2002 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) Twelve Girls Band ( 2004 ) Queen ( 2005 ) O - Zone ( 2006 ) Daniel Powter ( 2007 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2008 ) Madonna ( 2009 ) The Beatles ( 2010 ) Lady Gaga ( 2011 ) Lady Gaga ( 2012 ) Che'Nelle ( 2013 ) One Direction ( 2014 ) One Direction ( 2015 ) The Beatles ( 2016 ) Ariana Grande ( 2017 ) The Beatles ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 2008 Performers The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , Mike Smith Leonard Cohen Madonna John Mellencamp The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , Don Wilson Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Sidemen Little Walter <Th_colspan="2"> UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1971 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1972 : 20 Dynamic Hits ( various artists ) 1973 : Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player ( Elton John ) 1974 : The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( The Carpenters ) 1975 : The Best of The Stylistics ( The Stylistics ) 1976 : Greatest Hits ( ABBA ) 1977 : Arrival ( ABBA ) 1978 : Saturday Night Fever ( original soundtrack ) 1979 : Parallel Lines ( Blondie ) 1980 : Super Trouper ( ABBA ) 1981 : Kings of the Wild Frontier ( Adam and the Ants ) 1982 : Love Songs ( Barbra Streisand ) 1983 : Thriller ( Michael Jackson ) 1984 : Ca n't Slow Down ( Lionel Richie ) 1985 : Brothers in Arms ( Dire Straits ) 1986 : True Blue ( Madonna ) 1987 : Bad ( Michael Jackson ) 1988 : Kylie ( Kylie Minogue ) 1989 : Ten Good Reasons ( Jason Donovan ) BNE : XX893212 BNF : cb138969311 ( data ) CiNii : DA08926621 GND : 118829688 ISNI : 0000 0001 0782 262X LCCN : n84156128 LNB : 000045276 MusicBrainz : 79239441 - bfd5 - 4981 - a70c - 55c3f15c1287 NDL : 00470886 NKC : jn20000720159 NLA : 35697093 NSK : 000048017 RSL : 000006218 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ RAVV \ 090347 SELIBR : 212081 SNAC : w6474sn1 SUDOC : 028039637 VIAF : 59270244 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madonna_(entertainer)&oldid=856873764 '' Categories : Madonna ( entertainer ) 1958 births Living people Activists from New York ( state ) Actresses from Michigan Actresses from New York City American cosmetics businesspeople American dance musicians American electronic musicians American fashion businesspeople American female dancers Modern dancers American female pop singers American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American film actresses American mezzo - sopranos American music industry executives American nonprofit businesspeople American people of Italian descent American philanthropists American pop rock singers American record producers American rock songwriters American women film directors American women in business American expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Brit Award winners Businesspeople from Michigan Businesspeople from New York City Feminist musicians Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music Interscope Records artists Ivor Novello Award winners Juno Award winners LGBT rights activists from the United States Maverick Records artists Singers from Michigan People from Bay City , Michigan People from Rochester , Michigan Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Sex - positive feminists Singers from New York City Sire Records artists Songwriters from Michigan Songwriters from New York ( state ) Warner Bros. Records artists Women in electronic music World Music Awards winners World record holders 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 20th - century American businesspeople 21st - century American businesspeople 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women musicians 21st - century women singers University of Michigan alumni Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2018 Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 18 elements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 107 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 02 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Madonna's early life and career 2. Madonna's music and albums 3. Madonna's influence and legacy 4. Madonna's film career 5. Madonna's controversies and personal life

where does the whole 9 yards take place

The Whole Nine Yards ( film ) - Wikipedia The Whole Nine Yards ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Whole Nine Yards <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jonathan Lynn Produced by Allan Kaufman David Willis Written by Mitchell Kapner Starring Bruce Willis Matthew Perry Rosanna Arquette Michael Clarke Duncan Natasha Henstridge Amanda Peet Kevin Pollak Music by Randy Edelman Cinematography David Franco Edited by Tom Lewis Production company Morgan Creek Productions Franchise Pictures Rational Packaging Lansdown Films Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date February 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 18 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English French Spanish Budget $41.3 million Box office $106.4 million The Whole Nine Yards is a 2000 American crime comedy film directed by Jonathan Lynn and starring Bruce Willis , Matthew Perry , Amanda Peet , Michael Clarke Duncan and Natasha Henstridge . The title derives from a popular expression of uncertain origin ( but which may derive from a saying analogous to `` the whole kit and kaboodle '' -- the lengthiest entirety of a measure of silk fabric from which an Indian Sari is made ) . A sequel , The Whole Ten Yards , was released in 2004 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical reaction 4 Sequel 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Nicholas `` Oz '' Oseransky ( Matthew Perry ) is a Quebec dentist from Chicago , who happens to be genuinely likable to almost everyone who knows him . However , he is trapped in a miserable marriage to the daughter of his late business partner . His wife Sophie ( Rosanna Arquette ) and mother - in - law ( Carmen Ferland ) hate him , and his deceased father - in - law has saddled him with a lot of debt . He ca n't divorce his wife because her father embezzled from the dental practice , and he has nothing but debt if they separate . As the movie opens , Sophie tells Oz she needs $5000 , but wo n't say what for . At the office , Oz and his assistant , Jill ( Amanda Peet ) have lunch and she tells him that his wife is n't a good person . They joke about the fact that , due to his insurance , he 's worth more dead than alive , and discuss having her taken out of the picture , and Jill playfully tells him to name a price . When Oz gets home , he meets his new neighbor , `` Jimmy Jones . '' After recognizing a tattoo on Jimmy 's forearm , realizes that he 's Jimmy `` the Tulip '' Tudeski ( Bruce Willis ) . Tudeski is an infamous contract killer from Chicago who was given a shorter sentence after ratting out Laszlo Gogolak and other members of the Gogolak gang . Oz runs home in a panic and explains to Sophie that their new neighour is a hitman on whom there is a contract . Sophie shows interest in the contract and in Jimmy . Later , while Jimmy asks Oz to join him for a sudden trip to the city in order to get to know each other . Oz befriends Jimmy and reveals his marriage problem : his father - in - law got involved with an underage boy , whose family blackmailed him . Oz 's father - in - law embezzled money to pay off his blackmailer and then committed suicide , saddling Oz with the debt . Jimmy sympathizes with Oz and the two become friends . However , when Oz returns home , Sophie tells him she has arranged for him to fly to Chicago , then collect a finder 's fee by giving up Jimmy 's whereabouts to Lazlo 's son , Janni ( Kevin Pollak ) . Oz argues against this , saying he quite likes Jimmy and that he has paid his debt to society . Sophie says that if he does not do it , she will make his future life hell . Upon arriving in Chicago , Oz has lunch with an old reporter friend and confesses that he has no intention of meeting with Janni or giving up Jimmy ; unfortunately , when Oz returns to his hotel room , he is greeted by Franklin `` Frankie Figs '' Figueroa ( Michael Clarke Duncan ) who is one of Janni 's enforcers . Frankie tells him they know he has come with information about Oz , though he will not confirm where the information came from ; Oz denies any knowledge of Jimmy ; Frankie roughs Oz up to get the truth out of him and then takes him to Janni . At Janni 's estate , Oz meets Cynthia ( Natasha Henstridge ) , Jimmy 's estranged wife . Janni instructs Frankie to accompany Oz back to Canada and keep an eye on Jimmy until Janni and his men arrive to take him out . Back at the hotel , Oz calls Jimmy in a panic , warning him to run , but Jimmy casually reassures him everything is okay , that he knows what Oz has done . The more he reassures Oz , the more scared Oz becomes . He is then visited by Cynthia , who asks Oz if he really knows where to find Jimmy , explaining that Janni and Jimmy both want her ( as well as each other ) dead in order to collect on $10 million , which is being held in trust in their names ( the `` whole nine yards '' of the title ) . Oz explains that he never wanted to do it , that his wife arranged things , and that he does n't want anyone to die . Oz and Cynthia share a bottle of scotch and end up sleeping together after he says she is the most beautiful thing he has ever seen and that his whole life has been leading to this moment . Afterwards , Oz vows to find a way to protect Cynthia from Jimmy . Back in Canada , Frankie and a very nervous Oz enter another hotel room and see Jimmy waiting inside . It turns out that Frankie and Jimmy are old friends and , together , are planning to take out Janni and Cynthia . Jimmy explains he knew about the Chicago visit because Sophie wanted to hire him to kill Oz , an earlier hit having been called off for some unknown reason . Jimmy and Frankie both praise Oz 's sincerity and loyalty , even to a wife that hates him , and let him know about their plans to lure Janni to Montreal and kill him preemptively . Revealing that Sophie approached him to kill Oz , Jimmy offers to kill Sophie as a favor to Oz , which he refuses . Oz returns to work and tells Jill about the events in Chicago . Jill is extremely excited when she finds out that Jimmy ' the Tulip ' is Oz 's neighbor and makes Oz take her to meet him . Jill tells Jimmy that he 's her hero and the reason she wants to be a contract killer . She also tells him that Sophie tried to use the $5000 to have Jill kill Oz , but Jill ended up liking Oz after getting to know him ( like nearly everyone else does ) and refused to follow through on the contract , cancelling it . Jimmy enlists Jill 's help , and as Jimmy and Jill discuss the upcoming ambush , Oz gets angry and says that he wo n't stand by and let them kill Cynthia . Oz goes back home and tries to call and warn Cynthia about Jimmy 's plan , but she is already on the way with Janni . When Janni 's gang arrive at Oz 's house , Oz gets a chance to warn Cynthia , while she warns him that Janni will kill him after killing Jimmy . The two watch from Oz 's garage as Janni 's gang walks into the trap . Down the street , Sophie and her new hired hitman ( Harland Williams ) are in his car . She is discussing the payment and promises that her mother will pay the remainder of his fee after the job is done . The hitter cuts their rendezvous short when he recognizes Janni Gogolak heading toward Jimmy 's house . When Sophie tells him whose house it is , he realizes what 's about to happen , pulls out a gun and exits the car , taking the car keys with him . When Janni enters the house , he is distracted by a naked Jill , and she , Jimmy and Frankie are easily able to kill Janni and his men . Oz and Cynthia make a break for it . Sophie 's hitter is in the yard when he hears Oz 's car peel out behind him . This draws Jimmy 's attention to the window . He has Jill use nakedness to get the mystery hitter 's attention and then Jimmy shoots him . Sophie sees this and runs , screaming , down the street . When they get the body inside , they realize he is an undercover Sûreté du Québec detective constable . As they begin to bag and dispose of the bodies , Oz calls . While they are on the phone , Jill reveals that Oz slept with Cynthia in Chicago -- which she thinks is great -- but it infuriates Jimmy , who feels that friends should n't sleep with each other 's wives . Oz suggests a deal with them that will benefit everyone . Back at his office , he alters the cop 's teeth to exactly match Jimmy 's . They then put the cop 's body and Janni 's into Oz 's car and set it on fire , rendering the bodies unidentifiable , except by dental records . The next day , two investigators arrive at Oz 's office , convinced that Janni and Jimmy are both dead . The investigators also find the undercover cop 's car when they go to check out Jimmy 's house . Inside the car is a tape recorder with Sophie and the undercover cop 's conversation to kill Oz , the contents of which are more than enough to put Sophie and her mother in prison , even though Sophie claims that Jill is also a killer , but they do not believe her story . The police clear Oz of suspicion and he jokingly asks if they know any good divorce lawyers . The confirmation of the deaths of Jimmy and Janni allows Cynthia to collect the $10 million , using the required two death certificates . As part of the deal , she agrees to transfer the money to Jimmy in exchange for her and Oz 's lives . Some time later , the key players meet up in the city . While Cynthia and Jill go to the bank to transfer the money , Oz heads to an art museum with Jimmy , where they will be around people and Oz thinks he 'll be safe . Jimmy has other plans though and takes Oz ( along with Frankie Figs ) out on a private yacht . Back at the bank , Jill urges Cynthia to split the money with her and run , leaving Jimmy to kill Oz when he is double - crossed . Cynthia realises that she loves Oz and ca n't leave him to be killed by Jimmy . Jill tells Cynthia that it was a test , and that Jimmy wants her and Oz to have $1 million as a wedding gift , which can be collected only when they show a wedding certificate . Cynthia wonders about the divorce , and Jill points out that Jimmy is officially dead . The two women make the transfers . On the boat , Jimmy gets the call that the money has been received . He pulls out a gun and points it at Oz . Frankie grins knowingly before Jimmy turns and shoots him instead ; Jimmy explains that he had to kill Frankie or Frankie would kill Oz and then potentially come after Jimmy himself or send others after him in the belief that Jimmy had gone soft . Oz is floored , but happy to be alive . He tells Jimmy that the supposed softness may be because it 's obvious Jimmy 's in love with `` her . '' Jimmy feigns confusion , asking if Oz is referring to Cynthia . Oz looks at him silently . In the next shot , Jill runs towards the dock and jumps into Jimmy 's arms . Oz leaves to meet Cynthia . As soon as he sees her , he asks her to marry him . She looks disappointed and asks if Jimmy told him , but when Oz asks what she 's talking about , she realizes he truly does n't know about the million dollars and then happily agrees to marry him , and when he says he hopes she wo n't mind marrying a poor dentist , she replies she is sure they 'll be okay . In the closing scene , Oz and Cynthia are on a hotel balcony overlooking Niagara falls , dancing to a bluesy version of Ira Gershwin 's `` They All Laughed '' as the credits roll . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis as James Stefan `` Jimmy The Tulip '' Tudeski Matthew Perry as Dr. Nicholas `` Oz '' Oseransky Rosanna Arquette as Sophie Oseransky Michael Clarke Duncan as Franklin `` Frankie Figs '' Figueroa Natasha Henstridge as Cynthia Tudeski Amanda Peet as Jill St. Claire Kevin Pollak as Janni Pytor Gogolak Harland Williams as Special Agent Steve Hanson Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $57,262,492 during its U.S. theatrical run , with an additional $49,109,159 internationally . Its worldwide total is $106,371,651 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Whole Nine Yards received mixed reviews from critics ; review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45 % based on 100 reviews from critics , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 and the site 's consensus reading : `` Despite a charming cast , The Whole Nine Yards could only tickle half of the critics ' funny bones . The other half thought it an underwhelming , depressing sitcom '' . Metacritic gives the film an average score of 47 % , based on 32 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave the film one of the more positive reviews , noting in particular that the highlight was Amanda Peet 's performance as Jill , which Ebert called `` perfect '' . Sequel ( edit ) A sequel titled The Whole Ten Yards with most of the original cast was released on April 9 , 2004 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Whole Nine Yards ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Whole Nine Yards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Nine Yards , The ( 2000 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` The Whole Nine Yards '' . Chicago Sun Times . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Whole Nine Yards The Whole Nine Yards on IMDb The Whole Nine Yards at the TCM Movie Database The Whole Nine Yards at AllMovie The Whole Nine Yards at Box Office Mojo The Whole Nine Yards at Rotten Tomatoes The Whole Nine Yards at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Jonathan Lynn <Td_colspan="2"> Clue ( 1985 ) Nuns on the Run ( 1990 ) My Cousin Vinny ( 1992 ) The Distinguished Gentleman ( 1992 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) Sgt . Bilko ( 1996 ) Trial and Error ( 1997 ) The Whole Nine Yards ( 2000 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Wild Target ( 2010 ) Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whole_Nine_Yards_(film)&oldid=838025839 '' Categories : 2000 films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s crime films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American adventure comedy films American comedy - drama films American criminal comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films English - language films French - language films Spanish - language films Films set in Chicago Films set in Montreal Films shot in Chicago Films shot in Montreal Films shot in Ontario Films about dentistry Mafia comedy films Morgan Creek Productions films Films directed by Jonathan Lynn Franchise Pictures films Films scored by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Whole Nine Yards: A crime comedy film 2. Plot summary: A dentist gets caught up in a dangerous situation with a hitman neighbor 3. Cast: Bruce Willis, Matthew Perry, Amanda Peet, Michael Clarke Duncan, Natasha Henstridge 4. Box office success: Grossed over $106 million worldwide 5. Critical reception: Mixed reviews, with some praising Amanda Peet's performance

where do post translational modifications occur in the cell

Post-translational modification - wikipedia Post-translational modification Post-translational modification of insulin . At the top , the ribosome translates a mRNA sequence into a protein , insulin , and passes the protein through the endoplasmic reticulum , where it is cut , folded and held in shape by disulfide ( - S-S - ) bonds . Then the protein passes through the golgi apparatus , where it is packaged into a vesicle . In the vesicle , more parts are cut off , and it turns into mature insulin . Post-translational modification ( PTM ) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis . Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains , which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product . PTMs are important components in cell signaling , as for example when prohormones are converted to hormones . Post-translational modifications can occur on the amino acid side chains or at the protein 's C - or N - termini . They can extend the chemical repertoire of the 20 standard amino acids by modifying an existing functional group or introducing a new one such as phosphate . Phosphorylation is a very common mechanism for regulating the activity of enzymes and is the most common post-translational modification . Many eukaryotic proteins also have carbohydrate molecules attached to them in a process called glycosylation , which can promote protein folding and improve stability as well as serving regulatory functions . Attachment of lipid molecules , known as lipidation , often targets a protein or part of a protein attached to the cell membrane . Other forms of post-translational modification consist of cleaving peptide bonds , as in processing a propeptide to a mature form or removing the initiator methionine residue . The formation of disulfide bonds from cysteine residues may also be referred to as a post-translational modification . For instance , the peptide hormone insulin is cut twice after disulfide bonds are formed , and a propeptide is removed from the middle of the chain ; the resulting protein consists of two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds . Some types of post-translational modification are consequences of oxidative stress . Carbonylation is one example that targets the modified protein for degradation and can result in the formation of protein aggregates . Specific amino acid modifications can be used as biomarkers indicating oxidative damage . Sites that often undergo post-translational modification are those that have a functional group that can serve as a nucleophile in the reaction : the hydroxyl groups of serine , threonine , and tyrosine ; the amine forms of lysine , arginine , and histidine ; the thiolate anion of cysteine ; the carboxylates of aspartate and glutamate ; and the N - and C - termini . In addition , although the amide of asparagine is a weak nucleophile , it can serve as an attachment point for glycans . Rarer modifications can occur at oxidized methionines and at some methylenes in side chains . Post-translational modification of proteins can be experimentally detected by a variety of techniques , including mass spectrometry , Eastern blotting , and Western blotting . Additional methods are provided in the external links sections . Contents 1 PTMs involving addition of functional groups 1.1 Addition by an enzyme in vivo 1.1. 1 Hydrophobic groups for membrane localization 1.1. 2 Cofactors for enhanced enzymatic activity 1.1. 3 Modifications of translation factors 1.1. 4 Smaller chemical groups 1.2 Non-enzymatic additions in vivo 1.3 Non-enzymatic additions in vitro 2 Other proteins or peptides 3 Chemical modification of amino acids 4 Structural changes 5 Statistics 5.1 Common PTMs by frequency 5.2 Common PTMs by residue 6 Case examples 7 Addiction 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Ptms involving addition of functional groups ( edit ) Addition by an enzyme in vivo ( edit ) Hydrophobic groups for membrane localization ( edit ) myristoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of myristate , a C saturated acid palmitoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of palmitate , a C saturated acid isoprenylation or prenylation , the addition of an isoprenoid group ( e.g. farnesol and geranylgeraniol ) farnesylation geranylgeranylation glypiation , glycosylphosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) anchor formation via an amide bond to C - terminal tail Cofactors for enhanced enzymatic activity ( edit ) lipoylation ( a type of acylation ) , attachment of a lipoate ( C ) functional group flavin moiety ( FMN or FAD ) may be covalently attached heme C attachment via thioether bonds with cysteines phosphopantetheinylation , the addition of a 4 ' - phosphopantetheinyl moiety from coenzyme A , as in fatty acid , polyketide , non-ribosomal peptide and leucine biosynthesis retinylidene Schiff base formation Modifications of translation factors ( edit ) diphthamide formation ( on a histidine found in eEF2 ) ethanolamine phosphoglycerol attachment ( on glutamate found in eEF1α ) hypusine formation ( on conserved lysine of eIF5A ( eukaryotic ) and aIF5A ( archaeal ) ) beta - Lysine addition on a conserved lysine of the elongation factor P ( EFP ) in most bacteria . EFP is an homolog to eIF5A ( eukaryotic ) and aIF5A ( archaeal ) ( see above ) . Smaller chemical groups ( edit ) acylation , e.g. O - acylation ( esters ) , N - acylation ( amides ) , S - acylation ( thioesters ) acetylation , the addition of an acetyl group , either at the N - terminus of the protein or at lysine residues . See also histone acetylation . The reverse is called deacetylation . formylation alkylation , the addition of an alkyl group , e.g. methyl , ethyl methylation the addition of a methyl group , usually at lysine or arginine residues . The reverse is called demethylation . amidation at C - terminus . Formed by oxidative dissociation of a C - terminal Gly residue . amide bond formation amino acid addition arginylation , a tRNA - mediation addition polyglutamylation , covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to the N - terminus of tubulin and some other proteins . ( See tubulin polyglutamylase ) polyglycylation , covalent linkage of one to more than 40 glycine residues to the tubulin C - terminal tail butyrylation gamma - carboxylation dependent on Vitamin K glycosylation , the addition of a glycosyl group to either arginine , asparagine , cysteine , hydroxylysine , serine , threonine , tyrosine , or tryptophan resulting in a glycoprotein . Distinct from glycation , which is regarded as a nonenzymatic attachment of sugars . polysialylation , addition of polysialic acid , PSA , to NCAM malonylation hydroxylation : addition of an oxygen atom to the side - chain of a Pro or Lys residue iodination : addition of an iodine atom to the aromatic ring of a tyrosine residue ( e.g. in thyroglobulin ) nucleotide addition such as ADP - ribosylation phosphate ester ( O - linked ) or phosphoramidate ( N - linked ) formation phosphorylation , the addition of a phosphate group , usually to serine , threonine , and tyrosine ( O - linked ) , or histidine ( N - linked ) adenylylation , the addition of an adenylyl moiety , usually to tyrosine ( O - linked ) , or histidine and lysine ( N - linked ) uridylylation , the addition of an uridylyl - group ( i.e. uridine monophosphate , UMP ) , usually to tyrosine propionylation pyroglutamate formation S - glutathionylation S - nitrosylation S - sulfenylation ( aka S - sulphenylation ) , reversible covalent addition of one oxygen atom to the thiol group of a cysteine residue S - sulfinylation , normally irreversible covalent addition of two oxygen atoms to the thiol group of a cysteine residue S - sulfonylation , normally irreversible covalent addition of three oxygen atoms to the thiol group of a cysteine residue , resulting in the formation of a cysteic acid residue succinylation addition of a succinyl group to lysine sulfation , the addition of a sulfate group to a tyrosine . Nonenzymatic additions in vivo ( edit ) glycation , the addition of a sugar molecule to a protein without the controlling action of an enzyme . carbamylation the addition of Isocyanic acid to a protein 's N - terminus or the side - chain of Lys . carbonylation the addition of carbon monoxide to other organic / inorganic compounds . spontaneous isopeptide bond formation , as found in many surface proteins of Gram - positive bacteria . Nonenzymatic additions in vitro ( edit ) biotinylation : covalent attachment of a biotin moiety using a biotinylation reagent , typically for the purpose of labeling a protein . carbamylation : the addition of Isocyanic acid to a protein 's N - terminus or the side - chain of Lys or Cys residues , typically resulting from exposure to urea solutions . oxidation : addition of one or more Oxygen atoms to a susceptible side - chain , principally of Met , Trp , His or Cys residues . Formation of disulfide bonds between Cys residues . pegylation : covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) using a pegylation reagent , typically to the N - terminus or the side - chains of Lys residues . Pegylation is used to improve the efficacy of protein pharmaceuticals . Other proteins or peptides ( edit ) ISGylation , the covalent linkage to the ISG15 protein ( Interferon - Stimulated Gene 15 ) SUMOylation , the covalent linkage to the SUMO protein ( Small Ubiquitin - related MOdifier ) ubiquitination , the covalent linkage to the protein ubiquitin . Neddylation , the covalent linkage to Nedd Pupylation , the covalent linkage to the Prokaryotic ubiquitin - like protein Chemical modification of amino acids ( edit ) citrullination , or deimination , the conversion of arginine to citrulline deamidation , the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid or asparagine to aspartic acid eliminylation , the conversion to an alkene by beta - elimination of phosphothreonine and phosphoserine , or dehydration of threonine and serine Structural changes ( edit ) disulfide bridges , the covalent linkage of two cysteine amino acids proteolytic cleavage , cleavage of a protein at a peptide bond isoaspartate formation , via the cyclisation of asparagine or aspartic acid amino - acid residues racemization of serine by protein - serine epimerase of alanine in dermorphin , a frog opioid peptide of methionine in deltorphin , also a frog opioid peptide protein splicing , self - catalytic removal of inteins analogous to mRNA processing Statistics ( edit ) Common ptms by frequency ( edit ) In 2011 , statistics of each post-translational modification experimentally and putatively detected have been compiled using proteome - wide information from the Swiss - Prot database . The 10 most common experimentally found modifications were as follows : Frequency Modification 58383 Phosphorylation 6751 Acetylation 5526 N - linked glycosylation 2844 Amidation 1619 Hydroxylation 1523 Methylation 1133 O - linked glycosylation 878 Ubiquitylation 826 Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid 504 Sulfation More details can be found at http://selene.princeton.edu/PTMCuration/ . Common ptms by residue ( edit ) Some common post-translational modifications to specific amino - acid residues are shown below . Modifications occur on the side - chain unless indicated otherwise . Amino Acid Abbrev . Modification Alanine Ala N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Arginine Arg deimination to citrulline , methylation Asparagine Asn deamidation to Asp or iso ( Asp ) , N - linked glycosylation Aspartic acid Asp isomerization to isoaspartic acid Cysteine Cys disulfide - bond formation , oxidation to sulfenic , sulfinic or sulfonic acid , palmitoylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) , S - nitrosylation Glutamine Gln cyclization to Pyroglutamic acid ( N - terminus ) , deamidation to Glutamic acid or isopeptide bond formation to a lysine by a transglutaminase Glutamic acid Glu cyclization to Pyroglutamic acid ( N - terminus ) , gamma - carboxylation Glycine Gly N - Myristoylation ( N - terminus ) , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Histidine His Phosphorylation Isoleucine Ile Leucine Leu Lysine Lys acetylation , Ubiquitination , SUMOylation , methylation , hydroxylation Methionine Met N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) , oxidation to sulfoxide or sulfone Phenylalanine Phe Proline Pro hydroxylation Serine Ser Phosphorylation , O - linked glycosylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Threonine Thr Phosphorylation , O - linked glycosylation , N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Tryptophan Trp mono - or di - oxidation , formation of Kynurenine Tyrosine Tyr sulfation , phosphorylation Valine Val N - acetylation ( N - terminus ) Case examples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cleavage and formation of disulfide bridges during the production of insulin PTM of histones as regulation of transcription : RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure PTM of RNA polymerase II as regulation of transcription Cleavage of polypeptide chains as crucial for lectin specificity Addiction ( edit ) A major feature of addiction is its persistence . The addictive phenotype can be lifelong , with drug craving and relapse occurring even after decades of abstinence . Post-translational modifications consisting of epigenetic alterations of histone protein tails in specific regions of the brain appear to be crucial to the molecular basis of addictions . Once particular post-translational epigenetic modifications occur , they appear to be long lasting `` molecular scars '' that may account for the persistence of addictions . Cigarette smokers ( about 21 % of the US population in 2013 ) ) are usually addicted to nicotine . After 7 days of nicotine treatment of mice , the post-translational modifications consisting of acetylation of both histone H3 and histone H4 was increased at the FosB promoter in the nucleus accumbens of the brain , causing a 61 % increase in FosB expression . This also increases expression of the splice variant Delta FosB . In the nucleus accumbens of the brain , Delta FosB functions as a `` sustained molecular switch '' and `` master control protein '' in the development of an addiction . Similarly , after 15 days of nicotine treatment of rats , the post-translational modification consisting of 3-fold increased acetylation of histone H4 occurs at the promoter of the dopamine D1 receptor ( DRD1 ) gene in the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) of the rats . This caused increased dopamine release in the PFC reward - related brain region , and such increased dopamine release is recognized as an important factor for addiction . About 7 % of the US population is addicted to alcohol . In rats exposed to alcohol for up to 5 days , there was an increase in the post-translational modification of histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation in the pronociceptin promoter in the brain amygdala complex . This acetylation is an activating mark for pronociceptin . The nociceptin / nociceptin opioid receptor system is involved in the reinforcing or conditioning effects of alcohol . Cocaine addiction occurs in about 0.5 % of the US population . Repeated cocaine administration in mice induces post-translational modifications including hyperacetylation of histone 3 ( H3 ) or histone 4 ( H4 ) at 1,696 genes in one brain reward region ( the nucleus accumbens ) and deacetylation at 206 genes . At least 45 genes , shown in previous studies to be upregulated in the nucleus accumbens of mice after chronic cocaine exposure , were found to be associated with post-translational hyperacetylation of histone H3 or histone H4 . Many of these individual genes are directly related to aspects of addiction associated with cocaine exposure . In 2013 , 22.7 million persons aged 12 or older in the United States needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol use problem ( 8.6 percent of persons aged 12 or older ) . See also ( edit ) Protein targeting Post-translational regulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pratt , Donald Voet ; Judith G. Voet ; Charlotte W. ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level ( 2 . ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21495 - 7 . Jump up ^ Khoury , GA ; Baliban , RC ; Floudas , CA ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Proteome - wide post-translational modification statistics : frequency analysis and curation of the swiss - prot database '' . Scientific Reports . 1 . Bibcode : 2011NatSR ... 1E ... 90K . doi : 10.1038 / srep00090 . PMC 3201773 . PMID 22034591 . Jump up ^ Lodish , H ; Berk , A ; Zipursky , SL ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` 17.6 , Post-Translational Modifications and Quality Control in the Rough ER '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dalle - Donne , Isabella ; Aldini , Giancarlo ; Carini , Marina ; Colombo , Roberto ; Rossi , Ranieri ; Milzani , Aldo ( 2006 ) . `` Protein carbonylation , cellular dysfunction , and disease progression '' . Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine . 10 ( 2 ) : 389 -- 406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1582 - 4934.2006. tb00407. x . PMC 3933129 . PMID 16796807 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , P.A. ; Xie , H. ; Griffin , T.J. ; Bernlohr , D.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Oxidative Stress and Covalent Modification of Protein with Bioactive Aldehydes '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 32 ) : 21837 -- 41 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R700019200 . PMC 2494933 . PMID 18445586 . Jump up ^ Gianazza , E ; Crawford , J ; Miller , I ( July 2007 ) . `` Detecting oxidative post-translational modifications in proteins '' . Amino Acids. 33 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00726 - 006 - 0410 - 2 . PMID 17021655 . Jump up ^ Walsh , , Christopher T. ( 2006 ) . Posttranslational modification of proteins : expanding nature 's inventory . Englewood : Roberts and Co . Publ . ISBN 9780974707730 . Jump up ^ Whiteheart SW , Shenbagamurthi P , Chen L , et al. ( 1989 ) . `` Murine elongation factor 1 alpha ( EF - 1 alpha ) is posttranslationally modified by novel amide - linked ethanolamine - phosphoglycerol moieties . Addition of ethanolamine - phosphoglycerol to specific glutamic acid residues on EF - 1 alpha '' . J. Biol. Chem. 264 ( 24 ) : 14334 -- 41 . PMID 2569467 . Jump up ^ Roy , H ; Zou , SB ; Bullwinkle , TJ ; Wolfe , BS ; Gilreath , MS ; Forsyth , CJ ; Navarre , WW ; Ibba , M. `` The tRNA synthetase paralog PoxA modifies elongation factor - P with ( R ) - β - lysine '' . Nat Chem Biol. 7 : 667 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nchembio. 632 . PMC 3177975 . PMID 21841797 . Jump up ^ Polevoda B , Sherman F ; Sherman ( 2003 ) . `` N - terminal acetyltransferases and sequence requirements for N - terminal acetylation of eukaryotic proteins '' . J Mol Biol. 325 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 622 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 02 ) 01269 - X . PMID 12507466 . Jump up ^ Yang XJ , Seto E ; Seto ( 2008 ) . `` Lysine acetylation : codified crosstalk with other posttranslational modifications '' . Mol Cell. 31 ( 4 ) : 449 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2008.07. 002 . PMC 2551738 . PMID 18722172 . Jump up ^ Bártová E , Krejcí J , Harnicarová A , Galiová G , Kozubek S ; Krejcí ; Harnicarová ; Galiová ; Kozubek ( 2008 ) . `` Histone modifications and nuclear architecture : a review '' . J Histochem Cytochem. 56 ( 8 ) : 711 -- 21 . doi : 10.1369 / jhc. 2008.951251 . PMC 2443610 . PMID 18474937 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Glozak MA , Sengupta N , Zhang X , Seto E ; Sengupta ; Zhang ; Seto ( 2005 ) . `` Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins '' . Gene . 363 : 15 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2005.09. 010 . PMID 16289629 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradbury AF , Smyth DG ( 1991 ) . `` Peptide amidation '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 16 ( 3 ) : 112 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0968 - 0004 ( 91 ) 90044 - v. PMID 2057999 . Jump up ^ Eddé B , Rossier J , Le Caer JP , Desbruyères E , Gros F , Denoulet P ; Rossier ; Le Caer ; Desbruyères ; Gros ; Denoulet ( 1990 ) . `` Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha - tubulin '' . Science . 247 ( 4938 ) : 83 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1990Sci ... 247 ... 83E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1967194 . PMID 1967194 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walker CS , Shetty RP , Clark K , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` On a potential global role for vitamin K - dependent gamma - carboxylation in animal systems . Animals can experience subvaginal hemototitis as a result of this linkage . Evidence for a gamma - glutamyl carboxylase in Drosophila '' . J. Biol. Chem. 276 ( 11 ) : 7769 -- 74 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M009576200 . PMID 11110799 . ^ Jump up to : Chung HS ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Cysteine Oxidative Posttranslational Modifications : Emerging Regulation in the Cardiovascular System '' . Circ . Res. 112 : 382 -- 392 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 112.268680 . PMC 4340704 . Jump up ^ Jaisson S , Pietrement C , Gillery P ( 2011 ) . `` Carbamylation - Derived Products : Bioactive Compounds and Potential Biomarkers in Chronic Renal Failure and Atherosclerosis '' . Clin Chem. 57 ( 11 ) : 1499 -- 1505 . doi : 10.1373 / clinchem. 2011.163188 . PMID 21768218 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kang HJ , Baker EN ( 2011 ) . `` Intramolecular isopeptide bonds : protein crosslinks built for stress ? '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 36 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2010.09. 007 . PMID 21055949 . Jump up ^ Stark GR , Stein WH , Moore X ( 1960 ) . `` Reactions of the Cyanate Present in Aqueous Urea with Amino Acids and Proteins '' . J Biol Chem. 235 ( 11 ) : 3177 -- 3181 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Malakhova , Oxana A. ; Yan , Ming ; Malakhov , Michael P. ; Yuan , Youzhong ; Ritchie , Kenneth J. ; Kim , Keun Il ; Peterson , Luke F. ; Shuai , Ke & Dong - Er Zhang ( 2003 ) . `` Protein ISGylation modulates the JAK - STAT signaling pathway '' . Genes & Development . 17 ( 4 ) : 455 -- 60 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1056303 . PMC 195994 . PMID 12600939 . Jump up ^ Van G. Wilson ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Sumoylation : Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Archived 2005 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Horizon Bioscience . ISBN 0 - 9545232 - 8 - 8 . Jump up ^ Klareskog L ; Rönnelid J ; Lundberg K ; Padyukov L ; Alfredsson L ( 2008 ) . `` Immunity to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis '' . Annu Rev Immunol. 26 : 651 -- 675 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. immunol. 26.021607. 090244 . PMID 18173373 . Jump up ^ Brennan DF , Barford D ; Barford ( 2009 ) . `` Eliminylation : a post-translational modification catalyzed by phosphothreonine lyases '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 34 ( 3 ) : 108 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2008.11. 005 . PMID 19233656 . Jump up ^ Khoury , George A. ; Baliban , Richard C. & Christodoulos A. Floudas ( 2011 ) . `` Proteome - wide post-translational modification statistics : frequency analysis and curation of the swiss - prot database '' . Scientific Reports . 1 ( 90 ) : 90 . Bibcode : 2011NatSR ... 1E ... 90K . doi : 10.1038 / srep00090 . PMC 3201773 . PMID 22034591 . ^ Jump up to : Robison AJ , Nestler EJ ( October 2011 ) . `` Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction '' . Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12 ( 11 ) : 623 -- 37 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3111 . PMC 3272277 . PMID 21989194 . Jump up ^ Hitchcock LN , Lattal KM ( 2014 ) . `` Histone - mediated epigenetics in addiction '' . Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 128 : 51 -- 87 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 800977 - 2.00003 - 6 . PMC 5914502 . PMID 25410541 . Jump up ^ McQuown SC , Wood MA ( April 2010 ) . `` Epigenetic regulation in substance use disorders '' . Curr Psychiatry Rep. 12 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 53 . doi : 10.1007 / s11920 - 010 - 0099 - 5 . PMC 2847696 . PMID 20425300 . Jump up ^ Dabin J , Fortuny A , Polo SE ( June 2016 ) . `` Epigenome Maintenance in Response to DNA Damage '' . Mol . Cell. 62 ( 5 ) : 712 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2016.04. 006 . PMC 5476208 . PMID 27259203 . ^ Jump up to : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health : Summary of National Findings , NSDUH Series H - 48 , HHS Publication No . ( SMA ) 14 - 4863 . Rockville , MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration , 2014 Jump up ^ https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes/nicotine-addictive Jump up ^ Levine A , Huang Y , Drisaldi B , Griffin EA , Pollak DD , Xu S , Yin D , Schaffran C , Kandel DB , Kandel ER ( November 2011 ) . `` Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug : epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine '' . Sci Transl Med. 3 ( 107 ) : 107ra109 . doi : 10.1126 / scitranslmed. 3003062 . PMC 4042673 . PMID 22049069 . Jump up ^ Ruffle JK ( November 2014 ) . `` Molecular neurobiology of addiction : what 's all the ( Δ ) FosB about ? '' . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 40 ( 6 ) : 428 -- 37 . doi : 10.3109 / 00952990.2014. 933840 . PMID 25083822 . Jump up ^ Nestler EJ , Barrot M , Self DW ( September 2001 ) . `` DeltaFosB : a sustained molecular switch for addiction '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 ( 20 ) : 11042 -- 6 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 191352698 . PMC 58680 . PMID 11572966 . Jump up ^ Gozen O , Balkan B , Yildirim E , Koylu EO , Pogun S ( September 2013 ) . `` The epigenetic effect of nicotine on dopamine D1 receptor expression in rat prefrontal cortex '' . Synapse. 67 ( 9 ) : 545 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / syn. 21659 . PMID 23447334 . Jump up ^ https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/how-addiction-hijacks-the-brain Jump up ^ D'Addario C , Caputi FF , Ekström TJ , Di Benedetto M , Maccarrone M , Romualdi P , Candeletti S ( February 2013 ) . `` Ethanol induces epigenetic modulation of prodynorphin and pronociceptin gene expression in the rat amygdala complex '' . J. Mol . Neurosci. 49 ( 2 ) : 312 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s12031 - 012 - 9829 - y . PMID 22684622 . Jump up ^ Walker DM , Nestler EJ ( 2018 ) . `` Neuroepigenetics and addiction '' . Handb Clin Neurol. 148 : 747 -- 765 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 64076 - 5.00048 - X . PMID 29478612 . ^ Jump up to : Renthal W , Kumar A , Xiao G , Wilkinson M , Covington HE , Maze I , Sikder D , Robison AJ , LaPlant Q , Dietz DM , Russo SJ , Vialou V , Chakravarty S , Kodadek TJ , Stack A , Kabbaj M , Nestler EJ ( May 2009 ) . `` Genome - wide analysis of chromatin regulation by cocaine reveals a role for sirtuins '' . Neuron. 62 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 48 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2009.03. 026 . PMC 2779727 . PMID 19447090 . Jump up ^ https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12728/1/NIDA_Cocaine.pdf External links ( edit ) dbPTM - database of protein post-translational modifications List of posttranslational modifications in ExPASy Browse SCOP domains by PTM -- from the dcGO database Statistics of each post-translational modification from the Swiss - Prot database AutoMotif Server - A Computational Protocol for Identification of Post-Translational Modifications in Protein Sequences Functional analyses for site - specific phosphorylation of a target protein in cells Detection of Post-Translational Modifications after high - accuracy MSMS Overview and description of commonly used post-translational modification detection techniques <Th_colspan="2"> Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI <Th_colspan="2"> Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine <Th_colspan="2"> Posttranslational modification Chaperones / protein folding Heat shock proteins / Chaperonins Hsp10 / GroES Hsp27 Hsp47 HSP60 / GroEL Hsp40 / DnaJ A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B11 B4 B6 B9 C1 C3 C5 C6 C7 C10 C11 C13 C14 C19 Hsp70 1A 1B 1L 4L 5 6 7 8 9 12A 14 Hsp90 α α β ER TRAP1 Other Alpha crystallin Clusterin Survival of motor neuron SMN1 SMN2 Protein targeting Signal peptide Mitochondrial targeting signal Ubiquitin E1 Ubiquitin - activating enzyme UBA1 UBA2 UBA3 UBA5 UBA6 UBA7 ATG7 NAE1 SAE1 E2 Ubiquitin - conjugating enzyme D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 G1 G2 J1 J2 L1 L2 L3 L4 L6 O Q1 Q2 R1 ( CDC34 ) R2 V1 V2 Z E3 Ubiquitin ligase VHL Cullin CBL MDM2 FANCL UBR1 Deubiquitinating enzyme : Ataxin 3 USP6 CYLD ATG3 BIRC6 UFC1 Other Ubiquitin - like modifiers SUMO protein ISG15 URM1 NEDD8 FAT10 ATG8 ATG12 FUB1 MUB UFM1 UBL5 Prokaryotic ubiquitin - like protein <Th_colspan="2"> Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-translational_modification&oldid=853045446 '' Categories : Gene expression Protein structure Protein biosynthesis Posttranslational modification Cell biology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 02 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Post-translational modification of proteins 2. Enzymatic modification of proteins 3. Protein folding and stability 4. Glycosylation and protein regulation 5. Phosphorylation as a common post-translational modification

is the orlando eye bigger than the london eye

Orlando Eye - Wikipedia Orlando Eye Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Orlando Eye <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General information Type Ferris wheel Location 8401 International Drive , Orlando , Florida , US Opened 1st passenger : April 29 , 2015 Official : May 4 , 2015 Owner Structure : Circle Entertainment ' Eye ' brand : Merlin Entertainments ( tenant & operator ) Height 400 ft ( 122 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> https://iconorlando.com The Orlando Eye is a 400 ft ( 122 m ) tall giant Ferris wheel near Orlando , Florida , US . It carried its first passenger on April 29 , 2015 . On July 28 , 2016 , it was rebranded to be known as the Coca - Cola Orlando Eye On March 11th , 2018 , another name change took place , making it the ICON Orlando 360 ° . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction 2 Malfunctions 3 Rebranding 4 References 5 External links Design and Construction ( edit ) The Orlando Eye is operated by Merlin Entertainments , which also runs the world - famous London Eye . It 's described as an observation wheel , because `` ( t ) his is a stabilized - driven ( capsule ) that gives you a really smooth experience on the way around , so it does n't feel like when you 're at 400 - feet , that you 're swinging around in mid-air . '' According to its official website , the Orlando Eye is the first wheel ever to use such a system in combination with a suspended ' ski lift capsule design ' . The wheel was reported to be in the early stages of planning in March 2011 , with completion due in the summer of 2014 and was approved by county commissioners in September 2012 . In January 2013 , it was reported that the expected opening date had been pushed back to `` by Thanksgiving ( November ) 2014 '' . Erection of the main support structure began in December 2013 . In April 2014 it was reported that completion had been further delayed until Spring 2015 . Installation of the 30 air - conditioned passenger capsules , each of which can carry up to 15 persons , began in mid-January 2015 , and the last capsule was installed on February 5 , 2015 . In mid-February , it was announced that the soft opening was scheduled for May 1 , followed by a grand opening ceremony on May 4 . Malfunctions ( edit ) On July 3 , 2015 , at around 4 : 00pm , a few months after operations began , the Eye experienced a technical fault with the system that monitors the wheel position , causing the system to automatically shut down , stranding about 66 riders for approximately three hours . Rebranding ( edit ) On July 28 , 2016 , the Orlando Eye followed its London counterpart in becoming sponsored by Coca - Cola . The deal included the renaming of the Eye and four new `` Surprise and Delight '' capsules , which are branded capsules with a cooler of soda and selfie sticks . On March 11th , 2018 , it was rebranded again as ICON Orlando 360 ° . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merlin Entertainments confirms talks with Circle Entertainment Jump up ^ Wood , Debra ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Merlin Eyes Orlando for Ferris Wheel Project '' . ENR Southeast . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merlin Entertainments PLC - Announcement of Intention to Float Archived September 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jensen , Christina ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` 13 - year - old leukemia patient becomes Orlando Eye 's first official rider '' . News 13 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Eye is renamed the Coca - Cola Orlando Eye '' . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dineen , Caitlin . `` Orlando Eye officially flies Coca - Cola banner '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Santana , Marco . `` Coca - Cola Orlando Eye changes name to ICON Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Georgina ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Eye observation wheel set to open in spring '' . Orlando Sentinel . ^ Jump up to : Fais , Scott ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` I - Drive 360 : Construction continues on the Orlando Eye '' . Bay News 9 . Jump up ^ Alava , Andrea ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Passenger Capsules Begin Installation '' . Orlando Eye . Jump up ^ `` Construction to soon begin on Orlando Eye '' . Click Orlando . January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I - Drive Live : The Orlando Eye Goes Vertical ! '' . Orlando Parks News . December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne . `` Orlando Eye : All 30 capsules now in place '' . orlandosentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dineen , Caitlin ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Eye grand opening set for May 4 ; Harris to Tussauds '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Eye back open after malfunction left riders stuck '' . WFTV . July 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Ferris wheels <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) World 's tallest Ferris wheels ( over 80 m ) <Td_colspan="2"> Americas US the original Ferris Wheel High Roller Orlando Eye Asia China Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel Changsha Ferris Wheel Harbin Ferris Wheel Shanghai Ferris Wheel Star of Lake Tai Star of Nanchang Suzhou Ferris Wheel Tianjin Eye Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel Japan Aurora Wheel Cosmo Clock 21 Daikanransha Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel Igosu 108 Redhorse Osaka Wheel Sky Dream Fukuoka Space Eye Technocosmos / Technostar Tempozan Ferris Wheel Singapore Singapore Flyer Taiwan Sky Wheel Europe France Grande Roue de Paris Italy Eurowheel United Kingdom Great Wheel London Eye Oceania Australia Melbourne Star <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Other conventional Ferris wheels <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> For a more extensive list , see List of Ferris wheels Americas Canada Niagara SkyWheel US Capital Wheel Colossus Myrtle Beach SkyWheel Seattle Great Wheel Texas Star Uniroyal Giant Tire Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong Observation Wheel Indonesia J - Sky Japan Amuran Big O Turkmenistan Alem Europe & Eurasia Austria Wiener Riesenrad Azerbaijan Baku Ferris Wheel Russia Moscow - 850 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Other types of wheel <Td_colspan="2"> Transportable Ferris wheels designs Bussink Design R80XL wheels Roue de Paris Steiger Ferris Wheel see also List of transportable Ferris wheels Transportable Ferris wheel installations Australia Wheel of Brisbane India Delhi Eye Malaysia Eye on Malaysia ( Kuala Lumpur and Malacca ) United Kingdom and Ireland Belfast Wheel Brighton Wheel Royal Windsor Wheel Wheel of Birmingham Wheel of Dublin Wheel of Liverpool Wheel of Manchester Wheel of Sheffield Yorkshire Wheel Eccentric wheels US Mickey 's Fun Wheel Wonder Wheel Double wheels US Giant Wheel ( Hersheypark ) Triple wheels US Sky Whirl <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Major Ferris wheel proposals <Td_colspan="2"> Construction in progress : Dubai Dubai Eye Unfinished projects : China Turn of Fortune US New York Wheel Abandoned projects : US Skyvue Quiescent proposals : China Beijing Great Wheel Germany Great Berlin Wheel India Kolkata Eye US Great Orlando Wheel For other quiescent ( incomplete , delayed , stalled , cancelled , failed , or abandoned ) proposals , see : Ferris wheel # Quiescent proposals <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> Designers , manufacturers , and operators Allan Herschell Company Chance Morgan Chance Wheels / Chance American Wheels Eli Bridge Company Great City Attractions ( previously World Tourist Attractions ) Great Wheel Corporation ( merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 ) Intamin Maurer German Wheels Mondial Ronald Bussink ( Nauta Bussink / Bussink Landmarks / Bussink Design ) Sanoyas Rides Corporation Vekoma ( Dutch Wheels ) Waagner - Biro Wheels Entertainments People George Washington Gale Ferris Jr . Popular culture List of London Eye appearances in popular culture The Great Wheel ( novel ) The London Eye Mystery ( novel ) <Td_colspan="2"> Categories Ferris wheels Former Ferris wheels Proposed Ferris wheels Transportable Ferris wheels Unbuilt Ferris wheels Unfinished Ferris wheels Amusement rides Ferris wheels @ Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Merlin Entertainments Resort theme parks <Td_colspan="2"> Alton Towers Chessington World of Adventures Gardaland Heide Park Thorpe Park Legoland Legoland Billund Resort Legoland California Legoland Deutschland Resort Legoland Japan Legoland Malaysia Resort Legoland Windsor Resort Legoland Florida Resort Discovery Center Boston Discovery Center Westchester Sea Life locations Standalone attractions Kelly Tarlton 's Sea Life Aquarium National Sea Life Centre ( Birmingham ) Sea Life Benalmádena Sea Life Busan Aquarium Sea Life London Aquarium Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium Sea Life Orlando Aquarium Sea Life Porto Sea Life Shanghai ( Changfeng Ocean World ) Sea Life Sydney Aquarium Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World UnderWater World Sea Life Aquarium In resort theme parks Sharkbait Reef Alton Towers Chessington Sea Life Centre Chessington World of Adventures Gardaland Sea Life Centre Gardaland Atlantis Submarine Voyage Legoland Windsor Resort Atlantis Legoland Billund Resort Atlantis Legoland Deutschland Resort Sea Life Legoland Legoland California Sanctuaries Cornish Seal Sanctuary Hunstanton Sea Life Sanctuary Manly Sea Life Sanctuary Scottish Sea Life Sanctuary In malls Grapevine Sea Life Aquarium Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium Sea Life Arizona Sea Life Charlotte - Concord Sea Life Kansas City Sea Life Grapevine Madame Tussauds Amsterdam Bangkok Beijing Berlin Blackpool Chongqing Hollywood Hong Kong Istanbul Las Vegas London New York Orlando San Francisco Shanghai Singapore Sydney Tokyo Vienna Washington D.C. Wuhan The Dungeons Amsterdam Berlin Blackpool Tower Hamburg London San Francisco Warwick Castle York ' Eye ' attractions Blackpool Tower Eye Jurassic Skyline London Eye Orlando Eye Sydney Tower Eye Wild Life locations Wild Life Hamilton Island Wild Life Sydney Australian Tree Top Adventures Illawarra Fly Otway Fly Other attractions Legoland Discovery Centres Shrek 's Adventure Falls Creek Hotham Alpine Resort Warwick Castle <Th_colspan="3"> Greater Orlando <Td_colspan="3"> Florida Principal cities Orlando Kissimmee Sanford Counties in MSA Lake Orange Osceola Seminole in CSA Flagler Sumter Volusia Populated places over 25,000 Alafaya Altamonte Springs Apopka Buenaventura Lakes Casselberry Clermont Daytona Beach DeLand Deltona Four Corners Meadow Woods Ocoee Oviedo Palm Coast Pine Hills Poinciana St. Cloud University The Villages Winter Garden Winter Park Winter Springs 10,000 -- 25,000 Azalea Park Conway DeBary Dr. Phillips Eustis Fairview Shores Goldenrod Horizon West Hunter 's Creek Lady Lake Lake Butler Lake Mary Leesburg Lockhart Longwood Maitland Mount Dora Oak Ridge Orange City Pine Castle Southchase Tavares Wekiwa Springs Topics Attractions SunRail Coordinates : 28 ° 26 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 28 ′ 06 '' W  /  28.443198 ° N 81.468296 ° W  / 28.443198 ; - 81.468296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Eye&oldid=841210253 '' Categories : Ferris wheels Merlin Entertainments Group Tourist attractions in Orlando , Florida Buildings and structures in Orlando , Florida Amusement rides introduced in 2015 2015 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 16 : 31 . About Wikipedia

1. Orlando Eye - giant Ferris wheel 2. Merlin Entertainments - operator of Orlando Eye 3. Rebranding of Orlando Eye to ICON Orlando 360° 4. Design and construction of Orlando Eye 5. Malfunctions and incidents at Orlando Eye

who were a group that opposed a new strong form of national government

Federalist party - wikipedia Federalist party Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the late 18th - to early 19th - century American political party . For similarly named parties , see Federal Party ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Federalist Party <Td_colspan="2"> Leader Alexander Hamilton ( 1789 -- 1792 ) John Jay ( 1792 -- 1795 ) John Adams ( 1795 -- 1802 ) Charles C. Pinckney ( 1802 -- 1806 ) DeWitt Clinton ( 1806 -- 1813 ) Rufus King ( 1813 -- 1824 ) Founded 1791 ; 227 years ago ( 1791 ) Dissolved 1824 ( 1824 ) Succeeded by National Republican Party Ideology American School Centralization Classical conservatism Federalism Hamiltonianism Modernization Colors Black and white <Td_colspan="2"> Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Federalist Party ( referred to as the Pro-Administration party until the 3rd United States Congress ) was the first American political party . It existed from the early 1790s to 1816 ; its remnants lasted into the 1820s . The Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain , as well as opposition to revolutionary France . The party controlled the federal government until 1801 , when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic - Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson . The Federalist Party came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a national coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies . These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party , which was committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government . The only Federalist president was John Adams ; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program , he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency . Federalist policies called for a national bank , tariffs , and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794 . Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution . Their political opponents , the Democratic - Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson , denounced most of the Federalist policies , especially the bank and implied powers , and vehemently attacked the Jay Treaty as a sell - out of republican values to the British monarchy . The Jay Treaty passed , and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s . They held a strong base in the nation 's cities and in New England . After the Democratic - Republicans , whose base was in the rural South , won the hard - fought election of 1800 , the Federalists never returned to power . They recovered some strength by their intense opposition to the War of 1812 , but they practically vanished during the Era of Good Feelings that followed the end of the war in 1815 . The Federalists left a lasting legacy in the form of a strong federal government with a sound financial base , and after losing executive power they decisively shaped Supreme Court policy for another three decades through the person of Chief Justice John Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rise 1.1 Religious dimension 2 Party strength in Congress 3 Effects of foreign affairs 3.1 Jay Treaty 4 Whiskey Rebellion 5 Newspaper editors at war 5.1 Ceremonies and civil religion 6 Adams Administration , 1797 -- 1801 6.1 Alien and Sedition Acts 6.2 Election of 1800 6.3 Jefferson in power 7 Federalists in opposition 7.1 Jefferson Administration 7.2 Anti-war party 7.3 Madison Administration 8 Opposition to the War of 1812 9 Interpretations 10 Presidents 11 Electoral history 11.1 Presidential elections 11.2 Congressional election 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Rise ( edit ) On taking office in 1789 , President Washington nominated New York lawyer Alexander Hamilton to the office of Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility . Hamilton proposed the ambitious Hamiltonian economic program that involved assumption of the state debts incurred during the American Revolution , creating a national debt and the means to pay it off , and setting up a national bank , along with creating tariffs . James Madison was Hamilton 's ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution , but he and Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton 's programs by 1791 . Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788 , even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles . Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism . No similar parties existed anywhere in the world . By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition . Realizing the need for vocal political support in the states , he formed connections with like - minded nationalists and used his network of treasury agents to link together friends of the government , especially merchants and bankers , in the new nation 's dozen major cities . His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress , then , `` brought strong '' responses across the country . In the process , what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then , finally , as the new Federalist party . '' The Federalist Party supported Hamilton 's vision of a strong centralized government , and agreed with his proposals for a national bank and heavy government subsidies . In foreign affairs , they supported neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain . A portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull , 1806 The majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists . Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and many others can all be considered Federalists . These Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of government was needed . Hamilton was made Secretary of the Treasury , and when he came up with the idea of funding the debt he created a split in the original Federalist group . Madison greatly disagreed with Hamilton , not just on this issue but on many others as well ; he and John J. Beckley created the Anti-Federalist faction . These men would form the Republican party under Thomas Jefferson . By the early 1790s newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters `` Federalists '' and their opponents `` Democrats , '' `` Republicans , '' `` Jeffersonians '' or -- much later -- `` Democratic - Republicans '' . Jefferson 's supporters usually called themselves `` Republicans '' and their party the `` Republican Party . '' The Federalist party became popular with businessmen and New Englanders ; Republicans were mostly farmers who opposed a strong central government . Cities were usually Federalist strongholds ; frontier regions were heavily Republican . These are generalizations ; there are special cases : the Presbyterians of upland North Carolina , who had immigrated just before the Revolution , and often been Tories , became Federalists . The Congregationalists of New England and the Episcopalians in the larger cities supported the Federalists , while other minority denominations tended toward the Republican camp . Catholics in Maryland were generally Federalists . The state networks of both parties began to operate in 1794 or 1795 . Patronage now became a factor . The winner - takes - all election system opened a wide gap between winners , who got all the patronage , and losers , who got none . Hamilton had many lucrative Treasury jobs to dispense -- there were 1,700 of them by 1801 . Jefferson had one part - time job in the State Department , which he gave to journalist Philip Freneau to attack the Federalists . In New York , however , George Clinton won the election for governor and used the vast state patronage fund to help the Republican cause . Washington tried and failed to moderate the feud between his two top cabinet members . He was re-elected without opposition in 1792 . The Democratic - Republicans nominated New York 's Governor Clinton to replace Federalist John Adams as vice president , but Adams won . The balance of power in Congress was close , with some members still undecided between the parties . In early 1793 , Jefferson secretly prepared resolutions introduced by William Branch Giles , Congressman from Virginia , designed to repudiate Hamilton and weaken the Washington Administration . Hamilton defended his administration of the nation 's complicated financial affairs , which none of his critics could decipher until the arrival in Congress of the Republican Albert Gallatin in 1793 . Federalists counterattacked by claiming the Hamiltonian program had restored national prosperity , as shown in one 1792 anonymous newspaper essay : To what physical , moral , or political energy shall this flourishing state of things be ascribed ? There is but one answer to these inquiries : Public credit is restored and established . The general government , by uniting and calling into action the pecuniary resources of the states , has created a new capital stock of several millions of dollars , which , with that before existing , is directed into every branch of business , giving life and vigor to industry in its infinitely diversified operation . The enemies of the general government , the funding act and the National Bank may bellow tyranny , aristocracy , and speculators through the Union and repeat the clamorous din as long as they please ; but the actual state of agriculture and commerce , the peace , the contentment and satisfaction of the great mass of people , give the lie to their assertions . Jefferson wrote on February 12 , 1798 : Two political Sects have arisen within the U.S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support ; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government , it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution ; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers : the former of these are called federalists , sometimes aristocrats or monocrats , and sometimes tories , after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition : the latter are stiled republicans , whigs , jacobins , anarchists , disorganizers , etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons . '' Religious dimension ( edit ) In New England the Federalist party was closely linked to the Congregational church . When the party collapsed , the church was disestablished . In 1800 , and others elections , Federalists targeted infidelity in any form . They repeatedly charged that Republican candidates , especially Jefferson , were atheistic or nonreligious . Conversely , the Baptists , Methodists and other dissenters , and the religiously nonaligned , favored the Republican cause . Jefferson told the Baptists of Connecticut there should be a `` wall of separation '' between church and state . Party strength in Congress ( edit ) Many Congressmen were very hard to classify in the first few years , but after 1796 there was more certainty : <Th_colspan="18"> Election year House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 Federalist 37 39 51 47 57 60 38 39 25 24 50 36 68 64 39 26 32 24 Republican 28 30 54 59 49 46 65 103 116 118 92 107 114 119 146 160 155 189 % Republican 43 % 43 % 51 % 56 % 46 % 43 % 63 % 73 % 82 % 83 % 65 % 75 % 63 % 65 % 79 % 86 % 83 % 89 % Senate 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 Federalist 18 16 16 21 22 22 15 9 7 6 7 6 8 12 12 9 7 Republican 8 13 14 11 10 10 17 25 27 28 27 30 28 26 30 37 44 44 % Republican 31 % 45 % 47 % 34 % 31 % 31 % 53 % 74 % 71 % 82 % 79 % 83 % 78 % 68 % 71 % 80 % 92 % 94 % Source : Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) ; the numbers are estimates by historians . The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians . The parties were slowly coalescing groups ; at first there were many independents . Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives , up until 1794 , voted with Madison as much as two - thirds of the time , and another quarter against him two - thirds of the time , leaving almost half as fairly independent . Effects of foreign affairs ( edit ) International affairs -- the French Revolution and the subsequent war between royalist Britain and republican France -- decisively shaped American politics in 1793 -- 1800 , and threatened to entangle the nation in wars that `` mortally threatened its very existence . '' The French revolutionaries guillotined King Louis XVI in January 1793 , leading the British to declare war to restore the monarchy . The King had been decisive in helping America achieve independence . Now he was dead and many of the pro-American aristocrats in France were exiled or executed . Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the horrors of the French Revolution , and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen . The Republicans , some of whom had been strong Francophiles , responded with support , even through the Reign of Terror , when thousands were guillotined , though it was at this point that many began backing away from their pro-France leanings . Many of those executed had been friends of the United States , such as the Comte D'Estaing , whose fleet had fought alongside the Americans in the Revolution . ( Lafayette had already fled into exile , and Thomas Paine went to prison in France . ) The Republicans denounced Hamilton , Adams , and even Washington as friends of Britain , as secret monarchists , and as enemies of the republican values . The level of rhetoric reached a fever pitch . Paris in 1793 sent a new minister , Edmond Charles Genêt ( known as Citizen Genêt ) , who systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France 's war against Britain and Spain . Genêt funded local Democratic - Republican Societies that attacked Federalists . He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France . Acting aggressively , Genêt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping . He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida . When Secretary of State Jefferson told Genêt he was pushing American friendship past the limit , Genêt threatened to go over the government 's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France . Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics . Genêt 's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars . Recalled to Paris for execution , Genêt kept his head and instead went to New York , where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton . Jefferson left office , ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate . Jay Treaty ( edit ) The Jay Treaty battle in 1794 -- 95 was the effort by Washington , Hamilton and John Jay to resolve numerous difficulties with Britain . Some of these issues dated to the Revolution , such as boundaries , debts owed in each direction , and the continued presence of British forts in the Northwest Territory . In addition America hoped to open markets in the British Caribbean and end disputes stemming from the naval war between Britain and France . Most of all the goal was to avert a war with Britain -- a war opposed by the Federalists , that some historians claim the Jeffersonians wanted . As a neutral party , the United States argued , it had the right to carry goods anywhere it wanted . The British nevertheless seized American ships carrying goods from the French West Indies . The Federalists favored Britain in the war , and by far most of America 's foreign trade was with Britain ; hence a new treaty was called for . The British agreed to evacuate the western forts , open their West Indies ports to American ships , allow small vessels to trade with the French West Indies , and set up a commission that would adjudicate American claims against Britain for seized ships , and British claims against Americans for debts incurred before 1775 . One possible alternative was war with Britain , a war that America was ill - prepared to fight . The Republicans wanted to pressure Britain to the brink of war ( and assumed that America could defeat a weak Britain ) . Therefore , they denounced the Jay Treaty as an insult to American prestige , a repudiation of the French alliance of 1777 , and a severe shock to Southern planters who owed those old debts , and who were never to collect for the lost slaves the British captured . Republicans protested against the treaty , and organized their supporters . The Federalists realized they had to mobilize their popular vote , so they mobilized their newspapers , held rallies , counted votes , and especially relied on the prestige of President Washington . The contest over the Jay Treaty marked the first flowering of grassroots political activism in America , directed and coordinated by two national parties . Politics was no longer the domain of politicians ; every voter was called on to participate . The new strategy of appealing directly to the public worked for the Federalists ; public opinion shifted to support the Jay Treaty . The Federalists controlled the Senate and they ratified it by exactly the necessary 2⁄3 vote , 20 -- 10 , in 1795 . However , the Republicans did not give up and public opinion swung toward the Republicans after the Treaty fight ; and in the South the Federalists lost most of the support they had among planters . Whiskey rebellion ( edit ) The excise tax of 1791 caused grumbling from the frontier including threats of tax resistance . Corn , the chief crop on the frontier , was too bulky to ship over the mountains to market , unless it was first distilled into whiskey . This was profitable , as the United States population consumed , per capita , relatively large quantities of liquor . After the excise tax , the backwoodsmen complained the tax fell on them rather than on the consumers . Cash poor , they were outraged that they had been singled out to pay off the `` financiers and speculators '' back East , and to salary the federal revenue officers who began to swarm the hills looking for illegal stills . Insurgents in western Pennsylvania shut the courts and hounded federal officials , but Jeffersonian leader Albert Gallatin mobilized the western moderates , and thus forestalled a serious outbreak . Washington , seeing the need to assert federal supremacy , called out 13,000 state militia , and marched toward Washington , Pennsylvania , to suppress this Whiskey Rebellion . The rebellion evaporated in late 1794 as Washington approached , personally leading the army ( only two sitting Presidents have directly led American military forces , Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion and Madison in an attempt to save the White House during the War of 1812 ) . The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting . Federalists were relieved that the new government proved capable of overcoming rebellion , while Republicans , with Gallatin their new hero , argued there never was a real rebellion and the whole episode was manipulated in order to accustom Americans to a standing army . Angry petitions flowed in from three dozen Democratic - Republican Societies created by Citizen Genêt . Washington attacked the societies as illegitimate ; many disbanded . Federalists now ridiculed Republicans as `` democrats '' ( meaning in favor of mob rule ) or `` Jacobins '' ( a reference to The Terror in France ) . Washington refused to run for a third term , establishing a two - term precedent that was to stand until 1940 and eventually to be enshrined in the Constitution as the 22nd Amendment . He warned in his Farewell Address against involvement in European wars , and lamented the rising North - South sectionalism and party spirit in politics that threatened national unity . The party spirit , he lamented : serves always to distract the Public Councils , and enfeeble the Public Administration . It agitates the Community with ill - founded jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part against another , foments occasionally riot and insurrection . It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption , which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions . Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another . Washington never considered himself a member of any party , but broadly supported most Federalist policies . Newspaper editors at war ( edit ) The spoils system helped finance Federalist printers until 1801 , and Republican editors after that . Federalist Postmasters General , Timothy Pickering ( 1791 -- 94 ) and Joseph Habersham ( 1795 -- 1801 ) appointed and removed local postmasters to maximize Party funding . Numerous printers were appointed as postmasters . They did not deliver the mail but they did collect fees from mail users and obtained free delivery of their own newspapers and business mail . To strengthen their coalitions and hammer away constantly at the opposition , both parties sponsored newspapers in the capital ( Philadelphia ) and other major cities . On the Republican side , Philip Freneau and Benjamin Franklin Bache blasted the administration with all the scurrility at their command . Bache in particular targeted Washington himself as the front man for monarchy who must be exposed . To Bache , Washington was a cowardly general and a money - hungry baron who saw the Revolution as a means to advance his fortune and fame , Adams was a failed diplomat who never forgave the French their love of Benjamin Franklin and who craved a crown for himself and his descendants , and Alexander Hamilton was the most inveterate monarchist of them all . The Federalists , with twice as many newspapers at their command , slashed back with equal vituperation . John Fenno and `` Peter Porcupine '' ( William Cobbett ) were their nastiest penmen , and Noah Webster their most learned . Hamilton subsidized the Federalist editors , wrote for their papers , and in 1801 established his own paper , the New York Evening Post . Though his reputation waned considerably following his death , Joseph Dennie ran three of the most popular and influential newspapers of the period , The Farmer 's Weekly Museum , the Gazette of the United States and Port Folio . Ceremonies and civil religion ( edit ) The Apotheosis of Washington , as seen looking up from the Capitol rotunda in Washington . The Federalists were conscious of the need to boost voter identification with their party . Elections remained of central importance , but the rest of the political calendar was filled with celebrations , parades , festivals and visual sensationalism . The Federalists employed multiple festivities , exciting parades , and even quasi-religious pilgrimages and `` sacred '' days that became incorporated into the American civil religion . George Washington was always their hero , and after his death he became viewed as a sort of demigod looking down from heaven to bestow his blessings on the party . At first , the Federalists focused on commemorating the ratification of the Constitution and organized parades to demonstrate widespread popular support for the new Federalist Party . The parade organizers incorporated secular versions of traditional religious themes and rituals , thereby fostering a highly visible celebration of the nation 's new civil religion . The Fourth of July became a semi-sacred day -- a status it maintains in the 21st century . Its celebration in Boston emphasized national over local patriotism , and included orations , dinners , militia musters , parades , marching bands , floats and fireworks . By 1800 , the Fourth of July was closely identified with the Federalist party . Republicans were annoyed , and staged their own celebrations on the same day -- with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other , which generated even more excitement and larger crowds . After the collapse of the Federalists starting in 1815 , the Fourth of July became a nonpartisan holiday . Adams Administration , 1797 -- 1801 ( edit ) Main article : John Adams John Adams Hamilton distrusted Vice President Adams -- who felt the same way about Hamilton -- but was unable to block his claims to the succession . The election of 1796 was the first partisan affair in the nation 's history , and one of the more scurrilous in terms of newspaper attacks . Adams swept New England and Jefferson the South , with the middle states leaning to Adams . Thus Adams was the winner by a margin of three electoral votes , and Jefferson , as the runner - up , became Vice President under the system set out in the Constitution prior to the ratification of the 12th Amendment . The Federalists were strongest in New England , but also had strengths in the middle states . They elected Adams as president in 1796 , when they controlled both houses of Congress , the Presidency , eight state legislatures and ten governorships . Foreign affairs continued to be the central concern of American politics , for the war raging in Europe threatened to drag in the United States . The new President was a loner , who made decisions without consulting Hamilton or other High Federalists . Benjamin Franklin once quipped that Adams was a man always honest , often brilliant , and sometimes mad . Adams was popular among the Federalist rank and file , but had neglected to build state or local political bases of his own , and neglected to take control of his own cabinet . As a result , his cabinet answered more to Hamilton than to himself . Hamilton was especially popular because he rebuilt the Army -- and had commissions to give out . Alien and Sedition Acts ( edit ) After an American delegation was insulted in Paris in the XYZ affair ( 1797 ) , public opinion ran strongly against the French . An undeclared `` Quasi-War '' with France from 1798 to 1800 , saw each side attacking and capturing the other 's shipping . It was called `` quasi '' because there was no declaration of war , but escalation was a serious threat . The Federalists , at the peak of their popularity , took advantage by preparing for an invasion by the French Army . To silence Administration critics , the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798 . The Alien Act empowered the President to deport such aliens as he declared to be dangerous . The Sedition Act made it a crime to print false , scandalous , and malicious criticisms of the federal government , but it conspicuously failed to criminalize criticism of Vice President Thomas Jefferson . Several Republican newspaper editors were convicted under the Act and fined or jailed , and three Democratic - Republican newspapers were shut down . In response Jefferson and Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions passed by the two states ' legislatures , that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional , and insisted the states had the power to nullify federal laws . Undaunted , the Federalists created a navy , with new frigates , and a large new army , with Washington in nominal command and Hamilton in actual command . To pay for it all they raised taxes on land , houses and slaves , leading to serious unrest . In one part of Pennsylvania the Fries ' Rebellion broke out , with people refusing to pay the new taxes . John Fries was sentenced to death for treason , but received a pardon from Adams . In the elections of 1798 the Federalists did very well , but this issue started hurting the Federalists in 1799 . Early in 1799 , Adams decided to free himself from Hamilton 's overbearing influence , stunning the country and throwing his party into disarray by announcing a new peace mission to France . The mission eventually succeeded , the `` Quasi-War '' ended , and the new army was largely disbanded . Hamiltonians called Adams a failure , while Adams fired Hamilton 's supporters still in the cabinet . Hamilton and Adams intensely disliked one another , and the Federalists split between supporters of Hamilton ( `` High Federalists '' ) and supporters of Adams . Hamilton became embittered over his loss of political influence and wrote a scathing criticism of Adams ' performance as President of the United States in an effort to throw Federalist support to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ; inadvertently this split the Federalists and helped give the victory to Jefferson . Election of 1800 ( edit ) Main article : U.S. presidential election , 1800 Adams ' peace moves proved popular with the Federalist rank and file , and he seemed to stand a good chance of re-election in 1800 . If the Three - Fifths Compromise had not been enacted , he most likely would have won reelection since many Federalist legislatures removed the right to select electors from their constituents in fear of a Democratic victory . Jefferson was again the opponent and Federalists pulled out all stops in warning that he was a dangerous revolutionary , hostile to religion , who would weaken the government , damage the economy , and get into war with Britain . Many believed that if Jefferson won the election it would be the end of the newly formed United States . The Republicans crusaded against the Alien and Sedition laws , and the new taxes , and proved highly effective in mobilizing popular discontent . The election hinged on New York : its electors were selected by the legislature , and given the balance of north and south , they would decide the presidential election . Aaron Burr brilliantly organized his forces in New York City in the spring elections for the state legislature . By a few hundred votes he carried the city -- and thus the state legislature -- and guaranteed the election of a Republican President . As a reward he was selected by the Republican caucus in Congress as their vice presidential candidate . Alexander Hamilton , knowing the election was lost anyway , went public with a sharp attack on Adams that further divided and weakened the Federalists . Members of the Republican party planned to vote evenly for Jefferson and Burr because they did not want for it to seem as if their party was divided . The party took the meaning literally and Jefferson and Burr tied in the election with 73 electoral votes . This sent the election to the House of Representatives to break the tie . The Federalists had enough weight in the House to swing the election in either direction . Many would rather have seen Burr in the office over Jefferson , but Hamilton , who had a strong dislike of Burr , threw his political weight behind Jefferson . During the election neither Jefferson nor Burr attempted to swing the election in the House of Representatives . Jefferson remained at Monticello to oversee the laying of bricks to a section of his home . Jefferson allowed for his political beliefs and other ideologies to filter out through letters to his contacts . Thanks to Hamilton 's support Jefferson would win the election and Burr would become his Vice President . Many Federalists held to the belief that this was the end of the United States and that the experiment they had begun had ended in failure . ( This unintended complication led directly to the proposal and ratification of the 12th Amendment . ) `` We are all republicans -- we are all federalists , '' proclaimed Jefferson in his inaugural address . This election marked the first time power had been transferred between opposing political parties , an act that occurred , remarkably , without bloodshed . Though there had been strong words and disagreements , contrary to the Federalists fears , there was no war and no ending of one government system to let in a new one . His patronage policy was to let the Federalists disappear through attrition . Those Federalists such as John Quincy Adams ( John Adams ' own son ) and Rufus King willing to work with him were rewarded with senior diplomatic posts , but there was no punishment of the opposition . Jefferson in power ( edit ) Jefferson had a very successful first term , typified by the Louisiana Purchase , which was ironically supported by Hamilton but opposed by most Federalists at the time as unconstitutional . Some Federalist leaders ( see Essex Junto ) began courting Jefferson 's Vice-President and Hamilton 's nemesis Aaron Burr in an attempt to swing New York into an independent confederation with the New England states , which along with New York were supposed to secede from the United States after Burr 's election to Governor . However , Hamilton 's influence cost Burr the governorship of New York , a key in the Essex Junto 's plan , just as Hamilton 's influence had cost Burr the Presidency nearly 4 years before . Hamilton 's thwarting of Aaron Burr 's ambitions for the second time was too much for Burr to bear . Hamilton had known of the Essex Junto ( whom Hamilton now regarded as apostate Federalists ) , and Burr 's plans and opposed them vehemently . This opposition by Hamilton would lead to his fatal duel with Burr in July 1804 . The thoroughly disorganized Federalists hardly offered any opposition to Jefferson 's reelection in 1804 . Federalists seemed doomed . Jefferson had taken away most of their patronage , including federal judgeships . The party now controlled only five state legislatures and seven governorships . after again losing the presidency in 1804 , the party was now down to three legislatures and five governorships ( four in New England ) . Their majorities in Congress were long gone , dropping in the Senate from 23 and 1796 , 218 and 1800 to only six in 1804 . In New England and in some districts in the middle states the Federalists clung to power , but the tendency from 1800 to 1812 was steady slippage almost everywhere , as the Republicans perfected their organization and the Federalists tried to play catch - up . Some younger leaders tried to emulate the Democratic - Republican tactics , but their overall disdain of democracy along with the upper class bias of the party leadership eroded public support . In the South , the Federalists steadily lost ground everywhere . Federalists in opposition ( edit ) Fisher Ames ( 1758 -- 1808 ) of Massachusetts ranks as one of the more influential figures of his era . Ames led Federalist ranks in the House of Representatives . His acceptance of the Bill of Rights garnered support in Massachusetts for the new Constitution . His greatest fame however came as an orator who defined the principles of the Federalist Party , and the follies of the Republicans . Ames offered one of the first great speeches in American Congressional history when he spoke in favor of the Jay Treaty . Ames was part of Hamilton 's faction He cautioned against the excesses of democracy unfettered by morals and reason : `` Popular reason does not always know how to act right , nor does it always act right when it knows . '' He warned his countrymen of the dangers of flattering demagogues , who incite dis - union and lead their country into bondage : `` Our country is too big for union , too sordid for patriotism , too democratic for liberty . What is to become of it , He who made it best knows . Its vice will govern it , by practising upon its folly . This is ordained for democracies . '' Jefferson Administration ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Jefferson The Federalists continued for several years to be a major political party in New England and the Northeast , but never regained control of the Presidency or the Congress . With the death of Washington and Hamilton , and the retirement of Adams , the Federalists were left without a strong leader . John Marshall , as Chief Justice , stayed out of politics . A few younger leaders did appear , notably Daniel Webster . Federalist policies favored factories , banking , and trade over agriculture , and thus became unpopular in the growing Western states . They were increasingly seen as aristocratic and unsympathetic to democracy . In the South the party had lingering support in Maryland , but elsewhere was crippled by 1800 and faded away by 1808 . Massachusetts and Connecticut remained the party strongholds . Historian Richard J. Purcell explains how well organized the party was in Connecticut : It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office - holders who made up the nucleus of the party . There were the state officers , the assistants , and a large majority of the Assembly . In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies . All of the state , county , and town judges were potential and generally active workers . Every town had several justices of the peace , school directors and , in Federalist towns , all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party 's work . Every parish had a `` standing agent , '' whose anathemas were said to convince at least ten voting deacons . Militia officers , state 's attorneys , lawyers , professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this `` conscript army . '' In all , about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer - holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election . This was the Federalist machine . After 1800 the major Federalist role came in the judiciary . Although Jefferson managed to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801 and thus dismissed many lower level Federalist federal judges , the effort to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 failed . Led by the last great Federalist , John Marshall as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835 , the Supreme Court carved out a unique and powerful role as the protector of the Constitution and promoter of nationalism . Anti-war party ( edit ) As the wars in Europe intensified , the United States became increasingly involved . The Federalists restored some of their strength by leading the anti-war opposition to Jefferson and Madison , 1807 -- 1814 . President Jefferson imposed an embargo on Britain in 1807 ; the Embargo Act of 1807 prevented all American ships from sailing to a foreign port . The idea was that the British were so dependent on American supplies that they would come to terms . For 15 months the Embargo wrecked American export businesses , largely based in the Boston - New York region , causing a sharp depression in the Northeast . Evasion was common and Jefferson and Treasury Secretary Gallatin responded with tightened police controls more severe than anything the Federalists had ever proposed . Public opinion was highly negative , and a surge of support breathed fresh life into the Federalist party . The Republicans nominated Madison for the presidency in 1808 . Federalists , meeting in the first - ever national convention , considered the option of nominating Jefferson 's Vice President George Clinton as their own candidate , but balked at working with him and again chose Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , their 1804 candidate . Madison lost New England excluding Vermont but swept the rest of the country and carried a Republican Congress . Madison dropped the Embargo , opened up trade again , and offered a carrot and stick approach . If either France or Britain agreed to stop their violations of American neutrality , the U.S. would cut off trade with the other country . Tricked by Napoleon into believing France had acceded to his demands , Madison turned his wrath on Britain , and the War of 1812 began . Young Daniel Webster , running for Congress from New Hampshire in 1812 , first gained overnight fame with his anti-war speeches . Madison Administration ( edit ) Thus the nation was at war during the 1812 presidential election , and war was the burning issue . Opposition to the war was strong in traditional Federalist strongholds in New England and New York , where the party made a comeback in the elections of 1812 and 1814 . In their second national convention , in 1812 , the Federalists , now the peace party , nominated DeWitt Clinton , the dissident Republican mayor of New York City , and an articulate opponent of the war . Madison ran for reelection promising a relentless war against Britain and an honorable peace . Clinton , denouncing Madison 's weak leadership and incompetent preparations for war , could count on New England and New York . To win he needed the middle states and there the campaign was fought out . Those states were competitive and had the best - developed local parties and most elaborate campaign techniques , including nominating conventions and formal party platforms . The Tammany Society in New York City highly favored Madison ; the Federalists finally adopted the club idea in 1808 . Their Washington Benevolent Societies were semi-secret membership organizations which played a critical role in every northern state ; they held meetings and rallies and mobilized Federalist votes . New Jersey went for Clinton , but Madison carried Pennsylvania and thus was reelected with 59 % of the Electoral votes . However the Federalists gained 14 seats in Congress . Opposition to the war of 1812 ( edit ) The War of 1812 went poorly for the Americans for two years . Even though Britain was concentrating its military efforts on its war with Napoleon , the United States still failed to make any headway on land , and was effectively blockaded at sea by the Royal Navy . The British raided and burned Washington , D.C. in 1814 and sent a force to capture New Orleans . The war was especially unpopular in New England : the New England economy was highly dependent on trade , and the British blockade threatened to destroy it entirely . In 1814 , the British Navy finally managed to enforce their blockade on the New England coast , so the Federalists of New England sent delegates to the Hartford Convention in December 1814 . During the proceedings of the Hartford Convention , secession from the Union was discussed , though the resulting report listed a set of grievances against the Democratic - Republican federal government and proposed a set of Constitutional amendments to address these grievances . They demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two - thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed , new states admitted , or war declared . It also indicated that if these proposals were ignored , then another convention should be called and given `` such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis may require '' . The Federalist Massachusetts Governor had already secretly sent word to England to broker a separate peace accord . Three Massachusetts `` ambassadors '' were sent to Washington to negotiate on the basis of this report . By the time the Federalist `` ambassadors '' got to Washington , the war was over and news of Andrew Jackson 's stunning victory in the Battle of New Orleans had raised American morale immensely . The `` ambassadors '' hastened back to Massachusetts , but not before they had done fatal damage to the Federalist Party . The Federalists were thereafter associated with the disloyalty and parochialism of the Hartford Convention , and destroyed as a political force . Across the nation , Republicans used the great victory at New Orleans to ridicule the Federalists as cowards , defeatists , and secessionists . Pamphlets , songs , newspaper editorials , speeches and entire plays on the Battle of New Orleans drove home the point . They fielded their last presidential candidate ( Rufus King ) in 1816 . With its passing partisan hatreds and newspaper feuds declined and the nation entered the `` Era of Good Feelings '' . After the dissolution of the final Federalist congressional caucus in 1825 , the last traces of Federalist activity came in Delaware and Massachusetts local politics in the late 1820s , where in 1829 Harrison Gray Otis was elected Mayor of Boston , and became the last major Federalist office holder . As late as 1828 the party won control of the Delaware state legislature , and as late as 1830 the Federalists controlled the Massachusetts Senate . Interpretations ( edit ) Intellectually , Federalists were profoundly devoted to liberty . As Samuel Eliot Morison explained , they believed that liberty is inseparable from union , that men are essentially unequal , that vox populi ( voice of the people ) is seldom if ever vox Dei ( the voice of God ) , and that sinister outside influences are busy undermining American integrity . Oxford - trained British historian Patrick Allitt concludes that Federalists promoted many positions that would form the baseline for later American conservatism , including the rule of law under the Constitution , republican government , peaceful change through elections , judicial supremacy , stable national finances , credible and active diplomacy , and protection of wealth . In terms of `` classical conservatism '' , the Federalists had no truck with European - style aristocracy , monarchy , or established religion . Historian John P. Diggins says that : Thanks to the framers , American conservatism began on a genuinely lofty plane . James Madison , Alexander Hamilton , John Marshall , John Jay , James Wilson , and , above all , John Adams aspired to create a republic in which the values so precious to conservatives might flourish : harmony , stability , virtue , reverence , veneration , loyalty , self - discipline , and moderation . This was classical conservatism in its most authentic expression . The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities who supported a strong national government . The party was closely linked to the modernizing , urbanizing , financial policies of Alexander Hamilton . These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War , the incorporation of a national Bank of the United States , the support of manufactures and industrial development , and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury . In foreign affairs , the Federalists opposed the French Revolution , engaged in the `` Quasi War '' ( an undeclared naval war ) with France in 1798 -- 99 , sought good relations with Britain and sought a strong army and navy . Ideologically the controversy between Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style . In terms of style the Federalists feared mob rule , thought an educated elite should represent the general populace in national governance , and favored national power over state power . Republicans distrusted Britain , bankers , merchants and did not want a powerful national government . The Federalists , notably Hamilton , were distrustful of `` the people , '' the French , and the Republicans . In the end , the nation synthesized the two positions , adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state . Just as importantly , American politics by the 1820s accepted the two - party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate , and the winner takes control of majorities in state legislatures and the Congress , and gains governorships and the presidency . As time went on , the Federalists lost appeal with the average voter and were generally not equal to the tasks of party organization ; hence , they grew steadily weaker as the political triumphs of the Republican Party grew . For economic and philosophical reasons , the Federalists tended to be pro-British -- the United States engaged in more trade with Great Britain than with any other country -- and vociferously opposed Jefferson 's Embargo Act of 1807 and the seemingly deliberate provocation of war with Britain by the Madison Administration . During `` Mr. Madison 's War '' , as they called it , the Federalists made a temporary comeback . However they lost all their gains and more during the patriotic euphoria that followed the war . The membership was aging rapidly , but a few young men from New England did join the cause , most notably Daniel Webster . After 1816 the Federalists had no national power base apart from John Marshall 's Supreme Court . They had some local support in New England , New York , eastern Pennsylvania , Maryland and Delaware . After the collapse of the Federalist Party in the course of the 1824 presidential election , most surviving Federalists ( including Daniel Webster ) joined former Republicans like Henry Clay to form the National Republican Party , which was soon combined with other anti-Jackson groups to form the Whig Party in 1833 . By then , nearly all remaining Federalists joined the Whigs . However , some former Federalists like James Buchanan , Louis McLane and Roger B. Taney became Jacksonian Democrats . The `` Old Republicans , '' led by John Randolph of Roanoke , refused to form a coalition with the Federalists and instead set up a separate opposition since Jefferson , Madison , Gallatin , Monroe , John C. Calhoun and Clay had in effect adopted Federalist principles of implied powers to purchase the Louisiana Territory , and after the failures and lessons of the War of 1812 , raised tariffs to protect factories , chartered the Second national bank , promoted a strong army and navy and promoted internal improvements . All these measures were opposed to the strict construction of the constitution , which was the formal basis of the republicans ; but the drift of the party to support them could not be checked . It was aided by the Supreme Court , whose influence under John Marshall as a nationalizing factor now first became apparent . The whole change reconciled the federalists to their absorption into the republican party . Indeed , they claimed , with considerable show of justice , that the absorption was in the other direction : that the republicans had recanted ; and that the `` Washington - Monroe policy , '' as they termed it after 1820 , was all that federalists had ever desired . The name `` Federalist '' came increasingly to be used in political rhetoric as a term of abuse , and was denied by the Whigs , who pointed out that their leader Henry Clay was the Republican party leader in Congress during the 1810s . The Federalists had a weak base in the South , with their main base in the Northeast and especially New England . It was the reverse for the Republicans . As a result , anti-slavery elements were largely based in the Federalist Party . Several leading Federalists , most notably John Jay and Alexander Hamilton , were leaders of the anti-slavery movement . They led the successful battles to abolish the international slave trade in New York City , and the battle to abolish slavery in New York State . Presidents ( edit ) # Name Portrait State Presidency start date Presidency end date John Adams Massachusetts March 4 , 1797 March 4 , 1801 Electoral History ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1792 George Washington John Adams 28,579 100.0 132 / 132 New Victory 1796 John Adams Thomas Pinckney 35,726 53.4 71 / 138 New Victory 1800 Charles C. Pinckney 25,952 38.6 65 / 138 6 Lost 1804 Charles C. Pinckney Rufus King 38,919 27.2 14 / 176 51 Lost 1808 62,431 32.4 47 / 176 34 Lost 1812 DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 89 / 217 42 Lost 1816 Rufus King John E. Howard 34,740 30.9 34 / 217 55 Lost 1820 <Td_colspan="2"> No candidate 17,465 16.2 0 / 232 34 Lost ^ a : While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . ^ b : The Federalist caucus did not even bother to make a formal nomination , although many Federalists supported Rufus King . Congressional election ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- House Speaker 1794 47 / 105 New Jonathan Dayton 1796 57 / 106 10 1798 60 / 106 Theodore Sedgwick 1800 38 / 106 22 Nathaniel Macon 1802 39 / 142 1804 28 / 142 11 1806 26 / 142 Joseph Bradley Varnum 1808 48 / 142 22 1810 36 / 143 12 Henry Clay 1812 68 / 182 32 1814 64 / 183 1816 40 / 185 24 1818 26 / 186 14 1820 32 / 187 6 Philip Barbour 1822 24 / 213 8 Henry Clay United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Senate President 1794 / 1795 20 / 30 New John Adams 1796 / 1797 21 / 32 Thomas Jefferson 1798 / 1799 22 / 32 1800 / 1801 17 / 32 5 Aaron Burr 1802 / 1803 9 / 32 8 1804 / 1805 7 / 34 George Clinton 1806 / 1807 6 / 34 1808 / 1809 8 / 34 1810 / 1811 7 / 34 1812 / 1813 8 / 36 Elbridge Gerry 1814 / 1815 11 / 36 1816 / 1817 13 / 36 Daniel D. Tompkins 1818 / 1819 9 / 42 1820 / 1821 4 / 46 5 1822 / 1823 5 / 48 See also ( edit ) List of political parties in the United States Democratic - Republican Party ( United States ) First Party System Federalist Era Essex Junto Blue light federalists Port - Folio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Viereck , Peter ( 1956 , 2006 ) Conservative Thinkers : From John Adams to Winston Churchill . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers , pp. 87 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Federalist vs. Federalist '' . Diffen . Jump up ^ The Federalists were supporters of the Federal Government , so for a strong central government . ^ Jump up to : John P. Diggins ( 1994 ) . Up from Communism . Columbia UP . p. 390 . ISBN 9780231084895 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty : A history of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Formisano ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Parties in a New Nation , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Miller The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) pp 210 -- 28 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) pp 84 -- 98 Jump up ^ After 1793 -- 4 , with the Terror in the French Revolution , `` Democrat '' became a negative term , until the middle of Madison 's presidency ; the Federalists continued to use it to describe their opponents . Robert A. Dahl , `` James Madison : Republican or Democrat ? . '' Perspectives on Politics 3 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 439 -- 448 ; Dumas Malone , Jefferson , 3 : 162 . Jump up ^ Manning J. Dauer , The Adams Federalists , chapter 2 . Jump up ^ L. Marx Renzulli , Maryland : the Federalist years p 142 , 183 , 295 Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Federalists . A Study in Administrative History ( 1948 ) p 123 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene R. Sheridan , `` Thomas Jefferson and the Giles Resolutions , '' William and Mary Quarterly 49 # 4 ( 1992 ) , pp. 589 -- 608 in JSTOR Jump up ^ The Gazette of United States , September 5 , 1792 , in Charles A. Beard , Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy . ( 1915 ) p. 231 . Jump up ^ letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe , ed `` A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties , 1798 , '' American Historical Review v. 3 # 3 ( April 1898 ) pp 488 -- 89 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kelly Olds , `` Privatizing the church : disestablishment in Connecticut and Massachusetts . '' Journal of Political Economy ( 1994 ) : 277 -- 297 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Amanda Porterfield , Conceived in Doubt : Religion and Politics in the New American Nation ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan J. Den Hartog , Patriotism and Piety : Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Constance B. Schulz , `` ' Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion ' : Jefferson 's Religion , the Federalist Press , and the Syllabus . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 91 # 1 ( 1983 ) : 73 -- 91 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , ch 8 ; Sharp ( 1993 ) p. 70 for quote Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick pp. 314 -- 16 on Jefferson 's favorable responses . Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion , '' American Quarterly 10 ( Winter 1958 ) , 391 -- 459 . Jump up ^ Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : Federalism and the Menace of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity , '' Review of Politics 13 ( 1951 ) 457 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , Age of Federalism , pp 451 -- 61 Jump up ^ Eugene R. Sheridan , `` The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet : A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy '' . Diplomatic History 18 # 4 ( 1994 ) , 463 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 330 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 375 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 406 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1960 ) p. 149 . Jump up ^ Todd Estes , `` Shaping the politics of public opinion : Federalists and the Jay Treaty debate . '' Journal of the Early Republic 20.3 ( 2000 ) : 393 -- 422 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sharp 113 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1960 ) pp. 155 -- 62 Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary '' . Jump up ^ Carl E. Prince , `` The Federalist Party and Creation of a Court Press , 1789 -- 1801 . '' Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 53 # 2 ( 1976 ) : 238 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Si Sheppard , The Partisan Press : A History of Media Bias in the United States ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Donald H. Stewart , The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Lora , Ronald ( 1999 ) . The Conservative Press in Eighteenth - and Nineteenth - century America . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 103 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31043 - 2 . Jump up ^ David Waldstreicher , In the midst of perpetual fetes : The making of American nationalism , 1776 -- 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Jürgen Heideking , `` The federal processions of 1788 and the origins of American civil religion . '' Soundings ( 1994 ) : 367 -- 387 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Len Travers , `` Hurrah for the Fourth : Patriotism , Politics , and Independence Day in Federalist Boston , 1783 -- 1818 . '' Essex Institute Historical Collections 125 : 129 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kevin Coe , et al . The Rhetoric of American Civil Religion : Symbols , Sinners , and Saints ( Lexington Books , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bernard A. Weisberger , America afire : Jefferson , Adams , and the first contested election ( Perennial , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Philip J. Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , 1808 -- 1816 : Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database . '' Journal of the Early Republic 33.2 ( 2013 ) : 255 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and sword : The Federalists and the creation of the military establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ James Morton Smith , `` President John Adams , Thomas Cooper , and Sedition : A Case Study in Suppression '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1955 ) 42 # 3 pp. 438 -- 465 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Marc A. Franklin , David A. Anderson , & Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky , Mass Media Law ( 7th ed. 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Manning Dauer , The Adams Federalists ( Johns Hopkins UP , 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Brian Phillips Murphy , `` ' A Very Convenient Instrument ' : The Manhattan Company , Aaron Burr , and the Election of 1800 . '' William and Mary Quarterly 65.2 ( 2008 ) : 233 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Miller , John C. `` The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 '' ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson : First Inaugural Address . U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 1989 '' . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Jefferson 's second revolution : The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David H. Fischer , `` The Myth of the Essex Junto . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1964 ) : 191 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , '' p 259 Jump up ^ Elisha P. Douglass , `` Fisher Ames , Spokesman for New England Federalism . '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103.5 ( 1959 ) : 693 -- 715 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Russell Kirk , The Conservative Mind : From Burke to Eliot ( 2001 ) . p. 83 Jump up ^ Fisher Ames , letter of October 26 , 1803 , Works , p. 483 . As cited in Kirk , The Conservative Mind p. 83 Jump up ^ Google Books . Jump up ^ Richard J. Purcell , Connecticut in Transition : 1775 -- 1818 1963 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Jerry W. Knudson , `` The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary , 1802 -- 1805 ; Political Forces and Press Reaction . '' American Journal of Legal History 14.1 ( 1970 ) : 55 -- 75 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , '' Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the origins of party politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Shewmaker , ' `` This Unblessed War ' : Daniel Webster 's Opposition to the War of 1812 '' Historical New Hampshire 53 # 1 ( 1998 ) pp 21 -- 45 Jump up ^ William Alexander Robinson , `` The Washington Benevolent Society in New England : a phase of politics during the War of 1812 '' , Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1916 ) vol 49 pp 274ff . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Stoltz , `` ' It Taught our Enemies a Lesson : ' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 71 # 2 ( 2012 ) : 112 -- 127 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Harrison Gray Otis , 1765 -- 1848 : the urbane Federalist ( 2nd ed. 1969 ) pages x -- xi Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , The Conservatives ( 2009 ) p 26 Jump up ^ Chernow ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Shaw Livermore , Jr. , The Twilight of Federalism : The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815 -- 1830 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini ( 1997 ) . Daniel Webster : The Man and His Time . W.W. Norton . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780393045529 . Jump up ^ James H. Broussard ( 1978 ) . The Southern Federalists : 1800 -- 1816 . LSU Press . p. 274 . ISBN 9780807125205 . Jump up ^ Lynn Parsons ( 2009 ) . The Birth of Modern Politics : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 . Oxford University Press . p. 164 . ISBN 9780199718504 . Jump up ^ Cyclopedia of Political Science , Political Economy , and the Political History of the United States Jump up ^ Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh , American Political Terms : An Historical Dictionary ( 1962 ) p 150 Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , `` Federalist Party '' in Robert A. Rutland , ed . James Madison and the American Nation 1751 - 1836 : An Encyclopedia ( 1994 ) pp 144 - 45 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ben - Atar , Doron S. , and Liz B. MacMillan , eds . Federalists Reconsidered ( 1999 ) Banner , James M. ( 1970 ) . To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 . Beeman , Richard R. ( 1972 ) . The Old Dominion and the New Nation , 1788 -- 1801 . Broussard , James H. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Federalists : 1800 -- 1816 . Buel , Richard , Jr. ( 1972 ) . Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0705 - 2 . Chambers , William Nisbet . Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) William Chambers , ed. , ed. ( 1972 ) . The First Party System : Federalists and Republicans . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14340 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 009 - 2 . Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ( 1965 ) . The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 . Elkins , Stanley and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism - The Early American Republic , 1788 - 1800 ( 1990 ) . A major scholarly survey ; online free Ferling , John . John Adams : A Life ( 1992 ) Fischer , David Hackett ( 1965 ) . The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy . Formisano , Ronald ( 1983 ) . The Transformation of Political Culture : Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s . Formisano , Ronald P. `` State Development in the Early Republic , '' in Boyd Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds . Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 , ( 2001 ) pp. 7 -- 35 . Fox , Dixon Ryan ( 1919 ) . The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York , 1801 -- 1840 . Longmans , Green & Co. , agents . ASIN B000863CHY . Hartog , Jonathan J. Den . Patriotism and Piety : Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation ( University of Virginia Press ; 2015 ) 280 pages ; Hickey , Donald R. `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp : 23 -- 39 vol 4 of Richard Hildreth , History of the United States ( 1851 ) covering 1790s Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 1996 ) . The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 . Jensen , Richard . `` Federalist Party , '' in Encyclopedia of Third Parties ( ME Sharpe , 2000 ) Knudson , Jerry W. Jefferson and the Press : Crucible of Liberty ( 2006 ) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist newspapers covered election of 1800 ; Thomas Paine ; Louisiana Purchase ; Hamilton - Burr duel ; impeachment of Chase ; and the embargo Lampi , Philip J. `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , 1808 -- 1816 : Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database . '' Journal of the Early Republic 33 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 255 -- 281 . online McCormick , Richard P. ( 1966 ) . The Second Party System : Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era . details the collapse state by state McCullough , David ( 2002 ) . John Adams . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2313 - 6 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1974 ) . The Presidency of George Washington . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0110 - 4 . Mason , Matthew , `` Federalists , Abolitionists , and the Problem of Influence , '' American Nineteenth Century History 10 ( March 2009 ) , 1 -- 27 . Miller , John C. ( 1960 ) . The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 . Harper . ISBN 1 - 57766 - 031 - 5 . scholarly online free Mitchell , Broadus ( 1962 ) . Alexander Hamilton : The National Adventure , 1788 -- 1804 . McMillan . Morison , Samuel Eliot . Harrison Gray Otis , 1765 -- 1848 : The Urbane Federalist ( 1969 ) Jeffrey L. Pasley , et al. eds. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Norman Risjord , ed. , ed. ( 1969 ) . The Early American Party System . Harper & Row . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Risjord , Norman K . `` The Virginia Federalists , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 33 , No. 4 ( November 1967 ) , pp. 486 -- 517 in JSTOR Sharp , James Rogers ( 1993 ) . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis . Yale University Press . , detailed political history of 1790s Sheehan , Colleen . `` Madison v. Hamilton : The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion '' American Political Science Review 2004 98 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 24 . in JSTOR Siemers , David J. ' ' Ratifying the Republic : Antifederalists and Federalists in Constitutional Time ( 2002 ) Smelser , Marshall ( 1968 ) . The Democratic Republic 1801 -- 1815 . general survey Theriault , Sean M. `` Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase , '' Social Science History 2006 30 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 324 ; doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 30 - 2 - 293 Tinkcom , Harry M. ( 1950 ) . The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania , 1790 -- 1801 . Viereck , Peter ( 1956 , 2006 ) Conservative Thinkers from John Adams to Winston Churchill . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . Waldstreicher , David . `` The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics : 1790 -- 1840 , '' in Boyd Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds . Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 , ( 2001 ) pp. 37 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A history of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Federalist Party ( United States ) at Wikimedia Commons A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 <Th_colspan="3"> National political parties in the United States <Td_colspan="3"> List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International <Td_colspan="3"> Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal <Th_colspan="2"> Alexander Hamilton <Td_colspan="2"> Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) <Th_colspan="2"> John Adams <Td_colspan="2"> 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady <Td_colspan="2"> ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&oldid=825011353 '' Categories : Political parties established in 1792 Federalist Party Conservatism in the United States 1792 establishments in the United States Defunct political parties in the United States Political parties disestablished in 1824 1824 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Lumbaart Македонски მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Federalist Party 2. American political party 3. Alexander Hamilton 4. John Adams 5. Democratic-Republican opposition

when do you start to get altitude sickness

Altitude sickness - wikipedia Altitude sickness Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Altitude sickness Synonyms Altitude illness , hypobaropathy , the altitude bends , soroche <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Altitude sickness warning -- Indian Army Specialty Emergency medicine <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Altitude sickness , also known as acute mountain sickness ( AMS ) , is negative health effect of high altitude , caused by acute exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high altitude . Although minor symptoms such as breathlessness may occur at altitudes of 1,500 metres ( 5,000 ft ) , AMS commonly occurs above 2,400 metres ( 8,000 ft ) . It presents as a collection of nonspecific symptoms , acquired at high altitude or in low air pressure , resembling a case of `` flu , carbon monoxide poisoning , or a hangover '' . It is hard to determine who will be affected by altitude sickness , as there are no specific factors that correlate with a susceptibility to altitude sickness . However , most people can ascend to 2,400 metres ( 8,000 ft ) without difficulty . Acute mountain sickness can progress to high altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE ) or high altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ) , both of which are potentially fatal , and can only be cured by immediate descent to lower altitude or oxygen administration . Chronic mountain sickness is a different condition that only occurs after long term exposure to high altitude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Primary symptoms 1.2 Severe symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 High altitude 2.2 Very high altitude 2.3 Extreme altitude 3 Mechanism 4 Prevention 4.1 Pre-acclimatization 4.2 Altitude acclimatization 4.3 Medications 4.4 Oxygen enrichment 4.5 Other methods 5 Treatment 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Right : A woman with a swollen face while trekking at high altitude ( Annapurna Base Camp , Nepal ; 4130 m ) . Left : The same woman at normal altitude . People have different susceptibilities to altitude sickness ; for some otherwise healthy people , acute altitude sickness can begin to appear at around 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) above sea level , such as at many mountain ski resorts , equivalent to a pressure of 80 kilopascals ( 0.79 atm ) . This is the most frequent type of altitude sickness encountered . Symptoms often manifest themselves six to ten hours after ascent and generally subside in one to two days , but they occasionally develop into the more serious conditions . Symptoms include headache , fatigue , stomach illness , dizziness , and sleep disturbance . Exertion aggravates the symptoms . Those individuals with the lowest initial partial pressure of end - tidal pCO ( the lowest concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of the respiratory cycle , a measure of a higher alveolar ventilation ) and corresponding high oxygen saturation levels tend to have a lower incidence of acute mountain sickness than those with high end - tidal pCO and low oxygen saturation levels . Primary symptoms ( edit ) Headaches are the primary symptom used to diagnose altitude sickness , although a headache is also a symptom of dehydration . A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 metres ( 7,900 ft ) -- a pressure of 76 kilopascals ( 0.75 atm ) -- combined with any one or more of the following symptoms , may indicate altitude sickness : Gastrointestinal disorder : Loss of appetite , nausea , or vomiting , excessive flatulation Nervous system disorder : Fatigue or weakness , headache with or without dizziness or lightheadedness , insomnia Locomotory system disorder : Peripheral edema ( swelling of hands , feet , and face ) Respiratory system disorder : Nose bleeding , shortness of breath upon exertion Cardiovascular system disorder : Persistent rapid pulse Others : Pins and needles , general malaise Severe symptoms ( edit ) Symptoms that may indicate life - threatening altitude sickness include : Pulmonary edema ( fluid in the lungs ) Symptoms similar to bronchitis Persistent dry cough Fever Shortness of breath even when resting Cerebral edema ( swelling of the brain ) Headache that does not respond to analgesics Unsteady gait Gradual loss of consciousness Increased nausea and vomiting Retinal hemorrhage The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from edema ( fluid accumulation in the tissues of the body ) . At very high altitude , humans can get either high altitude pulmonary edema ( HAPE ) , or high altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ) . The physiological cause of altitude - induced edema is not conclusively established . It is currently believed , however , that HACE is caused by local vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels in response to hypoxia , resulting in greater blood flow and , consequently , greater capillary pressures . On the other hand , HAPE may be due to general vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation ( normally a response to regional ventilation - perfusion mismatches ) which , with constant or increased cardiac output , also leads to increases in capillary pressures . For those suffering HACE , dexamethasone may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order to keep descending under their own power . HAPE can progress rapidly and is often fatal . Symptoms include fatigue , severe dyspnea at rest , and cough that is initially dry but may progress to produce pink , frothy sputum . Descent to lower altitudes alleviates the symptoms of HAPE . HACE is a life - threatening condition that can lead to coma or death . Symptoms include headache , fatigue , visual impairment , bladder dysfunction , bowel dysfunction , loss of coordination , paralysis on one side of the body , and confusion . Descent to lower altitudes may save those afflicted with HACE . Cause ( edit ) See also : Breathing § Breathing at altitude See also : Effects of high altitude on humans Climbers on Mount Everest often experience altitude sickness . Altitude sickness can first occur at 1,500 metres , with the effects becoming severe at extreme altitudes ( greater than 5,500 metres ) . Only brief trips above 6,000 metres are possible and supplemental oxygen is needed to avert sickness . As altitude increases , the available amount of oxygen to sustain mental and physical alertness decreases with the overall air pressure , though the relative percentage of oxygen in air , at about 21 % , remains practically unchanged up to 21,000 metres ( 70,000 ft ) . The RMS velocities of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen are very similar and thus no change occurs in the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen until stratospheric heights . Dehydration due to the higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes may contribute to the symptoms of altitude sickness . The rate of ascent , altitude attained , amount of physical activity at high altitude , as well as individual susceptibility , are contributing factors to the onset and severity of high - altitude illness . Altitude sickness usually occurs following a rapid ascent and can usually be prevented by ascending slowly . In most of these cases , the symptoms are temporary and usually abate as altitude acclimatization occurs . However , in extreme cases , altitude sickness can be fatal . High altitude ( edit ) At high altitude , 1,500 to 3,500 metres ( 4,900 to 11,500 ft ) , the onset of physiological effects of diminished inspiratory oxygen pressure ( PiO ) includes decreased exercise performance and increased ventilation ( lower arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide - PCO ) . While arterial oxygen transport may be only slightly impaired the arterial oxygen saturation , SaO , generally stays above 90 % . Altitude sickness is common between 2,400 and 4,000 m because of the large number of people who ascend rapidly to these altitudes . Very high altitude ( edit ) At very high altitude , 3,500 to 5,500 metres ( 11,500 to 18,000 ft ) , maximum SaO falls below 90 % as the arterial PO falls below 60mmHg . Extreme hypoxemia may occur during exercise , during sleep , and in the presence of high altitude pulmonary edema or other acute lung conditions . Severe altitude illness occurs most commonly in this range . Extreme altitude ( edit ) Above 5,500 metres ( 18,000 ft ) , marked hypoxemia , hypocapnia , and alkalosis are characteristic of extreme altitudes . Progressive deterioration of physiologic function eventually outstrips acclimatization . As a result , no permanent human habitation occurs above 6,000 metres ( 20,000 ft ) . A period of acclimatization is necessary when ascending to extreme altitude ; abrupt ascent without supplemental oxygen for other than brief exposures invites severe altitude sickness . Mechanism ( edit ) The physiology of altitude sickness centres around the alveolar gas equation ; the atmospheric pressure is low , but there is still 20.9 % Oxygen , water vapour still occupies the same pressure too , this means that there is less oxygen pressure available in the lungs and blood . Compare these two equations comparing the amount of oxygen in blood at altitude : At Sea Level At 8400m ( The Balcony of Everest ) Formula Pressure of oxygen in the alveolus 21 %. ( 101.3 kPa - 6.3 kPa ) - ( 5.3 kPa / 0.8 kPa ) = 13.3 kPa O 21 %. ( 36.3 kPa - 6.3 kPa ) - ( 1.8 kPa / 0.74 kPa ) = 3.9 kPa O F O. ( P - P ) - ( P / RQ ) Oxygen Carriage in the blood ( 0.98 * 1.34 * 14g / dL ) + ( 0.023 x 12kPa ) = 17.3 ml O / 100ml Blood ( 0.54 * 1.34 * 19.3 g / dL ) + ( 0.023 x 3.3 kPa ) = 14.0 ml O / 100ml Blood ( Sa * 1.34 ml / g Hb * Hb ) + ( Oxygen carriage in blood * Pa ) The hypoxia leads to an increase in minute ventilation ( hence both low CO , and subsequently bicarbonate ) , Hb increases through haemoconcentration and erythrogenesis . Alkylosis shifts the haemaglobin dissociation constant to the left , 2 , 3 - DPG increases to counter this . Cardiac output increases through an increase in heart rate . The body 's response to high altitude includes the following : ↑ Erythropoietin → ↑ hematocrit and hemoglobin ↑ 2 , 3 - BPG ( allows ↑ release of O2 and a right shift on the Hb - O2 disassociation curve ) ↑ kidney excretion of bicarbonate ( use of acetazolamide can augment for treatment ) Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction ( can cause right ventricular hypertrophy ) People with high - altitude sickness generally have reduced hyperventilator response , impaired gas exchange , fluid retention or increased sympathetic drive . There is thought to be an increase in cerebral venous volume due to increase in cerebral blood flow and hypocapnic cerebral vasoconstriction causing oedema . Prevention ( edit ) Ascending slowly is the best way to avoid altitude sickness . Avoiding strenuous activity such as skiing , hiking , etc. in the first 24 hours at high altitude reduces the symptoms of AMS . Alcohol and sleeping pills are respiratory depressants , and thus slow down the acclimatization process and should be avoided . Alcohol also tends to cause dehydration and exacerbates AMS . Thus , avoiding alcohol consumption in the first 24 -- 48 hours at a higher altitude is optimal . Pre-acclimatization ( edit ) Pre-acclimatization is when the body develops tolerance to low oxygen concentrations before ascending to an altitude . It significantly reduces risk because less time has to be spent at altitude to acclimatize in the traditional way . Additionally , because less time has to be spent on the mountain , less food and supplies have to be taken up . Several commercial systems exist that use altitude tents , so called because they mimic altitude by reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air while keeping air pressure constant to the surroundings . Altitude acclimatization ( edit ) Altitude acclimatization is the process of adjusting to decreasing oxygen levels at higher elevations , in order to avoid altitude sickness . Once above approximately 3,000 metres ( 10,000 ft ) -- a pressure of 70 kilopascals ( 0.69 atm ) -- most climbers and high - altitude trekkers take the `` climb - high , sleep - low '' approach . For high - altitude climbers , a typical acclimatization regimen might be to stay a few days at a base camp , climb up to a higher camp ( slowly ) , and then return to base camp . A subsequent climb to the higher camp then includes an overnight stay . This process is then repeated a few times , each time extending the time spent at higher altitudes to let the body adjust to the oxygen level there , a process that involves the production of additional red blood cells . Once the climber has acclimatized to a given altitude , the process is repeated with camps placed at progressively higher elevations . The rule of thumb is to ascend no more than 300 m ( 1,000 ft ) per day to sleep . That is , one can climb from 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) ( 70 kPa or 0.69 atm ) to 4,500 m ( 15,000 ft ) ( 58 kPa or 0.57 atm ) in one day , but one should then descend back to 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) ( 67.5 kPa or 0.666 atm ) to sleep . This process can not safely be rushed , and this is why climbers need to spend days ( or even weeks at times ) acclimatizing before attempting to climb a high peak . Simulated altitude equipment such as altitude tents provide hypoxic ( reduced oxygen ) air , and are designed to allow partial pre-acclimation to high altitude , reducing the total time required on the mountain itself . Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some people who move rapidly from lower altitudes to intermediate altitudes ( e.g. , by aircraft and ground transportation over a few hours ) , such as from sea level to 8,000 feet ( 2,400 m ) as in many Colorado , USA mountain resorts . Stopping at an intermediate altitude overnight ( for example , staying overnight when arriving through Denver , at 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) , when traveling to the aforementioned Colorado resorts ) can alleviate or eliminate occurrences of AMS . Medications ( edit ) The drug acetazolamide ( trade name Diamox ) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres ( 9,000 ft ) , and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS . Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily . The Everest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule , except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations . The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis , starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending ; with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours . Acetazolamide , a mild diuretic , works by stimulating the kidneys to secrete more bicarbonate in the urine , thereby acidifying the blood . This change in pH stimulates the respiratory center to increase the depth and frequency of respiration , thus speeding the natural acclimatization process . An undesirable side - effect of acetazolamide is a reduction in aerobic endurance performance . Other minor side effects include a tingle - sensation in hands and feet . Although a sulfonamide ; acetazolamide is a non-antibiotic and has not been shown to cause life - threatening allergic cross-reactivity in those with a self - reported sulfonamide allergy . Dosage of 1000 mg / day will produce a 25 % decrease in performance , on top of the reduction due to high - altitude exposure . The CDC advises that Dexamethasone be reserved for treatment of severe AMS and HACE during descents , and notes that Nifedipine may prevent HAPE . A single randomized controlled trial found that sumatriptan may help prevent altitude sickness . Despite their popularity , antioxidant treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS . Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil has been limited by the possibility that these drugs might worsen the headache of mountain sickness . A promising possible preventive for altitude sickness is myo - inositol trispyrophosphate ( ITPP ) , which increases the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin . Prior to the onset of altitude sickness , ibuprofen is a suggested non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller that can help alleviate both the headache and nausea associated with AMS . It has not been studied for the prevention of cerebral edema ( swelling of the brain ) associated with extreme symptoms of AMS . For centuries , indigenous peoples of the Americas such as the Aymaras of the Altiplano , have chewed coca leaves to try to alleviate the symptoms of mild altitude sickness . In Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine , an extract of the root tissue of Radix rhodiola is often taken in order to prevent the same symptoms , though neither of these therapies has been proven effective in clinical study . Oxygen enrichment ( edit ) In high - altitude conditions , oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness . A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate - controlled rooms . At 3,400 metres ( 11,200 ft ) ( 67 kPa or 0.66 atm ) , raising the oxygen concentration level by 5 % via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) ( 70 kPa or 0.69 atm ) , which is more tolerable for those unaccustomed to high altitudes . Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask . Oxygen concentrators based upon pressure swing adsorption ( PSA ) , VSA , or vacuum - pressure swing adsorption ( VPSA ) can be used to generate the oxygen if electricity is available . Stationary oxygen concentrators typically use PSA technology , which has performance degradations at the lower barometric pressures at high altitudes . One way to compensate for the performance degradation is to utilize a concentrator with more flow capacity . There are also portable oxygen concentrators that can be used on vehicular DC power or on internal batteries , and at least one system commercially available measures and compensates for the altitude effect on its performance up to 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . The application of high - purity oxygen from one of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the FiO ( fraction of inspired oxygen ) . Other methods ( edit ) Increased water intake may also help in acclimatization to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin , dry air found at altitude , although consuming excessive quantities ( `` over-hydration '' ) has no benefits and may cause dangerous hyponatremia . Treatment ( edit ) The only reliable treatment , and in many cases the only option available , is to descend . Attempts to treat or stabilize the patient in situ ( at altitude ) are dangerous unless highly controlled and with good medical facilities . However , the following treatments have been used when the patient 's location and circumstances permit : Oxygen may be used for mild to moderate AMS below 3,700 metres ( 12,000 ft ) and is commonly provided by physicians at mountain resorts . Symptoms abate in 12 to 36 hours without the need to descend . For more serious cases of AMS , or where rapid descent is impractical , a Gamow bag , a portable plastic hyperbaric chamber inflated with a foot pump , can be used to reduce the effective altitude by as much as 1,500 m ( 5,000 ft ) . A Gamow bag is generally used only as an aid to evacuate severe AMS patients , not to treat them at altitude . Acetazolamide 250 mg twice daily dosing assists in AMS treatment by quickening altitude acclimatization . A study by the Denali Medical Research Project concluded : `` In established cases of acute mountain sickness , treatment with acetazolamide relieves symptoms , improves arterial oxygenation , and prevents further impairment of pulmonary gas exchange . '' The folk remedy for altitude sickness in Ecuador , Peru and Bolivia is a tea made from the coca plant . See mate de coca . Steroids can be used to treat the symptoms of pulmonary or cerebral edema , but do not treat the underlying AMS . Two studies in 2012 showed that Ibuprofen 600 milligrams three times daily was effective at decreasing the severity and incidence of AMS ; it was not clear if HAPE or HACE was affected . See also ( edit ) Altitude training Cabin pressurization Gas exchange High altitude cerebral edema High altitude pulmonary edema Mountain climbing Secondary polycythemia Hypoxic ventilatory response References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baillie , Kenneth ; Simpson , Alistair . `` Altitude Tutorials - Altitude Sickness '' . Apex ( Altitude Physiology Expeditions ) . Archived from the original on 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Roach , Robert ; Stepanek , Jan ; Hackett , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` 24 '' . Acute Mountain Sickness and High - Altitude Cerebral Edema . In : Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. 2 . Washington , DC : Borden Institute . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ The Mountaineers . Mountaineering : The Freedom of the Hills , 7th Edition . Seattle , WA : Mountaineers Books , 2003 ^ Jump up to : A.A.R. Thompson . `` Altitude Sickness '' . Apex . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ A.J. Giannini , H.R. Black , R.L. Goettsche . The Psychiatric , Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook . New Hyde Park , NY . Medical Examination Publishing Co. , 1978 . pp. 190 , 192 . ISBN 0 - 87488 - 596 - 5 . Jump up ^ K. Baillie ; A. Simpson . `` Acute mountain sickness '' . Apex ( Altitude Physiology Expeditions ) . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . -- High altitude information for laypeople Jump up ^ Douglas , Danielle ; Robert Schoene ( 2010 ) . `` End - tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness in the first 24 hours upon ascent to cusco , peru ( 3326 meters ) '' . Wilderness and Environment Medicine . 21 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 113 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wem. 2010.01. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , Paul ( 2007 ) . Wilderness Medicine . Fifth ed . Mosby Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 323 - 03228 - 1 . Jump up ^ FSF Editorial Staff ( May -- June 1997 ) . `` Wheel - well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia '' ( PDF ) . Human Factors and Aviation Medicine . Flight Safety Foundation . 44 ( 3 ) : 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . The relative amount of oxygen in the air ( 21 percent ) does not vary appreciably at altitudes up to 21,350 meters ( 70,000 feet ) . Jump up ^ Hackett , PH ; RC Roach ( 12 July 2001 ) . `` High - altitude illness '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 345 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 114 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 11450659 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200107123450206 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , James PR ; Grocott , Michael PW ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Humans at altitude : physiology and pathophysiology '' . Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 22 . ISSN 1743 - 1816 . doi : 10.1093 / bjaceaccp / mks047 . Jump up ^ Muza , S.R. ; Fulco , C.S. ; Cymerman , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Altitude Acclimatization Guide '' . U.S. Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report ( USARIEM -- TN -- 04 -- 05 ) . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; Anagnostakos , Nicholas P. ( 1987 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology ( Fifth ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . pp. 444 -- 445 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 350729 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Altitude Illness '' . Telluride , Colorado : Institute for Altitide Medicine . Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Environmental health risks '' ( PDF ) . International travel and health . p. 31 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prophylaxis '' . Everest BC Clinic , BaseCampMD.com . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Treating AMS '' . Everest BC Clinic , BaseCampMD.com . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hackett P , Shlim D ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 2 The Pre-Travel Consultation -- Self - Treatable Diseases -- Altitude Illness '' . In Turell D , Brunette G , Kozarsky P , Lefor A. CDC Health Information for International Travel 2010 `` The Yellow Book '' . St. Louis : Mosby . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 3481 - 9 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Platt , D ; Griggs RC ( April 2012 ) . `` Use of acetazolamide in sulfonamide - allergic patients with neurologic channelopathies '' . Archives of Neurology . 69 ( 4 ) : 527 -- 9 . PMC 3785308 . PMID 22158718 . doi : 10.1001 / archneurol. 2011.2723 . Jump up ^ Kelly , TE ; Hacket PH ( 2010 ) . `` Acetazolamide and sulfonamide allergy : a not so simple story '' . High Altitude Medicine & Biology . 11 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 23 . PMID 21190500 . doi : 10.1089 / ham. 2010.1051 . Jump up ^ Lee , Andrew G ; Randy Anderson ; Randy H. Kardon ; Michael Wall ( July 2004 ) . `` Presumed `` sulfa allergy '' in patients with intracranial hypertension treated with acetazolamide or furosemide : cross-reactivity , myth or reality ? `` . American Journal of Ophthalmology. 138 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 118 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajo. 2004.02. 019 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Altitude Acclimatization Guide '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jafarian S. ; Gorouhi F. ; Salimi S. ; Lotfi J. ( 2007 ) . `` Sumatriptan for prevention of acute mountain sickness : randomized clinical trial '' . Annals of Neurology . 62 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 277 . PMID 17557349 . doi : 10.1002 / ana. 21162 . Jump up ^ Baillie JK , Thompson AA , Irving JB , Bates MG , Sutherland AI , Macnee W , Maxwell SR , Webb DJ ( May 2009 ) . `` Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness : double blind , randomised placebo - controlled trial '' . QJM. 102 ( 5 ) : 341 -- 348 . PMID 19273551 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcp026 . Jump up ^ Bates MG , Thompson AA , Baillie JK ( March 2007 ) . `` Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of high altitude pulmonary edema '' . Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs . 8 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 31 . PMID 17408118 . Jump up ^ John Sanford ( March 2012 ) . `` Ibuprofen decreases likelihood of altitude sickness , researchers find '' . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ West JB ( February 1995 ) . `` Oxygen enrichment of room air to relieve the hypoxia of high altitude '' . Respiration physiology. 99 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 7777705 . doi : 10.1016 / 0034 - 5687 ( 94 ) 00094 - G . Jump up ^ Dannen , Kent ; Dannen , Donna ( 2002 ) . Rocky Mountain National Park . Globe Pequot . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2245 - 2 . Visitors unaccustomed to high elevations may experience symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness ( AMS ) ( ... s ) uggestions for alleviating symptoms include drinking plenty of water ( . ) Jump up ^ Cain SM , Dunn JE ( July 1966 ) . `` Low doses of acetazolamide to aid accommodation of men to altitude '' . J Appl Physiol. 21 ( 4 ) : 1195 -- 200 . PMID 5916650 . Jump up ^ Grissom CK , Roach RC , Sarnquist FH , Hackett PH ( March 1992 ) . `` Acetazolamide in the treatment of acute mountain sickness : clinical efficacy and effect on gas exchange '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 116 ( 6 ) : 461 -- 5 . PMID 1739236 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 116 - 6 - 461 . Jump up ^ Lipman , Grant S ; Kanaan , Nicholas C ; Holck , Peter S ; Constance , Benjamin B ; Gertsch , Jeffrey H ( June 2012 ) . `` Ibuprofen prevents altitude illness : a randomized controlled trial for prevention of altitude illness with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 59 ( 6 ) : 484 -- 490 . PMID 22440488 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2012.01. 019 . Jump up ^ Gertsch , Jeffrey H ; Corbett , B ; Holck , Peter S ; Mulcahy , A ; Watts , M ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Altitude Sickness in Climbers and Efficacy of NSAIDs Trial ( ASCENT ) : randomized , controlled trial of ibuprofen versus placebo for prevention of altitude illness '' . Wilderness and Environmental Medicine . 23 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 315 . PMID 23098412 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wem. 2012.08. 001 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : T70. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : E902. 0 MeSH : D000532 DiseasesDB : 8375 External resources MedlinePlus : 000133 eMedicine : med / 3225 Look up altitude sickness in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Altitude sickness . Altitude.org : what every climber should know about altitude sickness . An online calculator to show the effects of high altitude on oxygen delivery Travel at High Altitude : a free booklet about how to keep healthy at altitude . Available in many languages . Merck Manual entry on altitude sickness Altitude Illness Clinical Guide for Physicians General information about Altitude sickness by the Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine Find the altitude for any place to see if altitude sickness is a factor <Th_colspan="2"> Consequences of external causes ( T66 -- T78 , 990 -- 995 ) Temperature / radiation elevated temperature Hyperthermia Heat syncope reduced temperature Hypothermia Immersion foot syndromes Trench foot Tropical immersion foot Warm water immersion foot Chilblains Frostbite Aerosol burn Cold intolerance Acrocyanosis Erythrocyanosis crurum radiation Radiation poisoning Radiation burn Chronic radiation keratosis Eosinophilic , polymorphic , and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy Radiation acne Radiation cancer Radiation recall reaction Radiation - induced erythema multiforme Radiation - induced hypertrophic scar Radiation - induced keloid Radiation - induced morphea Air Hypoxia / Asphyxia Barotrauma Aerosinusitis Decompression sickness High altitude Altitude sickness Chronic mountain sickness HAPE HACE Food Starvation Maltreatment Physical abuse Sexual abuse Psychological abuse Travel Motion sickness Seasickness Airsickness Space adaptation syndrome Adverse effect Hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis Angioedema Allergy Arthus reaction Adverse drug reaction Other Electric shock Drowning Lightning injury Ungrouped skin conditions resulting from physical factors Dermatosis neglecta Pinch mark Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules Sclerosing lymphangiitis Tropical anhidrotic asthenia UV - sensitive syndrome environmental skin conditions Electrical burn frictional / traumatic / sports Black heel and palm Equestrian perniosis Jogger 's nipple Pulling boat hands Runner 's rump Surfer 's knots Tennis toe Vibration white finger Weathering nodule of ear Wrestler 's ear Coral cut Painful fat herniation Uranium dermatosis iv use Skin pop scar Skin track Slap mark Pseudoacanthosis nigricans Narcotic dermopathy <Th_colspan="2"> Drug reactions ( Y40 - Y59 , E930 - E949 ) Adverse drug reaction / drug eruption antibiotics : Penicillin drug reaction Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome Urticarial erythema multiforme Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones hormones : Steroid acne Steroid folliculitis chemotherapy : Chemotherapy - induced acral erythema Chemotherapy - induced hyperpigmentation Scleroderma - like reaction to taxanes Hydroxyurea dermopathy Exudative hyponychial dermatitis blood : Anticoagulant - induced skin necrosis Warfarin necrosis Vitamin K reaction Texier 's disease anticonvulsant : Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome water - balance / acid - base : Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome pulmonary : Leukotriene receptor antagonist - associated Churg -- Strauss syndrome vaccine : Eczema vaccinatum other specified agents : Adverse reaction to biologic agents Adverse reaction to cytokines Bromoderma Halogenoderma Iododerma Red man syndrome Methotrexate - induced papular eruption unspecified agent : Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis Bullous drug reaction Drug - induced acne Drug - induced angioedema Drug - related gingival hyperplasia Drug - induced lichenoid reaction Drug - induced lupus erythematosus Drug - induced nail changes Drug - induced pigmentation Drug - induced pseudolymphoma Drug - induced urticaria Fixed drug reaction Stevens -- Johnson syndrome Injection site reaction Linear IgA bullous dermatosis Toxic epidermal necrolysis HIV disease - related drug reaction Photosensitive drug reaction Serum sickness - like reaction GND : 4137267 - 0 NDL : 00566885 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altitude_sickness&oldid=801591323 '' Categories : Effects of external causes Mountaineering and health Skiing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Altitude sickness symptoms 2. Prevention of altitude sickness 3. Acute mountain sickness 4. High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) 5. High altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

who said it's not whether you win or lose but how you play the game

Grantland Rice - wikipedia Grantland Rice Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Grantland Rice <Td_colspan="2"> Grantland Rice in 1921 Henry Grantland Rice ( 1880 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1880 Murfreesboro , Tennessee July 13 , 1954 ( 1954 - 07 - 13 ) ( aged 73 ) New York , New York Occupation Sportswriter Alma mater Vanderbilt University Spouse Fannie Katherine Hollis Children Florence Rice Henry Grantland Rice ( November 1 , 1880 -- July 13 , 1954 ) was an early 20th - century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose . His writing was published in newspapers around the country and broadcast on the radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Sportswriter 3 Quotations 4 Legacy 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early years ( edit ) Grantland Rice was born in Murfreesboro , Tennessee , the son of Bolling Hendon Rice , a cotton dealer , and his wife , Mary Beulah ( Grantland ) Rice . His grandfather Major H.W. Rice was a Confederate veteran of the Civil War . A young Rice at Vanderbilt . Rice attended Montgomery Bell Academy and Vanderbilt University in Nashville , where he was a member of the football team for three years , a shortstop on the baseball team , a brother in the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity , and graduated with a BA degree in 1901 in classics . On the football team , he lettered in the year of 1899 as an end and averaged two injuries a year . On the baseball team , he was captain in 1901 . Sportswriter ( edit ) In 1907 Rice saw what he would call the greatest thrill he ever witnessed in his years of watching sports during the Sewanee -- Vanderbilt football game : the catch by Vanderbilt center Stein Stone , on a double - pass play then thrown near the end zone by Bob Blake to set up the touchdown run by Honus Craig that beat Sewanee at the very end for the SIAA championship . Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spalding 's Football Guide 's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote , `` The standing . First , Vanderbilt ; second , Sewanee , a mighty good second ; '' and that Aubrey Lanier `` came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts . '' Rice coached the 1908 Vanderbilt baseball team . After taking early jobs with the Atlanta Journal and the Cleveland News , he later became a sportswriter for the Nashville Tennessean . The job at the Tennessean was given to him by former Sewanee Tigers coach Billy Suter , who coached baseball teams against which Rice played while at Vanderbilt . Afterwards he obtained a series of prestigious jobs with major newspapers in the Northeastern United States . In 1914 he began his Sportlight column in the New York Tribune . He also provided monthly Grantland Rice Sportlights as part of Paramount newsreels from 1925 -- 1954 . He is best known for being the successor to Walter Camp in the selection of College Football All - America Teams beginning in 1925 , and for being the writer who dubbed the great backfield of the 1924 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team the `` Four Horsemen '' of Notre Dame . A Biblical reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , this famous account was published in the New York Herald Tribune on October 18 , describing the Notre Dame vs. Army game played at the Polo Grounds : Outlined against a blue - gray October sky the Four Horsemen rode again . In dramatic lore they are known as famine , pestilence , destruction and death . These are only aliases . Their real names are : Stuhldreher , Miller , Crowley and Layden . They formed the crest of the South Bend cyclone before which another fighting Army team was swept over the precipice at the Polo Grounds this afternoon as 55,000 spectators peered down upon the bewildering panorama spread out upon the green plain below . The passage added great import to the event described and elevated it to a level far beyond that of a mere football game . This passage , although famous , is far from atypical , as Rice 's writing tended to be of an `` inspirational '' or `` heroic '' style , raising games to the level of ancient combat and their heroes to the status of demigods . He became even better known after his columns were nationally syndicated beginning in 1930 , and became known as the `` Dean of American Sports Writers '' . He and his writing are among the reasons that the 1920s in the United States are sometimes referred to as the `` Golden Age of Sports '' . Rice 's all - time All - America backfield was Jim Thorpe , Red Grange , Ken Strong , and Ernie Nevers . The grave of Grantland Rice His sense of honor can be seen in his own actions . Before leaving for service in World War I , he entrusted his entire fortune , about $75,000 , to a friend . On his return from the war , Rice discovered that his friend had lost all the money in bad investments , and then had committed suicide . Rice accepted the blame for putting `` that much temptation '' in his friend 's way . Rice then made monthly contributions to the man 's widow throughout his life . According to author Mark Inabinett in his 1994 work , Grantland Rice and His Heroes : The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s , Rice very consciously set out to make heroes of sports figures who impressed him , most notably Jack Dempsey , Babe Ruth , Bobby Jones , Bill Tilden , Red Grange , Babe Didrikson Zaharias , and Knute Rockne . Unlike many writers of his era , Rice defended the right of football players such as Grange , and tennis players such as Tilden , to make a living as professionals , but he also decried the warping influence of big money in sports , once writing in his column : `` Money to the left of them and money to the right Money everywhere they turn from morning to the night Only two things count at all from mountain to the sea Part of it 's percentage , and the rest is guarantee '' Rice authored a book of poetry , Songs of the Stalwart , which was published in 1917 by D. Appleton and Company of New York . Rice married Fannie Katherine Hollis on April 11 , 1906 ; they had one child , the actress Florence Rice . Rice died at the age 73 on July 13 , 1954 , following a stroke . He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . Quotations ( edit ) This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process . If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article , rather than a list of quotations , please do so and remove this message . `` For when the One Great Scorer comes To mark against your name , He writes -- not that you won or lost -- But how you played the Game . '' ( from the poem `` Alumnus Football '' ) `` The loafer has no come - back and the quitter no reply , When the Anvil Chorus echoes , as it will , against the sky ; But there 's one quick answer ready that will wrap them in a hood : Make good . '' ( from the poem `` The Answer '' ) Legacy ( edit ) Fred Russell ( left ) and Grantland Rice in 1951 . In 1951 , in recognition of Rice 's 50 years in journalism , an anonymous donor contributed $50,000 to establish the Grantland Rice Fellowship in Journalism with the New York Community Trust . In 1954 , the Football Writers Association established the Grantland Rice Memorial Award , given annually to an outstanding college player selected by the group . The Grantland Rice Bowl , an annual college football bowl game held from 1964 to 1977 , was named in his honor , as was the Grantland Rice Award given to the winner . Rice was posthumously awarded the 1966 J.G. Taylor Spink Award by the Baseball Writers Association of America . The award , presented the following year at the annual induction ceremony at the Baseball Hall of Fame , is given for `` meritorious contributions to baseball writing '' . At Vanderbilt , a four - year scholarship named for Rice and former colleague and fellow Vanderbilt alumnus Fred Russell is awarded each year to an incoming first - year student who intends to pursue a career in sportswriting . Recipients of the Fred Russell -- Grantland Rice Sportswriting Scholarship include author and humorist Roy Blount , Jr. ; Skip Bayless of ESPN ; Dave Sheinin of The Washington Post ; and Tyler Kepner of The New York Times . The press box in Vanderbilt Stadium at Vanderbilt University is dedicated to Rice and named after Rice 's protégé , Fred Russell . For many years , a portion of one floor of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism was designated the `` Grantland Rice Suite '' . Grantland Avenue in his hometown of Murfreesboro , Tennessee was named in his honor . Rice was mentioned in an I Love Lucy episode entitled `` The Camping Trip '' , and was portrayed by actor Lane Smith , also a native of Tennessee , in The Legend of Bagger Vance . On June 8 , 2011 , ESPN 's Bill Simmons launched a sports and popular culture website titled Grantland , a name intended to honor Rice 's legacy . It operated for a little more than four years until being shuttered by ESPN on October 30 , 2015 , several months after Simmons 's departure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obituary Notes '' , The New York Times . October 9 , 1917 . Accessed on June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grantland Rice Dies at the Age of 73 '' , The New York Times , July 14 , 1954 . Accessed on December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major H.W. Grantland dies '' , The New York Times , February 18 , 1926 . Accessed on June 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sideliner ( March 1920 ) . `` Athlete , Soldier and Writer '' . Outing : Sport , Adventure , Travel , Fiction. 75 ( 6 ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 -- via Google books . Jump up ^ John A. Simpson . The Greatest Game Ever Played In Dixie . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Grantland Rice Tells Of Greatest Thrill In Years Of Watching Sport '' . Boston Daily Globe . April 27 , 1924 . Jump up ^ Dan McGugin ( 1907 ) . `` Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Foot Ball '' . The Official National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Guide . National Collegiate Athletic Association : 71 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Porter , David L. ( 1988 ) Biographical Dictionary of American Sports : Outdoor Sports , Greenwood Press ISBN 9780313262609 pp 88 -- 90 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=rDV1jOx2P3cC&pg=PA198 Jump up ^ Rice , Grantland ( January 27 , 1955 ) . `` War Interrupted Writing Career '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester , New York . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Harper , William ( February 25 , 1999 ) . How You Played the Game : The Life of Grantland Rice . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0826212047 . Jump up ^ `` $50,000 Fund Created '' , The New York Times , May 3 , 1951 . Accessed on June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grantland Rice Award Established in Football '' , The New York Times , August 14 , 1954 . Accessed on June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` J.G. Taylor Spink Award Honorees '' , Baseball Hall of Fame . Accessed on June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Fred Russell -- Grantland Rice Sportswriting Scholarship '' ( PDF ) , Vanderbilt University . Accessed on June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN MediaZone ( 2011 ) . All - Star Roster of Writers and Editors to Join New ESPN Web Site Archived 2011 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://espnmediazone.com/us/espn-statement-regarding-grantland/ Further reading ( edit ) Fountain , Charles ( November 11 , 1993 ) . Sportswriter : The Life and Times of Grantland Rice . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195061765 . Harper , William ( February 25 , 1999 ) . How You Played the Game : The Life of Grantland Rice . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0826212047 . Inabinett , Mark ( December 21 , 1994 ) . Grantland Rice and His Heroes : The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0870498497 . Rice , Grantland ( 1954 ) . The Tumult and the Shouting . Phillies Sports Library . ASIN B0007H313Y . Rice , Grantland ( December 30 , 2004 ) . Base - Ball Ballads : Grantland Rice ( McFarland Historical Baseball Library ) . CH Wellington ( Illustrator ) . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0786420384 . Rice , Grantland ( August 30 , 2012 ) . Songs of the Stalwart ( Classic Reprint ) . Forgotten Books . ASIN B0099GNMZG . Rice , Grantland ( June 14 , 2014 ) . Casey 's Revenge . Jim Hull ( Illustrator ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1499593587 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Grantland Rice Works by or about Grantland Rice at Internet Archive Works by Grantland Rice at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Grantland Rice at Find a Grave J.G. Taylor Spink Award -- 1966 winner Alumnus Football by Grantland Rice The Answer by Grantland Rice <Th_colspan="2"> Vanderbilt Commodores head baseball coaches <Td_colspan="2"> Unknown ( 1886 -- 1903 ) T.W. Davis ( 1904 ) Unknown ( 1905 -- 1907 ) Grantland Rice ( 1908 ) Ed Hamilton ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Anderson Weakley ( 1911 ) Herbert Charles Sanborn ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Dick Lyle ( 1914 ) Unknown ( 1915 -- 1916 ) Bill Schwartz ( 1917 ) Ralph Palmer ( 1918 ) Ray Morrison ( 1919 ) Byrd Douglas ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Wallace Wade ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Bill Schwartz ( 1924 -- 1932 ) Unknown ( 1933 ) Bill Schwartz ( 1934 -- 1940 ) Unknown ( 1941 ) James A. Scoggins ( 1942 ) Unknown ( 1943 ) No team ( 1944 -- 1946 ) James A. Scoggins ( 1947 ) Tommy Harrison ( 1948 ) Dave Scobey ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Bill Schwartz ( 1952 ) Woody T. Johnson ( 1953 ) Dave Scobey ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Dick Richardson ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Harley Boss ( 1960 ) Dick Richardson ( 1961 ) Jerry Elliot ( 1962 ) Harley Boss ( 1963 -- 1964 ) George Archie ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Larry Schmittou ( 1968 -- 1978 ) Roy Mewbourne ( 1979 -- 2002 ) Tim Corbin ( 2003 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> Amos Alonzo Stagg Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1940 : Herring Jr . 1941 : Cowell 1942 -- 1945 No award given 1946 : Rice 1947 : Alexander 1948 : Dobie , Warner & Zuppke 1949 : Harlow 1950 No award given 1951 : McLaughry 1952 : McMillin 1953 : Little 1954 : Bible 1955 : Tomlin 1956 No award given 1957 : Neyland 1958 : Bierman 1959 : Wilce 1960 : Harman 1961 : Eliot 1962 : Wieman 1963 : Kerr 1964 : Faurot 1965 : Stuhldreher 1966 : Moore 1967 : Neely 1968 : Martin 1969 : Engle 1970 : Waldorf 1971 : Murray 1972 : Curtice 1973 : Jordan 1974 : Gaither 1975 : Zornow 1976 No award given 1977 : Schwartzwalder 1978 : Hamilton 1979 : Crisler 1980 No award given 1981 : Russell 1982 : Robinson 1983 : Bryant 1984 : Wilkinson 1985 : Daugherty 1986 : Hayes 1987 : Scovell 1988 : McCracken 1989 : Nelson 1990 : Casanova 1991 : Blackman 1992 : McClendon 1993 : Jackson 1994 : Devaney 1995 : Merritt 1996 : Neinas 1997 : Parseghian 1998 : Reade 1999 : Schembechler 2000 : Osborne 2001 : Dooley 2002 : Paterno 2003 : Edwards 2004 : Schipper 2005 : Fry 2006 : Teaff 2007 : Curry 2008 : Walsh 2009 : Gagliardi 2010 : Royal 2011 : Bowden 2012 : DeBerry 2013 : Westering 2014 : Slocum 2015 : Hatfield 2016 : Cooper 2017 : Nehlen <Th_colspan="2"> Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1967 BBWAA Vote Red Ruffing ( 86.9 % ) Veterans Committee Branch Rickey Lloyd Waner J.G. Taylor Spink Award Grantland Rice <Th_colspan="2"> J.G. Taylor Spink Award recipients <Td_colspan="2"> Addie Angell Broeg Broun Brown Burick Carmichael Chass Cobbledick Collett Collier Conlin Daniel Drebinger Durso Dryden Elliott Falls Feeney Fullerton Gage Gammons Graham Hagen Holmes Holtzman Hummel Hunter Isaminger Kaese Kelly Kieran Koppett Lacy Lang Lardner Lawson Lebovitz Lewis Lieb Madden McCoy McGuff Meany Mercer Munzel Murnane Murray Newhan Peters Povich Reicher Rice Richman Ringolsby Runyon Saidt Salsinger Shaughnessy Spink C. Smith K. Smith R. Smith W. Smith Stevens Stockton Whiteside Young VIAF : 41043191 LCCN : n92118372 IATH : w68q04nq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grantland_Rice&oldid=797778682 '' Categories : 1880 births 1954 deaths American military personnel of World War I Major League Baseball broadcasters New York Herald Tribune people Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Vanderbilt Commodores football players Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players Vanderbilt Commodores baseball coaches J.G. Taylor Spink Award recipients People from Murfreesboro , Tennessee Sportswriters from Tennessee Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters Copy to Wikiquote Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Français Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Grantland Rice - American sportswriter 2. Elegant prose in sports writing 3. Legacy as the "Dean of American Sports Writers" 4. Famous for dubbing the 1924 Notre Dame football team the "Four Horsemen" 5. Honored with awards and scholarships in journalism and sportswriting

who won the spring baking championship last night

Spring Baking Championship - wikipedia Spring Baking Championship <Th_colspan="2"> Spring Baking Championship <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Food reality television Presented by Bobby Deen ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Jesse Palmer ( 2017 ) Ali Khan ( 2018 -- ) Judges Nancy Fuller Duff Goldman Lorraine Pascale Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) LEG Running time 41 : 00 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Food Network Original release April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Holiday Baking Championship <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Spring Baking Championship : Food Network <Td_colspan="2"> LEG Spring Baking Championship is an American cooking competition television series that airs on Food Network . It was originally presented by chef Bobby Deen ; with fellow Food Network chefs Nancy Fuller , Duff Goldman and Lorraine Pascale serving as judges . All four chefs also appeared in the same roles on Holiday Baking Championship ; and similar to that competition , the grand prize for the winner of this competition is also $50,000 . The first season of Spring Baking Championship premiered on April 25 , 2015 . The second season of the series premiered on April 10 , 2016 , and concluded on May 15 , 2016 . The third season premiered on March 12 , 2017 , with Jesse Palmer replacing Deen as host . The fourth season premiered on March 12 , 2018 , with Ali Khan replacing Palmer as host . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rounds 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Rounds ( edit ) Like its sister shows , Holiday Baking Championship and Halloween Baking Championship this championship follows the same format with two rounds in each episode . The first round is the `` Preliminary Heat '' where the contestants must bake something centered around a specific theme ( it 's often a dessert but occasionally they 'll have to make something savory in addition to a dessert ) . The person who wins the first round gets an advantage going into the next round and are n't told about it until the second round theme is announced . The advantage usually varies ( Ex : Getting a few minutes head start or exclusive use of a specific flavor ) . The second round is the `` Main Heat '' where the contestants get more time than the first round to create a larger confection that often follows along the same vein as the pre-heat theme . Partway through the main heat , there 's often a curveball thrown in that has the bakers adapt or change their plans . ( Ex : In `` Bake the Rainbow '' , they had to incorporate the color black into their multi-colored desserts . ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Spring Baking Championship episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spring Baking Championship ( TV Series 2015 -- ) - IMDb '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Duff ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wedding Cake Worth $50,000 on Spring Baking Championship -- Duff Goldman 's Finale Recap FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . Food Network . Scripps Networks Interactive . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Food Network Gossip : Food Network 's April 2015 Programming Highlights '' . Food Network Gossip . Blogger . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Baking Championship ( TV Series 2015 -- ) - Episodes - IMDb '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Spring Baking Championship on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> hide Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( since 2016 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Specials Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Baking_Championship&oldid=845732529 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs Spring Baking Championship Television series by LEG ( entertainment company ) Food Network ( Canada ) series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Spring Baking Championship 2. Food Network 3. Cooking competition 4. Bobby Deen 5. $50,000 grand prize

italian states participated in the crimean war to gain assistance from

Crimean war - wikipedia Crimean war Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Crimean War ( disambiguation ) . `` Eastern War '' redirects here . Not to be confused with the Eastern Front , or the name of several wars throughout Eastern Europe and Africa in modern history or the Pacific War which is the Asia - Pacific theatre of World War 2 , or the Annexation of Crimea by Russia ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Crimean War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and the Russo - Turkish wars <Td_colspan="2"> Detail of Franz Roubaud 's panoramic painting The Siege of Sevastopol ( 1904 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Date 16 October 1853 -- 30 March 1856 ( 1853 - 10 - 16 -- 1856 - 03 - 30 ) Location Crimean Peninsula , Caucasus , Balkans , Black Sea , Baltic Sea , White Sea , Far East Result Allied victory ; Treaty of Paris <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Ottoman Empire French Empire ( from 1854 ) British Empire ( from 1854 ) Kingdom of Sardinia ( from 1855 ) Caucasian Imamate ( until 1855 ) Circassia Abkhazian insurgents ( from 1855 ) Russian Empire Principality of Mingrelia ( vassal ) Kingdom of Greece ( until 1854 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Abdulmejid I Omar Pasha Iskender Pasha Çırpanlı Nadir Pasha Ismail Pasha Napoléon III Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud # Maréchal Canrobert Aimable Pélissier François Achille Bazaine Patrice de Mac - Mahon Queen Victoria Earl of Aberdeen Viscount Palmerston Lord Raglan # Lord Lyons Sir James Simpson Sir William Codrington Victor Emmanuel II Alfonso La Màrmora Imam Shamil Magomet - Amin Sefer Bey Zanuko Mikhail ( Hamud Bey ) Chachba Nicholas I # Alexander II Prince Menshikov Prince Gorchakov Pavel Nakhimov † Ivane Andronikashvili Vasily Zavoyko Nikolay Muravyov Yevfimy Putyatin Vladimir Istomin † Count Tolstoy Ekaterine Dadiani Grigol Dadiani Otto I <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Total : 603,132 165,000 309,268 107,864 21,000 Total : 889,000 888,000 mobilized 324,478 deployed 1,000 Greek legion <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 223,513 Ottoman Empire 45,400 10,100 killed in action 10,800 died of wounds 24,500 died of disease French Empire 135,485 8,490 killed in action ; 11,750 died of wounds ; 75,375 died of disease 39,870 wounded British Empire 40,462 2,755 killed in action 1,847 died of wounds 17,580 died of disease 18,280 wounded Kingdom of Sardinia 2,166 28 killed in action 2,138 died of disease 530,125 35,671 killed in action 37,454 died of wounds 377,000 died from non-combat causes 80,000 wounded <Th_colspan="2"> Crimean War <Td_colspan="2"> Balkans Oltenița Sinop Cetate Calafat Silistra Caucasus Kurekdere Kars Naval Operations Suomenlinna Bomarsund Petropavlovsk Crimea Alma Sevastopol Balaclava Inkerman Eupatoria Taganrog Chernaya Malakoff Great Redan Kinburn <Th_colspan="2"> Russo - Ottoman Wars <Td_colspan="2"> 1568 -- 70 1676 -- 81 1686 -- 1700 1710 -- 11 1735 -- 39 1768 -- 74 1787 -- 92 1806 -- 12 1828 -- 29 1853 -- 56 1877 -- 78 1914 -- 18 <Td_colspan="2"> Russo - Crimean Wars The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , translit . Krymskaya voina or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , translit . Vostochnaya voina , lit . ' Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer - term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a `` greater confusion of purpose '' , yet led to a war noted for its `` notoriously incompetent international butchery '' . While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes , Nicholas refused and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans , where in July 1853 Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities , ( part of modern Romania ) which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube . Led by Omar Pasha , the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra . A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege , and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop . Fearing an Ottoman collapse , France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli . They then moved north to Varna in June , arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra . Aside from a minor skirmish at Köstence ( today Constanța ) , there was little for the allies to do . Karl Marx quipped , `` there they are , the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible '' . Frustrated by the wasted effort , and with demands for action from their citizens , the allied force decided to attack Russia 's main naval base in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula . After extended preparations , the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after the successful Battle of the Alma . The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed , but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces . A second counterattack , at Inkerman , ended in stalemate . The front settled into a siege and led to brutal conditions for troops on both sides . Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic , the Caucasus , the White Sea and in the North Pacific . Sevastopol fell after eleven months , and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause . Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued , Russia sued for peace in March 1856 . This was welcomed by France and Britain , as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on . The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 March 1856 . Russia was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea . The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent . Christians there were granted a degree of official equality , and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute . The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells , railways and telegraphs . The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs . As the legend of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement . The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalisation , most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded . Contents ( hide ) 1 The `` Eastern Question '' 1.1 Weakening of the Ottoman Empire in 1820 -- 1840s 1.2 Russian expansionism 1.3 Immediate causes of the war 1.4 First hostilities 1.4. 1 Battle of Sinop 1.5 Dardanelles 1.6 Peace attempts 2 Battles 2.1 Danube campaign 2.2 Black Sea theatre 2.3 Crimean campaign 2.4 Battle of Balaclava 2.5 Winter of 1854 -- 55 2.6 Siege of Sevastopol 2.7 Azov campaign 2.8 Caucasus theatre 2.9 Baltic theatre 2.10 White Sea theatre 2.11 Pacific theatre 2.12 Piedmontese Involvement 2.13 Greece 2.14 Kiev Cossack revolt and national awakening in Ukraine 3 End of the war 3.1 British position 3.2 Peace negotiations 3.3 Aftermath in Russia 4 Historical analysis 5 Documentation 6 Criticisms and reform 7 Chronology of major battles of the war 8 Prominent military commanders 9 Last veterans 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Contemporary sources The `` Eastern Question '' ( edit ) See also : Eastern Question As the Ottoman Empire steadily weakened decade after decade , Russia stood poised to take advantage by expanding south . In the 1850s , the British and the French , who were allied with the Ottoman Empire , were determined not to allow this to happen . A.J.P. Taylor argues that the war resulted not from aggression but from the interacting fears of the major players : In some sense the Crimean war was predestined and had deep - seated causes . Neither Nicholas I nor Napoleon III nor the British government could retreat in the conflict for prestige once it was launched . Nicholas needed a subservient Turkey for the sake of Russian security ; Napoleon needed success for the sake of his domestic position ; the British government needed an independent Turkey for the security of the Eastern Mediterranean ... Mutual fear , not mutual aggression , caused the Crimean war . Weakening of the Ottoman Empire in 1820 -- 1840s ( edit ) Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire In the early 1800s , the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of setbacks which challenged the existence of the country . It first became evident with the Serbian Revolution in 1804 , which resulted in the self - liberation of the first Balkan Christian nation under the Ottoman Empire . The Greek War of Independence , which began in the spring of 1821 , provided further evidence of the internal and military weakness of the Ottoman Empire , and the commission of atrocities by Ottoman military forces ( see Chios massacre ) also failed to help the Ottomans . The disbandment of the centuries - old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 ( Auspicious Incident ) helped the Ottoman Empire in the longer term , but in the short term it deprived the country of its existing standing army . In 1828 , the allied Anglo - Franco - Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino . In 1830 , Greece became an independent state after 10 years of war and the Russo - Turkish War of 1828 -- 29 . According to the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople , Russian and Western European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through the Black Sea straits , Serbia received autonomy , and the Danubian Principalities ( Moldavia and Wallachia ) became territories under Russian protection . France took the opportunity to occupy Algeria in 1830 . In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt , who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire , claimed independence . Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles , and the Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople , which forced Sultan Mahmud II to seek Russian military aid . A Russian army of 10,000 landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople . Naval Battle of Navarino , 1827 As the result of that Russian military operation , the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed . Russia benefited greatly from this treaty . It provided for a military alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Empire , if one of them were to be attacked . A secret additional clause allowed the Ottomans to opt out of sending troops but to close the Straits to foreign warships if Russia was under threat . In 1838 the situation was similar to 1831 . Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about his lack of control and power in Syria , and he resumed military action . The Ottoman Army lost to the Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on 24 June 1839 . The Ottoman Empire was saved by Britain , Austria , Prussia and Russia , who signed a convention in London on 15 July 1840 granting Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian armed forces from Syria and Lebanon . Moreover , Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence to the Ottoman sultan . After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention , the allied Anglo - Austrian fleet blockaded the Nile Delta , bombarded Beirut and captured Acre . Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840 . On 13 July 1841 , after the expiry of the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi , the London Straits Convention was signed under pressure from European countries . The new treaty deprived Russia of its right to block warships from passing into the Black Sea in case of war . Thus the way to the Black Sea was open for British and French warships in case of a possible Russo - Ottoman conflict . Assistance from Western European powers had twice saved the Ottoman Empire from destruction , but the Ottomans had now lost their independence in external policy . Britain and France desired more than any other states to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire because they did not want to see Russia gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea . Austria had fears for the same reasons . Russian expansionism ( edit ) Russia , as a member of the Holy Alliance , had operated as the `` police of Europe '' , maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 . Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , and expected gratitude ; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire , the `` sick man of Europe '' . Britain could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs , as that would challenge its domination of the eastern Mediterranean . Russian siege of Kars , Russo - Turkish War of 1828 -- 29 Starting with Peter the Great , after centuries of Ottoman northward expansion and Crimean - Nogai raids , Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated `` Wild Fields '' toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea , which did not freeze over like the handful of ports it controlled in the north . The goal was to promote year - round trade and a year - round navy . Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians . When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of their territories , the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion , and Russia and the Ottoman Empire came into direct conflict . The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance , as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians , many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second - class citizens . Britain 's immediate fear was Russian expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , which the UK desired to preserve . The British were also concerned that Russia might make advances toward India , or move toward Scandinavia or Western Europe . The Royal Navy also wanted to forestall the threat of a powerful Russian navy . Taylor says that from the British perspective : The Crimean war was fought for the sake of Europe rather than for the Eastern question ; it was fought against Russia , not in favour of Turkey ... The British fought Russia out of resentment and supposed that her defeat would strengthen the European Balance of Power . It is often said that Russia was militarily weak , technologically backward and administratively incompetent . Despite its grand ambitions toward the south , it had not built its railway network in that direction , and communications were poor . The bureaucracy was riddled with graft , corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war . Its navy was weak and technologically backward ; its army , although very large , suffered from colonels who pocketed their men 's pay , poor morale and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France . By the war 's end , everyone realised the profound weaknesses of the Russian armed forces , and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it . Because of `` British commercial and strategic interests in the Middle East and India , '' the British joined the French , `` cement ( ing ) an alliance with Britain and ... reassert ( ing ) its military power . '' Immediate causes of the war ( edit ) The immediate chain of events leading to France and Britain declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France . He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy , as sponsored by Russia . The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the `` clerical party , '' which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine . In May 1851 , Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte ( the Ottoman Empire ) . The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the `` sovereign authority '' over the Christian population . Russia disputed this attempted change in authority . Pointing to two more treaties , one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision , renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire . Two French Zouaves officers and one private Napoleon III responded with a show of force , sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea . This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention . Thus , France 's show of force presented a real threat , and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money , induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty , confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity , previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church . Tsar Nicholas I then deployed his 4th and 5th army corps along the River Danube in Wallachia , as a direct threat to the Ottoman lands south of the river , and had Count Karl Nesselrode , his foreign minister , undertake talks with the Ottomans . Nesselrode confided to Sir George Hamilton Seymour , the British ambassador in Saint Petersburg : ( The dispute over the holy places ) had assumed a new character -- that the acts of injustice towards the Greek church which it had been desired to prevent had been perpetrated and consequently that now the object must be to find a remedy for these wrongs . The success of French negotiations at Constantinople was to be ascribed solely to intrigue and violence -- violence which had been supposed to be the ultima ratio of kings , being , it had been seen , the means which the present ruler of France was in the habit of employing in the first instance . As conflict emerged over the issue of the holy places , Nicholas I and Nesselrode began a diplomatic offensive , which they hoped would prevent either British or French interference in any conflict between Russia and the Ottomans , as well as to prevent an anti-Russian alliance of the two . Cornet assistant surgeon Henry Wilkin , 11th Hussars . He survived the Charge of the Light Brigade . Photographed by Roger Fenton . Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador , George Hamilton Seymour , in January and February 1853 . Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire . The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat , Prince Menshikov , on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853 . By previous treaties , the sultan was committed `` to protect the ( Eastern Orthodox ) Christian religion and its churches . '' Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire , with control of the Orthodox Church 's hierarchy . A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land , but the Sultan , strongly supported by the British ambassador , rejected the more sweeping demands . The British and French sent in naval task forces to support the Ottomans , as Russia prepared to seize the Danubian Principalities . First hostilities ( edit ) The Russian destruction of the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 sparked the war ; painting by Ivan Aivazovsky In February 1853 , the British government of Lord Aberdeen , the prime minister , re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire . Having resigned the ambassadorship in January , he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires . Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople , arriving there on 5 April 1853 . There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal , as compromising the independence of the Turks . The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons , Benjamin Disraeli , blamed Aberdeen and Stratford 's actions for making war inevitable , thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855 , over the war . Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov 's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853 , the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the River Pruth into the Ottoman - controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived . By far , most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than action , for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none . Russia had obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar 's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia . Now Russia used the Sultan 's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces . Nicholas believed that the European powers , especially Austria , would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces , especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria 's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849 . Russo - French skirmish during the Crimean War In July 1853 , the Tsar sent his troops into the Danubian Principalities . The United Kingdom , hoping to maintain the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against the expansion of Russian power in Asia , sent a fleet to the Dardanelles , where it joined another fleet sent by France . Sultan Abdulmecid I declared war on Russia and proceeded to the attack , his armies moving on the Russian Army near the Danube later that month . Russia and the Ottoman Empire massed forces on two main fronts , the Caucasus and the Danube . Ottoman leader Omar Pasha managed to achieve some victories on the Danubian front . In the Caucasus , the Ottomans were able to stand ground with the help of Chechen Muslims led by Imam Shamil . Battle of Sinop ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Sinop The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues . The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers -- the United Kingdom , France , Austria and Prussia -- met in Vienna , where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans . The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference ( 1853 ) were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853 . The note met with the approval of Nicholas I ; however , Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal , feeling that the document 's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations . The United Kingdom , France and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan , but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions . The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations , but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process . The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia . In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port . Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war . Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ( `` cause for war '' ) for declaring war against Russia . On 28 March 1854 , after Russia ignored an Anglo - French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities , the UK and France declared war . Dardanelles ( edit ) Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne , senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen , urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea . The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris , meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor . Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne `` Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor 's views , and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down . '' Burgoyne and his team of engineers inspected and surveyed the Dardanelles area in February , being fired on by Russian riflemen when they went to Varna . A team of sappers arrived in March and major building works commenced on a seven - mile line of defence designed to block the Gallipoli peninsula . French sappers were working on one half of the line which was finished in May . Peace attempts ( edit ) Valley of the Shadow of Death , by Roger Fenton . One of the most famous pictures of the Crimean War Nicholas felt that , because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , Austria would side with him , or at the very least remain neutral . Austria , however , felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans . On 27 February 1854 , the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities ; Austria supported them and , though it did not declare war on Russia , it refused to guarantee its neutrality . Russia 's rejection of the ultimatum proved to be the justification used by UK and France to enter the war . Russia soon withdrew its troops from the Danubian principalities , which were then occupied by Austria for the duration of the war . This removed the original grounds for war , but the UK and France continued with hostilities . Determined to address the Eastern Question by putting an end to the Russian threat to the Ottoman Empire , the allies in August 1854 proposed the `` Four Points '' for ending the conflict , in addition to the Russian withdrawal : Russia was to give up its protectorate over the Danubian Principalities ; The Danube was to be opened up to foreign commerce ; The Straits Convention of 1841 , which allowed only Ottoman and Russian warships in the Black Sea , was to be revised ; Russia was to abandon any claim granting it the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs on behalf of Orthodox Christians . These points ( particularly the third ) would require clarification through negotiation , but Russia refused to negotiate . The allies including Austria therefore agreed that the UK and France should take further military action to prevent further Russian aggression against the Ottoman Empire . The United Kingdom and France agreed on the invasion of the Crimean peninsula as the first step . Battles ( edit ) Map of Crimean War ( in Russian ) Черное Море = Black Sea , Российская Империя = Russian Empire ( yellow ) , Австрийская Империя = Austrian Empire ( pink ) , Османская Империя = Ottoman Empire ( dark grey ) Danube campaign ( edit ) Mahmudiye ( 1829 ) participated in numerous important naval battles , including the Siege of Sevastopol French zouaves and Russian soldiers engaged in hand - to - hand combat at Malakhov Kurgan See also : Wallachian Revolution of 1848 , 1848 Moldavian revolution , and Convention of Balta Liman The Danube campaign opened when the Russians occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in May 1853 , bringing their forces to the north bank of the River Danube . In response , the Ottoman Empire also moved its forces up to the river . It established strongholds at Vidin in the west and Silistra , which was located in the east , near the mouth of the Danube . The Turkish / Ottoman move up the River Danube was also of concern to the Austrians , who moved forces into Transylvania in response . However , the Austrians had begun to fear the Russians more than the Turks . Indeed , like the British , the Austrians were now coming to see that an intact Ottoman Empire was necessary as a bulwark against the Russians . Accordingly , the Austrians resisted Russian diplomatic attempts to join the war on the Russian side . Austria remained neutral in the Crimean War . Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853 , forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853 . Simultaneously , in the east , the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița . The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war . The Russians counterattacked , but were beaten back . On 31 December 1853 , the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate , a small village nine miles north of Calafat , and engaged them on 6 January 1854 . The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat . Most of the heavy fighting , however , took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village . Despite the setback at Chetatea , on 28 January 1854 , Russian forces laid siege to Calafat . The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege . The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal . In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced , crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja . By April 1854 , the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan 's Wall where they were finally halted . In the centre , the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops , the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months . The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854 . The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment . In the west , the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces , which had swelled to 280,000 men . On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia . One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel . However , when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia , the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks . Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank . Indeed , after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey , the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines . Accordingly , the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854 , and begin abandoning the Principalities . The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria . In June 1854 , the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna , a city on the Black Sea 's western coast . They made little advance from their base there . In July 1854 , the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854 , engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it . The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turkish army . On 26 July 1854 , Tsar Nicholas I , responding to an Austrian ultimatum , ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities . Also , in late July 1854 , following up on the Russian retreat , the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja , but this was a failure . By then , the Russian withdrawal was complete , except for the fortress towns of northern Dobruja , while their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians , as a neutral peacekeeping force . There was little further action on this front after the autumn of 1854 and in September the allied force boarded ships at Varna to invade the Crimean Peninsula . Black Sea theatre ( edit ) Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil . The naval operations of the Crimean War commenced with the dispatch , in the summer of 1853 , of the French and British fleets to the Black Sea region , to support the Ottomans and to dissuade the Russians from encroachment . By June 1853 , both fleets were stationed at Besikas Bay , outside the Dardanelles . With the Russian occupation of the Danube Principalities in October , they moved to the Bosphorus and in November entered the Black Sea . During this period , the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople and the Caucasus ports , while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line . The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop , and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop . The battle outraged opinion in UK , which called for war . There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate HMS Furious was fired on outside Odessa Harbour . In response an Anglo - French fleet bombarded the port , causing much damage to the town . To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop , on 22 December 1853 , the Anglo - French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol , the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea . In June , the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna , in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube ; in September they again transported the armies , this time to the Crimea . The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies , preferring to maintain a `` fleet in being '' ; this strategy failed when Sevastopol , the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based , came under siege . The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships , after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore . During the siege , the Russians lost four 110 - or 120 - gun , three - decker ships of the line , twelve 84 - gun two - deckers and four 60 - gun frigates in the Black Sea , plus a large number of smaller vessels . During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea , ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied . In May 1855 , the allies successfully invaded Kerch and operated against Taganrog in the Sea of Azov . In September they moved against Russian installations in the Dnieper estuary , attacking Kinburn in the first use of ironclad ships in naval warfare . Crimean campaign ( edit ) The final assault of the French brought about the capture of Sevastopol after one of the most memorable sieges of the 19th century . The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854 . With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities , the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time . However , war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point . Indeed , the coalition government of George Hamilton - Gordon , 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no - confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war . Russo - British skirmish during the Crimean War French and British officers and engineers were sent on 20 July on HMS Fury , a wooden Bulldog - class paddle sloop , to survey the harbour of Sevastopol and the coast near it , managing to get close to the harbour mouth to inspect the formidable batteries . Returning , they reported that they believed there were 15,000 -- 20,000 troops encamped . Ships were prepared to transport horses and siege equipment was both manufactured and imported . The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854 . Three hundred and sixty ships sailed in seven columns , each steamer towing two sailing ships . Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria , the town surrendered and 500 marines landed to occupy it . This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster . The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula . The landing surprised the Russians , as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha ; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan . There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September . It took another four days to land all the stores , equipment , horses and artillery . The landing was north of Sevastopol , so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack . The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the River Alma and the whole Russian army . The position was strong , but after three hours , the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug - in positions with losses of 6,000 men . The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses . Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war , and the Russians themselves noted that had the Allies pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol . Disembarkation of the expedition to Kerch Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended , especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour , Sir John Burgoyne , the engineer advisor , recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south . This was agreed by the joint commanders , Raglan and St Arnaud . On 25 September the whole army began to march southeast and eventually encircled the city from the south , after establishing port facilities at Balaclava for the British and Kamiesch for the French . The Russians retreated into the city . The Allied army moved without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October -- when the bombardment commenced -- 126 guns were firing , 53 of them French . The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries . The British bombardment worked better than the French , who had smaller calibre guns . The fleet suffered high casualties during the day . The British wanted to attack that afternoon , but the French wanted to defer the attack . A postponement was agreed , but on the next day the French were still not ready . By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defences and outgunned the allies . Reinforcements for the Russians gave them the courage to send out probing attacks . The Allied lines , beginning to suffer from cholera as early as September , were stretched . The French , on the west had less to do than the British on the east with their siege lines and the large nine mile open wing back to their supply base on the south coast . Battle of Balaclava ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Balaclava British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast , at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854 . The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units . At the start of the battle , a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders , who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi . Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell . Rather than ' form square ' , the traditional method of repelling cavalry , Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line , two men deep . Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles , with which his troops were armed , at the Battle of the Alma a month before , and was confident his men could beat back the Russians . His tactics succeeded . From up on the ridge to the west , Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a ' thin red streak topped with steel ' , a phrase which soon became the ' Thin Red Line . ' The Chasseurs d'Afrique , led by General d'Allonville , clearing Russian artillery from the Fedyukhin Heights Soon after , a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade , who charged and fought hand - to - hand until the Russians retreated . This caused a more widespread Russian retreat , including a number of their artillery units . When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat , Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up and attack some Russian guns located across the valley . Raglan could see these guns due to his position on the hill ; however , when in the valley , this view was obstructed , leaving the wrong guns in sight . The local commanders ignored the demands , leading to the British aide - de-camp ( Captain Nolan ) personally delivering the quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery . When Lord Lucan questioned which guns the order referred to , the aide - de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see and allegedly said ' There is your enemy , there are your guns ' -- due to his obstructed view , these were the wrong ones . Lucan then passed the order to the Earl of Cardigan , resulting in the charge of the Light Brigade . In this charge , Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava , under fire from Russian batteries in the hills . The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700 - man unit . The Light Brigade was memorialised in the famous poem by Alfred , Lord Tennyson , `` The Charge of the Light Brigade . '' Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses , recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives . The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield . The charge of the Light Brigade so unnerved the Russian cavalry , which had been routed by the Heavy Brigade , that the Russians were set to full - scale flight . A historical map showing the territory between Balaclava and Sevastopol at the time of the Siege of Sevastopol The shortage of men led to the failure of the British and French to follow up on the Battle of Balaclava which led directly to a much bloodier battle -- the Battle of Inkerman . On 5 November 1854 , the Russians attempted to raise the siege at Sevastopol with an attack against the allies which resulted in another allied victory . Winter of 1854 -- 55 ( edit ) Winter , and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel , led to a halt in ground operations . Sevastopol remained invested by the allies , while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian Army in the interior . On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing . The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire , requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone . A tramway was ordered . It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew ; however , it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value . An Electrical telegraph was also ordered , but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March , when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established . The pipe - and - cable - laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil but , even so , 21 miles of cable were laid . The troops suffered greatly from cold and sickness , the shortage of fuel led them to start dismantling their defensive Gabions and Fascines . In February 1855 , the Russians attacked the allied base at Eupatoria , where an Ottoman army had built up and was threatening Russian supply routes . The battle saw the Russians defeated and led to a change in command . The strain of directing the war had taken its toll on the health of Tsar Nicholas . The Tsar , full of remorse for the disasters he had caused , caught pneumonia and died on 2 March . Siege of Sevastopol Siege of Sevastopol ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Sevastopol ( 1854 -- 1855 ) The Allies had had time to consider the problem , the French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff . Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left , against the fortifications on Malakoff hill . In March , there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon , located on a hill in front of the Malakoff . Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line , and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands . Battle of Malakoff Battle of the Chernaya , the forces at the beginning of the battle and the Russian advance . General Brown and his staff In April 1855 , the allies staged a second all - out bombardment , leading to an artillery duel with the Russian guns , but no ground assault followed . On 24 May 1855 , sixty ships containing 7,000 French , 5,000 Turkish and 3,000 British troops set off for a raid on the city of Kerch east of Sevastopol in an attempt to open another front on the Crimean peninsula and to cut off Russian supplies . When the allies landed the force at Kerch , the plan was to outflank the Russian Army . The landings were successful , but the force made little progress thereafter . Many more artillery pieces had arrived and had been dug into batteries . In June , a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon , but a follow - up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses . During this time the garrison commander , Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855 , Raglan having also died on 28 June . In August , the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava , defended by the French , newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops . The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians , who suffered heavy casualties . For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions , which resulted in many skirmishes . Artillery fire aimed to gain superiority over the enemy guns . September saw the final assault -- on 5 September , another French bombardment ( the sixth ) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French , and following the failure of the Russians to retake it , the collapse of the Russian defences . Meanwhile , the British captured the Great Redan , just south of the city of Sevastopol . The Russians retreated to the north , blowing up their magazines , and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337 - day - long siege . At this point , both sides were exhausted , and no further military operations were launched in the Crimea before the onset of winter . The main objective of the siege , the destruction of the Russian fleet and docks , took place over winter . On 28 February , multiple mines blew up the five docks , the canal , and three locks . Azov campaign ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Taganrog In spring 1855 , the allied Anglo - French commanders decided to send an Anglo - French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol . On 12 May 1855 , Anglo - French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay . Once through the Kerch Strait , British and French warships struck at every vestige of Russian power along the coast of the Sea of Azov . Except for Rostov and Azov , no town , depot , building or fortification was immune from attack and Russian naval power ceased to exist almost overnight . This Allied campaign led to a significant reduction in supplies flowing to the besieged Russian troops at Sevastopol . On 21 May 1855 , the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog , the most important hub near Rostov on Don . The vast amounts of food , especially bread , wheat , barley and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported . Bombardment of Taganrog from a British raft during the first siege attempt The Governor of Taganrog , Yegor Tolstoy , and lieutenant - general Ivan Krasnov refused an allied ultimatum , responding that `` Russians never surrender their cities '' . The Anglo -- French squadron bombarded Taganrog for 61⁄2 hours and landed 300 troops near the Old Stairway in the centre of Taganrog , but they were thrown back by Don Cossacks and a volunteer corps . In July 1855 , the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don , entering the River Don through the Mius River . On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water . The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up . The third siege attempt was made 19 -- 31 August 1855 , but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations . The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on 2 September 1855 , with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855 . Caucasus theatre ( edit ) Caucasus front during the Crimean War Sukhum Kale Anaklia Ingur River RedutKale Poti Marani TskhenisDzqali FortStNicholas Cholok River Batum Akaltsike Tiflis Vladikazkaz Circassians Ab Ab Georgian coast : Ab = Abkhazia ; Red = Turkish , Blue = Russian As in the previous wars the Caucasus front was secondary to what was happening in the west . Perhaps because of better communications western events sometimes influenced the east . The main events were the second capture of Kars and a landing on the Georgian coast . Several commanders on both sides were either incompetent or unlucky and few fought aggressively . 1853 : There were four main events . 1 . In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack ( 27 / 28 October ) . They then pushed about 20,000 troops across the River Cholok border . Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani . Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months . 2 . In the centre the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon - shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements ( 13 November ) . The Russians routed them . The claimed losses were 4,000 Turks and 400 Russians . 3 . In the south about 30,000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol ( November ) . They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town . Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped . The Turks failed to press their advantage ; the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west . Orbeliani lost about 1,000 men out of 5,000 . The Russians now decided to advance . The Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked . They were defeated in the Battle of Başgedikler , losing 6,000 men , half their artillery and all their supply train . The Russians lost 1,300 , including Prince Orbeliani . This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnapped by Imam Shamil at Tsinandali. 4 . At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope . 1854 : The British and French declared war on 3 January . That spring the Anglo - French fleet appeared in the Black Sea and the Russians abandoned the Black Sea Defensive Line from Anapa south . N.A. Read , who replaced Vorontsov , fearing an Anglo - French landing in conjunction with Shamyl and the Persians , recommended withdrawal north of the Caucasus . For this he was replaced by Baryatinsky . When the allies chose a land attack on Sebastopol any plan for a landing in the east was abandoned . In the north Eristov pushed southwest , fought two battles , forced the Turks back to Batum , retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year ( June ) . In the far south Wrangel pushed west , fought a battle and occupied Bayazit . In the centre the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri . Both slowly approached along the Kars - Gyumri road and faced each other , neither side choosing to fight ( June -- July ) . On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal , the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first . They were defeated , losing 8,000 men to the Russian 3,000 . 10,000 irregulars deserted to their villages . Both sides withdrew to their former positions . About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war . General Bebutashvili defeated the Turks at the Battle of Kurekdere 1855 : Kars : In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000 , mostly by disease . The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well - informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies . He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out . He started in May and by June was south and west of the town . A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum , but Muravyev chose not to . In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum . This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack . It failed , the Russians losing 8,000 men and the Turks 1,500 ( 29 September ) . The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November . 1855 : Georgian coast : Omar Pasha , the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia , but the western powers vetoed it . When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost . In September 8,000 Turks landed at Batum , but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale . This required a 100 - mile march south through a country with poor roads . The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper . Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time , the Russians doing little . By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis - dzqali , the rainy season had started , his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread . Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur . The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year . Baltic theatre ( edit ) See also : Charles John Napier § Baltic Campaign The Baltic was a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War . Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre , which was close to Saint Petersburg , the Russian capital . In April 1854 an Anglo - French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there . In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt . The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications . At the same time , the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval - Deschenes -- although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars -- considered the Sveaborg fortress too well - defended to engage . Thus , shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855 , and initially , the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland . Naval attacks on other ports , such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland , proved more successful . Additionally , allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast . These battles are known in Finland as the Åland War . Bombardment of Bomarsund during the Crimean War , after William Simpson Russia depended on imports -- both for her domestic economy and for the supply of her military forces : the blockade forced Russia to rely on more expensive overland shipments from Prussia . The blockade seriously undermined the Russian export economy and helped shorten the war . The burning of tar warehouses and ships led to international criticism , and in London the MP Thomas Gibson demanded in the House of Commons that the First Lord of the Admiralty explain `` a system which carried on a great war by plundering and destroying the property of defenceless villagers '' . In August 1854 a Franco - British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands . In the same month , the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki . More than 1,000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days . Despite the shelling , the sailors of the 120 - gun ship Rossiya , led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky , defended the entrance to the harbour . The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries . A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared , but before the attack was launched , the war ended . Part of the Russian resistance was credited to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines . Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia , the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel ( the father of Alfred Nobel ) . Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives , such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder . One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War : `` Torpedo mines , if I may use this name given by Fulton to self - acting mines underwater , were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol '' , as one American officer put it in 1860 . `` Bombardment of the Solovetsky Monastery in the White Sea by the Royal Navy '' . A lubok ( popular print ) from 1868 White Sea theatre ( edit ) In autumn 1854 , a squadron of three British warships led by HMS Miranda left the Baltic for the White Sea , where they shelled Kola ( which was utterly destroyed ) and the Solovki . Their attempt to storm Arkhangelsk proved unsuccessful . Pacific theatre ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Petropavlovsk Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East , where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin . In September 1854 , an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties , and the Allies withdrew . The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region . The Anglo - French forces in the Far East also made several small landings on Sakhalin and Urup , one of the Kuril Islands . Piedmontese involvement ( edit ) Main article : Sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War Camillo di Cavour , under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont - Sardinia , sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers , commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora , to side with French and British forces during the war . This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French , especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter . The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea , and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya ( 16 August 1855 ) and in the siege of Sevastopol , allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war , where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers . Greece ( edit ) A Greek battalion fought for Russia at Sevastopol Greece played a peripheral role in the war . When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853 , King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand north and south into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities . However , Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia , did not declare war , and received no outside military or financial support . Greece , an Orthodox nation , had considerable support in Russia , but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings . When the Russians invaded the Principalities , the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus . To block further Greek moves , the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857 , and effectively neutralized the Greek army . Greeks , gambling on a Russian victory , incited the large - scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete . The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army . Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war . The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation ; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate . Kiev cossack revolt and national awakening in Ukraine ( edit ) See also : Michał Czajkowski A Kiev cossack revolt that began in the Vasylkiv county of Kiev Governorate ( province ) in February 1855 spread across the whole Kiev and Chernigov governorates . Led by peasants , the revolt found great support among the Ukrainian landowners who opposed the war . The events were contemporary with the popular movement of Chłopomania that laid the foundations of the Ukrainian national awakening and the creation of the Kiev Hromada ( Kiev Community ) . End of the war ( edit ) One of three 17th century church bells in Arundel Castle , England . These were taken from Sevastopol as trophies at the end of the Crimean War . British position ( edit ) Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries , aggravated by reports of fiascos , especially the devastating losses of the heroic Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava . On Sunday , 21 January 1855 , a `` snowball riot '' occurred in Trafalgar Square near St Martin - in - the - Fields in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses , cabs and pedestrians with snow balls . When the police intervened , the snowballs were directed at the officers . The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons . In Parliament , Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers , cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea ; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava . When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148 , Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855 . The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister . Palmerston took a hard line ; he wanted to expand the war , foment unrest inside the Russian Empire , and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe . Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France , and Russia was isolated . Peace negotiations ( edit ) France , which had sent far more soldiers to the war than Britain had , and suffered far more casualties , wanted the war to end , as did Austria . Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856 . In compliance with article III , Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with `` all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession '' . Russia returned the Budjak , in Bessarabia , back to Moldavia . By article IV Britain , France , Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia `` the towns and ports of Sevastopol , Balaklava , Kamish , Eupatoria , Kerch , Jenikale , Kinburn as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops '' . In conformity with article XI and XIII , the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast . The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia , and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans . The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire ; in practice they became independent . The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire . Aftermath in Russia ( edit ) Some members of the Russian intelligentsia saw defeat as a pressure to modernise their society . Grand Duke Constantine ( son of the Tsar ) remarked that , `` We can not deceive ourselves any longer ; we must say that we are both weaker and poorer than the first - class powers , and furthermore poorer not only in material terms but in mental resources , especially in matters of administration . '' Historical analysis ( edit ) Monument to Sevastopol , Halifax , Nova Scotia -- the only Crimean War Monument in North America Treaty of Paris ( 1856 ) The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871 , when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 . While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire , the Emperor of the French , Napoleon III , was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic . During his reign , Napoleon III , eager for the support of the United Kingdom , had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question . Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire , however , did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France . Thus , France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic . Encouraged by the decision of the French , and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck , Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856 . As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses , Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea . Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty , in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it . Having abandoned its alliance with Russia , Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war , which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco - Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia , and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena , which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy . Furthermore , Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally , Austria , in the 1866 Austro - Prussian War with its loss of Venetia and more important than that , its influence in most German - speaking lands . The status of Austria as a great power , with the unifications of Germany and Italy , was now severely questioned . It had to compromise with Hungary ; the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became little more than a German satellite . With France now hostile to Germany , allied with Russia and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro - Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to the First World War . Notwithstanding the guarantees to preserve Ottoman territories specified in the Treaty of Paris , Russia , exploiting nationalist unrest in the Ottoman states in the Balkans and seeking to regain lost prestige , once again declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877 . In this later Russo - Turkish War the states of Romania , Serbia , Montenegro gained international recognition of their independence and Bulgaria achieved its autonomy from direct Ottoman rule . The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent , the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire , and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia . As Fuller notes , `` Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula , and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness . '' The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe , the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and which had included France , Russia , Austria and the United Kingdom . According to historian Shepard Clough , the war : was not the result of a calculated plan , nor even of hasty last - minute decisions made under stress . It was the consequence of more than two years of fatal blundering in slow - motion by inept statesmen who had months to reflect upon the actions they took . It arose from Napoleon 's search for prestige ; Nicholas 's quest for control over the Straits ; his naive miscalculation of the probable reactions of the European powers ; the failure of those powers to make their positions clear ; and the pressure of public opinion in Britain and Constantinople at crucial moments . This view of ' diplomatic drift ' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A.W. Kinglake , who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy . More recently , the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that , first , Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas , and second , that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe . Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict , especially to the British . While Alaska attracted little interest at the time , the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended . Therefore , the Russian emperor , Alexander II , decided to sell Alaska . In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States , hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia 's greatest regional rival , the United Kingdom . Documentation ( edit ) Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell ( writing for The Times newspaper ) and the photographs of Roger Fenton . News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day - to - day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date . The British public was very well informed regarding the day - to - day realities of the war in the Crimea . After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854 , the news reached London in two days . When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855 , news reached London in a few hours . The daily news reports energised public opinion , which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister . Criticisms and reform ( edit ) Historian R.B. McCallum points out the war was enthusiastically supported by the British populace as it was happening , but the mood changed very dramatically afterwards . Pacifists and critics were unpopular but : in the end they won . Cobden and Bright were true to their principles of foreign policy , which laid down the absolute minimum of intervention in European affairs and a deep moral reprobation of war ... When the first enthusiasm was passed , when the dead were mourned , the sufferings revealed , and the cost counted , when in 1870 Russia was able calmly to secure the revocation of the Treaty , which disarmed her in the Black Sea , the view became general of the war was stupid and unnecessary , and effected nothing ... The Crimean war remained as a classic example ... of how governments may plunge into war , how strong ambassadors may mislead weak prime ministers , how the public may be worked up into a facile fury , and how the achievements of the war may crumble to nothing . The Bright - Cobden criticism of the war was remembered and to a large extent accepted ( especially by the Liberal Party ) . Isolation from European entanglements seemed more than ever desirable . During the Crimean War , Florence Nightingale and her team of nurses cleaned up the military hospitals and set up the first training school for nurses in the United Kingdom . A tinted lithograph by William Simpson illustrating conditions of the sick and injured in Balaklava As the memory of the `` Charge of the Light Brigade '' demonstrates , the war became an iconic symbol of logistical , medical and tactical failures and mismanagement . Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war ; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms , and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army . However , the reform campaign was not well organised , and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together , and blocked all serious reforms . No one was punished . The outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defence of British interest by the army , and further talk of reform went nowhere . The demand for professionalisation was , however , achieved by Florence Nightingale , who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicising modern nursing while treating the wounded . The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions , such as the electric telegraph , with the first `` live '' war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell . Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea . Additionally , the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications . Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before . It was the first European war to be photographed . The Russians installed telegraph links to Moscow and St Petersburg during the war , and expanded their rail network south of Moscow after the peace treaty . The war also employed modern military tactics , such as trenches and blind artillery fire . The use of the Minié ball for shot , coupled with the rifling of barrels , greatly increased the range and the damage caused by the allied weapons . The British Army system of sale of commissions came under great scrutiny during the war , especially in connection with the Battle of Balaclava , which saw the ill - fated Charge of the Light Brigade . This scrutiny eventually led to the abolition of the sale of commissions . The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of serfdom in 1861 : Tsar Alexander II ( Nicholas I 's son and successor ) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf - army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation . The Crimean War also led to the eventual realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority , in military practices as well as weapons . Meanwhile , Russian military medicine saw dramatic progress : N. I. Pirogov , known as the father of Russian field surgery , developed the use of anaesthetics , plaster casts , enhanced amputation methods , and five - stage triage in Crimea , among other things . The war also led to the establishment of the Victoria Cross in 1856 ( backdated to 1854 ) , the British Army 's first universal award for valour. 111 medals were awarded . The British issued the Crimea Medal with 5 clasps , and the Baltic Medal , as well as Valour medals , including the newly created Distinguished Conduct Medal , the Turkish the Turkish Crimea Medal , the French did not issue a campaign medal , issuing Médaille militaire and Legion of Honour for bravery , Sardinia also issued a medal . Russia issued a Defence of Sevastopol , and a Crimean War medal . Chronology of major battles of the war ( edit ) 93rd Sutherland Highlanders at the Battle of Alma Battle of Sinop , 30 November 1853 Siege of Silistra , 5 April - 25 June 1854 First Battle of Bomarsund , 21 June 1854 Second Battle of Bomarsund , 15 August 1854 Siege of Petropavlovsk , 30 -- 31 August 1854 , on the Pacific coast Battle of Alma , 20 September 1854 Siege of Sevastopol , 25 September 1854 to 8 September 1855 Battle of Balaclava , 25 October 1854 ( see also Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line ) Battle of Inkerman , 5 November 1854 Battle of Eupatoria , 17 February 1855 Battle of the Chernaya ( aka `` Traktir Bridge '' ) , 16 August 1855 Sea of Azoff naval campaign , May to November 1855 Siege of Kars , June to 28 November 1855 FitzRoy Somerset , Omar Pasha and Marshal Pélissier Crimean War Memorial at Waterloo Place , St James 's , London Prominent military commanders ( edit ) Russian commanders Prince Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov Count and Namestnik Ivan Feodorovich Paskevich Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov vice admiral Vladimir Kornilov General Eduard Ivanovich Totleben Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov French commanders Marshal Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud Marshal François Certain Canrobert Marshal Aimable Pélissier Marshal Pierre Bosquet Marshal Patrice de MacMahon Ottoman commanders General Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha General Omar Pasha General Iskender Pasha General Ismail Pasha General Władysław Stanisław Zamoyski British commanders James Brudenell , 7th Earl of Cardigan FitzRoy Somerset , 1st Baron Raglan Sir Edmund Lyons ( later 1st Baron Lyons ) George Charles Bingham , 3rd Earl of Lucan Admiral Charles John Napier Colin Campbell , 1st Baron Clyde Kingdom of Sardinia commander General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora General Giovanni Durando General Alessandro La Marmora Last veterans ( edit ) A British naval mascot , Timothy ( 1839 -- 2004 ) was the last `` veteran '' of the Crimean War Edwin Bezar ( 1838 - 1936 ) . Last British soldier . Also last British Army veteran ( and possibly last combatant ) of the New Zealand Wars . Yves Prigent ( 1833 -- 1938 ) . French sailor . Charles Nathan ( 1834 -- 1934 ) . Last French soldier , also saw action in Italy , Syria , Mexico and the Franco - Prussian War . Edwin Hughes ( 1830 -- 1927 ) . Last survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade . Luigi Palma di Cesnola ( 1832 -- 1904 ) . An Italian soldier who served with the British Army in the Crimean War as the aide - de-camp to General Enrico Fardella . Also served in the American Civil War , on the Union Side . Timothy the Tortoise ( 1839 -- 2004 ) . The naval mascot of HMS Queen . In popular culture ( edit ) `` The Charge of the Light Brigade '' by Alfred , Lord Tennyson depicted a brave but disastrous cavalry charge during the Battle of Balaclava . Leo Tolstoy wrote a few short sketches on the Siege of Sevastopol , collected in The Sebastopol Sketches . The stories detail the lives of the Russian soldiers and citizens in Sevastopol during the siege . Because of this work , Tolstoy has been called the world 's first war correspondent . In James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake II. 3 , the Crimean War , especially the Battle of Balaclava , figures prominently . One of the focuses of that dense chapter is a radio program in which Butt & Taff retell an idiosyncratic anecdote from that battle , in which an Irishman named Buckley shot a Russian general . Jack Archer : A Tale of the Crimea by G. A. Henty , 1883 , a historical novel , details the adventures of two British midshipmen in the Crimean War . The events of the Crimean War are depicted in the 1973 novel Flashman at the Charge in which the eponymous antihero participates in the battles of Sevastopol and Balaclava . Franz Roubaud . Panorama Siege of Sevastopol ( 1854 -- 1855 ) Charge of the Light Brigade -- 1936 film starring Errol Flynn In the Little Rascals episode Two Too Young , from 1936 , Alfalfa recites the Lord Tennyson poem . The Charge of the Light Brigade -- 1968 film starring John Gielgud and Trevor Howard The Eyre Affair by Jasper Fforde is an alternative history novel where the Crimean War has been raging for over 130 years and is still ongoing , albeit at a stalemate at the time of the novel . A different alternative history treatment of the Crimean War is S.M. Stirling 's story `` The Charge of Lee 's Brigade '' . `` The Trooper '' , song by Iron Maiden included in their 1983 album Piece of Mind , inspired by Lord Tennyson 's poem , describes the charge from the point of view of a British soldier . The music video for the Kasabian song `` Empire '' is set in the Crimean War and depicts the band 's members as soldiers of the 11th Hussars Regiment . The Great Train Robbery by Michael Crichton was set on the English homefront during the Crimean War . The plot revolved around stealing gold intended for the British troops from a moving steam train . It was later made into The First Great Train Robbery ( known as The Great Train Robbery in the U.S. ) , starring Sean Connery . The novel was based on the Great Gold Robbery of 1855 . Boris Akunin , under his Anatoly Brusnikin pen name , published the historical novel Bellona ( Беллона ) ( 2012 ) , centring on the Crimean War from the Russian side . Jasper Kent 's novel The Third Section takes Crimean War as a background event for its horror theme . Other novelists taking the war as background include Garry Kilworth , AL Berridge and Paul Fraser Collard . See also ( edit ) Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal British Crimea Medal and Turkish Crimea Medal Crimean War Research Society Grand Crimean Central Railway Foreign policy of the Russian Empire International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War Peace Concluded ( painting ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crimean War ( 1853 - 1856 ) '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Mara Kozelsky , `` The Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 13.4 ( 2012 ) : 903 -- 917 online . Jump up ^ Zayonchkovski , Andrei Medardovich ( 2002 ) ( original year unspecified ) . Восточная Война 1853 -- 1856 ( Eastern War 1853 -- 1856 ) ( in Russian ) . Volume II part 2 . ( Russian author : Андре́й Меда́рдович Зайончко́вский ) . Saint Petersburg , Russia : Полигон ( Polygon ) . ISBN 5 - 89173 - 158 - 4 . OCLC 701418742 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Crimean War at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Troubetzkoy 2006 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Troubetzkoy 2006 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Figes , Orlando ( 2010 ) . Crimea : The Last Crusade . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9704 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Royle , Trevor ( 2000 ) . Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 . Jump up ^ Matthew Smith Anderson , The Eastern Question , 1774 -- 1923 : A Study in International Relations ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Seton - Watson , Hugh ( 1988 ) . The Russian Empire 1801 -- 1917 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 280 -- 319 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822152 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , W. Bruce ( 1981 ) . The Romanovs . New York : Dial Press . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 27187 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , James Stanislaus ( 1840 ) . `` Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837 , 1838 , and 1839 '' . archive.org . London , UK : Edward Moxon . OCLC 879553602 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , Hew ( 1978 ) . `` Soldiers , Strategy and Sebastopol '' . Historical Journal . 21 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 325 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00000558 . JSTOR 2638262 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) p 61 Jump up ^ Barbara Jelavich , St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) p 119 Jump up ^ William C. Fuller , Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) pp. 252 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Cowley , Robert ; editors , Geoffrey Parker ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History ( 1st Houghton Mifflin pbk . ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers . ISBN 0618127429 . Jump up ^ Jelavich , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Russia 's Balkan Entanglements , 1806 -- 1914 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 118 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52250 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Sondhaus ( 2012 ) . Naval Warfare , 1815 -- 1914 . Routledge . pp. 1852 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Candan Badem ( 2010 ) . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . BRILL . pp. passim . Jump up ^ Badem . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . pp. 149 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Lambert ( 2011 ) . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy Against Russia , 1853 -- 56 . Ashgate . pp. 94 , 97 . Jump up ^ Christopher John Bartlett ( 1993 ) . Defence and Diplomacy : Britain and the Great Powers , 1815 -- 1914 . Manchester UP . pp. 51 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ Figes 2012 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Guy Arnold ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Tempus Publishing . pp. 23 , 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4388 - 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 . pp. 64 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Candan Badem ( 2010 ) . `` The '' Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . BRILL . pp. 101 -- 109 . Jump up ^ James J. Reid ( 2000 ) . Crisis of the Ottoman Empire : Prelude to Collapse 1839 -- 1878 . Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 242 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Guy ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . p. 95 . Jump up ^ The famous dispatches of a British war correspondent appear in William Howard Russell , The Great War with Russia : The Invasion of the Crimea ; a Personal Retrospect of the Battles of the Alma , Balaclava and Inkerman , and of the Winter of 1854 -- 55 ( Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick ( 1980 ) ( 1853 -- 54 ) . `` The News from the Crimea '' . Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. 13 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 477 -- 479 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0513 - 1 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , ch. 8 Jump up ^ John Millin Selby , The thin red line of Balaclava ( London : Hamilton , 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Sweetman , Balaclava 1854 : The charge of the light brigade ( Osprey Publishing , 1990 ) excerpt Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Jump up ^ Patrick Mercer , Inkerman 1854 : The Soldiers ' Battle ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ `` Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 '' . historyofwar.org . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radzinsky , Edvard ( 2005 ) . Alexander II : The Last Great Tsar . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7332 - X . Jump up ^ Leo Tolstoy , Sebastopol ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4344 - 6160 - 2 ; Tolstoy wrote three firsthand battlefield observations `` Sebastopol Sketches . '' Jump up ^ This section summarizes William Edward David Allen and Paul Muratoff , Caucasian Battlefields , 1953 , Book II Jump up ^ Anderson , Edgar ( 1969 ) . `` The Scandinavian Area and the Crimean War in the Baltic '' . Scandinavian Studies . 41 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 275 . JSTOR 40917005 . Jump up ^ R.F. Colvile , `` The Baltic as a Theatre of War : The Campaign of 1854 . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1941 ) 86 # 541 pp. 72 -- 80 online Jump up ^ Colvile , `` The Baltic as a Theatre of War : The Campaign of 1854 . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1941 ) 86 # 541 pp. 72 -- 80 Jump up ^ R.F. Colvile , `` The Navy and the Crimean War . '' The RUSI Journal ( 1940 ) 85 # 537 pp. 73 -- 78 . online Jump up ^ Clive Ponting ( 2011 ) . The Crimean War : The Truth Behind the Myth . Random House . pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ The Annual Register of World Events : A Review of the Year . 1855 . p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` Mining in the Crimean War '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Mikhail Vysokov : A Brief History of Sakhalin and the Kurils Archived 9 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. : Late 19th Archived 12 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arnold , Guy ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War . Scarecrow Press . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2009 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 1210 . Jump up ^ Badem ( 2010 ) . The Ottoman Crimean War : ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Kiev Cossacks at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Jump up ^ `` Crimean War '' . encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khlopoman '' . encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hromada of Kyiv at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine . ^ Jump up to : Karl Marx , `` The Aims of the Negotiations -- Polemic Against Prussia -- A Snowball Riot '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 13 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Dick ( 2013 ) . The Great Rivalry : Gladstone and Disraeli . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jasper ( 1970 ) . Lord Palmerston . New York : Dutton . pp. 431 -- 436 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 14873 - 6 . Jump up ^ W.E. Mosse , `` How Russia made peace September 1855 to April 1856 . '' Cambridge Historical Journal ( 1955 ) 11 # 3 pp. 297 -- 316 . online Jump up ^ Small , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Crimean War . Tempus Publishing . pp. 188 -- 190 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgart , Winfried ( 1999 ) . The Crimean War 1853 -- 1856 . Arnold . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 61465 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lieven , Dominic ( 1993 ) : `` Nicholas II : Emperor of all the Russias '' . London : Pimlico . p. 6 Jump up ^ William C. Fuller ( 1998 ) . Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 . p. 273 . Jump up ^ Clough , Shepard B. , ed. ( 1964 ) . A History of the Western World . p. 917 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 10 ... Jump up ^ R.B. McCallum in Elie Halevy , The Victorian years : 1841 -- 1895 ( 1951 ) p 426 Jump up ^ See also Orlando Figes , The Crimean War ( 2010 ) pp 467 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Starry Dog ( 2003 ) . `` Revolution and Industry : The British Empire '' . Encyclopedia of World History . WS PACIFIC PUBLICATIONS , INC. p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4454 - 2576 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Gavin ; Trigg , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Remembering the Charge of the Light Brigade : Its Commemoration , War Memorials and Memory '' . Journal of Conflict Archaeology. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1163 / 157407808X382755 . Jump up ^ Peter Burroughs , `` An Unreformed Army ? 1815 -- 1868 , '' in David Chandler , ed. , The Oxford History of the British Army ( 1996 ) , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Hogg , Ian V. ( 1985 ) . The British Army in the 20th Century . London : Ian Allan . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1505 - 8 . Jump up ^ Moon , David ( 2001 ) . The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia , 1762 -- 1907 . Harlow , England : Pearson Education . pp. 49 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 29486 - X . Jump up ^ `` STMMain '' . Russianwarrior.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crimean War Photographs by Roger Fenton , 1855 '' . allworldwars.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` dernier vétéran de la guerre de crimée et du siège de sébastopole '' . Derniersveterans.free.fr . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame : Balaclava Ned '' . BBC News . 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Maria Luisa Moncassoli Tibone . `` Dal Piemonte a Cipro , a New York : un'avventura appassionante '' . Jump up ^ Italian American History Archived 1 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . -- MyPaesano.com -- Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Archived index at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Stirling story was first published in `` Alternate Generals '' ( Baen , 1998 , Harry Turtledove and Roland J. Green , eds . ) , and reprinted in Ice , Iron and Gold ( Night Shade Books , 2007 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Crimean War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crimean War . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Crimean War . Arnold , Guy . Historical dictionary of the Crimean War ( Scarecrow Press , 2002 ) Badem , Candan . The Ottoman Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) ( Leiden : Brill , 2010 ) . 432 pp. ISBN 90 - 04 - 18205 - 5 Bridge and Bullen , The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 -- 1914 , ( Pearson Education : London ) , 2005 Bamgart , Winfried The Crimean War , 1853 -- 1856 ( 2002 ) Arnold Publishers ISBN 0 - 340 - 61465 - X Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cox , Michael , and John Lenton . Crimean War Basics : Organisation and Uniforms : Russia and Turkey ( 1997 ) Curtiss , John Shelton . Russia 's Crimean War ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0374 - 4 Figes , Orlando , Crimea : The Last Crusade ( 2010 ) Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9704 - 0 ; the standard scholarly study ; American edition published as The Crimean War : A History ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Goldfrank , David M. The Origins of the Crimean War ( 1993 ) Gorizontov , Leonid E ( 2012 ) . `` The Crimean War as a Test of Russia 's Imperial Durability '' . Russian Studies in History . 51 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 94 . doi : 10.2753 / rsh1061 - 1983510103 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 5685 - 2 . Hoppen , K. Theodore . The Mid-Victorian Generation , 1846 -- 1886 ( 1998 ) pp. 167 -- 83 ; summary of British policy online Lambert , Andrew ( 1989 ) . `` Preparing for the Russian War : British Strategic Planning , March , 1853 -- March 1854 '' . War & Society . 7 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 39 . doi : 10.1179 / 106980489790305605 . Lambert , Professor Andrew ( 2013 ) . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy against Russia , 1853 -- 56 . Ashgate Publishing . argues that the Baltic was the decisive theatre Pearce , Robert . `` The Results of the Crimean War , '' History Review ( 2011 ) # 70 pp. 27 -- 33 . Ponting , Clive The Crimean War ( 2004 ) Chatto and Windus ISBN 0 - 7011 - 7390 - 4 Pottinger Saab , Anne The Origins of the Crimean Alliance ( 1977 ) University of Virginia Press ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0699 - 7 Puryear , Vernon J ( 1931 ) . `` New Light on the Origins of the Crimean War '' . Journal of Modern History . 3 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 234 . JSTOR 1871715 . Ramm , Agatha , and B.H. Sumner . `` The Crimean War . '' in J.P.T. Bury , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 10 : The Zenith of European Power , 1830 -- 1870 ( 1960 ) pp. 468 -- 92 , short survey Rath , Andrew C. The Crimean War in Imperial Context , 1854 -- 1856 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 ) . excerpt Rich , Norman Why the Crimean War : A Cautionary Tale ( 1985 ) McGraw - Hill ISBN 0 - 07 - 052255 - 3 Ridley , Jasper . Lord Palmerston ( 1970 ) pp. 425 -- 54 Royle , Trevor Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 ( 2000 ) Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 Schroeder , Paul W. Austria , Great Britain , and the Crimean War : The Destruction of the European Concert ( Cornell Up , 192 ) online Schmitt , Bernadotte E ( 1919 ) . `` The Diplomatic Preliminaries of the Crimean War '' . American Historical Review . 25 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 67 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836373 . JSTOR 1836373 . Seton - Watson , R.W. Britain in Europe , 1789 -- 1914 ( 1938 ) pp 301 -- 60 . Small , Hugh . The Crimean War : Queen Victoria 's War with the Russian Tsars ( Tempus , 2007 ) ; diplomacy , pp. 62 -- 82 Strachan , Hew ( 1978 ) . `` Soldiers , Strategy and Sebastopol '' . Historical Journal . 21 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 325 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00000558 . JSTOR 2638262 . Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe : 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp. 62 -- 82 Troubetzkoy , Alexis S. ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of the Crimean War . London : Constable & Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 420 - 5 . Wetzel , David The Crimean War : A Diplomatic History ( 1985 ) Columbia University Press ISBN 0 - 88033 - 086 - 4 Zayonchkovski , Andrei ( 2002 ) ( 1908 -- 1913 ) . Восточная война 1853 -- 1856 ( Eastern War 1853 -- 1856 ) . Великие противостояния . Petersburg : Poligon . ISBN 5 - 89173 - 157 - 6 . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Gooch , Brison D. `` A Century of Historiography on the Origins of the Crimean War '' , American Historical Review 62 # 1 ( 1956 ) , pp. 33 -- 58 in JSTOR Edgerton , Robert B. Death or Glory : The Legacy of the Crimean War ( 1999 ) online Kozelsky , Mara . `` The Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 , '' Kritika ( 2012 ) 13 # 4 online Lambert , Albert ( 2003 ) . `` Crimean War 1853 -- 1856 , '' in David Loades , ed `` . Reader 's Guide to British History . 1 : 318 -- 19 . Lambert , Andrew . The Crimean War : British Grand Strategy Against Russia , 1853 -- 56 ( 2nd ed . Ashgate , 2011 ) the 2nd edition has a detailed summary of the historiography , pp. 1 -- 20 excerpt Markovits , Stefanie . The Crimean War in the British Imagination ( Cambridge University Press : 2009 ) 287 pp. ISBN 0 - 521 - 11237 - 0 Russell , William Howard , The Crimean War : As Seen by Those Who Reported It ( Louisiana State University Press , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3445 - 0 Small , Hugh . `` Sebastopol Besieged , '' History Today ( 2014 ) 64 # 4 pp. 20 -- 21 . Young , Peter . `` Historiography of the Origins of the Crimean War '' International History : Diplomatic and Military History since the Middle Ages ( 2012 ) online Contemporary sources ( edit ) John Miller Adye ( 1860 ) . A Review of the Crimean War to the winter of 1854 -- 5 . Hurst and Blackett . Alexander William Kinglake ( 1863 -- 87 ) . The Invasion of the Crimea , ( nine volumes , London ) . vol1 -- vol2 -- vol3 -- vol4 -- vol5 -- vol6 -- vol7 -- vol8 -- vol9 William Howard Russell ( 1855 ) . The War ( volume 1 ) : from the Landing at Gallipoli to the Death of Lord Raglan . George Routledge & Co . William Howard Russell ( 1856 ) . The War ( volume 2 ) : from the death of Lord Raglan to the evacuation of the Crimea . George Routledge & Co . William Howard Russell ( 1877 ) . The British expedition to the Crimea . G. Routledge and Sons . Adolphus Slade ( 1867 ) . Turkey and the Crimean War : a narrative of historical events . Smith , Elder & Co . <Th_colspan="3"> Crimea articles <Td_colspan="3"> Political status Federal city of Sevastopol Republic of Crimea History Bosporan Kingdom Roman Crimea ( Cherson ( theme ) ) Kipchaks Khazars Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 Crimean Khanate 1783 annexation by Russia Crimean Goths Crimean War Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Crimea in World War II Crimean Oblast 1944 deportations 1954 transfer to Ukraine President of Crimea ( historical ) Autonomous Republic of Crimea 2014 Crimean status referendum 2014 annexation by Russia Supreme Council of Crimea ( until 2014 ) ( Chairman ) Prime Minister of Crimea ( until 2014 ) Council of Ministers ( until 2014 ) Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People ( until outlawed in 2016 ) Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Arabat Spit Arabat Bay Azov Sea Crimean Mountains Kerch Strait Perekop isthmus Syvash Vyalova cave system Subdivisions Cities Raions Urban - type settlements Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution of the Republic of Crimea Head of the Republic of Crimea State Council of Crimea Crimean parliamentary election , 2014 Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol Governor of Sevastopol Sevastopol gubernatorial election , 2017 The Black Sea Fleet Crimean Federal District Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Tourism Kerch Strait Bridge Crimea Air ( historical ) Crimean Trolleybus Society <Td_colspan="2"> Sports Crimean Premier League Demographics Peoples Russians Ukrainians Crimean Tatars Armenians Karaites Krymchaks Crimea Germans Languages Crimean Tatar Krymchak Religion Christianity Roman Catholic Diocese of Odessa - Simferopol Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Odessa Judaism Islam <Td_colspan="3"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Froberg mutiny ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ) 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Armed conflicts involving Russia ( incl . Imperial and Soviet times ) Internal Razin 's Rebellion Bulavin Rebellion Pugachev 's Rebellion Decembrist revolt Russian Civil War August Uprising Bitch Wars Coup d'état attempt ( 1991 ) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War War of Dagestan Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Pre-17th century Muscovite -- Volga Bulgars war ( 1376 ) First Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1492 -- 94 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1495 -- 97 ) Second Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1500 -- 03 ) Third Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1507 -- 08 ) Fourth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1512 -- 22 ) Fifth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1534 -- 37 ) Russo - Crimean Wars Russo - Kazan Wars Russo - Swedish War ( 1554 -- 57 ) Livonian War Russian Conquest of Siberia ( 1580 -- 1747 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1590 -- 95 ) Polish -- Muscovite War ( 1605 -- 18 ) and the Time of Troubles Ingrian War Smolensk War Russo - Persian War ( 1651 -- 53 ) Sino - Russian border conflicts ( 1652 -- 89 ) Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) Second Northern War Russo - Turkish War ( 1676 -- 81 ) Russo - Turkish War ( 1686 -- 1700 ) 18th -- 19th century Great Northern War Russo - Turkish War ( 1710 -- 11 ) Russo - Persian War ( 1722 -- 23 ) War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 -- 38 ) Austro - Russian -- Turkish War ( 1735 -- 39 ) War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 48 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1741 -- 43 ) Seven Years ' War Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) Bar Confederation Russo - Turkish War ( 1787 -- 92 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1788 -- 90 ) Russo - Polish War ( 1792 ) Kościuszko Uprising Russo - Persian War ( 1796 ) War of the Second Coalition War of the Third Coalition Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) War of the Fourth Coalition Russo - Turkish War ( 1806 -- 12 ) Anglo - Russian War Finnish War War of the Fifth Coalition French invasion of Russia War of the Sixth Coalition War of the Seventh Coalition Russian conquest of the Caucasus Caucasian War Russo - Circassian War Murid War Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) November Uprising Russian conquest of Bukhara Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Crimean War January Uprising Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) Boxer Rebellion Russian invasion of Manchuria 20th century Russo - Japanese War Russian Invasion of Tabriz , 1911 World War I Russian Civil War Ukrainian -- Soviet War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Soviet westward offensive of 1918 -- 19 Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian -- Soviet War Polish -- Soviet War Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan Red Army invasion of Armenia Red Army invasion of Georgia Red Army intervention in Mongolia Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) World War II Soviet invasion of Poland Winter War Soviet occupation of the Baltic states ( 1940 ) Continuation War Eastern Front ( World War II ) Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran Soviet - Japanese War ( 1945 ) Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Ili Rebellion First Indochina War Korean War Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Eritrean War of Independence War of Attrition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Sino - Soviet border conflict Vietnam War Ogaden War South African Border War Soviet -- Afghan War Post-Soviet Nagorno - Karabakh War Transnistria War Georgian Civil War Tajikistani Civil War Russo - Georgian War Intervention in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea War in Donbass Intervention in Syria <Td_colspan="2"> Military history of Russia Russian Winter Russian Revolution Cold War Sphere of influence <Th_colspan="2"> Italian unification -- Risorgimento Wars and revolts Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 First Italian War of Independence Crimean War Second Italian War of Independence Expedition of the Thousand Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Main leaders Bettino Ricasoli Camillo Benso , Count of Cavour Carlo Cattaneo Daniele Manin Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II Opponents Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz GND : 4165750 - 0 NDL : 00561181 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_War&oldid=832172216 '' Categories : 1850s in the Ottoman Empire 19th century in Ukraine Caucasian War Crimean War Military history of Georgia ( country ) Military history of Ukraine Religion - based wars European wars of religion Wars involving France Wars involving Greece Wars involving Italy Wars involving Russia Wars involving the Ottoman Empire Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving Tunisia Russo - Turkish wars Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Crimean War 2. Ottoman Empire 3. Russian expansionism 4. Alliance of France, Britain, and Sardinia 5. Treaty of Paris

uno rules do you have to say uno out

Uno ( card game ) - wikipedia Uno ( card game ) Jump to : navigation , search For the video game adaptation , see Uno ( video game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) UNO Type Shedding - type Players 2 -- 10 Skills required Keeping important cards for later , knowing when to put them down , concealing your hand . Age range 5 + Cards 108 Playing time Normally up to an hour but can go higher Random chance easy Uno ( / ˈuːnoʊ / ; from Italian and Spanish for ' one ' ) ( stylized as UNO ) is an American card game that is played with a specially printed deck ( see Crazy Eights for a family of games very similar to Uno but played with normal playing cards ) . The game was originally developed in 1971 by Merle Robbins in Reading , Ohio , a suburb of Cincinnati . It has been a Mattel brand since 1992 . The game 's general principles put it into the Crazy Eights family of card games . When his family and friends began to play more and more , he spent $8,000 to have 5,000 copies of the game made . He sold it from his barbershop at first , and local businesses began to sell it as well . Robins later sold the rights to UNO to a group of friends headed by Robert Tezak , a funeral parlor owner in Joliet , Illinois , for $50,000 plus royalties of 10 cents per game . Tezak formed International Games , Inc. , to market UNO , with offices behind his funeral parlor . The games were produced by Lewis Saltzman of Saltzman Printers in Maywood , Illinois . In 1992 , International Games became part of the Mattel family of companies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official rules 1.1 Penalties 1.2 Two - player game 1.3 House rules 2 Strategies 3 Card and deck styles 4 Theme packs 4.1 Themed My First Uno games 4.2 Themed video games 4.3 Themed sports teams 5 Special Uno games 6 Video games 7 Variations 7.1 Alternative Game Play 7.2 Alternative Games Featuring Uno Deck 8 Similar games 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography Official rules ( edit ) A deck of English Uno cards from 1994 . This particular deck uses the older card design , where letters appear on the action cards instead of symbols . UNO cards deck The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points , achieved ( usually over several rounds of play ) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players . The deck consists of 108 cards , of which there are 25 of each color ( red , green , blue , and yellow ) , each color having two of each rank except zero . The ranks in each color are zero to nine , `` Skip '' , `` Draw Two '' , and `` Reverse '' ( the last three being `` action cards '' ) . In addition , the deck contains four each of `` Wild '' and `` Wild Draw Four '' cards . To start a hand , seven cards are dealt to each player , and the top card of the deck is flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile . The player to the dealer 's left plays first , unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card ( see below ) . On a player 's turn , they must do one of the following : play a card matching the discard in color , number , or symbol play a Wild card , or a playable Wild Draw Four card ( see restriction below ) draw the top card of the deck Play proceeds clockwise around the table . Action and Wild cards have the following effects : Card Effect when played from hand Effect as first discard Skip Next player in sequence misses a turn Player to dealer 's left misses a turn Draw Two Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn Player to dealer 's left draws two cards and misses a turn Reverse Order of play switches directions ( clockwise to counterclockwise , or vice versa ) Dealer plays first ; play proceeds counterclockwise Wild Player declares next color to be matched ( may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color ) Player to dealer 's left declares starting color , then plays normally Wild Draw Four Player declares next color to be matched ; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn . May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color ( see Penalties ) Return card to deck , shuffle , flip top card to start discard pile A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card , and may play no other card from their hand on that turn . A player may play a Wild card at any time , even if that player has other playable cards . A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color . The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card . A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence ( see Penalties ) to prove that their hand meets this condition . If the entire deck is used during play , the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck . Play then proceeds normally . It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player . A player who plays their next - to - last - card must call `` Uno '' as a warning to the other players . The first player to get rid of their last card ( `` going out '' ) wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players . Number cards count their face value , all action cards count 20 , and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50 . If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out , the next player in sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied . The first player to score 500 points wins the game . Penalties ( edit ) If a player lays down their next - to - last card without calling `` Uno '' and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn ( i.e. , plays a card from their hand , draws from the deck , or touches the discard pile ) , they must draw two cards . If the player is not caught in time ( subject to interpretation ) , or remembers to call `` Uno '' before being caught , they suffer no penalty . If a player falsely calls `` Uno '' while having multiple cards in their hand , they draw four cards . If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card , the following player can challenge its use . The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player , in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards . If the challenge succeeds , the challenged player draws four cards ; it it fails , the challenger draws six . Two - player game ( edit ) In a two - player game , the Reverse card acts like a Skip card ; when played , the other player misses a turn . House rules ( edit ) The following rules are commonly used by players to alter the game : Progressive Uno : If a draw card is played , and the following player has the same card , they can play that card and `` stack '' the penalty , which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player . Seven - O : When a certain card is played , the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players . Jump - In : Another player can assume control of the game if they have the exact same card that was last played ( same number and color . ) Strategies ( edit ) A strategy at Uno may be offensive ( aiming to go out ) , or defensive ( aiming to minimize the value of one 's hand , in the event that another player goes out , thus getting those points ) . Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy . An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards , because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out ( when it 's harder to play a matching card ) . However , a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early , because they have a high point value . A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand . However , an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color , because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color ( there is only one 0 of each color , but two of each 1 -- 9 ) . A player holding only one card is required to call out `` Uno '' or risk being penalized if caught . A player who calls `` Uno '' risks being the target of concerted action by the other players , who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out . Depending on the level and seriousness of play , some players may deliberately avoid saying `` Uno '' , in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn . For this reason , it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand , and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds . Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno . Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter . Attempts to reduce point count in a player 's hands can be `` read '' by other players if too transparent . This information can be exploited by other players , and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate . Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior . Players may exhibit physical tells , in which a subtle , often repeated , cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game . Alternatively , they may change their playing style , switching from an aggressive card - shedding strategy to a more subdued one , or vice versa . Card and deck styles ( edit ) The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action , except for the Wild cards which still bear the word `` Wild . '' Before the design change , such cards in English versions of the game had letters only . Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards . Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs , especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word `` Wild '' . The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards . There are also language - free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word `` Wild '' but have the same styling . There is a new version called `` Uno Mod '' where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers . This version also comes in a red and white case . It is one of several `` Mod '' games by Mattel , the others being Othello ( game ) Mod , Apples to Apples Mod , Phase 10 Mod , and Skip - Bo Mod . Theme packs ( edit ) There are many different themes and versions of Uno . These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards . American Kennel Club ( Herding Breeds ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Non-Sporting Group ) Uno ( 2006 ) American Kennel Club ( Sporting Group ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Terrier Breeds ) Uno Angry Birds Uno ( 2012 ) Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno ( 2007 ) Avengers Uno ( 2015 ) Avengers Assemble Uno ( 2013 ) Bandai Uno Barbie Uno Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno ( 2004 ) Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno ( 2014 ) Batman Uno ( 2005 ) Batman Begins Uno ( 2005 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Uno ( 2008 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Uno ( 2015 ) Beach Uno ( 2011 ) Betty Boop Uno ( 2005 ) The Big Bang Theory Uno ( 2012 ) Braille Uno ( 2012 ) Care Bears Uno ( 2003 ) Car - Go Uno ( 2004 ) Cars Uno ( 2006 ) Cars 2 Uno ( 2011 ) Cinderella Uno ( 2012 ) Coca - Cola Uno ( 1998 , 2004 ) Dare ( 2014 ) DC Super Heroes Uno Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Uno ( 2002 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Classic ) ( 2003 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Modern ) Disney Fairies Uno ( 2009 ) Disney Pixar Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Princess Uno Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno Disney Sofia The First Uno Disney Theme Park Uno Doc McStuffins Uno ( 2013 ) Dog Uno ( 2003 ) Doraemon Uno Doctor Who Uno ( 2007 ) Elvis Uno ( 2000 ) Emoji Uno Eragon Uno ( 2006 ) Family Guy Uno ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four Uno ( 2005 ) Fat Albert Uno ( 2005 ) Ferrari Uno ( 2000 ) Finding Dory Uno ( 2016 ) Fishing Uno ( 2012 ) Florida State University Uno ( 2011 ) Fraggle Rock Uno Frozen Uno ( 2014 ) Glee Uno ( 2011 ) Ghostbusters Uno ( 2016 ) Golden Compass Uno ( 2007 ) Green Lantern Uno ( 2011 ) Hairspray Uno ( 2007 ) Hanna - Barbera Uno ( 2004 ) Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno ( 2007 ) Happy Feet Uno ( 2006 ) Harry Potter Uno Hello Kitty Bow Uno ( 2012 ) Hello Kitty Friendship Uno ( 2003 ) Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 Uno ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 Uno ( 2008 ) Holiday Uno ( 2009 ) Hoops and Yoyo Uno Horses Uno ( 2011 ) Hot Death Uno ( 2001 ) Hot Wheels Uno ( 2012 ) House Rules Uno ( 1998 ) Hulk Uno ( 2003 ) H O H O To Go H O Splash ( 2005 ) Iron Man 2 Uno ( 2010 ) Jelly Belly Uno ( 2012 ) John Deere Uno Kittens Uno Kung Fu Panda Uno ( 2008 ) Limited Too It 's A Girl 's World Uno ( 2008 ) Macy 's Parade Uno Magic Tree House Uno ( 2007 ) Marvel Heroes Uno ( 2010 ) Mario Bros. Uno ( 2012 ) Mini Party Favors Uno Muppet Show Uno My Scene Uno ( 2005 ) MyUno Uno ( 2005 ) National Parks Uno ( 2002 , 2009 ) New York City Uno ( 2001 ) NHL Uno Nightmare Before Christmas Uno ( 2007 ) Nintendo Uno ( 2004 ) North American Wildlife Uno Notre Dame Uno ( 2005 ) NSYNC Uno ( 2000 ) One Piece Uno ( 2003 , 2011 ) One Piece : The New World Uno ( Japan - 2012 ) Over the Hedge Uno ( 2006 ) Paw Patrol Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts Uno ( 2002 ) Peanuts -- A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno Peanuts -- It 's the Great Pumpkin Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts Movie Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts -- Vintage Peanuts Uno ( 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar Uno ( 2012 ) Penn State University Uno Phineas and Ferb Uno ( 2012 ) Pinkalicious Uno ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean Uno ( 2007 ) Planes Uno ( 2013 ) Planes - Fire and Rescue ! Uno ( 2014 ) Pokémon Uno ( 2006 ) Pokémon : Best Wishes ( Japan ) Pokémon : XY ( Japan ) Polly Pocket Uno ( 2006 ) Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno Puppies Uno Ratatouille Uno ( 2007 ) Ren and Stimpy Uno ( 2004 ) Retro Uno ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo Uno Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) Shopkins Uno ( 2015 ) Shrek Uno Shrek 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third Uno The Simpsons Uno ( 2003 ) The Simpsons ( D'oh ) Uno ( 2009 ) The Simpsons : Springfield / Great Scot Uno ( 2006 ) The Simpsons : Treehouse of Horror Uno ( 2005 ) Sock Monkey Uno South Park Uno ( 2004 ) Speed Racer Spider - Man Uno ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Spider - Man Spider Sense Uno * Marvel Ultimate Spider - Man Web - Warriors Uno ( 2014 ) Splash Uno * Splash : Finding Dory Uno SpongeBob SquarePants # 1 SpongeBob SquarePants # 2 SpongeBob SquarePants # 3 SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob ! ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time ( 2006 ) St. Louis Uno ( 2005 ) Star Trek Uno Mattel - produced `` Special Edition '' Fundex Games `` Collector 's Edition '' Star Wars : The Clone Wars Uno Super Mario ( 2016 ) Superman Uno ( 2005 ) Superman Returns Uno ( 2005 ) Sydney 2000 Uno ( 1999 ) Teen Titans Uno ( 2006 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno ( 2014 ) Texas Uno ( 2006 ) Toy Story Uno ( 2010 ) University of Alabama Uno University of Florida Uno University of Georgia Uno University of Kentucky Uno University of Michigan Uno University of North Carolina Uno University of Texas Uno Uno ( 1971 ) Uno 25th Anniversary ( 1996 ) Uno 30th Anniversary ( 2001 ) Uno 35th Anniversary ( 2011 ) UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case ( 2016 ) Uno Deluxe in box Uno Deluxe in Wood Box UNO With Customizable Wild Cards ( 2015 ) Uno Mod ( 2010 ) USA Uno Vacation Uno Wilderness Uno ( 2016 ) Wildlife Uno ( 2012 ) Wizard of Oz Uno ( 2007 ) WWE Legends Uno ( 2005 ) X-Games ( 1999 , 2007 ) X-Men Uno ( 2003 ) Note : * indicates HIT Entertainment character , by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012 . Themed my first Uno games ( edit ) Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age . These sets come in several variants , based on titles for children . My First Uno versions : Angelina Ballerina Uno ( 2005 ) Animals Uno Bob The Builder Uno ( 2007 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Curious George Uno ( 2005 ) Dora the Explorer Uno ( 2003 , 2010 ) Elmo Uno Handy Manny Uno ( 2009 ) Disney 's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno ( 2011 ) Koala Brothers Uno ( 2005 ) Little People Uno ( 2006 ) Mickey Mouse Club Uno ( 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends Uno ( 2006 ) Rugrats Uno ( 1991 ) Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno ( 2012 ) Thomas & Friends Uno ( 2010 ) Where the Wild Things Are Uno ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno ( 2002 , 2011 , 2012 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! Uno Themed video games ( edit ) Uno versions available on the Xbox 360 : Street Fighter II Uno Project Gotham Racing Uno Kameo : Elements of Power Uno Uno 35th Anniversary ( see above ) Themed sports teams ( edit ) Several sports teams each have 112 - card sets , featuring players from those teams . The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself . The following teams have confirmed Uno sets . Auburn Tigers ( NCAA ) England FA ( 2010 ) England Rugby ( 2010 ) Manchester United Hockey Calgary Flames ( 2010 ) NHL NHL Stars of Finland MLB All - Stars American League ( 2005 ) American League - Stars of the American League ( 2006 ) American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada American League - Boston Red Sox ( Regular ( 2004 ) and World Series editions ( 2007 ) ) American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2005 ) American League - New York Yankees ( 2006 ) American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Seattle Mariners ( 2003 ) American League - Texas Rangers ( 2006 ) National League National League - MLB All Stars National League National League - Chicago Cubs National League - Chicago Cubs : Derek Lee ( 2006 ) National League - Houston Astros ( 2005 ) National League - New York Mets ( 2005 ) National League - New Your Mets : David Wright Special ( 2007 ) National League - Philadelphia Phillies ( 2005 ) National League - St. Louis Cardinals ( 2006 ) NBA All - Stars ( East and West ) Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference ( 2006 ) Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends ( 2005 ) Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James Special Edition ( 2007 ) Eastern Conference - New York Knicks ( 2006 ) Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition ( 2007 ) Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs ( 2006 ) American Football Chicago Bears ( 2006 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2006 ) Green Bay Packers ( 2007 ) Minnesota Vikings National Football League NFC Edition ( 2006 ) New England Patriots ( 2007 ) New York Giants ( 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2009 ) NFL American League ( 2006 ) NFL National League ( 2006 ) Phil . Eagles ( 2006 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2006 ) Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition ( 2006 ) NFL Greatest Players Editions Tom Brady ( 2007 ) Reggie Bush ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2007 ) LaDanian Tomlinson ( 2007 ) Brian Urlacher ( 2007 ) Special Uno games ( edit ) Uno Attack ( Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada ) ( 1999 ) Uno Attack Refill Deck Uno Bingo ( 1997 ) Uno Blast ( 2012 ) Uno Blitzo ( 2000 ) Uno Choo - Choo ( 2011 ) Uno Color Screen Uno Deluxe Uno Dare ( 2014 ) Uno Dice ( 1987 , 1996 , 2011 ) Uno Dominoes ( 1986 ) Electronic Uno Uno Flash ( 2007 ) Uno Flip ( 2009 ) Giant Uno ( 2016 ) Uno H O ( 2004 ) Uno H O To Go Uno Hearts ( 1994 ) Uno Junior ( 1992 ) King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers ( 1 - 6 ) and colors to help children make matches . The deck also contains 4 wild cards , a Draw 2 card for each suit , and a Free Turn card for each suit . ( 1994 ) Killer Uno ( 1995 ) Uno Madness ( 1995 ) Uno Moo ( 2008 , 2014 ) Uno Power Grab Uno Reflex Uno Roboto Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules ! ( 2014 ) Uno Rummy Up ( 1993 ) Uno Spin ( 2005 ) Uno Spin Hannah Montana ( 2005 ) Uno Spin One Piece ( Japan ) Uno Spin To Go ( 2010 ) Uno Stacko ( 1994 ) Travel Uno Stacko Uno Tippo ( 2009 ) Uno Slam Uno Tiki Twist ( 2014 ) Uno Wild Jackpot ( 2016 ) Uno Wild Tiles ( 1982 ) Get Wild for Uno ( 2016 ) Video games ( edit ) Hot Death UNO ( IBM - 1993 ) Uno ( handheld video game - 2000 ) Uno ( handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game ) UNO DX ( Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998 ) Uno ( PlayStation Network ) Uno ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Rush ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Challenge ( mobile version of the classic Uno board game ) Uno Free Fall ( puzzle game for mobile phones ) Uno 52 ( Nintendo Game Boy Advance ) Super Uno ( Super Famicom ) Uno ( Facebook ) ( Adobe Flash -- based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios ) Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play . Produced by Gameloft Uno The same as on the iPhone , but with enhanced graphics . Produced by Gameloft Uno Released as three versions : SD , HD and Free with adverts . Produced by Gameloft Uno Uno & Friends ( various platforms ) Pocket Uno Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone Uno Undercover ( Windows ) Uno ( 2016 video game for PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One by Ubisoft ) Variations ( edit ) Alternative game play ( edit ) Many variations from standard gameplay exist , such as Elimination Uno , Speed Uno , French Uno , Pirate Uno , and Pakistani Uno . Alternative Games Featuring Uno Deck ( edit ) Limonada Similar games ( edit ) Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games . The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards . AdrenalineUno Crazy Eights Boom - O Eleusis Last Card Luck Plus Macau MAD Magazine Card Game Mao Mau Mau ( game ) O'NO 99 One Card ( game ) One Card - Stop ( game ) Petei Phase 10 Spaced Out ( game ) SKIP - BO Taki UNO 2 DS Whot ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A version released in Japan . Jump up ^ Features the `` friendship '' card , where the player can swap his / her hand with another player . ( 2002 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card , when played , all players must discard a prince card ( regardless of color or number ) to kill the dragon before continuing play . If a player does not have a prince card in their hand , they must pick up cards until they find a prince card . ( 2004 ) ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag . Jump up ^ Evil card : the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game , even if it 's not his or her turn . ( 2005 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Released in Japan Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card ( featuring Traveling Matt ) , which allows the player to `` travel '' to another player 's spot and view his or her entire hand . ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three ( instead of Draw Two ) card ; also features a `` howler '' wild card where , if played , the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud ; also features an `` invisibility '' wild card where , if played , the player can block any card placed down ( such as , a card that forces them to draw cards ) . ( 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards . It includes 4 ( 2 of which are + 1 2 of which are + 2 downpour cards ) black action cards called `` wild DownPour '' cards ; when played , all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck , and also double as wild cards . ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a `` Harvest '' card - The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he / she draws a green card , which will allow them to complete the harvest ( or , until they draw 5 cards , whichever comes first ) . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Mayhem card : the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands . The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card . ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Wei , R.H. `` Gamebits : Peanuts at Play '' . Games . Issue 196 ( Vol. 27 , No. 10 ) . Pg. 4 . December 2003 . Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card ( 2007 , 2008 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ In a Shrek - faced package . ' Merlin Card ' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice . All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color . All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card . The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number , the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before . For example , player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3 . The next player must place a card with the number 4 ( regardless of colour ) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on . If they reach 9 , they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he / she must draw three cards . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go . Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Jump up ^ Super Absorbency ( # 1 ) Uno -- which features the Super Absorbency card , a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players ' hands at random . There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player 's penultimate card . Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him / her . However , some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players ' hands except those who are in the uno stage . Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Secret Recipe ( # 2 ) Uno -- Secret Recipe -- Allows the player to look at another player 's hand . The player can also select a new color just like a wild card . Jump up ^ Lost in Time ( # 3 Uno ) -- Daredevil -- Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card . Can also be used as a wild card . Jump up ^ Two Editions , both based on Star Trek : The Original Series Jump up ^ With special cards , each of which appears once per pack : Double Tribble card -- The player who plays this card chooses the color of play , then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn ; Beam Me Up , Scotty card -- This can played to stop any command card ( a `` Draw 2 '' card , for example ) and allows for the color of play to be chosen ; Mind Meld card -- This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand ; Live Long & Prosper card -- This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one , then allows him / her to choose color of play . ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind : 4 `` Beam Up WILD '' cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player . That player can then call a new color , and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD . ( It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired . ) ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad . ( 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1993 , 2001 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player , he / she can : - immediately play another card of the same suit color , OR - play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card , the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played . However , this Check Two Card can not be played : - on its own ( without a card of the same suit color ) , OR - as the last card in your hand . If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand , he / she must take another card from the draw pile . If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card , he / she may directly play the Check Two Card , say UNO , and play the matching suit color card to complete the game . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Includes a special `` Over The Rainbow '' card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at , also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game . This deck contains a special Hadouken card , which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card . Play then continues on as normally . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games . In this game , the rules include a card called the `` Gotham Live '' card , which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3 . This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players . Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006 . This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game . In addition , a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game . Jump up ^ This may be the same as the `` American League '' deck Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005 , 2006 , & 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UNO instruction sheet , 1983 , International Games Ltd . Jump up ^ `` 30 Anniversary rule Book '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2001 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNO Basic Instructions '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2008 . Jump up ^ Exact wording of the official rules : ' When you play your next - to - last card , you must yell `` UNO '' ( meaning `` one '' ) to indicate that you have only one card left ' . Jump up ^ `` How to Play UNO in Large Groups '' . UNOtips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tells '' . Unotips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Uno Variations '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Current official rules , from Mattel Official Mattel Uno site Uno Rules at UnoRules.com Uno Variations at UnoVariations.com Uno variants at pagat.com Uno News at Wonkavator Advanced UNO strategy at UNOtips.org Uno at BoardGameGeek <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High * Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? Skip - Bo Toss Across U.B. Funkeys Uno Game consoles and computers Aquarius Children 's Discovery System HyperScan Intellivision Pixter Business units Fisher - Price Mattel Creations Playground Productions HIT Entertainment Hot Animation Mega Brands Tyco Toys Corporate acquisitions Bluebird Toys Ideal Toy Company Radica Games View - Master International Bought and sold Feld Entertainment Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc . Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uno_(card_game)&oldid=803875849 '' Categories : Card games introduced in 1971 Dedicated deck card games Mattel Uno Shedding - type card games American inventions Games of mental skill Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Uno card game 2. Rules and gameplay of Uno 3. Strategies for playing Uno 4. Different versions and themes of Uno 5. Two-player game variant of Uno

where is cape verde located on a map

Cape Verde - wikipedia Cape Verde Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cabo Verde ( disambiguation ) and Cape Verde ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of Cabo Verde República de Cabo Verde ( Portuguese ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag National emblem <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : Unidade , Trabalho , Progresso ( Portuguese ) ( English : `` Unity , Work , Progress '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : Cântico da Liberdade ( Portuguese ) Chant of Freedom <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Cape Verde ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Praia 14 ° 55 ′ N 23 ° 31 ′ W  /  14.917 ° N 23.517 ° W  / 14.917 ; - 23.517 Official languages Portuguese Recognised national languages Cape Verdean Creole Ethnic groups ( 2017 ) Multiracial : 71 % Black : 28 % White : 1 % Demonym Cape Verdean or Cabo Verdean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Legislature National Assembly <Th_colspan="2"> Formation Discovery 1460 Independence from Portugal 5 July 1975 Multi-party system 13 January 1990 <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 4,033 km ( 1,557 sq mi ) ( 166th ) Water ( % ) negligible <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2016 estimate 539,560 ( 167th ) Density 123.7 / km ( 320.4 / sq mi ) ( 89th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $3.649 billion Per capita $6,867 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $1.747 billion Per capita $3,287 Gini ( 2008 ) 47.2 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.648 medium 122nd Currency Cape Verdean escudo ( CVE ) Time zone CVT ( UTC - 1 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC - 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 238 ISO 3166 code CV Internet TLD . cv Cape Verde ( / ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd / ) or Cabo Verde ( / ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ / , / ˌkæb - / ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced ( ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ ) ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century , when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands , establishing the first European settlement in the tropics . Ideally located for the Atlantic slave trade , the islands grew prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , attracting merchants , privateers , and pirates . The end of slavery in the 19th century led to economic decline and emigration . Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial center and stopover for shipping routes . Incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal in 1951 , the islands continued to agitate for independence , which was peacefully achieved in 1975 . Since the early 1990s , Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy , and remains one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa . Lacking natural resources , its developing economy is mostly service - oriented , with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment . Its population of around 512,000 is mostly of mixed European , North African / Berber , Moorish , and sub-Saharan African heritage , and predominantly Roman Catholic , reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule . A sizeable diaspora community exists across the world , slightly outnumbering inhabitants on the islands . Historically , the name `` Cape Verde '' has been used in English for the archipelago and , since independence in 1975 , for the country . In 2013 , the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation Cabo Verde would henceforth be used for official purposes , such as at the United Nations , even in English contexts . Cape Verde is a member of the African Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Independence ( 1975 ) 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 International recognition 4 Geography 4.1 Physical geography and geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Biome 4.4 Administrative divisions 4.5 Largest cities 5 Economy 5.1 Development 5.2 Tourism 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Emigration and immigration 6.6 Health 6.7 Education 6.8 Science and technology 6.9 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Music 7.3 Dance 7.4 Literature 7.5 Cinema 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Sports 8 Transport 8.1 Ports 8.2 Airports 8.2. 1 International airports 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap - Vert , on the Senegalese coast . In 1444 Portuguese explorers had named that landmark as Cabo Verde , a few years before they discovered the islands . ( Verde is Portuguese for `` green '' ) . On 24 October 2013 , the country 's delegation announced at the United Nations that the official name should no longer be translated into other languages . Instead of `` Cape Verde '' , the designation `` Republic of Cabo Verde '' is to be used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cape Verde Insulae Capitis Viridis ( 1598 ) , showing Cape Verde . Before the arrival of Europeans , the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited . The islands of the Cape Verde archipelago were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456 . According to Portuguese official records , the first discoveries were made by Genoa - born António de Noli , who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries in the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Gomes ( who was with António de Noli and claimed to have been the first to land on and name Santiago island ) , Diogo Dias , Diogo Afonso and the Italian ( Venice - born ) Alvise Cadamosto . In 1462 , Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande ( now called Cidade Velha , to avoid being confused with the town of Ribeira Grande on the Santo Antão island ) . Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics . A view of Monte Cara from Mindelo . In the 16th century , the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade . Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements . Sir Francis Drake , an English corsair privateering under a letter of marque granted by the English crown , twice sacked the ( then ) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union . After a French attack in 1712 , the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia , which became the capital in 1770 . Decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis . Cape Verde 's early prosperity slowly vanished . However , the islands ' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships . Because of its excellent harbour , Mindelo ( on the island of São Vicente ) became an important commercial centre during the 19th century . Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832 . Grain Ship `` Garthpool '' . In 1928 wrecked at Boavista , Cape Verde . With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese , the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters , who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy . In 1951 , Portugal changed Cape Verde 's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism . In 1956 , Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organised ( in Portuguese Guinea ) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) . It demanded improvement in economic , social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations ' independence movement . Moving its headquarters to Conakry , Guinea in 1960 , the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961 . Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc - supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops . By 1972 , the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops , but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde . Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974 . A budding independence movement -- originally led by Amílcar Cabral , assassinated in 1973 -- passed on to his half - brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 . Independence ( 1975 ) ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral on a stamp of the former GDR . Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal , the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde . In December 1974 , the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans . On 30 June 1975 , Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975 . In the late 1970s and 1980s , most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline 's flights to Europe and the United States . Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea - Bissau , relations between Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau became strained . Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea - Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde ( PAICV ) . Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good . The PAICV and its predecessor established a one - party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 . Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy , the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one - party rule . Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy ( MPD ) in Praia in April 1990 . Together , they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 . The one - party state was abolished 28 September 1990 , and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991 . The MPD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly , and MPD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV 's candidate with 73.5 % of the votes . Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MPD majority in the National Assembly . The party won 50 of the National Assembly 's 72 seats . A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office . Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV , with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats , MPD 30 , and Party for Democratic Convergence ( PCD ) and Labour and Solidarity Party ( PTS ) 1 each . In February 2001 , the PAICV - supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MPD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Cape Verde Cape Verdean Prime Minister José Maria Neves meets with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , in 2013 . Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is among the most democratic nations in the world , ranking 23rd position in the world , according to the 2016 Democracy Index . The constitution -- adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992 , 1995 and 1999 -- defines the basic principles of its government . The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a 5 - year term . The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state . The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president . Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for 5 - year terms . Three parties now hold seats in the National Assembly -- MPD ( 36 ) , PAICV ( 25 ) and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union ( UCID ) ( 3 ) . The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice -- whose members are appointed by the president , the National Assembly , and the Board of the Judiciary -- and regional courts . Separate courts hear civil , constitutional , and criminal cases . Appeal is to the Supreme Court . The two main political parties are PAICV and MPD . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of Cape Verde Map of countries with Cape Verdean embassies . Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states . Angola , Brazil , the People 's Republic of China , Libya , Cuba , France , Germany , Portugal , Spain , Senegal , Russia , Luxembourg , and the United States maintain embassies in Praia . Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs , especially in Africa . Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organisations . It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues . Since 2007 , Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU , under the Cotonou Agreement , and might apply for special membership , even because the Cape Verdean escudo , the country 's currency , is indexed to the Euro . In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Military ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean Armed Forces Marines of the Cape Verdean Coast Guard . The military of Cape Verde consists of a National Guard and the Coast Guard. ; 0.7 % of the country 's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 . Having fought their only war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975 , the efforts of the Caboverdean Armed Forces have now been turned to combating international drug trafficking . In 2007 , together with the Cabo Verdean Police , they carried out Operation Flying Launch ( Operacão Lancha Voadora ) , a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point . The operation took more than three years , being a secret operation during the first two years , and ended in 2010 . Although located in Africa , Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe . Because of this , some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and NATO . The most recent engagement of the Armed Forces was the Monte Tchota massacre that resulted in 11 deaths . International recognition ( edit ) Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources . Among other achievements , it has been recognised with the following assessments : Index Score PALOP rank CPLP rank African rank World rank Year Human Development Index 0.648 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( top 19 % ) 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 ( top 60 % ) 2016 Ibrahim Index of African Governance 73.0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) N / A 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) N / A 2015 Freedom of the Press 27 ( Free ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ( top 24 % ) 2014 Freedom in the World 1 / 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 1 % ) 2016 Press Freedom Index 18.02 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ( top 14 % ) 2017 Democracy Index 7.94 ( Flawed democracy ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 ( top 12 % ) 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index 59 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 ( top 19 % ) 2016 Index of Economic Freedom 66.5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 ( top 28 % ) 2016 e-Government Readiness Index 0.3551 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( top 26 % ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 ( top 63 % ) 2014 Failed States Index 74.1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( top 15 % ) 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 ( top 46 % ) 2014 Networked Readiness Index 3.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( top 13 % ) 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 ( top 43 % ) 2015 See List of countries by Human Development Index # Africa 1 / 1 is the highest possible rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with Portugal . Cape Verde was the only African country to reach the maximum rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with 48 other countries . The rank on this list is expressed in reverse order . To be comparable with the other rankings on this table , the actual rank of 88 was inverted , by subtracting it from the number of countries on the list , currently 177 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Cape Verde A topographic map of Cape Verde . A satellite photo of the Cape Verde islands , 2010 . The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) off the western coast of the African continent , near Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania , and is part of the Macaronesia ecoregion . It lies between latitudes 14 ° and 18 ° N , and longitudes 22 ° and 26 ° W . The country is a horseshoe - shaped cluster of ten islands ( nine inhabited ) and eight islets , that constitute an area of 4033 km . The islands are spatially divided into two groups : The Barlavento Islands ( windward islands ) : Santo Antão , São Vicente , Santa Luzia , São Nicolau , Sal , Boa Vista ; and The Sotavento Islands ( leeward ) : Maio , Santiago , Fogo , Brava . The largest island , both in size and population , is Santiago , which hosts the nation 's capital , Praia , the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago . Three ( Sal , Boa Vista and Maio ) are fairly flat , sandy , and dry ; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation . Physical geography and geology ( edit ) Geologically , the islands , covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres ( 1,557 square miles ) , are principally composed of igneous rocks , with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago 's total volume . The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic ; the archipelago is a soda - alkaline petrographic province , with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands . Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125 -- 150 million years : the islands themselves date from 8 million ( in the west ) to 20 million years ( in the east ) . The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128 -- 131 million year old pillow lavas . The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene , and reached its peak at the end of this period , when the islands reached their maximum sizes . Historical volcanism ( within human settlement ) has been restricted to the island of Fogo . The origin of the islands ' volcanism has been attributed to a hotspot , associated with bathymetric swell that formed the Cape Verde Rise . The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world 's oceans , rising 2.2 kilometres ( 1.4 miles ) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km , associated with a rise of the geoid and elevated surface heat flow . Most recently erupting in 2014 , Pico do Fogo is the largest active volcano in the region . It has a 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) diameter caldera , whose rim is 1,600 metres ( 5,249 feet ) altitude and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres ( 9,281 feet ) above sea level . The caldera resulted from subsidence , following the partial evacuation ( eruption ) of the magma chamber , along a cylindrical column from within magma chamber ( at a depth of 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) ) . Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio . On Santiago , Santo Antão , and São Nicolau , arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains . Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides . According to the president of Nauru , Cape Verde has been ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change . Geography of Cape Verde The beach of Calhau , with Monte Verde in the background , on the island of São Vicente . The Countryside on Santiago Island A typical landscape of Santa Catarina , Santiago Island Santo Antão island landscapes Ribeira Grande Valley on Santiago . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Cape Verde § Climate Cape Verde 's climate is milder than that of the African mainland , because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago . Conversely , the islands do not receive the upwellings ( cold streams ) that affect the West African coast , so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal , but the sea is warmer , because the orographic relief of some islands , such as Santiago with steep mountains , cover it with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation where the humid air condenses and soak the plants , rocks , soil , logs , moss , etc . On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands , exclusively in mountainous areas , like Santo Antão island , the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest , and laurel forest as this vegetation Average daily high temperatures range from 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February to 31 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) in September . Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt , with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa . It rains irregularly between August and October , with frequent brief heavy downpours . A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of annual rainfall . Sal 's total of ( 145 mm ( 5.7 in ) ) confirms this classification . Most of the year 's rain falls in September . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Cape Verde : Sal and Praia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.68 ( 83.64 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) 24 ( 75 ) 25 ( 77 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 25 ( 77 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.82 ( 71.27 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) ( 0.12 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 15 ( 0.59 ) 14 ( 0.55 ) 16 ( 0.63 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 90 ( 3.56 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 61 58 57 56 57 61 67 50 47 67 64 63 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 310.0 214.5 280.0 330.0 341.0 300.0 279.0 250.0 295.0 279.0 300.0 279.0 3,457.5 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Weatherbase.com ( humidity , sun and mean temperature ) , Met Office for precipitation <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Voodoo Skies for the rest Sal , Boa Vista and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate , the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation . Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the landscape is arid . The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones -- arid , semiarid , subhumid and humid , according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from 200 millimetres ( 7.9 inches ) in the arid areas of the coast to more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 inches ) in the humid mountain . Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist . In some islands , as Santiago , the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the dryer one in the south / southwest coast . Praia , on the southeast coast , is the largest city of the island and the largest city and capital of the country . Because of their proximity to the Sahara , most of the Cape Verde islands are dry , but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the coast , by orography , the humidity is much higher , providing a rainforest habitat , although much affected by the human presence . Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while southwest slopes do not . These umbria areas are identified with cool and moisture . Western Hemisphere - bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands . These are referred to as Cape Verde - type hurricanes . These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde . The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde - type hurricanes , which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land . The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde - type hurricanes . Most of the longest - lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes . The islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history ( since 1851 ) : once in 1892 , and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred , the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic . Biome ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species , particularly bird and reptiles , many of which are endangered by human development . Endemic birds include Alexander 's swift ( Apus alexandri ) , Bourne 's heron ( Ardea purpurea bournei ) , the Raso lark ( Alauda razae ) , the Cape Verde warbler ( Acrocephalus brevipennis ) , and the Iago sparrow ( Passer iagoensis ) . The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater . Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko ( Tarentola gigas ) . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Cabo Verde Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities ( concelhos ) and subdivided into 32 parishes ( freguesias ) , based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period : Barlavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2013 Parish Santo Antão Ribeira Grande 18,890 Nossa Senhora do Rosário Nossa Senhora do Livramento Santo Crucifixo São Pedro Apóstolo Paúl 6,997 Santo António das Pombas Porto Novo 18,028 São João Baptista Santo André São Vicente São Vicente 79,374 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santa Luzia São Nicolau Ribeira Brava 7,580 Nossa Senhora da Lapa Nossa Senhora do Rosário Tarrafal de São Nicolau 5,237 São Francisco Sal Sal 30,879 Nossa Senhora das Dores Boa Vista Boa Vista 9,162 Santa Isabel São João Baptista Sotavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2010 Parish Maio Maio 6,952 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santiago Praia 131,719 Nossa Senhora da Graça São Domingos 13,808 Nossa Senhora da Luz São Nicolau Tolentino Santa Catarina 44,388 Santa Catarina São Salvador do Mundo 8,677 São Salvador do Mundo Santa Cruz 26,617 Santiago Maior São Lourenço dos Órgãos 7,388 São Lourenço dos Órgãos Ribeira Grande de Santiago 8,325 Santíssimo Nome de Jesus São João Baptista São Miguel 15,648 São Miguel Arcanjo Tarrafal 18,565 Santo Amaro Abade Fogo São Filipe 22,248 São Lourenço Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santa Catarina do Fogo 5,299 Santa Catarina do Fogo Mosteiros 9,524 Nossa Senhora da Ajuda Brava Brava 6,952 São João Baptista Nossa Senhora do Monte Largest cities ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Cape Verde Instituto Nacional de Estatística ( Distribuição da população residente - RGPH 2010 : População urbana ) Rank Name Municipality Pop . Praia Mindelo Praia Praia 127 832 Santa Maria Assomada Mindelo São Vicente 70 468 Santa Maria Sal 23 839 Assomada Santa Catarina 12 026 5 Porto Novo Porto Novo 9 430 6 Pedra Badejo Santa Cruz 9 345 7 São Filipe São Filipe 8 125 8 Tarrafal Tarrafal 6 177 9 Sal Rei Boa Vista 5 407 10 Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande 4 625 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cape Verde A proportional representation of Cape Verde 's export products . A row of colorful office buildings in Praia , Santiago Island A resort in Sal . Cape Verde 's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources has garnered international recognition , with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid . Since 2007 , the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country . Cape Verde has few natural resources . Only five of the ten main islands ( Santiago , Santo Antão , São Nicolau , Fogo , and Brava ) normally support significant agricultural production , and over 90 % of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported . Mineral resources include salt , pozzolana ( a volcanic rock used in cement production ) , and limestone . Its small number of wineries making Portuguese - style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market , but have recently met with some international acclaim . A number of wine tours of Cape Verde 's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 and can be arranged through the tourism office . The economy of Cape Verde is service - oriented , with commerce , transport , and public services accounting for more than 70 % of GDP . Although nearly 35 % of the population lives in rural areas , agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9 % of GDP . Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder . Fish and shellfish are plentiful , and small quantities are exported . Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo , Praia , and on Sal . Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at about 20 % of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances . In spite of having few natural resources and being semi-desert , the country boasts the highest living standards in the region , and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities . Since 1991 , the government has pursued market - oriented economic policies , including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far - reaching privatization programme . It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and of the private sector ; the development of tourism , light manufacturing industries , and fisheries ; and the development of transport , communications , and energy facilities . From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned , of which 58 % were in tourism , 17 % in industry , 4 % in infrastructure , and 21 % in fisheries and services . In 2011 , on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30 % of the electricity of the country . It is one of the top countries for renewable energy . Between 2000 and 2009 , real GDP increased on average by over 7 percent a year , well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region . Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world , as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3.5 months of imports . Unemployment has been falling rapidly , and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals -- including halving its 1990 poverty level . In 2007 , Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country ( LDC ) to Middle Income Country ( MIC ) status . Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy , which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and , in 1999 , to the euro . On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO . The minimum wage has been set at 11,000.00 Cape Verde escudos ( CVE ) monthly ( equivalent to US $110 or 101 Euros ) for the first time in Cape Verdean history , in August 2013 . The national minimum wage went into full effect on 1 January 2014 . Development ( edit ) The European Commission 's total allocation for the period of 2008 -- 2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address `` poverty reduction , in particular in rural and periurban areas where women are heading the households , as well as good governance '' amounts to € 54.1 million . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Cape Verde Freedom Avenue in Assomada , near the town square Yachts in Porto Grande , Mindelo on the island of São Vicente . Tourism is a growing source of income on the islands . Cape Verde 's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo 's harbour ( Porto Grande ) and at Sal 's and Praia 's international airports . A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 , and on the island of São Vicente , the newest international airport ( Cesária Évora Airport ) in Cape Verde , was opened in late 2009 . Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 . The major ports are Mindelo and Praia , but all other islands have smaller port facilities . In addition to the international airport on Sal , airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands . All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service . The archipelago has 3,050 km ( 1,895 mi ) of roads , of which 1,010 km ( 628 mi ) are paved , most using cobblestone . The country 's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows , the encouragement of tourism , remittances , outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries , and the momentum of the government 's development programme . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cape Verdeans and Demographics of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's population , ( 1961 -- 2003 ) . Cape Verde 's population pyramid , 2005 . The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013 . A large proportion ( 236,000 ) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island , Santiago . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited when the Portuguese discovered it in 1456 . African slaves were brought to the islands to work on Portuguese plantations . Most Cape Verdeans are mulattos ( mestiços in Portuguese ) , who have mixed African and European origins ; another term is creole meaning mixed black and white descent . A lot of these Cape Verdeans have emigrated elsewhere , mainly to the United States and Europe . European ancestors include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire , followed by Portuguese settlers , exiles , Portuguese Muslims and Portuguese Jews who were both victims of the Inquisition . Many foreigners from other parts of the world settled in Cape Verde as their permanent country . These people came from places such as the Netherlands , France , Britain , Arab countries ( Lebanon and Morocco ) , China ( especially from Macau ) , India , Indonesia , South America , North America and Brazil ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ) and were absorbed into the mestiço population . Cape Verde 's population in the 21st century is mostly creole ; the capital city Praia accounts for a quarter of the country 's population . Over 65 % of the population in the archipelago live in urban centers , and the literacy rate is around 87 % ( i.e. , 91 % among men aged 15 and above and 83 % among women aged 15 and above ) according to the 2013 Cape Verdean census . A genetic study revealed that the ancestry of the population in Cape Verde is predominantly European in the male line and West African in the female line ; counted together the percentage is 56 % African and 44 % European . The high degree of genetic and ethnic mixture of individuals is a result of centuries of migration . Languages ( edit ) Cape Verde 's official language is Portuguese . It is the language of instruction and government . It is also used in such media as newspapers , television , and radio . Cape Verdean Creole is used colloquially and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans . The national constitution calls for the measures to give it parity with Portuguese . Cape Verdean Creole or Kriolu is a dialect continuum of a Portuguese - based creole . There is a substantial body of literature in Creole , especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole . Creole has been gaining prestige since the nation 's independence from Portugal . The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language . Some people have advocated the development of two standards : a North ( Barlavento ) standard , centered on the São Vicente Creole , and a South ( Sotavento ) standard , centered on the Santiago Creole . Manuel Veiga , PhD , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde , is the premier proponent of Kriolu 's officialization and standardization . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in Cape Verde Religion in Cape Verde ( 2010 ) Catholic Church ( 78.7 % ) Other Christian ( 10.4 % ) Other or Non Religious ( 10.9 % ) Around 95 % of the population are Christian . More than 85 % of the population was nominally Roman Catholic in 2007 . For a minority of the population , Catholicism is syncretized with African influences . The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene ; other groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Assemblies of God , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and other Pentecostal and evangelical groups . There is a small Muslim community . There were Jewish settlements on several islands . The number of atheists is estimated at less than 1 % of the population . Emigration and immigration ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean diaspora Today , more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself , with significant emigrant Cape Verdean communities in the United States ( 500,000 Cape Verdeans descent , with a major concentration on the New England coast from Providence , Rhode Island , to New Bedford , Massachusetts ) . There are significant Cape Verde populations in Portugal ( 150,000 ) , Angola ( 45,000 ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( 25,000 ) , Senegal ( 25,000 ) , the Netherlands ( 20,000 , of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam ) , Spain ( 65,500 ) , United Kingdom ( 35,500 ) , France ( 25,000 ) , Italy ( 10,000 ) Luxembourg ( 7,000 ) and Scandinavia ( 7,000 ) . There is a Cape Verdean community in Argentina numbering 8,000 . A large number of Cape Verdeans and people of Cape Verdean descent who emigrated before 1975 are not included in these statistics , because Cape Verdeans had Portuguese passports before 1975 . The Chinese make up a sizable and important segment of the immigrant population in Cape Verde . The immigrants from the nearby West African coast make up the majority of foreigners in the country . Over the last several years , a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country . On the islands , there are over 22,000 foreigners / naturalized Cape Verdeans living and working on a permanent basis . Over the years , Cape Verde has increasingly become a net immigration country due to its relative high per capita income , political and social stability , and freedom . Emigrants from the Cape Verde islands to North America have a long history of involvement with the armed forces . Enlisting in aid of the Revolutionary War , the Civil War , the First and Second World Wars , as well as the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Cape Verdeans moved to places all over the world , from Macau to Haiti , and Argentina to northern Europe . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Cape Verde A health clinic in a residential area of Praia . The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 17.5 per 1,000 live births according to the latest ( 2016 ) data from the National Statistics Bureau ( 2 ) , while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births . The HIV - AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is approximately 1.09 % . According to the latest data ( 2015 ) from the National Statistics Bureau ( 3 ) , life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 71.5 years for males and 79.9 years for females . There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago ; that is , two central hospitals ( i.e. , one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo , São Vicente ) , and four regional hospitals ; that is , one in Santa Catarina ( northern Santiago region ) , one on São Antão , one on Fogo , and one on Sal . In addition , there are 28 health centers , 35 sanitation centers and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago . Cape Verde 's population is among the healthiest in Africa . Since its independence , it has greatly improved its health indicators . Besides having been promoted to the group of `` medium development '' countries in 2007 , leaving the least developed countries category ( which is only the second time it has happened to a country ) , is currently the 10th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index . The total expenditure for health was 7.1 % of GDP ( 2015 ) . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Cape Verde A kindergarten graduation on Santiago island . Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system , over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system ; for instance , all 10 existing universities in the country offer 4 - year bachelor 's degree programs as opposed to 5 - year bachelor 's degree programs that existed before 2010 . Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa , after South Africa . Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years . In 2011 , the net enrollment ratio for primary school was 85 % . Approximately 90 % of the total population over 15 years of age is literate , and roughly 25 % of the population holds a college degree ; 250 of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields . Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children , and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in - service teacher training . Although most children have access to education , some problems remain . For example , there is insufficient spending on school materials , lunches , and books . As of October 2016 , there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago ( including 19 private secondary schools ) and at least 10 universities in the country which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente . In 2015 , 23 % of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools . When it came to higher education , 9 % of Cape Verdean men and 8 % of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor 's degree or had attended universities . The overall college education rate ( i.e. , college graduates and undergraduate students ) in Cape Verde is about 24 % , in relation to the local college age population ( 4 ) . The total expenditure on education was 5.6 % of GDP ( 2010 ) . The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Cape Verde In 2011 , Cape Verde devoted just 0.07 % of its GDP to research and development , among the lowest rates in West Africa . The Ministry of Higher Education , Science and Culture plans to strengthen the research and academic sectors by placing emphasis on greater mobility , through exchange programmes and international co-operation agreements . As part of this strategy , Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero - American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200 000 academics between 2015 and 2020 . Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011 , a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants . The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013 . All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women ( 36 % ) . There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences . Of the eight engineers involved in research and development , one was a woman . Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women , as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities . In 2015 , the government was planning to build a ' cyber-island ' which would develop and offer services that include software development , computer maintenance and back office operations . Approved in 2013 , the Praia Technology Park is a step in this direction . Financed by the African Development Bank , it is expected to be operational by 2018 . Crime ( edit ) Further information : Crime in Cape Verde Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde especially in crowds , such as market places , festivals , and celebrations . Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children . Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Cape Verde Cape Verdeans are a very musical people ; The Chã das Caldeiras group is an example . In all its aspects , the culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of European and African elements . This is not a sum of two cultures , living side by side , but a third product , totally new , resulting from an exchange that began five hundred years ago . Much similar to some parts of Brazil . The Cape Verdean case may be situated in the common context of African nations , in which elites , who questioned European racial and cultural superiority and who in some cases undertook a long armed struggle against European imperialism and national liberation , use the rule of Western codes as the main instrument of internal domination . Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are similar to those of rural Portugal . Football ( Futebol ) games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment . The traditional walk around the praça ( town square ) to meet friends is practiced regularly in Cape Verde towns . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media of Cape Verde In towns with electricity , television is available on three channels ; one state owned ( RTC - TCV ) and three foreign owned , RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese - based RTI in 2005 , on March 31 , 2007 , Record Cabo Verde , its own version was launched by the Brazilian - based Rede Record . Cape Verde has now received TV CPLP and some of its programs are broadcast , the network first aired in 2016 . Premium channels includes the Capeverdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde , two channels owned by Brazil 's Record . Other premium channels are aired in Cape Verde especially Satellite Network , they are common in hotels and villas but availability is predominantly limited , one of them is RDP África , the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP . As of early 2017 , about 19 % of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone , 70 % have access to the internet , 11 % own a landline telephone , and 2 % of the population are signed up with a local cable TV company . In 2003 , Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country . In 2004 , there were seven radio stations ; six independent and one state owned . The media is operated by the Capeverdean News Agency ( secondarily as Inforpress ) . Nationwide radio stations include RCV , RCV+ , Radio Kriola , the religious station Radio Nova . Local radio stations include Rádio Praia , the first radio station in Cape Verde , Praia FM , the first FM station in the nation , Rádio Barlavento , Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Cape Verde Cesária Évora , cape verdean singer . The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality , well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo , whose importance makes the city known in the days of the momesque celebrations as `` Brazilim '' ( or `` little Brazil '' ) . Cape Verde music incorporates `` African , Portuguese and Brazilian influences . '' Cape Verde 's quintessential national music is the morna , a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole . The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira , followed by funaná and batuque music . Cesária Évora was the best - known Cape Verdean singer in the world , known as the `` barefoot diva '' , because she liked to perform barefooted on stage . The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists , or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal , gain more space in the music market . Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares , Lura and Mayra Andrade . Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes , better known as Travadinha and Ildo Lobo , who died in 2004 . The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture , in his honor . There are also well known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene . Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver , Duke Ellington 's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Teófilo Chantre , Paul Pena , the Tavares brothers and singer Lura . Dance ( edit ) Dance forms include the soft dance morna , the extreme sensuality of coladeira , the Cape Verdean version of the zouk from Guadeloupe called Cabo love , the Funaná ( a sensual mixed Portuguese and African dance ) , and the Batuque dance . Literature ( edit ) Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa . Famous poets include Paulino Vieira , Manuel de Novas , Sergio Frusoni , Eugénio Tavares , and B. Léza , and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva , António Aurélio Gonçalves , Manuel Lopes , Orlanda Amarílis , Henrique Teixeira de Sousa , Arménio Vieira , Kaubverdianu Dambará , Dr. Azágua , and Germano Almeida . Cinema ( edit ) The Carnival and the island of São Vicente is portrayed in the awarded feature documentary Tchindas , nominated at the African Oscars 2016 , the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards Cuisine ( edit ) Cachupa The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice . Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes , onions , tomatoes , manioc , cabbage , kale , and dried beans . Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year - round , while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal . A popular dish served in Cape Verde is Cachupa , a slow cooked stew of corn ( hominy ) , beans , and fish or meat . A common appetizer is the pastel which is a pastry shell filled with fish or meat that is then fried . Sports ( edit ) The country 's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team , which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007 , after beating Egypt in its last game . The country 's most well - known player is Walter Tavares , who plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA . Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing ( a type of windsurfing ) and kiteboarding . Josh Angulo , a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion , has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination . Cape Verde is now his adopted country . Mitu Monteiro , a local kitesurfer , was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline . The Cape Verde national football team , nicknamed either the Tubarões Azuis ( Blue Sharks ) or Crioulos ( Creoles ) , is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Federação Caboverdiana de Futebol . The team has played at two Africa Cup of Nations , in 2013 and 2015 . The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996 . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Cape Verde Ports ( edit ) New port in Santo Antão There are four international ports : Mindelo , São Vicente ; Praia , Santiago ; Palmeira , Sal ; and Sal Rei , Boa Vista . Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise liners and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão . Praia on Santiago is a main hub for local ferry services to other islands . Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island , Amílcar Cabral International Airport , and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island . Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol . There are smaller harbors , essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau , Sal Rei on Boa Vista , Vila do Maio ( Porto Inglês ) on Maio , São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava . These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services , which carry both freight and passengers . The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated . Airports ( edit ) Aristides Pereira International Airport in Boa Vista island . Seven operational in 2014 -- 4 international and 3 domestic . Two non-operational , one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão , closed for safety reasons . International airports ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral International Airport , Sal Island Nelson Mandela International Airport , Santiago Island Aristides Pereira International Airport , Boa Vista Island Cesária Évora Airport , São Vicente Island Joao Dos Santos Airport See also ( edit ) Cape Verde portal Outline of Cape Verde Index of Cape Verde - related articles List of Cape Verdeans Cape Verdean American Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands List of island countries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constituição da República de Cabo Verde '' ( PDF ) . Article 9 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People and Society -- Cape Verde '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ John Kerry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde 's National Day '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States , I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5 . ^ Jump up to : Neto , Octávio Amorim ; Lobo , Marina Costa ( 2010 ) . `` Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics : Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese - Speaking Countries '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1644026 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burundi '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanya Basu ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Cape Verde Gets New Name : 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobban , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde põe fim à tradução da sua designação oficial '' ( Cabo Verde puts an end to translation of its official designation ) ( in Portuguese ) . Panapress. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` História '' . governo . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carta regia ( royal letter ) of 19 September 1462 ^ Jump up to : Cape Verde background note . United States Department of State ( July 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy index 2012 '' . The Economist . Economist Intelligence Unit . 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition returns to power in Cape Verde after 15 years '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Percival , Debra ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` Cape Verde - EU ' Special Partnership ' takes shape '' . The Courier . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde could seek EU membership this year '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ sprungbrett - nach - westafrika Jump up ^ `` Eleven shot dead in Cape Verde , including two Spanish citizens '' . Reuters. 2016 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance '' ( PDF ) . Mo Ibrahim Foundation . October 2013 . p. 3 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde 2010 Index of Economic Freedom '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum : The Global Information Technology Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Weform.org . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Cape Verde . Peace Corps ( April 2006 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Pim et al. , 2008 , p. 422 Jump up ^ R. Ramalho et al. , 2010 Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) , `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' , in Lykousis , Vasilios , Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium , Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 Jump up ^ `` A sinking feeling : why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . New York Times Upfront. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voodoo Skies - Praia Monthly Temperature weather history '' . VoodooSkies.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde weather '' . Met Office . Jump up ^ `` Praia , Cape Verde Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Jump up ^ `` Endemic Bird Areas : Cape Verde Islands '' . Birdlife.org . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census -- source : Instituto Nacional de Estatistica . Jump up ^ See Carlos Ferreira Couto , Incerteza , adaptabilidade e inovação na sociedade rural da Ilha de Santiago de Cabo Verde , Lisbon : Fundação Galouste Gulbenkian , 2010 Jump up ^ See now Brígida Rocha Brito and others , Turismo em Meio Insular Africano : Potencialidades , constrangimentos e impactos , Lisbon : Gerpress , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Turbines arrive for ground breaking wind farm in Africa -- InfraCo Limited '' . Infracoafrica.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MFW4A '' . MFW4A . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde - Data '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde to join WTO on 23 July 2008 '' . WTO News . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde 's first minimum wage set at 100 euros '' . macauhub. 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 21 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatistica , Praia Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde : Population '' . caperverde.com . Jump up ^ `` Actualidade '' . Asemana.sapo.cv . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Amado , A.D. ( 2015 ) , The Illegible State in Cape Verde : Language Policy and the Quality of Democracy . Jump up ^ ( CABO VERDE ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` State.gov '' . State.gov. 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cape Verde '' . State.gov. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Cape Verde '' , by Louise Werlin Jump up ^ Jorgen Carling , 2004 , p. 113 - 132 Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdeans : Cape Verdean Veterans '' . Sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdean Americans -- History , Modern era , The first cape verdeans in america '' . Everyculture.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UN advocate salutes Cape Verde 's graduation from category of poorest States '' , UN News Centre , 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' . Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor ( 2001 ) . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , United States Department of Labor ( 2002 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators Data '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . UNESCO . 2015 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' . United States Bureau of Consular Affairs ( 5 May 2008 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TV Record Cabo Verde disponível também nos canais a cabo em Cabo Verde '' . ZAP TV and BOOM TV . Jump up ^ Peter Manuel ( 1988 ) . Popular Musics of the Non-Western World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 95 -- 97 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations : Cape Verde and Ethiopia qualify '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Pim , J. ; Pierce , C. ; Watts , A.B. ; Grevemeyer , I. ; Krabbenhoeft , A. ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Crustal structure and origin of the Cape Verde Rise '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elesiever. 272 : 422 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.05. 012 . Carling , Jorgen ( 2004 ) . `` Emigration , Return and Development in Cape Verde : The Impact of Closing Borders '' . Population , Space and Place . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. 55 ( 10 ) : 113 -- 132 . PMID 10100838 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4679 ( 199901 ) 55 : 1 < 117 : : AID - JCLP12 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A . Ramalho , R. ; Helffrich , G. ; Schmidt , D. ; Vance , D. ( 2010 ) . `` Tracers of Uplift and Subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society of London . 167 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 538 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492009 - 056 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cape Verde . Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Cape Verde ( category ) Cape Verde travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Cape Verde News related to Category : Cape Verde at Wikinews Official website of the Government of Cape Verde Cape Verde at DMOZ `` Cape Verde '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Cape Verde from State.gov Country Profile from BBC News Cape Verde entry on Encyclopædia Britannic / a Cape Verde from UCB Libraries GovPubs Key Development Forecasts for Cape Verde from International Futures Cape Verde 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Cape Verde articles History Portuguese Cape Verde Colonial governors PAIGC PAICV Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Cities Climate Extreme points Islands Barlavento Sotavento Mountains Ports Streams Villages and settlements Volcanoes Wildlife Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Companies Energy Escudo ( currency ) Stock market Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Basketball Cape Verdean Creole Cape Verdean Portuguese Cape Verdeans list Crime Cuisine Demographics Education Emblem Flag Football Health Media Music Public holidays Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Category Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland <Td_colspan="3"> Unclear sovereignty . <Th_colspan="2"> International membership and history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> African Union ( AU ) History <Td_colspan="2"> Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs <Td_colspan="2"> Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR , Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics <Td_colspan="2"> APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Free Trade Zone Tripartite Free Trade Area Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa <Td_colspan="3"> Category <Th_colspan="3"> Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ) <Td_colspan="3"> Category Membership Members Angola Brazil Cape Verde East Timor Equatorial Guinea Guinea - Bissau Mozambique Portugal São Tomé and Príncipe Observers Georgia Japan Mauritius Namibia Senegal Turkey Organization CPLP Games Flag TV CPLP <Td_colspan="3"> ACOLOP Lusophony Games Portuguese - using countries <Th_colspan="3"> Portuguese overseas empire <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> North Africa <Td_colspan="2"> 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Sub-Saharan Africa <Td_colspan="2"> 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) <Td_colspan="2"> 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Indian subcontinent <Td_colspan="2"> 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> East Asia and Oceania <Td_colspan="2"> 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> North America & North Atlantic <Td_colspan="2"> 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> South America & Antilles <Td_colspan="2"> 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) <Td_colspan="3"> Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia Coordinates : 15 ° 06 ′ 40 '' N 23 ° 37 ′ 00 '' W  /  15.11111 ° N 23.61667 ° W  / 15.11111 ; - 23.61667 VIAF : 123091922 LCCN : n81141822 ISNI : 0000 0001 2173 3041 GND : 4029617 - 9 SUDOC : 027260100 BNF : cb120220877 ( data ) NLA : 36750003 NDL : 00575579 NKC : ge168928 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Verde&oldid=803791587 '' Categories : Cape Verde Macaronesia West African countries Economic Community of West African States Island countries Islands of Macaronesia Liberal democracies Portuguese - speaking countries and territories Republics States and territories established in 1975 Member states of the African Union Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Member states of the United Nations Small Island Developing States 1975 establishments in Africa 1975 establishments in Cape Verde Countries in Africa Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Portuguese - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Cape Verde - an island country in the central Atlantic Ocean 2. History of Cape Verde - from Portuguese colonization to independence 3. Politics of Cape Verde - a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic 4. Economy of Cape Verde - service-oriented with a focus on tourism and foreign investment 5. Culture of Cape Verde - diverse ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices

who voices nia in gurren lagann english dub

Hynden Walch - wikipedia Hynden Walch Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Hynden Walch Heidi Hynden Walch ( 1971 - 02 - 01 ) February 1 , 1971 ( age 47 ) Davenport , Iowa , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Nationality American Occupation Actress , voice actress , singer Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sean McDermott ( 1999 -- present ) Heidi Hynden Walch ( born February 1 , 1971 in Davenport , Iowa ) is an American actress , voice actress and singer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Video games 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) She is best known for voicing Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time , Starfire in Teen Titans , Penny Sanchez on the Nickelodeon show ChalkZone , Elsie on the Disney Channel show Stanley , Ace in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited , Harley Quinn in The Batman and in anime , she has voiced Amy Stapleton in IGPX , Emiri Kimidori in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya , Yutaka Kobayakawa in Lucky Star and Nia Teppelin in Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann . In 1989 , Walch received the Presidential Scholarship and went to the UNC School of the Arts in Winston - Salem , North Carolina . After UNC , she went to Chicago , Illinois , where she did plays . In video games , she voiced Jasmine and Junko in Viewtiful Joe : Double Trouble ! , Coco Bandicoot and Polar in Crash Team Racing . She recently provided the English voice of Hitomi in Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 and Dead or Alive Paradise . Most recently , she voiced Viridi , the Goddess of Nature , in Kid Icarus : Uprising . In live action , she played Mae Capone on The Untouchables . Hynden is represented commercially by the Atlas Talent Agency . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Angel Street Blond Groundhog Day Debbie 1995 Angela Darlene Jake 's Women Waitress Sudden Manhattan Georgie Jerry Maguire Women 's Group Member 1998 The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Jenny McBride Direct - to - video 2000 Tom Sawyer Becky Thatcher Direct - to - video 2000 Aladdin and the Adventure of All - Time Paige Singing role 2002 King Rikki Co-Worker 2002 The Wild Thornberrys Movie Schoolgirl 2005 Karas : The Prophecy Little Girl 2006 Stanley 's Dinosaur Round - Up Elsie 2007 Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo Starfire , Mecha - Boi TV Movie 2008 Batman : Gotham Knight Young Cassandra , Young Bruce Wayne Direct - to - video Tangled Additional voices 2013 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Yo - Yo Direct - to - video 2014 Justice League : War Hannah Grace Direct - to - video 2014 Batman : Assault on Arkham Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn Direct - to - video 2014 The Tale of the Princess Kaguya Menowarawa English dub 2015 The Laws of the Universe Part 0 Halle Limited theatrical release 2016 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Gotham City Breakout Starfire Direct - to - video 2016 DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year Starfire Direct - to - video 2017 DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games Starfire , Blackfire Direct - to - video 2018 Teen Titans Go ! to the Movies Starfire Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 94 The Untouchables Mae Capone Law & Order Angel Monroe Episode : `` Blue Bamboo '' 1997 The Practice Sarah Fisher 1997 The Drew Carey Show Amy 1998 Poky and Friends Shy Little Kitten 1999 Rugrats Freddie 2000 Charmed Marcie Steadwell 2000 NYPD Blue Lucy Sperling 2001 -- 2003 Stanley Elsie 2002 Static Shock Maureen Connor / Permafrost 2002 -- 08 ChalkZone Penny Sanchez 2003 Gary the Rat Little Girl 2003 -- 05 Justice League Ace 2003 -- 06 Teen Titans Starfire , Blackfire , Madame Rouge , Argent 2005 Justice League Unlimited Ace 2005 -- 06 Immortal Grand Prix Amy Stapleton English dub 2005 -- 06 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! Valina 2006 Catscratch Katilda 2006 -- 07 American Dragon : Jake Long Fury , Euryale , Medusa 2007 Random ! Cartoons Ms. Chic / Olympia 2007 The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Emiri Kimidori , Sonou Mori English dub 2007 Codename : Kids Next Door Amish girl / Rainbow Monkey Leader 2007 The Batman Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn 2008 Lucky Star Yutaka Kobayakawa English dub 2008 Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann Nia Teppelin English dub 2009 The Super Hero Squad Show Jean Grey Batman : The Brave and the Bold Platinum , Carbon Dioxide 2010 -- 13 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Alice May , Obliteratrix 2010 -- 11 Generator Rex Breach , Hostess 2010 -- 2018 Adventure Time Princess Bubblegum , Gumdrop Lass # 1 , Princess Monster Wife 2011 -- 12 ThunderCats Jenyo 2011 -- 12 New Teen Titans Starfire , Blackfire 2012 -- present Winx Club Lockette / Amore English version produced for Nickelodeon 2012 -- present Doc McStuffins Bubblemonkey , Nikki Nickel 2013 -- present Teen Titans Go ! Starfire , Herself , Blackfire , Sparkleface , Mother Nature , Más y Menos and Possibly Madame Rouge 2013 -- 15 Henry Hugglemonster Summer Hugglemonster 2013 Pound Puppies Noodles 2014 -- present Avengers Assemble Princess Python , Supergiant 2014 Transformers : Rescue Bots Amy 2015 -- present Mister P Ellen Pierce Main role 2015 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Pixie clerk Episode : `` Pixtopia '' 2015 , 2017 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Additional Voices / Yumi Episodes : `` The Ripple Effect '' / `` Ninki Ninja Fight Town '' 2015 -- present DC Super Hero Girls Starfire , Blackfire Video games ( edit ) Video Games Year Title Role Notes 1999 Crash Team Racing Coco Bandicoot 2003 SSX 3 Allegra Sauvagess EverQuest II Kerra , Wood Elf 2006 Teen Titans Starfire 2006 Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 Hitomi English version 2009 Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall Princess Bubblegum Ninety - Nine Nights II Rinn English version Dead or Alive Paradise Hitomi English version , shared with Eden Riegel 2011 Kinect Disneyland Adventures Alice 2012 Kid Icarus : Uprising Viridi English version 2012 Final Fantasy XIII - 2 Additional Voices English version 2013 Adventure Time : Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Princess Bubblegum 2014 Broken Age M'ggie , Ch 't , Rose Maiden 2014 The Lego Movie Videogame Voice 2014 Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Viridi English version ; uncredited 2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Alice Re : coded Cutscenes ( English version ) 2015 Adventure Time : Finn & Jake Investigations Princess Bubblegum 2016 Skylanders Imaginators Master Chopscotch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Laws of the Universe Anime Film Casts Dylan McDermott , Jennifer Beals , Tom Kenny '' . Anime News Network . September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn of Shadows '' . Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated . Episode 25 . - closing credits Jump up ^ `` New Frontiers '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 2 . Episode 25 . September 13 , 2015 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Transformers : Rescue Bots Season 3 Episode 7 External links ( edit ) Official website Hynden Walch on IMDb Hynden Walch at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia VIAF : 88504278 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hynden_Walch&oldid=840152922 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American video game actresses American stage actresses American voice actresses American television actresses American Jews American female singers Jewish American actresses Actors from Davenport , Iowa Actresses from Iowa 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers American film actresses 20th - century women musicians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Hynden Walch - American actress, voice actress, and singer 2. Notable roles - Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time, Starfire in Teen Titans, Harley Quinn in The Batman 3. Career - Started in theater, then moved to voice acting and film 4. Filmography - Includes films like The Secret of NIMH 2, Batman: Assault on Arkham, and The Lego Movie Videogame 5. Television - Appeared in shows like The Untouchables, ChalkZone, and Adventure Time

what time of year do canadian geese lay eggs

Canada goose - wikipedia Canada goose Jump to : navigation , search For the outerwear manufacturer , see Canada Goose ( clothing ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Canada goose <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) Call of Canada Geese Brownsea Island , Dorset , March 1966 <Th_colspan="2"> Conservation status <Td_colspan="2"> Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Branta Species : B. canadensis <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name <Td_colspan="2"> Branta canadensis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Subspecies <Td_colspan="2"> B. c. occidentalis -- Dusky Canada goose , ( Baird , 1858 ) B. c. fulva -- Vancouver Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. parvipes -- Lesser Canada goose , ( Cassin , 1852 ) B. c. moffitti -- Moffitt 's Canada goose , ( Aldrich , 1946 ) B. c. maxima -- Giant Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. interior -- Interior Canada goose , ( Todd , 1938 ) B. c. canadensis -- Atlantic Canada goose , ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Canada goose distribution : Summer range ( native ) Year - round range ( native ) Wintering range ( native ) Summer range ( introduced ) Year - round range ( introduced ) Wintering range ( introduced ) Summer range ( cackling goose ) The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose species with a black head and neck , white cheeks , white under its chin , and a brown body . Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America , its migration occasionally reaches northern Europe . It has been introduced to the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Argentina , Chile , and the Falkland Islands . Like most geese , the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory ; it tends to be found on or close to fresh water . Extremely successful at living in human - altered areas , Canada geese have proven able to establish breeding colonies in urban and cultivated areas , which provide food and few natural predators , and are well known as a common park species . Their success has led to them often being considered a pest species because of their depredation of crops and issues with their noise , droppings , aggressive territorial behavior , and habit of begging for food ( caused by human hand feeding ) , especially in their introduced range . Canada geese are also among the most commonly hunted waterfowl in North America and northwest Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Outside North America 3.1. 1 Eurasia 3.1. 2 New Zealand 4 Behavior 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Migration 5 Survival 5.1 Predators 5.2 Salinity 5.3 Disease 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Aircraft strikes 6.2 Cuisine 7 Population 8 References 9 External links Taxonomy and etymology ( edit ) The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th - century work Systema Naturae . It belongs to the Branta genus of geese , which contains species with largely black plumage , distinguishing them from the grey species of the Anser genus . Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse Brandgás , `` burnt ( black ) goose '' and the specific epithet canadensis is a New Latin word meaning `` from Canada '' . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first citation for the ' Canada goose ' dates back to 1772 . The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the `` Canadian goose '' . The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the Canada goose , but in July 2004 , the American Ornithologists ' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species , making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii . The British Ornithologists ' Union followed suit in June 2005 . The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species . The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as : Atlantic Canada goose , B. c. canadensis Interior Canada goose , B. c. interior Giant Canada goose , B. c. maxima Moffitt 's Canada goose , B. c. moffitti Vancouver Canada goose , B. c. fulva Dusky Canada goose , B. c. occidentalis Lesser Canada goose , B. c. parvipes The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists . This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose . The old `` lesser Canada goose '' was believed to be a partly hybrid population , with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima , B. c. occidentalis , and B. c. parvipes . In addition , the barnacle goose has been determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage , whereas the Hawaiian goose is derived from the Canada goose . Description ( edit ) Yellow plumage of gosling Call A flock of feeding Canada geese calling <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The black head and neck with a white `` chinstrap '' distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species , with the exception of the cackling goose and barnacle goose ( the latter , however , has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage ) . The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details , but all are recognizable as Canada geese . Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose , which slightly overlap in mass . However , most subspecies of the cackling goose ( exclusive of Richardson 's cackling goose , B. h . hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller . The smallest cackling goose , B. h . minima , is scarcely larger than a mallard . In addition to the size difference , cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill , which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese . Of the `` true geese '' ( i.e. the genera Anser , Branta or Chen ) , the Canada goose is on average the largest living species , although some other species that are geese in name , if not of close relation to these genera , are on average heavier such as the spur - winged goose and Cape Barren goose . Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm ( 30 to 43 in ) in length and have a 127 -- 185 cm ( 50 -- 73 in ) wingspan . Among standard measurements , the wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 to 22 in ) , the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2.7 to 4.2 in ) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1.6 to 2.7 in ) . The largest subspecies is the B. c. maxima , or the giant Canada goose , and the smallest ( with the separation of the cackling goose group ) is B. c. parvipes , or the lesser Canada goose . An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima , which rarely exceed 8 kg ( 18 lb ) , weighed 10.9 kg ( 24 lb ) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m ( 7.3 ft ) . This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species . The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6 -- 6.5 kg ( 5.7 -- 14.3 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lb ) . The female looks virtually identical , but is slightly lighter at 2.4 -- 5.5 kg ( 5.3 -- 12.1 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and generally 10 % smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts . The female also possesses a different , and less sonorous , honk than the male . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) In the grass in East Hills , New York On Spokane River , Washington State Flock in flight This species is native to North America . It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats . The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada geese . Canada geese occur year - round in the southern part of their breeding range , including most of the eastern seaboard and the Pacific coast . Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and northern Mexico , Canada geese are primarily present as migrants from further north during the winter . By the early 20th century , overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th century and early 20th century had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range . The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until , in 1962 , a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester , Minnesota , by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey . In 1964 , the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown , North Dakota . Its first director , Harvey K. Nelson , talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center 's Canada goose production and restoration program . Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened , high - quality birds . The project involved private , state , and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals . By the end of 1981 , more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota . With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs , their populations have recovered in most of their range , although some local populations , especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis , may still be declining . In recent years , Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially , so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings , bacteria in their droppings , noise , and confrontational behavior . This problem is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe , man - made bodies of water near food sources , such as those found on golf courses , in public parks and beaches , and in planned communities . Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced nonmigratory giant subspecies , Canada geese are frequently a year - around feature of such urban environments . Contrary to its normal migration routine , large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence in Esquimalt , British Columbia , on Chesapeake Bay , in Virginia 's James River regions , and in the Triangle area of North Carolina ( Raleigh , Durham , Chapel Hill ) , and nearby Hillsborough . Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida , in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes . Large resident populations of Canada geese are also present in much of the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California . In 2015 , the Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000 , with the number likely to continue increasing . Many of the geese , previously migratory , reportedly had become native , remaining in the state even in the summer . The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators , an abundance of water , and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas . Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the American Civil War , but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs . The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979 . The geese are considered protected , though a hunting season is allowed from September 1 -- 15 , with a daily bag limit of five . The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends a number of non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese , but if such methods have been used without success , they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests , conduct a goose roundup or shoot geese . Outside North America ( edit ) Eurasia ( edit ) Nesting in Wales Approaching to beg for food in a Manchester park , a learned behavior Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally , as has been proved by ringing recoveries . The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes , and possibly others . These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia , and eastern China . Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe , and had established populations in Great Britain in the middle of the eighteenth century , Ireland , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Germany , Scandinavia , and Finland . Most European populations are not migratory , but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts . Semitame feral birds are common in parks , and have become a pest in some areas . In the early 17th century , explorer Samuel de Champlain sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII . The geese were first introduced in Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James 's Park . They were introduced in Germany and Scandinavia during the 20th century , starting in Sweden in 1929 . In Britain , they were spread by hunters , but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century . Their population grew from 2200 -- 4000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999 , as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat . European birds are mostly descended from the subspecies B. c. canadensis , likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Canada geese in New Zealand Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905 . They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops . They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand , which culled excessive bird numbers . In 2011 , the government removed the protection status , allowing anyone to kill the birds . Behavior ( edit ) Cleaning feathers , Oxfordshire Flying , New Jersey Male goose carefully watches nearby humans in Winnipeg Like most geese , the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States . The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in V - shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn . In some areas , migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources . In mild climates from California to the Great Lakes , some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators . Males exhibit agonistic behavior both on and off breeding and nesting grounds . This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing . One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant goose that wandered into the area ; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant . The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose 's pecking the head of the brant into the mud . Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant 's inability to leave the nesting area . Diet ( edit ) Canada geese are primarily herbivores , although they sometimes eat small insects and fish . Their diet includes green vegetation and grains . The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land . It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill , then tearing it with a jerk of the head . The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat , rice , and corn when they are available . In the water , it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water . It also feeds on aquatic plants , such as seaweeds . In urban areas , it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins . They are also sometimes hand - fed a variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks . Reproduction ( edit ) Eggs , collection Museum Wiesbaden , Germany Goslings Geese and goslings in an English canal , showing formation During the second year of their lives , Canada geese find a mate . They are monogamous , and most couples stay together all of their lives . If one dies , the other may find a new mate . The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five , and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate , but the female spends more time at the nest than the male . Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams , lakes , ponds , and sometimes on a beaver lodge . Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down . The incubation period , in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby , lasts for 24 -- 28 days after laying . As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season , the adults lose their flight feathers for 20 -- 40 days , regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly . As soon as the goslings hatch , they are immediately capable of walking , swimming , and finding their own food ( a diet similar to the adult geese ) . Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line , usually with one adult at the front , and the other at the back . While protecting their goslings , parents often violently chase away nearby creatures , from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach , after warning them by giving off a hissing sound and then attack with bites and slaps of the wings if the threat does not retreat or has seized a gosling . Canada geese are especially protective animals , and will sometimes attack any animal nearing its territory or offspring , including humans . Most of the species that prey on eggs also take a gosling . Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese , they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults , called crèches . The offspring enter the fledgling stage any time from 6 to 9 weeks of age . They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration , when they return to their birthplace . Migration ( edit ) Resting in a pond during spring migration , Ottawa , Ontario Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations . Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others . Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November . The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster . The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops . Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate , raising them in the same way each year . This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast . Canada geese fly in a distinctive V - shaped flight formation , with an altitude of 1 km ( 3,000 feet ) for migration flight . The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown , but they have been reported at 9 km ( 29,000 feet ) . Low flyover by five Canada geese Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers . The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy . Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds . Elevated thyroid hormones , such as T and T , have been measured in geese just after a big migration . This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T which help the body cope with the longer journey . The increased T levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle , also because of the longer time spent flying . It is believed that the body sends out more T to help the goose 's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work . Also , other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration . Survival ( edit ) The lifespan in the wild of geese that survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years . The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling , which was observed alive at the University of York at the age of 31 . Predators ( edit ) Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water . This female is nesting on a beaver lodge . Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes , Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) , northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , large gulls ( Larus species ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) , American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) , carrion crows ( in Europe , Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) . Once they reach adulthood , due to their large size and often aggressive behavior , Canada geese are rarely preyed on , although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators . Beyond humans , adults can be taken by coyotes and gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) . Avian predators that are known to kill adults , as well as young geese , include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ) , golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and , though rarely on large adult geese , great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) , peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) , and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) . Adults are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site , with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair . Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll ( mob terrestrial predators without physical contact ) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species . Eagles of both species frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance , though in other instances , geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby , seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior . Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed , but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness towards humans , especially where they are fed by them . This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive towards humans , and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent issues to humans and other animals in the surrounding area . Salinity ( edit ) Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings . Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development , growth , and saline - induced mortality . Goslings are susceptible to saline - induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional , with the majority occurring before the sixth day of life . Disease ( edit ) Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus , such as H5N1 . A study carried out using the HPAI virus , a H5N1 virus , found that the geese were susceptible to the virus . This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds . Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1 . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Family in builders ' yard , Salem , Oregon : The mother goose had built a nest on an aggregate pile . Roosting in a parking lot In North America , nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise . The species is frequently found on golf courses , parking lots , and urban parks , which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions . Owing to its adaptability to human - altered areas , it has become one of the most common waterfowl species in North America . In many areas , nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans . They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches . An extended hunting season , deploying noise makers , and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks . A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations ( which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance ) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior , which may be rarer . Since 1999 , the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas . The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners , such as golf courses , which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste . Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods . Flocks of Canada goose can also be captured during moult and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations . Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and in Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act . In both countries , commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession , hunting , and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions . In the UK , as with native bird species , the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law , except when their removal has been specifically licensed , and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined open season . Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened . First , the geese stand erect , spread their wings , and produce a hissing sound . Next , the geese charge . They may then bite or attack with their wings . Aircraft strikes ( edit ) A Canada goose feather recovered from Engine # 1 of the Airbus A320 involved in US Airways Flight 1549 . The aircraft was ditched in the Hudson River after its engines ingested several Canada geese . Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft . Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact . In the United States , the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes , with the most damaging being turkey vultures . Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft 's engine . In 1995 , a U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff , losing power in both port side engines . It crashed 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) from the runway , killing all 24 crew members . The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events , including habitat modification , aversion tactics , herding and relocation , and culling of flocks . In 2009 , a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total power loss after takeoff causing the crew of the aircraft to land the plane on the Hudson River with no loss of human life . Cuisine ( edit ) As a large , common wild bird , the Canada goose is a common target of hunters , especially in its native range . Drake Larsen , a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University , described them to Atlantic magazine as `` so yummy ... good , lean , rich meat . I find they are similar to a good cut of beef . '' The British Trust for Ornithology , however , has described them as `` reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds . '' The US goose harvest for 2013 -- 14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken . Canada geese are rarely farmed , and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation , and slaughterhouses ' lack of experience with wild birds . Geese culled near New York airports have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania . As of 2011 , the sale of wild Canada goose meat was not permitted in the UK ; some landowners have lobbied for this ban to be withdrawn to allow them income from sale of game meat . Population ( edit ) In 2000 , the North American population for the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds . A 20 - year study from 1983 to 2003 in Wichita , Kansas , found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increase from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International . ( 2016 ) . Branta canadensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679935A85972211. en Jump up ^ Long , John L. ( 1981 ) . Introduced Birds of the World . Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia . pp. 21 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1758 ) . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . Tomus I. Editio decima , reformata ( in Latin ) . Holmia : Laurentius Salvius . Jump up ^ Jobling , James A ( 2010 ) . The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London : Christopher Helm . pp. 77 , 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2501 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gill , Frank ; Minturn , Wright ( 2006 ) . Birds of the World : Recommended English Names . Christopher Helm . Jump up ^ Gill , F. ; Donsker , D. , eds. ( 2012 ) . `` IOC World Bird Names ( v. 3.1 ) '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada goose ( bird ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada goose or canadian goose , n . '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2000 . OCLC 43499541 . Jump up ^ Stackhouse , Mark . `` The New Goose '' . Jump up ^ Audubon Society Jump up ^ Ogilvie , Malcolm ; Young , Steve ( 2004 ) . Wildfowl of the World . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Madge , Steve ; Burn , Hilary ( 1988 ) . Waterfowl : An Identification Guide to the Ducks , Geese , and Swans of the World . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 46727 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , T. ; Lutz , H. ( 2002 ) . `` Branta canadensis '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Thomas B. , Craig R. Ely , James S. Sedinger and Robert E. Trost. ( 2002 ) . `` Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ) '' , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Thomas B. ; Ely , Craig R. ; Sedinger , James S. ; Trost , Robert E. ( 2002 ) . `` Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ) '' . In Poole , A . The Birds of North America . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Hanson , Harold C. ( 1997 ) . The Giant Canada Goose ( 2nd ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 1924 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Forrest Lee '' . The Bismarck Tribune . Bismarck , North Dakota . February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do Canada Geese Like Urban Areas ? '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio reports increase in Canada geese population '' . The Lima News , via Associated Press Dayton . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamrick , Brian ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Canadian Geese get violent during nesting , population on the rise '' . WLWT . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuisance Wildlife '' . Ohio Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Attenborough , D. 1998 . The Life of Birds . p. 299 BBC . ISBN 0563 - 38792 - 0 Jump up ^ Svensson , Lars ( 2009 ) . Birds of Europe ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14392 - 7 . Jump up ^ David , Cabot ( 2010 ) . Wildfowl . Collins New Naturalist Library 110 . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 0007405146 . Jump up ^ `` Canada geese protection status changed '' . Beehive . New Zealand Government . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krauss , David A. ; Salame , Issa ( 2012 ) . `` Interspecific Killing of a Branta bernicla ( Brant ) by a Male Branta canadensis ( Canada Goose ) '' . Northeastern Naturalist . Northeastern Naturalist Humboldt Field Research Institute . 19 ( 4 ) : 701 . doi : 10.1656 / 045.019. 0415 . Jump up ^ Angus , Wilson . `` Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and Cackling Goose Complex ( Branta canadensis & B. hutchinsii ) '' . Jump up ^ Johnsgard , Paul A. ( 2010 ) ( 1978 ) . Ducks , Geese , and Swans of the World ( revised online ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , David ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` The geese left in charge of 40 goslings '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Environment and Climate Change . `` Environment and Climate Change Canada - Nature - Frequently Asked Questions - Canada Geese '' . www.ec.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Geese at Blackwater '' . US Fish & Wildlife Service . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John , T.M. ; George , J.C. ( 1978 ) . `` Circulatory levels of thyroxine ( T ) and triiodothyronine ( T ) in the migratory Canada goose '' . Physiological Zoology. 51 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 370 . JSTOR 30160961 . Jump up ^ Landys , Mėta M. ; Wingfield , John C. ; Ramenofsky , Marilyn ( 2004 ) . `` Plasma corticosterone increases during migratory restlessness in the captive white - crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli '' ( PDF ) . Hormones and Behavior . 46 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 581 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yhbeh. 2004.06. 006 . PMID 15555499 . Jump up ^ `` Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2013 '' . British Trust for Ornithology . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of all Ringing Recoveries for Canada Goose '' . British Trust for Ornithology . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Area Is Home to Growing Numbers of Coyotes '' . Illinois Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , R.W. , N.K. Dawe , I. McTaggart - Cowan , J.M. Cooper , G.W. Kaiser , and M.C.E. McNall. ( 1990 ) . The birds of British Columbia , Vol. 1 : introduction and loons through waterfowl . R. Br . Columbia Mus . Victoria . Jump up ^ Hughes , J.R. ( 2002 ) . Reproductive success and breeding ground banding of Atlantic population of Canada Geese in northern Québec 2001 . Unpubl . rep . Atlantic Flyway Council . ^ Jump up to : Barry , T.W. ( 1967 ) . The geese of the Anderson River delta , Northwest Territories . Phd Thesis . Univ. of Alberta , Edmonton . Jump up ^ Macinnes , C.D. and Misra , R.K. ( 1972 ) . `` Predation on Canada Goose nests at McConnell River , Northwest Territories '' . J. Wildl . Manage. 36 ( 2 ) : 414 -- 422 . doi : 10.2307 / 3799071 . JSTOR 3799071 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sargeant , A.B. and D.G. Raveling. ( 1992 ) `` Mortality during the breeding season '' , pp. 396 -- 422 in Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl . Batt , B.D.J. , A.D. Afton , M.G. Anderson , C.D. Ankney , D.H. Johnson , et al. ( eds . ) Univ. of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Hanson , W.C. and Eberhardt , L.L. ( 1971 ) . `` The Columbia River Canada Goose Population 1950 -- 1970 '' . Wildlife Monographs. 28 . JSTOR 3830431 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Raveling , D.G. and H.G. Lumsden. ( 1977 ) . `` Nesting ecology of Canada Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario : Evolution and population regulation '' . Fish Wildl . Res . Rep. No. 98 . Ontario Min . Nat . Resour . Jump up ^ Bent , A.C. ( 1925 ) . Life histories of North American wild fowl , Pt. 2 . U.S. Natl . Mus . Bull . 130 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.S. ( 1976 ) . Handbook of North American birds , Vol. 2 : Waterfowl . Pt. 1 . Yale Univ . Press , New Haven , CT . Jump up ^ Collias , N.E. and Jahn , L.R. ( 1959 ) . `` Social behavior and breeding success in Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis ) confined under semi-natural conditions '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 76 : 478 -- 509 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mcwilliams , S.R. , Dunn , J.P. and Raveling , D.G. ( 1994 ) . `` Predator - prey interactions between eagles and Cackling Canada and Ross ' geese during winter in California '' . Wilson Bull . 106 : 272 -- 288 . JSTOR 4163419 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bartelt , Gerald A. ( 1987 ) . `` Effects of Disturbance and Hunting on the Behavior of Canada Goose Family Groups in Eastcentral Wisconsin '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 51 ( 3 ) : 517 . doi : 10.2307 / 3801261 . JSTOR 3801261 . Jump up ^ Stolley , Doris ; Bissonette , John ; Kadlec , John ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings ( Branta canadensis ) '' . American Midland Naturalist. 142 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 190 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1999 ) 142 ( 0181 : EOSEOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Pasick , John ; Berhane , Yohannes ; Embury - Hyatt , Carissa ; Copps , John ; Kehler , Helen ; Handel , Katherine ; Babiuk , Shawn ; Hooper - McGrevy , Kathleen ; Li , Yan ; Le , Quynh ; Phuong , Song ( 2007 ) . `` Susceptibility of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ( H5N1 ) '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . US National Center for Infectious Diseases . 13 ( 12 ) : 1821 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1312. 070502 . PMC 2876756 . PMID 18258030 . Jump up ^ State Parks Again Offering Early Canada Goose Hunting . Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( August 26 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Woodruff , Roger A. ; Green , Jeffrey S. ( 1995 ) . `` Livestock Herding Dogs : A Unique Application for Wildlife Damage Management '' . Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings . Ardmore , Oklahoma : Noble Foundation . 12 : 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Board of Park Commissioners ( Seattle ) Meeting Minutes . July 12 , 2001 Jump up ^ MacDonald , Gregg ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Goose egg addling stirs concern in Reston '' . Fairfax County Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reyns , Nikolaas ; Casaer , Jim ; Smet , Lieven De ; Devos , Koen ; Huysentruyt , Frank ; Robertson , Peter A. ; Verbeke , Tom ; Adriaens , Tim ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Cost - benefit analysis for invasive species control : the case of greater Canada goose Branta canadensis in Flanders ( northern Belgium ) '' . PeerJ. 6 . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 4283 . ISSN 2167 - 8359 . Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species ( 10.13 List ) '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions -- Canada Geese . Canadian Wildlife Service Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Final Environmental Impact Statement : Resident Canada Goose Management -- Division of Migratory Bird Management '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Pynn , Larry ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bird strikes plummet at Vancouver airport '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ `` Wild birds and the law '' ( PDF ) . RSPB . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Managing Geese on Agricultural Land '' ( PDF ) . Scottish government . Jump up ^ `` Environmental management : bird licences '' . UK Government . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goose Attacks . Division of Wildlife ( Ohio ) Jump up ^ `` Bird Plus Plane Equals Snarge '' . Wired . September 2005 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CVR transcript Boeing E-3 USAF Yukla 27 -- 22 SEP 1995 '' . Accident investigation . Aviation Safety Network . September 22 , 1995 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 AWACS crash '' . CNN . September 23 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barela , Timothy P. ( September 22 , 1995 ) Fowl Play . U.S. Air Force News Jump up ^ Barrett , Barbara ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` DNA shows jet that landed in Hudson struck migrating geese '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bird Hazard Is Persistent for Planes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' ( Press release ) . NTSB . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elton , Sarah ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` My First Helping of Canada Goose '' . Atlantic magazine . Jump up ^ Raftovich , R.V. , Chandler , S.C. and Wilkins , K.A. ( 2015 ) . Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013 -- 14 and 2014 -- 15 hunting seasons . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Laurel , Maryland , USA Jump up ^ Knight - Bruce , Rory ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Canada geese are overrunning our parks and estates and as top chefs say the answer is to turn them into a delicious dinner '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Carlson , Kathryn ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania 's poor '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : Maccarone , Alan D. ; Cope , Charles ( 2004 ) . `` Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) in Wichita , Kansas : 1998 -- 2003 '' . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . Kansas Academy of Science . 107 ( 1 , 2 ) : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2004 ) 107 ( 0077 : RTITWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada Goose . Wikispecies has information related to Branta canadensis Images and videos of the Canada goose on ARKive RSPB Birds by Name : Canada goose Canada Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Canada goose media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Canada Goose -- BTO BirdFacts Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963 ( PDF ) <Th_colspan="3"> Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26733 ADW : Branta_canadensis ARKive : branta - canadensis eBird : cangoo EoL : 913235 EPPO : BRNTCA Fauna Europaea : 96482 Fossilworks : 110951 GBIF : 5232437 IBC : canada - goose - branta - canadensis iNaturalist : 7089 ITIS : 174999 IUCN : 22679935 NCBI : 8853 NZOR : 571984a8 - 1d64 - 418c - 86c5 - 05e91876a771 WoRMS : 159176 NDL : 00571351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=837138086 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Branta Geese Birds of Canada Birds of the United States Birds of Mexico Birds of North America North American migratory birds Game birds Birds by common name Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Canada goose description and characteristics 2. Distribution and habitat of Canada geese 3. Behavior and migration patterns of Canada geese 4. Diet and reproduction of Canada geese 5. Relationship with humans and population management of Canada geese

how long are the cables on half dome

Half Dome - wikipedia Half Dome Jump to : navigation , search `` Half dome '' redirects here . For the term in architecture , see Semi-dome . <Th_colspan="2"> Half Dome <Td_colspan="2"> Sunset over Half Dome from Glacier Point <Th_colspan="2"> Highest point Elevation 8844 + ft ( 2695 + m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 1,360 ft ( 410 m ) Parent peak Clouds Rest Coordinates 37 ° 44 ′ 46 '' N 119 ° 31 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.7460363 ° N 119.5329397 ° W  / 37.7460363 ; - 119.5329397 Coordinates : 37 ° 44 ′ 46 '' N 119 ° 31 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.7460363 ° N 119.5329397 ° W  / 37.7460363 ; - 119.5329397 <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Half Dome Mariposa County , California , U.S. Parent range Sierra Nevada Topo map USGS Half Dome <Th_colspan="2"> Geology Age of rock Cretaceous , 93 Myr Mountain type Granite dome <Th_colspan="2"> Climbing First ascent 1875 by George G. Anderson Easiest route Cable route Half Dome is a granite dome at the eastern end of Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park , California . It is a well - known rock formation in the park , named for its distinct shape . One side is a sheer face while the other three sides are smooth and round , making it appear like a dome cut in half . The granite crest rises more than 4,737 ft ( 1,444 m ) above the valley floor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Ascents 3 Hiking the Cable Route 4 Notable ascents 5 Notable free climbs 6 In culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of the Yosemite area Profile of Half Dome seen from Washburn Point The impression from the valley floor that this is a round dome that has lost its northwest half is an illusion . From Washburn Point , Half Dome can be seen as a thin ridge of rock , an arête , that is oriented northeast - southwest , with its southeast side almost as steep as its northwest side except for the very top . Although the trend of this ridge , as well as that of Tenaya Canyon , is probably controlled by master joints , 80 percent of the northwest `` half '' of the original dome may well still be there . Ascents ( edit ) Hikers use cables to ascend Half Dome As late as the 1870s , Half Dome was described as `` perfectly inaccessible '' by Josiah Whitney of the California Geological Survey . The summit was finally conquered by George G. Anderson in October 1875 , via a route constructed by drilling and placing iron eyebolts into the smooth granite . Today , Half Dome may now be ascended in several different ways . Thousands of hikers reach the top each year by following an 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) trail from the valley floor . After a rigorous 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) approach , including several hundred feet of granite stairs , the final pitch up the peak 's steep but somewhat rounded east face is ascended with the aid of a pair of post-mounted braided steel cables originally constructed close to the Anderson route in 1919 . Alternatively , over a dozen rock climbing routes lead from the valley up Half Dome 's vertical northwest face . The first technical ascent was in 1957 via a route pioneered by Royal Robbins , Mike Sherrick , and Jerry Gallwas , today known as the Regular Northwest Face . Their five - day epic was the first Grade VI climb in the United States . Their route has now been free soloed several times in a few hours ' time . Other technical routes ascend the south face and the west shoulder . Hiking the Cable route ( edit ) Climbers on The Visor atop Half Dome , looking down ( west ) into Yosemite Valley . The Half Dome Cable Route hike runs from the valley floor to the top of the dome in 8.2 mi ( 13 km ) ( via the Mist Trail ) , with 4,800 ft ( 1,460 m ) of elevation gain . The length and difficulty of the trail used to keep it less crowded than other park trails , but in recent years the trail traffic has grown to as many as 800 people a day . The hike can be done from the valley floor in a single long day , but many people break it up by camping overnight in Little Yosemite Valley . The trail climbs past Vernal and Nevada Falls , then continues into Little Yosemite Valley , then north to the base of the northeast ridge of Half Dome itself . The final 400 ft ( 120 m ) ascent is steeply up the rock between two steel cables used as handholds . The cables are fixed with bolts in the rock and raised onto a series of metal poles in late May ( the poles do not anchor the cables ) . The cables are taken down from the poles for the winter in early October , but they are still fixed to the rock surface and can be used . The National Park Service recommends against climbing the route when the cables are down and when the surface of the rock is wet and slippery . The Cable Route is rated class 3 , while the same face away from the cables is rated class 5 . The Cable Route gets crowded on the weekends The Cable Route can be crowded . In past years , as many as 1,000 hikers per day have sometimes climbed the dome on a summer weekend , and about 50,000 hikers climb it every year . Since 2011 , all hikers who intend to ascend the Cable Route must now obtain permits before entering the park . Permits are checked by a ranger on the trail , and no hikers without permits are allowed to hike beyond the base of the sub-dome or to the bottom of the cables . Hikers caught bypassing the rangers to visit either the sub-dome or main dome without a permit face fines of up to $5,000 and / or 6 months in jail . Backpackers with an appropriate wilderness permit can receive a Half Dome permit when they pick up their wilderness permit with no additional reservation required . Rock climbers who reach the top of Half Dome without entering the subdome area can descend on the Half Dome Trail without a permit . The top of Half Dome is a large , flat area where climbers can relax and enjoy their accomplishment . The summit offers views of the surrounding areas , including Little Yosemite Valley and the Valley Floor . A notable location to one side of Half Dome is the `` Diving Board '' , where Ansel Adams took his photograph `` Monolith , The Face of Half Dome '' on April 10 , 1927 . Often confused with `` the Visor , '' a small overhanging ledge at the summit , the Diving Board is on the shoulder of Half Dome . From 1919 when the cables were erected through 2011 , there have been six fatal falls from the cables . The latest fatality occurred on July 31 , 2011 . Lightning strikes can be a risk while on or near the summit . On July 27 , 1985 , five hikers were struck by lightning , resulting in two fatalities . The Cable Route was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 . Notable ascents ( edit ) Half dome and Yosemite from a plane 1875 George G. Anderson via drilled spikes on the east slope . 1946 Salathe Route on southwest face ( IV 5.7 A3 ) , FA by John Salathe and Anton Nelson 1957 Northwest Face ( VI 5.8 A3 ) , FA by Royal Robbins , Jerry Gallwas and Mike Sherrick . First Grade VI in North America . 1963 Direct Northwest Face ( VI 5.9 A5 ) , FA by Royal Robbins and Dick McCracken 1969 Tis - sa - ack ( VI 5.9 A4 ) , FA by Royal Robbins and Don Peterson . 1973 First `` clean ascent '' of NW face by Dennis Hennek , Doug Robinson , and Galen Rowell , Hennek is on the cover of June 1974 National Geographic leading a nut protected traverse see Super Topo too 1987 The Big Chill ( VI 5.9 A4 ) , FA by Jim Bridwell , Peter Mayfield , Sean Plunkett and Steve Bosque 1989 Shadows ( VI 5.10 A5 ) , FA by Jim Bridwell , Charles Row , Cito Kirkpatrick , William Westbay 1997 Blue Shift ( VI 5.11 c a4 ) FA by Jay Smith and Karl McConachie . A shot of Half Dome as taken near the Yosemite Falls Trailhead in Yosemite Valley California Notable free Climbs ( edit ) 1964 Salathe Route ( 5.10 ) , FFA by Frank Sacherer , Bob Kamps & Andy Lichtman 1965 Snake Dike ( 5.7 ) , FFA by Eric Beck , Jim Bridwell and Chris Fredericks 1976 Regular Northwest Face , Higbee variation ( VI 5.12 ) by Art Higbee and Jim Erickson . 1988 Southern Belle ( V 5.12 d ) by Dave Schultz and Scott Cosgrove 2008 Regular Northwest Face , Higbee variation ( VI 5.12 a , 23 pitches ) , free solo climb by Alex Honnold . In culture ( edit ) Half Dome was originally called `` Tis - sa - ack '' , meaning Cleft Rock in the language of the local Ahwahnechee people . Tis - sa - ack is also the name of the fourth route on the formation , ascended by Royal Robbins and Don Peterson over eight days in October 1969 . Tis - sa - ack is the name of a mother from a native legend . The face seen in Half Dome is supposed to be hers . Tis - sa - ack is the name of a Mono Lake Paiute Indian girl in the Yosemite Native American legend . John Muir referred to the peak as `` Tissiack '' . Others say Ahwahneechee Native Americans named Half Dome `` Face of a Young Woman Stained with Tears '' ( `` Tis - se ' - yak '' ) because of the colonies of brown - black lichens that form dark vertical drip - like stripes along drainage tracks in the rock faces . In 1988 , Half Dome was featured on a 25 cent United States postage stamp . An image of Half Dome , along with John Muir and the California condor , appears on the California State Quarter , released in January 2005 . Starting October 2010 , an image of Half Dome is included on the new revised California drivers license in the top right - hand corner . In 2014 , Apple revealed their new version of their operating system , Yosemite , and Half Dome was the default wallpaper on the new IOS . Half Dome is also an element or inspiration of various company and organization logos , including that of The North Face , Sierra Designs , & Mountain Khakis outdoor product companies , the Sierra Club environmental group and the Sierra Entertainment game studio . In 2015 , American music artist Toro y Moi , real name Chazwick Bundick , released a song called ' Half Dome ' from his album ' What For ? ' . The song was inspired by a hike he took up the dome . On the hike he happened to meet photographer R. Adam Prieto who was a fan of Bundick 's music . Prieto agreed to create the music video for ' Half Dome ' . The video features time - lapse videos of the dome and surrounding area . See also ( edit ) El Capitan Sentinel Dome Yosemite National Park 360 ° panorama from the summit of Half Dome , taken in July 2005 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Half Dome , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Half Dome '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` USGS FAQs - Recreation - Half Dome , the massive rock monument in Yosemite National Park '' . www.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( 1976 ) . Climbing in North America . Berkeley , California : American Alpine Club / University of California Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02976 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris . Climbing in North America . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02976 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . Climbing in North America . pp. 207 -- 211 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02976 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Half Dome Permits '' . Yosemite National Park . U.S. National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Half Dome Day Hike '' . Yosemite National Park . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Secor , R.J. ( 1999 ) . The High Sierra : Peaks , Passes , and Trails ( 2nd ed . ) . The Mountaineers . p. 391 . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death of Sunnyvale hiker on Half Dome called unusual '' . San Jose Mercury News . 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hiker falls to death from Yosemite 's Half Dome '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Yosemite National Park : Half Dome Permits '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Yosemite will require permits for Half Dome hikes , starting in May '' . LA Times . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Ansel Adams in Yosemite National Park '' . Jump up ^ Ghiglieri , Michael P. ; Farabee , Charles R. `` Butch '' , Jr. ( 2007 ) . Off the Wall : Death in Yosemite . Flagstaff : Puma Press . pp. 184 -- 200 . ISBN 0 - 9700973 - 7 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hiker Fatality on Half Dome Cables in Yosemite National Park '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Lightning at Yosemite 's Half Dome Kills 2 Climbers ; 3 Hurt '' . Los Angeles Times . July 29 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties : 8 / 27 / 12 Through 8 / 31 / 12 '' . National Park Service . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Steve ( 1971 ) . A Climber 's Guide to Yosemite Valley . San Francisco , USA : Sierra Club Books . p. 178 . ISBN 9780871560483 . Jump up ^ Roper , Steve ( 1971 ) . A Climber 's Guide to Yosemite Valley . San Francisco , USA : Sierra Club Books . pp. 174 -- 176 . ISBN 9780871560483 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Steve ( 1971 ) . A Climber 's Guide to Yosemite Valley . San Francisco , USA : Sierra Club Books . p. 176 . ISBN 9780871560483 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Don ( 1993 ) . Yosemite Climbs , Big Walls . Evergreen , CO , USA : Chockstone Press . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 934641 - 54 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bridwell , Jim ( 1991 ) . `` Shadows - Half Dome '' . American Alpine Journal . New York , NY USA : American Alpine Club . 33 ( 65 ) : 118 -- 123 . ISBN 0 - 930410 - 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jay ( 1998 ) . `` Half Dome , Blue Shift '' . American Alpine Journal . New York , NY USA : American Alpine Club . 40 ( 72 ) : 188 . ISBN 0 - 930410 - 78 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roper , Steve ( 1971 ) . A Climber 's Guide to Yosemite Valley . San Francisco , USA : Sierra Club Books . p. 179 . ISBN 9780871560483 . Jump up ^ Reid , Don ( 1993 ) . Yosemite Climbs , Big Walls . Evergreen , CO , USA : Chockstone Press . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 934641 - 54 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erik Lambert ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Updated : Honnold Free Solos Half Dome 5.12 '' . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Herbert Earl ( 1922 ) . `` Legend of Tis - sa - sack '' . The Lore and Lure of Yosemite . Jump up ^ Muir , John ( 1918 ) . `` A Geologist 's Winter Walk '' . Steep Trails . Boston : Houghton - Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 87156 - 535 - 8 . I have gazed on Tissiack a thousand times -- in days of solemn storms , and when her form shone divine with the jewelry of winter , or was veiled in living clouds ; and I have heard her voice of winds , and snowy , tuneful waters when floods were falling . Jump up ^ My Yosemite : A Guide for Young Adventurers , Mike Graf Jump up ^ Spirit Of Yosemite , BackCountryPictures.com Jump up ^ Lichens in relation to management issues in the Sierra Nevada national parks , McCune , B. , J. Grenon , and E. Martin , L. Mutch , Sierra Nevada Network , Cooperative agreement CA9088A0008 . Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon , and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks , Three Rivers , California , ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Half Dome ( category ) Half Dome Day Hike on the NPS website Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park by N. King Huber , USGS ( adapted PD source ) `` Half Dome '' . SummitPost.org . Daily updating time - lapse movies of Half Dome Monolith , The Face of Half Dome , Ansel Adams Moon and Half Dome , Ansel Adams <Th_colspan="2"> Yosemite National Park Attractions Yosemite Valley Yosemite Village Hetch Hetchy Glacier Point Badger Pass Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias Tuolumne Meadows Tioga Pass Wawona Tree Chilnualna Falls Valley attractions Half Dome Northwest Face Yosemite Falls El Capitan Films : El Capitan , To the Limit The Nose Bridalveil Fall Happy Isles Mirror Lake North Dome Vernal Fall Nevada Fall Little Yosemite Valley LeConte Lodge Bracebridge Dinner Yosemite Firefall Yosemite Valley Chapel Hiking trails Mist Trail McGurk Meadow Ostrander Lake Taft Point Sentinel Dome Alder Creek Mariposa Grove Wapama Falls Lembert Dome John Muir Trail People John Muir Stephen T. Mather Galen Clark Shelton Johnson Buffalo Soldiers Chief Tenaya Ahwahnechee people Lodging & camping Yosemite Lodge at the Falls The Ahwahnee Camp Curry Wawona Hotel Housekeeping Camp High Sierra Camps Camp 4 Natural disasters 1938 TWA Yosemite crash ( crashed due to inclement weather ) 1996 Yosemite Valley landslide 1997 Merced River flood 2013 Rim Wildfire Transportation Nearby airports FAT MPI MMH YARTS Route 140 Route 41 Route 120 Nearby municipalities Foresta El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance Yosemite West & Chinquapin Wawona Bootjack Mariposa Briceburg Oakhurst Midpines Lee Vining Mammoth Merced Le Grand Chowchilla Additional information History of the Yosemite area Geology of the Yosemite area National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park List of waterfalls Yosemite Category California Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half_Dome&oldid=835513539 '' Categories : Geology of Yosemite National Park Granite domes Landforms of Yosemite National Park Landforms of Mariposa County , California Rock formations of California Tourist attractions in Mariposa County , California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Half Dome - a granite dome in Yosemite National Park 2. Hiking the Cable Route - a popular way to reach the summit of Half Dome 3. Notable ascents - historical and significant climbs of Half Dome 4. Geology of Half Dome - the formation and features of the rock formation 5. In culture - Half Dome's presence in art, stamps, and logos

series of flowers in the attic in order

Flowers in the attic - Wikipedia Flowers in the attic Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Flowers in the Attic ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flowers in the Attic <Td_colspan="2"> First edition cover of Flowers in the Attic Author V.C. Andrews Country United States Language English Series Dollanganger series Genre Gothic horror Family saga Publisher Simon & Schuster Publication date November 1979 Media type Print Pages 400 ISBN 0 - 671 - 82531 - 3 OCLC 21616361 Followed by Petals on the Wind ( 1980 ) Flowers in the Attic is a 1979 Gothic novel by V.C. Andrews . It is the first book in the Dollanganger Series , and was followed by Petals on the Wind , If There Be Thorns , Seeds of Yesterday , and Garden of Shadows . The novel is written in the first - person , from the point of view of Cathy Dollanganger . It was twice adapted into films in 1987 and 2014 . The book was extremely popular , selling over forty million copies world - wide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Awards 4 Adaptations 5 Controversy 6 References Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1957 , the Dollanganger family lives an idyllic life in Gladstone , Pennsylvania . After Christopher Sr. , the children 's father , dies in a car accident , his wife Corrine and their four children are left deep in debt . As Corrine has no work skills , the family is forced to move in with her estranged wealthy parents , who live at Foxworth Hall , in Virginia . Corrine explains to the children that she has been estranged from her parents because of something she did when she was 18 . She then adds that their true family name is Foxworth , not Dollanganger . Upon arrival Corrine 's mother , Olivia , sneaks the family into a small bedroom that connects to the attic and insists the children must be hidden from their grandfather . Olivia treats the children with disdain and threatens to severely punish them for any disobedience . Corrine meets with her father , and when she returns to the children , she has been savagely whipped by Olivia , who then tells the children that their parents were half - uncle and niece . Corrine confirms this and explains her plan to win back her father 's love so she can introduce the children to him . The older children , Cathy and Chris , turn the attic into an imaginary garden for the twins , Carrie and Cory , educate the twins as best they can , and read books to keep up their own education . At first , Corrine visits her children every day , sometimes bringing expensive gifts , but as the days and weeks turn into months , her visits become less and less frequent . Meanwhile , the grandmother physically and emotionally abuses the children and constantly threatens to whip them for doing anything she considers `` sinful '' . When Christmas comes , Corrine allows Cathy and Chris to watch the Christmas ball from a hiding spot , where they see their grandfather , Malcolm , for the first time . They also see their mother with their father 's attorney , Bart Winslow , who is helping draw up Malcolm 's will . When Corrine discovers Chris was wandering around the mansion , she slaps him and threatens to whip him and Cathy , then immediately apologizes and promises to make amends to them for their confinement . While Chris believes her , Cathy points out how their mother has changed and worries that Corrine no longer cares about them . A year later , Cathy and Chris have both entered puberty and taken on parental roles with Carrie and Cory , who no longer recognise Corrine . While Cathy and Chris are both entering adulthood , the twins have stopped growing altogether due to being imprisoned and the lack of sunlight and fresh air in their prison . Olivia catches Chris staring at Cathy in her brassiere in the bathroom and orders him to cut off Cathy 's hair or all four children will starve . Chris refuses , but Olivia drugs Cathy and pours tar into her hair . She then abandons them for three weeks , driving the children to near - starvation . Cathy ends up cutting off her hair and when Olivia see this , she starts leaving them sugar - powdered doughnuts with their usual food . Corrine visits the children for the first time in six months , announcing that she has married Bart Winslow and they have returned from their honeymoon in Europe . Cathy and Chris react angrily , accusing her of abandoning them , and Corrine refuses to visit again until they apologize . Olivia continues to abuse the children , even whipping Cathy and Chris after he talks back to her . Cathy and Chris become physically attracted towards each other , and start to fall in love in spite of both feeling personal shame . Alarmed by the twins ' declining health and mistrustful of their mother , Cathy and Chris plan to escape . They begin to sneak into their mother 's room to steal money and valuables . One night , Cathy goes down alone , and finds her stepfather sleeping in the bed . Curious , she kisses him . When Chris overhears Bart talking about this ' dream ' to Corrine , he is enraged at Cathy and rapes her . Afterwards , feeling guilty and ashamed , he apologizes , and Cathy forgives him by saying she wanted it too . Chris confesses that he loves her , and although Cathy reciprocates his feelings , she is unsure how to respond . Cory becomes sick and Cathy demands that Corrine take him to the hospital . Corrine slaps her , but Cathy retaliates and threatens revenge if they do not help Cory . Olivia seemingly sides with Cathy , and they take Cory away . The next day , Corrine returns and tells them that Cory died from pneumonia . Carrie goes into shock and stops speaking . Chris goes to Corrine 's room for money but finds that his mother and Bart have moved out . He then overhears the head butler talking about how Malcolm died seven months ago and how Olivia has been leaving doughnuts sprinkled with rat poison in the attic because it is infested with ' mice ' . Chris and Cathy give Cory 's pet mouse a doughnut to confirm the story . When the mouse dies , they finally flee the house with Carrie and catch a train to Florida . At the train station , Chris reveals to Cathy that he discovered that Corrine 's inheritance is conditional on having no children from her first marriage nor any she may have in the future . If were ever to be proven that she had descendants , she would lose everything . Cathy understands from her brother that their mother has been poisoning them for nine months to secure her inheritance . Chris and Cathy decide against contacting the police ; their main concern is to stay together and be there for Carrie . Chris assures Cathy that they can make a new life without their mother , but Cathy swears that she will get revenge one day . Characters ( edit ) Catherine Leigh `` Cathy '' Dollanganger : The protagonist and narrator of the novel . Cathy is the second child and older daughter of Christopher and Corrine . She becomes an accomplished ballerina and later a novelist . During their time in the attic , she falls in love with Chris . Christopher `` Chris '' Dollanganger , Jr. : Older son and oldest child of Christopher and Corrine . Chris is the older brother of Cathy , Cory , and Carrie . He is an over-achiever and later becomes a doctor . During their time in the attic , he falls in love with Cathy . Cory Dollanganger : Twin brother of Carrie and younger brother of Cathy and Chris . The `` quiet one '' of the twins , Cory is introverted but musically talented . He becomes ill during their time in the attic and dies from arsenic poisoning at the hands of his mother . Carrie Dollanganger : Twin sister to Cory and the younger sister of Cathy and Chris . Prior to Cory 's death , she is an extroverted girly girl , but after Cory dies she refuses to speak for months . Corrine Dollanganger ( née Foxworth ) : Mother of Chris , Cathy , Cory , and Carrie and widow of Christopher Dollanganger . Eventually becomes an antagonist in the story when she tries to kill her children in order to gain her father 's inheritance . She marries her father 's attorney , Bart Winslow , later on and loses interest in her children and late husband . Bartholomew `` Bart '' Winslow : Second husband of Corrine . He is a trophy husband and marries her thinking that she does n't have any children . Cathy is shocked to discover that he is eight years younger than Corrine . Olivia Foxworth ( née Winfield ) : Wife of Malcolm Foxworth . Grandmother of the Dollanganger children . Cousin of John Amos . Olivia and Malcolm are co-antagonists in this book . Malcolm Foxworth : Father of Corrine and grandfather of the Dollanganger children . Husband of Olivia . He is described both as having a heart condition and as heartless , a symbolic paradox . He dies during the story , though Chris and Cathy do not learn this until the end . He was also the older half - brother of the children 's father . Christopher Dollanganger , Sr. : Corrine 's first husband ; father of the children . He was Malcolm 's younger half - brother , making him Corrine 's half - uncle . He is described as a wonderful father who could n't bear to be separated from his children for longer than five days . He is killed in a car accident on his birthday at the beginning of the book . John Amos : A butler to the Foxworth family . Chris overhears very horrible information from him during one of Chris ' expeditions to steal from his mother . Awards ( edit ) In 1993 , Flowers in the Attic was awarded the Secondary BILBY Award . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' Adaptations ( edit ) In 1987 , the book was adapted into a film of the same name starring Louise Fletcher , Victoria Tennant , Kristy Swanson , and Jeb Stuart Adams and directed by Jeffrey Bloom . A second adaptation was released on January 18 , 2014 , on the Lifetime network starring Heather Graham as Corrine and Ellen Burstyn as the Grandmother , with Kiernan Shipka as Cathy , Mason Dye as Christopher , and directed by Deborah Chow . The film received mixed reviews , but critics praised Ellen Burstyn 's performance . The book was adapted into a stage play by V.C. Andrews 's ghost writer , Andrew Neiderman , in the form of an e-book and was published by Pocket Star . The stage play was released in October 2014 and is 80 pages in length . In August 2015 the stage play received its world premiere production in New Orleans , Louisiana . The play , which received positive reviews , was produced by See ' Em On Stage : A Production Company and was directed by Christopher Bentivegna . Controversy ( edit ) The book 's success was not without controversy . The depiction of incest between an adolescent brother and sister in the novel has led to its being banned in certain areas at different times . Chariho High School in Rhode Island removed it because it contained `` offensive passages concerning incest and sexual intercourse . '' In 1994 , it was removed from the Oconee County school libraries due to `` the filthiness of the material . '' The claim that the novel was based on a true story was disputed . For many years , there was no evidence to support this claim , and the book was passed off as fiction . Nonetheless , the official V.C. Andrews website claims to have contacted one of Andrews ' relatives . This unidentified relative claimed Flowers in the Attic was loosely based on a faintly similar account . While at the `` University of Virginia hospital for treatment ... she developed a crush on her young doctor . He and his siblings had been locked away in the attic for over 6 years to preserve the family wealth . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Previous Winners of the BILBY Awards : 1990 -- 96 '' ( PDF ) . www.cbcaqld.org . The Children 's Book Council of Australia Queensland Branch . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` V.C. Andrews ' ' Flowers in the Attic ' to Premiere on Lifetime January 18 -- Starring Heather Graham , Ellen Burstyn & Kiernan Shipka '' . 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete VCA : Flowers in the Attic : A Stage Play '' . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert ( 1998 ) . Banned Books Resource Guide . The American Library Association . Jump up ^ F. , Jennifer . `` Biography : Based on a True Story '' . The Complete V.C. Andrews . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . It has been widely speculated that Flowers in the Attic was based on a true story . But there has been no physical or historical evidence to support that claim . Virginia herself has admitted that a few incidents are autobiographical , and she has also stated that her stories have been influenced by experiences of friends and family , her own dreams and memories , and even popular and literary fiction . Children and Young Adult Literature portal Novels portal <Th_colspan="2"> Works by V.C. Andrews <Td_colspan="2"> From 1987 ghost - written by Andrew Neiderman Dollanganger series Flowers in the Attic ( 1979 ) Petals on the Wind ( 1980 ) If There Be Thorns ( 1981 ) Seeds of Yesterday ( 1984 ) Garden of Shadows ( 1986 ) Christopher 's Diary : Secrets of Foxworth ( 2014 ) Christopher 's Diary : Echoes of Dollanganger ( 2015 ) Christopher 's Diary : Secret Brother ( 2015 ) Casteel series Heaven ( 1985 ) Dark Angel ( 1986 ) Fallen Hearts ( 1988 ) Gates of Paradise ( 1989 ) Web of Dreams ( 1990 ) Cutler series Dawn ( 1990 ) Secrets of the Morning ( 1991 ) Twilight 's Child ( 1992 ) Midnight Whispers ( 1992 ) Darkest Hour ( 1993 ) Landry series Ruby ( 1994 ) Pearl in the Mist ( 1994 ) All That Glitters ( 1995 ) Hidden Jewel ( 1995 ) Tarnished Gold ( 1996 ) Other novels My Sweet Audrina ( 1982 ) The Wildflowers series Film adaptations Flowers in the Attic ( 1987 ) Rain ( 2006 ) Flowers in the Attic ( 2014 ) Petals on the Wind ( 2014 ) If There Be Thorns ( 2015 ) Seeds of Yesterday ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award <Td_colspan="2"> The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowers_in_the_Attic&oldid=833316596 '' Categories : 1979 American novels American gothic novels Novels by V.C. Andrews American young adult novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in Virginia Debut novels BILBY Award - winning works Child abuse in fiction Incest in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español עברית Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Flowers in the Attic - a Gothic novel by V.C. Andrews 2. Dollanganger series - a series of books that includes Flowers in the Attic 3. Plot summary - the story of the Dollanganger family living in an attic 4. Controversy - the book's depiction of incest and its banning in certain areas 5. Adaptations - the book has been made into films and a stage play

john cougar - ain't even done with the night

Nothin ' Matters and What If it Did - wikipedia Nothin ' Matters and What If it Did Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nothin ' Matters And What If It Did <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by John Cougar Released September 15 , 1980 Recorded 1980 Genre Rock Length 35 : 59 Label Riva Producer Steve Cropper <Th_colspan="2"> John Cougar chronology <Td_colspan="2"> John Cougar ( 1979 ) John Cougar 1979 Nothin ' Matters And What If It Did ( 1980 ) American Fool ( 1982 ) American Fool 1982 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link The Rolling Stone Album Guide link Nothin ' Matters and What If It Did is John Mellencamp 's fourth studio album , under his pseudonym of John Cougar . It includes the moderate hits `` Ai n't Even Done with the Night , '' which reached # 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 as the album 's second single , and `` This Time , '' which peaked at # 27 as the album 's lead single . `` The singles were stupid little pop songs , '' Mellencamp told Record Magazine in 1983 . `` I take no credit for that record . It was n't like the title was made up -- it was n't supposed to be punky or cocky like some people thought . Toward the end , I did n't even go to the studio . Me and the guys in the band thought we were finished , anyway . It was the most expensive record I ever made . It cost $280,000 , do you believe that ? The worst thing was that I could have gone on making records like that for hundreds of years . Hell , as long as you sell a few records and the record company is n't putting a lot of money into promotion , you 're making money for ' em and that 's all they care about . PolyGram loved Nothin ' Matters . They thought I was going to turn into the next Neil Diamond . '' Mellencamp wrote `` To M.G. ( Wherever She May Be ) '' in remembrance of his high school girlfriend , whose name was Margie ( aka M.G. ) . `` I 'm not a nostalgic person , so it always surprises me that I 'm pretty good at writing nostalgic songs , '' Mellencamp said in the liner notes to his 2010 box set On the Rural Route 7609 . `` It 's like there is a nostalgic part of me that I wo n't admit to myself . But I wrote the song in 1977 in Germany , and it 's about my first girlfriend . I had watched a Bette Davis film , and I always thought this girl acted like and in a funny way looked like Bette Davis , even when were kids . I saw her a couple of years ago , and she said that it was one of the happiest moments in her life that I had taken the time to reflect back and write a song about us as adolescents . She was really kind . '' The woman on the album 's cover and in the music video for `` This Time '' is actress Edith Massey , a member of the Dreamlanders troupe who often appeared in the films of John Waters . Massey was chosen because , as Mellencamp told Rolling Stone in late 1980 , `` I was looking for a typical heavy woman to convey a lower - middle - class way of living . '' The remastered version of Nothin ' Matters and What If It Did was released March 29 , 2005 on Mercury / Island / UMe and includes one bonus track , `` Latest Game , '' which , according to the liner notes , was taken from the sessions for Mellencamp 's 1982 album American Fool . The album is certified Platinum by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 4 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by John Mellencamp , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Hot Night in a Cold Town '' ( writers : Geoffrey Cushing - Murray , Richard Littlefield ) 3 : 47 2 . `` Ai n't Even Done with the Night '' 4 : 38 3 . `` Do n't Misunderstand Me '' 3 : 33 4 . `` This Time '' 4 : 18 5 . `` Make Me Feel '' 4 : 04 6 . `` To M.G. ( Wherever She May Be ) '' 4 : 50 7 . `` Tonight '' 3 : 17 8 . `` Cry Baby '' 0 : 25 9 . `` Wild Angel '' 3 : 13 10 . `` Peppermint Twist '' ( writers : Henry Glover , Joey DiNicola ) 0 : 28 11 . `` Cheap Shot '' 3 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> 2005 reissue bonus track No . Title Length 12 . `` Latest Game '' 3 : 56 Personnel ( edit ) John Mellencamp -- vocals , guitar Doc Rosser -- piano Mike Wanchic -- guitars , backing vocals Larry Crane -- guitars , backing vocals Rick Shlosser -- drums Ed Greene -- drums Jeff Baxter -- pedal steel guitar Dave Woodford -- saxophone Kenny Aronoff -- vibes Robert `` Ferd '' Frank -- bass guitar , backing vocals John Jarvis -- piano Susan Duitch Helmer -- backing vocals on `` This Time '' Charts ( edit ) Album Year Chart Position 1981 Billboard 200 37 Singles Year Single Chart Position 1980 `` This Time '' Billboard Hot 100 27 1981 `` Ai n't Even Done with the Night '' Billboard Hot 100 17 1981 `` Ai n't Even Done with the Night '' Billboard Top Tracks 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MrsHappyGoLucky ( 25 September 2008 ) . `` John Mellencamp Live MG Wherever She May Be Live Crump '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIAgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LKcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3686,4718730&dq=john+cougar+nothing+matters&hl=en Jump up ^ `` John Mellencamp - Official Website : : Discography '' . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) John Mellencamp Studio albums Chestnut Street Incident ( 1976 ) A Biography ( 1978 ) John Cougar ( 1979 ) Nothin ' Matters and What If It Did ( 1980 ) American Fool ( 1982 ) The Kid Inside ( 1983 ) Uh - Huh ( 1983 ) Scarecrow ( 1985 ) The Lonesome Jubilee ( 1987 ) Big Daddy ( 1989 ) Whenever We Wanted ( 1991 ) Human Wheels ( 1993 ) Dance Naked ( 1994 ) Mr. Happy Go Lucky ( 1996 ) John Mellencamp ( 1998 ) Rough Harvest ( 1999 ) Cuttin ' Heads ( 2001 ) Trouble No More ( 2003 ) Freedom 's Road ( 2007 ) Life , Death , Love and Freedom ( 2008 ) No Better Than This ( 2010 ) Plain Spoken ( 2014 ) Sad Clowns & Hillbillies ( 2017 ) Live albums Life , Death , Live and Freedom ( 2009 ) Trouble No More Live at Town Hall ( 2014 ) Compilations The Best That I Could Do 1978 -- 1988 ( 1997 ) Words & Music : John Mellencamp 's Greatest Hits ( 2004 ) 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection : The Best of John Mellencamp ( 2007 ) On the Rural Route 7609 ( 2010 ) Notable singles `` I Need a Lover '' `` Hurts So Good '' `` Jack & Diane '' `` Crumblin ' Down '' `` Pink Houses '' `` Lonely Ol ' Night '' `` Small Town '' `` R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A. '' `` Paper in Fire '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Check It Out '' `` Pop Singer '' `` Wild Night '' `` Dance Naked '' `` Key West Intermezzo ( I Saw You First ) '' `` Just Another Day '' `` Peaceful World '' `` Walk Tall '' `` Our Country '' `` My Sweet Love '' Other singles `` What Say You '' ( with Travis Tritt ) Related Discography Farm Aid Falling from Grace ( 1992 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Elaine Irwin ( former wife ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : John Mellencamp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothin%27_Matters_and_What_If_It_Did&oldid=811918361 '' Categories : John Mellencamp albums 1980 albums Albums produced by Steve Cropper Albums with cover art by Jimmy Wachtel Riva Records albums Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Nothin ' Matters and What If it Did - John Mellencamp's fourth studio album 2. Moderate hits "Ain't Even Done with the Night" and "This Time" 3. Mellencamp's thoughts on the album and its singles 4. The woman on the album cover and in the music video for "This Time" 5. Remastered version of the album released in 2005 with bonus track "Latest Game"

what order do you watch lilo and stitch

Lilo & Stitch ( franchise ) - wikipedia Lilo & Stitch ( franchise ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lilo & Stitch <Td_colspan="2"> Logo used since the 2002 original film Created by Walt Disney Animation Studios Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Original work Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois Owner The Walt Disney Company <Th_colspan="2"> Print publications Comic strip ( s ) Comic Zone : Lilo & Stitch <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television Film ( s ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Short film ( s ) The Origin of Stitch ( 2005 ) Animated series Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Stitch & Ai ( 2017 ) Television special ( s ) Stitch and the Planet of Sand ( 2012 ) Stitch ! Perfect Memory ( 2015 ) Television film ( s ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) Direct - to - video Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Games Video game ( s ) Lilo & Stitch Pinball ( 2002 ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( Game Boy Advance ; 2002 ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise ( 2002 ) Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 ( 2002 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc ( 2004 ) Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Disney Stitch Jam ( 2009 ) Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( 2010 ) Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen ( 2010 ) Bomberman : Disney Stitch Edition ( 2010 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) Kinect : Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes ( 2014 ) Disney Magical World 2 ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Lilo & Stitch Island Favorites ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch Hawaiian Album ( 2006 ) Stitch ! : Original Soundtrack ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous Toys Disney Tsum Tsum Theme park attractions Stitch 's Great Escape ! ( 2004 -- present ) Stitch Encounter / Stitch Live ! ( 2006 -- present ) The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! ( 2008 -- present ) Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration ( May -- June 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Work where this franchise 's characters or settings appeared as part of a crossover . This show ran as a regular series from 2008 to 2011 , and received two post-series television specials in 2012 and 2015 . Lilo & Stitch is an American Disney media franchise that commenced in 2002 with the release of the animated film of the same name written and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois . The combined critical and commercial success of the original film , which was a rarity for the company 's feature animation studio during the early 2000s , led to three direct - to - video and television seq uel films , a short film , three animated television series , several video games , some theme park attractions , and various merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the adventures of the titular eccentric and mischievous duo ; an orphaned Hawaiian girl named Lilo Pelekai ( voiced by Daveigh Chase in most media ) and an artificial extraterrestrial creature originally named Experiment 626 , whom she adopts and names Stitch ( voiced by Chris Sanders in all media except for the two Asian - produced TV series ) . Stitch was originally genetically - engineered to cause chaos and destruction across the galaxy , but was rehabilitated by the Earth girl thanks to the Hawaiian concept of ʻohana , or family . Most of the sequel and spin - off material of the franchise also involve many genetic experiments similar to Stitch , who he treats as his `` cousins '' , while the franchise 's films and first television series made frequent references to American musician Elvis Presley ( who was popular in Hawaii , where he made three films and held numerous successful concerts there ) , using his music and sometimes his imagery in the films . The later spin - off material released after 2006 , the anime Stitch ! and the Chinese animated series Stitch & Ai , separate Stitch from Lilo ( who is subsequently dropped as a main character ) , and replace her with different human girls who take him in with their families . The anime was produced by an entirely different crew from the original franchise , while the Chinese series was partially produced by American animators , including those who worked on Lilo & Stitch : The Series . Neither the anime nor the Chinese series feature any of the original voice cast from the four films or the first TV series . Contents 1 Films and television series 1.1 Main continuity 1.1. 1 Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) 1.1. 2 Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) 1.1. 3 Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 1.1. 4 Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) 1.1. 4.1 The Origin of Stitch ( 2005 ) 1.1. 5 Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) 1.2 Post-Lilo spin - offs 1.2. 1 Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 2015 ) 1.2. 2 Stitch & Ai ( 2017 ) 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Principal characters 2.2 Minor characters 3 Crew 4 Video games 4.1 Lilo & Stitch Pinball 4.2 Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise 4.3 Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( Game Boy Advance ) 4.4 Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 4.5 Lilo & Stitch : Hawaiian Adventure 4.6 Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc 4.7 Disney Stitch Jam 4.8 Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen 4.9 Bomberman : Disney Stitch Edition 4.10 Other appearances 5 Theme park attractions 5.1 Stitch 's Great Escape ! 5.2 Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration 5.3 Stitch Encounter 5.4 The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! 6 Reception 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Films and television series ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch franchise chronology Games , movies and TV Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 Lilo & Stitch Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch The Origin of Stitch Stitch ! The Movie Lilo & Stitch : The Series Leroy & Stitch Stitch & Ai Stitch ! Main continuity ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lilo & Stitch An extraterrestrial mad scientist named Dr. Jumba Jookiba ( voiced by David Ogden Stiers ) is put on trial for illegally creating creatures to cause chaos and destruction . His latest experiment is Experiment 626 ( Chris Sanders ) : a little blue alien with four arms , two legs , and antennae who is deceptively strong and indestructible. 626 ( pronounced `` six - two - six '' ) is sentenced to exile , while Jumba himself is jailed . However , 626 escapes custody , steals a police cruiser ship , and heads to the planet Earth . Jumba gets sent on a mission to retrieve his creation along with a partner on board , self - proclaimed Earth expert Agent Pleakley ( Kevin McDonald ) , who is forced to go along to keep an eye on him . Masquerading as a dog , 626 is adopted by a little girl named Lilo Pelekai ( Daveigh Chase ) who is living with her 19 - year - old sister Nani ( Tia Carrere ) . Lilo is lonely and a bit of an outcast until she finds a new friend in 626 whom she names `` Stitch '' . Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Stitch ! The Movie Ex-Captain Gantu ( Kevin Michael Richardson ) is hired by the evil Dr. Hämsterviel ( Jeff Bennett ) to retrieve the remaining 625 experiments . Meanwhile , on Earth , Stitch is still not fitting in , but when trouble comes calling through the form of Experiment 221 ( Frank Welker ) , he and Lilo must band together to stop his electrical rampage . Meanwhile , Gantu ends up with a new ally , Experiment 625 ( Rob Paulsen ) , but is displeased by his lazy behavior and love of sandwiches . Lilo & Stitch : the series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lilo & Stitch : The Series Continuing where Stitch ! The Movie left off , Lilo and Stitch are given the task of collecting the rest of Jumba 's missing experiments , changing them from bad to good , and finding the one place where they truly belong . Meanwhile , the former Captain Gantu and his reluctant partner , Experiment 625 , try to capture the experiments for the imprisoned Dr. Hämsterviel . Running for a total of 65 episodes over two seasons , The Series ended with the television film Leroy & Stitch . Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch has a Glitch ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch Set at a time between the original film and Stitch ! The Movie , Lilo ( voiced by Dakota Fanning in this film ) and her classmates are preparing for a hula competition where the winner gets to perform at the local May Day festival . Each student is required to create an original dance . While preparing for the competition , Stitch 's past comes back to haunt him . It seems that after Stitch was created , Jumba did not get a chance to fully charge Stitch 's molecules before they were both arrested . At first , this glitch causes Stitch to revert to his old destructive programming , but it will ultimately destroy him if Jumba can not create a charging pod before Stitch 's energy runs out . The origin of Stitch ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Origin of Stitch In this short film included on the Lilo & Stitch 2 DVD , serving as a bridge between it and Stitch ! The Movie , Stitch discovers Jumba 's computer and is scared to find out what a monster he is , only for Jumba to come and explain how he found love when he met Lilo . The other experiments are also hinted at . Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Leroy & Stitch After three years , their mission to capture all 624 experiments and repurpose them on Earth has been completed , so Lilo and her family are honored as heroes by the Galactic Alliance . Despite originally turning down their new offered positions in order to stay with Lilo , Stitch and the crew separate to live out their ambitions . However , after Gantu frees Hämsterviel from his prison , they create a new experiment of their own , Leroy ( Chris Sanders ) . Lilo and Stitch must reunite and unite every single experiment they have to fight Leroy and his army of duplicated clones . Post-lilo spin - offs ( edit ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Stitch ! The English - language logo of this series , which is also sometimes used to promote the franchise in Japan , primarily when Lilo is not involved . The anime series features a Japanese girl named Yuna Kamihara ( voiced by Eden Riegel in the English dub ) in place of Lilo , and is set on a fictional island off the shore of Okinawa instead of Hawaii . The first two seasons were animated and co-produced by the Japanese animation house Madhouse , while the third season and two post-series television specials were animated by Shin - Ei Animation . Although the series did very well in Japan , it has received only moderate praise everywhere else . 86 episodes ( including three specials ) were made from 2008 to 2011 , while two post-series specials were released in 2012 and 2015 . Set years after the events of Leroy & Stitch , the anime sees Stitch ( now voiced by Ben Diskin ) having left Lilo after she went to college . He ends up on the fictitious Izayoi Island where he meets Yuna , a tomboyish girl who lives with her grandmother ( Gwendoline Yeo ) and practices karate . Stitch befriends Yuna , Jumba ( Jess Winfield ) and Pleakley ( Ted Biaselli ) later rejoin Stitch , and the three aliens move in with Yuna 's family . In the first two seasons , Stitch tries to do 43 good deeds in order to appease a magical stone that can grant wishes , with Stitch wanting to become the strongest being in the universe . Meanwhile , Hämsterviel ( Kirk Thornton ) , who is at large along with Gantu ( Keith Silverstein ) and Experiment 625 / Reuben ( Dave Wittenberg ) , wants to defeat Stitch and take his good deeds in order to gain ultimate power . By the end of the second season , however , Stitch loses his motivation to have his wish granted , deciding that living with Yuna is better than being the strongest in the universe . In the third season , Yuna , Stitch , and the other aliens move to a city called Okinawa New Town with Yuna 's cousin Tigerlily ( Laura Bailey ) . Meanwhile , Hämsterviel partners with an alien woman named Delia ( Mary Elizabeth McGlynn ) , who desires to retrieve a power cell within Stitch , eventually making a powerful experiment of her own to do so . Lilo ( Yeo ) also returns in one episode of this season for a brief reunion with Stitch . Stitch & Ai ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Stitch & Ai Taking place in China 's Huangshan mountains , this 13 - episode Chinese animated series stars Stitch ( voiced by Ben Diskin in the English version , reprising his anime role ) and a local girl named Wang Ai Ling ( Erica Mendez ) . Produced in English with the partnership of American animators , the series was animated by Anhui Xinhua Media and Panimation Hwakai Media and began broadcast on CCTV - 14 with a Mandarin Chinese dub on March 27 , 2017 . The original English version later aired in Southeast Asia in February 2018 . Set after Leroy & Stitch but before the events of the Stitch ! anime , the Chinese series shows Stitch having been captured by a criminal gang from space who wants to use him as their own destructive genetic experiment , but he escapes when a rival gang also wanting him attacks the ship he was held in . Ending up in the Huangshan mountains , Stitch meets Ai , a spirited girl whose aunt Daiyu ( Laura Post ) wants to move Ai from her sister Jiejie ( Post ) and their mountain home to a city . Stitch joins Ai 's family as her new `` dog '' , with Jumba ( Jess Winfield , also reprising his role from the anime ) and Pleakley ( Lucien Dodge ) also joining them after initially being sent to rescue Stitch . While Stitch helps Ai stay in the mountains and she helps him ward off the space gangs continuing to go after him , Jumba is concerned that a secret metamorphosis ability he programmed in Stitch that turns the experiment into a destructive giant could be unleashed if the criminals find a way to subconsciously manipulate him into triggering it . Cast and characters ( edit ) Characters <Th_colspan="4"> Films Television series Short film <Th_colspan="2"> East Asian television series Post-Lilo spin - offs Lilo & Stitch Stitch ! The Movie Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch Leroy & Stitch Lilo & Stitch : The Series The Origin of Stitch Stitch ! Stitch & Ai 2002 2003 2005 2006 2003 -- 2006 2005 2008 -- 2015 2017 <Th_colspan="9"> Principal characters ( edit ) Stitch Experiment 626 <Td_colspan="6"> Chris Sanders <Td_colspan="2"> Ben Diskin Lilo Pelekai <Td_colspan="2"> Daveigh Chase Dakota Fanning Daveigh Chase Daveigh Chase Tara Strong ( adult ) Silent cameo Gwendoline Yeo Melissa Fahn ( young ) Flashbacks Nani Pelekai <Td_colspan="4"> Tia Carrere Tia Carrere Grey DeLisle ( young ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flashbacks Dr. Jumba Jookiba <Td_colspan="4"> David Ogden Stiers David Ogden Stiers Jason Marsden ( infant ) David Ogden Stiers <Td_colspan="2"> Jess Winfield Agent Wendell `` Wendy '' Pleakley <Td_colspan="4"> Kevin McDonald Kevin McDonald Tommy Widmer ( infant ) Silent cameo Ted Biaselli Lucien Dodge Captain Gantu <Td_colspan="2"> Kevin Michael Richardson <Td_colspan="2"> Kevin Michael Richardson Keith Silverstein Richard Epcar ( uncredited ) Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel Silent cameo Jeff Bennett <Td_colspan="2"> Jeff Bennett Kirk Thornton Silent cameo Reuben Experiment 625 Rob Paulsen <Td_colspan="2"> Rob Paulsen Silent cameo Dave Wittenberg Angel Experiment 624 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tara Strong Kate Higgins <Th_colspan="9"> Minor characters ( edit ) David Kawena Jason Scott Lee Dee Bradley Baker Jason Scott Lee <Td_colspan="2"> Dee Bradley Baker Silent cameo <Td_colspan="2"> Mertle Edmonds Miranda Paige Walls <Td_colspan="4"> Liliana Mumy <Td_colspan="3"> Cobra Bubbles <Td_colspan="2"> Ving Rhames Ving Rhames Kevin Michael Richardson <Td_colspan="2"> Richard Epcar ( uncredited ) Grand Councilwoman <Td_colspan="2"> Zoe Caldwell <Td_colspan="2"> Zoe Caldwell Mary Elizabeth McGlynn TBA Yuna Kamihara <Td_colspan="6"> Eden Riegel Wang Ai Ling <Td_colspan="7"> Erica Mendez Crew ( edit ) Crew <Th_colspan="4"> Films Television series Short film Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) The Origin of Stitch ( 2005 ) Director ( s ) Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Tony Craig Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway Michael LaBash Tony Leondis Tony Craig Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway Victor Cook Don MacKinnon ( season 1 ) Rob LaDuca ( season 2 ) Tony Craig ( `` Spike '' and `` Shoe '' ) Mike Disa Tony Bancroft ( co-director ) Producer ( s ) Clark Spencer Tony Craig Jess Winfield Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway Christopher Chase Igor Khait Jess Winfield Jess Winfield Tony Craig Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway ( all executive producers ) Ben Chambers Writer ( s ) Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway Jess Winfield Michael LaBash Tony Leondis Eddie Guzelian Alexa Junge Roberts `` Bobs '' Gannaway Jess Winfield List ( show ) Thomas D. Hart Henry Gilroy Kevin D. Campbell Madellaine Paxson Jim Peronto Catherine Lieuwen Brian Swenlin John Wray Laura McCreary Kenneth Koonce Robert Martin Chad F. Rogers Jan Strnad Heather Lombard Evan Gore John Behnka Rob Humphrey David Warick Amy Debartolomeis Brandon Sawyer Mark Drop Jess Winfield Eddie Guzelian Michael LaBash Composer ( s ) Alan Silvestri Michael Tavera Alan Silvestri ( themes ) Joel McNeely J.A.C. Redford Michael Tavera Christopher Tin Editor ( s ) Darren T. Holmes N / A William J. Caparella Jon C. Smith N / A Robert Cole Video games ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch Pinball ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch Pinball is a pinball video game that was released on January 1 , 2002 for Microsoft Windows . Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : trouble in Paradise ( edit ) Main article : Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise ( titled simply Disney 's Lilo & Stitch on the American release of the PlayStation version ) is a platform video game developed by Blitz Games for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows that was released on June 14 , 2002 . Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( game Boy Advance ) ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( Game Boy Advance video game ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch is a 2002 side - scrolling shoot ' em up platform video game based on the original film that was developed by Digital Eclipse for the Game Boy Advance . Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 is a platform game for the PlayStation 2 on June 19 , 2002 and serves as a prequel to the original film Lilo & Stitch . Lilo & Stitch : Hawaiian Adventure ( edit ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Hawaiian Adventure ( released in some countries as Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Hawaiian Discovery ) is a video game developed by Gorilla Systems Corporation and published by Disney Interactive on June 22 , 2002 consisting of various minigames , similar to Disney 's Activity Center series . AllGame rated 3 / 5 stars , writing , `` Less like an adventure game and more like a series of arcade games , there 's enough entertainment on hand to get to the three - game finale . '' Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc ( edit ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 71.67 % Metacritic 66 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score GameZone 7.5 / 10 Nintendo Power 3 / 5 Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc ( titled simply Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 in Europe and Disney 's Lilo and Stitch in Japan ) is an action - platform game developed by Climax Studios and published by Disney Interactive Studios for Game Boy Advance on October 12 , 2004 . Hämsterviel Havoc is the sole tie - in game for Lilo & Stitch : The Series and a standalone sequel to the Lilo & Stitch game released on the same platform in 2002 . While the game is primarily a platform game , the player has the chance to play as other characters and vehicle segments . The game was met with average to mixed reception , as GameRankings gave it 71.67 % based on 6 reviews , while Metacritic gave it 66 out of 100 based on 4 reviews . Disney Stitch Jam ( edit ) Cover of Disney Stitch Jam for Nintendo DS . Disney Stitch Jam , known in Japan as Stitch ! DS : Ohana to Rhythm de Daibouken ( スティッチ ! DS オハナ と リズム で 大 冒険 , Stitch ! DS : A Great Adventure of Ohana and Rhythm ) , is a rhythm video game developed by Cattle Call and published by Disney Interactive Studios . The first video game based on the Stitch ! anime series , it was released in Japan on December 3 , 2009 , in North America on March 23 , 2010 and in Europe on March 26 , 2010 . Different from past Lilo & Stitch adaptations , Disney Stitch Jam has players taking control of Stitch and some of his cousins in variety of missions set in space , out on the seas , and in a variety of areas by touching musical notes and exclamation marks . In the game 's story , Angel gets kidnapped by Gantu and Hämsterviel , and Stitch has to rescue her by traveling into ten worlds . Stitch is the main playable character , while Angel , Reuben and Felix are unlockable . NGamer gave the game a review score of 44 % in their May 2010 issue . Common Sense Media 's Chad Sapieha gave the game 4 out of 5 stars , calling the gameplay `` polished and fun , '' and praising the game 's visuals and sound , but criticizing the game 's short length . Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen ( edit ) Cover of Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen for Nintendo DS . Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen ♪ ( もっと ! スティッチ ! DS リズム で ラクガキ 大 作戦 ♪ ) is a rhythm video game and a sequel of Disney Stitch Jam . It was developed by Cattle Call ( the developer of the first game ) and published by Disney Interactive Studios . Like the first game , it is also based on the Stitch ! anime series ; this time it is based on the show 's third season , Stitch ! ~ Best Friends Forever ~ . It was released in Japan on November 18 , 2010 . This game was not released in North America or Europe . This game has the same gameplay as its prequel , Disney Stitch Jam , and has more new features , characters , and experiments . This game is a modified engine of its prequel . Players can enjoy the rhythmic action of Stitch , who has a magic microphone that can draw his drawings on the air for decorations and traveling ( which resembles and is a parody of Doraemon 's secret tool , `` Air Crayon '' ) . Players can also dress up characters like Stitch and Angel . Bomberman : Disney Stitch Edition ( edit ) Bomberman : Disney Stitch Edition is a spin - off of the Bomberman franchise developed and published by Hudson Soft . Based on Stitch ! , it was released in 2010 exclusively in Japan . Other appearances ( edit ) A 2004 EyeToy party game called Disney Move included a Lilo & Stitch - themed minigame . The franchise has been used in the Kingdom Hearts series : In Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) , Stitch may be summoned alongside Sora to aid him in battles . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( 2010 ) features characters and the outer space environment from the franchise . In Disney Friends ( 2007 ) , players can voice and touch to control the actions and emotional behaviors of the game 's characters , which includes Stitch . In Disney Universe ( 2011 ) , Stitch costumes are available in the game . Stitch appears in the Tomorrowland area of Disneyland in Kinect : Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) as a meet - and - greet character , and like other characters in the game , he gives the player character quests to complete . Lilo & Stitch is referenced in the Disney Infinity series ( 2013 -- 2016 ) : In the first game ( 2013 ) , two Lilo & Stitch - themed power discs were released in which players can use Stitch 's plasma blasters and the `` Hangin ' Ten Stitch with Surfboard '' , a hoverboard with a miniature Stitch figure in front . In Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes ( 2014 ) , Stitch is a playable character , while the Lilo & Stitch franchise is tied into a Toy Box Expansion Game ; a tower defense titled Stitch 's Tropical Rescue , which features Agent Pleakley in cutscenes and voice - over . Several in - game toys related to the franchise were also added to the game series . He is part of the non-Marvel 2.0 Edition Toy Box starter pack , alongside Merida from Pixar 's Brave . As with other playable characters in the series , Stitch can also be used in Disney Infinity 3.0 ( 2015 ) . Both title characters of the franchise appear in the Nintendo 3DS life simulation game Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) and its sequel ( 2015 ) , with the latter game also featuring Jumba , Pleakley , and a world based on the franchise . In an April 2017 update to Disney Crossy Road , Lilo & Stitch became a playable world . Over fifteen original film characters are featured in the game . In an April 2018 update to the Gameloft mobile and computer game Disney Magic Kingdoms , seven Lilo & Stitch characters ( Lilo , Stitch , Nani , Jumba , Pleakley , Cobra Bubbles , and Angel ) and several buildings based on real and fictional franchise - related locations and other elements were added to the game as part of a limited time event . The event features an original storyline based on the films and Lilo & Stitch : The Series that involves the Lilo & Stitch characters . Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Various Lilo & Stitch - themed attractions have opened in Disney theme parks . Stitch 's Great Escape ! ( edit ) Stitch 's Great Escape ! is a `` theatre in the round '' show that opened in November 2004 in Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort as a replacement for The ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter . Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration ( edit ) Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration was a short - lived stage show that ran from May 6 , 2009 to June 27 , 2009 at Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort . Stitch Encounter ( edit ) Stitch Encounter is an interactive show similar to Turtle Talk with Crush that opened in 2006 at Hong Kong Disneyland at the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort . Other versions of the attraction opened Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Paris ( as Stitch Live ! ) in 2008 , Tokyo Disneyland at Tokyo Disney Resort in Spring 2015 , and Shanghai Disneyland Park at Shanghai Disney Resort in 2016 . The original version in Hong Kong closed in 2016 , and no versions of this attraction have ever opened at either American Disney resort . The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! ( edit ) The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! is a `` theatre in the round '' Audio - Animatronics show that opened in 2008 in Tokyo Disneyland at Tokyo Disney Resort , and is the fourth incarnation of The Enchanted Tiki Room . Reception ( edit ) The original Lilo & Stitch film received positive critical reviews , while the direct - to - video and television sequels received mixed to negative reception . Film Rotten Tomatoes Review count Ref Lilo & Stitch 86 % 124 Stitch ! The Movie 20 % 5 Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch 40 % 10 Leroy & Stitch 40 % 5 Average 46 % 36 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also known as Stitch or , as promoted in Japan and on some imported Japanese - made merchandise and promotional material , Stitch ! ( with an exclamation mark ) . Jump up ^ Retconned by flashback scenes in Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Disney seals Japan anime and `` Lilo and Stitch '' deal , International Business Times , March 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Disney says to produce Anime ' made in Japan ' ( March 8 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Disney plans Japan animation effort , International Herald Tribune , March 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` 《 安 玲 与 史 迪 奇 》 27 日 起 全球 首播 '' . Xinhua News Agency ( in Simplified Chinese ) . March 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Bennett , Steve ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CONFESSIONS OF A COMIC BOOK GUY - TIME FOR TEENS '' . ICv2 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lilo & Stitch Pinball - PC '' . IGN . January 1 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch Release Information for PlayStation '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beam , Jennifer . `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Hawaiian Adventure - Review '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hamsterviel Havoc for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hamsterveil Havoc for Game Boy Advance Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bedigian , Louis ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hamsterviel 's Revenge ( sic ) - GBA - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hamsterviel Havoc '' . Nintendo Power . 186 : 132 . November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hamsterviel Havoc Release Infomarion for Game Boy Advance '' . GameFAQs . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Stitch Jam review '' . NGamer . No. 49 . United Kingdom : Future plc . May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sapieha , Chad . `` Disney Stitch Jam Game Review '' . Common Sense Media . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Suszek , Mike ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Infinity 2.0 's Toy Box pack stars Stitch , Merida '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Shaun ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Best iPhone Game Updates : ' Injustice : Gods Among Us ' , ' Warbits ' , ' Disney Crossy Road ' , ' Dungeon Link ' , and More '' . TouchArcade . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Brad ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Magic Kingdoms update adds Lilo & Stitch content on Windows 10 Mobile & PC '' . On MSFT . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilo & Stitch . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lilo & Stitch ( franchise ) <Th_colspan="3"> Lilo & Stitch Films Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) The Origin of Stitch ( 2005 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) Television Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) episodes Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) episodes Stitch & Ai ( 2017 ) Characters Stitch Attractions Stitch 's Great Escape ! ( 2004 -- present ) Stitch Encounter ( 2006 -- present ) The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! ( 2008 -- present ) Stitch 's Supersonic Celebration ( 2009 ) Video games Disney 's Lilo & Stitch ( GBA ; 2002 ) Disney 's Lilo & Stitch : Trouble in Paradise ( 2002 ) Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 ( 2002 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Hämsterviel Havoc ( 2004 ) Disney Stitch Jam ( 2009 ) Motto ! Stitch ! DS : Rhythm de Rakugaki Daisakusen ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Jennifer Lee Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios ( defunct ) Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilo_%26_Stitch_(franchise)&oldid=854387125 '' Categories : Lilo & Stitch Animated film series Children 's comedy films Comedy films by series Science fiction films by series American buddy films Children 's film series Disney animated film series Disney franchises Extraterrestrial life in popular culture Films adapted into television programs Film series introduced in 2002 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 23 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lilo & Stitch franchise 2. Animated film 3. Television series 4. Characters and cast 5. Spin-offs and adaptations

who is the coach of the indiana pacers

List of Indiana Pacers head coaches - wikipedia List of Indiana Pacers head coaches Jump to : navigation , search The Indiana Pacers are an American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Pacers play in the Central Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team began playing in 1967 as a charter member of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , and joined the NBA as part of the ABA - NBA merger . The team has played their home games at the Bankers Life Fieldhouse since the 1999 -- 2000 NBA season . The Pacers are owned by Herbert and Melvin Simon , and David Morway is their general manager . There have been 14 head coaches for the Pacers franchise . The franchise 's first head coach was Larry Staverman , who coached for two seasons . Bobby Leonard is the franchise 's all - time leader for the most regular season games coached ( 985 ) , the most regular season game wins ( 529 ) , the most playoff games coached ( 116 ) , and the most playoff game wins ( 69 ) . Leonard is also the only coach to win an ABA championship with the Pacers , with 3 ( 1970 , 1972 , 1973 ) . Larry Bird , who coached three seasons with the Pacers , is the Pacers ' all - time leader for the highest winning percentage with . 687 . Bird is also the only coach to win an NBA Eastern Conference championship with the Pacers , but lost the 2000 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers . Mel Daniels is the only Pacers coach to have coached less than one season . Jack Ramsay and Larry Brown are the only Pacers ' coaches to be elected into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach . Ramsay was also named one of the top 10 coaches in NBA history . Jack McKinney and Larry Bird have won the NBA Coach of the Year Award , in 1980 -- 81 and 1997 -- 98 respectively , with the Pacers . Dick Versace and Bird have spent their entire NBA coaching careers with the Pacers . Frank Vogel was named interim head coach after Jim O'Brien was fired midway through the 2010 -- 11 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Coaches 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) GC Games coached Wins Losses Win % Winning percentage # Number of coaches * Spent entire NBA head coaching career with the Pacers Elected into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach Coaches ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct through the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . # Name Term GC Win % GC Win % Achievements Reference <Th_colspan="4"> Regular season <Th_colspan="4"> Playoffs 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Staverman , Larry Larry Staverman 1967 -- 1968 87 40 47 . 460 0 . 000 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Leonard , Bobby Bobby Leonard 1968 -- 1980 985 529 456 . 537 116 69 47 . 595 3 ABA Championships ( 1970 , 1972 , 1973 ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 McKinney , Jack Jack McKinney 1980 -- 1984 328 125 203 . 381 0 . 000 1980 -- 81 NBA Coach of the Year 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Irvine , George George Irvine 1984 -- 1986 164 48 116 . 293 -- -- -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ramsay , Jack Jack Ramsay 1986 -- 1988 171 79 92 . 462 . 250 One of the top 10 coaches in NBA history 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Daniels , Mel Mel Daniels 1988 0 . 000 -- -- -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ -- Irvine , George George Irvine 1988 -- 1989 20 6 14 . 300 -- -- -- -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 7 Versace , Dick Dick Versace * 1989 -- 1990 160 73 87 . 456 0 . 000 7000900000000000000 ♠ 8 Hill , Bob Bob Hill 1990 -- 1993 221 113 108 . 511 12 9 . 250 7001100000000000000 ♠ 9 Brown , Larry Larry Brown 1993 -- 1997 328 190 138 . 579 38 22 16 . 579 7001110000000000000 ♠ 10 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 1997 -- 2000 214 147 67 . 687 52 32 20 . 615 1997 -- 98 NBA Coach of the Year 7001120000000000000 ♠ 11 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas 2000 -- 2003 246 131 115 . 533 15 5 10 . 333 7001130000000000000 ♠ 12 Carlisle , Rick Rick Carlisle 2003 -- 2007 328 181 147 . 552 35 18 17 . 514 7001140000000000000 ♠ 13 O'Brien , Jim Jim O'Brien 2007 -- 2011 290 121 169 . 417 -- -- -- -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 14 Vogel , Frank Frank Vogel 2011 -- 2016 431 250 181 . 580 59 30 29 . 508 7001160000000000000 ♠ 15 McMillan , Nate Nate McMillan 2016 -- present 82 42 40 . 512 0 . 000 Larry Bird coached the Pacers to the NBA Finals during the 1999 -- 2000 season . Isiah Thomas coached the Pacers from 2000 -- 01 to 2002 -- 03 . Rick Carlisle coached the Pacers from 2003 -- 04 to 2006 -- 07 . Frank Vogel , Pacers from 2010 to 2016 Nate McMillan , 2016 -- 17 was his first season as Pacers ' head coach , and he is The Pacers ' current Head Coach . Notes ( edit ) A running total of the number of coaches of the Pacers . Thus , any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once . Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season , except for the seasons spent in the ABA . References ( edit ) General `` Indiana Pacers Coach Register '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Year by Year with the Pacers '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Staverman Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slick Leonard Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff Index '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Bird Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mel Daniels Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Ramsay Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Brown Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Coaches in NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coach of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dick Versace Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers relieve O'Brien of coaching duties '' . NBA.com . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack McKinney Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Irvine Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hill Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Pritchard Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Carlisle Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim O'Brien Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Vogel Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nate McMillan Coaching Record '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Indiana Pacers head coaches <Td_colspan="2"> Larry Staverman ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Bobby Leonard ( 1968 -- 1980 ) Jack McKinney ( 1980 -- 1984 ) George Irvine ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Jack Ramsay ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Mel Daniels ( 1988 ) George Irvine ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Dick Versace ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Bob Hill ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Larry Brown ( 1993 -- 1997 ) Larry Bird ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Isiah Thomas ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Rick Carlisle ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Jim O'Brien ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Frank Vogel ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Nate McMillan ( 2016 -- ) ( # ) denotes interim head coach . <Th_colspan="2"> Indiana Pacers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1967 Based in Indianapolis , Indiana Franchise Franchise Team history ABA -- NBA merger All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Indiana State Fair Coliseum Market Square Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse General managers Storen Weissert Leonard Vertlieb Salyers Walsh Kahn Morway Pritchard G League affiliate Fort Wayne Mad Ants Administration Herb Simon ( Owner , Chairman and CEO ) Kevin Pritchard ( GM , President ) Nate McMillan ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 30 31 34 35 529 ( in honor of Leonard 's total wins as Pacers coach ) ABA Finals appearances 1969 1970 1972 1973 NBA Finals appearances 2000 Culture and lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl The Knick - Killer Dancing Harry Boomer Reb Porter Rivals New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Indiana Radio WFNI - AM Announcers Chris Denari Quinn Buckner Clark Kellogg Brooke Olzendam Mark Boyle Bob `` Slick '' Leonard <Th_colspan="2"> Current head coaches of the National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) Kenny Atkinson ( Brooklyn Nets ) Jeff Hornacek ( New York Knicks ) Brett Brown ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) Central Fred Hoiberg ( Chicago Bulls ) Tyronn Lue ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Stan Van Gundy ( Detroit Pistons ) Nate McMillan ( Indiana Pacers ) Joe Prunty ( Milwaukee Bucks ) Southeast Mike Budenholzer ( Atlanta Hawks ) Steve Clifford ( Charlotte Hornets ) Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) Frank Vogel ( Orlando Magic ) Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) Western Conference Northwest Michael Malone ( Denver Nuggets ) Tom Thibodeau ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) Billy Donovan ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Quin Snyder ( Utah Jazz ) Pacific Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) Doc Rivers ( Los Angeles Clippers ) Luke Walton ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Jay Triano ( Phoenix Suns ) Dave Joerger ( Sacramento Kings ) Southwest Rick Carlisle ( Dallas Mavericks ) Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) J.B. Bickerstaff ( Memphis Grizzlies ) Alvin Gentry ( New Orleans Pelicans ) Gregg Popovich ( San Antonio Spurs ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indiana_Pacers_head_coaches&oldid=813184696 '' Categories : Lists of National Basketball Association head coaches by team Indiana Pacers head coaches Indiana Pacers lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ქართული Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 08 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Indiana Pacers head coaches 2. Larry Bird coaching record 3. Bobby Leonard ABA championships 4. Rick Carlisle coaching record 5. Nate McMillan current head coach

which aircraft of iaf was not a part of 1965 war * 1 point

Indo - Pakistani air war of 1965 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani air war of 1965 Main article : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani Aerial War of 1965 <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 <Td_colspan="2"> Date August -- September 23 , 1965 Location South Asia Result Neither side won United Nations mandated ceasefire . No permanent territorial changes ( See Tashkent Declaration ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents India Indian Air Force Pakistan Pakistan Air Force <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders ACM Arjan Singh AM Noor Khan <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses Neutral claims 60 -- 75 aircraft Indian claims 35 - 59 aircraft lost In addition , Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents , and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down . Pakistani claims 110 - 113 aircraft destroyed Neutral claims 20 aircraft Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost Indian claims 43 - 73 aircraft destroyed <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 <Td_colspan="2"> Operation Dwarka Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Battle of Asal Uttar Battle of Burki Battle of Phillora Battle of Chawinda Battle of Ichogil Bund Lahore Front Air War Tashkent Declaration <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- 18 The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 saw the Indian and Pakistani Air Forces engaged in large - scale aerial combat against each other for the first time since the Partition of India in 1947 . The war took place during the course of September 1965 and saw both air forces conduct defensive and offensive operations over Indian and Pakistani airspace . The aerial war saw both sides conducting thousands of sorties in a single month . Both sides claimed victory in the air war ; Pakistan claimed to have destroyed 104 enemy aircraft against its own losses of 19 , while India claimed to have destroyed 73 enemy aircraft and lost 35 of its own . Despite the intense fighting , the conflict was effectively a stalemate . Contents 1 Background 2 Main battle 3 Outcome 3.1 Effect on future wars 4 Notes 5 References Background The war began in early August 1965 and initially the fighting was confined mainly to the ground . Later , however , as the war progressed , the war took on another dimension as the two sides began air operations against each other . Although the two forces had previously taken part in the First Kashmir War which had occurred shortly after the Partition of India in 1947 , that engagement had been limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict and the air operations that both sides had undertaken were limited and largely confined to interdiction and other strategic purposes such as re-supply and troop transport operations . Although there had been one incident where Indian fighter aircraft intercepted a Pakistani transport , there had been no significant air - to - air combat . During the 1965 conflict , however , the PAF flew a total 2,364 sorties while the IAF flew 3,937 sorties . Main Battle The aerial phase of the war began on 1 September 1965 when the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) responded to an urgent call for air strikes against the Pakistani Army , which had launched an attack known as Operation Grand Slam . The IAF 's 45 Sqn was tasked to carry out Close air Support missions in support of Indian troops . The squadron had recently been moved from Pune to Pathankot , after a merger of No 220 Sqn into it , under the command of Sqn . Ldr . S.K. `` Marshal '' Dhar . Three missions of four aircraft each were tasked , with the first wave taking off at 1719 hours . These strafed Pakistani positions and attacked Pakistani tanks and ground targets , though a lot of damage from `` friendly fire '' was also reported later on . The Indian aircraft were intercepted by two Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) F - 86 Sabres , flown by S / L Sarfraz Rafiqui of No 5 Sqn and F / L Imtiaz Bhatti of No 15 Sqn . In the ensuing dogfight four IAF Vampires were lost , one from the first wave and three from the second . After this , the IAF immediately withdrew about 130 Vampires , together with over 50 Ouragons , from front - line service . On 2 September , both sides flew in support of their ground forces , however no major aerial engagement was observed . The appearance of the Sabres necessitated a move by the IAF to send the Folland Gnat fighters to the forward base of Pathankot . IAF used Mysteres flying at slow speed as bait to lure Sabres to attack where the waiting Gnats would take them on . Two Sabres were scrambled but one had to turn back without entering the fight when the pilot could not jettison the fuel tanks . The other one flown by Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan , spotted the IAF planes and tried positioning himself behind them before attacking . Just as he got his cross-hairs on them he felt thuds on his own jet , as he was surrounded in a cloud of Gnats repeatedly being attacked . A Lockheed F - 104 Starfighter lurking in the area was pointed to the dog fight by base control along with scrambling another one from base . The first Starfighter crossed through the dog fight at super sonic speed . The Gnats after scoring a kill started egressing . IAF 's Squadron Leader Trevor J. Keelor of No. 23 Squadron claimed to have shot down the F - 86 Sabre on that day ( September 3 ) , claiming the first air combat victory for the IAF of the war and subsequently received the Vir Chakra and the title of ' Sabre Slayer ' . However the sabre he ' shot down ' was flown in badly damaged condition and somehow rough landed back at the base . The Sabre pilot , Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan , was given Sitara - e-Jurat for surviving dog fight with six Gnats ( while his wingman was ordered to leave since he could n't jettison his fuel tanks ) and bringing the damaged Sabre back home . In the same incident , an IAF Gnat pilot was overheard warning others of the incoming Starfighter . Also , a Gnat piloted by Squadron Leader Brij Pal Singh Sikand , mistakingly landed at an abandoned airstrip in Pasrur , when he thought he had safely crossed the border . His takeoff attempt was aborted due to presence of a Pakistan army jeep on the runway . He was taken POW and later handed over to PAF . A Lockheed F - 104 Starfighter flown by Flt Lt Hakimullah Khan chasing in at super sonic speed was also credited with forcing the Gnat down . This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the Pakistan Air Force Museum , Karachi . after it was flown from Pasrur by Sqn Ldr Saad Hatmi who flew the captured aircraft back to Sargodha , and later tested and evaluated its flight performance , was of the personal view that Gnat was no ' Sabre Slayer ' when it came to dog fighting . On 4 September , an F - 86 Sabre was lost . The PAF claimed the cause to be friendly ground fire while the IAF claimed to have shot it down . Rafiqui was shot down over Halwara on 6 September , while Bhatti ended the war with 34 combat missions to his credit , the maximum combat missions flown by any pilot during the war . Indian Folland Gnat on display at the PAF Museum Gallery . During the conflict , the Pakistani F - 86 Sabre Flying Ace , Muhammad Mahmood Alam shot down seven Indian aircraft including claims of two as ' probable ' . Five Hawker Hunter aircraft were shot down in one minute , of which four were brought down in 30 seconds . On September 6 , the Indian Army crossed the border at Lahore to relieve pressure on the Chamb Jaurian sector . On the evening of the same day , the PAF responded with attacks on Indian airfields at Pathankot , Adampur and Halwara . The attack on Pathankot was successful , while the attacks on Adampur and Halwara were failures . The IAF lost almost ten aircraft on the ground at Pathankot . The Adampur strike turned back before even reaching Adampur while at Halwara two of the three attacking raiders were shot down for the loss of two Indian Hunters in air combat . Both the Indian pilots survived as they ejected over their base , whereas the intruding Pakistani pilots were killed in action . This included the ace Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Rafiqui who had shot down two Vampires on 1 September . Before being shot down , Rafiqui is credited with shooting down the first of the Hunters . He was later posthumously awarded the Sitara - e-Jurat for the Chamb action and the Hilal - i - Jurat for the Halwara action . On 7 September 1965 , the PAF parachuted 135 Special Services Group ( SSG ) para commandos at three Indian airfields ( Halwara , Pathankot and Adampur ) . The daring attempt proved to be an `` unmitigated disaster '' . Only ten commandos were able to return to Pakistan , the rest were taken as prisoners of war ( including one of the Commanders of the operations , Major Khalid Butt ) . At Halwara and Adampur these troops landed in residential areas where the villagers caught and handed them over to police . Also on 7 September , the IAF mounted 33 sorties against the heavily guarded PAF airfield complex at Sargodha . The IAF lost two Mysteres and three Hunters due to the defence mounted by the PAF 's local squadrons . One of the Indian Hunter pilots , who ejected near Sargodha , was made POW and released after the war . One of the crippled Mysteres flying solo got involved in a dogfight with an F - 104 Starfighter and each somehow shot the other down ; the Pakistani pilot safely ejected , while the Indian pilot , Squadron Leader Ajamada B. Devayya , was killed . Squadron Leader Devayya was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for his bravery 23 years later , after his feat was revealed by an author appointed by the PAF to write its official history of the 1965 war . The seventh of September also marked the day when the PAF attacked IAF airfields in the Eastern Sector . During the PAF 's raid on Kalaikunda , Indian pilot Flight Lieutenant AT Cooke engaged 3 PAF Sabres , shooting down one and badly damaging the second sabre , by this time , Cooke had no ammunition left but he successfully chased away the third sabre . His wingman engaged the remaining one sabre and shoot it down . The war lessened in intensity after 8 September , with occasional clashes between the IAF and the PAF . Both air forces now changed their doctrine from air interdictions to ground attack and concentrated their efforts on knocking out soft skin targets and supply lines , such as wagons carrying ammunition ; and armoured vehicles . During the conflict IAF English Electric Canberras raided a few of the Pakistani bases . On 10 September one Mystere was downed by anti-aircraft fire in Pakistan but the pilot ejected safely . On September 13 , one PAF F - 86 Sabre was downed while attacking a train near Gurdaspur and the pilot was killed . In another encounter the same day between PAF Sabres from Sargodha and IAF Gnats from No. 2 Squadron , an Indian Gnat was shot down by a PAF F - 86 Sabre flown by Flt Lt Yusaf Ali Khan although the Indian pilot managed to eject safely . The other Gnat was engaged and damaged in air combat by Flt Lt Imtiaz Bhatti . The experienced pilot somehow managed to return to base , where according to All India Radio the Gnat 's pilot later died of wounds sustained during the combat . He was said to have brought his damaged aircraft back to base and to have died during landing . His funeral was attended by the Indian President . Yusaf Ali Khan was credited with a kill whereas , Imtiaz Bhatti was credited with damaging the IAF Gnat despite the later confirmation that the pilot died of wounds and the Gnat crashed during its landing attempt . Later in the night of 13 / 14 September , Indian Canberras undertook the deepest penetration of Pakistani airspace of the war , attacking Pakistani bases around Peshawar and Kohat . Rather than bombing the Peshawer runway , however , IAF bombers mistook the mall road in Peshawer as the runway and dropped their bombs there instead . The Canberras were intercepted by a Pakistani F - 104 near Lahore but they managed to evade the Starfighter and return home safely . They also had an encounter with F - 86 Sabres , one of which fired at the Canberras , which sustained some damage . A Pakistani F - 86 Sabre also crashed while conducting an evasive maneuver in an attempt to escape pursuit , from an escorting Gnat as it tried to defend the Canberra bombers ; the PAF pilot was killed . The Gnat pilot , W / C Singh , was later credited with an aerial victory for this incident near Amritsar . Later , one Pakistani B - 57 was shot down by anti-aircraft fire over Adampur , although both of its crew managed to eject safely and remained POWs . On 15 September , the PAF employed a number of its Lockheed C - 130 Hercules transport aircraft as bombers , which proved unsuccessful ; two of them were shot down by the IAF . The following day , one IAF Hunter and a PAF F - 86 Sabre were shot down over Halwara . The IAF pilot was killed in the encounter , although the Pakistani pilot ejected and spent the rest of the war as a POW . A Pakistani Cessna was also shot down that day , as well as an Auster observation aircraft . On 18 September a Sabre was shot down by a Gnat over Amritsar ; the matter was reported by the Collector , who had witnessed the entire dogfight . The same day a Pakistani Sabre shot down a civilian Indian aircraft even after the civilian plane indicated its identity , the PAF pilot assuming it to be a reconnaissance mission . Years later , the PAF pilot wrote a letter to the Indian pilot 's daughter to apologize for shooting down the aircraft . The aircraft had been carrying the then Gujarat Chief Minister Balwant Rai and his family . On 19 September , a Gnat and two Sabres were downed over Chawinda . One of the Sabres that were shot down was credited to Squadron Leader Denzil Keelor , the brother of Trevor Keelor , who was credited with the first Indian aerial victory of the war . The following day , another two Hunters and an F - 86 Sabre were lost over Kasur , Pakistan . The F - 86 was vulnerable to the diminutive Folland Gnat , nicknamed `` Sabre Slayer . '' The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani Canadair Sabres in the 1965 war . while two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters . At one stage the IAF was operating 200 air missions simultaneously . IAF Folland Gnats of Nos 9 and 23 squadrons played a significant role in major air battles . On 21 September , IAF Canberras carried out a daring daylight strike into Pakistan against the radar complex in Badin . The raid proved to be successful . Under the command of Wing Commander Peter Wilson , six Canberras from No. 16 Squadron took off from Agra , over 1,000 km from Bladin and proceeded towards the radar complex at low level . About 80 miles ( 130 km ) short of the target , one Canberra climbed to an altitude of 10,000 feet in order to act as a decoy , before returning to base . The other five Canberras continued on towards the target . The flight then separated and four of the aircraft approached the target in two sections , each two minutes apart , at low level ; before climbing to 7,000 feet from where they carried out bombing runs , dropping approximately 10,000 lbs of explosives . Wilson then approached from the south at an altitude of just 30 feet firing a salvo of 68mm rockets at the radar dome . On the same day a PAF F - 104 intercepted a Canberra bomber on its way back from Sargodha and shot it down , while one Hunter pilot who was the son of Chief of the Indian Army was shot down by anti-aircraft fire ; he ejected and was taken POW . The ceasefire was declared on the night of September 22 , 1965 . Outcome There are conflicting claims by either side on this issue . Pakistani sources suggest that Indian losses were in the range of 59 -- 110 and Pakistani losses were around 18 -- 43 . Indian sources also claim that in terms of aircraft lost to sorties flown , the Indian Air Force 's attrition rate ( 1.5 % ) was lower than the Pakistani attrition rate ( 1.82 % ) . Another factor which makes it difficult to determine the outcome of the 1965 air war is the issue of aircraft lost in the air in air - to - air combat or to ground fire as opposed to aircraft lost on the ground due to bombing . A large number of Indian aircraft losses occurred on the ground during the attacks on Kalaikkunda and Pathankot -- up to 60 per cent by some accounts . -- while most of the Pakistani losses were in aerial combat . India 's air chief marshal Arjan Singh claimed that despite having been qualitatively inferior , his air force achieved air superiority in three days . According to Kenneth Werrell , the Pakistan Air Force `` did well in the conflict and probably had the edge '' . When hostilities broke out , the Pakistan Air Force with around 100 F - 86s faced an enemy with five times as many combat aircraft ; the Indians were also equipped with comparatively modern aircraft inventory . Despite this , Werrell credits the PAF as having the advantage of a `` decade 's experience with the Sabre '' and pilots with long flight hours experience . Effect on future Wars The lessons of the 1965 war led India to refine its tactics which proved decisive in the 1971 war . Pakistani forces failed to take account of the extent to which they had relied on two factors which the IAF could not take for granted -- complete ground - based defensive radar coverage and an adequate supply of air - to - air missiles . Much effort was expended in India to remedy these deficiencies before 1971 . With Soviet aid , India established a modern early warning radar system , including the recently introduced ' Fansong - E ' low - level radar , linked with SA - 2 ' Guideline ' surface - to - air missiles and a large number of AA guns . By December 1971 the IAF comprised a total of 36 squadrons ( of which 10 were deployed in the Bengal sector ) with some 650 combat aircraft . Moreover , the 1965 war resulted in the USA imposing a 10 - year arms embargo on both sides . This had no effect on India , which had always looked to Britain , France and even Russia for arms , but was disastrous for Pakistan , which was forced to acquire 90 obsolete second hand Sabres via Iran , 28 Mirage IIIs from France and 74 maintenance intensive Shenyang F - 6s . It was unable to replace losses among its ( already weak ) force of B - 57s , or to acquire a modern interceptor in realistic numbers . Notes Jump up ^ Licence - built North American F - 86 Sabres with Canadian engines . References ^ Jump up to : Coggins , Edward V. ; Coggins , Ed ( 2000 ) . Wings That Stay on ( illustrated ed . ) . Turner Publishing Company . pp. 163 -- 164 . ISBN 9781563115684 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 '' . Global Security.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas M. Leonard ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the developing world . Taylor & Francis . pp. 806 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97663 - 3 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistan Wars '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Creveld , Martin Van ( 2012 ) . The Age of Airpower ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . PublicAffairs . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 9781610391085 . Jump up ^ `` Official History of IAF in 65 War '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bharat-Rakshak.com `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Osama , Athar. `` 1965 War : A Different Legacy '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : O ' Nordeen , Lon ( 1985 ) . Air Warfare in the Missile Age . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 84 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87474 - 680 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum . Tribuneindia.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasjit . `` The 1965 India - Pakistan War : IAF 's Ground Reality '' . The Sunday Tribune , 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Vaughan Lowe , Adam Roberts , Jennifer Welsh , Dominik Zaum , eds. ( 2010 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . OUP Oxford . ISBN 9780191614934 . Since the partition of British India in mid-1947 , India and Pakistan have fought ' three - and - a-half ' wars with each other . Within months of partition , the first war over Kashmir took place ( 26 October 1947 -- 1 January 1949 ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis . pp. 805 -- 806 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97663 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harkavy , Robert ; Neuman , Stephanie ( 2001 ) . Warfare and the Third World . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24012 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tom . `` Indo - Pakistani War , 1947 -- 1949 '' . Air Combat Information Group . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Jasjit ( 2007 ) . `` The 1965 India - Pakistan War : IAF 's Ground Reality '' . The Sunday Tribune , 6 May 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AIR ATTACK -- OUTBREAK OF THE WAR ( SEPT 1ST -- 6TH ) '' . August 2012 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tank Busting In The Chamb '' . August 2012 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SQN LDR SARFARAZ AHMED RIAFIQUI ) , '' . Defence Journal . September 1998 . Jump up ^ `` PAF Falcons -- The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War '' . paffalcons.com . ^ Jump up to : Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail . `` Run ... It 's a 104 '' . Jang News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 War , Chapter 3 . '' Archived July 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . bharat-rakshak.com . Retrieved : 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PAF Falcons -- The Glorious Seventeen Days September 1965 War '' . paffalcons.com . Jump up ^ Tufail , M. Kaiser ( 2008 ) . Great Air Battles for Pakistan Air Force . Deadly Stroke : Ferozesons . Jump up ^ `` Alam 's Speed - shooting Classic '' . Defencejournal.com. 1965 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` PAKISTAN AIR FORCE -- Official website '' . Paf.gov.pk . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fricker , John . Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 . before we had completed more than about 270 degree of the turn , at around 12 degree per second , all four Hunters had been shot down . Jump up ^ `` Re-birth of Pakistan 's Record - holder Air Fighter as a New Man : Mohmammad M. Alam '' . Yespakistan.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Air Power , Flight International magazine , 5 May 1984 '' ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistani Air - to - Air Victories '' . Air Combat Information Group . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ranbir Singh ( 2002 ) . Marshal Arjan Singh , DFC : life and times . Ocean Books . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88322 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 1965 War : A view from the east '' . Rediff news . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pratap Chandra Lal ( 1986 ) . My years with the IAF . Lancer Publishers . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 008 - 2 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tiwary , Air Vice Marshal AK . `` IAF defeated PAF in 1965 War '' . Vol 22.1 Jan -- Mar 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE REPLY -- AIR BATTLES OF SEPTEMBER 7TH '' . HISTORY PAGE , 1965 WAR . Bharat Rakshak . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air - to - Air Victories since 1948 '' . Air Combat Information Group . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Defence Awards : Maha Vir Chakra '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1334-alfred-cooke.html Jump up ^ The India - Pakistan Air War of 1965 . Manohar Books . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LIST OF INDIAN PILOTS '' . 1965 WAR , HISTORY PAGE . Bharat Rakshak . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Jagan Mohan , P.V.S ; Chopra , Samir ( 2005 ) . The India - Pakistan air war of 1965 . Manohar . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 641 - 4 . pages = 240 -- 241 Jump up ^ Jackson , Robert ( 1994 ) . F - 86 Sabre : the operational record . Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 9781560985310 . location = page = 107 Jump up ^ Fricker , John ( 1979 ) . Battle for Pakistan : The Air War of 1965 . Ian Allan Ltd . ISBN 9780711009295 . page = 150 Jump up ^ `` Chronological Listing of Indian Air Force , Naval Air Force and related Losses & Ejections '' . October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jagan Mohan , P.V.S ; Chopra , Samir ( 2005 ) . The India - Pakistan air war of 1965 . Manohar . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 641 - 4 . pages = 257 -- 259 ^ Jump up to : `` Fighter pilot says sorry to daughter of man he shot down '' . The Independent UK . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pak pilot says sorry for 1965 downing of plane '' . Zee News . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIDE SHOW IN THE SOUTH - WESTERN SECTOR '' . HISTORY PAGE , 1965 WAR . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Lalwani , Ramesh . `` Sabre Killers : Keelor Brothers '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ See the main article Sabre Slayer for the complete list on this issue including sources . Jump up ^ Rakshak , Bharat . `` Indian Air Force Combat Kills , Indo Pakistan War 1965 . '' Archived 2006 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . History . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Spick 2002 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Aditya . `` The Kashmir War , 1965 : Raid on Badin '' . Air Combat Information Group . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fricker , John ( 1979 ) . Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 . I. Allan. page = 130 Jump up ^ Khan , JA ( 2004 ) . Air Power and Challenges to IAF . APH Publishing . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 593 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/1965-war-we-achieved-air-superiority-in-three-days-says-air-force-marshal-arjan-singh_1805797.html ^ Jump up to : Werrell , Kenneth ( 2013 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley : The F - 86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea . Naval Institute Press . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61251 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop ( Amber Publishing 1997 , republished 2004 , pages 384 -- 387 ISBN 1 - 904687 - 26 - 1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Military of India <Td_colspan="2"> Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 -- 1948 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia <Td_colspan="2"> Army Navy Air Force <Th_colspan="2"> Pakistan Armed Forces <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistan Army Pakistan Navy Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Marines Paramilitary Forces Leadership Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Minister of Defence Minister for Defence Production Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chief of General Staff Chief of Army Staff Chief of Air Staff Chief of Naval Staff Commander Marines Army See Template : Pakistan Army Air Force Air Force Museum Air Headquarters Aircraft Hospitals Squadrons and commands Air Force Strategic Command Air Intelligence Special Service Wing Air Squadrons Serving Air Marshals Navy Hospitals PNS Darmaan Jah PNS Rahat PNS Shifa Naval Museum Naval Headquarters Squadrons and commands Marines Naval Air Arm Naval Intelligence Naval Strategic Forces Command Navy Hydrographic Department Northern Naval Command Punjab Marines Command Western Naval Command Special Services Group Navy Vessels Serving Admirals Education and training Army See Template : Pakistan Army Navy Naval Academy Naval Engineering College Naval Education Command Naval School of Logistics and Management Naval War College PNS Karsaz PNS Himalaya Air Force Air Force Academy Air War College College of Aeronautical Engineering College of Flying Training Combat Commanders School Air Force Schools and Colleges System Military history Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts 1947 1965 1971 1999 1967 Israeli - Arab war Bangladesh Liberation War 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict Baloch insurgency in 1970s Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet war in Afghanistan Siachen conflict First Gulf War War in North - West Pakistan Piracy off the coast of Somalia Yemeni crisis Piracy off the coast of Venezuela Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Martial law Personnel and equipment Ranks Army ranks and insignia Naval ranks and insignia Air Force ranks and insignia Bases Navy Ahsan Naval Base Akram Naval Base Hameed Naval Base Iqbal Naval Base Jinnah Naval Base Kalmat Naval Base Karachi Naval Dockyard Mehran Naval Base Qasim Naval Base Air Force Air Force Bases Related Awards and decorations Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces <Td_colspan="2"> Categories ( Army Air Force Navy ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_Air_War_of_1965&oldid=847167801 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Aerial operations and battles Aviation history of India Aviation history of Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 11 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Indo-Pakistani air war of 1965 2. Aerial combat between Indian and Pakistani Air Forces 3. Offensive and defensive operations over Indian and Pakistani airspace 4. Claims of victory from both sides 5. Stalemate and ceasefire declaration

what does double vertical lines mean in math

Vertical bar - Wikipedia Vertical bar Jump to : navigation , search `` '' redirects here . For the use of a similar - looking character in vertical Japanese writing , see Chōonpu . `` ‖ '' redirects here . For the use of a similar - looking character in African languages , see lateral clicks . <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vertical bar <Td_colspan="2"> ¦ ‖ ∣ Broken bar Magnitude Divides <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Word dividers interpunct space <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ note ※ number sign , pound , hash , octothorpe # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe , broken bar ‖ ¦ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ​ ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₿ ​ ₵ ​ ¢ ​ ₡ ​ ₢ ​ $ ​ ₫ ​ ₯ ​ ֏ ​ ₠ ​ € ​ ƒ ​ ₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​ ₭ ​ ₺ ​ ₾ ​ ₼ ​ M ​ ₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​ ₱ ​ ₰ ​ £ ​ 元 圆 圓 ​ ریال ​ ៛ ​ ₽ ​ ₹ Rs ​ ₪ ​ ৳ ​ ₸ ​ ₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥ 円 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ <Th_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters <Th_colspan="2"> In other scripts <Td_colspan="2"> Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book <Td_colspan="2"> The vertical bar ( ) is a computer character and glyph with various uses in mathematics , computing , and typography . It has many names , often related to particular meanings : Sheffer stroke ( in logic ) , verti - bar , vbar , stick , broken bar , vertical line , vertical slash , bar , glidus , obelisk , or pipe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Mathematics 1.2 Physics 1.3 Computing 1.3. 1 Pipe 1.3. 2 Disjunction 1.3. 3 Concatenation 1.3. 4 Delimiter 1.3. 5 Backus -- Naur form 1.3. 6 Concurrency operator 1.3. 7 APL 1.3. 8 List comprehensions 1.4 Phonetics and orthography 1.5 Literature 1.5. 1 Punctuation 1.5. 2 Poetry 1.5. 3 Notation 2 Encoding 2.1 Solid vertical bar vs broken bar 2.2 In common character maps 2.3 In text processing 3 See also 4 References Usage ( edit ) Mathematics ( edit ) The vertical bar is used as a mathematical symbol in numerous ways : absolute value : x ( \ displaystyle x ) , read `` the absolute value of x '' set - builder notation : ( x x < 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( x x < 2 \ ) ) , read `` the set of x such that x is less than two '' . Often a colon ' : ' is used instead of a vertical bar cardinality : S ( \ displaystyle S ) , read `` the cardinality of the set S '' conditional probability : P ( X Y ) ( \ displaystyle P ( X Y ) ) , read `` the probability of X given Y '' divisibility : a b ( \ displaystyle a b ) , read `` a divides b '' or `` a is a factor of b '' , though Unicode also provides special ' divides ' and ' does not divide ' symbols ( U + 2223 and U + 2224 : ∣ , ∤ ) the Sheffer stroke in logic : a b ( \ displaystyle a b ) , read `` a nand b '' distance : distance P a b ( \ displaystyle P ab ) notes the shortest distance between point P ( \ displaystyle P ) to line a b ( \ displaystyle ab ) , so P a b ( \ displaystyle P ab ) is perpendicular to line a b ( \ displaystyle ab ) evaluate ( subscript notation ) : f ( x ) x = 4 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) _ ( x = 4 ) ) , read `` f of x , evaluated at x equals 4 '' ( see subscripts at Wikibooks ) length : s , read `` the length of the string s '' restriction : f A : A → F ( \ displaystyle f _ ( A ) : A \ to F ) denotes a restriction of function f ( \ displaystyle f ) where it is defined over a domain that is a superset of A ( \ displaystyle A ) Sometimes a vertical bar following a function , with sub - and super-script limits a and b is used when evaluating definite integrals to mean `` f ( x ) from a to b '' or `` f ( b ) -- f ( a ) '' A vertical bar can be used to separate variables from fixed parameters in a function , for example f ( x μ , σ ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x \ mu , \ sigma ) ) The order of a group G is written G ( \ displaystyle G ) The determinant of a matrix A is sometimes written A ( \ displaystyle A ) , and when the matrix entries are written out , the determinant is denoted by surrounding the matrix entries by vertical bars instead of the brackets or parentheses of the matrix , for instance a b c d e f g h i ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) a&b&c \ \ d&e&f \ \ g&h&i \ end ( vmatrix ) ) ) The double vertical bar , U + 2016 ‖ double vertical line is also employed in mathematics . norm : ∥ x ∥ ( \ displaystyle \ \ mathbf ( x ) \ ) , read `` the norm of the vector x '' parallelism in geometry : A B ∥ C D ( \ displaystyle AB \ parallel CD ) indicates that the line A B ( \ displaystyle AB ) is parallel to the line C D ( \ displaystyle CD ) propositional truncation ( a type former which truncates a type down to a mere proposition in homotopy type theory ) : for any a : A ( \ displaystyle a : A ) ( read `` term a ( \ displaystyle a ) of type A ( \ displaystyle A ) `` ) we have a : ∥ A ∥ ( \ displaystyle a : \ left \ A \ right \ ) ( here a ( \ displaystyle a ) reads `` image of a : A ( \ displaystyle a : A ) in ∥ A ∥ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ A \ right \ ) '' and a : ∥ A ∥ ( \ displaystyle a : \ left \ A \ right \ ) reads `` propositional truncation of A ( \ displaystyle A ) `` ) Physics ( edit ) The vertical bar is used in bra -- ket notation in quantum physics . Examples : ψ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ psi \ rangle ) : the quantum physical state ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi ) ⟨ ψ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ psi ) : the dual state corresponding to the state above ⟨ ψ ρ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ psi \ rho \ rangle ) : the inner product of states ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi ) and ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) supergroups in physics are denoted G ( N M ) which reads `` G , M vertical bar N '' ; here G denotes any supergroup , M denotes the bosonic dimensions , and N denotes the Grassmann dimensions Computing ( edit ) Pipe ( edit ) Main article : Pipeline ( Unix ) A pipe is an inter-process communication mechanism originating in Unix , which allows the output ( standard out and , optionally , standard error ) of one process to be used as input ( standard in ) to another . In this way , a series of commands can be `` piped '' together , giving users the ability to quickly perform complex multi-stage processing from the command line or as part of a Unix shell script ( `` bash file '' ) . In most Unix shells ( command interpreters ) , this is represented by the vertical bar character . For example : grep - i ' blair ' filename. log more where the output from the `` grep '' process is piped to the `` more '' process . The same `` pipe '' feature is also found in later versions of DOS and Microsoft Windows . This usage has led to the character itself being called `` pipe '' . Disjunction ( edit ) In many programming languages , the vertical bar is used to designate the logic operation or , either bitwise or or logical or . Specifically , in C and other languages following C syntax conventions , such as C++ , Perl , Java and C# , a b denotes a bitwise or ; whereas a double vertical bar a b denotes a ( short - circuited ) logical or . Since the character was originally not available in all code pages and keyboard layouts , ANSI C can transcribe it in form of the trigraph ? ? ! , which , outside string literals , is equivalent to the character . In regular expression syntax , the vertical bar again indicates logical or ( alternation ) . For example : the Unix command grep - E ' fu bar ' matches lines containing ' fu ' or ' bar ' . Concatenation ( edit ) The double vertical bar operator `` '' denotes string concatenation in PL / I , standard ANSI SQL , and theoretical computer science ( particularly cryptography ) . Delimiter ( edit ) Although not as common as commas or tabs , the vertical bar can be used as a delimiter in a flat file . Examples of a pipe - delimited standard data format are LEDES 1998B and HL7 . It is frequently used because vertical bars are typically uncommon in the data itself . Similarly , the vertical bar may see use as a delimiter for regular expression operations ( e.g. in sed ) . This is useful when the regular expression contains instances of the more common forward slash ( / ) delimiter ; using a vertical bar eliminates the need to escape all instances of the forward slash . However , this makes the bar unusable as the regular expression `` alternative '' operator . Backus -- Naur form ( edit ) In Backus -- Naur form , an expression consists of sequences of symbols and / or sequences separated by ' ' , indicating a choice , the whole being a possible substitution for the symbol on the left . < personal - name > : : = < initial > Concurrency operator ( edit ) In calculi of communicating processes ( like pi - calculus ) , the vertical bar is used to indicate that processes execute in parallel . APL ( edit ) The pipe in APL is the modulo or residue function between two operands and the absolute value function next to one operand . List comprehensions ( edit ) Main article : List comprehensions The vertical bar is used for list comprehensions in some functional languages , e.g. Haskell and Erlang . Compare set - builder notation . Phonetics and orthography ( edit ) In the Khoisan languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet , the vertical bar is used to write the dental click ( ǀ ) . A double vertical bar is used to write the alveolar lateral click ( ǁ ) . Since these are technically letters , they have their own Unicode code points in the Latin Extended - B range : U + 01C0 for the single bar and U + 01C1 for the double bar . Longer single and double vertical bars are used to mark prosodic boundaries in the IPA . Literature ( edit ) Punctuation ( edit ) In medieval European manuscripts , a single vertical bar was a common variant of the virgula ⟨ / ⟩ used as a period , scratch comma , and caesura mark . In Sanskrit and other Indian languages , text blocks used to be written in stanzas . Two bars represent the equivalent of a pilcrow . Poetry ( edit ) A double vertical bar ⟨ ⟩ or ⟨ ‖ ⟩ is the standard caesura mark in English literary criticism and analysis . It marks the strong break or caesura common to many forms of poetry , particularly Old English verse . Notation ( edit ) In the Geneva Bible and early printings of the King James Version , a double vertical bar is used to mark margin notes that contain an alternative translation from the original text . These margin notes always begin with the conjunction `` Or '' . In later printings of the King James Version , the double vertical bar is irregularly used to mark any comment in the margins . Encoding ( edit ) The vertical bar is encoded in Unicode at U + 007C Vertical line ( 124 HTML & # 124 ; ) . Solid vertical bar vs broken bar ( edit ) The code point 124 ( 7C hexadecimal ) is occupied by a broken bar in a dot matrix printer of the late 1980s , which apparently lacks a solid vertical bar . Due to this , broken bar is also used for vertical line approximation . See the full picture ( 3,000 × 2,500 pixels ) . The broken bar ( ¦ ) in computing was historically an allograph of the vertical bar and was perceived so before a broad implementation of extended ASCII character sets ( namely , ISO / IEC 8859 series ) , which did distinguish both . Since the 1990s , it is considered a separate character , not a part of ASCII , and also termed `` parted rule '' in Unicode documentation . But in many fonts , the glyph used for the vertical bar looks exactly like a broken bar . The broken bar is encoded in Unicode at U + 00A6 ¦ Broken Bar ( 166 HTML & # 166 ; &brvbar ; ) . Due to historical confusion between the two , computer keyboards and displays may not clearly or consistently differentiate them : The typical keyboard layout used in the United Kingdom features separate keys for vertical bar and broken bar ; however , in many fonts the vertical bar key produces a broken - bar symbol . Some keyboard drivers map the broken bar key to the vertical bar , and the vertical bar key , shared with the grave accent ( ` ) , generates the broken bar when pressed in combination with AltGr . The ANSI QWERTY keyboard has only a broken bar key , producing a vertical bar character . A key on the French AZERTY keyboard always produces a vertical bar character , but is represented on the key itself as a broken bar . The same holds for many German QWERTZ keyboard s , where the `` > < '' key in the lower left is labelled `` > < ¦ '' but always produces a vertical bar character . The broken bar has hardly any practical application and does not appear to have any clearly identified uses distinct from the vertical bar . In non-computing use -- for example in mathematics , physics and general typography -- the broken bar is not an acceptable substitute for the vertical bar . Aforementioned usages in computing rely on the abstract character with code point 124 ( 0x7C ) in ASCII ( or ASCII compatible code page ) and do not depend on visual rendering , which actually may be a broken bar in some environments . Some variants of the EBCDIC family of code pages such as EBCDIC 500 distinguished the broken bar from the solid vertical bar . In common character maps ( edit ) Vertical bar ( ' ' ) Broken bar ( ' ¦ ' ) ASCII , CP437 , CP667 , CP720 , CP737 , CP790 , CP819 , CP852 , CP855 , CP860 , CP861 , CP862 , CP865 , CP866 , CP867 , CP869 , CP872 , CP895 , CP932 , CP991 124 ( 7C h ) N / A CP775 124 ( 7Ch ) 167 ( A7h ) CP850 , CP857 , CP858 124 ( 7Ch ) 221 ( DDh ) CP863 124 ( 7Ch ) 160 ( A0h ) CP864 124 ( 7Ch ) 219 ( DBh ) ISO / IEC 8859 - 1 , - 7 , - 8 , - 9 , - 13 , CP1250 , CP1251 , CP1252 , CP1253 , CP1254 , CP1255 , CP1256 , CP1257 , CP1258 124 ( 7Ch ) 166 ( A6h ) ISO / IEC 8859 - 2 , - 3 , - 4 , - 5 , - 6 , - 10 , - 11 , - 14 , - 15 , - 16 124 ( 7Ch ) N / A Unicode U + 007C U + 00A6 EBCDIC ( CCSID 500 variant ) 187 ( BBh ) 166 ( A6h ) Shift - JIS Men - Ku - Ten 1 - 01 - 35 HTML & # 124 ; &brvbar ; or & # 166 ; Additional related Unicode characters : Double vertical line ( ‖ ) : U + 2016 used in pairs to indicate norm Parallel to ( ∥ ) : U + 2225 Latin letter dental click ( ⟨ ǀ ⟩ ) : U + 01C0 Latin letter lateral click ( ⟨ ǁ ⟩ ) : U + 01C1 Symbol ' divides ' ( ⟨ ∣ ⟩ ) : U + 2223 Various Box - drawing characters at U + 2500 to U + 257F In text processing ( edit ) In LaTeX , the vertical bar can be used as delimiter in mathematical mode . The sequence \ creates a double vertical line ( a b \ c is set as a b ∥ c ( \ displaystyle a b \ c ) ) . This has different spacing from \ mid and \ parallel , which are relational operators : a \ mid b \ parallel c is set as a ∣ b ∥ c ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b \ parallel c ) . In LaTeX text mode , the vertical bar produces an em dash ( -- ) , or one can use the \ textbar command instead . The vertical bar is also used as special character in other lightweight markup languages , notably Wikipedia 's own Wikitext . See also ( edit ) Danda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Univalent Foundations Program ( 2013 ) . Homotopy Type Theory : Univalent Foundations of Mathematics ( GitHub version ) ( PDF ) . Institute for Advanced Study . p. 108 . Jump up ^ Univalent Foundations Program ( 2013 ) . Homotopy Type Theory : Univalent Foundations of Mathematics ( print version ) . Institute for Advanced Study . p. 450 . Jump up ^ Larus Thorlacius , Thordur Jonsson ( eds . ) , M - Theory and Quantum Geometry , Springer , 2012 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` virgula , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1917 . Jump up ^ `` virgule , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1917 . Jump up ^ Jim Price ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` ASCII Chart : IBM PC Extended ASCII Display Characters '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Is Your Pipe Wrong ? '' . 2008 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Two guys walked into a bar , but the bar was broken '' . 2006 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jukka `` Yucca '' Korpela ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Detailed descriptions of the characters '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broken bar is no longer considered a part of ASCII since early 1990s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_bar&oldid=796845449 '' Categories : Punctuation Typographical symbols Logic symbols Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Vertical bar uses in mathematics and computing 2. Pipe symbol and its applications in Unix and programming languages 3. Vertical bar as a delimiter in flat files and regular expressions 4. Vertical bar in quantum physics and bra-ket notation 5. Vertical bar in typography and literature, including poetry and punctuation

who played avery in dog with a blog

G Hannelius - wikipedia G Hannelius Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> G Hannelius <Td_colspan="2"> Hannelius in 2014 Genevieve Knight Hannelius ( 1998 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1998 ( age 18 ) Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 2009 -- present Website www.ghannelius.com Genevieve Knight `` G '' Hannelius ( born December 22 , 1998 ) is an American actress and singer . She starred as Avery Jennings in the Disney Channel sitcom Dog with a Blog . Prior to this , she had recurring roles in the Disney Channel series Sonny with a Chance and Good Luck Charlie . She has also starred in Leo Little 's Big Show and has done voice work as Rosebud in the Air Buddies films . She also guest starred in Disney Channel 's series Jessie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Business ventures 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Discography 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hannelius was born in Boston , Massachusetts . Her father is Swedish . She moved to Falmouth , Maine at age three . Career ( edit ) Hannelius ' theater roles include playing Madeline in the Children 's Theater of Maine 's production of Madeline 's Rescue in summer 2002 . and Jenny in Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing with Children 's Theatre of Maine and Maine State Music Theater . She moved to California for three months to try out for auditions , and was so successful that her family relocated permanently to Los Angeles in 2008 . Hannelius is an alumna of the Los Angeles - based Young Actor 's Studio . Hannelius played Courtney Patterson on the sitcom Surviving Suburbia , playing the daughter of Bob Saget 's character . She had a recurring role on Sonny with a Chance , a Disney Channel original series as Dakota Condor , a guest role on Hannah Montana as a fan named Tiffany and a recurring role on Good Luck Charlie as Jo Keener . She also played Emily Pearson in the Disney Channel original film Den Brother in 2010 , and was the voice talent of Rosebud in Spooky Buddies and the following films Treasure Buddies and Super Buddies . In February 2011 , she was cast for a lead role in the pilot of the High School Musical spin - off series Madison High , however the pilot was not picked up to series . In 2015 , she played Avery Jennings on the Disney Channel series Dog with a Blog , it premiered on October 12 , 2012 . In 2014 , she guest starred as Mad Mack on the Disney Channel series Jessie and voiced Lady Joy on the Disney Junior series Sofia the First . Hannelius has several singles available on the iTunes Store and Google Play . Staying Up All Night was her first release in 2011 . Since then seven more have been released . Hannelius has written six of her songs . She performed the song `` Friends Do '' on the Disney sitcom Dog With a Blog , which was played on Radio Disney in May 2014 , and released on iTunes the following September . Business ventures ( edit ) She does nail art tutorials on her YouTube channel , GbyGNailArt . In November 2014 , it was announced that Hannelius was launching a customized nail - wrap app titled ' Make Me Nails ' with Lauren Jones , digital marketer , in partnership with Watson Creative and MINX nails . In March 2015 , it was confirmed via Instagram that Make Me Nails would be released on April 2 . The day before the scheduled release , the date was pushed back to April 4 due to glitches in the app . Personal Life ( edit ) Hannelius is an avid supporter of the domestic violence charity organization , a Window Between Worlds , and has been hosting their annual fundraising event , ' Art in the Afternoon ' , since 2013 . Hannelius graduated from Sierra Canyon High School in May 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 Black & Blue Zoe The Search for Santa Paws Janie 2011 Spooky Buddies Rosebud Voice role 2012 Treasure Buddies Rosebud Voice role 2012 Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups Charity Voice role 2013 Super Buddies Rosebud Voice role Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 Surviving Suburbia Courtney Patterson Main role - ABC - 13 Episodes 2009 Hannah Montana Tiffany Episode : `` Jake ... Another Little Piece of My Heart '' 2009 Rita Rocks Brianna Boone Episode : `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' 2009 -- 2010 Sonny with a Chance Dakota Condor Recurring role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 6 episodes Den Brother Emily Pearson Disney Channel Original Movie 2010 -- 2011 Good Luck Charlie Jo Keener Recurring role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 4 episodes 2011 I 'm in the Band Ms. Dempsey Episode : `` Iron Weasel : The Video Game '' 2011 Love Bites Maddy Tinnelli Episode : `` TMI '' 2011 Madison High Wednesday Malone Unsold television pilot ( Disney ) - Never aired 2012 -- 2015 Dog with a Blog Avery Jennings Lead role 2013 Fish Hooks Amanda Voice role ; episode : `` A Charity Fair to Remember '' 2014 Jessie Mackenzie Episode : `` Creepy Connie 3 : The Creepening '' 2014 Sofia the First Lady Joy Voice role ; episode : `` Sofia the Second '' 2014 - 2015 Wander Over Yonder Little Bits Voice role ; episodes `` The Stray '' & `` The Catastrophe '' 2016 Roots Missy Waller Television miniseries ; episode : `` Part 2 '' 2017 American Vandal Christa Carlyle 6 episodes Discography ( edit ) 2011 -- `` Staying Up All Night '' 2011 -- `` Two In a Billion '' 2011 -- `` Just Watch Me '' 2012 -- `` Sun In My Hand '' 2012 -- `` Paper Cut '' 2014 -- `` Moonlight '' 2014 -- `` Stay Away '' 2014 -- `` Friends Do '' ( From Dog With A Blog ) 2014 -- `` 4 : 45 '' 2016 -- `` Lighthouse '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Know Your Castmates : Dog With A Blog . Disney Channel . Event occurs at 33 seconds . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ G Hannelius ( @ g_hannelius ) ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` @ HappyBDayNoie asked : How old are u ? A : I just turned 11 on Dec. 22 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` G Hannelius : Bio '' GHannelius.com ( Official site ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Here Come the Girls ! '' . Disney . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Medianet ( 2010 ) . `` Cast Biographies : G Hannelius '' . Disney ABC Television Group . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Alan - Lee , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Our Actors ... '' . The Young Actor 's Studio . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alessandra Stanley ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` At Home on the Outskirts , With Goofy , Grumpy Dad '' . The New York Times , p . C1 . Jump up ^ Astral ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Den Brother headlines Family Channel '' . ( Press release ) . CNW Group . Jump up ^ Mcnamara , Patricia ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Meet G Hannelius '' . Girls ' Life . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Music - Driven ' HSM ' Offshoot ' Madison High ' Gets Pilot Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GByGNailArt - YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Make Me Nails on the App Store '' . iTunes. 2015 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Care : Disney Channel Star G Hannelius on Making a Difference with Art '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ART IN THE AFTERNOON @ A Window Between Worlds '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AWBW G Hannelius '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congrats Class of 2017 : G. Hannelius Graduates High School '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graduation photograph '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / G_Hannelius : Did anyone watch the new Fish '' . Pic.twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Hooks Cast and Details '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ryan . `` November 2014 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Disney XD Medianet . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genevieve Hannelius . Official website G. Hannelius on IMDb VIAF : 228087829 LCCN : no2012012484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G_Hannelius&oldid=815841949 '' Categories : 1998 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Boston American child actresses American child singers American female singers American people of Swedish descent American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. G Hannelius - American actress and singer 2. Disney Channel sitcom Dog with a Blog - G Hannelius starred as Avery Jennings 3. Early life and career of G Hannelius 4. G Hannelius' music and discography 5. G Hannelius' business ventures and personal life

where was the first lighthouse built in america

Boston Light - wikipedia Boston Light Boston Light <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Light <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Light Boston Light Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all Location Little Brewster Island Boston , Massachusetts Coordinates 42 ° 19 ′ 41 '' N 70 ° 53 ′ 24 '' W  /  42.32794 ° N 70.8901 ° W  / 42.32794 ; - 70.8901 Coordinates : 42 ° 19 ′ 41 '' N 70 ° 53 ′ 24 '' W  /  42.32794 ° N 70.8901 ° W  / 42.32794 ; - 70.8901 Year first constructed 1716 Year first lit 1783 ( current tower ) Automated 1998 Deactivated 1776 -- 1783 and during WWII . Foundation Granite Ledge Construction Masonry , Rubble Stone with brick lining Tower shape Conical Markings / pattern White with five steel bands and black trim Height 89 feet ( 27 m ) Focal height 102 feet ( 31 m ) Original lens Tallow candles installed in 1716 Current lens 2nd order Fresnel lens Intensity 1,800,000 candlepower Range 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ; 31 mi ) Characteristic Flashing white every 10 seconds . Fog signal HORN : 1 every 30s USCG number 1 - 425 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Light <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> Area 3.5 acres ( 1.4 ha ) MPS Lighthouses of Massachusetts TR ( AD ) NRHP reference # 66000133 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 <Td_colspan="2"> Heritage National Historic Landmark , place listed on the National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Boston Light is a lighthouse located on Little Brewster Island in outer Boston Harbor , Massachusetts . The first lighthouse to be built on the site dates back to 1716 , and was the first lighthouse to be built in what is now the United States . The current lighthouse dates from 1783 , is the second oldest working lighthouse in the United States ( after Sandy Hook Lighthouse in New Jersey ) , and is the only lighthouse to still be actively staffed by the United States Coast Guard , being automated in 1998 though there is still a keeper acting as tour guide . The structure was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 . Contents 1 History 2 Historical information from the Coast Guard web site 3 Today 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first keeper of Boston Light was George Worthylake , who drowned , along with his wife and daughter , when returning to the island in 1718 . During the American Revolution , the original lighthouse was held by British forces and was attacked and burnt on two occasions by American forces . As the British forces withdrew in 1776 , they blew up the tower and completely destroyed it . The lighthouse was eventually reconstructed in 1783 , to the same 75 - foot ( 23 m ) height as the original tower . In 1856 it was raised to its present height of 98 feet ( 30 m ) and a new lantern room was added along with a 12 - sided second order Fresnel lens . Historical Information from the Coast Guard web site ( edit ) 1729 illustration showing signal cannon in right background Boston Lighthouse ( Leuchtthurn von Boston ; Phare de Boston ) by Karl Bodmer , 1839 The lighthouse established in America was on Little Brewster Island in Boston Harbor and was first lit September 14 , 1716 . A tonnage tax of 1 penny per ton on all vessels , except coasters , moving in or out of Boston Harbor , paid for maintaining the light . The first keeper , George Worthylake , with a salary of £ 50 a year , also acted as pilot for vessels entering the harbor . In 1718 he and his wife and daughter , with two men , were drowned when the lighthouse boat capsized as they were returning to the island from Boston . Young Benjamin Franklin , then a printer in Boston , wrote a ballad about the incident entitled `` Lighthouse Tragedy '' and sold it on the streets of Boston . The pay of Keeper John Hayes was raised to £ 70 in 1718 so that he would not be obliged to entertain mariners on the island for extra money which he found `` prejudicial to himself as well as to the town of Boston . '' In 1719 he asked `` That a great Gun may be placed on Said Island to answer Ships in a Fogg '' and one was supplied that year on which the date 1700 was engraved . The gun is shown on a mezzo - tint engraving of Boston Light made by Burgess in 1729 . Hayes ' successor in 1734 was Robert Ball who petitioned the general court for preference in piloting vessels into the harbor . The court designated him as `` established pilot '' of the harbor for the next three years . In 1751 the lighthouse was badly damaged by fire so that only the walls remained . In 1774 the British took over the island and in 1775 the harbor was blocked and the lighthouse became useless . On July 20 , 1775 , a small detachment of American troops under Major Voss visited the island and burned the wooden parts of the lighthouse . The British began to repair it under a marine guard , when General Washington dispatched Major Benjamin Tupper with 300 men in whaleboats on July 31 , 1775 , who defeated the guard and destroyed the repair work done . They were intercepted on leaving by British small boats and attacked . A direct hit on one of the British boats by an American field piece on Nantasket Head caused the British to retire to their boats with comparatively heavy losses . Only one American was killed . Major Tupper and his men were commended by General Washington . When the British left Boston , March 17 , 1776 , a number of their ships remained in the harbor . On June 13 , 1776 , American soldiers landed on Long Island , Boston Harbor , and at Nantasket Hill and opened fire on this fleet who were soon at their mercy . Before sailing away , the British sent a boat ashore at Boston Light and left a time charge which blew up the lighthouse . The top of the old lighthouse was used to supply ladles for American cannon . Morning Off Boston Light by Clement Drew , 1879 In 1783 the Massachusetts Legislature supplied £ 1,450 to erect a new lighthouse on the site of the old . This new lighthouse , which still stands , was 75 feet ( 23 m ) high with walls 7 feet 6 inches ( 2.29 m ) thick at the base , tapering to 2 feet 6 inches ( 0.76 m ) at the top . The octagonal lantern was 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in diameter . Thomas Knox was appointed keeper . On June 10 , 1790 , the Boston Light was ceded to the new Federal Government . In 1811 , Jonathan Bruce became keeper . He and his wife witnessed the thrilling encounter between the American ship Chesapeake and the British ship Shannon on June 1 , 1813 , when Captain Lawrence , of the Chesapeake muttered the immortal words `` Do n't give up the ship , '' as he was being lowered , mortally wounded , through the companionway . Nine minutes later , however , his crew was forced to surrender . While Captain Tobias Cook of Cohasset was keeper in 1844 a `` Spanish '' cigar factory was set up on the island , with young girls brought from Boston to work in it , in an effort to deceive Boston smokers that the cigars manufactured there were imported . This business was soon broken up , however , as a fraud . As seen from Hull Life Saving Museum In 1856 , the height of the tower was raised to 98 feet ( 30 m ) and it was listed as a second - order station . On November 2 , 1861 , the square rigger Maritana , 991 tons , which had sailed from Liverpool 38 days earlier , with Captain Williams , ran into heavy seas in Massachusetts Bay and approached Boston in a blinding snow , driven by a howling southeaster . At 1 o'clock in the morning of November 3 , she sighted Boston Light and headed for it , but crashed on Shag Rocks soon after , with passengers and crew ordered into the weather chains after the crew had cut the masts away . The ship broke in two and Captain Williams was crushed to death , but seven persons floated to Shag Rocks atop the pilot house , while five others swam to the ledge , as fragments of the wreckage started coming ashore on both sides of Little Brewster Island . A dory from the pilot boat rescued the survivors from the rocks . When the Fanny Pike went ashore on Shag Rocks in 1882 , Keeper Thomas Bates rowed out and took the crew safely off the ledge . Boston Light with The Graves Light behind and a Provincetown ferry between them on the right . In 1893 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology sent 20 or 30 students to live on the island , while experiments were made with various types of foghorns in an endeavor to find one that would penetrate the area known as the `` Ghost Walk '' 6 or 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the east . When the USS Alacrity ( SP - 206 ) was wrecked on the ice - covered ledges off the island on February 3 , 1918 , Keeper Jennings and his assistants made four attempts to shoot a rope to the doomed ship but each time the rope parted . Jennings brought the lighthouse dory to the shore , and , assisted by two naval reservists , pushed it over the ice and into the surf . Twenty - four men were clinging to the wreck in perilous positions when he reached it after a dangerous trip . Flinging a line aboard , they began the rescue of the half - frozen sailors , four times running the gauntlet of ice , rocks , and surf until all 24 men were saved . For this Jennings received a letter of commendation from Secretary Redfield . During World War II the light was extinguished as a security measure , but was again placed in operation July 2 , 1945 . The station is equipped with a 1,800,000 candlepower light visible for 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ) . Today ( edit ) 2007 Boston Light was automated in 1998 , but is still staffed by resident Coast Guard keeper , Sally Snowman , who is assisted by volunteer watchstanders from the Coast Guard Auxiliary . However , these personnel are mostly used to act as interpretive tour guides for visitors . Its light , flashing white every 10 seconds , shines through the only second - order Fresnel lens still in use in Massachusetts ( of only four total ) , and is visible from a distance of 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ; 31 mi ) . Although it is still an important navigation mark , its importance has been decreased over the last century by the use of Boston Harbor 's North Channel for most large vessels entering the harbor , which is marked by Graves Light . Guided tours of the island and lighthouse are available , by prior arrangement , with access on the ferry Columbia Point in the morning or afternoon , or by private boat in the middle of the day . They are also available through the National Park Service , twice daily on summer weekends . The lighthouse underwent major renovations in 2014 , and was covered with scaffolding . It reopened to visitors in 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston , Massachusetts References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Light . Jump up ^ Light List , Volume I , Atlantic Coast , St. Croix River , Maine to Shrewsbury River , New Jersey ( PDF ) . Light List . United States Coast Guard . 2009 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Light Station Information and Photography : Massachusetts '' . United States Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Boston Light '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Lighthouse -- by Light Keeper Sally Snowman '' . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmark nomination for Boston Light '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved June 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Light History ( part 1 ) '' . www.lighthouse.cc . Retrieved August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cathy Conley . `` Sally Snowman , The Keeper of Boston Light '' . Weymouth ( Mass ) News . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Light History ( part 2 ) '' . lighthouse.cc . Retrieved August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Little Brewster Island Factsheet '' . Boston Harbor Islands Partnership . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Boston Light '' . Boston Harbor Islands . External links ( edit ) Boston Light - United States Lighthouses Little Brewster Island web page , with visitor information . <Th_colspan="3"> Lighthouses of Massachusetts <Td_colspan="3"> Main : List of lighthouses in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Annisquam Harbor Bakers Island Billingsgate Island Bird Island Bishop and Clerks Borden Flats Boston Brant Point Broad Sound Channel Butler Flats Buzzards Bay Entrance Cape Ann Cape Poge Chatham Clark 's Point Cleveland East Ledge Cuttyhunk Deer Island Derby Wharf Dumpling Rocks Duxbury Pier East Chop Eastern Point Edgartown Harbor Egg Rock Fairhaven Bridge Falmouth Inner Fort Pickering ( Winter Island ) Gay Head The Graves Great Point Highland Hospital Point Range Front Hospital Point Range Rear Hyannis Rear Range Ipswich Range Long Island Head Long Point Lovells Island Range Marblehead Mayo Beach Minot 's Ledge Monomoy Point Nantucket Beacon Nantucket Cliff Range Nantucket Harbor Range Nauset Ned Point Newburyport Harbor Front Range Newburyport Harbor Newburyport Harbor Rear Range Nixes Mate Nobska Old Scituate Palmer Island Plymouth Point Gammon Race Point Sandy Neck Sankaty Head Spectacle Island Range Stage Harbor Straitsmouth Island Tarpaulin Cove Ten Pound Island Thacher Island North Three Sisters of Nauset West Chop West Dennis Wing 's Neck Wood End <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Barnstable Berkshire Bristol Dukes Essex Franklin Hampden Hampshire Middlesex Nantucket Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Worcester ( northern ) Lists by city Barnstable County Barnstable Harwich Bristol County Fall River New Bedford Taunton Essex County Andover Gloucester Ipswich Lawrence Lynn Methuen Salem Hampden County Springfield Middlesex County Arlington Cambridge Concord Framingham Lexington Lowell Marlborough Medford Newton Reading Sherborn Somerville Stoneham Wakefield Waltham Weston Winchester Norfolk County Brookline Milton Quincy Suffolk County Boston northern southern Worcester County Southbridge Uxbridge Worcester eastern northwestern southwestern Other lists Bridges Cape Cod National Seashore National Historic Landmarks Boston <Td_colspan="3"> NRHP portal Massachusetts portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Light&oldid=805156502 '' Categories : Lighthouses in Boston Boston Harbor Lighthouses completed in 1716 Lighthouses completed in 1783 Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts National Historic Landmark lighthouses National Historic Landmarks in Boston 1716 establishments in Massachusetts 1783 establishments in Massachusetts Towers completed in 1716 Towers completed in 1783 18th - century architecture in the United States British colonial architecture in the United States Colonial architecture in Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places in Boston Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 12 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Boston Light - historic lighthouse in Boston Harbor 2. Little Brewster Island - location of Boston Light 3. Oldest working lighthouse in the United States 4. United States Coast Guard - currently staffs and maintains Boston Light 5. National Historic Landmark - designation for Boston Light

supreme court cases related to the third amendment

Engblom v. Carey - wikipedia Engblom v. Carey Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Engblom v. Carey <Td_colspan="2"> Court United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Full case name MARIANNE E. ENGBLOM and CHARLES E. PALMER , Plaintiff - Appellants , against HUGH L. CAREY , Governor of the State of New York , RICHARD D. HONGISTO , Acting Commissioner , New York State Department of Correctional Services , JOSEPH C. SNOW , Superintendent of the Mid-Orange Correctional Facility , MAJOR - GENERAL VITO J. CASTELLANO , Chief of Staff to the Governor of New York , New York National Guard , LIEUTENANT - COLONEL JUSTIN M. QUEALLY , an Officer of the 106th Maintenance Battalion of the New York National Guard , Captain `` JOHN '' DREW , an Officer of the 101st Signal Battalion of the New York National Guard , and VARIOUS OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN , Members of the New York National Guard , Defendants - Appellees Argued March 1st 1982 Decided May 3 1982 Citation ( s ) 677 F. 2d 957 <Th_colspan="2"> Holding <Td_colspan="2"> A state National Guardsman is a `` soldier '' by definition of the Third Amendment , and due to this , the defendants ' Third Amendment rights were violated by housing them in the defendants ' residence without their expressed consent . Even though they did not own the property they dwelled in , they were still entitled to the Amendment , because they lived in the building as an `` Owner '' would . By virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment , the Third is incorporated onto the states . District court affirmed . <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership Judge ( s ) sitting Keinferd ( Chief ) , Mansfield , Kaufman <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions Majority Mansfield Concurrence Keinferd Dissent Kaufman <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amends . III , XIV Engblom v. Carey , 677 F. 2d 957 ( 2d Cir. 1982 ) , on rem. 572 F. Supp. 44 ( S.D.N.Y. 1982 ) , aff 'd . per curiam 724 F. 2d 28 ( 2d Cir. 1983 ) , was a court case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . It is the only significant court decision based on a direct challenge under the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution , which states that `` No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner ( . ) '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Decision 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) The case was initiated by a 1979 strike by New York State correction officers . While the officers were on strike , some of their duties were performed by National Guardsmen who were activated . At Mid-Orange Correctional Facility ( and other facilities ) striking employees were evicted from employee housing which was then used to house some of the National Guard . Two of the evicted officers at Mid-Orange C.F. , Marianne E. Engblom and Charles E. Palmer , subsequently filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against the state of New York and its governor , Hugh L. Carey . Petitioners asserted violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , and violation of the Third Amendment . The District Court found for defendants and dismissed the suit . Petitioners then appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . Decision ( edit ) Rendered on May 3 , 1982 , the decision was written for the court by Judge Walter R. Mansfield . It began by affirming the District Court 's dismissal of the Due Process claim . It then turned to petitioners ' Third Amendment claim . Because of the lack of any prior Third Amendment jurisprudence , this decision established three important holdings never / not previously articulated : ( 1 ) that the National Guardsmen qualify as soldiers under the Third Amendment ; ( 2 ) that the Third Amendment applies to state as well as federal authorities , i.e. , is incorporated against the states ; and ( 3 ) , that the protection of the Third Amendment extends beyond home owners , that is , those only with a fee simple arrangement , but includes anyone who , within their residence , has a legal expectation of privacy and a legal right to exclude others from entry into the premises . The majority held that the correctional officers ' occupancy in the rooms was covered under the legal rules of `` tenancy '' and was therefore protected under the Third Amendment . The case was remanded to District Court where it was decided in the defendants ' favor , due to the principle that as agents of the state , the defendants were covered by a qualified immunity unless they knowingly acted illegally . In the absence of previous precedents on this issue , the standard of knowing illegality was not met . Concurring in part and dissenting in part , Judge Irving R. Kaufman maintained that the officers ' occupancy was covered under the lesser protection of employee housing and that the special circumstances of residency in prison grounds superseded Third Amendment protection . While viewed as an 18th century anachronism by many , others state that the Third Amendment could come into play in the 21st century in a situation where a geographic region is struck by a major natural disaster such as Hurricane Katrina , the National Guard is activated and sent into the area , and arbitrarily decides to house its command and support staffs in private dwellings regardless of the owners ' wishes , citing the national emergency . Absent the consent of the owner , or a declaration of war by Congress , this would be prohibited by the Third Amendment . Even in the latter case , war , the Guardsmen still would need to be housed `` in a manner to be prescribed by law . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tom W. Bell , The Third Amendment : Forgotten but Not Gone , 2 William & Mary Bill of Rights J. 117 ( 1993 ) External links ( edit ) Engblom v. Carey , actual decision Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engblom_v._Carey&oldid=793845916 '' Categories : United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases United States Third Amendment case law Penal system in New York ( state ) New York National Guard 1979 labor disputes and strikes 1983 in United States case law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 09 : 59 . About Wikipedia

1. Engblom v. Carey - court case 2. Third Amendment - United States Constitution 3. National Guardsmen - soldiers' rights 4. Housing of National Guard - violation of Third Amendment 5. New York State correction officers' strike

10. what is the four-step process of an enzyme at work

Real - time polymerase chain reaction - wikipedia Real - time polymerase chain reaction Jump to : navigation , search For reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT - PCR ) , see reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . SYBR Green fluorescence chart produced in real - time PCR . Melting curve produced at the end of real - time PCR . A real - time polymerase chain reaction ( Real - Time PCR ) , also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) , is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR , i.e. in real - time , and not at its end , as in conventional PCR. Real - time PCR can be used quantitatively ( quantitative real - time PCR ) , and semi-quantitatively , i.e. above / below a certain amount of DNA molecules ( semi quantitative real - time PCR ) . Two common methods for the detection of PCR products in real - time PCR are : ( 1 ) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double - stranded DNA , and ( 2 ) sequence - specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent reporter which permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence . The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real - Time PCR Experiments ( MIQE ) guidelines propose that the abbreviation qPCR be used for quantitative real - time PCR and that RT - qPCR be used for reverse transcription -- qPCR . The acronym `` RT - PCR '' commonly denotes reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and not real - time PCR , but not all authors adhere to this convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Basic principles 3 Chemical classification 3.1 Non-specific detection : Real - time PCR with double - stranded DNA - binding dyes as reporters 3.2 Specific detection : fluorescent reporter probe method 4 Fusion temperature analysis 4.1 Modeling 5 Applications 5.1 Quantification of gene expression 5.2 Diagnostic uses 5.3 Microbiological uses 5.4 Uses in research 5.5 Detection of phytopathogens 5.6 Detection of genetically modified organisms 5.7 Clinical quantification and genotyping 5.8 Environmental remediation applications 6 References 7 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Real time PCR uses fluorophores in order to detect levels of gene expression . Cells in all organisms regulate gene expression by turnover of gene transcripts ( single stranded RNA ) : The amount of an expressed gene in a cell can be measured by the number of copies of an RNA transcript of that gene present in a sample . In order to robustly detect and quantify gene expression from small amounts of RNA , amplification of the gene transcript is necessary . The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) is a common method for amplifying DNA ; for RNA - based PCR the RNA sample is first reverse - transcribed to complementary DNA ( cDNA ) with reverse transcriptase . In order to amplify small amounts of DNA , the same methodology is used as in conventional PCR using a DNA template , at least one pair of specific primers , deoxyribonucleotides , a suitable buffer solution and a thermo - stable DNA polymerase . A substance marked with a fluorophore is added to this mixture in a thermal cycler that contains sensors for measuring the fluorescence of the fluorophore after it has been excited at the required wavelength allowing the generation rate to be measured for one or more specific products . This allows the rate of generation of the amplified product to be measured at each PCR cycle . The data thus generated can be analysed by computer software to calculate relative gene expression ( or mRNA copy number ) in several samples . Quantitative PCR can also be applied to the detection and quantification of DNA in samples to determine the presence and abundance of a particular DNA sequence in these samples . This measurement is made after each amplification cycle , and this is the reason why this method is called real time PCR ( that is , immediate or simultaneous PCR ) . In the case of RNA quantitation , the template is complementary DNA ( cDNA ) , which is obtained by reverse transcription of ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . In this instance the technique used is quantitative RT - PCR or Q - RT - PCR . Quantitative PCR and DNA microarray are modern methodologies for studying gene expression . Older methods were used to measure mRNA abundance : Differential display , RNase protection assay and Northern blot . Northern blotting is often used to estimate the expression level of a gene by visualizing the abundance of its mRNA transcript in a sample . In this method , purified RNA is separated by agarose gel electrophoresis , transferred to a solid matrix ( such as a nylon membrane ) , and probed with a specific DNA or RNA probe that is complementary to the gene of interest . Although this technique is still used to assess gene expression , it requires relatively large amounts of RNA and provides only qualitative or semi quantitative information of mRNA levels . Estimation errors arising from variations in the quantification method can be the result of DNA integrity , enzyme efficiency and many other factors . For this reason a number of standardization systems ( often called normalization methods ) have been developed . Some have been developed for quantifying total gene expression , but the most common are aimed at quantifying the specific gene being studied in relation to another gene called a normalizing gene , which is selected for its almost constant level of expression . These genes are often selected from housekeeping genes as their functions related to basic cellular survival normally imply constitutive gene expression . This enables researchers to report a ratio for the expression of the genes of interest divided by the expression of the selected normalizer , thereby allowing comparison of the former without actually knowing its absolute level of expression . The most commonly used normalizing genes are those that code for the following molecules : tubulin , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , albumin , cyclophilin , and ribosomal RNAs . Basic principles ( edit ) Main article : Polymerase chain reaction Real - time PCR is carried out in a thermal cycler with the capacity to illuminate each sample with a beam of light of at least one specified wavelength and detect the fluorescence emitted by the excited fluorophore . The thermal cycler is also able to rapidly heat and chill samples , thereby taking advantage of the physicochemical properties of the nucleic acids and DNA polymerase . The PCR process generally consists of a series of temperature changes that are repeated 25 -- 50 times . These cycles normally consist of three stages : the first , at around 95 ° C , allows the separation of the nucleic acid 's double chain ; the second , at a temperature of around 50 - 60 ° C , allows the binding of the primers with the DNA template ; the third , at between 68 - 72 ° C , facilitates the polymerization carried out by the DNA polymerase . Due to the small size of the fragments the last step is usually omitted in this type of PCR as the enzyme is able to increase their number during the change between the alignment stage and the denaturing stage . In addition , in four step PCR the fluorescence is measured during short temperature phase lasting only a few seconds in each cycle , with a temperature of , for example , 80 ° C , in order to reduce the signal caused by the presence of primer dimers when a non-specific dye is used . The temperatures and the timings used for each cycle depend on a wide variety of parameters , such as : the enzyme used to synthesize the DNA , the concentration of divalent ions and deoxyribonucleotides ( dNTPs ) in the reaction and the bonding temperature of the primers . Chemical classification ( edit ) Real - time PCR technique can be classified by the chemistry used to detect the PCR product , specific or non-specific fluorochromes . Non-specific detection : real - time PCR with double - stranded DNA - binding dyes as reporters ( edit ) A DNA - binding dye binds to all double - stranded ( ds ) DNA in PCR , causing fluorescence of the dye . An increase in DNA product during PCR therefore leads to an increase in fluorescence intensity measured at each cycle . However , dsDNA dyes such as SYBR Green will bind to all dsDNA PCR products , including nonspecific PCR products ( such as Primer dimer ) . This can potentially interfere with , or prevent , accurate monitoring of the intended target sequence . In real - time PCR with dsDNA dyes the reaction is prepared as usual , with the addition of fluorescent dsDNA dye . Then the reaction is run in a real - time PCR instrument , and after each cycle , the intensity of fluorescence is measured with a detector ; the dye only fluoresces when bound to the dsDNA ( i.e. , the PCR product ) . This method has the advantage of only needing a pair of primers to carry out the amplification , which keeps costs down ; multiple target sequences can be monitored in a tube by using different types of dyes . Specific detection : fluorescent reporter probe method ( edit ) ( 1 ) In intact probes , reporter fluorescence is quenched. ( 2 ) Probes and the complementary DNA strand are hybridized and reporter fluorescence is still quenched. ( 3 ) During PCR , the probe is degraded by the Taq polymerase and the fluorescent reporter released . Fluorescent reporter probes detect only the DNA containing the sequence complementary to the probe ; therefore , use of the reporter probe significantly increases specificity , and enables performing the technique even in the presence of other dsDNA . Using different - coloured labels , fluorescent probes can be used in multiplex assays for monitoring several target sequences in the same tube . The specificity of fluorescent reporter probes also prevents interference of measurements caused by primer dimers , which are undesirable potential by - products in PCR . However , fluorescent reporter probes do not prevent the inhibitory effect of the primer dimers , which may depress accumulation of the desired products in the reaction . The method relies on a DNA - based probe with a fluorescent reporter at one end and a quencher of fluorescence at the opposite end of the probe . The close proximity of the reporter to the quencher prevents detection of its fluorescence ; breakdown of the probe by the 5 ' to 3 ' exonuclease activity of the Taq polymerase breaks the reporter - quencher proximity and thus allows unquenched emission of fluorescence , which can be detected after excitation with a laser . An increase in the product targeted by the reporter probe at each PCR cycle therefore causes a proportional increase in fluorescence due to the breakdown of the probe and release of the reporter . The PCR is prepared as usual ( see PCR ) , and the reporter probe is added . As the reaction commences , during the annealing stage of the PCR both probe and primers anneal to the DNA target . Polymerisation of a new DNA strand is initiated from the primers , and once the polymerase reaches the probe , its 5 ' - 3 ' - exonuclease degrades the probe , physically separating the fluorescent reporter from the quencher , resulting in an increase in fluorescence . Fluorescence is detected and measured in a real - time PCR machine , and its geometric increase corresponding to exponential increase of the product is used to determine the quantification cycle ( C ) in each reaction . Fusion temperature analysis ( edit ) Distinct fusion curves for a number of PCR products ( showing distinct colours ) . Amplification reactions can be seen for a specific product ( pink , blue ) and others with a negative result ( green , orange ) . The fusion peak indicated with an arrow shows the peak caused by primer dimers , which is different from the expected amplification product . Real - time PCR permits the identification of specific , amplified DNA fragments using analysis of their melting temperature ( also called T value , from melting temperature ) . The method used is usually PCR with double - stranded DNA - binding dyes as reporters and the dye used is usually SYBR Green . The DNA melting temperature is specific to the amplified fragment . The results of this technique are obtained by comparing the dissociation curves of the analysed DNA samples . Unlike conventional PCR , this method avoids the previous use of electrophoresis techniques to demonstrate the results of all the samples . This is because , despite being a kinetic technique , quantitative PCR is usually evaluated at a distinct end point . The technique therefore usually provides more rapid results and / or uses fewer reactants than electrophoresis . If subsequent electrophoresis is required it is only necessary to test those samples that real time PCR has shown to be doubtful and / or to ratify the results for samples that have tested positive for a specific determinant . Modeling ( edit ) Unlike end point PCR ( conventional PCR ) , real time PCR allows monitoring of the desired product at any point in the amplification process by measuring fluorescence ( in real time frame , measurement is made of its level over a given threshold ) . A commonly employed method of DNA quantification by real - time PCR relies on plotting fluorescence against the number of cycles on a logarithmic scale . A threshold for detection of DNA - based fluorescence is set 3 - 5 times of the standard deviation of the signal noise above background . The number of cycles at which the fluorescence exceeds the threshold is called the threshold cycle ( C ) or , according to the MIQE guidelines , quantification cycle ( C ) . During the exponential amplification phase , the quantity of the target DNA template ( amplicon ) doubles every cycle . For example , a DNA sample whose C precedes that of another sample by 3 cycles contained 2 = 8 times more template . However , the efficiency of amplification is often variable among primers and templates . Therefore , the efficiency of a primer - template combination is assessed in a titration experiment with serial dilutions of DNA template to create a standard curve of the change in ( C ) with each dilution . The slope of the linear regression is then used to determine the efficiency of amplification , which is 100 % if a dilution of 1 : 2 results in a ( C ) difference of 1 . The cycle threshold method makes several assumptions of reaction mechanism and has a reliance on data from low signal - to - noise regions of the amplification profile that can introduce substantial variance during the data analysis . To quantify gene expression , the ( C ) for an RNA or DNA from the gene of interest is subtracted from the ( C ) of RNA / DNA from a housekeeping gene in the same sample to normalize for variation in the amount and quality of RNA between different samples . This normalization procedure is commonly called the ΔC - method and permits comparison of expression of a gene of interest among different samples . However , for such comparison , expression of the normalizing reference gene needs to be very similar across all the samples . Choosing a reference gene fulfilling this criterion is therefore of high importance , and often challenging , because only very few genes show equal levels of expression across a range of different conditions or tissues . Although cycle threshold analysis is integrated with many commercial software systems , there are more accurate and reliable methods of analysing amplification profile data that should be considered in cases where reproducibility is a concern . Mechanism - based qPCR quantification methods have also been suggested , and have the advantage that they do not require a standard curve for quantification . Methods such as MAK2 have been shown to have equal or better quantitative performance to standard curve methods . These mechanism - based methods use knowledge about the polymerase amplification process to generate estimates of the original sample concentration . An extension of this approach includes an accurate model of the entire PCR reaction profile , which allows for the use of high signal - to - noise data and the ability to validate data quality prior to analysis . According to research of Ruijter et al. MAK2 assumes constant amplification efficiency during the PCR reaction . However , theoretical analysis of polymerase chain reaction , from which MAK2 was derived , has revealed that amplification efficiency is not constant throughout PCR . While MAK2 quantification provides reliable estimates of target DNA concentration in a sample under normal qPCR conditions , MAK2 does not reliably quantify target concentration for qPCR assays with competimeters . Applications ( edit ) There are numerous applications for quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the laboratory . It is commonly used for both diagnostic and basic research . Uses of the technique in industry include the quantification of microbial load in foods or on vegetable matter , the detection of GMOs ( Genetically modified organisms ) and the quantification and genotyping of human viral pathogens . Quantification of gene expression ( edit ) Quantifying gene expression by traditional DNA detection methods is unreliable . Detection of mRNA on a Northern blot or PCR products on a gel or Southern blot does not allow precise quantification . For example , over the 20 - 40 cycles of a typical PCR , the amount of DNA product reaches a plateau that is not directly correlated with the amount of target DNA in the initial PCR . Real - time PCR can be used to quantify nucleic acids by two common methods : relative quantification and absolute quantification . Absolute quantification gives the exact number of target DNA molecules by comparison with DNA standards using a calibration curve . It is therefore essential that the PCR of the sample and the standard have the same amplification efficiency . Relative quantification is based on internal reference genes to determine fold - differences in expression of the target gene . The quantification is expressed as the change in expression levels of mRNA interpreted as complementary DNA ( cDNA , generated by reverse transcription of mRNA ) . Relative quantification is easier to carry out as it does not require a calibration curve as the amount of the studied gene is compared to the amount of a control reference gene . As the units used to express the results of relative quantification are unimportant the results can be compared across a number of different RT - Q - PCR . The reason for using one or more housekeeping genes is to correct non-specific variation , such as the differences in the quantity and quality of RNA used , which can affect the efficiency of reverse transcription and therefore that of the whole PCR process . However , the most crucial aspect of the process is that the reference gene must be stable . The selection of these reference genes was traditionally carried out in molecular biology using qualitative or semi-quantitative studies such as the visual examination of RNA gels , Northern blot densitometry or semi-quantitative PCR ( PCR mimics ) . Now , in the genome era , it is possible to carry out a more detailed estimate for many organisms using transcriptomic technologies . However , research has shown that amplification of the majority of reference genes used in quantifying the expression of mRNA varies according to experimental conditions . It is therefore necessary to carry out an initial statistically sound methodological study in order to select the most suitable reference gene . A number of statistical algorithms have been developed that can detect which gene or genes are most suitable for use under given conditions . Those like geNORM or BestKeeper can compare pairs or geometric means for a matrix of different reference genes and tissues . Diagnostic uses ( edit ) Diagnostic qualitative PCR is applied to rapidly detect nucleic acids that are diagnostic of , for example , infectious diseases , cancer and genetic abnormalities . The introduction of qualitative PCR assays to the clinical microbiology laboratory has significantly improved the diagnosis of infectious diseases , and is deployed as a tool to detect newly emerging diseases , such as new strains of flu , in diagnostic tests . Microbiological uses ( edit ) Quantitative PCR is also used by microbiologists working in the fields of food safety , food spoilage and fermentation and for the microbial risk assessment of water quality ( drinking and recreational waters ) and in public health protection . Uses in research ( edit ) In research settings , quantitative PCR is mainly used to provide quantitative measurements of gene transcription . The technology may be used in determining how the genetic expression of a particular gene changes over time , such as in the response of tissue and cell cultures to an administration of a pharmacological agent , progression of cell differentiation , or in response to changes in environmental conditions . It is also used for the determination of zygosity of transgenic animals used in research . Detection of phytopathogens ( edit ) The agricultural industry is constantly striving to produce plant propagules or seedlings that are free of pathogens in order to prevent economic losses and safeguard health . Systems have been developed that allow detection of small amounts of the DNA of Phytophthora ramorum , an oomycete that kills Oaks and other species , mixed in with the DNA of the host plant . Discrimination between the DNA of the pathogen and the plant is based on the amplification of ITS sequences , spacers located in ribosomal RNA gene 's coding area , which are characteristic for each taxon . Field - based versions of this technique have also been developed for identifying the same pathogen . Detection of Genetically modified organisms ( edit ) qPCR using reverse transcription ( RT - qPCR ) can be used to detect GMOs given its sensitivity and dynamic range in detecting DNA . Alternatives such as DNA or protein analysis are usually less sensitive . Specific primers are used that amplify not the transgene but the promoter , terminator or even intermediate sequences used during the process of engineering the vector . As the process of creating a transgenic plant normally leads to the insertion of more than one copy of the transgene its quantity is also commonly assessed . This is often carried out by relative quantification using a control gene from the treated species that is only present as a single copy . Clinical quantification and genotyping ( edit ) Viruses can be present in humans due to direct infection or co-infections which makes diagnosis difficult using classical techniques and can result in an incorrect prognosis and treatment . The use of qPCR allows both the quantification and genotyping ( characterization of the strain , carried out using melting curves ) of a virus such as the Hepatitis B virus . The degree of infection , quantified as the copies of the viral genome per unit of the patient 's tissue , is relevant in many cases ; for example , the probability that the type 1 herpes simplex virus reactivates is related to the number of infected neurons in the ganglia . This quantification is carried out either with reverse transcription or without it , as occurs if the virus becomes integrated in the human genome at any point in its cycle , such as happens in the case of HPV ( human papillomavirus ) , where some of its variants are associated with the appearance of cervical cancer . Environmental remediation applications ( edit ) qPCR is used to evaluate biodegradation potential or activity in contaminated groundwater . qPCR is used to detect and quantify bacteria such as Dehalococcoides mccartyi as well as vinyl chloride reductase functional genes essential to the biodegradation of chlorinated solvents including trichloroethene and tetrachloroethylene . qPCR is also commonly used to quantify functional genes involved in the biodegradation of benzene , toluene , ethylbenzene , and xylenes ( BTEX ) and evaluate monitored natural attenuation ( MNA ) or other remedial methods at impacted petroleum hydrocarbon sites . Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( RT - qPCR ) , which is based on the analysis of RNA rather than DNA , is used to quantify gene expression and identify biodegradation activity . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bustin SA , Benes V , Garson JA , Hellemans J , Huggett J , Kubista M , Mueller R , Nolan T , Pfaffl MW , Shipley GL , Vandesompele J , Wittwer CT ( 2009 ) . `` The MIQE guidelines : minimum information for publication of quantitative real - time PCR experiments '' . Clinical Chemistry . 55 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 22 . doi : 10.1373 / clinchem. 2008.112797 . PMID 19246619 . Jump up ^ edited by Julie Logan ; Kirstin Edwards & Nick Saunders. ( 2009 ) . Logan J , Edwards K , Saunders N , eds. Real - Time PCR : Current Technology and Applications . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 39 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Watson , JD ; Baker , TA ; Bell , SP ; Gann , A ; Levine , M ; Losick , R ( 2004 ) . Molecular Biology of the Gene ( Fifth ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 321 - 22368 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Michael W. Pfaff , Ales Tichopad , Christian Prgomet and Tanja P. Neuvians ( 2005 ) . Determination of stable housekeeping genes , differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity : BestKeeper -- Excel - based tool using pair-wise correlations Biotechnology Letters 26 : 509 - 515 Jump up ^ Pfaffl , MW ; Horgan , GW ; Dempfle , L ( 2002 ) . `` Relative Expression Software Tool ( REST © ) for group wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real - time PCR '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 30 : e36 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 30.9. e36 . Jump up ^ Vandesompele , J ; De Preter , K ; Pattyn , F ; Poppe , B ; Van Roy , N ; De Paepe , A ; Speleman , F ( 2002 ) . `` Accurate normalisation of real - time quantitative RT - PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes '' . Gen. Biol. 3 : 1 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Rychlik W , Spencer WJ , Rhoads RE ( 1990 ) . `` Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 18 ( 21 ) : 6409 -- 6412 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 18.21. 6409 . PMC 332522 . PMID 2243783 . Jump up ^ http://gene-quantification.org/biochemica-3-2000.pdf Jump up ^ Joseph Sambrook & David W. Russel ( 2001 ) . Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual ( 3rd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor , N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 576 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ponchel F ; Toomes C ; Bransfield K ; Leong F.T ; Douglas S.H ; Field S.L ; Bell S.M ; Combaret V ; Puisieux A ; Mighell A.J ( 2003 ) . `` Real - time PCR based on SYBR - Green I fluorescence : An alternative to the TaqMan assay for a relative quantification of gene rearrangements , gene amplifications and micro gene deletions '' ( w ) . BMC Biotechnol. 3 : 18 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6750 - 3 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ririe K.M ; Rasmussen R.P ; Wittwer C.T. ( 1997 ) . `` Product Differentiation by Analysis of DNA Melting Curves during the Polymerase Chain Reaction '' ( PDF ) . Analytical Biochemistry . 245 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 160 . doi : 10.1006 / abio. 1996.9916 . PMID 9056205 . Jump up ^ Stephen A. Bustin ; Vladimir Benes ; Jeremy A. Garson ; Jan Hellemans ; Jim Huggett ; Mikael Kubista ; Reinhold Mueller ; Tania Nolan ; Michael W. Pfaffl ; Gregory L. Shipley ; Jo Vandesompele & Carl T. Wittwer . ( Apr 2009 ) . `` The MIQE Guidelines : Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real - Time PCR Experiments '' . Clin. Chem. 55 ( 4 ) : : 611 -- 22 . doi : 10.1373 / clinchem. 2008.112797 . PMID 19246619 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , A.C. ; Moore , S.D. ( 2012 ) . Lucia , Alejandro , ed . `` Robust Quantification of Polymerase Chain Reactions Using Global Fitting '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 5 ) : e37640 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037640 . PMC 3365123 . PMID 22701526 . Jump up ^ Schefe JH , Lehmann KE , Buschmann IR , Unger T , Funke - Kaiser H ( 2006 ) . `` Quantitative real - time RT - PCR data analysis : current concepts and the novel `` gene expression 's CT difference '' formula `` . J Mol Med. 84 ( 11 ) : 901 -- 10 . doi : 10.1007 / s00109 - 006 - 0097 - 6 . PMID 16972087 . Jump up ^ Nailis H , Coenye T , Van Nieuwerburgh F , Deforce D , Nelis HJ ( 2006 ) . `` Development and evaluation of different normalization strategies for gene expression studies in Candida albicans biofilms by real - time PCR '' . BMC Mol. Biol. 7 ( 1 ) : 25 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2199 - 7 - 25 . PMC 1557526 . PMID 16889665 . Jump up ^ Nolan T , Hands RE , Bustin SA ( 2006 ) . `` Quantification of mRNA using real - time RT - PCR '' . Nat . Protoc. 1 ( 3 ) : 1559 -- 1582 . doi : 10.1038 / nprot. 2006.236 . PMID 17406449 . Jump up ^ Boggy G , Woolf PJ ( 2010 ) . Ravasi , Timothy , ed . `` A Mechanistic Model of PCR for Accurate Quantification of Quantitative PCR Data '' . PLOS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12355 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012355 . PMC 2930010 . PMID 20814578 . Jump up ^ Ruijter JM , Pfaffl MW , Zhao S , Spiess AN , Boggy G , Blom J , Rutledge RG , Sisti D , Lievens A , De Preter K , Derveaux S , Hellemans J , Vandesompele J ( 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of qPCR curve analysis methods for reliable biomarker discovery : bias , resolution , precision , and implications '' . Methods. 59 : e12355 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ymeth. 2012.08. 011 . PMID 22975077 . Jump up ^ Bruce Gelerter . `` PEMF For Treatment Of Corneal Disorders '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ S. Dhanasekaran , T. Mark Doherty , John Kenneth and TB Trials Study Group . ( Mar 2010 ) . `` Comparison of different standards for real - time PCR - based absolute quantification '' . Immunol Methods. 354 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 34 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jim. 2010.01. 004 . PMID 20109462 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bar , Tzachi ; Kubista , Mikael ; Tichopad , Ales ( 2011 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Validation of kinetics similarity in qPCR '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 40 : gkr778 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkr778 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . PMC 3287174 . PMID 22013160 . Jump up ^ Brunner , AM ; Yakovlev , IA ; Strauss , SH ( 2004 ) . `` Validating internal controls for quantitative plant gene expression studies '' . BMC Plant Biol. 4 : 14 . Jump up ^ McGettigan , Paul A. `` Transcriptomics in the RNA - seq era '' . Current Opinion in Chemical Biology . 17 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpa. 2012.12. 008 . Jump up ^ Thellin , O ; Zorzi , W ; Lakaye , B ; De Borman , B ; Coumans , B ; Henne , G ; Grisar , T ; Igout , A ; Heinen , E ( 1999 ) . `` Housekeeping genes as internal standards : use and limits '' . J Biotechnol. 75 : 197 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / s0168 - 1656 ( 99 ) 00163 - 7 . PMID 10617337 . Jump up ^ Radonic , A ; Thulke , S ; Mackay , IM ; Landt , O ; Siegert , W ; Nitsche , A ( 2004 ) . `` Guideline for reference gene selection for quantitative real - time PCR '' . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 313 : 856 -- 862 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2003.11. 177 . PMID 14706621 . Jump up ^ Dheda , K ; Huggett , JF ; Bustin , SA ; Johnson , MA ; Rook , G ; Zumla , A ( 2004 ) . `` Validation of housekeeping genes for normalizing RNA expression in real - time PCR '' . Biotechniques. 37 : 112 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Vandesompele J , De Preter K , Pattyn F , Poppe B , Van Roy N , De Paepe A , Speleman F ( 2002 ) Accurate normalization of real - time quantitative RT - PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes '' Genome Biol 37 : RESEARCH0034 Jump up ^ Pfaffl , MW ; Tichopad , A ; Prgomet , C ; Neuvians , TP ( 2004 ) . `` Determination of stable housekeeping genes , differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity : BestKeeper -- Excel - based tool using pair-wise correlations '' . Biotechnol Lett. 26 : 509 -- 515 . doi : 10.1023 / b : bile. 0000019559.84305. 47 . Jump up ^ Espy , M.J. ( January 2006 ) . `` Real - Time PCR in Clinical Microbiology : Applications for Routine Laboratory Testing '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 19 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 256 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 19.1. 165 - 256.2006 . PMC 1360278 . PMID 16418529 . Jump up ^ FDA - cleared RT - PCR Assays and Other Molecular Assays for Influenza Viruses Jump up ^ Filion , M ( editor ) ( 2012 ) . Quantitative Real - time PCR in Applied Microbiology . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908230 - 01 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Baldwin , B.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants : An example from the Compositaogy '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1016 / 1055 - 7903 ( 92 ) 90030 - K. PMID 1342921 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , J.A. ; Barker , I. ; Boonham , N. ( 2007 ) . `` Faster , Simpler , More - Specific Methods for Improved Molecular Detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the Field '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 ( 12 ) : 4040 -- 4047 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 00161 - 07 . PMC 1932743 . PMID 17449689 . Jump up ^ Holst - jensen A , R ( o ) nning S.B , L ( o ) vseth A , Berdal K.G. ( 2003 ) . `` PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) '' ( PDF ) . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry . 375 ( 8 ) : 985 -- 993 . doi : 10.1007 / s00216 - 003 - 1767 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brodmann P.D ; Ilg E.C ; Berthoud H ; Herrmann A. ( 2002 ) . `` ... - Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Four Genetically Modified Maize Varieties ... '' . Journal of AOAC International . 85 ( 3 ) : 646 -- 653 . doi : 10.5555 / jaoi. 2002.85. 3.646 . PMID 12083257 . Jump up ^ Yeh S.H. Tsai C.Y. Kao J.H. Liu C.J. Kuo T.J. Lin M.W. Huang W.L. Lu S.F. Jih J. Chen D.S. Others ( 2004 ) . `` Quantification and genotyping of hepatitis B virus in a single reaction by real - time PCR and melting ... '' . Journal of Hepatology. 41 ( 4 ) : 659 -- 666 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhep. 2004.06. 031 . PMID 15464248 . Jump up ^ Sawtell N.M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Probability of in Vivo Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Increases with the Number of Latently Infected Neurons in the Ganglia '' . Journal of Virology. 72 ( 8 ) : 6888 -- 6892 . PMC 109900 . PMID 9658140 . Jump up ^ Peter M. Rosty C. Couturier J. Radvanyi F. Teshima H. Sastre - garau X . ( 2006 ) . `` MYC activation associated with the integration of HPV DNA at the MYC locus in genital tumours '' ( w ) . Oncogene. 25 ( 44 ) : 5985 -- 5993 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. onc. 1209625 . PMID 16682952 . Bibliography ( edit ) Elyse ; Houde , Alain ( 2002 ) . `` La PCR en temps réel : principes et applications '' ( PDF ) . Reviews in Biology and Biotechnology . 2 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 06 - 12 . Bustin , SA ( 2000 ) . `` Absolute quantification of mRNA using real - time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays '' . J Mol Endocrinol. 25 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 93 . doi : 10.1677 / jme. 0.0250169 . PMID 11013345 . Higuchi , R. ; Dollinger , G. ; Walsh , P.S. ; Griffith , R. ( 1992 ) . `` Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA - sequences '' . Bio-Technology. 10 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 417 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt0492 - 413 . PMID 1368485 . Holland , P.M. ; Abramson , R.D. ; Watson , R. ; Gelfand , D.H. ( 1991 ) . `` Detection of specific polymerase chain reaction product by utilizing the 50 ! 30 exonuclease activity of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 88 ( 16 ) : 7276 -- 7280 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 88.16. 7276 . JSTOR 2357665 . PMC 52277 . PMID 1871133 . Kubista , M ; Andrade , JM ; Bengtsson , M ; Forootan , A ; Jonak , J ; Lind , K ; Sindelka , R ; Sjoback , R ; Sjogreen , B ; Strombom , L ; Stahlberg , A ; Zoric , N ( 2006 ) . `` The real - time polymerase chain reaction '' . Mol Aspects Med. 27 ( 2 - 3 ) : 95 -- 125 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2005.12. 007 . PMID 16460794 . Higuchi , R. ; Fockler , C. ; Dollinger , G. ; Watson , R. ( 1993 ) . `` Kinetic PCR : Real time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions '' . Biotechnology . 11 : 1026 -- 1030 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt0993 - 1026 . Filion , M. ( 2012 ) . Quantitative Real - time PCR in Applied Microbiology Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908230 - 01 - 0 Wawrik , B ; Paul , JH ; Tabita , FR ( 2002 ) . `` Real - time PCR quantification of rbcL ( ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) mRNA in diatoms and pelagophytes '' . Appl . Environ . Microbiol. 68 : 3771 -- 3779 . doi : 10.1128 / aem. 68.8. 3771 - 3779.2002 . PMC 123995 . Logan J , Edwards K , Saunders N ( editors ) ( 2009 ) . Real - Time PCR : Current Technology and Applications . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 39 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Polymerase chain reaction techniques Procedure Initialization cycle Denaturation Annealing elongation Final elongation Final hold Polymerase Klenow Taq Pfu optimization & Variants Quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR ) Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT - PCR ) Inverse polymerase chain reaction Nested polymerase chain reaction Touchdown polymerase chain reaction Hot start PCR Overlap extension polymerase chain reaction Multiplex polymerase chain reaction Multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification history &people Kary Mullis Kjell Kleppe ( no ) Alice Chien Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction&oldid=843595904 '' Categories : Molecular biology Laboratory techniques Polymerase chain reaction Real - time technology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська اردو 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 05 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2. Quantitative PCR 3. Fluorescent reporter probes 4. Gene expression quantification 5. Diagnostic applications of PCR

difference between copper wire and insulated copper wire

Copper conductor - wikipedia Copper conductor Jump to : navigation , search Copper wires . Copper cable . Coaxial cable made from copper . Copper has been used in electrical wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the 1820s . The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor . Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring . Copper wire is used in power generation , power transmission , power distribution , telecommunications , electronics circuitry , and countless types of electrical equipment . Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts . Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry . Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties of copper 1.1 Tensile strength 1.2 Ductility 1.3 Strength and ductility combination 1.4 Creep resistance 1.5 Corrosion resistance 1.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion 1.7 Thermal conductivity 1.8 Solderability 1.9 Ease of installation 2 Types 2.1 Solid and stranded 2.2 Cable 3 Applications 3.1 Electrical wiring 3.2 Communications wiring 3.2. 1 Twisted pair cable 3.2. 2 Coaxial cable 3.2. 3 Structured wiring 3.3 Power distribution 3.4 Appliance conductors 3.5 Automotive conductors 3.6 Magnet wire 4 Splice closures for copper cables 4.1 Types of closures 5 Future trends 6 Metal theft 7 See also 8 References Properties of copper ( edit ) Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric charge . This is an essential property in electrical wiring systems . Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non-precious metals : the electrical resistivity of copper = 16.78 nΩ m at 20 ° C. Specially - pure Oxygen - Free Electronic ( OFE ) copper is about 1 % more conductive ( i.e. , achieves a minimum of 101 % IACS ) . The theory of metals in their solid state helps to explain the unusually high electrical conductivity of copper . In a copper atom , the outermost 4s energy zone , or conduction band , is only half filled , so many electrons are able to carry electric current . When an electric field is applied to a copper wire , the conduction of electrons accelerates towards the electropositive end , thereby creating a current . These electrons encounter resistance to their passage by colliding with impurity atoms , vacancies , lattice ions , and imperfections . The average distance travelled between collisions , defined as the `` mean free path , '' is inversely proportional to the resistivity of the metal . What is unique about copper is its long mean free path ( approximately 100 atomic spacings at room temperature ) . This mean free path increases rapidly as copper is chilled . Because of its superior conductivity , annealed copper became the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared . In 1913 , the International Electrotechnical Commission defined the conductivity of commercially pure copper in its International Annealed Copper Standard , as 100 % IACS = 58.0 MS / m at 20 ° C , decreasing by 0.393 % / ° C. Because commercial purity has improved over the last century , copper conductors used in building wire often slightly exceed the 100 % IACS standard . The main grade of copper used for electrical applications is electrolytic - tough pitch ( ETP ) copper ( CW004A or ASTM designation C11040 ) . This copper is at least 99.90 % pure and has an electrical conductivity of at least 101 % IACS . ETP copper contains a small percentage of oxygen ( 0.02 to 0.04 % ) . If high conductivity copper needs to be welded or brazed or used in a reducing atmosphere , then oxygen - free copper ( CW008A or ASTM designation C10100 ) may be used . Several electrically conductive metals are less dense than copper , but require larger cross sections to carry the same current and may not be usable when limited space is a major requirement . Aluminium has 61 % of the conductivity of copper . The cross sectional area of an aluminium conductor must be 56 % larger than copper for the same current carrying capability . The need to increase the thickness of aluminium wire restricts its use in several applications , such as in small motors and automobiles . In some applications such as aerial electric power transmission cables , copper is rarely used . Silver , a precious metal , is the only metal with a higher electrical conductivity than copper . The electrical conductivity of silver is 106 % of that of annealed copper on the IACS scale , and the electrical resistivity of silver = 15.9 nΩ m at 20 ° C. The high cost of silver combined with its low tensile strength limits its use to special applications , such as joint plating and sliding contact surfaces , and plating for the conductors in high - quality coaxial cables used at frequencies above 30 MHz Tensile strength ( edit ) F connectors attached to coaxial cables are used for TV aerial and satellite dish connections to a TV or set top box . Tensile strength measures the force required to pull an object such as rope , wire , or a structural beam to the point where it breaks . The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress it can take before breaking . Copper 's higher tensile strength ( 200 -- 250 N / mm annealed ) compared to aluminium ( 100 N / mm for typical conductor alloys ) is another reason why copper is used extensively in the building industry . Copper 's high strength resists stretching , neck - down , creep , nicks and breaks , and thereby also prevents failures and service interruptions . Copper is much heavier than aluminum for conductors of equal current carrying capacity , so the high tensile strength is offset by its increased weight . Ductility ( edit ) Ductility is a material 's ability to deform under tensile stress . This is often characterized by the material 's ability to be stretched into a wire . Ductility is especially important in metalworking because materials that crack or break under stress can not be hammered , rolled , or drawn ( drawing is a process that uses tensile forces to stretch metal ) . Copper has a higher ductility than alternate metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver . Because of copper 's high ductility , it is easy to draw down to diameters with very close tolerances . Strength and ductility combination ( edit ) Usually , the stronger a metal is , the less pliable it is . This is not the case with copper . A unique combination of high strength and high ductility makes copper ideal for wiring systems . At junction boxes and at terminations , for example , copper can be bent , twisted , and pulled without stretching or breaking . Creep resistance ( edit ) Creep is the gradual deformation of a material from constant expansions and contractions under `` load , no - load '' conditions . This process has adverse effects on electrical systems : terminations can become loose , causing connections to heat up or create dangerous arcing . Copper has excellent creep characteristics which minimizes loosening at connections . For other metal conductors that creep , extra maintenance is required to check terminals periodically and ensure that screws remain tightened to prevent arcing and overheating . Corrosion resistance ( edit ) Corrosion is the unwanted breakdown and weakening of a material due to chemical reactions . Copper generally resists corrosion from moisture , humidity , industrial pollution , and other atmospheric influences . However , any corrosion oxides , chlorides , and sulfides that do form on copper are somewhat conductive . Under many application conditions copper is higher on the galvanic series than other common structural metals , meaning that copper wire is less likely to be corroded in wet conditions . However , any more anodic metals in contact with copper will be corroded since will essentially be sacrificed to the copper . Coefficient of thermal expansion ( edit ) Metals and other solid materials expand upon heating and contract upon cooling . This is an undesirable occurrence in electrical systems . Copper has a low coefficient of thermal expansion for an electrical conducting material . Aluminium , an alternate common conductor , expands nearly one third more than copper under increasing temperatures . This higher degree of expansion , along with aluminium 's lower ductility , can cause electrical problems when bolted connections are improperly installed . By using proper hardware , such as spring pressure connections and cupped or split washers at the joint , it may be possible to create aluminium joints that compare in quality to copper joints . Thermal conductivity ( edit ) Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat . In electrical systems , high thermal conductivity is important for dissipating waste heat , particularly at terminations and connections . Copper has a 60 % higher thermal conductivity rating than aluminium , so it is better able to reduce thermal hot spots in electrical wiring systems . Solderability ( edit ) Soldering is a process whereby two or more metals are joined together by a heating process . This is a desirable property in electrical systems . Copper is readily soldered to make durable connections when necessary . Ease of installation ( edit ) The strength , hardness , and flexibility of copper make it very easy to work with . Copper wiring can be installed simply and easily with no special tools , washers , pigtails , or joint compounds . Its flexibility makes it easy to join , while its hardness helps keep connections securely in place . It has good strength for pulling wire through tight places ( `` pull - through '' ) , including conduits . It can be bent or twisted easily without breaking . It can be stripped and terminated during installation or service with far less danger of nicks or breaks . And it can be connected without the use of special lugs and fittings . The combination of all of these factors makes it easy for electricians to install copper wire . Types ( edit ) Solid and stranded ( edit ) Further information : Wire § Forms of wire Stranded copper lamp cord , 16 gauge Solid wire consists of one strand of copper metal wire , bare or surrounded by an insulator . Single - strand copper conductors are typically used as magnet wire in motors and transformers . They are relatively rigid , do not bend easily , and are typically installed in permanent , infrequently handled , and low flex applications . Stranded wire has a group of copper wires braided or twisted together . Stranded wire is more flexible and easier to install than a large single - strand wire of the same cross section . Stranding improves wire life in applications with vibration . A particular cross-section of a stranded conductor gives it essentially the same resistance characteristics as a single - strand conductor , but with added flexibility . Cable ( edit ) Further information : Electrical cable A copper cable consists of two or more copper wires running side by side and bonded , twisted or braided together to form a single assembly . Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires . Copper wires in a cable may be bare or they may be plated to reduce oxidation with a thin layer of another metal , most often tin but sometimes gold or silver . Plating may lengthen wire life and makes soldering easier . Twisted pair and coaxial cables are designed to inhibit electromagnetic interference , prevent radiation of signals , and to provide transmission lines with defined characteristics . Shielded cables are encased in foil or wire mesh . Applications ( edit ) Electrolytic - tough pitch ( ETP ) copper , a high - purity copper that contains oxygen as an alloying agent , represents the bulk of electrical conductor applications because of its high electrical conductivity and improved annealability . ETP copper is used for power transmission , power distribution , and telecommunications . Common applications include building wire , motor windings , electrical cables , and busbars . Oxygen - free coppers are used to resist hydrogen embrittlement when extensive amounts of cold work is needed , and for applications requiring higher ductility ( e.g. , telecommunications cable ) . When hydrogen embrittlement is a concern and low electrical resistivity is not required , phosphorus may be added to copper . For certain applications , copper alloy conductors are preferred instead of pure copper , especially when higher strengths or improved abrasion and corrosion resistance properties are required . However , relative to pure copper , the higher strength and corrosion resistance benefits that are offered by copper alloys are offset by their lower electrical conductivities . Design engineers weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of copper and copper alloy conductors when determining which type to specify for a specific electrical application . An example of a copper alloy conductor is cadmium copper wire , which is used for railroad electrification in North America . In Britain the BPO ( later Post Office Telecommunications ) used cadmium copper aerial lines with 1 % cadmium for extra strength ; for local lines 40 lb / mile ( 1.3 mm dia ) and for toll lines 70 lb / mile ( 1.7 mm dia ) . Some of the major application markets for copper conductors are summarized below . Electrical wiring ( edit ) Mineral insulated copper clad cable ( pyro ) . Electrical wiring distributes electric power inside residential , commercial , or industrial buildings , mobile homes , recreational vehicles , boats , and substations at voltages up to 600 V . The thickness of the wire is based on amperage requirements in conjunction with safe operating temperatures . Solid wire is used for smaller diameters ; thicker diameters are stranded to provide flexibility . Conductor types include non-metallic / non-metallic corrosion - resistant cable ( two or more insulated conductors with a nonmetallic outer sheath ) , armored or BX cable ( cables are surrounded by a flexible metal enclosure ) , metal clad cable , service entrance cable , underground feeder cable , TC cable , fire resistant cable , and mineral insulated cable , including mineral - insulated copper - clad cable . Copper is commonly used for building wire because of its conductivity , strength , and reliability . Over the life of a building wire system , copper can also be the most economical conductor . Copper used in building wire has a conductivity rating of 100 % IACS or better . Copper building wire requires less insulation and can be installed in smaller conduits than when lower - conductivity conductors are used . Also , comparatively , more copper wire can fit in a given conduit than conductors with lower conductivities . This greater `` wire fill '' is a special advantage when a system is rewired or expanded . Copper building wire is compatible with brass and quality plated screws . The wire provides connections that will not corrode or creep . It is not , however , compatible with aluminium wire or connectors . If the two metals are joined , a galvanic reaction can occur . Anodic corrosion during the reaction can disintegrate the aluminium . This is why most appliance and electrical equipment manufacturers use copper lead wires for connections to building wiring systems . Power cable 5G16 ( 5 wires , green - yellow ground wire , 16mm . `` All - copper '' building wiring is a term that refers to buildings in which the inside electrical service is carried exclusively over copper wiring . In all - copper homes , copper conductors are used in circuit breaker panels , branch circuit wiring ( to outlets , switches , lighting fixtures and the like ) , and in dedicated branches serving heavy - load appliances ( such as ranges , ovens , clothes dryers and air conditioners ) . Attempts to replace copper with aluminium in building wire were curtailed in most countries when it was found that aluminium connections gradually loosened due to their inherent slow creep , combined with the high resistivity and heat generation of aluminium oxidation at joints . Spring - loaded contacts have largely alleviated this problem with aluminium conductors in building wire , but some building codes still forbid the use of aluminium . For branch - circuit sizes , virtually all basic wiring for lights , outlets and switches is made from copper . The market for aluminium building wire today is mostly confined to larger gauge sizes used in supply circuits . Communications wiring ( edit ) Twisted pair cable ( edit ) Twisted pair cabling is the most popular network cable and is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections ( up to 100 meters or 328 feet ) . This is due to its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable . Unshielded twisted pair ( UTP ) cables are the primary cable type for telephone usage . In the late 20th century , UTPs emerged as the most common cable in computer networking cables , especially as patch cables or temporary network connections . They are increasingly used in video applications , primarily in security cameras . UTP plenum cables that run above ceilings and inside walls use a solid copper core for each conductor , which enables the cable to hold its shape when bent . Patch cables , which connect computers to wall plates , use stranded copper wire because they are expected to be flexed during their lifetimes . UTPs are the best balanced line wires available . However they are the easiest to tap into . When interference and security are concerns , shielded cable or fiber optic cable is often considered . UTP cables include : Category 3 cable , now the minimum requirement by the FCC ( USA ) for every telephone connection ; Category 5e cable , 100 - MHz enhanced pairs for running Gigabit Ethernet ( 1000Base - T ) ; and Category 6 cable , where each pair runs 250 MHz for improved 1000Base - T performance . Cat5e ethernet cable , showing the twisted pairs of copper wires . In copper twisted pair wire networks , copper cable certification is achieved through a thorough series of tests in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association ( TIA ) or International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) standards . Coaxial cable ( edit ) Coaxial cables were extensively used in mainframe computer systems and were the first type of major cable used for Local Area Networks ( LAN ) . Common applications for coaxial cable today include computer network ( Internet ) and instrumentation data connections , video and CATV distribution , RF and microwave transmission , and feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas . Semi-rigid coaxial cable for microwave transmission While coaxial cables can go longer distances and have better protection from EMI than twisted pairs , coaxial cables are harder to work with and more difficult to run from offices to the wiring closet . For these reasons , it is now generally being replaced with less expensive UTP cables or by fiber optic cables for more capacity . Today , many CATV companies still use coaxial cables into homes . These cables , however , are increasingly connected to a fiber optic data communications system outside of the home . Most building management systems use proprietary copper cabling , as do paging / audio speaker systems . Security monitoring and entry systems still often depend on copper , although fiber cables are also used . Structured wiring ( edit ) Most telephone lines can share voice and data simultaneously . Pre-digital quad telephone wiring in homes is unable to handle communications needs for multiple phone lines , Internet service , video communications , data transmission , fax machines , and security services . Crosstalk , static interference , inaudible signals , and interrupted service are common problems with outdated wiring . Computers connected to old - fashioned communications wiring often experience poor Internet performance . `` Structured wiring '' is the general term for 21st century On - premises wiring for high - capacity telephone , video , data - transmission , security , control , and entertainment systems . Installations usually include a central distribution panel where all connections are made , as well as outlets with dedicated connections for phone , data , TV and audio jacks . Structured wiring enables computers to communicate with each other error - free and at high speeds while resisting interference among various electrical sources , such as household appliances and external communications signals . Networked computers are able to share high - speed Internet connections simultaneously . Structured wiring can also connect computers with printers , scanners , telephones , fax machines , and even home security systems and home entertainment equipment . Female socket connector for coaxial cable . Quad - shielded RG - 6 coaxial cable can carry a large number of TV channels at the same time . A star wiring pattern , where the wiring to each jack extends to a central distribution device , facilitates flexibility of services , problem identification , and better signal quality . This pattern has advantages to daisy chain loops . Installation tools , tips , and techniques for networked wiring systems using twisted pairs , coaxial cables , and connectors for each are available . Structured wiring competes with wireless systems in homes . While wireless systems certainly have convenience advantages , they also have drawbacks over copper - wired systems : the higher bandwidth of systems using Category 5e wiring typically support more than ten times the speeds of wireless systems for faster data applications and more channels for video applications . Alternatively , wireless systems are a security risk as they can transmit sensitive information to unintended users over similar receiver devices . Wireless systems are more susceptible to interference from other devices and systems , which can compromise performance . Certain geographic areas and some buildings may be unsuitable for wireless installations , just as some buildings may present difficulties installing wires . Power distribution ( edit ) Cross-section of copper high - voltage cable rated at 400 kV Copper is widely used for power distribution bus bars because of its high conductivity Power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity for an end use . A power distribution system carries electricity from the transmission system to consumers . Power cables are used for the transmission and distribution of electric power , either outdoors or inside buildings . Details on the various types of power cables are available . Copper is the preferred conductor material for underground transmission lines operating at high and extra-high voltages to 400 kV . The predominance of copper underground systems stems from its higher volumetric electrical and thermal conductivities compared to other conductors . These beneficial properties for copper conductors conserve space , minimize power loss , and maintain lower cable temperatures . Copper continues to dominate low - voltage lines in mines and underwater applications , as well as in electric railroads , hoists , and other outdoor services . Aluminium , either alone or reinforced with steel , is the preferred conductor for overhead transmission lines due to its lighter weight and lower cost . Appliance conductors ( edit ) Appliance conductors for domestic applications and instruments are manufactured from bunch - stranded soft wire , which may be tinned for soldering or phase identification . Depending upon loads , insulation can be PVC , neoprene , ethylene propylene , polypropylene filler , or cotton . Automotive conductors ( edit ) Copper wiring is strong enough to remain in place in an automotive alternator , subjected to constant vibration and mechanical shock . Automotive conductors require insulation that is resistant to elevated temperatures , petroleum products , humidity , fire , and chemicals . PVC , neoprene , and polyethylene are the most common insulators . Potentials range from 12 V for electrical systems to between 300 V - 15,000 V for instruments , lighting , and ignition systems . Magnet wire ( edit ) Main article : Magnet wire Magnet wire or winding wire is used in windings of electric motors , transformers , inductors , generators , headphones , loudspeaker coils , hard drive head positioners , electromagnets , and other devices . Most often , magnetic wire is composed of fully annealed , electrolytically refined copper to allow closer winding when making electromagnetic coils . The wire is coated with a range of polymeric insulations , including varnish , rather than the thicker plastic or other types of insulation commonly used on electrical wire . High - purity oxygen - free copper grades are used for high - temperature applications in reducing atmospheres or in motors or generators cooled by hydrogen gas . Splice closures for copper cables ( edit ) A copper splice closure is defined as an enclosure , and the associated hardware , that is intended to restore the mechanical and environmental integrity of one or more copper cables entering the enclosure and providing some internal function for splicing , termination , or interconnection . Types of closures ( edit ) As stated in Telcordia industry requirements document GR - 3151 , there are two principal configurations for closures : butt closures and in - line closures . Butt closures permit cables to enter the closure from one end only . This design may also be referred to as a dome closure . These closures can be used in a variety of applications , including branch splicing . In - line closures provide for the entry of cables at both ends of the closure . They can be used in a variety of applications , including branch splicing and cable access . In - line closures can also be used in a butt configuration by restricting cable access to one end of the closure . A copper splice closure is defined by the functional design characteristics and , for the most part , is independent of specific deployment environments or applications . At this time , Telcordia has identified two ( 2 ) types of copper closures : Environmentally Sealed Closures ( ESCs ) Free - Breathing Closures ( FBCs ) ESCs provide all of the features and functions expected of a typical splice closure in an enclosure that prevents the intrusion of liquid and vapor into the closure interior . This is accomplished through the use of an environmental sealing system such as rubber gaskets or hot - melt adhesives . Some ESCs use pressurized air to help keep moisture out of the closure . FBCs provide all of the features and functions expected of a typical splice closure that prevents the intrusion of wind - driven rain , dust , and insects . Such a closure , however , permits the free exchange of air with the outside environment . Therefore , it is possible that condensation will form inside the closure . It is thus necessary to provide adequate drainage to prevent the accumulation of water inside the closure . Future trends ( edit ) Multiple copper coils are used in an induction cooker Copper will continue to be the predominant material in most electrical wire applications , especially where space considerations are important . The automotive industry for decades has considered the use of smaller - diameter wires in certain applications . Many manufacturers are beginning to use copper alloys such as copper - magnesium ( CuMg ) , which allow for smaller diameter wires with less weight and improved conductivity performance . Special alloys like copper - magnesium are beginning to see increased usage in automotive , aerospace , and defense applications . Due to the need to increase the transmission of high - speed voice and data signals , the surface quality of copper wire is expected to continue to improve . Demands for better drawability and movement towards `` zero '' defects in copper conductors are expected to continue . A minimum mechanical strength requirement for magnet wire may evolve in order to improve formability and prevent excessive stretching of wire during high speed coiling operations . It does not seem likely that standards for copper wire purity will increase beyond the current minimum value of 101 % IACS . Although 6 - nines copper ( 99.9999 % pure ) has been produced in small quantities , it is extremely expensive and probably unnecessary for most commercial applications such as magnet , telecommunications , and building wire . The electrical conductivity of 6 - nines copper and 4 - nines copper ( 99.99 % pure ) is nearly the same at ambient temperature , although the higher - purity copper has a higher conductivity at cryogenic temperatures . Therefore , for non-cryogenic temperatures , 4 - nines copper will probably remain the dominant material for most commercial wire applications . Metal Theft ( edit ) Global copper prices from 1986 to 2011 During the 2000s commodities boom , copper prices increased worldwide , increasing the incentive for criminals to steal copper from power supply and communications cables . See also ( edit ) Annealing by short circuit Copper - clad steel Copper - clad aluminium wire Mineral - insulated copper - clad cable Copper cable certification Solderability Copper sulfide Passivation ( chemistry ) Galvanization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sturgeon , W. , 1825 , Improved Electro Magnetic Apparatus , Trans . Royal Society of Arts , Manufactures , & Commerce ( London ) 43 : pp. 37 -- 52 , as cited in Miller , T.J.E , 2001 , Electronic Control of Switched Reluctance Machines , Newnes , p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 5073 - 7 Jump up ^ Windelspecht , Michael , 2003 , Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments , Inventions , and Discoveries of the 19th Century , XXII , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 31969 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Pops , Horace , 2008 , Processing of wire from antiquity to the future , Wire Journal International , June , pp 58 - 66 ^ Jump up to : `` The Metallurgy of Copper Wire '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Günter , 1999 , Copper : Its Trade , Manufacture , Use , and Environmental Status , edited by Kundig , Konrad J.A. , ASM International Vol . 2.03 , Electrical Conductors Jump up ^ `` Copper , Chemical Element - Overview , Discovery and naming , Physical properties , Chemical properties , Occurrence in nature , Isotopes '' . Chemistryexplained.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The International Annealed Copper Standard ; NDT Resources Center '' . Ndt-ed.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Copper Wire Tables ; Circular of the Bureau of Standards ; No. 31 ; S.W. Stratton , Director ; U.S. Department of Commerce ; 1914 Jump up ^ Mott , N.F. and Jones , H. , 1958 , The theory of the properties of metals and alloys , Dover Publications ^ Jump up to : Pops , Horace , 1995 , Physical Metallurgy of Electrical Conductors , in Nonferrous Wire Handbook , Volume 3 : Principles and Practice , The Wire Association International , pp. 7 - 22 Jump up ^ Copper Building Wire Systems , Copper Development Association , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Copper -- Properties and Applications '' . Copperinfo.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` VTI : Aluminum vs. Copper : Conductors in Low Voltage Dry Type Transformers '' . Vt-inc.com. 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert C. & Shelby , Samuel M. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 48th edition , Ohio : The Chemical Rubber Co. 1967 -- 1968 : F - 132 Jump up ^ W.F. Gale ; T.C. Totemeir , eds. ( 2004 ) , Smithells Metals Reference Book ( 8th ed . ) , Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann Co. and ASM International , ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7509 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Development of Aluminum Alloy Conductor with High Electrical Conductivity and Controlled Tensile Strength and Elongation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electrical : Building Wire - Copper Building Wire Systems '' . Copper.org. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rich , Jack C. , 1988 , The Materials and Methods of Sculpture . Courier Dover Publications . p. 129 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25742 - 8 , https://books.google.com/?id=hW13qhOFa7gC Jump up ^ Nonferrous Wire Handbook , Volume 3 : Principles and Practice , The Wire Association International Jump up ^ Pops , Horace ; Importance of the conductor and control of its properties for magnet wire applications , in Nonferrous Wire Handbook , Volume 3 : Principles and Practice , The Wire Association International , pp 37 - 52 ^ Jump up to : `` Electrical : Building Wire - Copper , The Best Buy '' . Copper.org. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wire Wisdom : Choosing Conductors '' ( PDF ) . Anixter . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Telephony by T.E. Herbert & W.S. Procter , Volume 1 p1110 ( 1946 , Pitman , London ) Jump up ^ Copper Building Wire , Copper / Brass / Bronze Products Handbook , CDA Publication 601 / 0 , Copper Development Association Jump up ^ The International Annealed Copper Standard ; NDT Resources Center ; http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/IACS/IACS.htm Jump up ^ `` Applications : Telecommunications - All - Copper Wiring '' . Copper.org. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R. , Copper and copper alloys , ASM International . Handbook Committee , pp. 155 - 156 ^ Jump up to : `` Network+ , Module 3 - The Physical Network '' . Lrgnetworks.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selecting coax and twisted - pair cable '' ... electronicproducts.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Copper Cabling Systems from Cat5 to Cat5e to Cat6 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 14 . www.panduit.com Jump up ^ Van Der Burgt , Martin J. , 2011 , `` Coaxial Cables and Applications '' . Belden . p. 4 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 , http://www.belden.com/pdfs/Techpprs/CoaxialCablesandApplications.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.thefoa.org/tech/guides/DesG.pdf Jump up ^ `` Applications : Telecommunications - Communications Wiring for Today 's Homes '' . Copper.org. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Applications : Telecommunications - Infrastructure Wiring for Homes '' . Copper.org. 2010 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Structured wiring for today 's homes ( CD - ROM ) , Copper Development Association , NY , NY , USA ^ Jump up to : Electric Wire and Cable , brochure 0001240 , Cobre Cerrillos S.A. , Santiago , Chile ; Cocessa Technical Bulletin , Electrical Conductor Catalog 751 , MADECO , 1990 Jump up ^ GR - 3151 - CORE , Generic Requirements for Copper Splice Closures , Telcordia . Jump up ^ `` C18661 Copper - Magnesium ( CMG1 ) Alloy Wire '' . Fisk ( website ) . Fisk Alloy , Inc . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Copper Prices , Copper Prices History '' . Dow-futures.net. 22 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Berinato , Scott ( 2007 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Copper Theft : The Metal Theft Epidemic '' . CSO Online . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Copper Theft Threatens U.S. Critical Infrastructure '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4 House Fires and Hundreds of Homes Without Power after Substation Targeted '' . metaltheftscotland.org.uk. 29 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper_conductor&oldid=805534247 '' Categories : Copper Electrical wiring Power cables Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Copper conductor properties 2. Electrical wiring applications 3. Communications wiring types 4. Power distribution with copper conductors 5. Copper conductor advantages and uses

who plays as double g in game shakers

Game Shakers - wikipedia Game Shakers Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Game Shakers <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Sitcom Gaming Created by Dan Schneider Starring Cree Cicchino Madisyn Shipman Benjamin `` Lil ' P - Nut '' Flores , Jr . Thomas Kuc Kel Mitchell Theme music composer Zack Hexum Opening theme `` Drop Dat What '' by Kel Mitchell Composer ( s ) Michael Corcoran Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Schneider Producer ( s ) Jeffrey Goldstein Bruce Rand Berman Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Schneider 's Bakery Nickelodeon Productions <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.nick.com/game-shakers Game Shakers is an American gaming sitcom created by Dan Schneider that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 12 , 2015 . The series stars Cree Cicchino , Madisyn Shipman , Benjamin `` Lil ' P - Nut '' Flores , Jr. , Thomas Kuc , and Kel Mitchell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Nominations 8 Video games 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The series revolves around two seventh graders , Babe and Kenzie , who start a multi-million - dollar title gaming company and take on rap superstar Double G as their business partner . The series also features Double G 's son , Triple G , whom the girls hire as a game consultant , and Hudson , who is a test dummy for experiments on games . In Brooklyn , New York , Babe and Kenzie create a video game app called `` Sky Whale '' for their science project ; when it proves to be successful , they form a company called Game Shakers with the help of their friend , Hudson . The three of them later befriend rapper Double G who becomes their partner and investor after a compromise involving the illegal use of his song , `` Drop Dat What '' . Additionally , Double G 's son , Triple G , becomes a video game consultant . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Babe Carano ( Cree Cicchino ) is a 12 - year - old girl and one of the creators of Game Shakers . She always does her own thing and does n't mind stepping on someone 's toes to do so . She is creative , confident , quick - witted , and fearless when it comes to making tough decisions . Kenzie Bell ( Madisyn Shipman ) is a 12 - year - old girl and one of the creators of Game Shakers . She lacks a social filter and tends to be extremely blunt , but makes up for her lackluster social skills with incredible tech knowledge . Triple G ( Benjamin `` Lil ' P - Nut '' Flores , Jr . ) is the son of Double G who had a lavish childhood , but all that he really wants is to be with children his own age . He 's eventually hired by Babe and Kenzie as the video game consultant . In `` Shark Explosion '' , it is revealed that his real name is Grover . Hudson ( Thomas Kuc ) is a friend of Babe and Kenzie as well as a member of Game Shakers . Despite knowing that Hudson is n't necessarily intelligent , Babe states in `` Sky Whale '' that he 's cute and will do whatever she and Kenzie say . Double G ( Kel Mitchell ) is a successful rapper and billionaire whose real name is Gale J. Griffin . He is impulsive , unpredictable , and determined to have as much fun and money as possible . With the help of Babe and Kenzie , he rediscovers his love for gaming , and becomes the main investor of Game Shakers . In `` Revenge at Tech Fest '' , Double G gets a temporary trionic right arm after his right arm is badly broken following a slingslot incident caused by MeGo . Recurring ( edit ) Ruthless ( Shel Bailey ) is Double G 's tall assistant who speaks extremely loudly . Bunny ( Bubba Ganter ) is Double G 's childish assistant . Mr. Sammich ( Regi Davis ) is Babe , Kenzie , and Hudson 's science teacher at Sugar Hill Junior High School . While he is often annoyed when Double G crashes his classes to scold Babe and Kenzie on something they did wrong , Mr. Sammich tends to cower when Ruthless and Bunny are with him . Mason Kendall ( Tanner Buchanan ) is an older boy whom Babe has a crush on . Production ( edit ) When ordered to series in early 2015 , it was planned that the first season would consist of 26 episodes . The cast of the series was announced on July 7 , 2015 . On July 25 , 2015 , the network announced some special guest stars , including Matt Bennett , Yvette Nicole Brown , GloZell , Jared `` ProJared '' Knabenbauer , and Smosh Games host David `` Lasercorn '' Moss . On March 2 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on Nickelodeon on September 17 , 2016 . Nickelodeon renewed Game Shakers for a third season on November 16 , 2016 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Game Shakers episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 <Td_colspan="1"> September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) May 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 1.98 May 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 21 ) 1.73 1.64 21 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 1.56 TBA TBD 1.46 Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on YTV in Canada on October 6 , 2015 , and debuted on Nickelodeon channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 2 , 2015 , and in Australia and New Zealand on February 8 , 2016 . Nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Pending Video games ( edit ) Over the course of the series , a number of games designed by the characters have been shown on Game Shakers . These games have been released online and through the Nick app . Several of the games share titles with episodes of the series ( e.g. `` Sky Whale '' , `` Dirty Blob '' , `` Tiny Pickles '' , `` Nasty Goats '' , and `` Llama Llama Spit Spit '' ) . The following is the list of games that have been released : Sky Whale Dirty Blob Tiny Pickles Punchy Face Pop Star Surgeon Scubaroo Pick It , Scratch It , Pop It Octopie Psycho Beach Mummies Llama Llama Spit Spit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Babe Carano '' . DanWarp . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Schneider . `` Kenzie Bell '' . DanWarp . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Showcases Power of Its Ecosystem and Highlights New Content Slate and Upcoming Initiatives for 2015 -- 2016 Season at Annual Upfront Presentation '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 -- via Business Wire . Jump up ^ Dan Snierson ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Kel Mitchell Returns to Nickelodeon to Star in Game Shakers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Kenan & Kel Alum Kel Mitchell to Return to Nickelodeon with New Sitcom Game Shakers '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Need to Know '' . Nickelodeon . July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils Four Live - Action Series , Animated Movie at Upfront '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Danger & Game Shakers Renewed by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YTV 's New Fall Schedule Is Full of Funny ! '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tween Girls Play Their Way to the Top of the Gaming World in Nickelodeon 's Game Shakers '' . Viacom International Media Networks ( Press release ) . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Nickelodeon Press . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Shakers -- All Games '' . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Shakers -- Games '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game Shakers on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 - 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 - 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2000 ; 2012 -- 13 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2003 -- 08 ) My Life as a Teenage Robot ( 2003 -- 05 ) Romeo ! ( 2003 -- 06 ) Drake & Josh ( 2004 -- 07 ) Danny Phantom ( 2004 -- 07 ) Ned 's Declassified School Survival Guide ( 2004 -- 07 ) Unfabulous ( 2004 -- 07 ) Nicktoons Film Festival ( 2004 -- 09 ) Zoey 101 ( 2005 -- 08 ) Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 -- 08 ) Catscratch ( 2005 -- 07 ) The X 's ( 2005 -- 06 ) Mr. Meaty ( 2005 -- 07 ) Kappa Mikey ( 2006 -- 07 ) Just for Kicks ( 2006 ) Just Jordan ( 2007 -- 08 ) El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Naked Brothers Band ( 2007 -- 09 ) Wayside ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) Making Fiends ( 2008 ) Domo TV ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 12 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 11 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 13 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2012 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger and Captain Man ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Dan Schneider TV series created Guys Like Us The Amanda Show What I Like About You Drake & Josh Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Sam & Cat Henry Danger Game Shakers TV series produced All That Kenan & Kel Film screenplays Good Burger Big Fat Liar Related articles Schneider 's Bakery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Shakers&oldid=804676284 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2015 American television series debuts Middle school television series Television series by Schneider 's Bakery Television series created by Dan Schneider Television shows set in New York City American teen sitcoms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 13 : 30 . About Wikipedia

1. Game Shakers 2. American gaming sitcom 3. Dan Schneider 4. Nickelodeon 5. Video game app

where was the 1957 movie peyton place filmed

Peyton Place ( film ) - wikipedia Peyton Place ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Peyton Place <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Robson Produced by Jerry Wald Screenplay by John Michael Hayes Based on Peyton Place by Grace Metalious Starring Lana Turner Hope Lange Lee Philips Lloyd Nolan Diane Varsi Arthur Kennedy Russ Tamblyn Terry Moore Music by Franz Waxman Cinematography William C. Mellor Edited by David Bretherton Production company Jerry Wald Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 1957 ( 1957 - 12 - 11 ) ( Camden , Maine ) December 12 , 1957 ( 1957 - 12 - 12 ) ( USA ) Running time 162 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.2 million or $1.8 million Box office $25.6 million Peyton Place is a 1957 American film drama in color by De Luxe and CinemaScope from 20th Century Fox , produced by Jerry Wald , directed by Mark Robson , that stars Lana Turner and Hope Lange . In co-starring and supporting roles are Lee Philips , Lloyd Nolan , Diane Varsi , Arthur Kennedy , Russ Tamblyn , and Terry Moore . The film is based on the bestselling 1956 novel of the same name by Grace Metalious . The film 's storyline follows the residents of a small fictional New England mill town in the years surrounding World War II , where scandal , homicide , suicide , incest , and moral hypocrisy belie its tranquil façade . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Works cited 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In April 1941 , in the New England town of Peyton Place , drunkard Lucas Cross ( Arthur Kennedy ) stumbles out of his house , just as his step - son Paul , fed up with Lucas 's alcoholism , leaves town . Lucas 's downtrodden wife , Nellie ( Betty Field ) , goes to work as the housekeeper for Constance `` Connie '' MacKenzie ( Lana Turner ) , a prim local dress shop owner . The daughters of both families , Allison MacKenzie ( Diane Varsi ) and Selena Cross ( Hope Lange ) , are best friends and are about to graduate high school . A stranger , Michael Rossi ( Lee Philips ) , is hired to be the new high school principal by the school board president , Leslie Harrington ( Leon Ames ) , the local woolen mill owner ; the students ' choice for the position is long - time teacher Miss Elsie Thornton ( Mildred Dunnock ) . Rossi wins over Ms. Thornton by saying that he wants to work with her . Later , Connie encourages her daughter not to invite Betty Anderson ( Terry Moore ) to the party , due to Betty 's overt sexuality ; Constance finally reconsiders , allowing Allison to invite anyone she wishes . At the party , Betty arrives with Leslie Harrington 's son Rodney ( Barry Coe ) , who soon turns it into a make - out party , kissing Allison ; the party ends when Connie makes a scene , embarrassing Allison . Before church the next day , Allison witnesses Lucas beating his step - daughter , Selena . Later , Rossi arrives at the MacKenzie house to announce that Allison has been named valedictorian , and he asks Connie to chaperone Allison 's graduation dance ; the two slowly develop a romance . Meanwhile , Harrington informs his son Rodney that he does not approve of his going with Betty Anderson , because of her bad reputation , so Rodney is forced to uninvite her . Rodney instead goes with Allison , though Allison is in love with shy Norman Page ( Russ Tamblyn ) , who has an overprotective mother , Evelyn Page ( Erin O'Brien - Moore ) . At the dance , Rodney splits off to make out with Betty , but she is angry for him dumping her , so refuses to have sex with him . After the dance , Selena is raped by her step - father , Lucas . She becomes pregnant , and when she goes to Dr. Swain for an abortion he refuses , and she confides that her step - father raped her . Swain confronts Lucas , and he is forced by Swain to promise to leave town after signing a confession , all of which Nellie secretly witnesses . Out for revenge , Lucas chases Selena when she returns home , and although she escapes , she falls and injures herself . After treating her , Swain records the operation as an `` appendectomy '' , when in fact she has had a miscarriage . At a picnic later that year , Rodney and Betty reunite and go skinny dipping , while nearby , Allison and Norman go swimming in proper suits . Marion , the town gossip , sees the naked couple and falsely makes an assumption , telling Connie it was Allison and Norman . Connie and Allison fight ; in a fit of anger , Connie admits that Allison 's father was married to another woman when Connie became pregnant . Upset , Allison runs upstairs and discovers Nellie Cross has committed suicide . Allison goes into a state of shock , and is confined to bed . Sometime after , Rodney and Betty elope , infuriating Rodney 's father Leslie . After recovering , Allison leaves for New York City . World War II erupts in 1941 , and Peyton Place 's men go off to war . When Rodney is killed in action , his father offers to take care of his widow , Betty , and she is finally welcomed into the family . During Christmas of 1942 , Connie visits Rossi to apologize for being dismissive of him , and when she confesses that she was a married man 's mistress , Rossi decides to stay in Peyton Place , promising her that his marriage proposal is still open . During this time , a drunken Lucas returns from the Navy and tries to rape Selena again , but this time she bludgeons him to death in self - defense . After Easter of 1943 , Selena tearfully confesses to Connie , and she is later arrested and tried by the District Attorney ( Lorne Greene ) for Lucas ' murder . Allison , still estranged from Connie , returns for the trial , as does Norman ; the truth about Selena 's self - defense , her step - father 's abuse , her miscarriage , as well as Dr. Swain 's false report , all come to light . Dr. Swain admonishes the town for their gossipy ways and failure to offer Selena help when she needed it most . Ultimately , Selena is acquitted , and she and Ted are free to marry . Allison has a change of heart and approaches Connie with a hope of reconciliation , and Norman is welcomed into the house . Cast ( edit ) Lana Turner as Constance MacKenzie Diane Varsi as Allison MacKenzie Hope Lange as Selena Cross Lee Philips as Michael Rossi Arthur Kennedy as Lucas Cross Lloyd Nolan as Dr. Matthew Swain Russ Tamblyn as Norman Page Terry Moore as Betty Anderson David Nelson as Ted Carter Barry Coe as Rodney Harrington Betty Field as Nellie Cross Mildred Dunnock as Miss Elsie Thornton Leon Ames as Leslie Harrington Lorne Greene as District Attorney Staats Cotsworth as Charles Partridge Peg Hillias as Marion Partridge Tami Conner as Margie ( a classmate of Selena and Allison ) Erin O'Brien Moore as Mrs. Evelyn Page Scotty Morrow as Joey Cross ( uncredited ) Cast notes Both Diane Varsi and Lee Philips made their film debuts in Peyton Place . The films also marked the first time that David Nelson had appeared separately from his family , Ozzie , Harriet and Ricky . Erin O'Brien - Moore , who played Mrs. Evelyn Page , would play Nurse Esther Choate in the TV series , Peyton Place in the sixties . Production ( edit ) Less than a month after the novel 's release in 1956 , producer Jerry Wald bought the rights from author Grace Metalious for $250,000 and hired her as a story consultant on the film , although he had no intention of actually allowing her to contribute anything to the production . Her presence in Hollywood ensured the project additional publicity , but Metalious soon felt out of place in the film capital . Horrified by the sanitized adaptation of her book by screenwriter John Michael Hayes , who was forced to contend with the Hays Code , and his suggestion Pat Boone be cast as Norman Page , she returned to her home in Gilmanton , New Hampshire . She hated the film , but she eventually earned a total of $400,000 in exhibition profits from it . The novel never mentioned the state explicitly , but it made several references strongly suggesting that Peyton Place was located within the state of New Hampshire , whereas the film makes no clear references to any particular New England state . The film was shot primarily in Maine , mostly in the town of Camden , with additional exteriors filmed in Belfast , Rockland and Thomaston , as well as Lake Placid in New York . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in Camden one day before opening in 24 cities across the US on December 12 , 1957 . Peyton Place was the second - highest - grossing film of 1958 , although in the first few months of its release it did not do well at the box office , until a real - life tragedy gave it an unexpected boost . On April 4 , 1958 , star Lana Turner 's daughter Cheryl killed her mother 's abusive lover , mobster Johnny Stompanato , and was placed in Juvenile Hall . The press coverage of the subsequent investigation boosted ticket sales by 32 % , and the film eventually grossed $25,600,000 in the U.S. A coroner 's inquest ruled the murder justifiable homicide , and the district attorney chose not to charge Cheryl with the crime , although he declared her a ward of the state and placed her in the custody of her grandmother . Turner feared the negative publicity would end her career , but it led producer Ross Hunter to cast her in the 1959 film Imitation of Life . According to Wald , Peyton Place earned $10.1 million in 4,185 theatres . Peyton Place was also a popular prime time television series that aired from September 1964 until June 1969 . The film is recognized by the American Film Institute : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated Critical reception ( edit ) While Peyton Place was a commercial hit , most critics noted that the most salacious elements of the Metalious novel had been whitewashed or eliminated completely . In The New York Times , Bosley Crowther remarked , `` There is no sense of massive corruption here . '' However , he did generally like the film , praising Hope Lang for a `` gentle and sensitive performance '' and finding Lloyd Nolan `` excellent . '' Variety wrote that the film was `` impressively acted by an excellent cast , '' but noted that `` in leaning backwards not to offend , Wald and Hayes have gone acrobatic ... On the screen is not the unpleasant sex - secret little town against which Grace Metalious set her story . These are n't the gossiping , spiteful , immoral people she portrayed . There are hints of this in the film , but only hints . '' Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote , `` While the four - letter words of the Grace Metalious novel have been adroitly erased , it 's easy for one of the apparent few who did n't read the book to see why so many did . There are several strong stories and the characters are sharply drawn . Without these two characteristics the best written novels remain unread . '' Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times declared the film `` probably the most powerful small - town picture ever produced , '' and Harrison 's Reports praised it as `` an absorbing adult drama '' that `` grips one 's attention the whole time it is on the screen , thanks to the sensitive direction and the effective acting of the capable cast . '' John McCarten of The New Yorker was negative , writing that the film `` makes no attempt to exploit the sensational aspects of the tale it has to tell ; on the contrary , it is woefully diffuse , and before it 's over -- roughly , three hours -- boredom has set in like the grippe . '' The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote , `` Slick and passionless , the film is an expensive and heavily bowdlerised adaptation of Grace Metalious ' best - seller , '' adding that `` the film never quite makes up its mind whether to extol small - town America or castigate it . '' TV Guide said , `` This is the kind of hypertensive trash that gives melodrama a bad name , cynically tempering its naughty bits with smug moralizing . The fact that the film won an ' A ' rating from the Catholic Legion of Decency , meaning it was deemed ' acceptable to all , ' is a dead giveaway . ( In actuality , it was given an `` A-III '' rating , meaning appropriate only for adults . ) On the film 's 40th anniversary in 1998 , celebrations were held in some of the Maine towns in which the film was shot , attended by Hope Lange . Accolades ( edit ) The film received nine Oscar nominations ( and no wins ) , including four honoring supporting performances , which tied a record set three years earlier by On the Waterfront . That record would later be matched by Tom Jones , and The Godfather Part II . The film 's nine Oscar nominations without a win also tied a then - Academy Award 's record for biggest shut - out ( with The Little Foxes ) . That record was later surpassed by The Turning Point in 1977 and The Color Purple in 1985 , both of which won zero of eleven nominations . Best Motion Picture : Jerry Wald , Producer Best Director : Mark Robson Best Actress : Lana Turner Best Supporting Actress : Diane Varsi Best Supporting Actress : Hope Lange Best Supporting Actor : Arthur Kennedy Best Supporting Actor : Russ Tamblyn Best Writing ( Screenplay -- based on material from another medium ) : John Michael Hayes Best Cinematography : William Mellor Gallery ( edit ) See also ( edit ) 1950s portal Film in the United States portal List of American films of 1957 Illegitimacy in fiction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Today in History - Monday , December 11 '' . Telegram & Gazette . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Peyton Place ' Showings On Limited Runs Basis '' . Motion Picture Daily : 3 . December 9 , 1957 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . p251 ^ Jump up to : HOLLYWOOD SCENE : Jerry Wald Presents His Treasurer 's Report -- Blaustein 's ' Horsemen ' By THOMAS M PRYOR HOLLYWOOD ... New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 27 July 1958 : X5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes '' on TCM.com ^ Jump up to : Kashner and McNair , pp. 248 - 51 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kashner and McNair , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( December 13 , 1957 ) . `` The Screen : Drama in ' Peyton Place ' '' . The New York Times : 35 . Jump up ^ `` Film Reviews : Peyton Place '' . Variety : 6 . December 18 , 1957 . Jump up ^ Coe , Richard L. ( December 20 , 1957 ) . `` Vivid Account Of Best Seller '' . The Washington Post : B6 . Jump up ^ Schallert , Edwin ( December 13 , 1957 ) . `` ' Peyton Place ' Thoroughly Dissects Small - Town Life '' . Los Angeles Times : Part III , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : Peyton Place '' . Harrison 's Reports : 198 . December 14 , 1957 . Jump up ^ McCarten , John ( December 21 , 1957 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker : 54 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Place '' . The Monthly Film Bulletin . 25 ( 292 ) : 58 -- 59 . May 1958 . Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Works cited ( edit ) Cameron , Ardis . Unbuttoning America : A Biography of ' Peyton Place ' ... Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80145609 - 1 . ( available online ) Kashner , Sam and Jennifer MacNair . The Bad and the Beautiful : Hollywood in the Fifties . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. , 2002. , ISBN 0 - 393 - 04321 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peyton Place ( film ) . Peyton Place on IMDb Peyton Place at the TCM Movie Database Peyton Place at AllMovie Peyton Place at the American Film Institute Catalog <Th_colspan="2"> Peyton Place Novels Peyton Place ( 1956 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1959 ) Again in Peyton Place ( 1967 ) Carnival in Peyton Place ( 1967 ) Pleasures of Peyton Place ( 1968 ) Secrets of Peyton Place ( 1968 ) Evils of Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Hero in Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Thrills of Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Temptations of Peyton Place ( 1970 ) The Nice Girl From Peyton Place ( 1970 ) Characters Constance MacKenzie Allison MacKenzie Michael Rossi Matthew Swain Rodney Harrington Betty Anderson Selena Cross Lucas Cross Leslie Harrington Related topics Grace Metalious Peyton Place ( film ) Return to Peyton Place ( film ) Peyton Place ( TV series ) Return to Peyton Place ( TV series ) Murder in Peyton Place Peyton Place : The Next Generation <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Mark Robson <Td_colspan="2"> The Seventh Victim ( 1943 ) The Ghost Ship ( 1943 ) Youth Runs Wild ( 1944 ) Isle of the Dead ( 1944 ) Bedlam ( 1946 ) Champion ( 1949 ) Roughshod ( 1949 ) Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) Bright Victory ( 1951 ) I Want You ( 1951 ) Return to Paradise ( 1953 ) Hell Below Zero ( 1954 ) Phffft ( 1954 ) The Bridges at Toko - Ri ( 1954 ) A Prize of Gold ( 1955 ) Trial ( 1955 ) The Harder They Fall ( 1956 ) The Little Hut ( 1957 ) Peyton Place ( 1957 ) The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) From the Terrace ( 1960 ) Nine Hours to Rama ( 1963 ) The Prize ( 1963 ) Von Ryan 's Express ( 1965 ) Lost Command ( 1966 ) Valley of the Dolls ( 1967 ) Daddy 's Gone A-Hunting ( 1969 ) Happy Birthday , Wanda June ( 1971 ) Limbo ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) Avalanche Express ( 1979 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyton_Place_(film)&oldid=854511716 '' Categories : 1957 films English - language films 1950s drama films 20th Century Fox films Adultery in films American drama films CinemaScope films Films scored by Franz Waxman Films adapted into television programs Films based on American novels Films directed by Mark Robson Films set in the 1940s Films shot in Maine Incest in film Teenage pregnancy in film Screenplays by John Michael Hayes American films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Peyton Place: A 1957 American film drama based on the bestselling novel by Grace Metalious. 2. Small town scandal: The film explores the dark secrets and moral hypocrisy of a small New England mill town. 3. Lana Turner: The film stars Lana Turner in the lead role of Constance MacKenzie. 4. Controversial adaptation: The film received mixed reviews for toning down the scandalous elements of the novel. 5. Box

how many seasons are there of downton abbey on netflix

Downton Abbey - wikipedia Downton Abbey <Th_colspan="2"> Downton Abbey <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Historical period drama Created by Julian Fellowes Written by Julian Fellowes Shelagh Stephenson Tina Pepler Directed by Brian Percival Ben Bolt Brian Kelly Andy Goddard James Strong Ashley Pearce Starring See List of Downton Abbey main cast Opening theme `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' Composer ( s ) John Lunn Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 6 No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Julian Fellowes Gareth Neame Rebecca Eaton Producer ( s ) Liz Trubridge ( series producer ) Nigel Marchant Location ( s ) Highclere Castle Cinematography David Katznelson ( series 1 ) Gavin Struthers ( series 2 ) Editor ( s ) John Wilson Steve Singleton Mike Jones Camera setup Single - camera Running time Regular episodes : 47 -- 53 minutes Extended episodes : 64 -- 72 minutes Christmas specials : 92 -- 93 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Carnival Films WGBH - TV <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) -- 25 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Downton Abbey is a British historical period drama television series set in the early 20th century , created by Julian Fellowes . The series first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2010 , and in the United States on PBS , which supported production of the series as part of its Masterpiece Classic anthology , on 9 January 2011 . The series , set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey between 1912 and 1926 , depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic servants in the post-Edwardian era -- with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy . Events depicted throughout the series include news of the sinking of the Titanic in the first series ; the outbreak of the First World War , the Spanish influenza pandemic , and the Marconi scandal in the second series ; the Irish War of Independence leading to the formation of the Irish Free State in the third series ; the Teapot Dome scandal in the fourth series ; and the British general election of 1923 , the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , and the Beer Hall Putsch in the fifth series . The sixth and final series introduces the rise of the working class during the interwar period and hints towards the eventual decline of the British aristocracy . Downton Abbey has received acclaim from television critics and won numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie . It was recognised by Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed English - language television series of 2011 . It earned the most nominations of any international television series in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards , with twenty - seven in total ( after two series ) . It was the most watched television series on both ITV and PBS , and subsequently became the most successful British costume drama series since the 1981 television serial of Brideshead Revisited . On 26 March 2015 , Carnival Films and ITV announced that the sixth series would be the last . It aired on ITV between 20 September 2015 and 8 November 2015 . The final episode , serving as the annual Christmas special , was broadcast on 25 December 2015 . A film adaptation was confirmed on 13 July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 1.1 Series 1 : 2010 1.2 Series 2 : 2011 1.3 Series 3 : 2012 1.4 Series 4 : 2013 1.5 Series 5 : 2014 1.6 Series 6 : 2015 1.7 Crawley family 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 3.2 Opening 4 Broadcasts 4.1 United Kingdom 4.2 United States 4.3 Canada 4.4 Australia and New Zealand 4.5 Ireland 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 5.2 Anti-Irish allegations 5.3 Allegations of anti-Catholicism 5.4 Authenticity 6 DVD , Blu - ray and streaming video releases 6.1 Streaming 6.2 Blu - ray and DVD 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track listing 8 Cultural impact 9 Other media 9.1 The Gilded Age 9.2 Film adaptation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Downton Abbey episodes Series 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 1 ) The first series , comprising seven episodes , explores the lives of the fictional Crawley family , the hereditary Earls of Grantham , and their domestic servants beginning the day after the historic sinking of the RMS Titanic on 14 / 15 April 1912 . The storyline centres on the fee tail or `` entail '' governing the titled elite , which endows title and estate exclusively to heirs male . As part of the backstory , the main character , Robert , Earl of Grantham , had resolved past financial difficulties by marrying Cora Levinson , an American heiress . Her considerable dowry is contractually incorporated into the comital entail in perpetuity . Robert and Cora have three daughters and no sons . As the eldest daughter , Lady Mary Crawley was to marry her second cousin , son of the then - heir presumptive . The first episode begins as news reaches Downton Abbey that both Grantham heirs perished in the sinking of the Titanic . A distant male cousin , solicitor Matthew Crawley , is from an upper - middle - class family -- as his mother reminds him in episode two of series one . Matthew Crawley becomes the new heir . The plot centres on the relationship between Lady Mary and Matthew , who resists embracing an aristocratic lifestyle . A subplot involves John Bates , Lord Grantham 's new valet , and Thomas Barrow , who resents Bates replacing him and causing Barrow to be demoted back to footman . Bates and Thomas remain at odds as Barrow works to sabotage Bates after learning he was recently released from jail for theft . In the story line , Barrow , a gay man in late Edwardian England , aided by Miss O'Brien , Lady Grantham 's maid , creates havoc for most of the staff . Barrow is caught stealing but hands in his notice as he has joined the Royal Army Medical Corps . Matthew eventually falls in love with Lady Mary , but she rejects his proposal . Cora becomes pregnant , but miscarries after O'Brien , mistakenly believing she was to be fired , retaliates by leaving a bar of soap on the slippery bathroom floor . The series ends just after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914 . Series 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 2 ) The second series comprises eight episodes and runs from the Battle of the Somme in 1916 to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic . During the war , Downton Abbey is temporarily converted into an officers ' convalescent hospital . Matthew becomes engaged to Lavinia Swire , a wealthy solicitor 's daughter , and joins the British Army as an officer . William Mason , the 2nd footman , finally gets permission from his father to join the Army and becomes Matthew 's soldier servant . Unfortunately , both are injured in a bomb blast . William dies from his wounds after a deathbed marriage to Daisy , the kitchen maid . Daisy never loved William but Mrs Patmore , Downton 's cook , pressured her to make William 's last days happy by marrying him . Mary finally acknowledges her feelings for Matthew , but becomes engaged to Sir Richard Carlisle , a powerful and ruthless newspaper mogul . Their relationship is rocky , but Mary is bound to Carlisle after he quashes a story regarding her past scandalous indiscretion . Bates 's wife , Vera , repeatedly causes trouble for John and Anna , who is now his fiancée , and threatens to expose a Crawley secret . When Mrs Bates mysteriously dies , Bates is arrested on suspicion of her murder . Matthew and Mary realise they are in love but Matthew honourably remains committed to marrying Lavinia . Unknown to him , a devastated Lavinia overhears Matthew and Mary declare their love . The Spanish influenza epidemic hits Downton Abbey at the end of the war . Cora , taken seriously ill , survives , but Lavinia , also infected , dies . Barrow is rehired at Downton after helping the staff during the outbreak . Mary and Matthew reunite , while Bates is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death . Lady Sybil , the youngest Crawley daughter , who hated her stifling aristocratic life , falls in love with Tom Branson , the chauffeur with strong socialist beliefs . They elope to Ireland after receiving Lord Grantham 's reluctant blessing . Ethel Parks , a new housemaid , has a relationship with one of the injured officers , Major Bryant . Mrs Hughes finds them together in bed and dismisses Ethel , but takes pity on her and helps her when Ethel realises that she is pregnant . She has a baby boy and names him Charlie after his father , but Major Bryant refuses to believe that he is the baby 's father . Series 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 3 ) In the third series , 1920 -- 1921 , Mary has ended her engagement to Richard Carlisle , despite his vindictive threats to expose her past indiscretion . Mary and Matthew are married in the series première , but Robert ( Lord Grantham ) learns that the bulk of the family 's fortune ( including Cora 's dowry ) has been lost , due to his well - intentioned but bad investment . In the meantime , Edith has fallen hard for Sir Anthony Strallen , whom Robert discourages from marrying Edith due to his age and infirm condition . At Edith 's insistence , Robert gives in and welcomes Sir Anthony , but the latter can not accept the fact that there is no reservation from the Grantham family , and at the altar on their wedding day announces that he can not go through with the marriage , devastating Edith . Meanwhile , due to dislike and increasing tension , Bates 's cellmate tries to sabotage him with a crime that will ruin his chances for a pardon , but Bates is informed by a fellow prisoner about the search , which results in the guards not finding what they are seeking . Back at Downton , Mrs Hughes finds out she may have breast cancer , which only some of the household hear about , causing deep concern , but the tumour turns out to be benign . Tom Branson and Lady Sybil , now pregnant , return to Downton after Tom is implicated in the burning of an Irish aristocrat 's house . After Matthew 's reluctance to accept an inheritance from Lavinia 's recently deceased father and then Robert 's reluctance in turn to accept that inheritance as a gift , Matthew and Robert reach a compromise in which Matthew accepts and uses the inheritance to invest in Downton , giving him an equal say in how the estate is run . Tragedy strikes when Sybil dies from eclampsia , shortly after giving birth . Tom , devastated , names his daughter Sybil , after his late wife . Bates is released from prison after Anna uncovers evidence clearing him of his wife 's murder . Tom becomes the new estate agent at the suggestion of Dowager Countess Violet . Barrow and Miss O'Brien have a falling out , after which O'Brien leads Barrow to believe that Jimmy , the new footman , is sexually attracted to him . Barrow enters Jimmy 's room and kisses him while he is sleeping , which wakes him up shocked and confused . In the end , Lord Grantham defuses the situation . The family visits Lady Violet 's niece Susan and her husband `` Shrimpie '' , the Marquess of Flintshire , in Scotland , while awaiting the birth of Matthew and Lady Mary 's baby . The Marquess confides to Robert that the estate is bankrupt and will be sold , making Robert recognise that Downton has been saved through Matthew and Tom 's efforts to modernise . Mary gives birth to the new heir , but Matthew dies in a car crash while driving home from the hospital . Series 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 4 ) In series four , 1922 -- 1923 , Cora 's maid Miss O'Brien , desiring adventure and travel , leaves to serve Lady Flintshire in India . Cora hires Edna Braithwaite , who had previously been fired for her interest in Tom . Eventually the situation blows up , and Edna is replaced by Miss Baxter . Lady Mary deeply mourns Matthew 's death . Matthew 's newly - found will states Mary is to be his sole heir and thus gives her management over his share of the estate until their son , George , comes of age . With Tom 's encouragement , Mary assumes a more active role in running Downton . Two new suitors -- Lord Gillingham and Charles Blake -- arrive at Downton , though Mary , still grieving , is not interested . Middle daughter Lady Edith , who has begun writing a weekly newspaper column , and Michael Gregson , her editor , fall in love . Due to British law , he is unable to divorce his wife , who is mentally ill and in an asylum . Gregson travels to Germany to seek citizenship there , enabling him to divorce , but is killed by Hitler 's Brownshirts during riots . Edith is left pregnant and with help from her paternal aunt , Lady Rosamund , secretly gives birth to a daughter . She intends to give her up for adoption in Switzerland and places the baby with adoptive parents , but reclaims her after arranging a new adoptive family on the estate . Mr and Mrs Drewe of Yew Tree Farm take the baby in and raise her as their own . Anna is raped by Lord Gillingham 's valet , Mr Green , which Mr Bates later discovers . Subsequently , Mr Green is killed in a London street accident . A local schoolteacher , Sarah Bunting , and Tom begin a friendship , though Robert ( Lord Grantham ) despises her due to her openly vocal anti-aristocracy views . In the final Christmas special , Sampson , a card sharp , steals a letter from the Prince of Wales to his mistress , Rose 's friend Freda Ward , which , if made public , would create a scandal ; the entire Crawley family connives to retrieve it , though it is Bates who extracts the letter from Sampson 's overcoat , and it is returned to Mrs Ward . Series 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 5 ) In series five , 1924 , a Russian exile , Prince Kuragin , wishes to renew his past affections for the Dowager Countess . Violet instead locates his wife in Hong Kong and reunites the Prince and his estranged wife . Scotland Yard and the local police investigate Green 's death . Violet learns about Edith 's daughter , Marigold . Meanwhile , Mrs Drewe , not knowing Marigold 's true parentage , resents Edith 's constant visits . To increase his chances with Mary , Charles Blake plots to reunite Gillingham and his ex-fiancée , Mabel . After Edith inherits Michael Gregson 's publishing company , she removes Marigold from the Drewes and relocates to London . Bricker , an art expert interested in one of Downton 's paintings , shows his real intentions toward Cora and is thrown out by Robert , causing a temporary rift between them . Mrs Patmore 's decision to invest her inheritance in real estate inspires Carson , Downton 's butler , to do likewise . He suggests that head housekeeper Mrs Hughes invest with him ; she confesses she has no money due to supporting a mentally incapacitated sister . The Crawleys ' cousin , Lady Rose , daughter of Lord and Lady Flintshire , becomes engaged to Atticus Aldridge , son of Lord and Lady Sinderby . Lord Sinderby strongly objects to Atticus 's marrying outside the Jewish faith . Lord Merton proposes to Isobel Crawley ( Matthew 's mother ) . She accepts , but later ends the engagement due to Lord Merton 's sons ' disparaging comments over her commoner background . Lady Flintshire employs underhanded schemes to derail Rose and Atticus 's engagement , including announcing to everyone at the wedding that she and her husband are divorcing , intending to cause a scandal to stop Rose 's marriage to Atticus ; they are married anyway . When Anna is arrested on suspicion of Green 's murder , Bates writes a false confession before fleeing to Ireland . Miss Baxter and Molesley , a footman , are able to prove that Bates was in York at the time of the murder . This new information allows Anna to be released . Cora eventually learns the truth about Marigold , and wants her raised at Downton ; Marigold is presented as Edith 's ward , but Robert and Tom eventually discern the truth : only Mary is unaware . When a war memorial is unveiled in the town , Robert arranges for a separate plaque to honour Mrs Patmore 's late nephew , who was shot for cowardice and excluded from his own village 's memorial . Lord and Lady Sinderby invite the Crawleys to Brancaster Castle , which the Sinderbys rented for a shooting party . While there , Lady Rose , with help from the Crawleys , defuses a near -- personal disaster for Lord Sinderby , earning his gratitude and securing his approval of Rose . A second footman , Andy , is hired on Barrow 's recommendation . During the annual Downton Abbey Christmas celebration , Tom Branson announces he is moving to America to work for his cousin , taking daughter Sybil with him . Mr Carson proposes marriage to Mrs Hughes and she accepts . Series 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 6 ) In series six , 1925 , changes are once again afoot at Downton Abbey as the middle class rises and more bankrupted aristocrats are forced to sell off their large estates . Downton must do more to ensure its future survival ; reductions in staff are considered , forcing Barrow to look for a job elsewhere . Lady Mary defies a blackmailer , who is thwarted by Lord Grantham . Lady Mary becomes the estate agent . Edith is more hands - on in running her magazine and hires a female editor . Lady Violet and Isobel once again draw battle lines as a government take - over of the local hospital is considered . Meanwhile , Anna suffers repeated miscarriages . Lady Mary takes her to a specialist , who diagnoses a treatable condition , and she becomes pregnant again . Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes hold their wedding reception at the schoolhouse , during which Tom Branson reappears with Sybil , having returned to Downton for good . Coyle , who tricked Baxter into stealing , is convicted after she and other witnesses are persuaded to testify . After Mrs Drewe kidnaps Marigold when Edith is not looking , the Drewes vacate Yew Tree Farm ; Daisy convinces Tom Branson to ask Lord Grantham to give her father - in - law , Mr Mason , the tenancy . Andy , a footman , offers to help Mr Mason so he can learn about farming , but is held back by his illiteracy ; Mr Barrow offers to teach Andy to read . Robert suffers a near - fatal health crisis . Previous episodes alluded to health problems for Robert ; his ulcer bursts and he is rushed to the hospital for emergency surgery . The operation is successful , but Mary and Tom must take over Downton 's operations . Larry Merton 's fiancée , Amelia , encourages Lord Merton and Isobel Crawley to renew their engagement , but Lady Violet rightly suspects Amelia wants Isobel to be Lord Merton 's caretaker in his old age . Daisy and Mr Molesley score high marks on their academic exams ; Molesley 's are so exceptional that he is offered a teaching position at the school . Mary breaks off with Henry Talbot , unable to live with the constant fear he could be killed in a car race . Bertie Pelham proposes to Edith , but she hesitates to accept because of Marigold . Lady Violet , upset over Lady Grantham replacing her as hospital president , abruptly departs for a long cruise to restore her equanimity . Bertie Pelham unexpectedly succeeds his late second cousin as marquess , moves into Brancaster Castle , and Edith accepts him . Then Mary spitefully exposes Marigold 's parentage , causing Bertie to walk out . Tom confronts Mary over her spitefulness and her true feelings for Henry . Despondent Barrow attempts suicide , and is saved by Baxter , causing Robert and Mr Carson to reconsider Barrow 's position at Downton . Mary and Henry reunite and are married . Mary apologises to Edith , and the sisters reconcile . Mrs Patmore 's new bed and breakfast business is tainted by scandal , but saved when the Crawleys appear there publicly . Mary arranges a surprise meeting for Edith and Bertie , Bertie proposes again , and Edith accepts . Edith tells Bertie 's moralistic mother about Marigold ; she turns against the match , but is won over after all by Edith 's honesty . Barrow finds a position as butler and leaves Downton on good terms , but he is unhappy at his new post . Lord Merton is diagnosed with terminal pernicious anemia , and Amelia blocks Isobel from seeing him . Goaded by Lady Violet , Isobel pushes into the Merton house , and announces she will take Lord Merton away and marry him -- to his delight . Lord Merton is later correctly diagnosed with non-fatal anemia . Robert resents Cora 's frequent absences as the hospital president , but eventually comes to admire her ability . Henry and Tom go into business together selling cars , while Mary announces her pregnancy . Molesley accepts a permanent teaching position and he and Miss Baxter promise to continue seeing each other . Daisy and Andy finally acknowledge their feelings ; Daisy decides to move to the farm with her father - in - law . Carson develops palsy and must retire . Lord Grantham suggests Barrow return as butler , with Carson in an oversight role . Edith and Bertie are married on New Year 's Eve . Lady Rose and Atticus return for the wedding . Anna goes into labour during the reception , and she and Bates become parents to a healthy son . Crawley family ( edit ) The series is set in fictional Downton Abbey , a Yorkshire country house , which is the home and seat of the Earl and Countess of Grantham , along with their children and distant family members . Each series follows the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family , their friends , and their servants during the reign of King George V . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Henry , 3rd Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Josephine , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> younger son <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> wife <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> James , 4th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Aurelia , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> son <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> wife <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Clarence , 5th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Annabel , Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> son <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> wife <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> younger son <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> wife <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Charles , 6th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Violet Henrietta Charlotte Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Isidore Levinson ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Martha Levinson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Roberta <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> husband <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Reginald Crawley ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Isobel Grey ( formerly Mrs. Crawley , née Turnbull ) Baroness of Merton <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Richard `` Dickie '' Grey Baron of Merton <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> James Crawley ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Alice <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Rosamund Painswick ( née Crawley ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Marmaduke Painswick ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Robert Crawley , 7th Earl of Grantham <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham ( née Levinson ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Harold Levinson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Susan MacClare , Former Marchioness of Flintshire <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hugh `` Shrimpie '' MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Patrick John Crawley Original heir presumptive ( presumed dead ) of Robert Crawley <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Matthew Reginald Crawley Heir presumptive of Robert Crawley . Died with issue . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Mary Charlotte Violet Josephine Talbot ( née Crawley ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Henry Talbot <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Michael Gregson ( deceased ) Natural father of Marigold <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Edith Susan Jane Pelham ( née Crawley ) 5th Marchioness of Hexam <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Bertie Pelham 5th Marquess of Hexham <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Branson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sybil Lilly Claire Branson ( née Crawley ) ( deceased ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Hon Atticus Aldridge <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Rose Emily Aldridge ( née MacClare ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> James MacClare <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Lady Abigail ( née MacClare ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> George Matthew Robert Charles Crawley Heir and son of Matthew Crawley and heir presumptive of Robert Crawley <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Viola Alexandra Charlotte Crawley <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Marigold ' Maggie ' Ann Susan Crawley Illegitimate daughter of Michael Gregson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sybil ' Sybbie ' Cora Aoife Branson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Victoria Aldridge <Td_colspan="2"> Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Downton Abbey characters The main cast of the Crawley family is led by Hugh Bonneville as Robert Crawley , the Earl of Grantham , and Elizabeth McGovern as his wife Cora Crawley , the Countess of Grantham . Their three daughters are depicted by Michelle Dockery as Lady Mary Crawley , Laura Carmichael as Lady Edith Crawley and Jessica Brown Findlay as Lady Sybil Crawley ( Branson ) . Maggie Smith is Robert Crawley 's mother Violet , Dowager Countess of Grantham . Samantha Bond portrays Lady Rosamund Painswick , Robert 's sister who resides in Belgrave Square , London . Dan Stevens portrays Matthew Crawley , the new heir , along with Penelope Wilton as his mother , Isobel Crawley , who are brought to Downton . Allen Leech begins the series as Tom Branson the chauffeur but falls in love with Lady Sybil , marries her and becomes the agent for the estate . Joining the cast in series three is Lily James as the Lady Rose MacClare ( Aldridge ) , a second cousin through Violet 's family , who is sent to live with the Crawleys because her parents are serving the empire in India and , later , remains there because of family problems . David Robb portrays Dr. Richard Clarkson , the local town doctor . Other suitors for Lady Mary 's affections during the series include Tom Cullen as Lord Gillingham , Julian Ovenden as Charles Blake , and Matthew Goode as Henry Talbot . Downton Abbey 's senior staff are portrayed by Jim Carter as Mr Carson , the butler , and Phyllis Logan as Mrs Hughes , the housekeeper . Tensions rise when Rob James - Collier , portraying Mr Barrow , a valet and footman , along with Siobhan Finneran as Miss O'Brien , the personal maid to the Countess of Grantham ( up to series three ) , plot against Brendan Coyle as Mr Bates , the valet to the Earl of Grantham , and his love interest and eventual wife , Anna ( Joanne Froggatt ) , the personal maid to Lady Mary . Kevin Doyle plays the unlucky Mr Molesley , valet to Matthew Crawley ; he and Thomas Howes , as William Mason the second footman , round off the main , original downstairs staff . Matt Milne joins the cast as O'Brien's nephew Alfred Nugent , the awkward new footman for series three and four , and Raquel Cassidy plays Baxter , Cora 's personal maid , who was hired to replace O'Brien . The lower staff includes Lesley Nicol as Mrs Patmore the cook , Sophie McShera as Daisy , the scullery maid who works her way up to assistant cook and marries William Mason , and Rose Leslie as Gwen Dawson , a housemaid studying to be a secretary in series one . Amy Nuttall plays Ethel Parks , a maid , beginning in series two and three . In series three and four , Shirley MacLaine portrays the mother of Cora Crawley , Martha Levinson . Cara Theobold portrays Ivy Stuart , a kitchen maid , joining the cast for series three and four . Ed Speleers plays the dashing James Kent , the second footman , from series three through five . In series five and six Michael C. Fox plays Andy Parker , a replacement footman for James . In series four , five , and six Andrew Scarborough plays Tim Drewe , a farmer of the estate , who helps Lady Edith conceal a big secret . Production ( edit ) Gareth Neame of Carnival Films conceived the idea of an Edwardian - era TV drama set in a country house and approached Fellowes , who had won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) for Gosford Park . The TV series Downton Abbey -- written and created by Fellowes -- was originally planned as a spin - off of Gosford Park , but instead was developed as a stand - alone property inspired by the film , set decades earlier . Although Fellowes was reluctant to work on another project resembling Gosford Park , within a few weeks he returned to Neame with an outline of the first series . Influenced by Edith Wharton 's The Custom of the Country , Fellowes writes the scripts and his wife Emma is an informal story editor . Locations ( edit ) Highclere Castle , used for interior and exterior filming of Downton Abbey Highclere Castle in north Hampshire is used for exterior shots of Downton Abbey and most of the interior filming . The kitchen , servants ' quarters and working areas , and some of the `` upstairs '' bedrooms were constructed and filmed at Ealing Studios . Bridgewater House in the St James area of London served as the family 's London home . Film locations in Bampton , Oxfordshire St Mary the Virgin , used as St Michael and All Angels in Downton Bampton Library , used as the Downton Cottage Hospital Churchgate House ( the old rectory ) , used as Isobel Crawley 's house Outdoor scenes are filmed in the village of Bampton in Oxfordshire . Notable locations include St Mary 's the Virgin Church and the library , which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital . The old rectory in Bampton is used for exterior shots of Isobel Crawley 's house , with interior scenes filmed at Hall Place near Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire . The Downton Abbey of the title and setting is described as lying in Yorkshire . The towns of Easingwold , Kirkby Malzeard , Kirkbymoorside , Malton , Middlesbrough , Ripon , Richmond , and Thirsk , each mentioned by characters in the series , lie in North Yorkshire , as does the city of York , while Leeds -- similarly mentioned -- lies in West Yorkshire . Yorkshire media speculated the general location of the fictional Downton Abbey to be somewhere in the triangulated area between the towns of Easingwold , Ripon and Thirsk . First World War trench warfare scenes in France were filmed in a specially constructed replica battlefield for period war scenes near the village of Akenham in rural Suffolk . Many historical locations and aristocratic mansions have been used to film various scenes : The fictional Haxby Park , the estate Sir Richard Carlisle intends to buy in Series 2 , is part of Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire . Byfleet Manor in Surrey is the location for the Dower house , home to Violet , Dowager Countess of Grantham , while West Wycombe Park in Buckinghamshire is used for the interior scenes of Lady Rosamund ( Samantha Bond ) 's London residence in Belgrave Square . A house in Belgrave Square is used for exterior shots . Inveraray Castle in Argyll , Scotland , doubled as `` Duneagle Castle '' in the 2012 Christmas special . Byfleet Manor in Surrey is portrayed as the dower house Greys Court near Henley - on - Thames in Oxfordshire was used as the family 's secondary property , which they proposed moving into and calling `` Downton Place '' due to financial difficulties in Series Three . Also in the third series , Bates 's prison scenes were filmed at Lincoln Castle in Lincolnshire . Horsted Keynes railway station in Sussex is used as Downton station . The station is part of the heritage Bluebell Railway . St Pancras station in London doubled for King 's Cross station in episode one of series 4 , in the scene where Lady Edith Crawley meets her lover Michael Gregson . The restaurant scene where Lady Edith meets Michael Gregson and where they share their kiss is filmed at the Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus which was originally opened in 1874 . Bridgewater House in the St James area of London served as the family 's London home . Outdoor scenes are filmed in the village of Bampton in Oxfordshire . Notable locations include St Mary 's the Virgin Church and the library , which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital . The old rectory in Bampton is used for exterior shots of Isobel Crawley 's house , with interior scenes filmed at Hall Barn , Hall Place near Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire , featured as Loxley House , the home of Sir Anthony Strallan . Parts of series 4 were filmed at The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Kent -- The Tarred Yarn Store was used in episode one as a workhouse where Mrs Hughes ( Phyllis Logan ) visits Mr Grigg ( Nicky Henson ) and in episode two , streets at The Historic Dockyard Chatham were used for the scenes where Lady Rose MacClare ( Lily James ) is at the market with James Kent ( Ed Speleers ) watching her . The production had previously filmed in Kent for series 1 where the opening sequence of a train going through the countryside was filmed at the Kent & East Sussex Railway . Other filming locations for series 4 include the ballroom of The Savile Club in Mayfair , London . Scenes for the 2013 Christmas special were filmed at Royal Holloway , University of London near Egham , Surrey , West Wittering beach in West Sussex and Berkshire 's Basildon Park near Streatley . Lancaster House in London stood in for Buckingham Palace . Alnwick Castle , in Northumberland , was the filming location used for Brancaster Castle in the 2014 and 2015 Christmas specials , which included filming in Alnwick Castle 's State Rooms , as well as on the castle 's grounds , and at the nearby semi-ruined Hulne Abbey on the Duke of Northumberland 's parklands in Alnwick . Kingston Bagpuize House in Oxfordshire as Cavenham Park In Series 5 and 6 , Kingston Bagpuize House in Oxfordshire was used as the location for Cavenham Park , the home of Lord Merton . In Series 6 ( 2015 ) the scenes of motor racing at Brooklands were filmed at the Goodwood Circuit in West Sussex . In 2015 , Wayfair.co.uk published a map of 70 + Downton Abbey filming locations . Opening ( edit ) The opening music of Downton Abbey , titled `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' , was composed by John Lunn . A suite version was released on the soundtrack for the show on 19 September 2011 in the UK and later in the US on 13 December 2011 . The soundtrack also included the song performed by singer Mary - Jess Leaverland , with lyrics written by Don Black . Broadcasts ( edit ) The rights to broadcast Downton Abbey have been acquired in over 220 countries and territories , and the series is viewed by a global audience of an estimated 120 million people . United Kingdom ( edit ) The series first aired on the ITV network in the United Kingdom beginning on 26 September 2010 , and received its first Britain - wide broadcast when shown on ITV3 beginning in February 2011 . STV , the ITV franchisee in central and northern Scotland ( including the Orkney and Shetland islands ) , originally opted out of showing Downton Abbey , choosing instead to screen a brand - new six - part series of Taggart , following a long practice of opting out of networked United Kingdom - wide programming on the ITV network . This led to backlash from Scottish viewers , who were frustrated at not being able to watch the programme . Many viewers with satellite or cable television tuned into other regional stations of the ITV network , for example ITV London , with viewing figures showing this is also commonplace for other ITV programmes . STV announced in July 2011 that it would show the first and second series of Downton Abbey as part of its autumn schedule . Scottish cast members Phyllis Logan and Iain Glen were both quoted as being pleased with the decision . United States ( edit ) In the United States , Downton Abbey was first broadcast in January 2011 on PBS , as part of the 40th season of Masterpiece . The programme was aired in four 90 - minute episodes , controversially requiring PBS to alter the beginning and endpoints of each episode and make other small changes , slightly altering each episode 's structure to accommodate fitting the programme precisely into the running - times allotted . PBS also added a host ( Laura Linney ) , who introduced each episode , explaining matters such as `` the entail '' and `` Buccaneers '' for the benefit of U.S. viewers , which was labelled by some American critics as condescending . PBS editing for broadcasts in the United States continued in the subsequent seasons . The fifth began airing in the United States on 4 January 2015 . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , VisionTV began airing the programme on 7 September 2011 . Canadian audiences can also view the series on PBS . Downton Abbey is aired in French on Ici Radio - Canada Télé . Australia and new Zealand ( edit ) In Australia , the first series was broadcast on the Seven Network beginning on 29 May 2011 ; the second series was broadcast beginning on 20 May 2012 ; and the third series beginning on 10 February 2013 . In New Zealand , Prime began airing the first series on 10 May 2011 , the second series on 18 October 2011 and the third series on 18 October 2012 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , independent television channel TV3 aired the first series in January and February 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Metacritic ratings per series Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Rating 91 85 83 72 75 76 The series has been noted for its relatively sympathetic portrayal of the aristocratic family , and the class - based society of early 20th century Britain . This has led to criticism from the political left and praise from the right . James Fenton wrote in The New York Review of Books `` it is noticeable that the aristocrats in the series , even the ones who are supposed to be the most ridiculous , never lapse into the most offensive kind of upper - class drawl one would expect of them . Great care has been taken to keep them pleasant and approachable , even when the things they say are sometimes shown to be class - bound and unfeeling . '' Jerry Bowyer argued in Forbes that the sympathy for aristocracy is over-stated , and that the show is simply more balanced than most period dramas , which he believes have had a tendency to demonise or ridicule upper class characters . He wrote that Downton Abbey shows `` there is no inherent need for good TV to be left of center . Stories sympathetic to virtue , preservation of property and admiration of nobility and of wealth can be told beautifully and to wide audiences . '' Downton Abbey has been a commercial success and received general acclaim from critics , although some criticise it as superficial , melodramatic or unrealistic . Others defend these qualities as the reason for the show 's appeal . David Kamp of Vanity Fair wrote , `` Melodrama is an uncool thing to trade in these days , but then , that 's precisely why Downton Abbey is so pleasurable . In its clear delineation between the goodies and the baddies , in its regulated dosages of highs and lows , the show is welcome counter-programming to the slow - burning despair and moral ambiguity of most quality drama on television right now . '' James Parker , writing in The Atlantic , said , `` Preposterous as history , preposterous as drama , the show succeeds magnificently as bad television . The dialogue spins light - operatically along in the service of multiplying plotlets , not too hard on the ear , although now and again a line lands like a tray of dropped spoons . The acting is superb -- it has to be . '' Ben W. Heineman Jr. compared the series unfavourably to Brideshead Revisited , writing `` Downton Abbey is entertainment . Its illustrious predecessor in television mega-success about the English upper class , Brideshead Revisited , is art . '' He noted the lack of character development in Downton . Writing in The Sunday Times , A.A. Gill said that the show is `` everything I despise and despair of on British television : National Trust sentimentality , costumed comfort drama that flogs an embarrassing , demeaning , and bogus vision of the place I live in . '' The first episode of Downton Abbey had a consolidated British audience of 9.2 million viewers , a 32 % audience share -- making it the most successful new drama on any channel since Whitechapel was launched on ITV in February 2009 . The total audience for the first episode , including repeats and ITV Player viewings , exceeded 11.6 million viewers . This was beaten by the next episode , with a total audience of 11.8 million viewers -- including repeats and ITV Player views . Downton Abbey broke the record for a single episode viewing on ITV Player , the ITV online catch - up service . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the first series received an average score of 91 , based on 16 reviews , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' . This result earned the show a Guinness World Record in 2011 for `` Highest critical review ratings for a TV show '' , making Downton Abbey the most critically well received TV show in the world . Season 4 of Breaking Bad surpassed Downton Abbey 's record later in the year , with a score of 96 , making series 1 of Downton Abbey the 2nd highest rated show of 2011 . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian said , It 's beautifully made -- handsome , artfully crafted and acted . Smith , who plays the formidable and disdainful Dowager Countess , has a lovely way of delivering words , always spaced to perfection . This is going to be a treat if you like a lavish period drama of a Sunday evening . Viewers were critical of the number of advertisement breaks during the first episode ( five in a 90 - minute episode , as well as one before and one after ) , claiming it ruined the continuity . ITV responded by saying that the number of breaks complied with Ofcom regulations and that advertising was necessary to cover the high costs of production . The second series premiered in Britain on 18 September 2011 in the same 9 pm slot as the first series , with the first episode attracting an average audience of 9 million viewers on ITV1 , a 34.6 % share . The second episode attracted a similar following with an average of 9.3 million viewers . In January 2012 , the PBS premiere attracted 4.2 million viewers , over double the network 's average primetime audience of 2 million . The premiere audience was 18 % higher than the Series 1 premiere . The second series of Downton Abbey gave PBS its highest ratings since 2009 . The second series averaged 5.4 million viewers , excluding station replays , DVR viewings and online streaming . The 5.4 million average improved on PBS first series numbers by 25 % . Additionally , episodes of series two have been viewed 4.8 million times on PBS 's digital portal , which bests series one 's online viewing numbers by more than 400 percent . Overall , Downton Abbey - related content has racked up more than 9 million streams across all platforms , with 1.5 million unique visitors , since series 2 's 8 January premiere . In 2013 , Downton Abbey was ranked the 43rd most well - written TV show of all time by the Writers ' Guild of America . The third series premiered in the UK on 16 September 2012 with an average of 9 million viewers ( or a 36 % audience share ) . For the first time in the UK , episode three received an average of more than 10 million viewers ( or a 38.2 % audience share ) . Premiering in the US in January 2013 , the third series had an average audience of 11.5 million viewers and the finale on 17 February 2013 , drew 12.3 million viewers making it the night 's highest rating show . Overall , during its seven - week run , the series had an audience of 24 million viewers making it PBS 's highest - rated drama of all time . While rumoured , due to the departure of actor Dan Stevens , the death of Matthew Crawley , in the 2012 Christmas special , drew criticism . Lord Fellowes defended the decision stating that they ' did n't really have an option ' once Stevens decided to leave . Stevens later said that he had no say in the manner of his character 's departure but that he was ' sorry ' his character had died on Christmas Day . The fourth series premiered in the UK on 22 September 2013 with an average audience of 9.5 million viewers -- the highest ever for one of the drama 's debut episodes . It premiered in the US on 5 January 2014 , to an audience of at least 10.2 million viewers , outperforming every other drama on that night ; it was the largest audience for PBS since the 1990 premiere of the Ken Burns documentary The Civil War . In the UK , the second episode attracted an average of 9.6 million viewers . The third episode , which aired on 6 October 2013 , included a warning at the beginning : `` This episode contains violent scenes that some viewers may find upsetting . '' The episode content , in which Anna Bates was raped , led to more than 200 complaints by viewers to UK television regulator Ofcom , while ITV received 60 complaints directly . On 4 November 2013 , Ofcom announced it would not be taking action over the controversy citing the warning given , that the episode was screened after 9 pm , and , that the rape took place ' off - screen ' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Downton Abbey Anti-Irish allegations ( edit ) Julian Fellowes supports a united Ireland , `` Ultimately , I believe in a united Ireland . I do come from a long line of Home Rule supporters . '' Charges , largely in some Irish media , were made that the series depicts the Irish characters in a negative light . Allen Leech , who plays Tom Branson in the series , when asked about this by an Irish reporter writing for The Herald , denied that the series depicted Irish characters in a stage pejorative fashion . Tom 's brother Kieran , however , is depicted as boorish , rude , and drunken , and is described by the Dowager Countess as a ' drunken gorilla ' -- a reminder to Irish audiences of the ape - like figures depicting the Irish that were commonly featured in British and American publications in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The Dowager Countess character who makes these comments , however , was born in the mid 19th century , and frequently expresses Tory or pro-imperial views that were prevalent in England in the late 19th and early 20th century . Branson 's character as an Irishman came in for some criticism in Ireland . The Irish Times in a mocking review describes the character of Tom Branson as `` an Irish republican turned Downtonian toff '' and makes a humorous sarcastic case for a future Downton Abbey series where Branson `` waxes lyrical about how lovely being part of the British ascendancy is . Then he burns an Irish flag . '' Allegations of anti-Catholicism ( edit ) The character of the Earl of Grantham occasionally expresses anti-Catholic views and is described , by The Washington Post , as `` xenophobic '' but `` at least historically accurate '' . The series writer , Julian Fellowes , himself a Roman Catholic , explains that he chose to address this in terms of `` that casual , almost unconscious anti-Catholicism that was found among the upper classes , which lasted well into my growing up years . '' Fellowes also stated that he `` thought it might be interesting '' to explore this in the series and described his own experiences where the British upper classes `` were happy for you to come to their dances or shoot their pheasants , but there were plenty who did not want you to marry their daughters and risk Catholic grandchildren . '' Authenticity ( edit ) Fellowes tries to be as authentic in his depiction of the period as he can . Despite this , the show features many linguistic anachronisms . The accents of characters have also been questioned with the Received Pronunciation of the actors who play the wealthy characters described as `` slightly more contemporary '' than would be expected among early - 20th - century aristocrats , however , this `` elicited more natural and unaffected performances from the cast . '' In 2010 , Fellowes hired Alastair Bruce , an expert on state and court ritual , as historical adviser . Bruce explains his role as being `` here to guide the production and particularly the director as they bring Julian 's words to life . That also involves getting the social conduct right , and giving actors a sense of surety in the way they deliver a performance . '' Actor Jim Carter , who plays butler Carson , describes Bruce as the series `` etiquette watchdog '' , and the UK 's Daily Telegraph finished its 2011 profile of Bruce 's role stating `` Downton 's authenticity , it seems , is in safe hands . '' However , historian Simon Schama criticised the show for historical inaccuracies and `` pandering to clichés '' . Producer Gareth Neame defended the show , saying , `` Downton is a fictional drama . It is not a history programme , but a drama of social satire about a time when relationships , behaviour and hierarchy were very different from those we enjoy today . '' A `` tremendous amount of research '' went into recreating the servants ' quarters at Ealing Studios because Highclere Castle , where many of the upstairs scenes are filmed , was not adequate for representing the `` downstairs '' life at the fictional abbey . Researchers visited nearly 40 English country houses to help inform what the kitchen should look like , and production designer Donal Woods said of the kitchen equipment that `` Probably about 60 to 70 per cent of the stuff in there is from that period . '' Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management is an important guide to the food served in the series , but Highclere owner , and author of Lady Almina and the Real Downton Abbey : The Lost Legacy of Highclere Castle , Lady Carnarvon , states that dinner parties in the era `` would have been even more over the top '' than those shown . Lady Pamela Hicks agreed , stating that `` it is ridiculous to think that a weekend party would consist of only fourteen house guests , it would have consisted of at least 40 ! '' However , Carnavon understood the compromises that must be made for television , and adds , `` It 's a fun costume drama . It 's not a social documentary . Because it 's so popular , I think some people take it as historical fact . '' DVD , Blu - ray and streaming Video releases ( edit ) Streaming ( edit ) Previously available on Netflix , since 2013 the series has been available only on Amazon Video . Blu - ray and DVD ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Title <Th_colspan="2"> Number of discs Year ( s ) Number of episodes Release date ( UK only ) Blu - ray DVD Complete Series One 7 8 November 2010 Complete Series Two 2011 8 7 November 2011 Complete Series One and Two 5 7 2010 -- 11 15 7 November 2011 Christmas at Downton Abbey 2011 26 December 2011 Complete Series Three 2012 8 5 November 2012 Complete Series One - Three & Christmas at Downton Abbey 9 11 2010 -- 12 24 5 November 2012 A Journey to the Highlands 2012 26 December 2012 Complete Series Four 2013 8 11 November 2013 Complete Series One - Four & Christmas at Downton Abbey and A Journey to the Highlands 13 15 2010 -- 13 33 11 November 2013 The London Season 2013 26 December 2013 Complete Series Five 2014 8 17 November 2014 Complete Series One - Five & Christmas at Downton Abbey , A Journey to the Highlands and The London Season 16 19 2010 - 14 42 17 November 2014 A Moorland Holiday 2014 26 December 2014 Complete Series Six 2015 8 16 November 2015 Complete Series One - Six & Christmas at Downton Abbey , A Journey to the Highlands , The London Season and A Moorland Holiday 19 23 2010 - 15 51 16 November 2015 The Finale 2015 26 December 2015 Internationally , the US DVD release date was 11 January 2011 , in New Zealand it was released on 22 June 2011 and in Australia on 4 August 2011 . The release in Australia and New Zealand has an exclusive bonus disc in both the DVD and Blu - ray versions . It contains extras such as cast interviews , geography of Downton : upstairs and downstairs , a day in service and others . On 16 September 2011 , two days before the UK premiere of the second series , it was reported by Amazon.com that the first series of Downton Abbey had become the highest selling DVD boxset of all time on the online retailer 's website , surpassing popular American programmes such as The Sopranos , Friends and The Wire . On 1 October 2013 , a limited edition 10 - disc DVD boxset of Downton Abbey was released , which included Series 1 -- 3 in an inner slipcase , labelled as a ' 9 - disc set ' , as well as a bonus disc featuring the exclusive TV documentary , ' Secrets of Highclere Castle ' , which focuses on the real - life history of the castle used as the Downton Abbey estate in the series . On 26 January 2016 , PBS released Series Six on DVD in the US , including the final 2015 Christmas Special . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack , featuring music from the series and also new songs , was released by Decca in September 2011 . Music by John Lunn and Don Black features , with vocals from Mary - Jess Leaverland and Alfie Boe . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Downton Abbey : Original Music from the Television Series No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Downton Abbey : The Suite '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 7 : 09 2 . `` Love and the Hunter '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 3 : 18 3 . `` Emancipation '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 15 4 . `` Story of My Life '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 58 5 . `` Fashion '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 19 6 . `` Damaged '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 5 : 25 7 . `` If You Were the Only Girl in the World '' Alfie Boe 3 : 47 8 . `` Preparation '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 3 : 27 9 . `` Such Good Luck '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 30 10 . `` Us and Them '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 53 11 . `` Violet '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 56 12 . `` A Drive '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 04 13 . `` An Ideal Marriage '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 43 14 . `` Roses of Picardy '' Alfie Boe 3 : 55 15 . `` Telegram '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 45 16 . `` Deception '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 51 17 . `` Titanic '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 10 18 . `` A Song and a Dance '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 30 19 . `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' ( a shortened version of `` Downton Abbey : The Suite '' with lyrics ) John Lunn , Chamber Orchestra of London & Mary - Jess Leaverland 4 : 18 Cultural impact ( edit ) Downton Abbey has been credited with spawning a massive worldwide increase in demand for professionally trained butlers , especially British butlers , notably in China , Russia , and parts of the Middle East . Between 2010 and 2012 , demand was thought to have doubled , leading to some butlers fetching salaries as high as £ 150,000 . In 2014 , China 's first school for butlers opened to meet a demand again attributed to the influence of Downton Abbey . Some of the fashion items worn by characters on the show have seen a strong revival of interest in the UK and elsewhere during the show 's run , including starched collars , midi skirts , beaded gowns , and hunting plaids . The Equality ( Titles ) Bill was an unsuccessful piece of legislation introduced in the UK Parliament in 2013 that would have allowed equal succession of female heirs to hereditary titles and peerages . It was nicknamed the `` Downton Abbey law '' because it addressed the same issue that affects Lady Mary Crawley , who can not inherit the estate because it must pass to a male heir . The decor used on Downton Abbey inspired US Representative Aaron Schock to redecorate his congressional offices in a more luxurious style . He repaid the $40,000 cost of redecoration following scrutiny of his expenses and questions about his use of public money for personal benefit , and subsequently resigned in March 2015 . Other media ( edit ) The World of Downton Abbey , a book featuring a behind - the - scenes look at Downton Abbey and the era in which it is set , was released on 15 September 2011 . It was written by Jessica Fellowes ( the niece of Julian Fellowes ) and was published by HarperCollins . A second book also written by Jessica Fellowes and published by HarperCollins , The Chronicles of Downton Abbey , was released on 13 September 2012 . It is a guide to the show 's characters through the early part of the third series . Due to the show 's popularity , there have been a number of references and spoofs on it , such as Family Guy episode Chap Stewie , which has Stewie Griffin reborn in a household similar to Downton Abbey , and How I Met Your Mother episode The Fortress , where the gang watch a television show called ' Woodworthy Manor ' , which is remarkably similar to Downton Abbey . In the episode the character , Lily , celebrates by viewing an episode of ' Woodworthy Manor ' . The Gilded age ( edit ) Main article : The Gilded Age ( TV series ) Julian Fellowes 's Gilded Age is set to debut on NBC in 2019 , portraying New York in the 1880s and how its old New York society coped with the influx of newly wealthy families . While a separate series , a young Violet , Countess of Grantham could make an appearance on the new show . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( film ) On 13 July 2018 , a feature length film was confirmed , with production to commence during Summer 2018 . The film is written by Julian Fellowes and is a continuation of the TV series , with direction by Brian Percival and will be distributed by Focus Features and Universal Pictures International . See also ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Downton Abbey Gosford Park The Cherry Orchard The Duchess of Duke Street The Shooting Party The Remains of the Day Upstairs , Downstairs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , these structure changes resulted in the character of entail heir Matthew Crawley ( played by Dan Stevens ) coming into the storyline in the first episode in the United States broadcast , rather than in the second as he had in the UK broadcast . Jump up ^ The series aired in the U.K. with commercial breaks , which required PBS , according to a spokeswoman , `` to plug those holes '' . Jump up ^ American heiresses who married into the British aristocracy during the Gilded Age -- see : The Buccaneers , a novel by Edith Wharton . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Back for more ! Hugh Bonneville and Michelle Dockery lead the way as Downton Abbey gets SIXTEEN nominations for this year 's Emmys '' . Daily Mail . London , UK . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : How Hollywood is snapping up our bright TV drama stars '' . Daily Mirror. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Downton Abbey Recap : Bloody Hell '' . TV line . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS , `` Downton Abbey Revisited '' , TV documentary special to precede season 3 Jump up ^ Fellowes , Julian ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Julian Fellowes : ' Abbey ' owes much to Wharton '' . Berkshireeagle.com . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David . `` The Most Happy Fellowes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Highclere Castle : Downton Abbey '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Elizabeth ( January -- February 1979 ) . `` Historic Houses : the Splendors of Highclere Castle '' . The Architectural Digest . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Morgan ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Inside Highclere Castle : the Real Life Locale of Downton Abbey '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton opens for charity '' . ITV. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Downton Abbey : behind the scenes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ffrench , Andrew ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Village is the star of the show '' . Oxford Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enthralled by Crawley House '' . blogspot.co.uk. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobrzynski , Judith H. ( 15 October 2010 ) . `` So where is Downton Abbey ? '' . The Press . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fellowes , Jessica ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey : The cast and crew reveal the secrets of filming Downton '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Iain ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` Trench war comes to Downton Abbey '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waddesdon Manor making space for young minds '' . The Bucks Herald . 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Jennifer ( 13 September 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey home from home for Dame Maggie '' . Get Surrey . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Trust : West Wycombe Park '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Location Library : London Mansions '' . Location Works . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Katrina ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Inveraray Castle Set for Tourism Boost '' . The Daily Record . Scotland . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway Station : Horsted Keynes '' . Bluebell Railway . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Filmed Where '' . Network Rail . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey , series four , episode one , first look review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trips and Tips - Britain On Location '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Downton Abbey Film Focus '' . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Film Office Downton Abbey series 1 Article '' . Kent Film Office . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Emma ( 13 September 2013 ) . `` What Next for Downton Abbey ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's A Wrap : Filming On Downton Abbey Season 4 Completed '' . Downton Abbey Addicts. 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey heads to Buckingham Palace for Christmas special '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey Exhibition '' . Alnwick Castle . Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Downton Abbey filming locations '' . Wayfair.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold , Brett ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey Season 3 Finale : A Tragic Twist for Matthew Crawley '' . RR.com . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry , Maggie ( 16 September 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's composer John Lunn reveals James Brown is inspiration behind TV drama 's music '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon ( 20 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey -- Various Artists '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Did I Make the Most of Loving You ( sic ) -- From Downton Abbey '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ITV commissions a fifth series of Downton Abbey presscentre '' . ITV. 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STV 's Opting - out Policy Again Comes in for Criticism '' . allmediascotland. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers opt out of STV on satellite '' . BBC News . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` STV to show Downton Abbey in Autumn schedule '' . Glasgow : STV. 21 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STV decides to show ' Downton Abbey ' '' . BBC News . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , John ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` PBS to offer multiplatform content '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jace ( 3 January 2011 ) . `` In Defense of Downton Abbey ( Or , Do n't Believe Everything You Read ) '' . Televisionary . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , June . `` Why Downton Abbey Airs So Much Later in the U.S. '' Slate . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey 's Season - Five Premiere to Feature Surprising Stunt '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast. 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey '' . Geek Town . 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MASTERPIECE , Downton Abbey , Series 5 '' . PBS.org . The Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2011 on VisionTV '' . Channel Canada . 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Tiffany ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey , Sunday , 8.30 pm , Seven / GWN7 '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey , Sunday , May 20 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey love tangle revealed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey '' ( in Polish ) . TVN Style . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey -- TV3 '' . Dublin : TV 3 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowyer , Jerry ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Down on Downton : Why The Left Is Torching Downton Abbey '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fenton , James ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` The Abbey That Jumped the Shark '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Parker , James ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` Brideshead Regurgitated '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Heineman Jr. , Ben W. ( 1 February 2013 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' Is Entertainment , but ' Brideshead Revisited ' Was Art '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey show gets second series '' . BBC News . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey Wins Guinness World Record '' . Broadcast Now . Broadcast . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic Ranks for 2011 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Downton Abbey and All New Celebrity Total Wipeout '' . The Guardian . 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey fans accuse ITV of ' sabotaging ' period drama with too many adverts '' . Daily Mail . 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey scares Spooks with 9m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Slow down , Downton ! Fed - up viewers accuse hit drama of sprinting through its storylines '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' season 2 premiere averages 4.2 million viewers '' . New York Post . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Ratings : ' Downton Abbey ' Season 2 Finale Gives PBS Best Numbers Since 2009 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey and The X Factor lift ITV 's spirits '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey and The X Factor hit series highs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Ratings Cement `` Downton Abbey , Season 3 '' on MASTERPIECE CLASSIC as Highest - Rated Drama in PBS History `` . Public Broadcasting Service . 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Groskop , Viv ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey : plot moving slowly ? It must be time for someone to die '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Furness , Hannah ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Julian Fellowes : ' No option ' but to kill off Downton 's Matthew '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Noah , Sherna ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Dan Stevens : Killing off Downton Abbey 's Matthew on Christmas Day was not my doing '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 23 September 2013 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' Draws Best Ever U.K. Season Premiere Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Downton Abbey premiere breaks ratings record '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey continues strong start '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Groskop , Viv ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey recap : season four , episode three '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey rape scene defended by series creator Julian Fellowes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Sabrina . `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes defends storyline '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey to face no action from Ofcom over rape storyline '' . BBC . 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes : I support a united Ireland '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finn , Melanie ( 3 November 2012 ) . `` Downton 's not anti-Irish , says star Alan '' . Dublin : Herald . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Costigan , Giovanni ( April 1972 ) . `` Review of ' Apes and Angels : The Irishman in Victorian Caricature ' by L. Perry Curtis '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 2 ) : 519 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 1868756 . JSTOR 1868756 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Soper , Kerry ( August 2005 ) . `` From Swarthy Ape to Sympathetic Everyman and Subversive Trickster : The Development of Irish Caricature in American Comic Strips between 1890 and 1920 '' . Journal of American Studies . 39 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 96 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021875805009710 . JSTOR 27557638 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Gwen ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Negative Stereotypes of the Irish '' . The Society Pages . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiberd , Declan ( 1996 ) . Inventing Ireland : The Literature of the Modern Nation . London , UK . p. 497 . Jump up ^ `` If Downton Abbey is going to end on a high , the revolution will need to be bloody '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Melinda ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The politics of Downton Abbey : Down with the patriarchy ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's anti-Catholic plot '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Haglund , David ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Did You See This ? Downton Abbey Anachronisms '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Trawick - Smith , Ben ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` The Accents in Downton Abbey '' . Dialect Blog . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , David ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Downton Abbey : behind the scenes '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Power , Vicki ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` How Downton minds its manners '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` No Downers in ' Downton ' '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Schama brands Downton ' cultural necrophilia ' '' . BBC News . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krystal , Becky ( 31 December 2012 ) . `` On ' Downton Abbey , ' aspic matters '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennicott , Philip ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` A Victorian fantasy , in stone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , India ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Watching The Crown with Lady Pamela Hicks , Queen Elizabeth 's Lady - in - Waiting '' . Town and Country . Jump up ^ `` Netflix To End ' Downton Abbey ' Streaming As Amazon Snatches Exclusive Rights To Latest Season '' . deadline.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey becomes top selling DVD box set of all time '' . Metro. 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Downton Abbey Series Two Press Pack '' ( PDF ) . ITV . July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Galvin , Libby ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Demand for British butlers DOUBLES in one year from world 's wealthiest families ' influenced by Downton Abbey ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Dan ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Butlers cleaning up : Huge increase in mega-wealthy Chinese citizens leads to creation of country 's first school for posh staff '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kealey , Helena ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Downton Abbey : retro fashion revivals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Rep. Aaron Schock under fire for ' Downton Abbey ' office redo '' . Chicagotribune.com. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` He 's got a ' Downton Abbey ' - inspired office , but Rep. Aaron Schock wo n't talk about it '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` 33 - Year - Old Congressman Aaron Schock Causes Controversy with Downton Abbey - Themed Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Schock reimburses US for $40,000 Downton Abbey office remodel '' . The Guardian . 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Aaron Schock announces resignation in wake of spending probe '' . The Washington Post . 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Holland , Evangeline ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Jessica Fellowes and the World of Downton Abbey '' . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Evangeline ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` Jessica Fellowes and The Chronicles of Downton Abbey '' . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' recap , ' The Fortress ' : Give A Little '' . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://deadline.com/2018/01/julian-fellowes-the-gilded-age-drama-series-2019-launch-nbc-1202275580/ Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` Julian Fellowes ' Downton Abbey follow - up , The Gilded Age , to arrive in 2019 '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bird , Steve ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Dowager Countess to surprise fans with star appearance in Julian Fellowes ' new ' Downton ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey film confirmed to shoot this summer with series cast returning '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey film ( finally ) confirmed '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Downton Abbey ' Movie Is on the Way '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Fellowes , Jessica ; Sturgis , Matthew ( 2012 ) . The Chronicles of Downton Abbey . Foreword by Julian Fellowes , photography by Joss Barratt , Nick Briggs , and Giles Keyte . London , UK : Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745325 - 2 . OCLC 811576487 . The companion book covering the characters , through the early part of the third series . Fellowes , Jessica ( 2011 ) . The World of Downton Abbey . Foreword by Julian Fellowes , photography by Nick Briggs . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 00634 - 9 . OCLC 727704121 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . The companion book to the first and second series . Includes an extensive further reading section . Fellowes , Julian ( 2013 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season One . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062238313 . OCLC 795761131 . Fellowes , Julian ( 2013 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season Two . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062241351 . OCLC 828844711 . Fellowes , Julian ( 2014 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season Three . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062241375 . OCLC 870982733 . MacColl , Gail ; Wallace , Carol McD. ( 1989 ) . To Marry an English Lord or , How Anglomania Really Got Started . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89480 - 939 - 2 . OCLC 243431665 . Gives a background on the preceding period , especially for Cora , Countess of Grantham , who is one of the `` Buccaneers '' . Reprinted as : To Marry an English Lord : Tales of Wealth and Marriage , Sex and Snobbery . New York : Workman Publishing Company . 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 7195 - 9 . OCLC 779399305 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Rowley , Emma ( 2013 ) . Behind the Scenes at Downton Abbey . Foreword by Gareth Neame ; photography by Nick Briggs . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781250047908 . OCLC 862880131 . The official companion book to series 1 -- 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Downton Abbey . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Downton Abbey Downton Abbey at stv.tv Downton Abbey at itv.com Downton Abbey at TV.com DA CS ITV Official Press Pack Downton Abbey at Emmys.com Downton Abbey on PBS Masterpiece Downton Abbey on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Julian Fellowes Films Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Vanity Fair ( 2004 ) Piccadilly Jim ( 2004 ) Separate Lies ( 2005 ) From Time to Time ( 2009 ) The Young Victoria ( 2009 ) The Tourist ( 2010 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) TV series Julian Fellowes Investigates : A Most Mysterious Murder ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Downton Abbey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Doctor Thorne ( 2016 ) The Gilded Age ( TBD ) Stage Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) School of Rock ( 2015 ) Half a Sixpence ( 2016 ) The Wind in the Willows ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Downton Abbey <Td_colspan="2"> Character list Episode list Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Awards and nominations Downton Abbey ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Downton Abbey <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie <Td_colspan="2"> Downton Abbey ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film <Td_colspan="2"> The Snow Goose : A Story of Dunkirk ( 1971 ) That Certain Summer ( 1972 ) The Shadow Box ( 1980 ) Bill ( 1981 ) Brideshead Revisited ( 1982 ) The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) Something About Amelia ( 1984 ) The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Promise ( 1986 ) Escape from Sobibor ( 1987 ) War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Decoration Day ( 1990 ) One Against the Wind ( 1991 ) Sinatra ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) The Burning Season ( 1994 ) Indictment : The McMartin Trial ( 1995 ) Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny ( 1996 ) George Wallace ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) RKO 281 ( 1999 ) Dirty Pictures ( 2000 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) The Gathering Storm ( 2002 ) Angels in America ( 2003 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) Empire Falls ( 2005 ) Elizabeth I ( 2006 ) Longford ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) Carlos ( 2010 ) Downton Abbey , series 1 ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Fargo , season 1 ( 2014 ) Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Producers Guild of America Award for Best Long - Form Television <Td_colspan="2"> World War II : When Lions Roared ( 1994 ) Truman ( 1995 ) Prime Suspect : The Lost Child ( 1996 ) Miss Evers ' Boys ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Tuesdays with Morrie ( 1999 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2000 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Live from Baghdad ( 2002 ) My House in Umbria ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2005 ) Elizabeth I ( 2006 ) Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) The Pacific ( 2010 ) Downton Abbey , series 1 ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Fargo , season 1 ( 2014 ) Fargo , season 2 ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Black Mirror , season 4 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 1994 -- 1999 1994 : NYPD Blue , season 1 / season 2 Clapp Franz Lawrence McDaniel O'Grady Smits Turturro 1995 : ER , season 1 / season 2 Clooney Edwards La Salle Margulies Reuben Stringfield Wyle 1996 : ER , season 2 / season 3 Clooney Edwards Innes La Salle Margulies Reuben Stringfield Wyle 1997 : ER , season 3 / season 4 Bello Clooney Edwards Innes Kingston La Salle Margulies Reuben Wyle 1998 : ER , season 4 / season 5 Clooney Edwards Innes Kingston La Salle Margulies Martin McCrane Reuben Wyle 1999 : The Sopranos , season 1 Bracco Chianese Falco Gandolfini Iler Imperioli Marchand Pastore Sigler Sirico Van Zandt 2000 -- 2009 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton 2010 -- 2029 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials <Td_colspan="2"> The Burning Bed ( 1985 ) Live Aid ( 1986 ) Robin Williams : An Evening at the Met ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) What 's Alan Watching ? ( 1989 ) Sammy Davis Jr. 's 60th Anniversary Celebration ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Billy Crystal -- 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Fallen Champ : The Untold Story of Mike Tyson ( 1993 ) Prime Suspect III ( 1994 ) Baseball ( 1995 ) Pride and Prejudice ( 1996 ) Bastard out of Carolina ( 1996 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) The Corner ( 2000 ) Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows ( 2001 ) Band of Brothers ( 2002 ) Taken ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) The Office : Christmas Special ( 2005 ) No Direction Home ( 2006 ) Planet Earth ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) The Pacific ( 2010 ) Sherlock ( 2011 ) Downton Abbey , series 2 ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) True Detective , season 1 ( 2014 ) The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Big Little Lies ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downton_Abbey&oldid=850343769 '' Categories : Downton Abbey 2010 British television programme debuts 2015 British television programme endings 2010s British drama television series Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners Costume drama television series Fictional servants ITV television dramas Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries winners Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Serial drama television series English - language television programs Television series set in the 1910s Television series set in the 1920s Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in Yorkshire World War I television drama series Fictional houses British LGBT - related television shows PBS network shows Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use British English from October 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Vèneto 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 08 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Downton Abbey - British historical period drama 2. Lives of the Crawley family and their servants 3. Events in history affecting their lives and social hierarchy 4. Acclaimed television series with numerous awards 5. Final series and film adaptation confirmed

who are the candidates for governor in new mexico

New Mexico gubernatorial Election , 2018 - wikipedia New Mexico gubernatorial Election , 2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Steve Pearce Michelle Lujan Grisham Party Republican Democratic Running mate Michelle Holmes Howie Morales <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Governor Susana Martinez Republican Elections in New Mexico General elections ( show ) 2014 2016 2018 Federal elections ( show ) Presidential elections 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2008 2012 2016 Senate elections 1912 1913 1916 1918 1921 ( S ) 1922 1924 1928 1928 ( S ) 1930 1934 1934 ( S ) 1936 1936 ( S ) 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1964 ( S ) 1970 1976 1982 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 House of Representatives elections 1911 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 19MM 1976 1978 1982 1980 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State elections ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 City of Albuquerque ( show ) Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 The 2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of New Mexico , concurrently with the election of New Mexico 's Class I U.S. Senate seat , as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various New Mexico and local elections . Incumbent Republican Governor Susana Martinez is term - limited and can not seek re-election to a third consecutive term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Republican primary 1.1 Governor 1.1. 1 Candidates 1.1. 1.1 Declared 1.1. 1.2 Declined 1.1. 2 Results 1.2 Lieutenant Governor 1.2. 1 Candidates 1.2. 1.1 Declared 1.2. 1.2 Withdrew 1.2. 1.3 Declined 1.2. 2 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Governor 2.1. 1 Candidates 2.1. 1.1 Declared 2.1. 1.2 Declined 2.1. 2 Endorsements 2.1. 3 Polling 2.1. 4 Results 2.2 Lieutenant Governor 2.2. 1 Candidates 2.2. 1.1 Declared 2.2. 1.2 Withdrew 2.2. 1.3 Declined 2.2. 2 Results 3 Libertarian primary 3.1 Governor 3.1. 1 Candidates 3.1. 1.1 Declared 3.1. 1.2 Declined 3.1. 2 Results 3.2 Lieutenant Governor 3.2. 1 Candidates 3.2. 1.1 Declared 3.2. 2 Results 4 General election 4.1 Predictions 4.2 Polling 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Steve Pearce , U.S. Representative , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2000 and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2008 Declined ( edit ) Aubrey Dunn , Jr. , New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and candidate for NM - 02 in 2008 John Sanchez , Lieutenant Governor and nominee for governor in 2002 Results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steve Pearce 74,705 100 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 74,705 100 Lieutenant Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Michelle Garcia Holmes , former Chief of Staff to Attorney General Gary King , former police detective and candidate for Mayor of Albuquerque in 2017 Withdrew ( edit ) Kelly Zunie , former Secretary of the New Mexico Indian Affairs Department Declined ( edit ) Ted Barela , former State Senator Mark Moores , State Senator Cliff Pirtle , State Senator Results ( edit ) Republican primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Michelle Garcia Holmes 67,259 100 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 67,259 100 Democratic primary ( edit ) Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Jeff Apodaca , businessman and son of former Governor Jerry Apodaca Joe Cervantes , State Senator Michelle Lujan Grisham , U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Hector Balderas , Attorney General ( running for re-election ) Javier Gonzales , former Mayor of Santa Fe ( running for Lieutenant Governor ) Martin Heinrich , U.S. Senator ( running for reelection ) Tim Keller , Mayor of Albuquerque and former State Auditor Ben Ray Luján , U.S. Representative Tom Udall , U.S. Senator Alan Webber , Mayor of Santa Fe and candidate for Governor in 2014 Endorsements ( edit ) show Jeff Apodaca Local and statewide politicians Guadalupe Cano , Silver City Town Councilor Marco Lucero , Los Alamos County Sheriff Individuals Sam Donaldson , retired news anchor , serving with ABC News from 1967 to 2013 Lilly Ledbetter , namesake of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 Mary Molina Mescall , former Executive Director of the New Mexico Commission on the Status of Women Frances Ray , former president of the Democratic Women of Bernalillo County show Michelle Lujan Grisham U.S Senators Jeff Bingaman , former U.S. Senator Local and statewide politicians Eliseo Lee Alcon , State Representative Deborah Armstrong , State Representative Hector Balderas , Attorney General of New Mexico Patricia Roybal Caballero , State Representative Jacob Candelaria , State Senator Gail Chasey , State Representative Carlos Cisneros , State Senator George Dodge Jr. , State Representative Daymon Ely , State Representative Harry Garcia , State Representative Miguel Garcia , State Representative Timothy Jennings , Former State Senate President Pro-Tempore D. Wonda Johnson , State Representative Derrick Lente , State Representative Georgene Louis , State Representative Anthony `` Moe '' Maestas , State Representative Javier Martínez , State Representative Cisco McSorley , State Senator John Pinto , State Senator Stephanie Garcia Richard , State Representative Nancy Rodriguez , State Senator Angelica Rubio , State Representative Nick Salazar , State Representative Michael Sanchez , Former State Senate Majority Leader Debra Sariñana , State Representative William Soules , State Senator Liz Stefanics , State Senator Bill Tallman , State Senator Christine Trujillo , State Representative Jim Trujillo , State Representative Linda Trujillo , State Representative Individuals Edward L. Romero , former United States Ambassador to Spain and Andorra ( 1998 - 2001 ) Alan Webber , businessman and candidate for Governor in 2014 Kipp Watson , owner of Rio Rancho Road Runners , LLC , which has the business mission of promoting wheelchair basketball Cheryl L. Willman , M.D. , University of New Mexico School of Medicine Distinguished Professor Labor unions American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees Council 18 American Federation of Teachers - New Mexico Bakery , Confectionery , Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers ' International Union Local 351 New Mexico Professional Fire Fighters Association International Association of Fire Fighters Local 224 United Mine Workers of America United Steelworkers District 12 Organizations Conservation Voters New Mexico Action Fund EMILY 's List Latino Victory Fund NARAL Pro-Choice America Planned Parenthood Action Fund Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jeff Apodaca Joe Cervantes Michelle Lujan Grisham Other Undecided Research & Polling , Inc . May 20 -- 24 , 2018 444 ± 4.6 % 15 % 9 % 57 % -- 19 % GQR Research ( D - Lujan Grisham ) February 14 -- 19 , 2018 400 ± 4.9 % 13 % 6 % 72 % 2 % 6 % GQR Research ( D - The Majority Institute ) October 12 -- 18 , 2017 446 ± 4.6 % 10 % 3 % 75 % 2 % 10 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Lujan Grisham -- 70 -- 80 % Lujan Grisham -- 60 -- 70 % Lujan Grisham -- 50 -- 60 % Lujan Grisham -- 40 -- 50 % Apodaca -- 40 -- 50 % Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Michelle Lujan Grisham 116,311 66.4 Democratic Jeff Apodaca 38,779 22.2 Democratic Joseph Cervantes 20,092 11.5 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 175,182 100 Lieutenant Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Billy Garrett , Doña Ana County Commissioner Rick Miera , former Majority Leader of the New Mexico House of Representatives Howie Morales , State Senator and candidate for Governor in 2014 Withdrew ( edit ) David McTeigue , juvenile probation officer Jeff Carr , retired teacher and former New Mexico Public Education Commissioner Michael Padilla , State Senator Javier Gonzales , former Mayor of Santa Fe Declined ( edit ) Brian Colón , former Chairman of the Democratic Party of New Mexico , nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2010 and candidate for Mayor of Albuquerque in 2017 Bill O'Neill , State Senator Results ( edit ) Results by county : Morales -- 80 -- 90 % Morales -- 70 -- 80 % Morales -- 60 -- 70 % Morales -- 50 -- 60 % Morales -- 40 -- 50 % Morales -- < 40 % Tie -- Miera / Morales Miera -- 40 -- 50 % Garrett -- 40 -- 50 % Democratic primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Howie Morales 75,515 47.1 Democratic Rick Miera 51,044 31.8 Democratic Billy Garrett 33,761 21.1 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 160,320 100 Libertarian Primary ( edit ) Based on the party 's voter registration numbers and presidential nominee Gary Johnson 's result in 2016 , the Libertarian Party holds major - party status in New Mexico . Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Bob Walsh , retired mathematician Declined ( edit ) Aubrey Dunn , Jr. , Commissioner of Public Lands ( running for the U.S. Senate ) Gary Johnson , former Republican Governor and nominee for President in 2012 and 2016 Results ( edit ) Libertarian primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Bob Walsh ( write - in ) 8 100 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 8 100 Lieutenant Governor ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Robin Dunn , wife of Aubrey Dunn , Jr . Results ( edit ) Libertarian primary results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robin Dunn ( write - in ) 12 100 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 12 100 General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 098 ! Lean D January 26 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report 098 ! Lean D April 6 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 098 ! Lean D April 5 , 2018 Daily Kos 098 ! Lean D May 31 , 2018 Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) Steve Pearce ( R ) Undecided The Tarrance Group ( R - Pearce ) April 9 -- 12 , 2018 608 ± 4.1 % 47 % 45 % 8 % The Tarrance Group ( R ) May 20 -- 23 , 2017 605 ± 4.1 % 47 % 43 % 10 % See also ( edit ) New Mexico elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coleman , Michael ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pearce to run for governor of New Mexico '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haussamen , Heath ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Land Commissioner Dunn has his own proposal to fund early childhood programs '' . NMPolitics.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Andrew ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Pearce confirms he 's weighing run for governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Land Commissioner Dunn will announce his political plans early next week '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Terrell , Steve ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Citing strength as senator , Udall says he wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` John Sanchez NOT running for governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Andrew ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Newly registered Republican makes bid to become GOP lieutenant governor nominee '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chacón , Daniel J. ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Native American running for GOP lieutenant governor spot '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Dan ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Republican drops out of race for lieutenant governor , cites residency rules '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Monahan , Joe ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Campaign Trail Dust : Not So Fast On GOP Lt. Gov. Nod ; Race Developing , Latest Perceptions On Dem Guv Chase And Our Continuing Crime Wave Coverage '' . New Mexico Politics with Joe Monahan . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reichbach , Matthew ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Udall said no , but some Dems still looking at 2018 run for governor '' . New Mexico Political Report . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Andrew ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Apodaca to run for governor '' . Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Joey ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Las Cruces legislator cites budget , jobs crisis for why he 's running for governor '' . NMPolitics.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Dan ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Michelle Lujan Grisham announces 2018 gubernatorial bid '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Balderas to seek re-election as AG , wo n't run for governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haussamen , Heath ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Santa Fe mayor also considering running for governor '' . New Mexico Politics . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Last , T.S. ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is the Governor 's Office the next stop for Mayor Gonzales ? '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nott , Robert ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Gonzales announces bid for lt . gov. in crowded Dem field '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Michael ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Who wants to be New Mexico 's next governor ? '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Monahan , Joe ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' 18 Guv Positioning Takes Shape '' . New Mexico Politics with Joe Monahan . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haussamen , Heath ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Auditor Keller says better funding his office would protect tax dollars '' . NMPolitics.net . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Dan ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` Governor 's race could get crowded '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Udall weighs run for governor in 2018 '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Michael ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Udall wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haussamen , Heath ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Udall decides against running for governor , says he 's needed in D.C. '' NMPolitics.net . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Terrell , Steve ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` One - time gubernatorial candidate Webber backs Lujan Grisham '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guadalupe Cano endorsement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lucero , Marco V. ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Los Alamos County Sheriff Marco Lucero Endorses Jeff Apodaca For Governor Of New Mexico '' . Los Alamos Daily Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Donaldson endorses Jeff Apodaca '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` More gubernatorial endorsements roll in '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Molina Mescall endorsement '' . Facebook . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frances Ray endorsement '' . Facebook . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reichbach , Matthew ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Bingaman endorses Lujan Grisham for governor '' . New Mexico Political Report . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexicans for Michelle - Endorsements '' . www.newmexicansformichelle.com . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hector endorses Michelle '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of candidate Kipp Watson for position of Delegate to the upcoming NM Democratic Statewide Primary '' on file with campaign office of Michelle Lujan Grisham for Governor , February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFSCME Council 18 Statewide PEOPLE Committee - Candidate Endorsements '' . AFSCME New Mexico . April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFT New Mexico on Instagram : `` IICYMI ! We are proud to announce our union , the American Federation of Teachers New Mexico , have voted to endorse Michelle Lujan Grisham for Governor of New Mexico and Howie Morales for Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico '' . Instagram . AFT New Mexico . February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Eric ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Mexico 's Bakery , Confectionery , Tobacco Workers & Grain Millers Union Endorses Michelle Lujan Grisham for Governor '' . facebook.com . BCTGM Local 351 . Jump up ^ Arencón , Diego ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` New Mexico Professional Fire Fighters Endorse Congresswoman Michelle Lugan Grisham for Governor of New Mexico '' . NMPFFA . Jump up ^ `` Election Endorsements '' . www.iaff244.org . IAFF Local 244 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico - COMPAC Endorsements - UMWA '' . UMWA . United Mine Workers of America . Jump up ^ `` USW Endorses Lujan Grisham for Governor '' . United Steelworkers District 12 . June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Demis ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Conservation Voters New Mexico Action Fund Endorses Representative Michelle Lujan Grisham To Be New Mexico 's Next Governor '' . cvnmactionfund.org . Conservation Voters New Mexico Action Fund . Jump up ^ Boyd , Dan ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Emily 's List to back Lujan Grisham for governor 's race '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Candidates - LatinoVictory.us '' . LatinoVictory.us . Jump up ^ Hogue , Ilyse ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` NARAL Pro-Choice America Endorses Michelle Lujan Grisham for Governor - NARAL Pro-Choice America '' . NARAL Pro-Choice America . Jump up ^ Martinez , Marshall ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` PLANNED PARENTHOOD ENDORSES MICHELLE LUJAN GRISHAM AND MAGGIE TOULOUSE OLIVER '' . www.plannedparenthoodaction.org . ^ Jump up to : Peter DeBenedittis 2 % Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Andrew ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Doña Ana County commissioner announces bid for lieutenant governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horwath , Justin ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Miera and McTeigue announce runs for Lt. Gov '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford , Andrew ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Morales launches bid for lieutenant governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford , Andrew ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime educator jumps into race for lieutenant governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terrell , Steve ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` State Sen. Padilla will run for lieutenant governor '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKay , Dan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Padilla drops bid for lieutenant governor '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Javier Gonzales . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` State Sen. Padilla will run for lieutenant governor '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://35.161.75.124/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LPNM-Major-Party-Release-WEB-6-2-17.pdf ^ Jump up to : Oxford , Andrew ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Three Dunns running : For New Mexico 's Libertarian Party , it 's a family affair '' . Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.M land commissioner may run for governor as Libertarian - LAMonitor.com '' . www.lamonitor.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Son : State Land Commissioner Aubrey Dunn mulling run for governor , as Libertarian '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why Gary Johnson Wo n't Be Running For Governor of New Mexico In 2018 '' . www.thejacknews.com. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan Lee - The Associated Press . `` With easy ballot access , Libertarian Party seeks N.M. candidates ; Dunn eyes bid for governor '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Election Results '' . electionresults.sos.state.nm.us/ . New Mexico Secretary of State . June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) for Governor Steve Pearce ( R ) for Governor Michelle Garcia Holmes ( R ) for Lieutenant Governor Howie Morales ( D ) for Lieutenant Governor <Th_colspan="2"> ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=846496095 '' Categories : New Mexico elections , 2018 New Mexico gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. New Mexico gubernatorial election, 2018 2. Candidates: Steve Pearce, Michelle Lujan Grisham 3. Republican primary results 4. Democratic primary results 5. General election predictions

how many episodes in series 7 of once upon a time

Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Jennifer Morrison Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 6 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It consisted of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marked a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline was softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series ; the season and series concluded on May 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Several years after the Final Battle , Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story , only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest of New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and Mother Gothel 's Coven of the Eight culminates in the casting of a new curse that sends the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Seattle in the past , before Henry leaves Storybrooke . As Henry 's daughter Lucy sets out to restore his belief , Gothel 's coven builds its sinister agenda and contends with an unknown witch murderer , while Dr. Facilier embarks on his own power grab for the Dark One Dagger . However , the breaking of the curse results in the return of Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm who intends to doom everyone to a miserable end , and amplify his own powers . His defeat ultimately leads to Regina 's decision to merge all the realms of story , uniting them into one : the United Realms , with Regina elected and crowned the Good Queen . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills / Lucy Vidrio Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills / Sir Henry Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Bruce Blain as Samuel B. Ryce / Desk Sergeant Trevor Roberts as Remy Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener Chris Gauthier as Smee Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi Robin Givens as Eudora Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Jeff Pierre as Prince Naveen / Drew Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn Guest ( edit ) Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Kevin Ryan as Robert Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecelia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota Nisreen Slim as the Hedge Witch / Dr. Andrea Sage Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Elle McKinnon as young Alice Charles Mesure as Blackbeard ( Wish Realm ) Kip Pardue as Chad Dan Payne as Ivo Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel Sara Canning as Gretel Lily van der Griend as young Gretel Kyra Leroux as Yarrow Emily Tennant as Isla Naika Toussaint as Seraphina Gabrielle Miller as Mother Flora Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan ( Wish Realm ) Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil ( Wish Realm ) JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel ( Wish Realm ) Timothy Webber as the Apprentice ( Wish Realm ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan Sean Maguire as Robin Hood Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy Jack Davies as Pinocchio Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper David Paul Grove as Doc Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 <Td_colspan="7"> In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his Darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself , and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria , and after several attempts , manages to get Weaver to remember his true identity . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 <Td_colspan="7"> In flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would hurt her family if she did n't comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback in the Wish Realm , shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her Curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 <Td_colspan="7"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt , and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia , but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Weaver , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco , to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 <Td_colspan="7"> Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver , in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family , and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After six years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair , but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart , and leads to Cecilia running away . One day , Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but , to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel , convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , baby Lucy is born just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry and Regina is forced to cast Drizella 's curse in order to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy will hurt Henry . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' Mick Garris Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 2.14 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother 's wishes . After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel , Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her . Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living . In the present day , Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy . However , Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel , not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around . As the amulet 's magic begins to take Drizella 's life , Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken . Elsewhere , it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights , as a doctor who finds out about Lucy 's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure . 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' Nina Lopez - Corrado David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 2.22 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback to the day of Tiana 's coronation , Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom , which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator . She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two do n't get along , they agree to search for it together . When the alligator attacks them on a lake , Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured . When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast , Tiana gets him to revive Naveen , but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice . In the present day , Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable . She accuses Drew , a former classmate - turned - food truck rival , of sabotage . However , it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi , a mysterious investor , to get close to her for his own purposes . Regina figures out that Facilier is n't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse , while Rogers and Weaver discover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular . 146 13 `` Knightfall '' Steve Miner Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 2.38 <Td_colspan="7"> In the flashbacks , after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower , Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm . Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab . He wins it from Ahab over a die roll , however , when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status , Hook agrees to a pistol duel . When he returns to the tower , Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel , who had poisoned the bullet that hit him . In the present day , Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult , though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers . Tilly , who is experiencing a manic episode , desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is . When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case , they check up on Hilda in the hospital , only to find her dead , with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room . 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' Antonio Negret Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 2.11 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after , a troll appears and helps her escape . Years later , Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin , who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest . Robin intends to honor her father 's legacy by hunting down Alice 's troll , who has since been destroying villages , but Alice goes after her to protect it . In the present day , Rogers , Henry , and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker 's murder to clear her name . As she retraces her steps , Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited . Meanwhile , Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights . 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' Ellen S. Pressman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 2.03 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven . Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course , however , it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win . In the present day , Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood `` Candy Killer . '' Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm , though it would be at the expense of Anastasia 's life . Initially , Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual . When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens , she must choose between Drizella or Gothel , and ultimately chooses her sister . The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry , Rogers , and Nick , which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer . 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' Ron Underwood Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 2.15 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Henry expresses his desire to find his own story , as he feels unworthy of Ella . When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents , Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones ' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard . However , it is revealed that it was all a set - up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure . A little while later , Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway . In the present day , Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave , Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer , whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the `` Hansel '' of the story . When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport , Nick offers him a ride , which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick , who confirms the former 's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer . As this is happening , Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer 's next target . 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 2.18 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , another witch , who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel , has settled into Oz , to Zelena 's disdain . After Zelena refuses to help the kids , she is magically weakened by the witch , and faints in the forest . She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo , who happens to be Hansel and Gretel 's father . When Zelena decides to go back for the children , she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her . When the family refuses to give her a second chance , Zelena angrily burns Hansel . In the present day , Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts , but Henry is still a nonbeliever . Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge . Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past , though he does n't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together . Meanwhile , Facilier uses Naveen , who is actually not cursed , to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack . 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 2.12 <Td_colspan="7"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the past , Mr. Gold , still dealing with the loss of Belle , is challenged by Facilier to rid himself of the Dagger by seeking out the Guardian , who is able to free him of the Darkness . When Gold finds Alice and believe her to be the person he was looking for , he test out the theory on Facilier by pulling his heart out and his hunch was correct , but then has a change of heart by withholding transfer of his power to Alice so she can be happy with Robin and not dealing with the burden she would carry . Alice also convinced Hook that Rumpelstiltskin is not a villain and the two became friends . In the present , Nick 's death has Weaver suspecting Samdi of stealing the Dagger , but Samdi says he had no involvement with taking the latter . Weaver also betrayed Roni by using the magic needed to save Henry in order to track down the Dagger , which lead it to Tilly , whose first date with Margot is distracted by the voices from the Dagger itself , but in the end Margot does see a soulmate in Tilly . When Rogers discovers Drew was the last person who might have known what happened to Nick , Drew warns him about Samdi and how Nick died . Henry discovers that Nick / Hansel was telling him the truth about the blood test results that confirmed him as Lucy 's father and shares the results with a stunned Jacinda . 152 19 `` Flower Child '' Tessa Blake Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.98 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , young tree nymph Gothel yearns for interaction with humans . Though warned against it by her nymph family , she explores a house and meets a group of ladies who appear accepting of her magic , who then invite her to a ball . It turns out that the girls only sought out to humiliate her and stole her key to enter the nymphs ' grove to destroy everything and everyone in it . Avenging the death of her kind , Gothel goes on a destructive rampage and it is revealed that Gothel had turned her home realm into what we now know as the Land Without Magic . In the present day , Gothel tells Tilly that she is her mother and Tilly goes to Rogers with this information . The two of them go to Henry , who has already begun to seriously consider that the stories in his book are actually real . Lucy and Facilier manage to cure Henry of his pre-curse ailments , however , when her parents finally share a kiss , the curse does n't break . Meanwhile , Rogers and Tilly 's stakeout on Eloise ends with Tilly being blackmailed into becoming the final member of Gothel 's revived coven . The sisterhood then releases their magic back into the land . 153 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' Ron Underwood Dana Horgan & Leah Fong May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.98 <Td_colspan="7"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the flashbacks to Henry 's senior year of high school , Henry ponders over what his next step should be and tells Regina that he wants to explore colleges outside of Storybrooke . He ends up being accepted to every college he applied to , however , having to lie about his life experiences on the applications gave him doubts about leaving town after all . In the present day , Regina and Lucy try to break the curse before the coven fully gives their magic to Gothel 's doomsday plot to wipe out mankind . After multiple failed attempts to wake Henry , Regina reveals that the curse had actually taken them back in time . When a disbelieving Henry decides to call a phone number listed on his supposed adoption papers , a young Henry picks up on the other line and it is revealed that the curse took them back to the same time period shown in the flashbacks and it is currently Henry 's graduation night . The adult Henry gives his younger self some advice , which gives him the push he needs to be okay with leaving home . When Henry finds that Regina has been hurt by Gothel , he is able to give her true love 's kiss , which breaks the curse on the entire neighborhood . Alice finds the strength to defeat Gothel , with her father and Robin by her side . At the end of the episode , Weaver pays a visit to Facilier 's office , and their standoff halts when his Wish Realm counterpart suddenly appears and kills Facilier . 154 21 `` Homecoming '' Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 2.26 <Td_colspan="7"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Celebrations over breaking the Dark Curse are cut short when Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin sends Jacinda and Lucy to the Wish Realm , and attempts to blackmail Henry into obtaining the Dark One Dagger for him . Henry , along with Roni , Weaver , and Rogers , enters a portal to the Wish Realm to find his family . Once on the other side , the group has been split , with Henry and Roni sent to the Dark Castle , while Weaver and Rogers are sent to Rumple 's old hovel . Wish Rumple reveals that he has trapped Jacinda and Lucy in a snowglobe that will count down to their deaths by midnight . A desperate Henry obtains the Wish Realm 's version of the Author 's Pen in hopes of freeing them , but it turns out that Wish Rumple was after the pen all along , not the dagger . He then presents it to Wish Henry , who is more than willing to help him rewrite some stories after being left without his mother or grandparents . He is commanded to erase the Guardian 's powers , and Wish Rumple then sends Henry , Weaver , and Rogers into the snowglobe . Roni is left behind , as Wish Henry intends on seeking revenge after their last encounter . Meanwhile , Tilly feels that her father is in danger , and Sabine helps her and Margot obtain a magic bean after regaining her confidence as queen of her people . The two then reveal that they 're making a pit stop to find help before heading to the Wish Realm , and they drive through the portal into Storybrooke . 155 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 2.27 <Td_colspan="7"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alice and Robin arrive in Storybrooke and come across the past version of Zelena . Robin reveals that she 's her daughter from the future and tells her that their family needs help . In the snowglobe , Rumple reveals to Hook that his Wish Realm counterpart had stripped him of his powers and his immortality . Everyone is able to break free when Alice magically delivers Maui 's fish hook . Meanwhile , Wish Henry has Regina captured and sets up a duel to death for them on the next day . Wish Rumple then visits Wish Henry and reveals that his plan is to use portals to trap all of the other characters inside of storybooks , where they are destined for unhappy endings . While she 's locked up , Regina experiences a vision of Robin Hood . When Hook comes to her rescue , he 's attacked by black knights , but Snow and Charming show up and save them both . Weaver uses magic dust to regain limited magic . As Wish Henry and Regina are fighting , the others begin to get sucked into the portals . Ultimately , Regina is able to reason with him and he forfeits , closing off the portals . Hook had grabbed Alice to save her , but their contact leaves his heart in a dire state . Rumple then decides to sacrifice himself , by removing his own heart and placing it inside Hook , destroying Wish Rumple and the Darkness in the process . He is then reunited with Belle in the Afterlife . Regina decides to merge all the realms using a new curse , which brings the united magical universe inside the Storybrooke limits . Some time later , the citizens decide to crown Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest , which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm . Other locations featured in flashbacks are the Edge of Realms , the Wish Realm , New Wonderland , Oz , and Storybrooke itself . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . On March 16 , it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes . This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore ( who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode ) and Sean Maguire , as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher , Victoria Smurfit , Robbie Kay , Beverley Elliott , Lee Arenberg , Keegan Connor Tracy , and Tony Amendola . On March 21 , it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time , along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series . In addition , Raphael Sbarge , David Paul Grove , and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Secret Garden '' March 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.14 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' March 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.22 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 13 `` Knightfall '' March 16 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.38 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' March 23 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.11 0.5 N / A 0.9 N / A 15 `` Sisterhood '' March 30 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' April 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.15 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 17 `` Chosen '' April 13 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.18 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 18 `` The Guardian '' April 20 , 2018 0.4 / 2 2.12 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 19 `` Flower Child '' April 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' May 4 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Homecoming '' May 11 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.26 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Leaving Storybrooke '' May 18 , 2018 0.5 / 3 2.27 0.3 0.89 0.8 3.16 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : A Pirate 's Life ( 10 / 13 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Homecoming '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time just mocked its own complicated story lines '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Bruce ( @ BBinBKK ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` @ LanaParrilla Well , twitter certainly seems to be happy with the episode ! Congrats ! Now , do you want to tell them about # SamuelBRyce , or should I ? Oh , and here 's a BTS pic I 've been hanging on to but could n't share until now . # OnceUponaTime @ OnceABC # DeskSergeant '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 702 ) `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 712 ) `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 714 ) `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dana Horgan ( @ horgandee ) ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Cecelia ( now just TRY not getting the Simon & Garfunkle song stuck in your head for the rest of the day ... :) ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 711 ) `` Secret Garden '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenson , Jane ( @ JaneEspenson ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge Witch is the term that came to my mind '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 713 ) `` Knightfall '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 716 ) `` Breadcrumbs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 717 ) `` Chosen '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 715 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leroux , Kyra ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Had an amazing two days on set working with the lovely Emma Booth ! ! @ emmalovesluna . Tune into ABC or CTV tonight to see my episode of Once Upon A Time ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emily Tennant ( @ emilyjtennant ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Tune into tonight 's episode of # OnceUponaTime ✨ # FlowerChild on ABC at 8 / 7c 🌹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 719 ) `` Flower Child '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire among returning faces for series finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire , JoAnna Garcia and Robbie Kay Among Farewell Run 's 9 Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 721 ) `` Homecoming '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : All the Stars -- Including Jennifer Morrison and Ginnifer Goodwin -- Returning for the Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 722 ) `` Leaving Storybrooke '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Arenberg ( @ leearenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` # TheWildCrew ... it 's been an honor to toe the marks with you fine gents ! ! ! @ FaustinoDiBauda @ RaphaelSbarge @ davidavalon # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Raphael Sbarge ( @ RaphaelSbarge ) ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` You can go home again . # Storybrooke # Pongo # reunited # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Blindspot ' and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' and ' Life Sentence ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time original cast member returning in final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' `` Flower Child '' `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' `` Homecoming '' `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=853580235 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Once Upon a Time season 7 2. Main cast members and storyline changes 3. New Enchanted Forest and Seattle settings 4. Henry Mills and Lucy's quest to break the curse 5. Victoria Belfrey and the revival of Anastasia

who walked out of the 2nd continental congress

John Dickinson - wikipedia John Dickinson For other people named John Dickinson , see John Dickinson ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> John Dickinson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 5th President of Pennsylvania <Td_colspan="2"> In office November 7 , 1782 -- October 18 , 1785 Vice President James Ewing James Irvine Charles Biddle Preceded by William Moore Succeeded by Benjamin Franklin <Th_colspan="2"> President of Delaware <Td_colspan="2"> In office November 13 , 1781 -- January 12 , 1783 Preceded by Caesar Rodney Succeeded by John Cook <Th_colspan="2"> Continental Congressman from Delaware <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 18 , 1779 -- February 10 , 1781 <Th_colspan="2"> Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania <Td_colspan="2"> In office August 2 , 1774 -- November 7 , 1776 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details November 8 , 1732 Talbot County , Province of Maryland , British America February 14 , 1808 ( 1808 - 02 - 14 ) ( aged 75 ) Wilmington , Delaware , U.S. Resting place Friends Burial Ground , Wilmington Political party Democratic - Republican Spouse ( s ) Mary ( Polly ) Norris Residence Kent County , Delaware Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wilmington , Delaware John Dickinson ( November 8 , 1732 -- February 14 , 1808 ) , a Founding Father of the United States , was a solicitor and politician from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and Wilmington , Delaware known as the `` Penman of the Revolution '' for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania , published individually in 1767 and 1768 . As a member of the First Continental Congress , where he was a signee to the Continental Association , Dickinson drafted most of the 1774 Petition to the King , and then , as a member of the Second Continental Congress , wrote the 1775 Olive Branch Petition . When these two attempts to negotiate with King George III of Great Britain failed , Dickinson reworked Thomas Jefferson 's language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms . When Congress then decided to seek independence from Great Britain , Dickinson served on the committee that wrote the Model Treaty , and then wrote the first draft of the 1776 -- 1777 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . Dickinson later served as President of the 1786 Annapolis Convention , which called for the Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Dickinson attended the Convention as a delegate from Delaware . He also wrote `` The Liberty Song '' in 1768 , was a militia officer during the American Revolution , President of Delaware , President of Pennsylvania , and was among the wealthiest men in the British American colonies . Upon Dickinson 's death , President Thomas Jefferson recognized him as being `` Among the first of the advocates for the rights of his country when assailed by Great Britain whose `` name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution . '' '' Together with his wife , Mary Norris Dickinson , he is the namesake of Dickinson College ( originally John and Mary 's College ) , as well as of the Dickinson School of Law of Pennsylvania State University and the University of Delaware 's Dickinson Complex . John Dickinson High School was opened / dedicated in 1959 as part of the public schools in northern Delaware . Contents 1 Family history 2 Early life and family 3 Continental Congress 4 Return to Poplar Hall 5 Drafting of the Articles of Confederation 6 President of Delaware 7 President of Pennsylvania 8 John and Mary 's College 9 United States Constitution 10 Death and legacy 11 Almanac 12 In popular culture 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 External links Family History ( edit ) Coat of Arms of John Dickinson Dickinson was born at Croisadore , his family 's tobacco plantation near the village of Trappe in Talbot County , Province of Maryland . He was the great - grandson of Walter Dickinson who emigrated from England to Virginia in 1654 and , having joined the Society of Friends , came with several co-religionists to Talbot County on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in 1659 . There , with 400 acres ( 1.6 km ) on the banks of the Choptank River , Walter began a plantation , Croisadore , meaning `` cross of gold . '' Walter also bought 800 acres ( 3.2 km ) on St. Jones Neck in what became Kent County , Delaware . Croisadore passed through Walter 's son , William , to his grandson , Samuel , the father of John Dickinson . Each generation increased the landholdings , so that Samuel inherited 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) on five farms in three Maryland counties and over his lifetime increased that to 9,000 acres ( 3,600 ha ) . He also bought the Kent County property from his cousin and expanded it to about 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) , stretching along the St. Jones River from Dover to the Delaware Bay . There he began another plantation and called it Poplar Hall . These plantations were large , profitable agricultural enterprises worked by slave labor , until 1777 when John Dickinson freed the enslaved of Poplar Hall . Samuel Dickinson first married Judith Troth ( 1689 -- 1729 ) on April 11 , 1710 . They had nine children ; William , Walter , Samuel , Elizabeth , Henry , Elizabeth `` Betsy , '' Rebecca , and Rachel . The three eldest sons died of smallpox while in London seeking their education . Widowed , with two young children , Henry and Betsy , Samuel married Mary Cadwalader in 1731 . She was the daughter of Martha Jones ( granddaughter of Dr. Thomas Wynne ) and the prominent Quaker John Cadwalader who was also grandfather of General John Cadwalader of Philadelphia . Their sons , John , Thomas , and Philemon were born in the next few years . For three generations the Dickinson family had been members of the Third Haven Friends Meeting in Talbot County and the Cadwaladers were members of the Meeting in Philadelphia . But in 1739 , John Dickinson 's half - sister , Betsy , was married in an Anglican church to Charles Goldsborough in what was called a `` disorderly marriage '' by the Meeting . The couple would be the grandparents of Maryland governor Charles Goldsborough . Leaving Croisadore to elder son Henry Dickinson , Samuel moved to Poplar Hall , where he had already taken a leading role in the community as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Kent County . The move also placed Mary nearer her Philadelphia relations . Poplar Hall was situated on a now - straightened bend of the St. Jones River . There was plenty of activity delivering the necessities , and shipping the agricultural products produced . Much of this product was wheat that along with other wheat from the region , was milled into a `` superfine '' flour . Most people at this plantation were servants and slaves of the Dickinsons . Early life and family ( edit ) Dickinson was educated at home , by his parents and by recent immigrants employed for that purpose . Among them was the Presbyterian minister Francis Alison , who later established New London Academy in Chester County , Pennsylvania . Most important was his tutor , William Killen , who became a lifelong friend and who later became Delaware 's first Chief Justice and Chancellor . Dickinson was precocious and energetic , and in spite of his love of Poplar Hall and his family , was drawn to Philadelphia . At 18 he began studying the law under John Moland in Philadelphia . There he made friends with fellow students George Read and Samuel Wharton , among others . By 1753 , John went to London for three years of study at the Middle Temple . He spent those years studying the works of Edward Coke and Francis Bacon at the Inns of Court , following in the footsteps of his lifelong friend , Pennsylvania Attorney General Benjamin Chew , and in 1757 was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar beginning his career as barrister and solicitor . In protest to the Townshend Acts , Dickinson published Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania . First published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle , Dickinson 's letters were re-printed by numerous other newspapers and became one of the most influential American political documents prior to the American Revolution . Dickinson argued that Parliament had the right to regulate commerce , but lacked the right to levy duties for revenue . Dickinson further warned that if the colonies acquiesced to the Townshend Acts , Parliament would lay further taxes on the colonies in the future . On July 19 , 1770 , Dickinson married Mary Norris , known as Polly , a prominent and well educated thirty - year - old woman in Philadelphia with a substantial holding of real estate and personal property ( including a 1500 volume library , one of the largest in the colonies at the time ) who had been operating her family 's estate , Fair Hill , for a number of years by herself or with her sister . She was the daughter of a wealthy Philadelphia Quaker , and Speaker of the Pennsylvania General Assembly , Isaac Norris and Sarah Logan , the daughter of James Logan , both deceased . She was also cousin to the Quaker poet Hannah Griffitts . Dickinson and Norris had five children , but only two survived to adulthood : Sarah Norris `` Sally '' Dickinson and Maria Mary Dickinson . Dickinson never formally joined the Quaker Meeting , because , as he explained , he believed in the `` lawfulness of defensive war '' . He and Norris were married in a civil ceremony . In Philadelphia , he lived at his wife 's property , Fair Hill , near Germantown , which they modernized through their combined wealth . Meanwhile , he built an elegant mansion on Chestnut Street but never lived there as it was confiscated and turned into a hospital during his 1776 -- 77 absence in Delaware . It then became the residence of the French ambassador and still later the home of his brother , Philemon Dickinson . Fair Hill was burned by the British during the Battle of Germantown . While in Philadelphia as State President , he lived at the confiscated mansion of Joseph Galloway at Sixth and Market Streets , now established as the State Presidential mansion . Dickinson lived at Poplar Hall , for extended periods only in 1776 -- 77 and 1781 -- 82 . In August 1781 it was sacked by Loyalists and was badly burned in 1804 . This home is now owned by the State of Delaware and is open to the public . After his service as President of Pennsylvania , he returned to live in Wilmington , Delaware in 1785 and built a mansion at the northwest corner of 8th and Market Streets . Continental Congress ( edit ) Dickinson was one of Pennsylvania delegates to the First Continental Congress in 1774 and the Second Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776 . In support of the cause , he continued to contribute declarations in the name of the Congress . Dickinson wrote the Olive Branch Petition as the Second Continental Congress ' last attempt for peace with Britain ( King George III did not even read the petition ) . But through it all , agreeing with New Castle County 's George Read and many others in Philadelphia and the Lower Counties , Dickinson 's object was reconciliation , not independence and revolution . He was a proud devotee of the British Constitution and felt the dispute was with Parliament only . When the Continental Congress began the debate on the Declaration of Independence on July 1 , 1776 , Dickinson reiterated his opposition to declaring independence at that time . Dickinson believed that Congress should complete the Articles of Confederation and secure a foreign alliance before issuing a declaration . Dickinson also objected to violence as a means for resolving the dispute . He abstained or absented himself from the votes on July 2 that declared independence and absented himself again from voting on the wording of the formal Declaration on July 4 . Dickinson understood the implications of his refusal to vote stating , `` My conduct this day , I expect will give the finishing blow to my once too great and , my integrity considered , now too diminished popularity . '' Dickinson refused to sign the Declaration and since a proposal had been brought forth and carried that stated , `` for our mutual security and protection , '' no man could remain in Congress without signing , Dickinson voluntarily left and joined the Pennsylvania militia . John Adams , a fierce advocate for independence and Dickinson 's adversary on the floor of Congress , remarked , `` Mr. Dickinson 's alacrity and spirit certainly become his character and sets a fine example . '' Following the Declaration of Independence , Dickinson was given the rank of brigadier general in the Pennsylvania militia , known as the Associators . He led 10,000 soldiers to Elizabeth , New Jersey , to protect that area against British attack from Staten Island . But because of his unpopular opinion on independence , two junior officers were promoted above him . Return to Poplar Hall ( edit ) Dickinson resigned his commission in December 1776 and went to stay at Poplar Hall in Kent County . While there he learned that his home on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia had been confiscated and converted into a hospital . He stayed at Poplar Hall for more than two years . The Delaware General Assembly tried to appoint him as their delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777 , but he refused . In August 1777 he served as a private with the Kent county Militia at Middletown , Delaware under General Caesar Rodney to help delay General William Howe 's march to Philadelphia . In October 1777 , Dickinson 's friend , Thomas McKean , appointed him Brigadier General of the Delaware Militia , but again Dickinson declined the appointment . Shortly afterwards he learned that the British had burned down his and his wife 's Fairhill property during the Battle of Germantown . These years were not without accomplishment however . In 1777 , Dickinson , Delaware 's wealthiest farmer and largest slaveholder , decided to free his slaves . While Kent County was not a large slave - holding area , like farther south in Virginia , and even though Dickinson had only 37 slaves , this was an action of some considerable courage . Undoubtedly , the strongly abolitionist Quaker influences around them had their effect , and the action was all the easier because his farm had moved away from tobacco to the less labor - intensive crops like wheat and barley . Furthermore , manumission was a multi-year process and many of the workers remained obligated to service for a considerable additional time . Dickinson was the only founding father to free his slaves in the period between 1776 and 1786 . Benjamin Franklin had freed his slaves by 1770 . Drafting of the articles of Confederation ( edit ) Dickinson prepared the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 , after others had ratified the Declaration of Independence over his objection that it would lead to violence , and to follow through on his view that the colonies would need a governing document to survive war against them . At the time he chaired the committee charged with drafting the Articles Dickinson was serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania . The Articles he drafted are based around a concept of `` person '' , not `` man '' as was used in the Declaration of Independence , although they do refer to `` men '' in the context of armies . President of Delaware ( edit ) Dickinson as President of Delaware On January 18 , 1779 , Dickinson was appointed to be a delegate for Delaware to the Continental Congress . During this term he signed the Articles of Confederation , having in 1776 authored their first draft while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania . In August 1781 , while still a delegate in Philadelphia he learned that Poplar Hall had been severely damaged by a Loyalist raid . Dickinson returned to the property to investigate the damage and once again stayed for several months . While there , in October 1781 , Dickinson was elected to represent Kent County in the State Senate , and shortly afterwards the Delaware General Assembly elected him the president of Delaware . The General Assembly 's vote was nearly unanimous , the only dissenting vote having been cast by Dickinson himself . Dickinson took office on November 13 , 1781 and served until November 7 , 1782 . Beginning his term with a `` Proclamation against Vice and Immorality , '' he sought ways to bring an end to the disorder of the days of the Revolution . It was a popular position and enhanced his reputation both in Delaware and Pennsylvania . Dickinson then successfully challenged the Delaware General Assembly to address lagging militia enlistments and to properly fund the state 's assessment to the Confederation government . And recognizing the delicate negotiations then underway to end the American Revolution , Dickinson secured the Assembly 's continued endorsement of the French alliance , with no agreement on a separate peace treaty with Great Britain . He also introduced the first census . However , as before , the lure of Pennsylvania politics was too great . On October 10 , 1782 , Dickinson was elected to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania . On November 7 , 1782 a joint ballot by the Council and the Pennsylvania General Assembly elected him as president of the Council and thereby President of Pennsylvania . But he did not actually resign as State President of Delaware . Even though Pennsylvania and Delaware had shared the same governor until very recently , attitudes had changed , and many in Delaware were upset at seemingly being cast aside so readily , particularly after the Philadelphia newspapers began criticizing the state for allowing the practice of multiple and non resident office holding . Dickinson 's constitutional successor , John Cook , was considered too weak in his support of the Revolution , and it was not until January 12 , 1783 , when Cook called for a new election to choose a replacement , that Dickinson formally resigned . <Th_colspan="12"> Delaware General Assembly ( sessions while President ) Year Assembly Senate Majority Speaker House Majority Speaker 1781 / 82 6th non-partisan Thomas Collins non-partisan Simon Kollock 1782 / 83 7th non-partisan Thomas Collins non-partisan Nicholas Van Dyke President of Pennsylvania ( edit ) When the American Revolution began , Dickinson fairly represented the center of Pennsylvania politics . The old Proprietary and Popular parties divided equally in thirds over the issue of independence , as Loyalists , Moderate Whigs who later became Federalists , and Radicals or Constitutionalists . The old Pennsylvania General Assembly was dominated by the Loyalists and Moderates and , like Dickinson , did little to support the burgeoning Revolution or independence , except protest . The Radicals took matters into their own hands , using irregular means to write the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , which by law excluded from the franchise anyone who would not swear loyalty to the document or the Christian Holy Trinity . In this way all Loyalists , Moderate Whigs , and Quakers were kept out of government . This peremptory action seemed appropriate to many during the crises of 1777 and 1778 , but less so in the later years of the Revolution , and the Moderate Whigs gradually became the majority . Dickinson 's election to the Supreme Executive Council was the beginning of a counterrevolution against the Constitutionalists . He was elected President of Pennsylvania on November 7 , 1782 , garnering 41 votes to James Potter 's 32 . As president he presided over the intentionally weak executive authority of the state , and was its chief officer , but always required the agreement of a majority to act . He was re-elected twice and served the constitutional maximum of three years ; his election on November 6 , 1783 was unanimous . On November 6 , 1784 he defeated John Neville , who also lost the election for Vice-President the same day . Working with only the smallest of majorities in the General Assembly in his first two years and with the Constitutionalists in the majority in his last year , all issues were contentious . At first he endured withering attacks from his opponents for his alleged failure to fully support the new government in large and small ways . He responded ably and survived the attacks . He managed to settle quickly the old boundary dispute with Virginia in southwestern Pennsylvania , but was never able to satisfactorily disentangle disputed titles in the Wyoming Valley resulting from prior claims of Connecticut to those lands . An exhausted Dickinson left office October 18 , 1785 . On that day a special election was held in which Benjamin Franklin was unanimously elected to serve the ten days left in Dickinson 's term . Perhaps the most significant decision of his term was his patient , peaceful management of the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 . This was a violent protest of Pennsylvania veterans who marched on the Continental Congress demanding their pay before being discharged from the army . Somewhat sympathizing with their case , Dickinson refused Congress 's request to bring full military action against them , causing Congress to vote to remove themselves to Princeton , New Jersey . And when the new Congress agreed to return in 1790 , it was to be for only 10 years , until a permanent capital was found elsewhere . <Th_colspan="12"> Pennsylvania General Assembly ( sessions while President ) Year Assembly Majority Speaker 1782 / 83 7th Republican Frederick A.C. Muhlenberg 1783 / 84 8th Republican George Gray 1784 / 85 9th Constitutional John Bubenheim Bayard John and Mary 's College ( edit ) In 1784 , Dickinson and Mary Norris Dickinson bequeathed much of their combined library to John and Mary 's College , named in their honor by its founder Benjamin Rush and later renamed Dickinson College . The Dickinsons also donated 500 acres ( 2 km2 ) in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , land originally inherited and managed by Mary Norris , to the new college . United States Constitution ( edit ) The Signing of the Constitution of the United States . After his service in Pennsylvania , Dickinson returned to Delaware , and lived in Wilmington . He was quickly appointed to represent Delaware at the Annapolis Convention , where he served as its president . In 1787 , Delaware sent him as one of its delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 , along with Gunning Bedford , Jr. , Richard Bassett , George Read , and Jacob Broom . There , he supported the effort to create a strong central government but only after the Great Compromise assured that each state , regardless of size , would have an equal vote in the future United States Senate . As he had done with the Articles , he also carefully drafted it with the term `` Person '' rather than `` Man '' as was used in the Declaration of Independence . He prepared initial drafts of the First Amendment . Following the Convention he promoted the resulting Constitution in a series of nine essays , written under the pen name Fabius . In 1791 , Delaware convened a convention to revise its existing Constitution , which had been hastily drafted in 1776 . Dickinson was elected president of this convention , and although he resigned the chair after most of the work was complete , he remained highly influential in the content of the final document . Major changes included the establishment of a separate Chancery Court and the expansion of the franchise to include all taxpayers , except blacks and women . Dickinson remained neutral in an attempt to include a prohibition of slavery in the document , believing the General Assembly was the proper place to decide that issue . The new Constitution was approved June 12 , 1792 . Dickinson himself had freed his slaves conditionally in 1776 and fully by 1787 . Once more Dickinson was returned to the State Senate for the 1793 session , but served for just one year before resigning due to his declining health . In his final years , he worked to further the abolition movement , and donated a considerable amount of his wealth to the `` relief of the unhappy '' . In 1801 , Dickinson published two volumes of his collected works on politics . Death and legacy ( edit ) Dickinson died at Wilmington , Delaware and was buried in the Friends Burial Ground . In an original copy of a letter discovered November 2009 from Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Bringhurst , caretaker of Dickinson in his later years , Jefferson responded to news of Dickinson 's death : `` A more estimable man , or truer patriot , could not have left us . Among the first of the advocates for the rights of his country when assailed by Great Britain , he continued to the last the orthodox advocate of the true principles of our new government and his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution . '' He shares with Thomas McKean the distinction of serving as Chief Executive of both Delaware and Pennsylvania after the Declaration of Independence . Dickinson College and Dickinson School of Law ( now of the Pennsylvania State University ) , separate institutions each operating a campus located in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , on land inherited and managed by his wife Mary Norris , were named for them . Dickinson College was originally named `` John and Mary 's College '' but was renamed to avoid an implication of royalty by confusion with `` William and Mary . '' And along with his Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania , Dickinson also authored The Liberty Song . Dickinson Street in Madison , Wisconsin is named in his honor , as is John Dickinson High School in Milltown , Delaware , and Dickinson Hall at the University of Delaware . Almanac ( edit ) Delaware elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday . The State Legislative Council was created in 1776 and its Legislative Councilmen had a three - year term . Beginning in 1792 it was renamed the State Senate . State Assemblymen had a one - year term . The whole General Assembly chose the State President for a three - year term . Pennsylvania elections were held in October as well . Assemblymen had a one - year term . The Pennsylvania Supreme Executive Council was created in 1776 , and counsellors were popularly elected for three - year terms . A joint ballot of the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the Council chose the president from among the twelve counsellors for a one - year term . Both assemblies chose the Continental Congressmen for a one - year term as well as the delegates to the U.S. Constitution Convention . <Th_colspan="8"> Public Offices Office State Type Location Began office Ended office notes Assemblyman Lower Counties Legislature New Castle October 20 , 1759 October 20 , 1760 Assemblyman Lower Counties Legislature New Castle October 20 , 1760 October 20 , 1761 Assemblyman Pennsylvania Legislature Philadelphia October 1762 October 1763 Assemblyman Pennsylvania Legislature Philadelphia October 1763 October 1764 Delegate Pennsylvania Legislature New York October 7 , 1765 October 19 , 1765 Stamp Act Congress Delegate Pennsylvania Legislature Philadelphia August 2 , 1774 October 26 , 1774 Continental Congress Delegate Pennsylvania Legislature Philadelphia March 16 , 1775 October 21 , 1775 Continental Congress Delegate Pennsylvania Legislature Philadelphia October 21 , 1775 November 7 , 1776 Continental Congress Delegate Delaware Legislature Philadelphia January 18 , 1779 December 22 , 1779 Continental Congress Delegate Delaware Legislature Philadelphia December 22 , 1779 February 10 , 1781 Continental Congress Councilman Delaware Legislature Dover October 20 , 1781 November 13 , 1781 State President Delaware Executive Dover November 13 , 1781 November 7 , 1782 Executive Council State President Pennsylvania Executive Philadelphia November 4 , 1782 October 18 , 1785 Delegate Delaware Convention Philadelphia May 14 , 1787 September 17 , 1787 U.S. Constitution Delegate Delaware Convention Dover November 29 , 1791 June 12 , 1792 State Constitution State Senator Delaware Legislature Dover January 6 , 1793 January 6 , 1794 <Th_colspan="7"> Delaware General Assembly service Dates Assembly Chamber Majority Governor Committees District 1781 / 82 6th State House non-partisan Caesar Rodney Kent at - large 1793 17th State Senate Republican Joshua Clayton New Castle at - large In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dickinson is a prominent character in the musical drama 1776 , billed third after the parts of Adams and Franklin . He was originally portrayed on stage by Paul Hecht , and in the 1972 film adaptation by Donald Madden . Michael Cumpsty portrayed him in the 1997 revival . His portrayal in this musical differs substantially from reality : instead of abstaining from voting and debating , he acts as John Adams ' primary antagonist in the debates over independence , to the point where the two men come to blows . His motivation in the musical is to convince the delegates to come to peace terms with Britain , rather than to seek reforms through civil disobedience and other nonviolent measures and for the colonies to mature before seeking independence . Also his wife Mary Norris does not appear in the musical at all , despite being present in Philadelphia at the time , whereas Abigail Adams and Martha Jefferson are heavily depicted , despite being in Boston and Virginia , respectively , at the time . In Part II of the 2008 HBO series John Adams , based on the book by David McCullough , the part of Dickinson is played by Zeljko Ivanek . As portrayed in the 2015 miniseries Sons of Liberty Dickinson is shown continually speaking out against prematurely fighting the British and voting on the idea of a Declaration of Independence . He suggests a request first be made from the Continental Congress to the King of England , in the form of the Olive Branch Petition . The program gives no indication that Dickinson would author the petition . As the Congress votes on independence , the miniseries portrays Dickinson getting up and leaving the room without explanation , and no summary was given of his overall contributions to the American Revolution or what would become of him later . Dickinson was honored with a brief mention in season 7 , episode 4 of South Park , `` I 'm a Little Bit Country '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : These are Gregorian calendar dates . They are November 2 or 4 in the Julian calendar . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UD Library discovers Thomas Jefferson letter '' . University of Delaware . December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Various sources indicate a birth date of November 8 , November 12 or November 13 , but his most recent biographer , Flower , offers November 2 without dispute . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration : `` America 's Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention . '' Jump up ^ The Duke of York Record 1646 -- 1679 , Printed by order of the General Assembly of the State of Delaware , 1899 Jump up ^ `` John Dickinson : timeline '' . Historyhome.co.uk . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History - University of Delaware '' . www.udel.edu . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution 1763 - 1789 . Oxford University Press . pp. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Stillé , Charles Janeway , The Life and Times of John Dickinson. 1732 -- 1808 ( Philadelphia , 1891 ) . Jump up ^ Flower , Milton Embick ( 1983 ) . John Dickinson : Conservative Revolutionary . University of Virginia Press . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 0966 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2011 ) . Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free . New York , NY : Bloomsbury Press . p. 132 . ISBN 9781608193974 . Jump up ^ John Dickinson Plantation . State of Delaware , Department of State , Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs . Accessed 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith 1962 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Jane E. `` John Dickinson Writings Project '' . University of Kentucky : The John Dickinson Writings Project . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union ; July 12 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project of Yale Law School . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bushman , Claudia L. ; Hancock , Harold Bell ; Homsey , Elizabeth Moyne ( 1988 ) . Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware State , 1781 -- 1792 , and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792 . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 309 - 7 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenney , Janice E. ( 2012 ) . Women of the Constitution : Wives of the Signers . Jump up ^ `` The Books of Isaac Norris at Dickinson College '' . The Dickinson Electronic Initiative in the Liberal Arts . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , L.H. ( 1948 ) . Benjamin Rush and the Beginning of John and Mary 's College Over the Susquehanna . Oxford Journals : Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . p. 427 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Eugene and Gorton Carruth . The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1982 . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503186 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Student finds letter ' a link to Jefferson ' '' . CNN.com . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Wisconsin Archives '' . Wisconsinhistory.org . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Calvert , Jane E. ( July 2007 ) . `` Liberty Without Tumult : Understanding the Politics of John Dickinson '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . Philadelphia : Historical Society of Pennsylvania . CXXXI ( 3 ) : 233 -- 62 . -- -- ( 2008 ) . Quaker Constitutionalism and the Political Thought of John Dickinson . Cambridge , England , and New York : Cambridge University Press . Conrad , Henry C. ( 1908 ) . History of the State of Delaware . Lancaster , Pennsylvania : Wickersham Company . Flower , Milton E. ( 1983 ) . John Dickinson -- Conservative Revolutionary . Charlottesville , Virginia : University Press of Virginia . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0966 - X . Hoffecker , Carol E. ( 2004 ) . Democracy in Delaware . Wilmington , Delaware : Cedar Tree Books . ISBN 1 - 892142 - 23 - 6 . Martin , Roger A. ( 1984 ) . History of Delaware Through its Governors . Wilmington , Delaware : McClafferty Press . -- -- ( 1995 ) . Memoirs of the Senate . Newark , Delaware : Roger A. Martin . Munroe , John A. ( 1954 ) . Federalist Delaware 1775 -- 1815 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University . -- -- ( 2004 ) . Philadelawareans . Newark , Delaware : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 872 - 8 . Racino , John W. ( 1980 ) . Biographical Directory of American and Revolutionary Governors 1607 -- 1789 . Westport , CT : Meckler Books . ISBN 0 - 930466 - 00 - 4 . Rodney , Richard S. ( 1975 ) . Collected Essays on Early Delaware . Wilmington , Delaware : Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Delaware . Richards , Robert Haven ( 1901 ) . The life and character of John Dickinson . Wilmington : The Historical society of Delaware . Scharf , John Thomas ( 1888 ) . History of Delaware 1609 -- 1888 . 2 vols . Philadelphia : L.J. Richards & Co . Smith , Page ( 1962 ) . John Adams . Volume I , 1735 -- 1784 . New York , NY : Doubleday & Company , Inc . Stillé , Charles J. ( 1891 ) . The life and times of John Dickinson . Ward , Christopher L. ( 1941 ) . Delaware Continentals , 1776 -- 1783 . Wilmington , DE : Historical Society of Delaware . ISBN 0 - 924117 - 21 - 4 . Bushman , Claudia L. ; Hancock , Harold Bell ; Homsey , Elizabeth Moyne ( 1988 ) . Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware State , 1781 -- 1792 , and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792 . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 309 - 7 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Dickinson ( politician ) . Wikisource has original works written by or about : John Dickinson Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Dickinson Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Delaware 's Governors Delmarva Heritage Series Revolution to Reconstruction Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution University of Pennsylvania Archives ExplorePAHistory.com The R.R. Logan Collection of John Dickinson Papers are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Works by or about John Dickinson at Internet Archive Works by John Dickinson at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) More information Delaware Historical Society -- website University of Delaware -- Library website Historical Society of Pennsylvania -- website John Dickinson Plantation -- website Wilmington Quaker Meeting House ( burial site ) <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices Preceded by Caesar Rodney President of Delaware 1781 -- 1783 Succeeded by John Cook Preceded by William Moore President of Pennsylvania November 7 , 1782 -- October 18 , 1785 Succeeded by Benjamin Franklin <Th_colspan="2"> John Dickinson <Td_colspan="2"> 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots <Th_colspan="2"> Historical documents of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Constitution <Td_colspan="2"> Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Declaration of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton Related Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand Signers Memorial American Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Related Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Continental Association <Td_colspan="2"> Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge Related Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress <Th_colspan="2"> Signers of the Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott <Th_colspan="3"> Signatories of the United States Constitution Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson <Th_colspan="3"> Governors and Presidents of Pennsylvania Presidents ( 1777 -- 90 ) Wharton Bryan Reed Moore Dickinson Franklin Mifflin Governors ( since 1790 ) Mifflin McKean Snyder Findlay Hiester Shulze G. Wolf Ritner Porter Shunk Johnston Bigler Pollock Packer Curtin Geary Hartranft Hoyt Pattison Beaver Pattison Hastings Stone Pennypacker Stuart Tener Brumbaugh Sproul Pinchot Fisher Pinchot Earle James Martin Bell Duff Fine Leader Lawrence Scranton Shafer Shapp Thornburgh Casey Ridge Schweiker Rendell Corbett T. Wolf <Th_colspan="3"> Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Delaware Governors McKinly McKean Read Caesar Rodney Dickinson Cook Van Dyke T. Collins Davis Clayton Bedford Rogers Bassett Sykes D. Hall Mitchell Truitt Haslet D. Rodney Clark Molleston Stout J. Collins Caleb Rodney Haslet Thomas Paynter Polk Hazzard Bennett Polk Comegys Cooper Stockton Maull Temple Tharp Ross Causey Burton Cannon Saulsbury Ponder Cochran J. Hall Stockley Biggs Reynolds Marvil Watson Tunnell Hunn Lea Pennewill Miller Townsend Denney Robinson Buck McMullen Bacon Carvel Boggs Buckson Carvel Terry Peterson Tribbitt du Pont Castle Wolf Carper Minner Markell Carney Lieutenant Governors Cannon Parker Mendinhall Ferguson Eliason Bush Anderson Hazel Corley Cooch MacCollum Carvel Bayard Rollins Buckson Lammot Tribbitt Bookhammer McGinnis Castle Woo Wolf Minner Carney Denn Hall - Long WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 14065639 BNE : XX4664929 BNF : cb161759516 ( data ) GND : 137908261 ISNI : 0000 0001 2209 750X LCCN : n50027268 NARA : 10582215 NLA : 35035487 SNAC : w6j39202 SUDOC : 130930318 US Congress : D000321 VIAF : 28316376 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Dickinson&oldid=862188236 '' Categories : 1732 births 1808 deaths American Quakers Continental Congressmen from Delaware Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania 18th - century American politicians Delaware Democratic - Republicans Delaware lawyers Delaware state senators Governors of Delaware Governors of Pennsylvania Members of the Middle Temple Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Militia generals in the American Revolution Pennsylvania lawyers Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution People from Wilmington , Delaware People of colonial Delaware People of Delaware in the American Revolution People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation Signers of the United States Constitution American slave owners Burials at Friends Burial Ground ( Wilmington , Delaware ) Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from March 2013 All articles with incomplete citations Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with USCongress identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. John Dickinson - Founding Father of the United States 2. Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 3. Continental Congress and Declaration of Independence 4. President of Delaware and Pennsylvania 5. Dickinson College and Dickinson School of Law

who plays the mom in the sweet life of zack and cody

Alyson Stoner - wikipedia Alyson Stoner This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Alyson Stoner <Td_colspan="2"> Alyson Stoner in 2008 Alyson Rae Stoner ( 1993 - 08 - 11 ) August 11 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Toledo , Ohio , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress singer dancer model Years active 2001 -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Musical career Genres Pop R&B Instruments Vocals <Td_colspan="2"> Alyson Rae Stoner ( born August 11 , 1993 ) is an American actress , singer , dancer and model . Stoner is best known for her roles in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2007 ) and the Step Up series ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) . She has been a dancer for several artists , such as Missy Elliott , Eminem , Kumbia Kings , Outkast and Will Smith . Stoner is also known for hosting Disney Channel 's Mike 's Super Short Show ( 2001 -- 2007 ) and for voicing Isabella Garcia - Shapiro in Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other ventures 3.1 Dancing 3.2 Publishing 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Web 4.4 Video games 5 Discography 5.1 Extended plays 5.2 Singles 5.3 Featured singles 5.4 Promotional singles 5.5 Other appearances 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Stoner was born in Toledo , Ohio , the daughter of LuAnne Hodges ( née Adams ) , a former executive secretary at Owens - Illinois , and Charlie Stoner . While growing up in Toledo , Stoner attended Maumee Valley Country Day School and studied ballet , tap dance , and jazz dance at the O'Connell's Dance Studio . She also modeled and trained at the Margaret O'Brien Modeling Studio . She won Best Model of the Year at the International Modeling and Talent Association Convention in New York City under O'Brien's studio in 2000 . Career ( edit ) In 2001 , Stoner became the co-host of the Disney Channel Mike 's Super Short Show along with Michael Alan Johnson , an infomercial segment regarding forthcoming Disney releases . In 2003 and 2005 , she appeared as Sarah , one of the twelve Baker children , in the successful comedies Cheaper by the Dozen and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 . She has also appeared in several television shows aimed at the preteen market , including The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , That 's So Raven and Drake & Josh . In 2006 , she had a small film role in Step Up as Camille , Channing Tatum 's character 's younger sister . She provided the voice of Isabella Garcia - Shapiro and Jenny ( until Season 4 ) in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb from 2007 - 2015 , and personally came up with Isabella 's catchphrase `` Whatcha doin ' ? '' . In 2008 , she starred in the Disney Channel Original movie Camp Rock as Caitlyn Gellar , an aspiring music producer . Her reception in Camp Rock was particularly strong , with various media outlets suggesting it was about time she played a main character role having backed up for other big names such as Will Smith and Eminem . Stoner starred as Alice McKinley in the movie Alice Upside Down , based loosely on the Alice series , particularly The Agony of Alice by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor . This was her second starring role and , according to an interview that appears on the direct - to - DVD release , she states that this was the first time she has had to appear in every scene in a movie . In 2008 , she sang two songs , `` Lost and Found '' and `` Free Spirit '' , from the soundtrack of the movie Alice Upside Down , in which she plays the lead role . She has also recorded a cover version of the song Dancing in the Moonlight for the 2009 Disney DVD / Blu - ray movie , Space Buddies . In 2010 , Stoner appeared in the third Step Up film Step Up 3D opposite Adam Sevani where she reprised the role . Stoner uploaded a video onto her official YouTube page of her final dance rehearsal which introduced other cast members . The same year , Stoner returned to reprise her role as Caitlyn Gellar in Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam , a sequel to Camp Rock . Stoner also guest - starred in the television drama series House as a skater . In 2011 Stoner started working with record producers , songwriters and a vocal coach to change her vocal style from `` kiddie - pop '' to a more soulful pop vibe with a little alternative edge for her first studio album . On April 4 , 2010 Stoner posted a video to her YouTube Channel announcing the release of her debut single , `` Flying Forward '' on April 20 , 2010 . Stoner released her debut EP entitled Beat the System in 2011 . She also appeared in Wii Fit related videos on the Nintendo Channel on the Wii video game console demonstrating balance exercises . She also replaced Hayden Panettiere as the voice of Kairi in Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories and Xion in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . She voiced the character Opal in seasons three and four of The Legend of Korra . Other ventures ( edit ) Dancing ( edit ) After choreography training in Los Angeles , Stoner appeared as a background dancer in several music videos , notably Missy Elliott 's `` Work It '' , `` Gossip Folks '' , `` I 'm Really Hot '' , Eminem 's `` Just Lose It '' , and `` No Tengo Dinero '' by the Kumbia Kings . She has also been a back - up dancer for OutKast at the 2004 Kids ' Choice Awards and for Will Smith at the 2005 show . Stoner danced with a dancing group called the JammXKids between 2003 and 2006 . She quit the group in early 2006 due to scheduling conflicts , but continues to work with the individual kids on different jobs . She was also one of the dancers in the special features for the Shark Tale DVD . Stoner teaches hip hop classes at the Millennium Dance Complex , and is credited as the youngest person to teach a master class there . She also recently appeared in Debby Ryan 's `` We Got the Beat '' for Disney Channel 's Radio Rebel . In February 2015 , she released a dance tribute video to Missy Elliot featuring a mash up medley of Missy Elliot videos she had danced in when she was younger . Within the first week , it received more than 12 million views . Publishing ( edit ) Stoner is the `` dance editor '' for KEWL Magazine . In February 2009 , Stoner released the Alyson Stoner Project described as `` a dance video hybrid -- melding many styles of entertainment into one package '' . It was directed by Kevin Schmidt , her co-star from Cheaper by the Dozen . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Cheaper by the Dozen Sarah Baker Garfield Kid Rat 3 Voice role 2005 Cheaper by the Dozen 2 Sarah Baker 2006 Step Up Camille Gage 2006 Holly Hobbie and Friends : Surprise Party Holly Hobbie Voice role 2006 Holly Hobbie and Friends : Christmas Wishes Holly Hobbie Voice role 2007 Holly Hobbie and Friends : Secret Adventures Holly Hobbie Voice role 2007 Holly Hobbie and Friends : Best Friends Forever Holly Hobbie Voice role 2007 Alice Upside Down Alice McKinley 2009 The Alyson Stoner Project Herself Direct - to - video Kung Fu Magoo Lorelei Tan Gu Voice role Step Up 3D Camille Gage 2011 The Little Engine That Could The Little Engine Voice role 2011 A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song Back Up Dancer Direct - to - video ; uncredited 2013 Super Buddies Strawberry Voice role 2014 Step Up : All In Camille Gage 2015 Hoovey Jen Elliott 2015 The A-List Lacey Parish 2015 Summer Forever Liv 2015 Huevos : Little Rooster 's Egg - cellent Adventure Sweet Pea Voice role 2016 Mr. Invincible Talullah Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 2007 Mike 's Super Short Show Sally Main role ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) ; recurring role ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) I 'm with Her Dylan Cassidy Episode : `` The Kid Stays in the Picture '' Drake & Josh Wendy Episode : `` Number One Fan '' The Batman Connie Voice role ; episode : `` The Man Who Would Be Bat '' ; uncredited 2004 -- 2006 Lilo & Stitch : The Series Victoria Voice role ; recurring role 2005 That 's So Raven Allison `` Ally '' Parker Episode : `` Goin ' Hollywood '' 2005 -- 2007 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Max Recurring role 2006 Joey Kaley Episode : `` Joey and the Critic '' 2006 All Grown Up ! Lisa Voice role ; episode : `` Rachel , Rachel '' 2006 W.I.T.C.H. Lillian Hale Voice role ; recurring role 2007 Disney 's Really Short Report Herself Episode : `` Bridge to Terabithia '' 2007 -- 2015 Phineas and Ferb Isabella Garcia - Shapiro / Jenny Brown Voice role ; main role ( as Isabella ) ; recurring role ( as Jenny ) 2008 Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream Herself Episode : `` Hello Hollywood '' 2008 Camp Rock Caitlyn Gellar Television film Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Caitlyn Gellar Television film House Della Episode : `` Selfish '' 2011 Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension Isabella Garcia - Shapiro / Isabella - 2 Voice role ; television film 2011 -- 2013 Young Justice Barbara Gordon / Bette Kane Voice role ; 6 episodes ( as Barbara Gordon ) ; episode : `` Homefront '' ( as Bette Kane ) 2014 The Legend of Korra Opal Voice role ; recurring role 2014 Major Crimes Bug Episode : `` Jane Doe # 38 '' 2014 Expecting Amish Mary Television film 2015 Sugarbabies Katie Woods Television film 2016 Hitting the Breaks Gretchen McBride Episode : `` Home Alone on the Range '' 2016 Milo Murphy 's Law Kris , Lydia Voice role 2017 Voltron : Legendary Defender Florina Voice role ; episode : `` Depths '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 -- 2009 Ghost Town Tina Burton 7 episodes 2016 Roommates Alyson Episode : `` Five Guys and Five Girls '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories Kairi Voice role 2009 Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Xion Voice role 2011 Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Isabella Garcia - Shapiro / Isabella - 2 / Receptionist Voice role 2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Xion / Kairi Voice role 2017 Kingdom Hearts 0.2 : Birth by Sleep -- A Fragmentary Passage Kairi Voice role Discography ( edit ) Extended plays ( edit ) List of albums Title Album details Beat the System Released : August 23 , 2011 Format : Digital download Label : Independent While You Were Sleeping '' Released : October 28 , 2016 Format : Digital download Label : Turn The Volume Up Singles ( edit ) Year Title Album `` Flying Forward '' N / A `` Make History '' N / A 2013 `` Dragon ( That 's What You Wanted ) '' N / A 2015 `` Pretty Girls '' N / A 2016 `` Woman '' N / A `` Back to Church '' N / A `` The Boy is Mine '' N / A Featured Singles ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions Year Title <Th_colspan="3"> Peak chart positions Album US CAN UK 2008 `` We Rock '' ( among Cast of Camp Rock ) 33 70 97 Camp Rock 2014 `` Without You '' ( Tyler Ward featuring Alyson Stoner ) -- -- -- N / A 2015 `` Give Me Strength '' ( Brock Baker featuring Alyson Stoner ) -- -- -- N / A <Td_colspan="15"> `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . Promotional singles ( edit ) Year Title Album `` It 's On '' ( among Cast of Camp Rock ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Other appearances ( edit ) Year Title Other artist ( s ) Album 2008 `` Lost & Found '' N / A Alice Upside Down `` Free Spirit '' Bridgit Mendler Alice Upside Down 2009 `` Dancin ' in the Moonlight '' N / A Space Buddies `` Fly Away Home '' N / A Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure `` What I 've Been Looking For '' N / A DisneyMania 7 `` What We Came Here For '' Cast of Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam `` This Is Our Song '' Cast of Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Title Nominated Result Refs Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film : Young Actress age 10 or younger Cheaper by the Dozen Nominated Best Young Ensemble in a Feature Film Cheaper by the Dozen Won 2006 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film : Young Ensemble Cast Cheaper by the Dozen 2 Nominated 2007 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film : Supporting Young Actress Step Up Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Guest Starring Young Actress The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated 2008 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series : Recurring Young Actress The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated 2017 Streamy Awards Best Dance Performance Herself Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Rhonda B. ( April 6 , 2003 ) . `` The wonder of the way she dances '' . Toledoblade.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Space Buddies '' . Disney Buddies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ' STEP UP ' SEQUEL GOING 3 - D '' . ETonline.com . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TheRealAlysonStoner . YouTube . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Criswell , Kristen ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` NW Ohio native Alyson Stoner flexes ' girl power ' '' . Toledo Free Press . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Missy Elliott -- Work It . YouTube . July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ YouTube . youtube.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Alyson Stoner Project MySpace Jump up ^ Hustvedt , Marc ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Ghost Town Finds Home With Dailymotion Kids '' . Tubefilter News . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beat the System by Alyson Stoner '' . iTunes . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Flying Forward -- Single '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner -- Make History - Single '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Dragon ( That 's What You Wanted ) - Single '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Pretty Girls - Single '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Woman - Single '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Rock '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Of Camp Rock '' . UK Singles Chart . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Without You '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alyson Stoner - Give Me Strength '' . Discogs . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It 's On ( From `` Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam '' ) -- Single by Cast of Camp Rock 2 `` . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 25th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sugar Pine 7 , ' Dolan Twins Top 2017 Streamy Awards -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alyson Stoner . Alyson Stoner on Facebook Alyson Stoner on IMDb Alyson Stoner interview from Portrait magazine . VIAF : 166926522 LCCN : no2005032686 ISNI : 0000 0001 1508 1155 GND : 1024465403 BNF : cb16244044r ( data ) MusicBrainz : 2d4f683a - 5965 - 4b64 - baee - 2681823dd1a1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alyson_Stoner&oldid=803531542 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 21st - century American actresses American child actresses American child singers American female singers American female dancers Dancers from Ohio American film actresses American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Actresses from Toledo , Ohio 21st - century American singers Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Alyson Stoner - American actress, singer, dancer, and model 2. Career - roles in Cheaper by the Dozen, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Step Up series 3. Dancing - background dancer for Missy Elliott, Eminem, and Will Smith 4. Music - released debut EP Beat the System in 2011 5. Filmography - appeared in films such as Step Up, Camp Rock,

what are the four signs in a deck of cards

Suit ( cards ) - wikipedia Suit ( cards ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Black Suit '' redirects here . For the fictional character , see Venom ( comics ) . The four French playing cards suits used primarily in the English - speaking world : diamonds ( ) , clubs ( ♣ ) , hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ) This article contains suit card Unicode characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . In playing cards , a suit is one of the categories into which the cards of a deck are divided . Most often , each card bears one of several pips ( symbols ) showing to which suit it belongs ; the suit may alternatively or additionally be indicated by the color printed on the card . The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it , except on face cards . Ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better , higher or more valuable than others , whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game . In a single deck , there is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit . A deck may include special cards that belong to no suit , often called jokers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin and development of the Latin suits 1.2 Invention of the Germanic suits 1.3 Tarot 2 Suits in games with traditional decks 2.1 Trumps 2.2 Special suits 2.3 Ranking of suits 2.4 Pairing or ignoring suits 2.5 Four - color suits 3 Historical French decks with extra suits 3.1 Five - suit decks 3.1. 1 Historical decks 3.1. 2 Commercial decks 3.2 Six - suit decks 3.2. 1 Historical decks 3.2. 2 Commercial decks 3.3 Eight - suit decks 3.3. 1 Commercial decks 4 Other suited decks 4.1 Suited - and - ranked decks 4.2 Other modern decks 4.3 Fictional decks 5 Uses of playing card suit symbols 6 Character encodings 7 Metaphorical uses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References History ( edit ) Various languages have different terminology for suits such as colors , signs , or seeds . Modern Western playing cards are generally divided into two or three general suit - systems . The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit - systems . The younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit - systems . The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are generally considered a separate system on its own . Origin and development of the Latin suits ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Latin suits Italian Cups ( Coppe ) Coins ( Denari ) Clubs ( Bastoni ) Swords ( Spade ) Spanish Cups ( Copas ) Coins ( Oros ) Clubs ( Bastos ) Swords ( Espadas ) The Latin suits consist of coins , clubs , cups , and swords . They are the earliest suit - system in Europe , having been adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s . These Turko - Arabic cards , called Kanjifa , employed the same suits , but the clubs represented polo sticks . Europeans changed that suit as polo was an obscure sport to them . Ultimately the suits can trace their roots back to China where playing cards were first invented . The earliest card games were trick - taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games . A card of one suit can not beat a card from another regardless of its rank . The concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow . Chinese money - suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit - system . The money - suit system is based on denominations of currency : Coins , Strings of Coins , Myriads of Strings , and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together . A string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them . The Mamluks called their suit of cups Myriads and this may have been due to inverting the Chinese character for myriad ( 万 ) . The Mamluk suit of swords may also have been inspired by the Chinese numeral for Ten ( 十 ) . Another clue linking these Chinese , Muslim , and European cards are the ranking of certain suits . In many early Chinese games like Madiao , the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones . In the Indo - Persian game of Ganjifa , half the suits were also inverted , including a suit of coins . This was also true for the European games of Tarot and Ombre . The inverting of suits had no purpose in regards to gameplay but was an artifact from the earliest games . There are four types of Latin suits : Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , and an extinct archaic type . The systems can be distinguished by the pips of their long suits : swords and clubs . Italian swords are curved outward and the clubs appear to be batons . They intersect one another . Spanish swords are straight , and the clubs appear to be knobbly cudgels . They do not cross each other . Portuguese pips are like the Spanish , but they intersect like Italian ones . They sometimes have dragons on the aces . This system lingers on only in the Tarocco Siciliano and the Unsun Karuta of Japan . The archaic system is like the Italian one , but the swords are curved inward so they touch each other without intersecting . Minchiate used a mixed system of Italian clubs and Portuguese swords . Despite a long history of trade with China , Japan was introduced to playing cards with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 1540s . Early locally made cards , Karuta , were very similar to Portuguese decks . Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling , card playing , and general foreign influence , resulted in the Hanafuda card deck that today is used most often for fishing - type games . The role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched , so the hanafuda deck has 12 suits , each representing a month of the year , and each suit has 4 cards , most often two normal , one Ribbon and one Special ( though August , November and December each differ uniquely from this convention ) . Invention of the Germanic suits ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Germanic suits Swiss - German Roses Bells Acorns Shields German Hearts Bells Acorns Leaves French Hearts Tiles ( Diamonds ) Clovers ( Clubs ) Pikes ( Spades ) During the 15th - century , manufacturers in German speaking lands experimented with various new suit systems to replace the Latin suits . One early deck had five suits , the Latin ones with an extra suit of shields . The Swiss - Germans developed their own suits of shields , roses , acorns , and bells around 1450 . Instead of roses and shields , the Germans settled with hearts and leaves around 1460 . The French derived their suits of trèfles ( clovers or clubs ♣ ) , carreaux ( tiles or diamonds ) , cœurs ( hearts ♥ ) , and piques ( pikes or spades ♠ ) from the German suits around 1480 . French suits correspond closely with German suits with the exception of the tiles with the bells but there is one early French deck that had crescents instead of tiles . The English names for the French suits of clubs and spades may simply have been carried over from the older Latin suits . Tarot ( edit ) Beginning around 1440 in northern Italy , some decks started to include of an extra suit of ( usually ) 21 numbered cards known as trionfi or trumps , to play tarot card games . Always included in tarot decks is one card , the Fool or Excuse , which may be part of the trump suit depending on the game or region . These cards do not have pips or face cards like the other suits . Most tarot decks used for games come with French suits but Italian suits are still used in Piedmont , Bologna , and pockets of Switzerland . A few Sicilian towns use the Portuguese - suited Tarocco Siciliano , the only deck of its kind left in Europe . Suits in games with traditional decks ( edit ) Trumps ( edit ) In a large and popular category of trick - taking games , one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards , and automatically prevail over them , losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick . Non-trump suits are called plain suits . Special suits ( edit ) Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others . A simple example is Spades , which uses spades as a permanent trump suit . A less simple example is Hearts , which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts . With typical rules for Hearts ( rules vary slightly ) the queen of spades and the two of clubs ( sometimes also the jack of diamonds ) have special effects , with the result that all four suits have different strategic value . Tarot decks have a dedicated trump suit . Ranking of suits ( edit ) Whist - style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank , because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump . However , some card games also need to define relative suit rank . An example of this is in auction games such as bridge , where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks , there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order . As there is no truly standard way to order the four suits , each game that needs to do so has its own convention ; however , the ubiquity of bridge has gone some way to make its ordering a de facto standard . Typical orderings of suits include ( from highest to lowest ) : Bridge ( for bidding and scoring ) and occasionally poker : spades , hearts , diamonds , clubs ; ' notrump ' ranks above all the suits Preferans : hearts , diamonds , clubs , spades . Only used for bidding , and No Trump is considered higher than hearts . Five Hundred : hearts , diamonds , clubs , spades ( for bidding and scoring ) Ninety - nine : clubs , hearts , spades , diamonds ( supposedly mnemonic as they have respectively 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 lobes ; see article for how this scoring is used ) Skat : clubs , spades , hearts , diamonds ( for bidding and to determine which Jack beats which in play ) Big Two : spades , hearts , clubs , diamonds ( Presidents and Arseholes reverses suit strength : hearts , diamonds , spades , clubs ) Teen patti : In the case where two players have flushes with cards of the same rank , the winning hand is based on suit color as ranked by clubs , hearts , spades , diamonds . Thirteen : Hearts , Diamonds , Clubs , Spades ( in descending order ) . Pairing or ignoring suits ( edit ) The pairing of suits is a vestigial remnant of Ganjifa , a game where half the suits were in reverse order , the lower cards beating the higher . In Ganjifa , progressive suits were called `` strong '' while inverted suits were called `` weak '' . In Latin decks , the traditional division is between the long suits of swords and clubs and the round suits of cups and coins . This pairing can be seen in Ombre and Tarot card games . German and Swiss suits lack pairing but French suits maintained them and this can be seen in the game of Spoil Five . In some games , such as blackjack , suits are ignored . In other games , such as Canasta , only the color ( red or black ) is relevant . In yet others , such as bridge , each of the suit pairings are distinguished . Fundamentally , there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs : by color , by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations . Color is used to denote the red suits ( hearts and diamonds ) and the black suits ( spades and clubs ) . Rank is used to indicate the major ( spades and hearts ) versus minor ( diamonds and clubs ) suits . Shape is used to denote the pointed ( diamonds and spades , which visually have a sharp point uppermost ) versus rounded ( hearts and clubs ) suits . In the event of widespread introduction of four - color decks , it has been suggested that the red / black distinction could be replaced by pointed bottoms ( hearts and diamonds visually have a sharp point downwards , whereas spades and clubs have a blunt stem ) . Four - color suits ( edit ) The aces of a four - color deck See also : Four - color deck Some decks , while using the French suits , give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other . In bridge , such decks are known as no - revoke decks , and the most common colors are black spades , red hearts , blue diamonds and green clubs , although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow - orange . A pack occasionally used in Germany uses green spades ( comparable to leaves ) , red hearts , yellow diamonds ( comparable to bells ) and black clubs ( comparable to acorns ) . This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany ( who used German suits ) and West Germany ( who adopted the French suits ) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification . Historical French decks with extra suits ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Suit '' cards -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Numerous variations of the 52 - card French deck have existed over the years . Most notably , Tarot Nouveau has a separate trump suit in addition to the four suits ; however it is a series of cards of a different number and style than the suited cards . There have been many attempts at expanding the French deck to five , six or even more suits where the additional suits have the same number and style of cards as the French suits , but none have attained lasting popularity . In 1895 , Hiram Jones of the United States created one of the earliest decks with extra suits called International Playing Cards . In addition to the four standard French suits , it had two additional suits , red crosses and black bullets . ( The bullets of that period were spherical , hence the pip was a circle . ) Five - suit bridge was an international fad lasting from the summer of 1937 to the summer of 1938 which led to a number of decks produced for it in Austria , Britain , and the United States . Five - suit decks ( edit ) Historical decks ( edit ) A number of the following out - of - print decks may be found , especially through on - line auctions . Previously , Five Star Playing Cards poker sized , was manufactured by Five Star Games , which had a gold colored fifth suit of five pointed stars . The court cards are almost identical to the diamond suit in a Gemaco Five - Star deck . Five - suit decks using the Star suit are still in print in differing designs through vendors such as Stardeck and Newton 's Novelties . Cadaco manufactured a game Tripoley Wild with a fifth suit , ( and other Wild Cards , ) which contain pips of all four standard suits ( hearts , diamonds , spades , and clubs ) on one card . That poker sized deck is not sold separately , but as part of boxed game . Five suited decks include Cinco - Loco Poker Playing Cards , produced by the USA Playing Card Company ( not the United States Playing Card Company , ) which introduces a new suit design . The Cinco - Loco fifth suit uses a complicated pattern , with color designs in a repeating circular series of pentagrams with four traditional suits in a four color pattern , inner circles get increasingly smaller , the fifth symbol in the circle of pentagrams is a yellow pentagram . There are then a total of ten symbols in each of the outer and repeated in inner circles . The other suits use a four - color design . 5 ° Dimension is an 80 - card deck introduced in 2007 . The five suits are Hearts ( red ) , Spades ( black ) , Clubs ( green ) , Diamonds ( yellow ) and Stars ( blue ) . Each suit has 16 cards : 1 to 10 , King , Queen , Jack , Princess , Ace ( distinct from 1 ) and a Joker . Commercial decks ( edit ) A commercially available five - suit poker ( 65 - card ) deck is Stardeck which introduces stars as a fifth suit . In the Stardeck cards , the fifth suit is colored a mixture of black and red . This fifth suit can be counted as either a Red or a Black suit dependent upon the game being played . There are also 2 special cards ( or Jokers ) 1 each of red and black and shown with that colour star in the corner , but no numeral or letter . Estate Playing Cards designed in 2006 , is a contemporary five - suit ( 62 - card ) deck which adds a fifth suit ( estate ) called Waves . Estate cards signifies the five estates identified as Waves ( green ) , Hearts ( red ) , Diamonds ( orange ) , Clubs ( blue ) and Spades ( black ) . The three Royals are replaced with two Family - Man and Woman . Jokers are replaced with Imperials ( Pope and President ) . Most games can be played , however they become more involved . 5 Card Poker traditionally has over 2 million possible hands with Royal Flush as the lowest probability . Estate Poker has 5,461,512 possible hands with Family Flush as the lowest probability and new hands such as Five of a Kind . Five Crowns is yet another five - suited deck similar to that of 5 ° Dimension , The suits are Hearts ( red ) , Spades ( black ) , Clubs ( green ) , Diamonds ( blue ) and Stars ( yellow ) with no - revoke suits . The deck contains 3 Jokers but does not contain aces or twos , making the card count per deck 58 . Six - suit decks ( edit ) Historical decks ( edit ) Out of print is the Nu - Dek Sextet Bridge deck ( copyright Ralph E. Peterson 1964 , 1966 ) , manufactured for Sextet Contract Bridge Associates ( `` SECOBRA '' ) by the United States Playing Card Company . Two blue suits are added to the standard four : Rackets being a pair of crossed tennis rackets , and Wheels from a ship 's steering wheel design . Another out of print six - suited ( 78 - card ) deck of poker sized playing cards is the Empire Deck , introduced in 1990 . It has three red suits and three black suits , introducing crowns in red and anchors in black as in the dice game Crown and Anchor . Commercial decks ( edit ) Deck6 is a six - suited deck with three red suits ( hearts , diamonds , shields ) , three black suits ( clubs , spades , cups ) and three jokers ( total 81 cards ) . A six - suited ( 120 - card ) deck of poker sized playing cards is the K6T deck . The traditional suits are colored ( green clubs and orange diamonds ) and are completed with blue moons and purple stars . Each suit has 20 cards ranked as 0 ( = Joker ) - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - J-C ( Cavalier ) - B ( Bishop ) - R ( Rook ) - Q-K - Ace . Eight - suit decks ( edit ) Commercial decks ( edit ) 8 Suits Playing Cards , conceived in the late 1970s and manufactured through BrienmarK Products Inc. , adds red Moons , black Stars , red four - leaved Clovers and black Tears . This deck was originally created to allow more players in a game of euchre . The Fat Pack adds red Roses , black Axes , black Tridents and red Doves to the standard deck . Toss TM Double Deluxe Decks consists of the traditional French suits plus gold Crosses and Oracles , blue Castles and Shields , five Jokers ( one for each color plus a Boss Joker ) and two Null cards . Other suited decks ( edit ) Suited - and - ranked decks ( edit ) A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a rank and a suit ( usually represented by a color ) , and for each suit there is exactly one card having each rank , though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well . Examples include Mü und Mehr , Lost Cities , DUO , Sticheln , Rage , Schotten Totten , UNO , Phase 10 , Oh - No ! , Skip - Bo , and Rook . Other modern decks ( edit ) Decks for some games are divided into suits , but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games . An example would be the board game Taj Mahal , in which each card has one of four background colors , the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color . The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player 's choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand . Roodles , a game published in 1912 by A.J. Patterson of Kalamazoo and later by Flinch Card Co. , uses a deck with 14 cards in each of four suits ( all black ) -- Wishbones , Horseshoes , 4 - Leaf Clovers , and Swastikas -- plus a joker labeled `` Roodles '' . Roodles was described on its box cover as simple , instructive , scientific and entertaining . In the trick - taking card game Flaschenteufel ( `` The Bottle Imp '' ) , all cards are part of a single sequence ranked from 1 to 37 but split into three suits depending on its rank . players must follow the suit led , but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its rank is high enough . For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties . A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low - ranking cards and another , mostly high - ranking cards . Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications -- suit and rank -- and each combination is represented by one card , giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards , each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories , giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards . Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit , but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game . Fictional decks ( edit ) Several people have invented decks which are not meant to be seriously played . The Double Fanucci deck from Zork takes the most imaginative licence with the suits : it has no fewer than fifteen , with the names Mazes , Books , Rain , Bugs , Fromps , Inkblots , Scythes , Plungers , Faces , Time , Lamps , Hives , Ears , Zurfs , and Tops . The Cripple Mr. Onion deck uses eight fictional suits , but may be simulated by combining the standard French suits with the traditional Latin suited ones or by using a modern 8 - suited deck . The Discordian deck is a parody of the Tarot deck , its five suits corresponding to the five Discordian elements . The card game of sabacc from the Star Wars universe has the suits of staves , flasks , sabers , and coins ( similar to Latin suits ) , with cards ranked one through fifteen , plus two each of eight other cards which have no suit . The deck used in Firefly has suits of Plum , Peach , Orange , Apple , Apricot , and Banana . In World of Warcraft , there are cards that randomly drop from humanoid enemies . If a player collected the entire suit , he / she could trade it for a trinket that would grant special abilities . Initially , this was limited to the ace through eight of the suits of Elementals , Beasts , Warlords , and Portals . A later content patch added the suits of Lunacy , Storms , Furies , and Blessings . The Inscription skill allowed the crafting of cards of the suits of Mages , Swords , Rogues , and Demons . In Robert Asprin 's MythAdventures series , Dragon Poker is played using a standard deck , but with the suits consisting of elves , ogres , unicorns and dragons . Uses of Playing card suit symbols ( edit ) Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing : The four suits were famously employed by the 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments : Clubs ( ♣ ) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment ; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team . Diamonds ( ) identified the 501st PIR . 1st Battalion , 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade ( ABN ) , 25th Infantry Division in Alaska ; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade . Hearts ( ♥ ) identified the 502nd PIR ; currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team . Spades ( ♠ ) identified the 506th PIR ; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team . British Navy Fleet Air Arm search and rescue units ( helicopters , etc . ) sport an ace of clubs symbol . The United States Navy 's Strike Fighter Squadron 41 ( VFA - 41 ) is nicknamed The Black Aces and their emblem is an Ace of Spades with the number 41 . For fighter pilots , `` ace '' carries the meaning of flying ace . The Bartle Test uses the four suits as symbols of different player personalities that arise typically in a video game : Clubs ( Killers ) ( ♣ ) enjoy competition and take pleasure in causing physical destruction in the virtual environment . Diamonds ( Achievers ) ( ) enjoy gaining points , levels , or any physical measure of their in - game achievement . Hearts ( Socializers ) ( ♥ ) enjoy playing games for the social aspect or by interacting with other players . Spades ( Explorers ) ( ♠ ) enjoy digging around , discovering new areas , or learning about easter eggs or glitches in the game . Character encodings ( edit ) In computer and another digital media , suit symbols are represented with character encoding , notably in the ISO and Unicode standards , and as Web standard ( SGML 's named entity `` &name ; '' syntax ) : UTF code : U + 2660 ( 9824 ) U + 2665 ( 9829 ) U + 2666 ( 9830 ) U + 2663 ( 9827 ) Symbol : ♠ ♥ ♣ Name : Black Spade Suit Black Heart Suit Black Diamond Suit Black Club Suit Entity : &spades ; &hearts ; &diams ; &clubs ; UTF code : U + 2664 ( 9828 ) U + 2661 ( 9825 ) U + 2662 ( 9826 ) U + 2667 ( 9831 ) Symbol : ♤ ♡ ♢ ♧ Name : White Spade Suit White Heart Suit White Diamond Suit White Club Suit <Td_colspan="5"> UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point `` U + hexadecimal number '' syntax , and as subscript the respective decimal number . Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser 's HTML renderization . Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications . Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard , and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block ( 2600 -- 26FF ) of the Unicode . Metaphorical uses ( edit ) In some card games the card suits have a dominance order : club ( lowest ) - diamond - heart - spade ( highest ) . That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected , in abundance , very much . Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit ( any area of personal strength ) and follow suit ( to imitate another 's actions ) . See also ( edit ) Hearts ( card game ) Spades ( card game ) Stripped deck Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sample pips come from the Venetian pattern Jump up ^ Sample pips come from the Castilian pattern Jump up ^ `` Portuguese '' is slightly misleading nomenclature . The suit system may have originated in Catalonia and spread out through the western Mediterranean before being replaced by the `` Spanish '' system . The association with Portugal comes from the fact that they continued to use it until completely going over to French suits at the beginning of the 20th century . Jump up ^ Probably associated with the Duchy of Ferrara and likely abandoned after the 15th century . Jump up ^ The French suit system is generally considered a separate from the Germans and Swiss due to its different set of face cards . However , when comparing only the pips , it is Germanic . Jump up ^ There does not appear to be a single universal system of correspondences between Swiss - German and French suits . Cards combining the two suit systems are manufactured in different versions with different combinations of suits . Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Rosen Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Schellen Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Eichel Jump up ^ Swiss - German : Schilten Jump up ^ German : Herz ( heart ) , Rot ( red ) , Hungarian : Piros ( red ) , Czech : Srdce ( heart ) , Červené ( red ) Jump up ^ German : Schellen ( bells ) , Hungarian : Tök ( pumpkin ) , Czech : Kule ( balls ) Jump up ^ German : Eichel ( acorn ) , Ecker ( beechnut ) , Hungarian : Makk ( acorn ) , Czech : Žaludy ( acorns ) Jump up ^ German : Laub ( leaves ) , Grün ( green ) , Gras ( grass ) , Blatt ( leaf ) Hungarian : Zöld ( green ) , Czech : Listy ( leaves ) , Zelené ( green ) Jump up ^ The shape of the clubs symbol is believed to be an adaptation of the German suit of acorns . Clubs are also known as clovers , flowers and crosses . The French name for the suit is trèfles meaning clovers , the Italian name for the suit is fiori meaning flowers and the German name for the suit is Kreuz meaning cross . Jump up ^ In the Germanic countries the spade was the symbol associated with the blade of a spade . The English term spade originally did not refer to the tool but was derived from the Spanish word espada meaning sword from the Spanish suit . Those symbols were later changed to resemble the digging tool instead to avoid confusion . In German and Dutch the suit is alternatively named Schippen and schoppen respectively , meaning shovels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1990 ) . The Oxford Guide to Card Games . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 27 -- 34 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games classified by type of cards or tiles used at pagat.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pollett , Andrea ( 2002 ) . `` Tuman , or the Ten Thousand Cups of the Mamluk Cards '' . The Playing - Card. 31 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Mann , Sylvia ( 1974 ) . `` A Suit - System Subdivided '' . The Playing - Card. 3 ( 1 ) : 51 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games played with Latin suited cards at pagat.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Adam . Portuguese Playing Cards at the World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dummett , Michael ( 1990 -- 1991 ) . `` A Survey of ' Archaic ' Italian Cards '' . The Playing - Card. 19 ( 2 , 4 ) : 43 -- 51 , 128 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Gjerde , Tor . Italian renaissance woodcut playing cards at old.no . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Huck . Liechtenstein'sches Spiel at trionfi.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dummett , Michael ( 1980 ) . The Game of Tarot . London : Duckworth . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Berry , John ( 1999 ) . `` French suits and English names '' . The Playing - Card. 28 ( 2 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Card Games : Tarot Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Mechanics of Card Games at pagat.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David . The Language of Cards at David Parlett Gourmet Games . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Leyden , Rudolf von ; Dummett , Michael ( 1982 ) . Ganjifa , The Playing Cards of India . London : Victoria and Albert Museum . pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Kartenbilder '' ( in German ) . deutscherskatverband.de. 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Packs with extra suits at pagat.com . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Tom ; Dawson , Judy ( 2014 ) . The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards - Volume 4 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Conjuring Arts Research Center . pp. 268 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Simon . Five Suit Bridge at the World of Playing Cards . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J ( 2007 ) . US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944 - 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` ' In spades ' - the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Playing cards Standard 52 - card deck Suit / rank Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Spades ♠ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Hearts ♥ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Diamonds Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Clubs ♣ Ace King Queen Jack 10 9 8 7 6 5 Others Face card Pip card Knight Joker Card nicknames Stripped deck Unicode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suit_(cards)&oldid=831475242 '' Categories : Card game terminology Playing cards Contract bridge Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. French playing card suits 2. Origin and development of suits 3. Ranking and pairing of suits 4. Five and six-suit decks 5. Uses of playing card suit symbols

optimization of current state map gives the future state map

Value stream mapping - wikipedia Value stream mapping Jump to : navigation , search Value - stream mapping usually employs standard symbols to represent items and processes , therefore knowledge of these symbols is essential to correctly interpret the production system problems . Value - stream mapping is a lean - management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer . At Toyota , it is known as `` material - and information - flow mapping '' . It can be applied to nearly any value chain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Using the method 1.1 Applications 1.2 In software engineering 1.3 Metrics 2 Associated analysis methods 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Using the method ( edit ) Applications ( edit ) Value Stream Maps are usually drawn using a set of standard symbols , some of which can be seen here . A paper value stream map . Value - stream mapping has supporting methods that are often used in Lean environments to analyze and design flows at the system level ( across multiple processes ) . Although value - stream mapping is often associated with manufacturing , it is also used in logistics , supply chain , service related industries , healthcare , software development , product development , and administrative and office processes . In a build - to - the - standard form , Shigeo Shingo suggests that the value - adding steps be drawn across the centre of the map and the non -- value - adding steps be represented in vertical lines at right angles to the value stream . Thus , the activities become easily separated into the value stream , which is the focus of one type of attention , and the ' waste ' steps , another type . He calls the value stream the process and the non-value streams the operations . The thinking here is that the non -- value - adding steps are often preparatory or tidying up to the value - adding step and are closely associated with the person or machine / workstation that executes that value - adding step . Therefore , each vertical line is the ' story ' of a person or workstation whilst the horizontal line represents the ' story ' of the product being created . Value stream mapping is a recognised method used as part of Six Sigma methodologies . In software Engineering ( edit ) The success of Lean in manufacturing and production has led to an interest in its adoption in software development . However , it was noted that the current literature on adoption of Lean in software development had a disconnect between the high - level principles and the concrete practices related to lean and agile software development . The literature had also a limited focus on wastes that were literally mapped from the categories identified for manufacturing . This was ignoring the transformation that lean thinking has itself undergone and moved away from the focus on `` removal of waste '' to `` creating and delivering value '' . The use of value stream mapping as suggested by the pioneer authors of the field Womack and Jones was identified as the missing link in the current literature on lean in software development . Value - stream mapping analyzes both material ( artifact ) and information flow . The following two resources exemplify the use of VSM to do it in the context of software process improvement in industrial settings : `` Artifact analysis '' : analysis of software artifacts like requirements , use case , change request or defect report through the development process `` Information flow analysis '' : analysis of information flows in the development process Metrics ( edit ) Two key metrics associated with value stream mapping are value - adding times and non -- value - adding times . Non value adding time is called waste or muda . Associated analysis methods ( edit ) Hines and Rich ( 1997 ) defined seven value stream mapping tools they are : Process Activity Mapping Supply chain responsiveness matrix Product Variety Funnel Quality filter mapping Forrester effect mapping Decision point analysis Overall Structure Maps See also ( edit ) Business process mapping Lean manufacturing Value stream mapping software Value chain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rother , Mike ; Shook , John ( 1999 ) . Learning to See : value - stream mapping to create value and eliminate muda . Brookline , MA : Lean Enterprise Institute . ISBN 0 - 9667843 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graban , Mark ( 2011 ) . Lean Hospitals : Improving Quality , Patient Safety , and Employee Engagement . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 9781439870433 . Jump up ^ Graban , Mark ; Swartz , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Healthcare Kaizen : Engaging Front - Line Staff in Sustainable Continuous Improvements . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 9781439872963 . Jump up ^ Plenert , Gerhard ( 2011 ) . Lean Management Principles for Information Technology . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 9781420078602 . Jump up ^ Bell , Steven ; Orzen , Michael . Lean IT : Enabling and Sustaining Your Lean Transformation . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 9781439817568 . Jump up ^ Mascitelli , Ronald ( 2011 ) . Mastering lean product development : a practical , event - driven process for maximizing speed , profits and quality . Northridge , CA : Technology Perspectives . ISBN 9780966269741 . Jump up ^ Keyte , Beau ; Locher , Drew ( 2004 ) . The Complete Lean Enterprise : Value Stream Mapping for Administrative and Office Processes . New York : Productivity Press . ISBN 9781563273018 . Jump up ^ Shingo , Shigeo ( 1985 ) . A Revolution in Manufacturing : The SMED System . Stamford , CT : Productivity Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0915299097 . Jump up ^ `` Value Stream Mapping '' Article Source : http://www.isixsigma.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=90&Itemid=222# Jump up ^ Ali N.B. , Operationalization of lean thinking through value stream mapping with simulation and FLOW ( dissertation ) . Karlskrona : Department of Software Engineering , Blekinge Institute of Technology ; 2015 . Jump up ^ Hines P , Holweg M , Rich N. Learning to evolve : A review of contemporary lean thinking . International Journal of Operations & Production Management . 2004 ; 24 ( 10 ) : 994 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Womack JP , Jones DT . Lean thinking : banish waste and create wealth in your corporation . Rev. and updat ( ) ed . London : Free Press Business ; 2003 . Jump up ^ Rother , Mike , and John Shook . Learning to see : value stream mapping to add value and eliminate muda . Lean Enterprise Institute , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ali NB , Petersen K , Breno Bernard Nicolau de França . Evaluation of simulation - assisted value stream mapping for software product development : Two industrial cases . Information and Software Technology . 2015 ; 68 : 45 . Jump up ^ Ali NB , Petersen K , Schneider K. FLOW - assisted value stream mapping in the early phases of large - scale software development . Journal of Systems and Software . 2016 ; 111 : 213 - 27 . Jump up ^ JANUŠKA , M. , PÁLKA , P. , ŠŮLOVÁ , D. , CHODŮR , M. Value chain of virtual enterprise - Possible modern management concepts and value drivers identification . In Annals of DAAAM for 2009 and 20th International DAAAM Symposium `` Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation : Focus on Theory , Practice and Education '' . Vienna : Danube Adria Association for Automation and Manufacturing , DAAAM , 2009 . s . 469 - 470 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 901509 - 70 - 4 , ISSN 1726 - 9679 Jump up ^ http://leanmanufacturingtools.org/89/value-add-vs-non-value-adding-processes/ Jump up ^ Rich , Nick ; Esain , Ann ; Bateman , Nicola ( 1997 ) . Lean Evolution : Lessons from the Workplace . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Value stream mapping . Achieving the Future State VSM Example 7 Tips to a successful Value Stream Map -- video ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Six Sigma tools Define phase Project charter Voice of the customer Value stream mapping Measure phase Business process mapping Process capability Pareto chart Analyse phase Root cause analysis Failure mode and effects analysis Multi-vari chart Improve phase Design of experiments Kaizen Control phase Control plan Statistical process control 5S Poka - yoke <Td_colspan="2"> DMAIC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Value_stream_mapping&oldid=812467721 '' Categories : Six Sigma Business terms Process management Production and manufacturing Quality management Lean manufacturing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 00 : 30 . About Wikipedia

1. Value stream mapping 2. Lean management 3. Current state analysis 4. Future state design 5. Waste reduction

what coast is chicago on east or west

Eastern United States - wikipedia Eastern United States Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The area ceded to the United States by Great Britain in 1783 ( light brown ) is usually recognized as the Eastern United States . Louisiana and Florida acquisitions were recognized as the Western and Southern frontiers in the early days of the Republic . Although east of the Rockies , Texas is considered Western . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS . The pass goes over the eastern United States . The Eastern United States , commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East , is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River . It is geographically diverse , spanning the Northeast and Southeast as well as the eastern part of the Central United States . In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi ( including Washington , D.C. but not the small portions of Minnesota and Louisiana east of the river ) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28 % of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 ( excluding Puerto Rico ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Southern United States 2 New England 3 The Midwest 4 Major population centers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Southern United States ( edit ) Main article : Southern United States The Southern United States constitutes a large region in the south - eastern and south - central United States . Because of the region 's unique cultural and historic heritage , including Native Americans ; early European settlements of English , Scots - Irish , Scottish and German heritage ; importation of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans ; growth of a large proportion of African Americans in the population , reliance on slave labor , and legacy of the Confederacy after the American Civil War , the South developed its own customs , literature , musical styles , and varied cuisines , that have profoundly shaped traditional American culture. The South 's culture is deeply rooted in the American Civil War . In the last few decades , the Southern US has been attracting internal and international migrants . The American South is among the fastest - growing areas in the United States . Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , Delaware , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Arkansas , Alabama , Mississippi , Florida , and Louisiana are parts of the Eastern United States which are also part of the area often known as the Southern United States . New England ( edit ) Main article : New England New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country , bounded by the Atlantic Ocean , Canada and the state of New York , consisting of the modern states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . In one of the earliest English settlements in the New World , English Pilgrims from Europe first settled in New England in 1620 , in the colony of Plymouth . In the late 18th century , the New England colonies would be among the first North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown , although they would later threaten secession over the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain . New England produced the first examples of American literature and philosophy and was home to the beginnings of free public education . In the 19th century , it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States . It was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution . Historically an area in which parts were strongly Republican , it is now a region with one of the highest levels of support for the Democratic Party in the United States , with the majority of voters in every state voting for the Democrats in the 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Presidential elections , and every state but New Hampshire voting for Al Gore in 2000 . The Midwest ( edit ) Main article : Midwestern United States The Midwestern United States ( in the U.S. generally referred to as the Midwest ) is one of the four geographic regions within the United States that are recognized by the United States Census Bureau . Seven states in the central and inland northeastern US , traditionally considered to be part of the Midwest , can also be classified as being part of the Eastern United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . A 2006 Census Bureau estimate put the population at 66,217,736 . The United States Census Bureau divides this region into the East North Central States ( essentially the Great Lakes States ) and the West North Central States . Chicago is the largest city in the region , followed by Indianapolis and Columbus . Chicago has the largest metropolitan statistical area , followed by Detroit , and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan is the oldest city in the region , having been founded by French missionaries and explorers in 1668 . The term Midwest has been in common use for over 100 years . Another term sometimes applied to the same general region is `` the heartland '' . Other designations for the region have fallen into disuse , such as the `` Northwest '' or `` Old Northwest '' ( from `` Northwest Territory '' ) and `` Mid-America '' . Since the book Middletown appeared in 1929 , sociologists have often used Midwestern cities ( and the Midwest generally ) as `` typical '' of the entire nation . The region has a higher employment - to - population ratio ( the percentage of employed people at least 16 years old ) than the Northeast , the West , the South , or the Sun Belt states . Four of the states associated with the Midwestern United States ( Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) are traditionally referred to as belonging to the Great Plains region . However , in recent years they are often included in the Midwestern region . Major population centers ( edit ) The following is a list of the 24 largest cities in the East by population : New York City population : 8,175,133 Chicago population : 2,695,598 Philadelphia population : 1,526,006 Jacksonville population : 821,784 Indianapolis population : 820,445 Columbus population : 787,033 Charlotte population : 731,424 Detroit population : 713,777 Memphis population : 646,889 Baltimore population : 620,961 Boston population : 617,594 Washington , D.C. population : 601,723 Nashville population : 601,222 Louisville , Kentucky population : 597,337 Milwaukee population : 594,833 Virginia Beach , Virginia population : 437,994 Atlanta population : 420,003 Raleigh population : 403,892 Miami population : 399,457 Cleveland population : 396,815 Tampa population : 335,709 Pittsburgh population : 305,704 Cincinnati population : 296,943 Lexington , Kentucky population : 295,803 See also ( edit ) East Coast of the United States Eastern Canada Territories of the United States on stamps References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern United States . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S. state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest <Td_colspan="2"> List Coordinates : 38 ° N 82 ° W  /  38 ° N 82 ° W  / 38 ; - 82 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_United_States&oldid=813080364 '' Categories : Eastern United States Regions of the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2017 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Eastern United States 2. Southern United States 3. New England 4. Midwest 5. Major population centers

why did other cultures want to mimic the greek traditions of wine drinking

History of wine - wikipedia History of wine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about wine produced from grapes . For other types , see Non-grape wine . Detail of a relief on the eastern stairs of the Apadana , Persepolis , Iran depicting ambassadors of a subject nation of the Persian Empire bringing their famous wine to the Persian king . Hellenistic mosaics discovered close to the city of Paphos depicting Dionysos , god of wine . Wine boy at a Greek symposium The earliest archaeological evidence of wine yet found has been at sites in China ( c. 7000 BC ) , Georgia ( c. 6000 BC ) , Iran ( c. 5000 BC ) , Greece ( c. 4500 BC ) , and Sicily ( c. 4000 BC ) . The oldest evidence of wine production has been found in Armenia ( c. 4100 BC ) , where the oldest winery to date was uncovered . The altered consciousness produced by wine has been considered religious since its origin . The Greeks worshiped Dionysus or Bacchus and the Romans carried on his cult . Consumption of ritual wine was part of Jewish practice since Biblical times and , as part of the eucharist commemorating Jesus 's Last Supper , became even more essential to the Christian Church . Although Islam nominally forbade the production or consumption of wine , during its Golden Age , alchemists such as Geber pioneered wine 's distillation for medicinal and industrial purposes such as the production of perfume . Wine production and consumption increased , burgeoning from the 15th century onwards as part of European expansion . Despite the devastating 1887 phylloxera louse infestation , modern science and technology adapted and industrial wine production and wine consumption now occur throughout the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 1.1 Oldest Discovered Winery 1.2 Legends of discovery 2 Antiquity 2.1 Ancient Egypt 2.2 Phoenicia 2.3 Ancient Greece 2.4 Ancient China 2.5 Ancient Persia 2.6 Roman Empire 3 Medieval period 3.1 Medieval Middle East 3.2 Medieval Europe 4 Modern era 4.1 Spread and development in the Americas 4.2 Developments in Europe 4.3 Australia , New Zealand and South Africa 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Prehistory ( edit ) Archaeological sites of the Neolithic , Copper Age , and early Bronze Age in which vestiges of wine and olive growing have been found . The origins of wine predate written records , and modern archaeology is still uncertain about the details of the first cultivation of wild grapevines . It has been hypothesized that early humans climbed trees to pick berries , liked their sugary flavor , and then begun collecting them . After a few days with fermentation setting in , juice at the bottom of any container would begin producing low - alcohol wine . According to this theory , things changed around 10.000 - 8000 BC with the transition from a nomadic to a sedentism style of living , which led to agriculture and wine domestication . Wild grapes grow in Armenia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , the northern Levant , coastal and southeastern Turkey , and northern Iran . The fermenting of strains of this wild Vitis vinifera subsp . sylvestris ( the ancestor of the modern wine grape , V. vinifera ) would have become easier following the development of pottery during the later Neolithic , c. 11,000 BC . The earliest discovered evidence , however , dates from several millennia later . Georgian Kvevri ancient wine vessel The earliest archaeological evidence of wine yet found has been at sites in China ( c. 7000 BC ) , Georgia ( c. 6000 BC ) , Iran ( c. 5000 BC ) , Greece ( c. 4500 BC ) , and Sicily ( c. 4000 BC ) . The earliest evidence of the production of wine has been found in Armenia ( c. 4100 BC ) . The Iranian jars contained a form of retsina , using turpentine pine resin to more effectively seal and preserve the wine and is the earliest firm evidence of wine production to date . Production spread to other sites in Greater Iran and Greek Macedonia by c. 4500 BC . The Greek site is notable for the recovery at the site of the remnants of crushed grapes . Oldest discovered winery ( edit ) Entrance to the Areni - 1 cave in southern Armenia near the town of Areni . The cave is the location of the world 's oldest known winery and where the world 's oldest known shoe has been found . The oldest - known winery was discovered in the `` Areni - 1 '' cave in Vayots Dzor , Armenia . Dated to c. 4100 BC , the site contained a wine press , fermentation vats , jars , and cups . Archaeologists also found V. vinifera seeds and vines . Commenting on the importance of the find , McGovern said , `` The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier . '' The seeds were from Vitis vinifera vinifera , a grape still used to make wine . The cave remains date to about 4000 BC - 900 years before the earliest comparable wine remains , found in Egyptian tombs . This is what CNN wrote : `` Forget France . It turns out , the real birthplace of wine may be in a cave in Armenia . '' Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave : James Owen from National Geographic News quotes archaeologist Gregory Areshian of the University of California , Los Angeles : `` The site gives us a new insight into the earliest phase of horticulture -- how they grew the first orchards and vineyards '' . `` It 's the oldest proven case of documented and dedicated wine production , stretching back the horizons of this important development by thousands of years , '' said Gregory Areshian , co-director of the excavation and assistant director of the University of California Los Angeles 's Cotsen Institute of Archaeology . Mosaic depicting grapes and wine with Armenian inscription in Jerusalem Wine found in Armenia is considered to be at least 6100 years old . The fame of Persian wine has been well known in Ancient times . The carvings on the Audience Hall , known as Apadana Palace , in Persepolis , demonstrate soldiers of subjected nations by the Persian Empire bringing gifts to the Persian king . Apadana relief representing their sovereign to Persian king with their gifts , wine and horses , that Armenia was famous for , Armenia being one of the Satrapies of the Persian Empire Detail of a relief of the eastern stairs of the Apadana , Persepolis , depicting ambassadors of a subjected nation bringing their famous wine to the Persian king . Domesticated grapes were abundant in the Near East from the beginning of the early Bronze Age , starting in 3200 BC . There is also increasingly abundant evidence for winemaking in Sumer and Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC . Legends of discovery ( edit ) Wine ( mey ) has been a theme of Persian poetry for millennia . There are many etiological myths told about the first cultivation of the grapevine and fermentation of wine . The Biblical Book of Genesis first mentions the production of wine following the Great Flood , when Noah drunkenly exposes himself to his sons . Greek mythology placed the childhood of Dionysus and his discovery of viticulture at the fictional and variably located Mount Nysa but had him teach the practice to the peoples of central Anatolia . Because of this , he was rewarded to become a god of wine . In Persian legend , King Jamshid banished a lady of his harem , causing her to become despondent and contemplate suicide . Going to the king 's warehouse , the woman sought out a jar marked `` poison '' containing the remnants of the grapes that had spoiled and were now deemed undrinkable . After drinking the fermented wine , she found her spirits lifted . She took her discovery to the king , who became so enamored of his new drink that he not only accepted the woman back but also decreed that all grapes grown in Persepolis would be devoted to winemaking . Antiquity ( edit ) Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Grape cultivation , winemaking , and commerce in ancient Egypt c. 1500 BC Egyptian wine jars , 6th - 4th century BC Wine played an important role in ancient Egyptian ceremonial life . A thriving royal winemaking industry was established in the Nile Delta following the introduction of grape cultivation from the Levant to Egypt c. 3000 BC . The industry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and Canaan during the early Bronze Age , commencing from at least the 27th - century BC Third Dynasty , the beginning of the Old Kingdom period . Winemaking scenes on tomb walls , and the offering lists that accompanied them , included wine that was definitely produced in the delta vineyards . By the end of the Old Kingdom , five distinct wines , probably all produced in the Delta , constituted a canonical set of provisions for the afterlife . Wine in ancient Egypt was predominantly red . Due to its resemblance to blood , much superstition surrounded wine - drinking in Egyptian culture . Shedeh , the most precious drink in ancient Egypt , is now known to have been a red wine and not fermented from pomegranates as previously thought . Plutarch 's Moralia relates that , prior to Psammetichus I , the pharaohs did not drink wine nor offer it to the gods `` thinking it to be the blood of those who had once battled against the gods and from whom , when they had fallen and had become commingled with the earth , they believed vines to have sprung '' . This was considered to be the reason why drunkenness `` drives men out of their senses and crazes them , inasmuch as they are then filled with the blood of their forebears '' . Residue from five clay amphoras in Tutankhamun 's tomb , however , have been shown to be that of white wine , so it was at least available to the Egyptians through trade if not produced domestically . Phoenicia ( edit ) Main articles : Phoenicians and wine and Lebanese wine Lebanon Map : Vitis vinifera evidence from ancient Rome shows wine was cultivated and then domesticated in Lebanon , at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great As recipients of winemaking knowledge from areas to the east , the Phoenicians were instrumental in distributing wine , wine grapes , and winemaking technology throughout the Mediterranean region through their extensive trade network . Their use of amphoras for transporting wine was widely adopted and Phoenician - distributed grape varieties were important in the development of the wine industries of Rome and Greece . The only Carthaginian recipe to survive the Punic Wars was one by Mago for passum , a raisin wine that later became popular in Rome as well . Ancient Greece ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greece and wine Dionysus in a vineyard ; late 6th - century BC amphora Much of modern wine culture derives from the practices of the ancient Greeks . The vine preceded both the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures . Many of the grapes grown in modern Greece are grown there exclusively and are similar or identical to the varieties grown in ancient times . Indeed , the most popular modern Greek wine , a strongly aromatic white called retsina , is thought to be a carryover from the ancient practice of lining the wine jugs with tree resin , imparting a distinct flavor to the drink . The `` Feast of the Wine '' ( Me - tu - wo Ne - wo ) was a festival in Mycenaean Greece celebrating the `` Month of the New Wine '' . Several ancient sources , such as the Roman Pliny the Elder , describe the ancient Greek method of using partly dehydrated gypsum before fermentation and some type of lime after , in order to reduce the acidity of the wine . The Greek Theophrastus provides the oldest known description of this aspect of Greek winemaking . In Homeric mythology , wine is usually served in `` mixing bowls '' rather than consumed in an undiluted state . Dionysus , the Greek god of revelry and wine -- frequently referred to in the works of Homer and Aesop -- was sometimes given the epithet Acratophorus , `` giver of unmixed wine '' . Homer frequently refers to the `` wine - dark sea '' ( οἶνωψ πόντος , oīnōps póntos ) : under the intensely blue Greek sky , the Aegean Sea as seen from aboard a boat can appear deep purple . The earliest reference to a named wine is from the 7th - century BC lyrical poet Alcman , who praises Dénthis , a wine from the western foothills of Mount Taygetus in Messenia , as anthosmías ( `` flowery - scented '' ) . Chian was credited as the first red wine , although it was known to the Greeks as `` black wine '' . Coan was mixed with sea water and famously salty ; Pramnian or Lesbian wine was a famous export as well . Aristotle mentions Lemnian wine , which was probably the same as the modern - day Lemnió varietal , a red wine with a bouquet of oregano and thyme . If so , this makes Lemnió the oldest known varietal still in cultivation . For Greece , alcohol such as wine had not fully developed into the rich ' cash crop ' that it would eventually become toward the peak of its reign . However , as the emphasis of viticulture increased with economic demand so did the consumption of alcohol during the years to come . The Greeks embraced the production aspect as a way to expand and create economic growth throughout the region . Greek wine was widely known and exported throughout the Mediterranean , as amphoras with Greek styling and art have been found throughout the area . The Greeks may have even been involved in the first appearance of wine in ancient Egypt . They introduced the V. vinifera vine to and made wine in their numerous colonies in modern - day Italy , Sicily , southern France , and Spain . Ancient China ( edit ) A bronze wine storage vessel from the Shang Dynasty ( 1600 -- 1046 BC ) Main articles : History of alcohol in China and History of wine in China The history of Chinese grape wine has been confirmed and proven to date back 9000 years ( 7000 BC ) , including `` the earliest attested use '' of wild grapes in wine as well as `` earliest chemically confirmed alcoholic beverage in the world '' , according to Adjunct Professor of Anthropology Patrick McGovern , the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine , Fermented Beverages , and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia . Professor McGovern explained : `` The earliest chemically confirmed alcoholic beverage in the world was discovered at Jiahu in the Yellow River Valley of China ( Henan province ) , ca . 7000 - 6600 B.C. ( Early Neolithic Period ) . It was an extreme fermented beverage made of wild grapes ( the earliest attested use ) , hawthorn , rice , and honey . '' Professor McGovern continued : `` The Jiahu discovery illustrates how you should never give up hope in finding chemical evidence for a fermented beverage from the Palaeolithic period . Research very often has big surprises in store . You might think , as I did too , that the grape wines of Hajji Firuz , the Caucasus , and eastern Anatolia would prove to be the earliest alcoholic beverages in the world , coming from the so - called `` Cradle of Civilization '' in the Near East as they do . But then I was invited to go to China on the other side of Asia , and came back with samples that proved to be even earlier -- from around 7000 BC . '' Archaeologists have discovered production from native `` mountain grapes '' like V. thunbergii and V. filifolia during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC . Even the early production of beer had largely disappeared by the time of the Han dynasty , in favor of stronger drinks fermented from millet , rice , and other grains . Although these huangjiu have frequently been translated as `` wine '' , they are typically 20 % ABV and considered quite distinct from grape wine ( 葡萄酒 ) within China . During the 2nd century BC , Zhang Qian 's exploration of the Western Regions ( modern Xinjiang ) reached the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander 's empire : Dayuan , Bactria , and the Indo - Greek Kingdom . These had brought viticulture into Central Asia and trade permitted the first wine produced from V. vinifera grapes to be introduced to China . Wine was imported again when trade with the west was restored under the Tang dynasty , but it remained mostly imperial fare and it was not until the Song that its consumption spread among the gentry . Marco Polo 's 14th - century account noted the continuing preference for rice wines continuing in Yuan China . Ancient Persia ( edit ) Herodotus , writing about the culture of the ancient Persians ( in particular , those of Pontus ) writes that they `` very fond '' of wine and drink it in large quantities . Roman Empire ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Rome and wine Shipping wine in Roman Gaul : amphoras ( top ) were the traditional Mediterranean vessels , but the Gauls introduced the use of barrels . The Roman Empire had an immense impact on the development of viticulture and oenology . Wine was an integral part of the Roman diet and winemaking became a precise business . Virtually all of the major wine - producing regions of Western Europe today were established during the Roman Imperial era . During the Roman Empire , social norms began to shift as the production of alcohol increases . Further evidence suggests that widespread drunkenness and true alcoholism among the Romans began in the first century BC and reached its height in the first century AD . Viniculture expanded so much that by AD c. 92 the emperor Domitian was forced to pass the first wine laws on record , banning the planting of any new vinyards in Italy and uprooting half of the vinyards in the provinces in order to increase the production of the necessary but less profitable grain . ( The measure was widely ignored but remained on the books until its 280 repeal by Probus . Satyr working at a wine press of wicker - work mats ( 1st century AD relief ) . Winemaking technology improved considerably during the time of the Roman Empire . Vitruvius noted how wine storage rooms were specially built facing north , `` since that quarter is never subject to change but is always constant and unshifting '' , and special smokehouses ( fumaria ) were developed to speed or mimic aging . Many grape varieties and cultivation techniques were developed . Barrels ( invented by the Gauls ) and glass bottles ( invented by the Syrians ) began to compete with terracotta amphoras for storing and shipping wine . Following the Greek invention of the screw , wine presses became common in Roman villas . The Romans also created a precursor to today 's appellation systems , as certain regions gained reputations for their fine wines . The most famous was the white Falernian from the Latian -- Campanian border , principally because of its high ( ~ 15 % ) alcohol content . The Romans recognized three appellations : Caucinian Falernian from the highest slopes , Faustian Falernian from the center ( named for its one - time owner Faustus Cornelius Sulla , son of the dictator ) , and generic Falernian from the lower slopes and plain . The esteemed vintages grew in value as they aged , and each region produced different varieties as well : dry , sweet , and light . Other famous wines were the sweet Alban from the Alban Hills and the Caecuban beloved by Horace and extirpated by Nero . Pliny cautioned that such ' first - growth ' wines not be smoked in a fumarium like lesser vintages . Wine , perhaps mixed with herbs and minerals , was assumed to serve medicinal purposes . During Roman times , the upper classes might dissolve pearls in wine for better health . Cleopatra created her own legend by promising Antony she would `` drink the value of a province '' in one cup of wine , after which she drank an expensive pearl with a cup of the beverage . Pliny relates that , after the ascension of Augustus , Setinum became the imperial wine because it did not cause him indigestion . When the Western Roman Empire fell during the 5th century , Europe entered a period of invasions and social turmoil , with the Roman Catholic Church as the only stable social structure . Through the Church , grape growing and winemaking technology , essential for the Mass , were preserved . The oldest surviving bottle still containing liquid wine , the Speyer wine bottle , belonged to a Roman nobleman and it is dated at 325 or 350 AD . Medieval period ( edit ) Medieval Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Wine in the Middle East See also : Phoenicians and wine and Lebanese wine Lebanon is among the oldest sites of wine production in the world . The Israelite Hosea ( 780 -- 725 BC ) is said to have urged his followers to return to Yahweh so that `` they will blossom as the vine , ( and ) their fragrance will be like the wine of Lebanon '' . The Phoenicians of its coastal strip were instrumental in spreading wine and viticulture throughout the Mediterranean in ancient times . However , in the Arabian peninsula , wine was traded by Aramaic merchants , as the climate was not well - suited to the growing of vines . Many other types of fermented drinks , however , were produced in the 5th and 6th centuries , including date and honey wines . The Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries brought many territories under Muslim control . Alcoholic drinks were prohibited by law , but the production of alcohol , wine in particular , seems to have thrived . Wine was a subject for many poets , even under Islamic rule , and many khalifas used to drink alcoholic beverages during their social and private meetings . Egyptian Jews leased vineyards from the Fatimid and Mamluk governments , produced wine for sacramental and medicinal use , and traded wine throughout the Eastern Mediterranean . Monastic cellarer tasting wine , from Li Livres dou Santé ( French manuscript , late 13th century ) Christian monasteries in the Levant and Iraq often cultivated grapevines ; they then distributed their vintages in taverns located on monastery grounds . Zoroastrians in Persia and Central Asia also engaged in the production of wine . Though not much is known about their wine trade , they did become known for their taverns . Wine in general found an industrial use in the medieval Middle East as feedstock after advances in distillation by Muslim alchemists allowed for the production of relatively pure ethanol , which was used in the perfume industry . Wine was also for the first time distilled into brandy during this period . Medieval Europe ( edit ) See also : History of Bordeaux wine `` It has been one of history 's cruel ironies that the ( Christian medieval ) blood libel -- accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot -- became the false pretext for numerous pogroms . And due to the danger , those who live in a place where blood libels occur are halachically exempted from using ( kosher ) red wine , lest it be seized as `` evidence '' against them . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Pesach : What We Eat and Why We Eat It , Project Genesis In the Middle Ages , wine was the common drink of all social classes in the south , where grapes were cultivated . In the north and east , where few if any grapes were grown , beer and ale were the usual beverages of both commoners and nobility . Wine was exported to the northern regions , but because of its relatively high expense was seldom consumed by the lower classes . Since wine was necessary , however , for the celebration of the Catholic Mass , assuring a supply was crucial . The Benedictine monks became one of the largest producers of wine in France and Germany , followed closely by the Cistercians . Other orders , such as the Carthusians , the Templars , and the Carmelites , are also notable both historically and in modern times as wine producers . The Benedictines owned vineyards in Champagne ( Dom Perignon was a Benedictine monk ) , Burgundy , and Bordeaux in France , and in the Rheingau and Franconia in Germany . In 1435 Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen , a wealthy member of the Holy Roman high nobility near Frankfurt , was the first to plant Riesling , the most important German grape . The nearby winemaking monks made it into an industry , producing enough wine to ship all over Europe for secular use . In Portugal , a country with one of the oldest wine traditions , the first appellation system in the world was created . A housewife of the merchant class or a servant in a noble household would have served wine at every meal , and had a selection of reds and whites alike . Home recipes for meads from this period are still in existence , along with recipes for spicing and masking flavors in wines , including the simple act of adding a small amount of honey . As wines were kept in barrels , they were not extensively aged , and thus drunk quite young . To offset the effects of heavy alcohol consumption , wine was frequently watered down at a ratio of four or five parts water to one of wine . One medieval application of wine was the use of snake - stones ( banded agate resembling the figural rings on a snake ) dissolved in wine as a remedy for snake bites , which shows an early understanding of the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system in such situations . Jofroi of Waterford , a 13th - century Dominican , wrote a catalogue of all the known wines and ales of Europe , describing them with great relish and recommending them to academics and counsellors . Rashi , a medieval French rabbi called the `` father '' of all subsequent commentaries on the Talmud and the Tanakh , earned his living as a vintner . Modern era ( edit ) Spread and development in the Americas ( edit ) See also : New World wine European grape varieties were first brought to what is now Mexico by the first Spanish conquistadors to provide the necessities of the Catholic Holy Eucharist . Planted at Spanish missions , one variety came to be known as the Mission grape and is still planted today in small amounts . Succeeding waves of immigrants imported French , Italian and German grapes , although wine from those native to the Americas ( whose flavors can be distinctly different ) is also produced . Mexico became the most important wine producer starting in the 16th century , to the extent that its output began to affect Spanish commercial production . In this competitive climate , the Spanish king sent an executive order to halt Mexico 's production of wines and the planting of vineyards . During the devastating phylloxera blight in late 19th - century Europe , it was found that Native American vines were immune to the pest . French - American hybrid grapes were developed and saw some use in Europe , but more important was the practice of grafting European grapevines to American rootstocks to protect vineyards from the insect . The practice continues to this day wherever phylloxera is present . Today , wine in the Americas is often associated with Argentina , California and Chile , all of which produce a wide variety of wines , from inexpensive jug wines to high - quality varietals and proprietary blends . Most of the wine production in the Americas is based on Old World grape varieties , and wine - growing regions there have often `` adopted '' grapes that have become particularly closely identified with them . California 's Zinfandel ( from Croatia and Southern Italy ) , Argentina 's Malbec , and Chile 's Carmenère ( both from France ) are well - known examples . Until the latter half of the 20th century , American wine was generally viewed as inferior to that of Europe . However , with the surprisingly favorable American showing at the Paris Wine tasting of 1976 , New World wine began to garner respect in the land of wine 's origins . Developments in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Great French Wine Blight In the late 19th century , the phylloxera louse brought widespread destruction to grapevines , wine production , and those whose livelihoods depended on them ; far - reaching repercussions included the loss of many indigenous varieties . Lessons learned from the infestation led to the positive transformation of Europe 's wine industry . Bad vineyards were uprooted and their land turned to better uses . Some of France 's best butter and cheese , for example , is now made from cows that graze on Charentais soil , which was previously covered with vines . Cuvées were also standardized , important in creating certain wines as they are known today ; Champagne and Bordeaux finally achieved the grape mixes that now define them . In the Balkans , where phylloxera had had little impact , the local varieties survived . However , the uneven transition from Ottoman occupation has meant only gradual transformation in many vineyards . It is only in recent times that local varieties have gained recognition beyond `` mass - market '' wines like retsina . Australia , New Zealand and South Africa ( edit ) See also : History of South African wine and Australian wine § History In the context of wine , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and other countries without a wine tradition are considered New World producers . Wine production began in the Cape Province of what is now South Africa in the 1680s as a business for supplying ships . Australia 's First Fleet ( 1788 ) brought cuttings of vines from South Africa , although initial plantings failed and the first successful vineyards were established in the early 19th century . Until quite late in the 20th century , the product of these countries was not well known outside their small export markets . For example , Australia exported mainly to the United Kingdom ; New Zealand retained most of its wine for domestic consumption ; and South Africa was often isolated from the world market because of apartheid ) . However , with the increase in mechanization and scientific advances in winemaking , these countries became known for high - quality wine . A notable exception to the foregoing is that the Cape Province was the largest exporter of wine to Europe in the 18th century . See also ( edit ) Wine portal History portal History of Champagne History of Chianti History of French wine History of Portuguese wine History of South African wine History of Sherry History of Rioja wine History of the wine press Phoenicians and wine Lebanese wine Wine in China Indian wine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Castro - Sowinski , Susana ( 17 November 2016 ) . Microbial Models : From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability . Springer . p. 42 . ISBN 9789811025556 . ^ Jump up to : Hames , Gina ( 2010 ) . Alcohol in World History . Routledge . p. 17 . ISBN 9781317548706 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) . Prehistoric China - The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World 's Earliest Fermented Beverage . Professor Patrick McGovern the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine , Fermented Beverages , and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia . Retrieved on 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 28 December 2003 ) . `` Now that 's what you call a real vintage : professor unearths 8,000 - year - old wine '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Evidence of ancient wine found in Georgia a vintage quaffed some 6,000 years BC '' . Euronews. 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Georgia 's Giant Clay Pots Hold An 8,000 - Year - Old Secret To Great Wine , NPR . ^ Jump up to : Ellsworth , Amy ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` 7,000 Year - old Wine Jar '' . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` indie '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Berkowitz , Mark ( 1996 ) . `` World 's Earliest Wine '' . Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . 49 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tondo , Lorenzo ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Traces of 6,000 - year - old wine discovered in Sicilian cave '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armenian find is ' world 's oldest winery ' - Decanter '' . Decanter . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prehistoric plonk : World 's earliest winery discovered 6,100 years after producing its last vintage '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists discover ' oldest ' winery in Armenian cave '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Hotz , Robert Lee . `` Perhaps a Red , 4,100 B.C. '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : The history of wine in ancient Greece at greekwinemakers.com Jump up ^ UNESCO Pafos Archaeological Park Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan , Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources Jump up ^ Jancis Robinson ; Julia Harding ; Jose Vouillamoz ( 2013 ) . Wine Grapes. Harper Collins . ISBN 9780062325518 . Jump up ^ Keys , David ( 2003 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Now that 's what you call a real vintage : professor unearths 8,000 - year - old wine '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Spilling , Michael ; Wong , Winnie ( 2008 ) . Cultures of The World Georgia . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 3033 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://tasting-wine.com/wine-tasting-2/history-of-popularity-of-wine/ Jump up ^ https://www.thoughtco.com/wine-origins-archaeology-and-history-173240 ^ Jump up to : Ancient Mashed Grapes Found in Greece Archived 3 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Discovery News . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ David Keys ( 28 December 2003 ) . `` Now that 's what you call a real vintage : professor unearths 8,000 - year - old wine '' . The Independent . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Berkowitz ( September -- October 1996 ) . `` World 's Earliest Wine '' . Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . 49 ( 5 ) . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Oldest known wine - making facility ' found in Armenia '' . BBC News . BBC . 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Maugh II ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Ancient winery found in Armenia '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times Media Group . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 6,000 - year - old winery found in Armenian cave ( Wired UK ) '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest winery discovered in Armenian cave '' . news.am . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Booze Traveler Season 1 Episode 11 The Armenian Trail 02 ; ( 2 : 25 ) ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Verango , Dan ( 2006 - 05 - 29 ) . `` White wine turns up in King Tutankhamen 's tomb '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pellechia , T. Wine : The 8,000 - Year - Old Story of the Wine Trade , pp. XI -- XII . Running Press ( London ) , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 871 - 3 . Jump up ^ Maria Rosa Guasch - Jané , Cristina Andrés - Lacueva , Olga Jáuregui and Rosa M. Lamuela - Raventós , The origin of the ancient Egyptian drink Shedeh revealed using LC / MS / MS , Journal of Archaeological Science , Vol 33 , Iss 1 , Jan. 2006 , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Isis & Osiris '' . University of Chicago . Jump up ^ White wine turns up in King Tutankhamen 's tomb . USA Today , 29 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture , Dartmouth College Jump up ^ T.G. Palaima , The Last days of Pylos Polity , Université de Liège Jump up ^ James C. Wright , The Mycenaean feast , American School of Classical Studies , 2004 , on Google books Jump up ^ Caley , Earle ( 1956 ) . Theophrastis On Stone . Ohio State University . Online version : Gypsum / lime in wine ^ Jump up to : Wine Drinking and Making in Antiquity : Historical References on the Role of Gemstones Many classic scientists such as Al Biruni , Theophrastus , Georg Agricola , Albertus Magnus as well as newer authors such as George Frederick Kunz describe the many talismanic , medicinal uses of minerals and wine combined . Jump up ^ Pausanias , viii. 39 . § 4 Jump up ^ Schmitz , Leonhard ( 1867 ) . `` Acratophorus '' . In Smith , William . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1 . Boston , MA . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Andrew Dalby ( 2002 ) . Empire of Pleasures : Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28073 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aristoula Georgiadou ; David H.J. Larmour ( 1998 ) . Lucian 's Science Fiction Novel ' True Histories ' : Interpretation and Commentary . BRILL . pp. 73 -- 74 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10970 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andrew Dalby ( 2002 ) . Empire of Pleasures : Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World . Routledge . pp. 134 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28073 - 7 . Jump up ^ year old Mashed grapes found World 's earliest evidence of crushed grapes ^ Jump up to : Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures , Jean L. Jacobson , Springer , p. 84 Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Brian Murray Fagan , 1996 Oxford Univ Pr , p. 757 Jump up ^ Wine : A Scientific Exploration , Merton Sandler , Roger Pinder , CRC Press , p. 66 Jump up ^ Medieval France : an encyclopedia , William Westcott Kibler , Routledge Taylor & Francis Group , p. 964 Jump up ^ Eijkhoff , P. Wine in China : its historical and contemporary developments ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Temple , Robert . ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention . With a forward by Joseph Needham . New York : Simon & Schuster , Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 62028 - 2 . Page 101 . Jump up ^ Wine Production in China 3000 years ago . Jump up ^ http://monkeytree.org/silkroad/zhangqian.html ^ Jump up to : Gernet , Jacques ( 1962 ) . Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 . Translated by H.M. Wright . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 . Page 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-persians.asp Jump up ^ Jellinek , E.M. 1976 . `` Drinkers and Alcoholics in Ancient Rome . '' Edited by Carole D. Yawney andRobert E. Popham . Journal of Studies on Alcohol 37 ( 11 ) : 1718 - 1740 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) . The Oxford Companion to Wine , 3rd Ed. , p. 234 . Oxford Univ . Press ( Oxford ) , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Vitruvius . De architectura , I. 4.2 . Jump up ^ Hugh Johnson , Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 72 . Simon and Schuster 1989 . Jump up ^ Pliny . Natural History , XIV. 61 . Jump up ^ History of Wine Jump up ^ `` The Roman Wine of Speyer : The oldest Wine of the World that 's still liquid '' . Deutsches Weininstitut . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museum scared to open ancient Roman wine '' . The Local - Germany edition . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Patrick E. 2003 . Ancient Wine : The Search for the Origins of viniculture . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ quoted from McGovern , Patrick E. 2003 . op . cit. , p. 202 Jump up ^ Rutman , Rabbi Yisrael . `` Pesach : What We Eat and Why We Eat It '' . Project Genesis Inc . Archived from the original on 24 December 2001 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chaim . Chabad . `` Rashi 's Method of Biblical Commentary '' . Further reading ( edit ) Patrick E. McGovern ( 2007 ) . Ancient Wine : The Search for the Origins of Viniculture . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691127842 . Patrick E. McGovern ( 2010 ) . Uncorking the Past : The Quest for Wine , Beer , and Other Alcoholic Beverages . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520267985 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Wines and winemaking <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General <Td_colspan="2"> Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Styles and methods of production <Td_colspan="2"> Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grape varieties <Td_colspan="2"> International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Wine - producing countries and regions <Td_colspan="2"> Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Glossary Outline <Th_colspan="2"> Alcoholic drinks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History and production <Td_colspan="2"> History of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of French wine History of Portuguese wine History of Rioja wine History of Sherry History of South African wine Production Alcohol industry Brewing Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Winemaking <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alcoholic drinks <Td_colspan="2"> Fermented drink Beer Cider Mead Rice wine Sake Wine Other fermented drinks Distilled drink Brandy Gin Liqueur Rum Tequila Vodka Whisky Other distilled drinks Fortified wine Madeira wine Marsala wine Port wine Sherry Vermouth Other fortified wines <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Distilled drinks by ingredients <Td_colspan="2"> Fruit Apple Applejack Calvados Cashew apple Feni Coconut Arrack Fig Boukha Grape Armagnac Brandy Cognac Pisco Plum Slivovitz Țuică Pomace Chacha Grappa Marc Orujo Tsikoudia Tsipouro Zivania Various fruits Eau de vie Himbeergeist Kirschwasser Marillenschnaps Nalewka Pálinka Rakia Schnaps Cereals Barley Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Scotch whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Rice baijiu Shōchū Soju Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu ( Kaoliang ) Multiple grains American whiskey Canadian whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Buckwheat Buckwheat whisky Shōchū Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Tharra Various starches Akvavit Horilka Poitín Shōchū Vodka <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients <Td_colspan="2"> Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Ouzo Pastis Rakı Sambuca Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Egg Advocaat Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Orange Campari Cedratine Curaçao Triple sec Peppers Pertsivka Star anise Sassolino Sugarcane / molasses Charanda Various fruits Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin <Td_colspan="2"> Portals Liquor Beer Drink Wine WikiProjects Beer Spirits Wine <Th_colspan="2"> Prehistoric technology <Td_colspan="2"> Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tools <Td_colspan="2"> Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting <Td_colspan="2"> Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture <Td_colspan="2"> Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Arts and culture <Td_colspan="2"> Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&oldid=800314292 '' Categories : History of wine Ancient wine Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego हिन्दी Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. History of wine production 2. Ancient civilizations and wine 3. Wine in ancient Egypt 4. Wine in ancient Greece 5. Wine in ancient Persia and the Roman Empire

what do you understand by the term management

Management - wikipedia Management Jump to : navigation , search `` Manager '' redirects here . For other uses , see Management ( disambiguation ) and Manager ( disambiguation ) . An organization chart for the United States Coast Guard shows the hierarchy of managerial roles in that organization . Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology The Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Management ( or managing ) is the administration of an organization , whether it is a business , a not - for - profit organization , or government body . Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees ( or of volunteers ) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources , such as financial , natural , technological , and human resources . The term `` management '' may also refer to those people who manage an organization . Social scientists study management as an academic discipline , investigating areas such as social organization and organizational leadership . Some people study management at colleges or universities ; major degrees in management include the Bachelor of Commerce ( B.Com . ) and Master of Business Administration ( MBA . ) and , for the public sector , the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree . Individuals who aim to become management specialists or experts , management researchers , or professors may complete the Doctor of Management ( DM ) , the Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) , or the PhD in Business Administration or Management . Larger organizations generally have three levels of managers , which are typically organized in a hierarchical , pyramid structure : Senior managers , such as members of a Board of Directors , a Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) or a President of an organization , set the strategic goals of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate . Senior managers provide direction to the middle managers who report to them . Middle managers , examples of which would include branch managers , regional managers and section managers , provide direction to front - line managers . Middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front - line managers . Lower managers , such as supervisors and front - line team leaders , oversee the work of regular employees ( or volunteers , in some voluntary organizations ) and provide direction on their work . In smaller organizations , an individual manager may have a much wider scope . A single manager may perform several roles or even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Theoretical scope 2 Nature of work 3 History 3.1 Etymology 3.2 Early writing 3.3 19th century 3.4 20th century 3.5 21st century 4 Topics 4.1 Basics 4.2 Basic roles 4.3 Skills 4.4 Implementation of policies and strategies 5 Policies and strategies in the planning process 6 Levels 6.1 Top 6.2 Middle 6.3 Lower 7 Training 7.1 United States of America 7.1. 1 Undergraduate 7.1. 2 Graduate 7.2 Good practices 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definitions ( edit ) Views on the definition and scope of management include : According to Henri Fayol , `` to manage is to forecast and to plan , to organise , to command , to co-ordinate and to control . '' Fredmund Malik defines it as `` the transformation of resources into utility . '' Management included as one of the factors of production -- along with machines , materials and money . Ghislain Deslandes defines it as `` a vulnerable force , under pressure to achieve results and endowed with the triple power of constraint , imitation and imagination , operating on subjective , interpersonal , institutional and environmental levels '' . Peter Drucker ( 1909 -- 2005 ) saw the basic task of management as twofold : marketing and innovation . Nevertheless , innovation is also linked to marketing ( product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue ) . Peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success , but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge . Theoretical scope ( edit ) Management involves identifying the mission , objective , procedures , rules and manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise . This implies effective communication : an enterprise environment ( as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism ) implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome . As such , management is not the manipulation of a mechanism ( machine or automated program ) , not the herding of animals , and can occur either in a legal or in an illegal enterprise or environment . From an individual 's perspective , management does not need to be seen solely from an enterprise point of view , because management is an essential function to improve one 's life and relationships . Management is therefore everywhere and it has a wider range of application . Based on this , management must have humans . Communication and a positive endeavor are two main aspects of it either through enterprise or independent pursuit . Plans , measurements , motivational psychological tools , goals , and economic measures ( profit , etc . ) may or may not be necessary components for there to be management . At first , one views management functionally , such as measuring quantity , adjusting plans , meeting goals . This applies even in situations where planning does not take place . From this perspective , Henri Fayol ( 1841 -- 1925 ) considers management to consist of six functions : forecasting planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling In another way of thinking , Mary Parker Follett ( 1868 -- 1933 ) , allegedly defined management as `` the art of getting things done through people '' . She described management as philosophy . Critics , however , find this definition useful but far too narrow . The phrase `` management is what managers do '' occurs widely , suggesting the difficulty of defining management without circularity , the shifting nature of definitions and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or of a class . One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to `` business administration '' and thus excludes management in places outside commerce , as for example in charities and in the public sector . More broadly , every organization must `` manage '' its work , people , processes , technology , etc. to maximize effectiveness . Nonetheless , many people refer to university departments that teach management as `` business schools '' . Some such institutions ( such as the Harvard Business School ) use that name , while others ( such as the Yale School of Management ) employ the broader term `` management '' . English - speakers may also use the term `` management '' or `` the management '' as a collective word describing the managers of an organization , for example of a corporation . Historically this use of the term often contrasted with the term `` labor '' -- referring to those being managed . But in the present era the concept of management is identified in the wide areas and its frontiers have been pushed to a broader range . Apart from profitable organizations even non-profitable organizations ( NGOs ) apply management concepts . The concept and its uses are not constrained . Management on the whole is the process of planning , organizing , coordinating , leading and controlling . Nature of work ( edit ) In profitable organizations , management 's primary function is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders . This typically involves making a profit ( for the shareholders ) , creating valued products at a reasonable cost ( for customers ) , and providing great employment opportunities for employees . In nonprofit management , add the importance of keeping the faith of donors . In most models of management and governance , shareholders vote for the board of directors , and the board then hires senior management . Some organizations have experimented with other methods ( such as employee - voting models ) of selecting or reviewing managers , but this is rare . In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies , voters elect politicians to public office . Such politicians hire many managers and administrators ; and in some countries like the United States , political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president / governor / mayor . History ( edit ) Some see management ( by definition ) as late - modern ( in the sense of late modernity ) conceptualization . On those terms it can not have a pre-modern history , only harbingers ( such as stewards ) . Others , however , detect management - like - thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt . Slave - owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting / motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce , but many pre-industrial enterprises , given their small scale , did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically . However , innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals ( 5th to 15th centuries ) and the codification of double - entry book - keeping ( 1494 ) provided tools for management assessment , planning and control . Also , Machiavelli wrote about how to make organisations efficient and effective . The principles that Machiavelli set forth in Discourses ( 1531 ) can be adapted to apply the management of organisations today : An organisation is more stable if members have the right to express their differences and solve their conflicts within it . While one person can begin an organisation , `` it is lasting when it is left in the care of many and when many desire to maintain it . '' A weak manager can follow a strong one , but not another weak one , and maintain authority . A manager seeking to change an established organization `` should retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs . '' With the changing workplaces of industrial revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries , military theory and practice contributed approaches to managing the newly - popular factories . Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record - keeping and recording before the industrial revolution , it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves . But with growing size and complexity of organizations , the split between owners ( individuals , industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders ) and day - to - day managers ( independent specialists in planning and control ) gradually became more common . Etymology ( edit ) The English verb `` manage '' comes from the Italian maneggiare ( to handle , especially tools or a horse ) , which derives from the two Latin words manus ( hand ) and agere ( to act ) . The French word for housekeeping , ménagerie , derived from ménager ( `` to keep house '' ; compare ménage for `` household '' ) , also encompasses taking care of domestic animals . Ménagerie is the French translation of Xenophon 's famous book Oeconomicus ( Greek : Οἰκονομικός ) on household matters and husbandry . The French word mesnagement ( or ménagement ) influenced the semantic development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries . Early writing ( edit ) Management ( according to some definitions ) has existed for millennia , and several writers have produced background works that have contributed to modern management theories . Some theorists have cited ancient military texts as providing lessons for civilian managers . For example , Chinese general Sun Tzu in his 6th century BC work The Art of War recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager 's organization and a foe 's . The writings of influential Chinese Legalist philosopher Shen Buhai may be considered to embody a rare premodern example of abstract theory of administration . Various ancient and medieval civilizations produced `` mirrors for princes '' books , which aimed to advise new monarchs on how to govern . Plato described job specialization in 350 B.C. , and Alfarabi listed several leadership traits in A.D. 900 . Other examples include the Indian Arthashastra by Chanakya ( written around 300 BCE ) , and The Prince by Italian author Niccolò Machiavelli ( c. 1515 ) . Further information : Mirrors for princes Written in 1776 by Adam Smith , a Scottish moral philosopher , The Wealth of Nations discussed efficient organization of work through division of labour. Smith described how changes in processes could boost productivity in the manufacture of pins . While individuals could produce 200 pins per day , Smith analyzed the steps involved in manufacture and , with 10 specialists , enabled production of 48,000 pins per day . 19th century ( edit ) Classical economists such as Adam Smith ( 1723 -- 1790 ) and John Stuart Mill ( 1806 -- 1873 ) provided a theoretical background to resource - allocation , production , and pricing issues . About the same time , innovators like Eli Whitney ( 1765 -- 1825 ) , James Watt ( 1736 -- 1819 ) , and Matthew Boulton ( 1728 -- 1809 ) developed elements of technical production such as standardization , quality - control procedures , cost - accounting , interchangeability of parts , and work - planning . Many of these aspects of management existed in the pre-1861 slave - based sector of the US economy . That environment saw 4 million people , as the contemporary usages had it , `` managed '' in profitable quasi-mass production . Salaried managers as an identifiable group first became prominent in the late 19th century . 20th century ( edit ) By about 1900 one finds managers trying to place their theories on what they regarded as a thoroughly scientific basis ( see scientism for perceived limitations of this belief ) . Examples include Henry R. Towne 's Science of management in the 1890s , Frederick Winslow Taylor 's The Principles of Scientific Management ( 1911 ) , Lillian Gilbreth 's Psychology of Management ( 1914 ) , Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 's Applied motion study ( 1917 ) , and Henry L. Gantt 's charts ( 1910s ) . J. Duncan wrote the first college management - textbook in 1911 . In 1912 Yoichi Ueno introduced Taylorism to Japan and became the first management consultant of the `` Japanese - management style '' . His son Ichiro Ueno pioneered Japanese quality assurance . The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920 . The Harvard Business School offered the first Master of Business Administration degree ( MBA ) in 1921 . People like Henri Fayol ( 1841 -- 1925 ) and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships . In the early 20th century , people like Ordway Tead ( 1891 -- 1973 ) , Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management . Other writers , such as Elton Mayo ( 1880 -- 1949 ) , Mary Parker Follett ( 1868 -- 1933 ) , Chester Barnard ( 1886 -- 1961 ) , Max Weber ( 1864 -- 1920 ) , who saw what he called the `` administrator '' as bureaucrat ) , Rensis Likert ( 1903 -- 1981 ) , and Chris Argyris ( born 1923 ) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective . Peter Drucker ( 1909 -- 2005 ) wrote one of the earliest books on applied management : Concept of the Corporation ( published in 1946 ) . It resulted from Alfred Sloan ( chairman of General Motors until 1956 ) commissioning a study of the organisation . Drucker went on to write 39 books , many in the same vein . H. Dodge , Ronald Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) , and Thornton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management - studies . In the 1940s , Patrick Blackett worked in the development of the applied - mathematics science of operations research , initially for military operations . Operations research , sometimes known as `` management science '' ( but distinct from Taylor 's scientific management ) , attempts to take a scientific approach to solving decision - problems , and can apply directly to multiple management problems , particularly in the areas of logistics and operations . Some of the more recent developments include the Theory of Constraints , management by objectives , reengineering , Six Sigma and various information - technology - driven theories such as agile software development , as well as group - management theories such as Cog 's Ladder . As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of the art / science of management a certain amount of prestige , so the way opened for popularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares . In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific theories of management . Towards the end of the 20th century , business management came to consist of six separate branches , namely : financial management human resource management information technology management ( responsible for management information systems ) marketing management operations management and production management strategic management 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way . More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories . Instead , one tends to think in terms of the various processes , tasks , and objects subject to management . Branches of management theory also exist relating to nonprofits and to government : such as public administration , public management , and educational management . Further , management programs related to civil - society organizations have also spawned programs in nonprofit management and social entrepreneurship . Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from business - ethics viewpoints , critical management studies , and anti-corporate activism . As one consequence , workplace democracy ( sometimes referred to as Workers ' self - management ) has become both more common and advocated to a greater extent , in some places distributing all management functions among workers , each of whom takes on a portion of the work . However , these models predate any current political issue , and may occur more naturally than does a command hierarchy . All management embraces to some degree a democratic principle -- in that in the long term , the majority of workers must support management . Otherwise , they leave to find other work or go on strike . Despite the move toward workplace democracy , command - and - control organization structures remain commonplace as de facto organization structure . Indeed , the entrenched nature of command - and - control is evident in the way that recent layoffs have been conducted with management ranks affected far less than employees at the lower levels . In some cases , management has even rewarded itself with bonuses after laying off lower - level workers . According to leadership academic Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries , a contemporary senior management team will almost inevitably have some personality disorders . Topics ( edit ) Basics ( edit ) According to Fayol , management operates through five basic functions : planning , organizing , coordinating , commanding , and controlling . Planning : Deciding what needs to happen in the future and generating plans for action ( deciding in advance ) . Organizing ( or staffing ) : Making sure the human and nonhuman resources are put into place . Coordinating : Creating a structure through which an organization 's goals can be accomplished . Commanding ( or leading ) : Determining what must be done in a situation and getting people to do it . Controlling : Checking progress against plans . Basic roles ( edit ) Interpersonal : roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees Figurehead , leader Informational : roles that involve handling , sharing , and analyzing information Nerve centre , dissciminator Decision : roles that require decision - making entrepreneur , negotiator , allocator Skills ( edit ) Management skills include : political : used to build a power base and to establish connections conceptual : used to analyze complex situations interpersonal : used to communicate , motivate , mentor and delegate diagnostic : ability to visualize appropriate responses to a situation leadership : ability to lead and to provide guidance to a specific group technical : expertise in one 's particular functional area . Implementation of policies and strategies ( edit ) All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff . Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies . A plan of action must be devised for each department . Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly . Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes . Top - level managers should carry out regular progress assessments . The business requires team spirit and a good environment . The missions , objectives , strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business 's mission . The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business 's future environment . A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consistent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives . Policies and strategies in the planning process ( edit ) They give mid and lower - level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization . A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made . Mid and lower - level management may add their own plans to the business 's strategies . Levels ( edit ) Most organizations have three management levels : first - level , middle - level , and top - level managers . First - line managers are the lowest level of management and manage the work of nonmanagerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization 's products . First - line managers are often called supervisors , but may also be called line managers , office managers , or even foremen . Middle managers include all levels of management between the first - line level and the top level of the organization . These managers manage the work of first - line managers and may have titles such as department head , project leader , plant manager , or division manager . Top managers are responsible for making organization - wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization . These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president , president , managing director , chief operating officer , chief executive officer , or chairman of the board . These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority , and perform different tasks . In many organizations , the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid . Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles . Top ( edit ) The top or senior layer of management consists of the board of directors ( including non-executive directors and executive directors ) , president , vice-president , CEOs and other members of the C - level executives . Different organizations have various members in their C - suite , which may include a Chief Financial Officer , Chief Technology Officer , and so on . They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the operations of the entire organization . They set a `` tone at the top '' and develop strategic plans , company policies , and make decisions on the overall direction of the organization . In addition , top - level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources . Senior managers are accountable to the shareholders , the general public and to public bodies that oversee corporations and similar organizations . Some members of the senior management may serve as the public face of the organization , and they may make speeches to introduce new strategies or appear in marketing . The board of directors is typically primarily composed of non-executives who owe a fiduciary duty to shareholders and are not closely involved in the day - to - day activities of the organization , although this varies depending on the type ( e.g. , public versus private ) , size and culture of the organization . These directors are theoretically liable for breaches of that duty and typically insured under directors and officers liability insurance . Fortune 500 directors are estimated to spend 4.4 hours per week on board duties , and median compensation was $212,512 in 2010 . The board sets corporate strategy , makes major decisions such as major acquisitions , and hires , evaluates , and fires the top - level manager ( Chief Executive Officer or CEO ) . The CEO typically hires other positions . However , board involvement in the hiring of other positions such as the Chief Financial Officer ( CFO ) has increased . In 2013 , a survey of over 160 CEOs and directors of public and private companies found that the top weaknesses of CEOs were `` mentoring skills '' and `` board engagement '' , and 10 % of companies never evaluated the CEO . The board may also have certain employees ( e.g. , internal auditors ) report to them or directly hire independent contractors ; for example , the board ( through the audit committee ) typically selects the auditor . Helpful skills of top management vary by the type of organization but typically include a broad understanding of competition , world economies , and politics . In addition , the CEO is responsible for implementing and determining ( within the board 's framework ) the broad policies of the organization . Executive management accomplishes the day - to - day details , including : instructions for preparation of department budgets , procedures , schedules ; appointment of middle level executives such as department managers ; coordination of departments ; media and governmental relations ; and shareholder communication . Middle ( edit ) Consist of general managers , branch managers and department managers . They are accountable to the top management for their department 's function . They devote more time to organizational and directional functions . Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company 's policies and the objectives of the top management , they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management , and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance . Middle management is the midway management of a categorized organization , being secondary to the senior management but above the deepest levels of operational members . An operational manager may be well - thought - out by middle management , or may be categorized as non-management operate , liable to the policy of the specific organization . Efficiency of the middle level is vital in any organization , since they bridge the gap between top level and bottom level staffs . Their functions include : Design and implement effective group and inter-group work and information systems . Define and monitor group - level performance indicators . Diagnose and resolve problems within and among work groups . Design and implement reward systems that support cooperative behavior . They also make decision and share ideas with top managers . Lower ( edit ) Lower managers include supervisors , section leaders , forepersons and team leaders . They focus on controlling and directing regular employees . They are usually responsible for assigning employees ' tasks , guiding and supervising employees on day - to - day activities , ensuring the quality and quantity of production and / or service , making recommendations and suggestions to employees on their work , and channeling employee concerns that they can not resolve to mid-level managers or other administrators . First - level or `` front line '' managers also act as role models for their employees . In some types of work , front line managers may also do some of the same tasks that employees do , at least some of the time . For example , in some restaurants , the front line managers will also serve customers during a very busy period of the day . Front - line managers typically provide : Training for new employees Basic supervision Motivation Performance feedback and guidance Some front - line managers may also provide career planning for employees who aim to rise within the organization . Training ( edit ) Colleges and universities around the world offer bachelor 's degrees , graduate degrees , diplomas and certificates in management , generally within their colleges of business , business schools or faculty of management but also in other related departments . In the 2010s , there has been an increase in online management education and training in the form of electronic educational technology ( also called e-learning ) . Online education has increased the accessibility of management training to people who do not live near a college or university , or who can not afford to travel to a city where such training is available . While some professions require academic credentials in order to work in the profession ( e.g. , law , medicine , engineering , which require , respectively the Bachelor of Law , Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Engineering degrees ) , management and administration positions do not necessarily require the completion of academic degrees . Some well - known senior executives in the US who did not complete a degree include Steve Jobs , Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg . However , many managers and executives have completed some type of business or management training , such as a Bachelor of Commerce or a Master of Business Administration degree . Some major organizations , including companies , not - for - profit organizations and governments , require applicants to managerial or executive positions to hold at minimum Bachelor 's degree in a field related to administration or management , or in the case of business jobs , a Bachelor of Commerce or a similar degree . United States of america ( edit ) Undergraduate ( edit ) At the undergraduate level , the most common business program is the Bachelor of Commerce ( B.Com . ) . A B.Com. is typically a four - year program that includes courses that give students an overview of the role of managers in planning and directing within an organization . Course topics include accounting , financial management , statistics , marketing , strategy , and other related areas . There are many other undergraduate degrees that include the study of management , such as Bachelor of Arts degrees with a major in business administration or management and Bachelor of Public Administration ( B.P.A ) , a degree designed for individuals aiming to work as bureaucrats in the government jobs . Many colleges and universities also offer certificates and diplomas in business administration or management , which typically require one to two years of full - time study . Graduate ( edit ) At the graduate level students aiming at careers as managers or executives may choose to specialize in major subareas of management or business administration such as entrepreneurship , human resources , international business , organizational behavior , organizational theory , strategic management , accounting , corporate finance , entertainment , global management , healthcare management , investment management , sustainability and real estate . A Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) is the most popular professional master 's degree and can be obtained from many universities in the United States . MBAs provide further education in management and leadership for graduate students . Other master 's degrees in business and management include Master of Management ( MM ) and the Master of Science ( M.Sc . ) in business administration or management , which is typically taken by students aiming to become researchers or professors . There are also specialized master 's degrees in administration for individuals aiming at careers outside of business , such as the Master of Public Administration ( MPA ) degree ( also offered as a Master of Arts in Public Administration in some universities ) , for students aiming to become managers or executives in the public service and the Master of Health Administration , for students aiming to become managers or executives in the health care and hospital sector . Management doctorates are the most advanced terminal degrees in the field of business and management . Most individuals obtaining management doctorates take the programs to obtain the training in research methods , statistical analysis and writing academic papers that they will need to seek careers as researchers , senior consultants and / or professors in business administration or management . There are three main types of management doctorates : the Doctor of Management ( D.M. ) , the Doctor of Business Administration ( D.B.A. ) , and the Ph. D. in Business Administration or Management . In the 2010s , doctorates in business administration and management are available with many specializations . Good practices ( edit ) While management trends can change so fast , the long term trend in management has been defined by a market embracing diversity and a rising service industry . Managers are currently being trained to encourage greater equality for minorities and women in the workplace , by offering increased flexibility in working hours , better retraining , and innovative ( and usually industry - specific ) performance markers . Managers destined for the service sector are being trained to use unique measurement techniques , better worker support and more charismatic leadership styles . Human resources finds itself increasingly working with management in a training capacity to help collect management data on the success ( or failure ) of management actions with employees . See also ( edit ) Outline of business management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SS Gulshan . Management Principles and Practices by Lallan Prasad and SS Gulshan . Excel Books India . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5062 - 099 - 1 . Jump up ^ Deslandes G. , ( 2014 ) , `` Management in Xenophon 's Philosophy : a Retrospective Analysis '' , 38th Annual Research Conference , Philosophy of Management , 2014 , July 14 -- 16 , Chicago Jump up ^ Prabbal Frank attempts to make a subtle distinction between management and manipulation : Frank , Prabbal ( 2006 ) . People Manipulation : A Positive Approach ( 2 ed . ) . New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd ( published 2009 ) . pp. 3 -- 7 . ISBN 9788120743526 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . There is a difference between management and manipulation . The difference is thin ( ... ) If management is handling , then manipulation is skilful handling . In short , manipulation is skilful management . ( ... ) Manipulation is in essence leveraged management . ( ... ) It is an alive thing while management is a dead concept . It requires a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach . ( ... ) People can not be managed . Jump up ^ Administration industrielle et générale -- prévoyance organization -- commandment , coordination -- contrôle , Paris : Dunod , 1966 Jump up ^ Jones , Norman L. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter Two : Of Poetry and Politics : The Managerial Culture of Sixteenth - Century England '' . In Kaufman , Peter Iver . Leadership and Elizabethan Culture . Jepson Studies in Leadership . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 9781137340290 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Mary Parker Follett , the ' prophet of management ' reputedly defined management as the ' art of getting things done through people . ' ( ... ) Whether or not she said it , Follett describes the attributes of dynamic management as being coactive rather than coercive . Jump up ^ Vocational Business : Training , Developing and Motivating People by Richard Barrett -- Business & Economics -- 2003 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Compare : Holmes , Leonard ( 2012 ) . The Dominance of Management : A Participatory Critique . Voices in Development Management . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 20 . ISBN 9781409488668 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Lupton 's ( 1983 : 17 ) notion that management is ' what managers do during their working hours ' , if valid , could only apply to descriptive conceptualizations of management , where ' management ' is effectively synonymous with ' managing ' , and where ' managing ' refers to an activity , or set of activities carried out by managers . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` management '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . -- `` Meaning ' governing body ' ( originally of a theater ) is from 1739 . '' Jump up ^ See for examples Melling , Joseph ; McKinlay , Alan , eds. ( 1996 ) . Management , Labour , and Industrial Politics in Modern Europe : The Quest for Productivity Growth During the Twentieth Century . Edward Elgar . ISBN 9781858980164 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stoner , James A.F. ( 1995 ) . Management ( sixth edition ) . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall , Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 149444 - 9 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Anthony ( 1981 ) . A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism . Social and Politic Theory from Polity Press . 1 . University of California Press . p. 125 . ISBN 9780520044906 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . In the army barracks , and in the mass co-ordination of men on the battlefield ( epitomised by the military innovations of Prince Maurice of Orange and Nassau in the sixteenth century ) are to be found the prototype of the regimentation of the factory -- as both Marx and Weber noted . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ITdXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP21&lpg=PP21&dq=menagerie+xenophon&source=bl&ots=-xFcf4MOIt&sig=KGryxF60feNGaDW9AlgIZJIb0gU&hl=de&sa=X&ei=5V4_VfiLKZDfau-OgZgO&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=menagerie%20xenophon&f=false Jump up ^ `` Home : Oxford English Dictionary '' . ^ Jump up to : Gomez - Mejia , Luis R. ; David B. Balkin ; Robert L. Cardy ( 2008 ) . Management : People , Performance , Change , 3rd edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 302743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Creel , 1974 pp. 4 -- 5 Shen Pu - hai : A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. Jump up ^ Griffin , Ricky W. CUSTOM Management : Principles and Practices , International Edition , 11th Edition . Cengage Learning UK , 08 / 2014 ^ Jump up to : Gomez - Mejia , Luis R. ; David B. Balkin ; Robert L. Cardy ( 2008 ) . Management : People , Performance , Change ( 3 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 302743 - 2 . Jump up ^ Khurana , Rakesh ( 2010 ) ( 2007 ) . From Higher Aims to Hired Hands : The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession . Princeton University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9781400830862 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24 . When salaried managers first appeared in the large corporations of the late nineteenth century , it was not obvious who they were , what they did , or why they should be entrusted with the task of running corporations . Jump up ^ Gilbreth , Lillian Moller . `` The Psychology of Management : The Function of the Mind in Determining , Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Legge , David ; Stanton , Pauline ; Smyth , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Learning management ( and managing your own learning ) '' . In Harris , Mary G. Managing Health Services : Concepts and Practice . Marrickville , NSW : Elsevier Australia . p. 13 . ISBN 9780729537599 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . The manager as bureaucrat is the guardian of roles , rules and relationships ; his or her style of management relies heavily on working according to the book . In the Weberian tradition managers are necessary to coordinate the different roles that contribute to the production process and to mediate communication from head office to the shop floor and back . This style of management assumes a world view in which bureaucratic role is seen as separate from , and taking precedence over , other constructions of self ( including the obligations of citizenship ) , at least for the duration if the working day . Jump up ^ Craig , S. ( 2009 , January 29 ) . Merrill Bonus Case Widens as Deal Struggles . Wall Street Journal . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries The Dark Side of Leadership -- Business Strategy Review 14 ( 3 ) , Autumn p. 26 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Jean - Louis Peaucelle ( 22 July 2015 ) . Henri Fayol , the Manager . Routledge . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 31939 - 9 . Jump up ^ Board of Directors : Duties & Liabilities Archived 2014 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Stanford Graduate School of Business . Jump up ^ DeMars L. ( 2006 ) . Heavy Vetting : Boards of directors now want to talk to would - be CFOs -- and vice versa . CFO Magazine . Jump up ^ 2013 CEO Performance Evaluation Survey . Stanford Graduate School of Business . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Lawrence S. `` Management and Executive Development . '' Reference for Business : Encyclopedia of Business ( 2010 ) : n. page . 25 Mar 2011 . ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` AOM Placement Presentations '' . Jump up ^ `` Four Ways to Be A Better Boss '' . www.randstadusa.com . Randstad USA . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of HR in Uncertain Times '' ( PDF ) . Economist Intelligence Unit . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Library resources in your library and in other libraries about Management Media related to Management at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Management at Wikiquote <Th_colspan="2"> Management <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of business management Index of management articles By type of organization Academic Association Business Restaurant Healthcare Military Public By focus ( within an organization ) By scope Strategic ( top - level ) Capability Change Communication Financial Innovation Performance Risk Systems By component Facility Product Product lifecycle Brand Program Project Construction By activity or department managed Line Marketing Operations / production Process Quality Sales Staff Accounting Office Records By aspect or relationship Customer relationship Engineering Logistics Perception Supply chain Talent By problem Conflict Crisis Stress By resource Environmental resource Human resources Information Information technology Knowledge Land Materials Skills Stock Technology Time Management positions Interim Middle Senior Methods and approaches Adhocracy Collaborative method Distributed Earned value management Evidence - based management Management by objectives Management style Macromanagement Micromanagement Scientific management Social entrepreneurship Team building Virtual management Management skills and activities Decision - making Forecasting Leadership Pioneers and scholars Peter Drucker Eliyahu M. Goldratt Oliver E. Williamson Education Association of Technology , Management , and Applied Engineering Business school Certified Business Manager Chartered Management Institute Critical management studies Degrees Bachelor of Business Administration Master of Business Administration PhD in management Organizational studies Other Administration Collaboration Corporate governance Executive compensation Management consulting Management control Management cybernetics Management development Management fad Management system Managerial economics Managerial psychology Managerialism Organization development Organizational behavior management Pointy - haired Boss Williamson 's model of managerial discretion <Td_colspan="2"> Systems science portal <Th_colspan="2"> Social sciences Primary Anthropology archaeology cultural linguistics social Economics microeconomics macroeconomics Geography human integrative History cultural economic military political social Law jurisprudence legal history legal systems Political science international relations psephology public administration public policy Psychology abnormal biological cognitive developmental personality social Sociology criminology demography internet rural urban Interdisciplinary Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental ( social science studies ) Food studies Gender studies Global studies History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Media studies Philosophy of science economics history psychology social science Planning land use regional urban Political ecology Political economy Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Social work Other categorizations Humanities Geisteswissenschaft Human science <Td_colspan="2"> Index Journals Outline Wikiversity Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management&oldid=813768525 '' Categories : Management occupations Management Organizational theory Leadership Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 04 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Organization management 2. Business administration 3. Leadership and coordination 4. Levels of management 5. History and evolution of management

where did the saying loose lips sink ships

Loose lips sink ships - wikipedia Loose lips sink ships This article is about the English idiom . For other uses , see Loose lips sink ships ( disambiguation ) . American World War II poster by Seymour R. Goff , who signed it with his common pen name `` Ess - ar - gee '' Loose lips sink ships is an American English idiom meaning `` beware of unguarded talk '' . The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II . The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information . The most famous poster that helped popularize the phrase ( pictured at right ) was created for the Seagram Distillers Corporation by the designer Seymour R. Goff ( also known by the pseudonym `` Ess - ar - gee '' or Essargee ) . This type of poster was part of a general campaign of American propaganda during World War II to advise servicemen and other citizens to avoid careless talk concerning secure information that might be of use to the enemy . The British equivalent used `` Careless Talk Costs Lives '' , and variations on the phrase `` Keep mum '' , while in neutral Sweden the State Information Board promoted the wordplay `` en svensk tiger '' ( the Swedish word `` tiger '' means both `` tiger '' and `` keeping silent '' ) , and Germany used `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! '' ( English : `` Shame on you , blabbermouth ! '' ) . The gist of this particular slogan was that one should avoid speaking of ship movements , as this talk ( if directed at or overheard by covert enemy agents ) might allow the enemy to intercept and destroy the ships . There were many similar such slogans , but `` Loose lips sink ships '' remained in the American idiom for the remainder of the century and into the next , usually as an admonition to avoid careless talk in general . Some examples of use the phrase outside the World War II propaganda context are : A pop band , a pop album ( by Des Ark ) , and pop songs by various artists , including Camper Van Beethoven , A Change of Pace , Hit the Lights , and others . A musical play produced by the American Folklore Theatre . An episode of the American - animated television program , Fish Hooks . A Variation Poster `` Round Hips Sink Ships '' on the American - animated television program Futurama The title an episode of the American television program Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains , and a variation , `` Loose Lips Sink Relationships '' , is an episode of the American television program Will & Grace . The title of a paper exploring labiaplasty by Simone Weil Davis of the University of Toronto . A line in `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution '' video game at the end of the letter ( about evacuation of Federal Emergency Management Agency station MICH. 355. sos. 7 at Highland Park ( Detroit ) sent by Joseph Manderley A slogan on one of the many shirts of Billy Talent 's lead singer , Ben Kowalewicz A mention in the alehouses in the game Tradewinds . An achievement in a video game called Curve Fever 2 . A lyric from the song `` I Know Places '' by Taylor Swift . A lyric in the song `` I Get Around '' by Tupac Shakur . A lyric at the beginning of the song Let 's Get It Up by AC / DC . A repeated lyric in the song `` XO '' , from Fall Out Boy 's second studio album , From Under the Cork Tree . A lyric in the song `` Swallow my Pride '' by Ramones . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Ben Threw '' by Of Mice and Men . A lyric at the beginning of the song `` Sweetwater Kill ( The Ocean Song ) '' by the cello rock band Rapustina . A repeated lyric in the song `` Cherry Tree '' by The National . A lyric repeated throughout the song `` Snitches Get Stitches '' , from The Amity Affliction 's first studio album , Severed Ties . A lyric in the song `` Nobody 's Safe Chump '' by EPMD . A lyric in the song `` Covered in Cowardice '' by Billy Talent A lyric in Travie McCoy 's `` Rough Water '' ft . Jason Mraz . A lyric in the song `` Beneath the Waves '' by Young Guns . A lyric in the song `` Slip of the Lip '' by Ratt . A lyric in the song `` Loose Lips '' by Kimya Dawson . A lyric in the song `` Icebergs '' by Madison Bloodbath . A lyric in the song `` We Alright '' by Young Money . A lyric in the song `` Parties for Prostitutes '' by Brody Dalle . The final line in the song `` Seaward '' by The Acacia Strain . US television show Deadliest Catch ( Season 13 Episode 8 ) Jonathan Hillstrand says this about sharing good crabbing location and water depth with Keith Colburn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War II ' Loose Lips ' Poster ( product description ) '' . Olive Drav . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Phrase Finder . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Security of War Information - Loose Lips Sink Ships ( 1942 - 1945 ) '' . Ad Council . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hadley Digital Archive `` Loose Lips Might Sink Ships '' `` . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . Eyewitness to History . 1997 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Keep mum -- she 's not so dumb '' - Charcoal , gouache , ink & pastel on board `` . British National Archives . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schäm Dich , Schwätzer ! Feind hört mit - Schweigen ist ... '' The Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ( in Dutch ) ^ Jump up to : `` Idiom : Loose lips sink ships '' . Using English . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loose lips sink ships -- Anti Espionage Posters from WWII '' . www.successfullearningcommunities.com . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LOOSE LIPS SINK SHIPS '' . progarchives.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Albums containing a track with the title : Loose Lips Sink Ships '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Simone . `` Loose lips sink ships '' , Feminist Studies , Vol. 28 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2002 ) , pp. 7 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Tree Lyrics '' . See also ( edit ) Loose Lips ( disambiguation ) ( usually an anapodoton ( shortening ) of the full phrase `` Loose lips sink ships '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loose_lips_sink_ships&oldid=850871673 '' Categories : American English idioms American propaganda during World War II World War II propaganda United States government secrecy Naval warfare Hidden categories : Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Loose lips sink ships 2. World War II propaganda 3. American English idiom 4. War Advertising Council 5. Careless talk

where was the last scene of seven filmed

Seven ( 1995 film ) - wikipedia Seven ( 1995 film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Seven ( film ) '' redirects here . For the 1979 film , see Seven ( 1979 film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Seven <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by David Fincher Produced by Arnold Kopelson Phyllis Carlyle Written by Andrew Kevin Walker Starring Brad Pitt Morgan Freeman Gwyneth Paltrow John C. McGinley Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Darius Khondji Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date September 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $33 million Box office $327.3 million Seven ( sometimes stylized as SE7EN ) is a 1995 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt , Morgan Freeman , Gwyneth Paltrow , John C. McGinley , R. Lee Ermey , and Kevin Spacey . The film was based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker . It tells the story of David Mills ( Pitt ) , a young detective who is partnered with the retiring William Somerset ( Freeman ) and soon tasked with tracking down a serial killer ( Spacey ) who uses the seven deadly sins as tropes in his murders . The film 's screenplay was influenced by the time Walker spent in New York City trying to make it as a writer . Principal photography took place in Los Angeles , with the last scene filmed near Lancaster , California . The film 's budget was US $33 million . Released on September 22 , 1995 by New Line Cinema , Seven went on to become the seventh - highest - grossing film of the year , grossing over $327 million worldwide . It was well received by critics , who praised the darkness and brutality of the film and its themes . The film was nominated for Best Film Editing at the 68th Academy Awards , but lost out to Apollo 13 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Filming 3.3 Title sequence 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Home media 6 Novelization and comic books 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In an unnamed American city , soon - to - be-retiring detective William Somerset is partnered with short - tempered but idealistic David Mills , who recently transferred to the department , moving to the city with his wife Tracy . Mills introduces Somerset to Tracy , after which Somerset becomes her confidant . Tracy is unhappy with the city and feels it is no place to raise a child . She discloses to Somerset that she is pregnant and has yet to inform her husband . Somerset sympathizes with her , having a similar situation with his ex-girlfriend many years earlier , and advises her to tell Mills only if she plans on keeping the child . Somerset and Mills investigate a pair of murders . The first victim is an obese man forced to eat until his stomach ruptured . The second was a wealthy defense attorney who died from both fatal bloodletting and the removal of a pound of flesh . At each crime scene , the murderer leaves behind clues for the detectives , including the word gluttony at the obese man 's home and greed at the attorney 's office . Somerset recognizes them as part of the seven deadly sins and realizes the murders are related . Other clues lead them to a possible perpetrator 's apartment . There , they find another victim , a known drug dealer and child molester , strapped to a bed , barely alive and emaciated , with a series of pictures indicating he had been tied to the bed for an entire year . The word sloth is scrawled on the wall . The photos also indicate the killer has been planning these deaths for some time . Somerset and Mills identify a man named John Doe , who has checked out several library books on the deadly sins . Doe flees when they go to his apartment , and Mills gives chase . Doe eventually corners Mills and holds him at gunpoint , but after a few moments , turns and escapes . At Doe 's apartment , they find hundreds of handwritten journals showing Doe 's apparent psychopathy , and clues leading to a fourth victim . They arrive too late to prevent the death of the victim , a prostitute killed by an unwilling man forced by Doe to wear a bladed S&M phallic device on his genitals and to rape and kill her while severely traumatizing him . They find lust written on the door . They are alerted to their next victim , an attractive young woman , presumably a model , whose face has been mutilated by Doe ; she was given the option to call for help and be disfigured , or to commit suicide by taking pills . She chose suicide . The word pride is written on her wall . Shortly after , as Somerset and Mills return to the police station , they are approached by a man covered in blood , surrendering himself . Mills recognizes him as Doe and arrests him . They discover Doe has been removing the skin on his fingers to avoid leaving behind prints ; the blood on him is from a yet - to - be-identified victim . Doe , through his lawyer , advises there are two more victims and offers to take the detectives to them and confess to all the murders , but only under very specific terms , or he will otherwise plead insanity . Somerset is wary , but Mills agrees . The two detectives , following Doe 's directions , drive him to a remote desert location . Within minutes , a delivery van approaches them . Mills holds Doe at gunpoint while Somerset goes to intercept the driver , who had been instructed to bring a box to them . As Somerset recovers the box and sends the driver away , Doe begins telling Mills about how jealous he is of Mills ' life and marriage to Tracy , antagonizing Mills . Somerset opens the box , and in horror , tells Mills to stay back and not listen to Doe . Doe continues to taunt Mills as Mills frantically asks what is in the box . Doe reveals that he was so jealous of Mills that he killed Tracy , her death being a result of his envy , and that her head is in the box . Doe tries to goad Mills into vengeance , to become wrath and shoot him . Somerset desperately tries to convince Mills not to shoot Doe , but then Doe reveals that Tracy was pregnant . The revelation is too much for Mills and he shoots Doe six times . Doe 's death completes the seven sins . Police converge and take a devastated Mills away . The police captain reassures Somerset that Mills will be taken care of . When asked by the Captain where he will be , Somerset says he will `` be around . '' Cast ( edit ) Brad Pitt as Detective David Mills Morgan Freeman as Detective Lieutenant William Somerset Gwyneth Paltrow as Tracy Mills Kevin Spacey as John Doe R. Lee Ermey as Police Captain John C. McGinley as SWAT team leader California Richard Roundtree as District Attorney Martin Talbot Richard Schiff as Mark Swarr Mark Boone Junior as Greasy FBI Man Peter Crombie as Dr. O'Neill Michael Massee as Man in Massage Parlour Booth Leland Orser as Crazed Man in Massage Parlour Andrew Kevin Walker as Dead Man Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) The primary influence for the film 's screenplay came from Andrew Kevin Walker 's time spent in New York City while trying to make it as a screenwriter . `` I did n't like my time in New York , but it 's true that if I had n't lived there I probably would n't have written Seven . '' He envisioned actor William Hurt as Somerset and named the character after his favorite author , W. Somerset Maugham . Jeremiah S. Chechik was attached to direct at one point . During pre-production , Al Pacino was considered for the Somerset role , but he decided to do City Hall . Denzel Washington and Sylvester Stallone turned down the role of Mills . Washington later regretted turning down the role . The ending of the screenplay , with the head in the box , was originally part of an earlier draft that New Line had rejected , instead opting for an ending that involved more traditional elements of a detective thriller film with more action - oriented elements . But when New Line sent David Fincher the screenplay to review for his interest in the project , they accidentally sent him the original screenplay with the head - in - the - box ending . At the time , Fincher had not read a script for a year and a half since the frustrating experience of making Alien 3 ; he said , `` I thought I 'd rather die of colon cancer than do another movie '' . Fincher eventually agreed to direct Seven because he was drawn to the script , which he found to be a `` connect - the - dots movie that delivers about inhumanity . It 's psychologically violent . It implies so much , not about why you did but how you did it '' . He found it more a `` meditation on evil '' rather than a `` police procedural '' . When New Line realized that they had sent Fincher the wrong draft , the President of Production , Michael De Luca , met with Fincher and noted that there was internal pressure to retain the revised version ; De Luca stated that if Fincher promised to produce the movie , they would be able to stay with the head - in - a-box ending . Despite this , producer Kopelson refused to allow the film to include the head - in - a-box scene . Actor Pitt joined Fincher in arguing for keeping this original scene , noting that his previous film Legends of the Fall had its emotional ending cut after negative feedback from test audiences , and refusing to do Seven unless the head - in - the - box scene remained . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in Los Angeles , California . Fincher approached making Seven like a `` tiny genre movie , the kind of movie Friedkin might have made after The Exorcist . '' He worked with cinematographer Darius Khondji and adopted a simple approach to the camerawork , which was influenced by the television show COPS , `` how the camera is in the backseat peering over people 's shoulder '' . Fincher allowed Walker on the set while filming for on - the - set rewrites . According to the director , `` Seven is the first time I got to carry through certain things about the camera -- and about what movies are or can be '' . The crowded urban streets filled with noisy denizens and an oppressive rain that seems to fall without respite were integral parts of the film , as Fincher wanted to show a city that was `` dirty , violent , polluted , often depressing . Visually and stylistically , that 's how we wanted to portray this world . Everything needed to be as authentic and raw as possible . '' To this end , Fincher turned to production designer Arthur Max to create a dismal world that often eerily mirrors its inhabitants . `` We created a setting that reflects the moral decay of the people in it '' , says Max . `` Everything is falling apart , and nothing is working properly . '' The film 's brooding , dark look was achieved through a chemical process called bleach bypass , wherein the silver in the film stock was not removed , which in turn deepened the dark , shadowy images in the film and increased its overall tonal quality . The ' head in a box ' ending continued to worry the studio after filming was completed . After the first cut of the film was shown to the studio , they attempted to mitigate the bleakness of the ending by replacing Mills ' wife 's head with that of a dog , or by not having Mills fire on John Doe . However , both Fincher and Pitt continued to fight for the original ending . The final scenes of Mills being taken away and Somerset 's quote from Ernest Hemingway were filmed by Fincher after initial filming was complete as a way to placate the studio ( the original intention was for the film to suddenly end after Mills shot John Doe ) . Title sequence ( edit ) On the film 's title sequence , Fincher has said : The sequence for Se7en did very important non-narrative things ; in the original script there was a title sequence that had Morgan Freeman buying a house out in the middle of nowhere and then travelling back on a train . He was making his way back to the unnamed city from the unnamed suburban sprawl , and that 's where the title was supposed to be -- `` insert title sequence here '' -- but we did n't have the money to do that . We also lacked the feeling of John Doe , the villain , who just appeared 90 minutes into the movie . It was oddly problematic , you just needed a sense of what these guys were up against . Kyle Cooper , the designer of the title sequence , came to me and said , `` You know , you have these amazing books that you spent tens of thousands of dollars to make for the John Doe interior props . I 'd like to see them featured . '' And I said , `` Well , that would be neat , but that 's kind of a 2D glimpse . Figure out a way for it to involve John Doe , to show that somewhere across town somebody is working on some really evil shit . I do n't want it to be just flipping through pages , as beautiful as they are . '' So Kyle came up with a great storyboard , and then we got Angus Wall and Harris Savides -- Harris to shoot it and Angus to cut it -- and the rest , as they say , is internet history . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Seven was released on September 22 , 1995 , in 2,441 theaters where it grossed US $13.9 million on its opening weekend . It went on to gross $100.1 million in North America and $227.1 million in the rest of the world for a total of $327.3 million , making Seven the seventh - highest - grossing film in 1995 . The film also spent 4 consecutive weeks in the top spot at the U.S. box office in 1995 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was well received by critics and holds an 80 % positive rating at the film - review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 70 critics with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10 . Its consensus reads : `` A brutal , relentlessly grimy shocker with taut performances , slick gore effects , and a haunting finale . '' The film has a rating of 65 on Metacritic based on 22 reviews . Gary Arnold , in The Washington Times , praised the cast : `` The film 's ace in the hole is the personal appeal generated by Mr. Freeman as the mature , cerebral cop and Mr. Pitt as the young , headstrong cop . Not that the contrast is inspired or believable in itself . What gets to you is the prowess of the co-stars as they fill out sketchy character profiles . '' Sheila Johnston , in her review for The Independent , praised Freeman 's performance : `` The film belongs to Freeman and his quiet , carefully detailed portrayal of the jaded older man who learns not to give up the fight . '' James Charisma , in a list of Spacey 's greatest film performances for Paste , wrote : `` Spacey 's portrayal is a perfect balancing act : John Doe is detached from the murders he commits , yet deliberate and meticulous in his execution ... Unemotional yet smug . Analytical , violent , patient , impenetrable . '' In his review for Sight and Sound , John Wrathall wrote , `` Seven has the scariest ending since George Sluizer 's original The Vanishing ... and stands as the most complex and disturbing entry in the serial killer genre since Manhunter . '' In his `` Great Movies '' list review , film critic Roger Ebert commented on Fincher 's direction : `` None of his films is darker than this one . '' Accolades ( edit ) New Line Cinema re-released Seven in Westwood , Los Angeles , California , on Christmas Day and in New York City on December 29 , 1995 , in an attempt to generate Academy Award nominations for Freeman , Pitt , and Fincher , which was ultimately unsuccessful . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains John Doe - Nominated Villain AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Mystery Film Year Ceremony Recipients Result 1995 68th Academy Awards Best Film Editing Richard Francis - Bruce Nominated 49th British Academy Film Awards Best Screenplay - Original Andrew Kevin Walker Nominated 1996 MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Seven Won Most Desirable Male Brad Pitt Won Best On - Screen Duo Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman Nominated Best Villain Kevin Spacey Won Home media ( edit ) For the DVD release , Seven was remastered and presented in the widescreen format , preserving the 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio of its original theatrical exhibition . Audio options include Dolby Digital EX 5.1 , DTS ES Discrete 6.1 , and Stereo Surround Sound . The Seven DVD features four newly recorded , feature - length audio commentaries featuring the stars and other key contributors to the film , who talk about their experiences making Seven . This DVD is also compatible with DVD - ROM drives . Disc One features a printable screenplay with links to the film . The Blu - ray Disc was released September 14 , 2010 . Novelization and comic books ( edit ) In 1995 , a novelization with the same title was written by Anthony Bruno based on the original film . Between September 2006 and October 2007 , a series of seven comic books were published by Zenescope Entertainment with each of the seven issues dedicated to one of the seven sins . It told the story from the perspective of John Doe rather than the two homicide detectives as in the film . Each issue included contributions by a group of creators independent of each other . All seven issues were collected in trade paperback form , released on January 15 , 2008 , as SE7EN , edited by David Seidman and Ralph Tedesco . Soundtrack ( edit ) The opening credit music is a spliced sample of an uncredited remix of the Nine Inch Nails song `` Closer '' , available as `` Closer ( Precursor ) '' , remixed by Coil , on the `` Closer '' single . The song during the end credits is David Bowie 's song `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' , found on his album Outside . The film 's original score is by Howard Shore . `` In the Beginning '' -- The Statler Brothers `` Guilty '' -- Gravity Kills `` Trouble Man '' -- Marvin Gaye `` Speaking of Happiness '' -- Gloria Lynne -- written by Buddy Scott & Jimmy Radcliffe `` Suite No. 3 in D Major , BWV 1068 Air '' -- written by Johann Sebastian Bach , performed by Stuttgarter Kammerorchester / Karl Münchinger `` Love Plus One '' -- Haircut One Hundred `` I Cover the Waterfront '' -- Billie Holiday `` Now 's the Time '' -- Charlie Parker `` Straight , No Chaser '' -- Thelonious Monk ( Taken from Monk in Tokyo ) `` Portrait of John Doe '' -- Howard Shore `` Suite from Seven '' -- Howard Shore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Se7en ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 27 , 1995 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven '' . Rotten Tomatoes . ^ Jump up to : Montesano , Anthony ( February 1996 ) . `` Seven 's Deadly Sins '' . Cinefantastique . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Denzel Washington regrets passing up ' Seven ' and ' Michael Clayton ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Denzel Washington Turned Down ' Seven ' & ' Michael Clayton , ' Javier Bardem Passed On ' Minority Report ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taubin , Amy ( January 1996 ) . `` The Allure of Decay '' . Sight and Sound . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Salsibury , Mark ( January 18 , 2009 ) . `` David Fincher '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mottham , James ( 2007 ) . The Sundance Kids : How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood . Faber and Faber . pp. 153 -- 155 . ISBN 0865479674 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grady ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` How Brad Pitt fought to keep Gwyneth 's head in the box in ' Se7en ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` David Fincher : A Film Title Retrospective '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seven '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The top six grossing films of 1995 were Die Hard with a Vengeance , Toy Story , Apollo 13 , GoldenEye , Pocahontas and Batman Forever . Jump up ^ `` Seven '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( September 22 , 1995 ) . `` Sinister Seven a killer of a thriller '' . The Washington Times . Jump up ^ Johnston , Sheila ( January 4 , 1996 ) . `` Sin has seldom looked so good '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` All 45 of Kevin Spacey 's Movie Performances , Ranked '' . Paste . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wrathall , John ( January 1996 ) . `` Seven '' . Sight and Sound . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Seven ( 1995 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Cox , Dan ( December 22 , 1995 ) . `` Seven gets new dates for Oscar season '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Creepy , Uncle . `` First Blu - ray News : Seven '' . dreadcentral.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Anthony ( 1995 ) . Seven : a novel by Anthony Bruno based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95704 - 1 . Jump up ^ Comic Book Resources.com Horrific sins : SE7EN '' comes to comics this September Jump up ^ MyComicShop : Seven ( 2006 Se7en ) comic books Further reading ( edit ) Dyer , Richard ( 1999 ) . Seven . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 9780851707235 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Se7en Seven on IMDb Seven at the TCM Movie Database Seven at AllMovie Seven at Box Office Mojo Seven at Rotten Tomatoes Seven at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by David Fincher <Td_colspan="2"> Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Seven ( 1995 ) The Game ( 1997 ) Fight Club ( 1999 ) Panic Room ( 2002 ) Zodiac ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Empire Award for Best Film <Td_colspan="2"> Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Seven deadly sins <Td_colspan="3"> Lust gluttony greed sloth wrath envy pride Persons who categorized and described the sins Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld In art and culture Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things ( painting ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1933 ballet chanté ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1952 film ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1962 film ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) Seven ( 1995 film ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( manga series ) The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times ( painting ) House of Anubis : The Re-Awakening ( 2013 ) Jack ( webcomic ) Related Seven Heavenly Virtues Seven Social Sins Sin Christian views on sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology <Td_colspan="3"> Catholicism portal VIAF : 203740028 GND : 4509535 - 8 SUDOC : 178263214 BNF : cb16935969t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_(1995_film)&oldid=802696957 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films 1995 horror films 1990s crime drama films 1990s crime thriller films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s independent films 1990s serial killer films 1990s thriller drama films American chase films American crime drama films American crime thriller films American horror thriller films American independent films American thriller drama films American serial killer films Best Film Empire Award winners Film scores by Howard Shore Films about death Films about religion Films about psychopaths Films directed by David Fincher Films shot in California Neo-noir New Line Cinema films Police detective films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Seven (1995 film) 2. Crime thriller 3. Serial killer 4. Brad Pitt, Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow 5. Seven deadly sins

when does the next season of star crossed come out

Star - Crossed ( TV series ) - wikipedia Star - Crossed ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Star - Crossed <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Science fiction Romance Teen drama Created by Meredith Averill Starring Aimee Teegarden Matt Lanter Grey Damon Malese Jow Titus Makin Jr . Natalie Hall Chelsea Gilligan Greg Finley Brina Palencia Composer ( s ) Gabriel Mann Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Andre Nemec Bryan Furst Daniel Gutman Josh Appelbaum Meredith Averill Richard Shepard Scott Rosenberg Sean Furst Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Space Floor Television Olé Productions Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Surround Original release February 17 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) -- May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Star - Crossed is an American science fiction romantic teen drama television series created by Meredith Averill . Star - Crossed premiered on The CW on February 17 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , The CW cancelled Star - Crossed after one season . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring and guest 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Set in the near - future in 2024 , the series follows a romance between a human girl named Emery and an alien boy named Roman when he and six others of his kind are integrated into a suburban high school . It is filmed and takes place in Louisiana in the fictional town of Edendale . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Aimee Teegarden as Emery Whitehill : Emery is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana and the female protagonist of Star Crossed . She was 6 years old when the Atrians arrived , and on that day , she helped a young Atrian boy ( later found out to have been Roman ) survive . Emery spent 4 years in the hospital due to an immune deficiency and just recently began high school at the beginning of the show . Emery 's first day of high school is also the day the integration program is set into action . She believes strongly in integration and meets Roman during that week . There is an immediate attraction between the two of them as the show 's main love story begins to form . Emery is best friends with Julia , but is also close with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and , later on in the show , Eric . Her other love interest in the show is Grayson Montrose , a human boy who is seen to have cared about Emery since the beginning of the show . Her main enemy is Teri , Roman 's ex girlfriend who constantly shows dislike for humans , especially Emery . Matt Lanter as Roman : Roman is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . When Roman was a little boy and had to flee from the chaos of Arrival Day , he took refuge in Emery 's parents ' tool house upon which Emery found him and cared for him until he was found . Roman defends humans and does not despise them , he feels that while they 're very unwelcoming , but knows that just like Emery , there are good people in the world . He is the son of Nox , leader of the Atrians , and is thus a natural born leader . His father dies in the Pilot after being shot by Ray Whitehill ( Emery 's father . ) Roman 's father 's death took a huge toll on him as he now feels it is his job to keep his race alive and protect his mother and his sister , Sophia . Roman notices Emery on the first day of school and immediately recognizes her . Throughout the show , Roman is seen as having to choose between his love for Emery or keeping her safe , being that her father killed his people 's leader . He feels the pressure of having to choose between his people or Emery . Roman is best friends with Drake , and he was once friends with Teri , despite their romantic past , until she betrays him and he decides that they can not be friends . He is also close with Julia , Lukas , and friends with Taylor . His main enemy on the show is Grayson , the human boy who is also in love with Emery , and whose parents are leaders of the Red Hawks , and another concern throughout the show are the Trags a group of rebel Atrians . His uncle that takes over as leader used to be a Trag . Grey Damon as Grayson Montrose : Grayson is a 16 - year - old human boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is an average teenage boy ( hangs out with his friends , he 's on the school swim team , etc ... ) except for the fact that his parents are the leaders of a terrorist group against the Atrians inhabiting Earth known as the Red Hawks . Grayson is always shown to be kind and welcoming despite growing up with parents like his , but he is also seen as resolute and stubborn , using any means necessary to get what he wants . Grayson 's main love interest in this show is Emery , whom he 's liked a lot since the beginning of the show . When Emery learned about Grayson 's parents , she was infuriated , however , she eventually forgave them and the two had a very brief romantic relationship . Grayson is best friends with Eric but is also friends with Taylor , Lukas , and Julia . His main enemy in the show is Roman , who is also in love with Emery . Malese Jow as Julia Yeung : Julia is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . Julia was diagnosed with Leukemia at the beginning of the show and since none of the treatments were working she was told she must go home , however Roman saves her by combining his blood with cyper as a favor to Emery . She is a very bubbly , lively young girl who is fascinated with ' all things Atrian . Julia 's main love interest later in the show is Eric , an ex Red Hawk who comes to appreciate having the Atrians around . Her best friend is Emery , but she becomes very close friends with Roman after he saves her life . She is also close friends with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and Grayson . Titus Makin Jr. as Lukas Parnell : Lukas is a 16 - year - old boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is a very intelligent and kind person who excels in technological advances . Lukas has always fought for the Atrians ' rights and believes in tolerance , however he starts to get a bit iffy about the Atrians ' motives after he is poisoned by black cyper , a poisonous form of the Atrian herb , which was created by the Trags ( Atrian terrorists against the humans ) to extinguish the human race . Lukas had a crush on Sophia , but they 're just friends throughout the series . He is best friends with Emery and close with Julia , Roman , Grayson , Taylor , and Eric . Natalie Hall as Taylor Beecham : Taylor is a 16 - year - old girl living in Edendale , Louisiana . She is very much the ' popular socialite ' of this show . She forms an intense relationship with Drake , despite the fact that Sophia is interested in her , and ends up pregnant later on in the show . She is close friends with Emery , Lukas , Julia , Grayson , and Roman . Chelsea Gilligan as Teri : Teri is a 16 - year - old Atrian who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of her race . She is very much a rebellious Atrian who despises the humans ' intolerance and later becomes a Trag . Teri once had a very serious relationship with Roman until he realized that ' with ( you ) it 's all about mind games ' and ended their relationship . Her main enemy in the show is a Emery , due to the fact that Teri distrusts her as a human , and because Emery is in love with Roman . She is friends with Drake and was friends with Roman . In the beginning of the show she constantly was fighting humans that got in her way . Her mother is the leader of the Trags . Greg Finley as Drake : Drake is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . Drake is a very strong , tall Atrian and he is definitely not the passive type . He forms an intense relationship with Taylor , thus resulting in her pregnancy . Drake is best friends with Roman , but also becomes friends with Emery , Julia , and Lukas . He was a Trag but realized he could n't kill people . His mother was imprisoned in the crate which is the jail for the Sector but later released . His mother is forced to build a doomsday device for the Trags . Brina Palencia as Sophia : Roman 's younger Atrian sister who is always curious about humans . After her father 's death , she became frustrated with Roman as he was being overprotective of her . She tried to form a relationship with Taylor , but is rejected by her . Lukas also shows affection for her , but she is in love with Taylor . Sophia is close friends with Emery , Drake , Julia , and Lukas . She also loves to swim and later tries to join the school swim team . Recurring and guest ( edit ) Dora Madison Burge as Zoe Jesse Luken as Eric Tahmoh Penikett as SEU Officer Jack Beaumont Jay Huguley as Ray Whitehill Andrea Frankle as Michelle Whitehill Susan Walters as Maia Jason Douglas as Nox Deena Dill as Margaret Montrose Tom Hillmann as Mr. Montrose Victoria Platt as Gloria Garcia Merle Dandridge as Vega Louise Lombard as Saroya Johnathon Schaech as Castor Stephanie Jacobsen as Eva Benton Alec Rayme as Sketchy Atrian Episodes ( edit ) All the episode titles after the pilot are taken from William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 101 1.28 <Td_colspan="7"> On September 17 , 2014 , aliens known as Atrians crash - land on Earth , where humans ' hostile reaction provokes them to defend themselves ; a battle ensues . A six - year - old Emery finds Roman , an Atrian child who had escaped , hiding in her family 's shed . She shelters and befriends him . A short while later , the military finds them and shoots him . Ten years pass . Emery returns to school after spending four years in hospital for immune deficiency . Officials announce that seven Atrians will attend her high school as part of an integration program . To help her terminally ill friend Julia , Emery joins her to hunt for the Atrians ' Cyper , a plant rumored to cure the uncurable . They 're unsuccessful . Emery learns that Roman , one of the seven Atrian students , is actually the boy from the shed . Eric and his friends attack Roman at school ; Roman 's friends plan to crash an upcoming party to return the favor . Drake attacks Eric . Police raid the party , but Roman evades them with Emery . In the final scene , Roman uses Cyper to heal Julia 's cancer using the secret ingredient -- his own blood . His father , Nox , is accidentally killed by Emery 's father . `` These Violent Delights Have Violent Ends '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 102 1.14 <Td_colspan="7"> An explosion in the Sector injures some human guards . As Roman 's family prepares for the funeral , their uncle Castor , visits . He wants to succeed Roman 's father , Nox , as leader of the Atrians . Roman declines and asserts his birthright , becoming Iksen ( leader ) himself . At school , Roman avoids Emery after her father 's accidental shooting of his own father . At a school board meeting , Emery defends the Atrians and petitions to allow them to attend the school 's homecoming carnival . Roman attends reluctantly to protect Emery , who is being targeted by the Trags , an Atrian extremist group seeking vengeance for Nox 's death . At the carnival , Roman stops the Trag assassin and discovers that he 's actually an Atrian who 's had his markings removed . The assassin , Beaumont , warns him that `` they are watching him . '' Roman yields the Atrian leadership to Castor , but indicates that he does not trust him and wo n't hesitate to have him deposed . `` Our Toil Shall Strive to Mend '' Deran Sarafian Adele Lim March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 103 1.12 <Td_colspan="7"> With the tenth anniversary of the Atrians ' arrival looming , Gloria arranges for Emery 's class to be allowed inside the Sector as a cultural exchange . Despite Roman 's objections , Emery participates , and recruits Grayson to document Atrians telling their Arrival Day stories . Roman asks Teri for Vire , a plant to eliminate Julia 's side effects from being cured with Cyper . She refuses at first but later acquiesces when he 's almost tortured by her mother , Vega -- current leader of the Trags . The Vire returns Julia to normal . During the commemoration ceremony , the Red Hawks replace Grayson and Emery 's video with one broadcasting a hate - filled message . Roman gives an impromptu speech from the heart , saving the ceremony . Meanwhile , Drake , who has now joined the Trags , is assigned to break into the Atrian starship and retrieve a cube for Vega . Emery discovers that Grayson 's parents are actually the leaders of the Red Hawks . Vega reveals that the cube produces Black Cyper , a poison deadly to Atrians and humans alike . She kills Beaumont for being a traitor -- he was seen reporting to Castor . Teri joins the Trags , and Gloria is revealed to be mother to an Atrian child . `` And Left No Friendly Drop '' Harry Sinclair Robert Hewitt Wolfe March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 104 0.99 <Td_colspan="7"> Sector guards ransack Roman 's family 's pod looking for restricted technology . When the guards leave , Roman 's mother reveals she found a cell phone amongst his father 's belongings . Roman asks Lukas to try getting any data he can from the phone . They retrieve a single video but are caught by Gloria , who destroys the data chip before they can watch it . Meanwhile , human students learn about Atrian biology -- two sets of lungs and the ability to breathe through their skin . Sophia wants to join the swim team ; Emery and Grayson support her . The rest of the team eventually agrees . Just before the swim meet begins , a member of the rival team tricks Sophia into ingesting caffeine , a deadly allergen for Atrians . Sophia almost dies , but Emery saves her . The Atrian students and Marshall High swim team brawl with the other team until Gloria arrives with security . The swim meet is cancelled , along with the rest of Marshall 's swim season . However , Gloria praises them for fighting alongside each other ( for once ) against the rival team -- it shows they 're learning to work together . Emery and Grayson work out their issues and have their first kiss ; Roman witnesses it from the Atrian bus . In the final scene , Gloria is watching the video from Nox 's phone : it is of bath time with her son -- whose father is Nox . 5 `` Dreamers Often Lie '' Michael Pressman Marc Halsey March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 105 1.00 <Td_colspan="7"> The Atrian Seven are given a full free day in town , outside the Sector . Lukas helps Roman locate the phone his father was secretly communicating with . A handwritten note leads him into the Bayou to find Eljida , a rumored Atrian safe haven . He arrives at a boat dock and summons the gatekeeper . He discovers Gloria following him and confronts her . She reveals that she and his father were lovers . The gatekeeper fails to arrive and Roman leaves dejected , sure that Eljida was n't real after all . Meanwhile , Emery and Grayson go to a movie , but he leaves her to help Eric and ends up being framed for assault . He and Emery track down the Red Hawk extremists who committed the crime . Drake mistakes Taylor for his Trag contact when he 's tasked with delivering the cube weapon to an operative outside the Sector . He and Taylor hook up in a bathroom . The real operative turns out to be her best friend , Zoe . Zoe leads Drake to Beaumont 's body , where they plant the cube which causes Black Cyper to grow . Late that night , the gatekeeper arrives to a still - waiting Gloria . For her son 's safety , she sends him off to Eljida with the gatekeeper . 6 `` Stabbed with a White Wench 's Black Eye '' Oz Scott Yolanda E. Lawrence March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 106 0.88 <Td_colspan="7"> Zoe foils a Red Hawk plan to bomb the Sector , and learns that Grayson 's parents are the leaders of the Red Hawks . Drake passes that intel to Vega , who assigns them to kidnap Grayson at his parents ' upcoming charity ball , to get prisoners released . At the ball , Roman confronts Emery about not telling him that she knew about Grayson 's parents . He ends up confessing that he does want to be with her , but ca n't -- he has to keep her safe . Later , Roman spots Drake and Zoe dragging Grayson into a car ; he tricks Zoe into revealing that she 's Atrian . He follows the car and confronts them , forcing Drake to take sides . Drake sides with Roman and almost kills Zoe . They let her go ; she says they 'll regret it . Meanwhile , a tabloid reporter confronts Emery with video of her and Julia talking about Cyper . She promises to get him a juicier story to prevent him printing that one . After the ball , she leads him to a Red Hawk meeting , where he deploys hidden cameras . Grayson 's mother steps onto the stage , unaware she 's being recorded . The next morning , she 's arrested for planning the bombing . Julia visits Emery at home ; Emery shares that she 'd rather wait for Roman than be with Grayson . Grayson shows up at Emery 's house as well , seeking comfort . Roman arrives at the back door shortly after , but spots the two of them `` looking cozy '' on the couch and slinks away . 7 `` To Seek a Foe '' Ed Ornelas Jay Faerber March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 107 1.04 <Td_colspan="7"> Emery comforts Grayson , who plans to confront his mother in jail . Roman and Drake discuss finding Zoe before she gets to Vega about Drake 's betrayal . In town , Lukas is poisoned and hospitalized by Black Cyper meant for Taylor , that Zoe planted . Roman and Drake consult with Castor , who shares the cure for Black Cyper poison -- a fresh cutting from the plant -- and gives Roman a bomb to destroy it . Drake goes to Zoe 's house to gather intel to find her , while Roman and Emery follow a clue to a state park to find the plant -- the same one once planted in Beaumont 's body , which Zoe dug up and moved there . Emery demands to know what 's really been going on , what they 're up against . Roman tells her everything -- that 's he 's been trying to protect her from all of it . They find the Black Cyper ; Zoe 's guarding it . Drake shows up in time to fight her , while Emery runs to the plant to get a fresh cutting . She then activates the bomb , which kills Zoe . Roman saves Emery from the blast ; they share a passionate kiss . Meanwhile , at the hospital , Eric and Julia bond over trigonometry , her car , and shared worry about Lukas . Grayson goes alone to confront his mother in jail . One of their teachers is revealed to be working at a lab , where tests confirm the presence of Cyper in Julia 's blood . That night , Lukas is cured with the fresh cutting . Emery tells Roman she is choosing him over Grayson , and they kiss again . Grayson , out of sight , witnesses it . 8 `` An Old Accustom 'd Feast '' Michael Zinberg Brian Studler April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 108 0.95 <Td_colspan="7"> Roman invites Emery inside the sector to celebrate Dinaskyu , an Atrian holiday that celebrates the family . Emery asks Sophia for tips on how to impress her mother. Vega tells Drake that with Zoe missing , they 've tapped him to be their new undercover operative , which means he 'll be leaving town and getting his markings removed. When Roman goes to Vega and asks her to reconsider sending Drake away , she offers him a way out . Meanwhile , Eva approaches Julia with an offer . When Julia refuses , Eva takes her mission to a dangerous place . Finally , Grayson confronts Emery about her feelings for Roman . 9 `` Some Consequence Yet Hanging in the Stars '' Zetna Fuentes Samantha Stratton April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 109 0.76 <Td_colspan="7"> Roman argues with Emery about whether he can trust his uncle Castor . However , when Roman asks his uncle about the day their spaceship crashed , Castor 's reaction is far from what he expected . Meanwhile , Grayson tries to remember what happened the night he blacked out , and Taylor throws a `` meteor shower '' party to spend more time with Drake . Sophia finally makes her move on Taylor . Still unable to deny her feelings for Roman , Teri makes a decision that puts her in grave danger . 10 `` What Storm is This That Blows So '' Norman Buckley Robert Hewitt Wolfe & Yolanda E. Lawrence April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) 110 0.81 <Td_colspan="7"> A hurricane suddenly hits the town and everyone is trapped inside the school . Teri drugs Roman , which leaves him very paranoid and very angry . While drugged he says some very hurtful things to Emery that alter their relationship . Taylor convinces Drake that they should go public as a couple . However , when Grayson overhears the couple talking , he blackmails Drake into breaking up with Taylor . Meanwhile , Julia turns to Emery for help after Eva threatens her . Sophia and Lukas discover that the hurricane might have originated from the crashed Atrian spaceship . Drake 's rejection of Taylor brings her closer to Sophia . 11 `` Give Me a Torch '' Michael Katleman Marc Halsey & Jay Faerber April 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 28 ) 111 0.83 <Td_colspan="7"> Sophia suspects Taylor is pregnant with Drake 's baby . Sophia tells Emery and the two research Atrian pregnancies . Red Hawk extremist Vartan stumbles upon the information and mistakenly believes Emery is pregnant , so he kidnaps her . Vega tasks Teri with finding the Iksen 's key , which they need to complete the Suvek . Meanwhile , Roman and Castor testify before the Hwatab about the day the spaceship crashed . Also , Eric shares a pleasant moment with Julia at the school 's Winter Dance . 12 `` This Trick May Chance to Scathe You '' Elizabeth Allen Brian Studler & Samantha Stratton May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 112 0.87 <Td_colspan="7"> After Roman and Drake discover the Trags are building a bomb known as a Suvek , they realize they need help and Turn to an unexpected source -- Grayson . Emery enlists Sophia and Lukas to help them smuggle the Suvek out of the sector , which ultimately puts all of them in danger . Meanwhile , Teri continues her mission for her mother , Vega , by helping Castor recover from his wounds while plotting to betray him at the same time . 13 `` Passion Lends Them Power '' Ed Omelas Meredith Averill & Adele Lim May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) 113 0.83 <Td_colspan="7"> After Roman is seriously injured , Emery turns to an unexpected ally ( Teri ) for help . They use cypher to heal him and , when Teri leaves , Emery and Roman engage in sex for the first time . Meanwhile , Grayson , Drake , Sophia , Lukas , Eric and Julia all join forces to race against the clock to find the stolen Suvek before the Trags can activate it . However , Vega is a step ahead of them and plans to set off the Suvek in the middle of a Mardi Gras parade . Teri is shocked when she overhears Vega ordering the death of her friends and makes the painful decision to turn in her mother and the Trags over to the human authorities . Elsewhere , Gloria discovers Taylor 's secret regarding her pregnancy and shares a secret of her own . Roman finally learns about his late father 's illegitimate child and receives a warning about what the Suvek can really do . Zoe is revealed to be alive and finally reveals her Atrian origins to Taylor when she stumbles upon the Suvek . In the final confrontation , Roman , Drake , Emery and Grayson lead an assault on the Trags ' rooftop position where the Suvek is . In the subsequent shootout all of the Trags , including Zoe , are killed , but Grayson is seriously wounded . Roman deactivates the Suvek , but Zoe activates a back - up trigger before she dies , which sets off the Suvek , creating a pulse shockwave which knocks out all the humans in the area . Taylor is trapped in a car overturned by the shock wave . Roman and Drake then discover that the Suvek is not a bomb , but a beacon that sends a signal to a huge battle fleet of Atrian warships in deep space , positioned just outside the Milky Way Galaxy . The fleet heads for Earth , seeking the source of the signal . Development and production ( edit ) The project was originally titled Oxygen while in development at Isla Producciones ( in collaboration with Olé ) . It was then adapted for the American market by Powwow before being acquired by The CW . Star - Crossed premiered on The CW on Monday , February 17 , 2014 , at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central . The series was picked up for a thirteen - episode season . Casting ( edit ) In 2013 , it was announced that Natalie Hall and Aimee Teegarden landed roles . On February 25 , 2013 , Grey Damon was cast as Grayson . In February , it was announced that Malese Jow would be joining , playing Julia , a girl who has an illness which may be cured by aliens . On March 5 , 2013 , Matt Lanter was cast as a co-star opposite Aimee Teegarden . It was announced Tahmoh Penikett will appear as SEU Officer Jack Beaumont Deena Dill was cast as Margaret Montrose along with Johnathon Schaech , who was cast as Castor . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode debuted on The CW on February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) , drawing an audience of 1.28 million viewers . The second episode `` These Violent Delights Have Violent Ends '' debuted on February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) , drawing an audience of 1.14 million viewers . The pilot episode is the most watched episode , drawing an audience of 1.28 million viewers , and the least watched episode , `` Some Consequence Yet Hanging in the Stars '' aired on April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) , drawing an audience of 0.76 million viewers . Critical response ( edit ) David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the series 4 out of 5 stars , saying `` add forbidden love , which can never escape the shadow of potential doom , and Star - Crossed could become both provocative and entertaining . '' Diana Werts of Newsday gave the series 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` Plenty of potential , if Star - Crossed stops talking down to us '' . Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave the series a positive review . Jeanne Jakle of the San Antonio Express - News gave a positive review , particularly of Aimee Teegarden 's performance , saying `` Just as she was so heartbreakingly natural as young Julie Taylor , she also comes across refreshingly unpretentious in Star - Crossed -- which , actually , may be the best reason of all to watch the CW drama . '' Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the series 2 of 4 stars signaling mixed reviews , saying `` Star - Crossed does n't aim as high as those , Lanter does get a few witty lines ( '' One of my hearts stopped beating for a few minutes . Luckily I had a backup ) '' but the tone is mostly dreary and the plot with few exceptions goes precisely where you expect . Only if the romance proves genuinely heart - stopping to young fans ( maybe , the same ones who have embraced Reign ) will this one be a hit . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times gave the series an mixed review , saying `` It 's the usual dance of insiders and outsiders , mean kids and weirdos , of Sharks and Jets , Montagues and Capulets biting their thumbs at one another in the school corridor while one special guy and girl fall in love . There are the good ones and the bad ones , and the bad good ones , and the good bad ones . Adults , as always in these things , are no help at all . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave it a negative review , writing : `` The title is Star - Crossed because it 's about an alien boy who falls in love with a human girl , a repurposed ' Romeo and Juliet ' , without the poetry . Or drama . Or credibility . '' Robert Bianco , of USA Today , saying `` As vapid as it is unoriginal , Star - Crossed is sadly typical of a network that continually underestimates its audience . Teenagers may not be smarter than they were when the WB was at its peak , but it 's unlikely they 're dumber . So why does CW treat them as if they are ? '' Matt Roush of TV Guide gave a negative review , saying `` Star - Crossed lacks humor , suspense or even heat . '' Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Best TV Actor : Comedy , Drama or Musical Matt Lanter Won Best TV Actress : Comedy , Drama or Musical Aimee Teegarden Won Outstanding Comedy Series , Drama or Musical Star - Crossed Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The series aired in Australia , eight and a half hours behind the East Coast of the United States on Fox8 from Tuesday , February 18 , 2014 , at 8 : 30 p.m. In the United Kingdom , the show aired on Sky 1 on Friday , April 4 , 2014 at 8 p.m. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CW Shakes Up Monday In Midseason , ' Hart of Dixie ' to Friday , Beauty & The Beast ' Benched '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dave Walker ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The CW 's ' Star - Crossed , ' debuting Monday , is set in Louisiana 's near - future '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Megan ( August 21 , 2013 ) `` TVLine : Battlestar Vet Lands Another CW Gig '' Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( August 21 , 2013 ) `` EOnline : Star - Crossed Casting Scoop : Battlestar Galactica 's Tahmoh Penikett to Guest - Star '' Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( October 31 , 2013 ) `` Zap2It : The CW 's ' Star - Crossed ' casts ' Oh Sit ! ' creator Deena Dill for recurring role '' Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 14 , 2013 ) `` Zap2It : The CW 's ' Star - Crossed ' adds ' Ray Donovan ' actor Johnathon Schaech for out of this world role '' Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 14 , 2013 ) `` EW : CW 's ' Star - Crossed ' enlists ' Ray Donovan ' actor for recurring role -- EXCLUSIVE '' Retrieved on December 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Almost Human ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Almost Human ' or ' Star - Crossed ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Following ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Believe ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' or ' Bones ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Castle ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' & ' Intelligence ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Friends With Better Lives ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Basketball Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Bones ' , ' Castle ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Friends With Better Lives ' Adjusted Up ; ' Star - Crossed ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW Buys Alien Drama From Andre Nemec , Josh Appelbaum , Scott Rosenberg And Olé '' . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Hall starring in `` Star Crossed '' a new show on the CW visits Caravan Stylist Studio at The Carlton Hotel `` . Caravan Stylist Studio . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` ABC 's ' Spy ' , CW 's ' Oxygen ' & Amazon 's Onion Pilots Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' + data. results. personName + ' ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' alum Malese Jow joins The CW 's ' Oxygen , ' NKOTB 's Joey McIntyre in ' The McCarthys ' - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friday , February 22 , 2013 , 10 : 33 GMT ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' stars join The CW 's ' Oxygen ' - US TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' 90210 's ' Matt Lanter to Co-Star in CW 's ' Oxygen ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Matt Lanter Says Goodbye to ' 90210 , ' Hello ' Star - Crossed ' '' . Yahoo ! TV . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David . `` ' Star - Crossed , ' TV review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Werts , Diana . `` ' Star - Crossed ' review : Teen aliens have drama too '' . Newsday . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie . `` At Its Heart Teen Romance `` Star - Crossed '' Is a Story `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jakle , Jeanna . `` Sci - fi drama not too otherwordly '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail . `` TV review : CW 's ' Star Crossed ' is pretty but trite '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert . `` Review : ' Star - Crossed ' goes where so many have gone before '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David . `` ' Star - Crossed ' review : Love , minus the poetry , for tweens '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert . `` CW 's ' Star - Crossed ' : Dim and dumber '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt . `` Monday TV : The Post-Olympics Rush Begins '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox8 Facebook announcement '' . Fox8 . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Wise Acquisitions Announcement '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Star - Crossed on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Romeo und Julia ( 1943 , Blacher ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Romeo and Juliet <Th_colspan="2"> The CW original programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society The L.A. Complex Life Sentence Life Unexpected Lifechangers MADtv The Messengers Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The Originals The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Robert Irvine Show The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Valor A Wicked Offer WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Outpost ( since 2018 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming All American ( 2018 ) Charmed ( 2018 ) In the Dark ( TBA ) Legacies ( 2018 ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star-Crossed_(TV_series)&oldid=848535087 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American romance television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2010s teen drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings Alien invasions in television American high school television series American romantic drama television series American teen drama television series The CW shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series set in the 2020s Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows filmed in Louisiana Television shows set in Louisiana Works based on Romeo and Juliet Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 15 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Star-Crossed TV series 2. Science fiction romance 3. Teen drama 4. Atrians and humans integration 5. Forbidden love

how do you pronounce pitons in st lucia

Pitons - wikipedia Pitons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Piton mountains . For the rock climbing tool , see Piton . It has been suggested that this article be merged with Gros Piton and Petit Piton . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Pitons Management Area <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial view of The Pitons <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Saint Lucia Location Southwestern Saint Lucia Nearest city Soufrière and Choiseul Coordinates 13 ° 48 ′ 36 '' N 61 ° 3 ′ 56 '' W  /  13.81000 ° N 61.06556 ° W  / 13.81000 ; - 61.06556 Coordinates : 13 ° 48 ′ 36 '' N 61 ° 3 ′ 56 '' W  /  13.81000 ° N 61.06556 ° W  / 13.81000 ; - 61.06556 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Natural : ( vii ) , ( viii ) Reference 1161 Inscription 2004 ( 28th Session ) <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Pitons are two mountainous volcanic plugs , volcanic spires , located in Saint Lucia . The Gros Piton is 771 m ( 2,530 ft ) high , and the Petit Piton is 743 m ( 2,438 ft ) high ; they are linked by the Piton Mitan ridge . The Pitons are a World Heritage Site 2,909 ha ( 7,190 acres ) in size and located near the town of Soufrière . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Biology 2 Geology 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The Pitons ( Peaks in French ) are located near the towns of Soufrière , Saint Lucia . Soufrière and Choiseul Quarter Choiseul on the southwestern coast of the island . They are in the electoral districts of three and ten . The Pitons are located on either side of the Jalousie Bay . Biology ( edit ) Coral reefs cover almost 60 % of the site 's marine area . A survey has revealed 168 species of finfish , 60 species of cnidaria , including corals , eight molluscs , 14 sponges , 11 echinoderms , 15 arthropods and eight annelid worms . The dominant terrestrial vegetation is tropical moist forest grading to subtropical wet forest , with small areas of dry forest and wet elfin woodland on the summits . At least 148 plant species have been recorded on Gros Piton , 97 on Petit Piton and the intervening ridge , among them eight rare tree species . The Gros Piton is home to some 27 bird species ( five of them endemic ) , three indigenous rodents , one opossum , three bats , eight reptiles , and three amphibians . Geology ( edit ) The volcanic complex includes a geothermal field with sulphurous fumaroles and hot springs . In popular culture ( edit ) Saint Lucia 's local brand of beer made by the Windward & Leeward Brewery is named after the Pitons . Both mountains are an attraction for hikers although the Gros Piton peak is more popular since it is an easier climb and tours are offered by The Soufrière Foundation , a non-profit group that 's dedicated to help preserve the Pitons Management Area . The Piton Mountains with the namesake beer . Gallery ( edit ) The Pitons , Soufrière , and the Caribbean Sea Petit Piton from Gros Piton Pitons from northern view point Gros Piton seen from the Piton Mitan ridge Petit Piton seen from the Piton Mitan ridge Gros Piton ( left ) and Petit Piton seen from the north - east Pitons in 1903 St Lucia Pitons drawing from 17th - 18th century References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1161 . Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1161 Jump up ^ http://pitonbeerstlucia.com/home.asp External links ( edit ) Pitons Management Area - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitons&oldid=790778058 '' Categories : Volcanoes of Saint Lucia Volcanic plugs of North America Mountains of Saint Lucia World Heritage Sites in Saint Lucia Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from November 2016 All articles to be merged Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 00 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Piton mountains 2. Gros Piton and Petit Piton 3. Saint Lucia 4. World Heritage Site 5. Volcanic plugs

who plays prince phillip on once upon a time

Julian Morris - wikipedia Julian Morris Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For the economist , see Julian Morris ( economist ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Julian Morris <Td_colspan="2"> Morris at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International Julian David Morris ( 1983 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1983 ( age 35 ) Crouch End , London , England Citizenship British American Occupation Actor Years active 1996 -- present Known for Pretty Little Liars Hand Of God Website www.julianmorris.net Julian David Morris ( born 13 January 1983 ) is an English actor . After appearing in the British television series The Knock ( 1996 ) and Fish ( 2000 ) during his teenage years , he had his first starring role in the American horror film Cry Wolf ( 2005 ) . He subsequently had supporting roles in the thriller Donkey Punch ( 2008 ) , the historical drama Valkyrie ( 2008 ) , and the slasher film Sorority Row ( 2009 ) . Morris has also appeared in American television as a series regular on Pretty Little Liars and Hand of God . He also had recurring roles on Once Upon a Time and New Girl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Morris was born in Crouch End , North London , and grew up in Muswell Hill . He is the son of South African - born Glen and Zimbabwean - born Andrea Morris , and spent a lot of time in both countries growing up . He has a younger sister , Amy , and is from a Jewish family . Career ( edit ) Morris began acting at the Anna Scher Theatre in London . It was there , when he was 13 , that a director on the British drama series The Knock spotted him and asked him to play a boy pushed into the drug trade . Morris continued his intensive training under Anna Scher for the next eight years . In this period more opportunities arose , and after appearing in several television shows , films and commercials , he went on to spend three seasons with the Royal Shakespeare Company , working with directors such as Steven Pimlott , Tim Albery and Elijah Moshinsky , and alongside actors like Simon Russell Beale , Samuel West and Roger Allam. Morris made his US debut in the 2005 horror film Cry Wolf as lead character Owen Matthews , followed by the role of James Edwards in the 2006 drama film Whirlygirl . Morris was next seen in the independent horror film Donkey Punch as Josh , critically honoured after its screening at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival . He also appeared in the Tom Cruise - starring Valkyrie and the Sugababes video `` Freak Like Me '' . Morris next had a supporting role in the slasher film Sorority Row as Andy . In 2010 , he played the recurring role of Agent Owen in 24 . Morris on set of Once Upon A Time in March 2013 Morris was part of the main cast of the 2010 ABC documentary - style dramedy series My Generation , playing `` The Rich Kid '' Anders Holt . Morris also starred in the teen drama Pretty Little Liars as Dr. Wren Kingston . In July 2012 , Morris joined the ABC series Once Upon a Time as Prince Phillip . Morris starred as Victor in the film Kelly + Victor , which premiered on 16 October 2012 at the BFI London Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the UK on 20 September 2013 . The film won the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer , Director or Producer in 2014 . The following year , Morris portrayed the lead role of Gareth in the fantasy adventure film Dragonheart 3 : The Sorcerer 's Curse . In March 2014 , Morris was cast as Reverend Paul Curtis in the Amazon Studios pilot Hand of God . The pilot was ordered to full series by Amazon Studios in October 2014 . In August 2014 , he landed a recurring guest role on the Fox sitcom New Girl , playing Ryan Geauxinue . In May 2016 , Morris landed a major role in the film The Silent Man playing Bob Woodward , the Washington Post reporter who teamed with Carl Bernstein to expose the Watergate dealings . In 2017 he played the part of Adam Berryman in the two - part TV drama Man In An Orange Shirt ( part of BBC television 's Gay Britannia season ) , opposite Vanessa Redgrave . Personal life ( edit ) Morris resides in Los Angeles , California , United States . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Do n't Go Breaking My Heart Charlie Gosling 2002 Spin Fiz Short film 2005 Cry Wolf Owen Matthews 2006 Whirlygirl James Edwards 2008 Donkey Punch Josh 2008 Valkyrie Young Lieutenant -- Desert 2009 Sorority Row Andy Richards Privileged Spencer Stephens 2012 Beyond Farley Connors 2012 Kelly + Victor Victor 2014 Something Wicked Ryan 2014 Take Flight Walt Short film 2015 Dragonheart 3 : The Sorcerer 's Curse Gareth 2017 Mark Felt : The Man Who Brought Down the White House Bob Woodward 2018 Vulture Club Andy Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Knock , The The Knock Dafyd Ellis Series 2 , episode 10 1999 Kid in the Corner School boy Unknown episodes 2000 Fish Carl Lumsden Main role ; 6 episodes Agatha Christie 's Marple Dennis Clement Episode : `` The Murder at the Vicarage '' 2007 Shark Dylan Crawford Episode : `` Teacher 's Pet '' 2008 -- 09 ER Dr. Andrew Wade 7 episodes 2009 Privileged Simon Episode : `` All About a Brand New You '' 2009 Eleventh Hour Quinn Episode : `` Subway '' 24 Agent Owen 6 episodes 2010 -- 13 , 2017 Pretty Little Liars Wren Kingston 20 episodes My Generation Anders Holt Main role ; 8 episodes 2012 Men at Work Damien Episode : `` Pilot '' 2012 -- 14 Once Upon A Time Prince Phillip 6 episodes 2014 -- 17 Hand of God Reverend Paul Curtis Main role 2014 -- 15 New Girl Ryan Geauxinue 7 episodes 2017 Man in an Orange Shirt Adam Berryman Two - part drama ; main role in part 2 2017 Little Women John Brooke Three - part drama References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Julian ( 13 January 2013 ) . `` Spending my 30th in Hawaii with my amazing friends '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Erica ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Fan Q&A with Julian Morris '' . ABC Family . p. 5 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pastor , Iris ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` Jews in the News : Celebrity Scoop : Amanda Bynes and S # * ! my dad says '' . Let My People Grow . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cynthia ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Julian Morris Goes Dark for Donkey Punch '' . TV of the Absurd . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andy ( 24 November 2008 ) . `` Morris Major '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Morris biography and filmography '' . Tribute . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lottery funded films score success at Sundance Film Festival '' . UK Film Council . 28 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Unveils 2010 -- 11 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic. 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : ' Pretty Little Liars ' actor is Sleeping Beauty 's prince -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Morris Cast In Amazon 's ' Hand Of God ' ; Jama Williamson In NBC 's ' Ellen More Or Less ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Picks Up Full Series of ' Hand of God ' and Steven Soderbergh 's ' Red Oaks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . 3 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Julian Morris Investigates ' Felt ' ; Sam Hazeldine Joins ' The Hitman 's Bodyguard ' '' . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Man in an Orange Shirt 's finale is proof that the love of a good man is still a holy grail - review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakim , Marielle ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` My LA to Z : Julian Morris '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julian Morris . Official website Julian Morris on IMDb BNF : cb15568754r ( data ) GND : 1022223852 ISNI : 0000 0001 1753 2415 LCCN : no2006005028 VIAF : 26809439 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Morris&oldid=842081279 '' Categories : 1983 births 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male child actors English male film actors English male television actors English people of Jewish descent English people of South African descent English people of Zambian descent Jewish English male actors Living people Male actors from London People from Crouch End People from Muswell Hill Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Julian Morris - English actor 2. Career in film and television 3. Roles in Pretty Little Liars and Hand of God 4. Early life and upbringing in London 5. Personal life and residence in Los Angeles

where does the song the prayer come from

The Prayer ( Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song ) - wikipedia The Prayer ( Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Quest for Camelot : Music from the Motion Picture , These Are Special Times and Sogno Released 1 March 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 01 ) Format Promotional recording Recorded 1998 Chartmarker Studios , Sony Sound Stage , Criteria Recording Studios Genre Classical crossover Length 4 : 29 Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) David Foster Carole Bayer Sager Alberto Testa Tony Renis Producer ( s ) David Foster Tony Renis Carole Bayer Sager <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` On ne change pas '' ( 1999 ) On ne change pas 1999 `` The Prayer '' ( 1999 ) The Prayer1999 `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1999 ) Treat Her Like a Lady 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Andrea Bocelli singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Je vis pour elle '' ( 1997 ) Je vis pour elle 1997 `` The Prayer '' ( 1999 ) The Prayer1999 `` Canto della Terra '' ( 1999 ) Canto della Terra 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' is a popular song written by David Foster , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa and Tony Renis . It is most commonly known as a duet between Canadian singer Celine Dion and Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli . It is from Quest for Camelot : Music from the Motion Picture , the second single from Dion 's Christmas album These Are Special Times and the first from Bocelli 's album Sogno and was released as a promotional single on 1 March 1999 . The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1999 and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2000 . Contents 1 History 2 Critical reception 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Celine Dion and Josh Groban version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Charts 7 Anthony Callea version 7.1 Track list 7.2 Video 7.3 Charts 7.3. 1 Weekly charts 7.3. 2 Year - end charts 7.3. 3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 Other notable versions 9 References History ( edit ) Originally `` The Prayer '' was recorded as two separate solo versions , Dion 's in English and Bocelli 's in Italian . They appeared on the Quest for Camelot soundtrack in May 1998 . The duet was included on albums by both artists , released a few months later on Sogno and These Times Are Special Times . Bocelli sung original Italian while Dion translated into English . The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song from the 1998 film Quest for Camelot , the second win in a row for a Celine Dion song . In that film , Dion sang it as a solo with slightly different lyrics . It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1999 and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2000 . Dion performed it with Bocelli at both ceremonies . It was also featured on Dion 's compilation The Collector 's Series , Volume One ( 2000 ) and greatest hits My Love : Ultimate Essential Collection ( 2008 ) . A re-recorded solo version by Celine Dion ( renamed `` A Mother 's Prayer '' ) appeared on her 2004 album Miracle . Dion performed `` The Prayer '' live during her Taking Chances Tour as a virtual duet with Bocelli on the screen ; the performance was released in the Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert CD / DVD . The song appeared also on Bocelli 's 2007 compilation The Best of Andrea Bocelli : Vivere . Dion joined Bocelli to perform the song in his Concerto : One Night in Central Park concert in 2011 ; the performance was subsequently released on CD and DVD . Both Dion and Bocelli have sung the song with other artists , and various other artists have recorded the song , either as a duet or a solo . The original version of `` The Prayer '' failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , but was very popular on the adult contemporary charts in both Canada and the United States , peaking at number 6 and number 22 respectively . It has also become popular during Christmas , weddings and , in some cases , funerals and religious services . Critical reception ( edit ) Paul Verna from Billboard called this song a `` gorgeous duet . '' Chuck Taylor from Billboard reviewed `` The Prayer '' , calling it `` a breathtaking , ultra-lush song , and the tour de force combination of Dion and Bocelli ( which ) will send a half - dozen chills up your spine . '' Although he felt that the song is `` an unorthodox track for the radio , '' Taylor called it `` affecting , '' `` heartwarming , '' `` absolutely exquisite '' and `` one of Dion 's most radiant performances ever . '' Track listing ( edit ) 1999 North American promotional CD maxi single `` The Prayer '' ( Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli ) -- 4 : 29 `` The Prayer '' ( Celine Dion ) -- 2 : 48 `` The Prayer '' ( Andrea Bocelli ) -- 4 : 10 Personnel ( edit ) Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli -- vocals David Foster -- arranger , composer , keyboards , piano , producer William Ross -- arranger , orchestral arrangements Humberto Gatica -- engineer , mixing Felipe Elgueta -- engineer , programming Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2017 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop Airplay Flanders ) 162 Belgium ( Ultratop Airplay Wallonia ) 34 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 54 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 22 US Classical Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 48 Celine Dion and Josh Groban version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer ( Live ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Celine Dion and Josh Groban Released 12 February 2008 Format Digital download Genre Classical crossover Songwriter ( s ) David Foster Carole Bayer Sager Alberto Testa Tony Renis <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` A World to Believe In '' ( 2008 ) A World to Believe In 2008 `` The Prayer ( Live ) '' ( 2008 ) The Prayer ( Live ) 2008 `` Alone '' ( 2008 ) Alone 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> Celine Dion first performed `` The Prayer '' live with Josh Groban , in 1999 , when then 17 - year old Groban filled in for Andrea Bocelli at rehearsal for the 1999 Grammy Awards . The two performed the song during her CBS TV special That 's Just the Woman in Me , aired on 15 February 2008 . This version was released as a music download in the U.S. and Canada two days earlier . It proved to be much more successful than the original , entering the Billboard Hot 100 at number 70 , it also appeared on a few other Billboard charts : Pop 100 at number 50 , Hot Digital Songs at number 32 and Hot Digital Tracks at number 29 . The single sold 37,531 copies in its first week . In Canada , the song peaked at number 37 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 19 on the Canadian Top Digital Downloads . Track listing ( edit ) 2008 North American digital single `` The Prayer '' ( Celine Dion and Josh Groban ) ( live ) -- 4 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 70 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 50 Anthony Callea version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Anthony Callea <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Anthony Callea Released 19 December 2004 Format CD single Genre Classical crossover Length 4 : 16 Label Sony BMG Songwriter ( s ) David Foster Carole Bayer Sager Alberto Testa Tony Renis Producer ( s ) John Forman <Th_colspan="2"> Anthony Callea singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' ( 2004 ) `` Rain '' / `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 2005 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' ( 2004 ) `` Rain '' / `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 2005 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Prayer '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Callea first performed this song during Australian Idol 2004 , in the week of ' contestants choice ' . He received a standing ovation for this performance and the `` Grand Royal Touchdown '' from judge Mark Holden . He would go on to be runner - up in this series . At the completion of the show , Callea was signed to Sony BMG , and he released `` The Prayer '' as his debut single . It was released in Australia on 19 December 2004 and debuted at number 1 on the ARIA Charts . It stayed there for five weeks and was certified 4x platinum by ARIA . It became the fastest - selling single by any Australian artist , and was the second highest selling single in Australia in the last decade overall , and for an Australian artist . The song was included on Callea 's debut album Anthony Callea . Callea has performed `` The Prayer '' at numerous concerts as well as the Carols by Candlelight in Melbourne . In 2006 , he performed the song in front of Queen Elizabeth at a Commonwealth Day Service He also performed it as a duet with Tina Arena on her Symphony of Life CD / DVD , released in 2012 . Track list ( edit ) `` The Prayer '' was released as a two - track CD single The Prayer ( 4.16 ) The Prayer ( Sterling remix ) ( 4 : 03 ) Video ( edit ) The video includes excerpts of Callea recording the song and was released in 2004 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 82 Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Other notable versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2002 : Angie Stone with Josh Groban on the Josh Groban in Concert bonus DVD 2002 : Charlotte Church and Josh Groban 's duet is found on Church 's album Enchantment and Groban 's debut album , and it was performed as the closing song of the Winter Olympics closing ceremony 2002 : Sissel Kyrkjebø with Josh Groban at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2003 : Donnie McClurkin with Yolanda Adams ' duet is found on McClurkins `` Again '' Album released on Christian label Verity records 2003 : Daniel Rodríguez duet with Kristin Chenoweth on Rodríguez 's album `` From My Heart '' on Manhattan records 2004 : Sandi Patty recorded it as a duet with her husband Don Peslis on her album Hymns of Faith ... Songs of Inspiration . They also recorded it live for her albums Christmas Live ( 2009 ) and Forever Grateful : Live From the Farewell Tour ( 2017 ) . 2006 : A version by Bocelli and Heather Headley was included on his Under the Desert Sky DVD / CD ( live ) ( also 2007 's Vivere Live in Tuscany DVD / CD ) 2006 : Katharine McPhee with Andrea Bocelli on American Idol -- season five ( also on David Foster 's 2008 Hit Man CD / DVD ) 2005 : American Idol 's Adam Lambert sang a live version with singer and actress Noa Dori at the `` Celebration of Life '' concert for slain Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin 2007 : Adam Lambert with Ilysia Pierce at the Temple of the Arts in Los Angeles 2008 : Chris M. Allport with Ariana Richards CD Single / Studio recording release 2008 : Andrea Bocelli and Josh Groban at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in dedication to Luciano Pavarotti who had died that previous year 2010 : The Mormon Tabernacle Choir on the album Heavensong , reaching No. 1 on the Billboard charts for a crossover album 2011 : Michael Bolton and Lara Fabian sang the song live at the David Foster and Friends Concert . 2012 : Charice and the Canadian Tenors sang a live version of the song . 2012 : Christina Aguilera and Chris Mann performed the song on The Voice -- season two ; a studio recording was released , and entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No. 85 , and No. 35 on the digital singles chart 2012 : Opera duo Jonathan & Charlotte auditioned for Britain 's Got Talent with their version of the song . 2013 : Used for Typhoon Haiyan . 2014 : South Korean singer Sohyang and Michael Bolton sung on his concert tour . 2015 : American Idol alumnus David Archuleta and Nathan Pacheco recorded a version of the song . 2015 : Mark Mabasa , Lucky Robles and Lilibeth Garcia performed the song for the Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award to Coney Reyes in the 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television at the Kia Theatre . 2016 : Jessica Sanchez performed the song on American Idol -- final season 's finale , receiving critical acclaim . 2016 : Marcelito Pomoy sang the song live on Wish 1075 , singing both parts in a female and male voice , making the video viral online . He sang the song as his finale in the Philippine talent show Pilipinas Got Talent in the second season where he was declared winner . He later recorded an album version of the song . 2016 : Tori Kelly performed the song with Bocelli two times , the first was his concert in Seattle and the second was in David Foster 's Hollywood Bowl concert in Los Angeles , California . 2016 : Laura Bretan performed the song on America 's Got Talent at the Dolby Theatre . 2016 : Teresa Carpio performed the song in China in the final of 跨 界 歌 王 2016 , with a special Mandarin part written by her student , actor and comedian Wong Cho Lam . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glatzer , Jenna ( 2005 ) . Céline Dion : For Keeps . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Książki . Books.google.com . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Książki . Books.google.com. 20 March 1999 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Jaspers ( 2006 ) . Ultratop 1995 - 2005 . Book & Media Publishing . ISBN 90 - 5720 - 232 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 8130 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion & Andrea Bocelli -- The Prayer '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classical Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 1999 Top 100 Adult Contemporary '' . RPM. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Makes It Nine Straight Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 21 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( 29 January 2005 ) Anthony Callea Premature Sales Announcement.undercover.com.au . Archived from the original on 31 January 2005 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ARIA 's End Of Decade Charts * ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prayer Anthony Callea sings for Queen Elizabeth 2006 '' . YouTube . 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - The Prayer - Single by Anthony Callea '' . Itunes.apple.com. 19 December 2004 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Callea - The Prayer '' . YouTube . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Anthony Callea -- The Prayer '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2004 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2005 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` From My Heart - Daniel Rodriguez '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Heavensong ' hits No. 1 on Billboard 's chart '' . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ 第 四 季 最 强 大脑 ( 20 August 2016 ) , 跨 界 歌 王 第 13 期 20160820 王祖蓝 , 杜丽莎 The Prayer , retrieved 16 February 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion English singles <Td_colspan="2"> Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Ashes '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Andrea Bocelli <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Teatro del Silenzio Studio albums Il Mare Calmo della Sera ( 1994 ) Bocelli ( 1995 ) Viaggio Italiano ( 1996 / 1997 ) Aria : The Opera Album ( 1998 ) Sogno ( 1999 ) Sacred Arias ( 1999 ) Verdi ( 2000 ) Cieli di Toscana ( 2001 ) Sentimento ( 2002 ) Andrea ( 2004 ) Amore ( 2006 ) Incanto ( 2008 ) My Christmas ( 2009 ) Passione ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Live albums Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Compilations Romanza ( 1997 ) The Best of Andrea Bocelli : Vivere ( 2007 ) Opera ( 2012 ) Romanza ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2016 ) Other albums Carmen : Duets & Arias ( 2010 ) Notte Illuminata ( 2011 ) Opera recordings La Bohème ( 2000 ) Tosca ( 2003 ) Il Trovatore ( 2004 ) Werther ( 2005 ) Pagliacci ( 2006 ) Cavalleria Rusticana ( 2007 ) Carmen ( 2008 / 2010 ) Andrea Chénier ( 2010 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 2012 ) Manon Lescaut ( 2014 ) Turandot ( 2015 ) Aida ( 2016 ) Video albums A Night in Tuscany ( 1998 ) Sacred Arias : The Home Video ( 2000 ) Tuscan Skies ( Cieli di Toscana ) ( 2002 ) Credo : John Paul II ( 2006 ) Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Incanto : The Documentary ( 2008 ) My Christmas Special ( 2009 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Love in Portofino ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Anthony Callea <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Anthony Callea A New Chapter Thirty This Is Christmas Backbone ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony Live albums Ladies & Gentlemen : The Songs of George Michael Extended plays Last to Go Singles `` The Prayer '' `` Rain '' / `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Hurts So Bad '' `` Per Sempre ( For Always ) '' `` Live for Love '' `` Addicted to You '' <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prayer_(Celine_Dion_and_Andrea_Bocelli_song)&oldid=849621630 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 singles 2008 singles Andrea Bocelli songs ARIA Award - winning songs Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Celine Dion songs Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads Song recordings produced by David Foster Songs with lyrics by Alberto Testa ( lyricist ) Songs with music by Tony Renis Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager Songs written by David Foster Vocal duets 1998 songs Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from November 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 07 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "The Prayer" - Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song 2. Duet between Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli 3. Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 4. Various artists' versions of "The Prayer" 5. Anthony Callea's version of "The Prayer"

what album is stitches by shawn mendes on

Handwritten ( Shawn Mendes album ) - wikipedia Handwritten ( Shawn Mendes album ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Handwritten <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Shawn Mendes Released April 14 , 2015 Recorded 2014 -- 15 Genre Pop rock Length 56 : 29 Label Island Producer Louis Biancaniello Craven J Daylight Teddy Geiger Scott Harris Shawn Mendes Daniel Parker Martin Terefe Glen Scott Sam Watters Ido Zmishlany <Th_colspan="2"> Shawn Mendes chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Shawn Mendes EP ( 2014 ) The Shawn Mendes EP 2014 Handwritten ( 2015 ) Illuminate ( 2016 ) Illuminate 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Handwritten <Td_colspan="2"> `` Life of the Party '' Released : June 26 , 2014 `` Something Big '' Released : November 7 , 2014 `` Stitches '' Released : May 5 , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Handwritten Revisited <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' Released : November 18 , 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> Handwritten is the debut studio album by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes , and was released on April 14 , 2015 by Island . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first - week sales of 119,000 album - equivalent units , of which 106,000 copies were pure album sales . The album includes `` Stitches '' , which reached top 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart for 2 weeks , while its reissue features the US top 20 single `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Singles 2.1 Other songs 3 Commercial performance 4 Critical reception 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) After signing a record deal with Island Records in June 2014 , Mendes released his debut single `` Life of the Party '' which peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Following the single release , an EP titled The Shawn Mendes EP was released on July 28 , 2014 , and sold 48,000 copies in its first week . Mendes announced his debut album title and artwork on January 27 , 2015 and it was made available to pre-order on February 2 , 2015 . Handwritten was reissued in a revisited edition on November 20 , 2015 . It includes five live recordings tracks from the Greek Theatre and four brand new songs . Singles ( edit ) `` Life of the Party '' , was released as the lead single from Mendes debut EP The Shawn Mendes EP on 25 June 2014 . The song serves as the first single from Handwritten as well . A one - shot lyric video for the song showing Mendes in the George Street diner premiered on Vevo on June 30 , 2014 . The official music video for the song premiered on March 10 , 2015 . `` Something Big '' , was released as the album 's second single on November 7 , 2014 . The official music video for the song premiered on November 11 , 2014 on Vevo , and it is Mendes ' first official music video . `` Stitches '' , was released as the album 's third and final single on May 5 , 2015 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of June 13 , 2015 , at number 89 and became his first top 10 , peaking at number 4 . Peaking at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart being Mendes ' only number 1 in the UK to date . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' , was released as a single from a revisited edition of the album on November 18 , 2015 . The song is a collaboration with ex Fifth Harmony member Camila Cabello . It has peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In the UK the song peaked at number 42 . Other songs ( edit ) Before the album release , Mendes released five songs through pre-order on iTunes . The first song `` A Little Too Much '' , was released on February 2 , the same day the album pre-order started . A music video for the song premiered on the singer 's Vevo on February 4 . Mendes announced through Instagram that the second promotional song would be `` Never Be Alone '' and it was made available on February 16 . An official music video for the song was released on February 25 . On March 16 the singer released `` Stitches '' , the third pre-order single , which official music video premiered on March 18 . An acoustic version of `` Life of the Party '' , featured in the deluxe version of the album , was released as the fourth pre-order single on March 30 at midnight , the same day as it was made possible to hear every song preview on iTunes . `` Kid in Love '' , was made available as the fifth and final pre-order track on April 6 at midnight , just a week before the album release , while a music video for the acoustic version of `` Life of the Party '' , was posted on Shawn Mendes ' Vevo on April 10 . `` Aftertaste '' also gained a music video , which was posted on April 17 . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , selling 119,000 album - equivalent units in its first week , of which 106,000 copies were pure album sales . He became the youngest artist since Justin Bieber to have a No. 1 album on the Billboard 200 album chart in nearly five years . Bieber was 16 years and 2 months old when his album My World 2.0 spent its fourth and final week at the top . Mendes was 16 years and 8 months old . In its second week , the album descended to number seventeen with 20,000 equivalent album units , of which 12,000 copies were pure album sales , an 89 % pure album sales decrease ( from 106,000 copies ) , surpassing Madonna 's MDNA ( 2012 ) for the biggest second - week percentage drop for a number - one debuting album in the Nielsen SoundScan era . As of August 2016 , Handwritten has sold 391,000 copies in the United States . In his native Canada , the album debuted at number one with first - week sales of 14,000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . In its second week , the album descended to number six . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 58 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Digital Spy The Guardian Idolator Newsday B+ NY Daily News Rolling Stone USA Today Handwritten has received mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a `` weighted average '' rating out of 100 from selected independent ratings and reviews from mainstream critics , the album received a Metascore of 58 , based on 5 reviews . Billboard 's editor Carl Wilson stated `` confident hooks and big dynamics make the syrup go down smoothly '' , talking about the singles `` Life of the Party '' and `` Stitches , '' and the blue - eyed - soul track `` I Do n't Even Know Your Name '' , noting the latter influenced by Justin Timberlake and Bruno Mars . Writing for The Guardian , Caroline Sullivan rated the album three - out - of - five stars and claims : `` At 16 , Mendes is n't the artist he 'll be at 25 , but he 's made a persuasive start -- the adult - pop big league could yet be his . '' Nick Murray from Rolling Stone described Mendes as a `` nice - guy guitar strummer more influenced by the light acoustic pop of Ed Sheeran . '' Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Handwritten -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Life of the Party '' Ido Zmishlany Scott Harris Zmishlany 3 : 35 2 . `` Stitches '' Daniel Parker Teddy Geiger Daniel `` Daylight '' Kyriakides Daylight Geiger Parker 3 : 27 3 . `` Never Be Alone '' Shawn Mendes Scott Harris Martin Terefe Glen Scott Terefe 3 : 36 4 . `` Kid in Love '' Mendes Zmishlany Harris Zmishlany Terefe 3 : 46 5 . `` I Do n't Even Know Your Name '' Mendes Harris Terefe Geoffrey Warburton Terefe 3 : 00 6 . `` Something Big '' Mendes Zmishlany Harris Zmishlany 2 : 41 7 . `` Strings '' Mendes Harris Emily Warren Louis Biancaniello Sam Watters 3 : 11 8 . `` Aftertaste '' Mendes Harris Warren Biancaniello Watters 2 : 50 9 . `` Air '' ( featuring Astrid S ) Harris Warren Craven J Harris 3 : 14 10 . `` Crazy '' Mendes Warburton Terefe Mendes Warburton 3 : 12 11 . `` A Little Too Much '' Mendes Zmishlany 3 : 07 12 . `` This Is What It Takes '' Mendes Warburton Terefe Zmishlany Harris Terefe 3 : 50 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 39 : 29 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Handwritten -- Deluxe edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 13 . `` Bring It Back '' Mendes Warburton Terefe Terefe 2 : 40 14 . `` Imagination '' Mendes Terefe Scott Terefe 3 : 38 15 . `` The Weight '' Mendes Harris Joshua Grant Craven J Harris ( add . ) 3 : 05 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 48 : 52 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Handwritten -- iTunes deluxe edition ( bonus track ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Life of the Party '' ( Acoustic ) Zmishlany Harris Zmishlany 3 : 14 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 52 : 06 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Handwritten -- Target exclusive deluxe edition and HMV Canada exclusive edition ( bonus tracks ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 16 . `` Do n't Want Your Love '' Mendes Zmishlany Warburton Zmishlany 2 : 51 17 . `` Lost '' Mendes Warren Harris Grant Craven J Harris 3 : 16 18 . `` Handwritten Demos '' 9 : 01 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 64 : 00 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Handwritten -- Revisited edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 4 . `` Kid in Love '' ( Live At Greek Theater / 2015 ) Mendes Zmishlany Harris Zmishlany Terefe 4 : 17 5 . `` I Do n't Even Know Your Name '' ( Live At Greek Theater / 2015 ) Mendes Harris Terefe Warburton Terefe 3 : 37 7 . `` Strings '' ( Live At Greek Theater / 2015 ) Scott Friedman Shawn Mendes Emily Schwartz Biancaniello Watters 3 : 45 8 . `` Aftertaste '' ( Live At Greek Theater / 2015 ) Scott Friedman Shawn Mendes Emily Schwartz Biancaniello Watters 2 : 38 11 . `` A Little Too Much '' ( Live At Greek Theater / 2015 ) Mendes Zmishlany 3 : 09 13 . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' ( with Camila Cabello ) Cabello Mendes Zmishlany Noel Zancanella Bill Withers Zancanella Zmishlany ( add . ) 3 : 43 14 . `` Act Like You Love Me '' Mendes Warburton Jacquire King 3 : 25 15 . `` Running Low '' Mendes Jordan Orvosh 4 : 34 16 . `` Memories '' Mendes Warburton Max River Jacquire King 3 : 51 Personnel ( edit ) Credits for Handwritten adapted from AllMusic . Blossom Berkofsky -- photography Ziggy Chareton -- A&R Chris Gehringer -- mastering Teddy Geiger -- composer Scott Harris -- composer Jessica Kelly -- design Daniel Kyriakides -- composer David Massey -- A&R Shawn Mendes -- composer , vocals Daniel Parker -- composer Andy Proctor -- package production Gabrielle Rosen -- A&R Todd Russell -- art direction , design Glen Scott -- composer Martin Terefe -- composer Meredith Truax -- photography Keith R. Tucker -- A&R Josiah Vandien -- photography Geoffrey Warburton -- composer Emily Warren -- composer Craven J -- composer Ido Zmshlany -- composer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 18 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 37 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 23 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 46 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 5 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 29 French Albums ( SNEP ) 74 German Albums ( Official Top 100 ) 43 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 30 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 11 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 10 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 18 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) 5 Taiwanese Albums ( Five Music ) 8 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 13 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Albums ( OCC ) 12 US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 10 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 22 UK Albums ( OCC ) 76 US Billboard 200 33 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 33 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 44 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 20,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 106,373 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Edition United States April 14 , 2015 CD digital download Island Standard deluxe November 20 , 2015 CD CD+ DVD LP digital download Revisited References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who 's Shawn Mendes ? You 're About To Find Out , Whether You Like It Or Not '' . Stereogum . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Handwritten ( Revisited ) CD Album '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Stitches - Republic Playbook '' . Republic Records . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Single by Shawn Mendes & Camila Cabello '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # LOTPAcousticOniTunes '' . Facebook . Shawn Mendes . Jump up ^ `` # KidInLoveOniTunes '' . Twitter . Shawn Mendes . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes ' ' Handwritten ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Alabama Shakes Scores Its First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Luke Bryan 's ' Party ' Now His Biggest - Album Seller Ever '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Weekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 22 April 2015 '' . Alan Cross . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums Chart - Week ending May 9 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Handwritten by Shawn Mendes '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Handwritten - Shawn Mendes '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Carl ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Vine Star Shawn Mendes Keeps His Sound Grassroots on Debut ' Handwritten ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes : Handwritten album review - Packed with hooks and heart '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Caroline ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes : Handwritten review -- Canadian teen star 's persuasive debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes ' ' Handwritten ' : Album Review '' . Idolator . Idolator . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` ' Handwritten ' review : Take note of Shawn Mendes ' debut '' . Newsday . Newsday . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes ' `` Handwritten '' review : Squeaky - clean 16 - year - old crooner poised to be next teen titan `` . NY Daily News . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Nick ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes 's New Album : Handwritten '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Album of the Week : Shawn Mendes '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Handwritten by Shawn Mendes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten on iTunes '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handwritten ( Deluxe ) on iTunes '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten ( Target ) on Target '' . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : Handwritten '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes - Handwritten '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cyta -- IFPI Charts Top 75 Albums Sales Chart '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 16 , 2015 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 5 週 統計 時間 : 2016 / 1 / 29 - 2016 / 2 / 4 '' ( in Chinese ) . Five Music . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Album Top - 100 2016 '' ( in Danish ) . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Album 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Album Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Enter Shawn Mendes in the field Interpret . Enter Handwritten in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Handwritten '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Music México '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Handwritten '' ( in Norwegian ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry - Norway . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Stitches '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Enter Handwritten in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Passenger arrives at No. 1 on albums chart '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Handwritten '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH <Th_colspan="2"> Shawn Mendes <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden MTV Unplugged EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handwritten_(Shawn_Mendes_album)&oldid=826932574 '' Categories : 2015 debut albums Island Records albums Shawn Mendes albums Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Handwritten - Shawn Mendes album 2. Debut studio album 3. Pop rock genre 4. Singles: "Life of the Party", "Something Big", "Stitches" 5. Commercial success and critical reception

four field applications of friction on horizontal surface

Friction - wikipedia Friction Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Friction ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Simulated blocks with fractal rough surfaces , exhibiting static frictional interactions Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces , fluid layers , and material elements sliding against each other . There are several types of friction : Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact . Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ( `` stiction '' ) between non-moving surfaces , and kinetic friction between moving surfaces . With the exception of atomic or molecular friction , dry friction generally arises from the interaction of surface features , known as asperities Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other . Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces . Skin friction is a component of drag , the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body . Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes deformation . When surfaces in contact move relative to each other , the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy ( that is , it converts work to heat ) . This property can have dramatic consequences , as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire . Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs , for example when a viscous fluid is stirred . Another important consequence of many types of friction can be wear , which may lead to performance degradation or damage to components . Friction is a component of the science of tribology . Friction is desirable and important in supplying traction to facilitate motion on land . Most land vehicles rely on friction for acceleration , deceleration and changing direction . Sudden reductions in traction can cause loss of control and accidents . Friction is not itself a fundamental force . Dry friction arises from a combination of inter-surface adhesion , surface roughness , surface deformation , and surface contamination . The complexity of these interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles impractical and necessitates the use of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory . Friction is a non-conservative force - work done against friction is path dependent . In the presence of friction , some energy is always lost in the form of heat . Thus mechanical energy is not conserved . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Laws of dry friction 3 Dry friction 3.1 Normal force 3.2 Coefficient of friction 3.2. 1 Approximate coefficients of friction 3.3 Static friction 3.4 Kinetic friction 3.5 Angle of friction 3.6 Friction at the atomic level 3.7 Limitations of the Coulomb model 3.7. 1 `` Negative '' coefficient of friction 3.8 Numerical simulation of the Coulomb model 3.9 Dry friction and instabilities 4 Fluid friction 5 Lubricated friction 6 Skin friction 7 Internal friction 8 Radiation friction 9 Other types of friction 9.1 Rolling resistance 9.2 Braking friction 9.3 Triboelectric effect 9.4 Belt friction 10 Reducing friction 10.1 Devices 10.2 Lubricants 11 Energy of friction 11.1 Work of friction 12 Applications 12.1 Transportation 12.2 Measurement 12.3 Household usage 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History The Greeks , including Aristotle , Vitruvius , and Pliny the Elder , were interested in the cause and mitigation of friction . They were aware of differences between static and kinetic friction with Themistius stating in 350 A.D. that `` it is easier to further the motion of a moving body than to move a body at rest '' . The classic laws of sliding friction were discovered by Leonardo da Vinci in 1493 , a pioneer in tribology , but the laws documented in his notebooks , were not published and remained unknown . These laws were rediscovered by Guillaume Amontons in 1699 and became known as Amonton 's three laws of dry friction ( below ) . Amontons presented the nature of friction in terms of surface irregularities and the force required to raise the weight pressing the surfaces together . This view was further elaborated by Bernard Forest de Bélidor and Leonhard Euler ( 1750 ) , who derived the angle of repose of a weight on an inclined plane and first distinguished between static and kinetic friction . John Theophilus Desaguliers ( 1734 ) first recognized the role of adhesion in friction . Microscopic forces cause surfaces to stick together ; he proposed that friction was the force necessary to tear the adhering surfaces apart . The understanding of friction was further developed by Charles - Augustin de Coulomb ( 1785 ) . Coulomb investigated the influence of four main factors on friction : the nature of the materials in contact and their surface coatings ; the extent of the surface area ; the normal pressure ( or load ) ; and the length of time that the surfaces remained in contact ( time of repose ) . Coulomb further considered the influence of sliding velocity , temperature and humidity , in order to decide between the different explanations on the nature of friction that had been proposed . The distinction between static and dynamic friction is made in Coulomb 's friction law ( see below ) , although this distinction was already drawn by Johann Andreas von Segner in 1758 . The effect of the time of repose was explained by Pieter van Musschenbroek ( 1762 ) by considering the surfaces of fibrous materials , with fibers meshing together , which takes a finite time in which the friction increases . John Leslie ( 1766 -- 1832 ) noted a weakness in the views of Amontons and Coulomb : If friction arises from a weight being drawn up the inclined plane of successive asperities , why then is n't it balanced through descending the opposite slope ? Leslie was equally skeptical about the role of adhesion proposed by Desaguliers , which should on the whole have the same tendency to accelerate as to retard the motion . In Leslie 's view , friction should be seen as a time - dependent process of flattening , pressing down asperities , which creates new obstacles in what were cavities before . Arthur Jules Morin ( 1833 ) developed the concept of sliding versus rolling friction . Osborne Reynolds ( 1866 ) derived the equation of viscous flow . This completed the classic empirical model of friction ( static , kinetic , and fluid ) commonly used today in engineering . In 1877 , Fleeming Jenkin and J.A. Ewing investigated the continuity between static and kinetic friction . The focus of research during the 20th century has been to understand the physical mechanisms behind friction . Frank Philip Bowden and David Tabor ( 1950 ) showed that , at a microscopic level , the actual area of contact between surfaces is a very small fraction of the apparent area . This actual area of contact , caused by asperities increases with pressure . The development of the atomic force microscope ( ca . 1986 ) enabled scientists to study friction at the atomic scale , showing that , on that scale , dry friction is the product of the inter-surface shear stress and the contact area . These two discoveries explain Amonton 's first law ( below ) ; the macroscopic proportionality between normal force and static frictional force between dry surfaces . Laws of dry friction The elementary property of sliding ( kinetic ) friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th to 18th centuries and were expressed as three empirical laws : Amontons ' First Law : The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load . Amontons ' Second Law : The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact . Coulomb 's Law of Friction : Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity . Dry friction Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact . The two regimes of dry friction are ' static friction ' ( `` stiction '' ) between non-moving surfaces , and kinetic friction ( sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction ) between moving surfaces . Coulomb friction , named after Charles - Augustin de Coulomb , is an approximate model used to calculate the force of dry friction . It is governed by the model : F f ≤ μ F n , ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ leq \ mu F_ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) , ) where F f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ , ) is the force of friction exerted by each surface on the other . It is parallel to the surface , in a direction opposite to the net applied force . μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ , ) is the coefficient of friction , which is an empirical property of the contacting materials , F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , ) is the normal force exerted by each surface on the other , directed perpendicular ( normal ) to the surface . The Coulomb friction F f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ , ) may take any value from zero up to μ F n ( \ displaystyle \ mu F_ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , ) , and the direction of the frictional force against a surface is opposite to the motion that surface would experience in the absence of friction . Thus , in the static case , the frictional force is exactly what it must be in order to prevent motion between the surfaces ; it balances the net force tending to cause such motion . In this case , rather than providing an estimate of the actual frictional force , the Coulomb approximation provides a threshold value for this force , above which motion would commence . This maximum force is known as traction . The force of friction is always exerted in a direction that opposes movement ( for kinetic friction ) or potential movement ( for static friction ) between the two surfaces . For example , a curling stone sliding along the ice experiences a kinetic force slowing it down . For an example of potential movement , the drive wheels of an accelerating car experience a frictional force pointing forward ; if they did not , the wheels would spin , and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement . Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose , it is the direction of ( potential ) sliding between tire and road . Normal force Free - body diagram for a block on a ramp . Arrows are vectors indicating directions and magnitudes of forces . N is the normal force , mg is the force of gravity , and F is the force of friction . Main article : Normal force The normal force is defined as the net force compressing two parallel surfaces together ; and its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces . In the simple case of a mass resting on a horizontal surface , the only component of the normal force is the force due to gravity , where N = m g ( \ displaystyle N = mg \ , ) . In this case , the magnitude of the friction force is the product of the mass of the object , the acceleration due to gravity , and the coefficient of friction . However , the coefficient of friction is not a function of mass or volume ; it depends only on the material . For instance , a large aluminum block has the same coefficient of friction as a small aluminum block . However , the magnitude of the friction force itself depends on the normal force , and hence on the mass of the block . If an object is on a level surface and the force tending to cause it to slide is horizontal , the normal force N ( \ displaystyle N \ , ) between the object and the surface is just its weight , which is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to earth 's gravity , g . If the object is on a tilted surface such as an inclined plane , the normal force is less , because less of the force of gravity is perpendicular to the face of the plane . Therefore , the normal force , and ultimately the frictional force , is determined using vector analysis , usually via a free body diagram . Depending on the situation , the calculation of the normal force may include forces other than gravity . Coefficient of friction The coefficient of friction ( COF ) , often symbolized by the Greek letter μ , is a dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together . The coefficient of friction depends on the materials used ; for example , ice on steel has a low coefficient of friction , while rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction . Coefficients of friction range from near zero to greater than one . It is an axiom of the nature of friction between metal surfaces that it is greater between two surfaces of similar metals than between two surfaces of different metals -- hence , brass will have a higher coefficient of friction when moved against brass , but less if moved against steel or aluminum . For surfaces at rest relative to each other μ = μ s ( \ displaystyle \ mu = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ , ) , where μ s ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ , ) is the coefficient of static friction . This is usually larger than its kinetic counterpart . The coefficient of static friction exhibited by a pair of contacting surfaces depends upon the combined effects of material deformation characteristics and surface roughness , both of which have their origins in the chemical bonding between atoms in each of the bulk materials and between the material surfaces and any adsorbed material . The fractality of surfaces , a parameter describing the scaling behavior of surface asperities , is known to play an important role in determining the magnitude of the static friction . For surfaces in relative motion μ = μ k ( \ displaystyle \ mu = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ , ) , where μ k ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ , ) is the coefficient of kinetic friction . The Coulomb friction is equal to F f ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) \ , ) , and the frictional force on each surface is exerted in the direction opposite to its motion relative to the other surface . Arthur Morin introduced the term and demonstrated the utility of the coefficient of friction . The coefficient of friction is an empirical measurement -- it has to be measured experimentally , and can not be found through calculations . Rougher surfaces tend to have higher effective values . Both static and kinetic coefficients of friction depend on the pair of surfaces in contact ; for a given pair of surfaces , the coefficient of static friction is usually larger than that of kinetic friction ; in some sets the two coefficients are equal , such as teflon - on - teflon . Most dry materials in combination have friction coefficient values between 0.3 and 0.6 . Values outside this range are rarer , but teflon , for example , can have a coefficient as low as 0.04 . A value of zero would mean no friction at all , an elusive property . Rubber in contact with other surfaces can yield friction coefficients from 1 to 2 . Occasionally it is maintained that μ is always < 1 , but this is not true . While in most relevant applications μ < 1 , a value above 1 merely implies that the force required to slide an object along the surface is greater than the normal force of the surface on the object . For example , silicone rubber or acrylic rubber - coated surfaces have a coefficient of friction that can be substantially larger than 1 . While it is often stated that the COF is a `` material property , '' it is better categorized as a `` system property . '' Unlike true material properties ( such as conductivity , dielectric constant , yield strength ) , the COF for any two materials depends on system variables like temperature , velocity , atmosphere and also what are now popularly described as aging and deaging times ; as well as on geometric properties of the interface between the materials , namely surface structure . For example , a copper pin sliding against a thick copper plate can have a COF that varies from 0.6 at low speeds ( metal sliding against metal ) to below 0.2 at high speeds when the copper surface begins to melt due to frictional heating . The latter speed , of course , does not determine the COF uniquely ; if the pin diameter is increased so that the frictional heating is removed rapidly , the temperature drops , the pin remains solid and the COF rises to that of a ' low speed ' test . Approximate coefficients of friction <Th_colspan="2"> Materials <Th_colspan="2"> Static Friction , μ s ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ , ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kinetic / Sliding Friction , μ k ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ , ) Dry and clean Lubricated Dry and clean Lubricated Aluminium Steel 0.61 0.47 Aluminum Aluminum 1.5 Gold Gold 2.5 Platinum Platinum 3.0 Silver Silver 1.5 Alumina ceramic Silicon Nitride ceramic 0.004 ( wet ) BAM ( Ceramic alloy AlMgB ) Titanium boride ( TiB ) 0.04 -- 0.05 0.02 Brass Steel 0.35 - 0.51 0.19 0.44 Cast iron Copper 1.05 0.29 Cast iron Zinc 0.85 0.21 Concrete Rubber 1.0 0.30 ( wet ) 0.6 - 0.85 0.45 - 0.75 ( wet ) Concrete Wood 0.62 Copper Glass 0.68 Copper Steel 0.53 0.36 Glass Glass 0.9 - 1.0 0.4 Human synovial fluid Cartilage 0.01 0.003 Ice Ice 0.02 - 0.09 Polyethene Steel 0.2 0.2 PTFE ( Teflon ) PTFE ( Teflon ) 0.04 0.04 0.04 Steel Ice 0.03 Steel PTFE ( Teflon ) 0.04 - 0.2 0.04 0.04 Steel Steel 0.74 - 0.80 0.16 0.42 - 0.62 Wood Metal 0.2 -- 0.6 0.2 ( wet ) Wood Wood 0.25 -- 0.5 0.2 ( wet ) Under certain conditions some materials have very low friction coefficients . An example is ( highly ordered pyrolytic ) graphite which can have a friction coefficient below 0.01 . This ultralow - friction regime is called superlubricity . Static friction When the mass is not moving , the object experiences static friction . The friction increases as the applied force increases until the block moves . After the block moves , it experiences kinetic friction , which is less than the maximum static friction . Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other . For example , static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface . The coefficient of static friction , typically denoted as μ , is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction . Static friction is considered to arise as the result of surface roughness features across multiple length - scales at solid surfaces . These features , known as asperities are present down to nano - scale dimensions and result in true solid to solid contact existing only at a limited number of points accounting for only a fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area . The linearity between applied load and true contact area , arising from asperity deformation , gives rise to the linearity between static frictional force and normal force , found for typical Amonton - Coulomb type friction . The static friction force must be overcome by an applied force before an object can move . The maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of static friction and the normal force : F m a x = μ s F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( max ) = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) F_ ( n ) \ , ) . When there is no sliding occurring , the friction force can have any value from zero up to F m a x ( \ displaystyle F_ ( max ) \ , ) . Any force smaller than F m a x ( \ displaystyle F_ ( max ) \ , ) attempting to slide one surface over the other is opposed by a frictional force of equal magnitude and opposite direction . Any force larger than F m a x ( \ displaystyle F_ ( max ) \ , ) overcomes the force of static friction and causes sliding to occur . The instant sliding occurs , static friction is no longer applicable -- the friction between the two surfaces is then called kinetic friction . An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the ground . Even though the wheel is in motion , the patch of the tire in contact with the ground is stationary relative to the ground , so it is static rather than kinetic friction . The maximum value of static friction , when motion is impending , is sometimes referred to as limiting friction , although this term is not used universally . Kinetic friction Kinetic friction , also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction , occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together ( like a sled on the ground ) . The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as μ , and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for the same materials . However , Richard Feynman comments that `` with dry metals it is very hard to show any difference . '' The friction force between two surfaces after sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force : F k = μ k F n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( k ) = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) F_ ( n ) \ , ) . New models are beginning to show how kinetic friction can be greater than static friction . Kinetic friction is now understood , in many cases , to be primarily caused by chemical bonding between the surfaces , rather than interlocking asperities ; however , in many other cases roughness effects are dominant , for example in rubber to road friction . Surface roughness and contact area affect kinetic friction for micro - and nano - scale objects where surface area forces dominate inertial forces . The origin of kinetic friction at nanoscale can be explained by thermodynamics . Upon sliding , new surface forms at the back of a sliding true contact , and existing surface disappears at the front of it . Since all surfaces involve the thermodynamic surface energy , work must be spent in creating the new surface , and energy is released as heat in removing the surface . Thus , a force is required to move the back of the contact , and frictional heat is released at the front . Angle of friction , θ , when block just starts to slide . Angle of friction For the maximum angle of static friction between granular materials , see Angle of repose . For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of the maximum angle before which one of the items will begin sliding . This is called the angle of friction or friction angle . It is defined as : tan ⁡ θ = μ s ( \ displaystyle \ tan ( \ theta ) = \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ , ) where θ is the angle from horizontal and μ is the static coefficient of friction between the objects . This formula can also be used to calculate μ from empirical measurements of the friction angle . Friction at the atomic level Determining the forces required to move atoms past each other is a challenge in designing nanomachines . In 2008 scientists for the first time were able to move a single atom across a surface , and measure the forces required . Using ultrahigh vacuum and nearly zero temperature ( 5 K ) , a modified atomic force microscope was used to drag a cobalt atom , and a carbon monoxide molecule , across surfaces of copper and platinum . Limitations of the Coulomb model The Coulomb approximation mathematically follows from the assumptions that surfaces are in atomically close contact only over a small fraction of their overall area , that this contact area is proportional to the normal force ( until saturation , which takes place when all area is in atomic contact ) , and that the frictional force is proportional to the applied normal force , independently of the contact area ( you can see the experiments on friction from Leonardo da Vinci ) . Such reasoning aside , however , the approximation is fundamentally an empirical construct . It is a rule of thumb describing the approximate outcome of an extremely complicated physical interaction . The strength of the approximation is its simplicity and versatility . Though in general the relationship between normal force and frictional force is not exactly linear ( and so the frictional force is not entirely independent of the contact area of the surfaces ) , the Coulomb approximation is an adequate representation of friction for the analysis of many physical systems . When the surfaces are conjoined , Coulomb friction becomes a very poor approximation ( for example , adhesive tape resists sliding even when there is no normal force , or a negative normal force ) . In this case , the frictional force may depend strongly on the area of contact . Some drag racing tires are adhesive for this reason . However , despite the complexity of the fundamental physics behind friction , the relationships are accurate enough to be useful in many applications . `` Negative '' coefficient of friction As of 2012 , a single study has demonstrated the potential for an effectively negative coefficient of friction in the low - load regime , meaning that a decrease in normal force leads to an increase in friction . This contradicts everyday experience in which an increase in normal force leads to an increase in friction . This was reported in the journal Nature in October 2012 and involved the friction encountered by an atomic force microscope stylus when dragged across a graphene sheet in the presence of graphene - adsorbed oxygen . Numerical simulation of the Coulomb model Despite being a simplified model of friction , the Coulomb model is useful in many numerical simulation applications such as multibody systems and granular material . Even its most simple expression encapsulates the fundamental effects of sticking and sliding which are required in many applied cases , although specific algorithms have to be designed in order to efficiently numerically integrate mechanical systems with Coulomb friction and bilateral or unilateral contact . Some quite nonlinear effects , such as the so - called Painlevé paradoxes , may be encountered with Coulomb friction . Dry friction and instabilities Dry friction can induce several types of instabilities in mechanical systems which display a stable behaviour in the absence of friction . These instabilities may be caused by the decrease of the friction force with an increasing velocity of sliding , by material expansion due to heat generation during friction ( the thermo - elastic instabilities ) , or by pure dynamic effects of sliding of two elastic materials ( the Adams - Martins instabilities ) . The latter were originally discovered in 1995 by George G. Adams and João Arménio Correia Martins for smooth surfaces and were later found in periodic rough surfaces . In particular , friction - related dynamical instabilities are thought to be responsible for brake squeal and the ' song ' of a glass harp , phenomena which involve stick and slip , modelled as a drop of friction coefficient with velocity . A practically important case is the self - oscillation of the strings of bowed instruments such as the violin , cello , hurdy - gurdy , erhu , etc . A connection between dry friction and flutter instability in a simple mechanical system has been discovered , watch the movie for more details . Frictional instabilities can lead to the formation of new self - organized patterns ( or `` secondary structures '' ) at the sliding interface , such as in - situ formed tribofilms which are utilized for the reduction of friction and wear in so - called self - lubricating materials . Fluid friction Main article : Viscosity Fluid friction occurs between fluid layers that are moving relative to each other . This internal resistance to flow is named viscosity . In everyday terms , the viscosity of a fluid is described as its `` thickness '' . Thus , water is `` thin '' , having a lower viscosity , while honey is `` thick '' , having a higher viscosity . The less viscous the fluid , the greater its ease of deformation or movement . All real fluids ( except superfluids ) offer some resistance to shearing and therefore are viscous . For teaching and explanatory purposes it is helpful to use the concept of an inviscid fluid or an ideal fluid which offers no resistance to shearing and so is not viscous . Lubricated friction Main article : Lubrication Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces . Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces . In most cases the applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces . Adequate lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of equipment , with only mild wear , and without excessive stresses or seizures at bearings . When lubrication breaks down , metal or other components can rub destructively over each other , causing heat and possibly damage or failure . Skin friction Main article : Parasitic drag Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body , and is directly related to the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid . Skin friction follows the drag equation and rises with the square of the velocity . Skin friction is caused by viscous drag in the boundary layer around the object . There are two ways to decrease skin friction : the first is to shape the moving body so that smooth flow is possible , like an airfoil . The second method is to decrease the length and cross-section of the moving object as much as is practicable . Internal friction Main article : Plastic deformation of solids See also : Deformation ( engineering ) Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes deformation . Plastic deformation in solids is an irreversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object . This change may be due to either ( or both ) an applied force or a change in temperature . The change of an object 's shape is called strain . The force causing it is called stress . Elastic deformation in solids is reversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object . Stress does not necessarily cause permanent change . As deformation occurs , internal forces oppose the applied force . If the applied stress is not too large these opposing forces may completely resist the applied force , allowing the object to assume a new equilibrium state and to return to its original shape when the force is removed . This is known as elastic deformation or elasticity . Radiation friction As a consequence of light pressure , Einstein in 1909 predicted the existence of `` radiation friction '' which would oppose the movement of matter . He wrote , `` radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate . The forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest . However , if it is in motion , more radiation will be reflected on the surface that is ahead during the motion ( front surface ) than on the back surface . The backwardacting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back . Hence , as the resultant of the two forces , there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate . We will call this resultant ' radiation friction ' in brief . '' Other types of friction Rolling resistance Main article : Rolling resistance Rolling resistance is the force that resists the rolling of a wheel or other circular object along a surface caused by deformations in the object or surface . Generally the force of rolling resistance is less than that associated with kinetic friction . Typical values for the coefficient of rolling resistance are 0.001 . One of the most common examples of rolling resistance is the movement of motor vehicle tires on a road , a process which generates heat and sound as by - products . Braking friction Any wheel equipped with a brake is capable of generating a large retarding force , usually for the purpose of slowing and stopping a vehicle or piece of rotating machinery . Braking friction differs from rolling friction because the coefficient of friction for rolling friction is small whereas the coefficient of friction for braking friction is designed to be large by choice of materials for brake pads . Triboelectric effect Main article : Triboelectric effect Rubbing dissimilar materials against one another can cause a build - up of electrostatic charge , which can be hazardous if flammable gases or vapours are present . When the static build - up discharges , explosions can be caused by ignition of the flammable mixture . Belt friction Main article : Belt friction Belt friction is a physical property observed from the forces acting on a belt wrapped around a pulley , when one end is being pulled . The resulting tension , which acts on both ends of the belt , can be modeled by the belt friction equation . In practice , the theoretical tension acting on the belt or rope calculated by the belt friction equation can be compared to the maximum tension the belt can support . This helps a designer of such a rig to know how many times the belt or rope must be wrapped around the pulley to prevent it from slipping . Mountain climbers and sailing crews demonstrate a standard knowledge of belt friction when accomplishing basic tasks . Reducing friction Devices Devices such as wheels , ball bearings , roller bearings , and air cushion or other types of fluid bearings can change sliding friction into a much smaller type of rolling friction . Many thermoplastic materials such as nylon , HDPE and PTFE are commonly used in low friction bearings . They are especially useful because the coefficient of friction falls with increasing imposed load . For improved wear resistance , very high molecular weight grades are usually specified for heavy duty or critical bearings . Lubricants A common way to reduce friction is by using a lubricant , such as oil , water , or grease , which is placed between the two surfaces , often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction . The science of friction and lubrication is called tribology . Lubricant technology is when lubricants are mixed with the application of science , especially to industrial or commercial objectives . Superlubricity , a recently discovered effect , has been observed in graphite : it is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects , approaching zero levels . A very small amount of frictional energy would still be dissipated . Lubricants to overcome friction need not always be thin , turbulent fluids or powdery solids such as graphite and talc ; acoustic lubrication actually uses sound as a lubricant . Another way to reduce friction between two parts is to superimpose micro-scale vibration to one of the parts . This can be sinusoidal vibration as used in ultrasound - assisted cutting or vibration noise , known as dither . Energy of friction According to the law of conservation of energy , no energy is destroyed due to friction , though it may be lost to the system of concern . Energy is transformed from other forms into thermal energy . A sliding hockey puck comes to rest because friction converts its kinetic energy into heat which raises the thermal energy of the puck and the ice surface . Since heat quickly dissipates , many early philosophers , including Aristotle , wrongly concluded that moving objects lose energy without a driving force . When an object is pushed along a surface along a path C , the energy converted to heat is given by a line integral , in accordance with the definition of work E t h = ∫ C F f r i c ( x ) ⋅ d x = ∫ C μ k F n ( x ) ⋅ d x , ( \ displaystyle E_ ( th ) = \ int _ ( C ) \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( fric ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( x ) \ = \ int _ ( C ) \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( x ) , ) where F f r i c ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( fric ) ) \ , ) is the friction force , F n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , ) is the vector obtained by multiplying the magnitude of the normal force by a unit vector pointing against the object 's motion , μ k ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ , ) is the coefficient of kinetic friction , which is inside the integral because it may vary from location to location ( e.g. if the material changes along the path ) , x ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( x ) \ , ) is the position of the object . Energy lost to a system as a result of friction is a classic example of thermodynamic irreversibility . Work of friction In the reference frame of the interface between two surfaces , static friction does no work , because there is never displacement between the surfaces . In the same reference frame , kinetic friction is always in the direction opposite the motion , and does negative work . However , friction can do positive work in certain frames of reference . One can see this by placing a heavy box on a rug , then pulling on the rug quickly . In this case , the box slides backwards relative to the rug , but moves forward relative to the frame of reference in which the floor is stationary . Thus , the kinetic friction between the box and rug accelerates the box in the same direction that the box moves , doing positive work . The work done by friction can translate into deformation , wear , and heat that can affect the contact surface properties ( even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces ) . This can be beneficial as in polishing . The work of friction is used to mix and join materials such as in the process of friction welding . Excessive erosion or wear of mating sliding surfaces occurs when work due to frictional forces rise to unacceptable levels . Harder corrosion particles caught between mating surfaces in relative motion ( fretting ) exacerbates wear of frictional forces . Bearing seizure or failure may result from excessive wear due to work of friction . As surfaces are worn by work due to friction , fit and surface finish of an object may degrade until it no longer functions properly . Applications Friction is an important factor in many engineering disciplines . Transportation Automobile brakes inherently rely on friction , slowing a vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into heat . Incidentally , dispersing this large amount of heat safely is one technical challenge in designing brake systems . Disk brakes rely on friction between a disc and brake pads that are squeezed transversely against the rotating disc . In Drum brakes , brake shoes or pads are pressed outwards against a rotating cylinder ( brake drum ) to create friction . Since braking discs can be more efficiently cooled than drums , disc brakes have better stopping performance . Rail adhesion refers to the grip wheels of a train have on the rails , see Frictional contact mechanics . Road slipperiness is an important design and safety factor for automobiles Split friction is a particularly dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a car . Road texture affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface . Measurement A tribometer is an instrument that measures friction on a surface . A profilograph is a device used to measure pavement surface roughness . Household usage Friction is used to heat and ignite matchsticks ( friction between the head of a matchstick and the rubbing surface of the match box ) . Sticky pads are used to prevent object from slipping off smooth surfaces by effectively increasing the friction coefficient between the surface and the object . See also Contact dynamics Contact mechanics Factor of adhesion Frictionless plane Galling Non-smooth mechanics Normal contact stiffness Stick - slip phenomenon Transient friction loading Triboelectric effect Unilateral contact Friction torque References ^ Jump up to : Hanaor , D. ; Gan , Y. ; Einav , I. ( 2016 ) . `` Static friction at fractal interfaces '' ( PDF ) . Tribology International . 93 : 229 -- 238 . Jump up ^ `` friction '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Beer , Ferdinand P. ; Johnston , E. Russel , Jr. ( 1996 ) . Vector Mechanics for Engineers ( Sixth ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 397 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 297688 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Meriam , J.L. ; Kraige , L.G. ( 2002 ) . Engineering Mechanics ( fifth ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 328 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60293 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ruina , Andy ; Pratap , Rudra ( 2002 ) . Introduction to Statics and Dynamics ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . p. 713 . Jump up ^ Hibbeler , R.C. ( 2007 ) . Engineering Mechanics ( Eleventh ed . ) . Pearson , Prentice Hall . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 127146 - 6 . Jump up ^ Soutas - Little , Robert W. ; Inman , Balint ( 2008 ) . Engineering Mechanics . Thomson . p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 29610 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Sudipta ( 2008 ) . Tribological Properties of Pseudo-elastic Nickel - titanium ( Thesis ) . University of California . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 9780549844372 -- via ProQuest . Classical Greek philosophers like Aristotle , Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius wrote about the existence of friction , the effect of lubricants and the advantages of metal bearings around 350 B.C. Jump up ^ Fishbane , Paul M. ; Gasiorowicz , Stephen ; Thornton , Stephen T. ( 1993 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers . I ( Extended ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 663246 - 7 . Themistius first stated around 350 B.C. ( sic ) that kinetic friction is weaker than the maximum value of static friction . Jump up ^ Hecht , Eugene ( 2003 ) . Physics : Algebra / Trig ( 3rd ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780534377298 . Jump up ^ Sambursky , Samuel ( 2014 ) . The Physical World of Late Antiquity . Princeton University Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 9781400858989 . ^ Jump up to : Dowson , Duncan ( 1997 ) . History of Tribology ( 2nd ed . ) . Professional Engineering Publishing . ISBN 1 - 86058 - 070 - X . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong - Hélouvry , Brian ( 1991 ) . Control of machines with friction . USA : Springer . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 9133 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : van Beek , Anton . `` History of Science Friction '' . tribology-abc.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hutchings , Ian M. ( 2016 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci 's studies of friction '' ( PDF ) . doi : 10.1016 / j. wear. 2016.04. 019 . Jump up ^ Hutchings , Ian M. ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci 's studies of friction '' . Wear. 360 -- 361 : 51 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wear. 2016.04. 019 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Tom ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Study reveals Leonardo da Vinci 's ' irrelevant ' scribbles mark the spot where he first recorded the laws of friction '' . phys.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Popova , Elena ; Popov , Valentin L. ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The research works of Coulomb and Amontons and generalized laws of friction '' . Friction. 3 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 190 . doi : 10.1007 / s40544 - 015 - 0074 - 6 . Jump up ^ Forest de Bélidor , Bernard . `` Richtige Grund - Sätze der Friction - Berechnung '' ( `` Correct Basics of Friction Calculation '' ) , 1737 , ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Leonhard Euler '' . Friction Module . Nano World . 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Goedecke , Andreas ( 2014 ) . Transient Effects in Friction : Fractal Asperity Creep . Springer Science and Business Media . p. 3 . ISBN 370911506X . Jump up ^ Popova , Elena ; Popov , Valentin L. ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The research works of Coulomb and Amontons and generalized laws of friction '' . Friction. 3 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 190 . doi : 10.1007 / s40544 - 015 - 0074 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fleeming Jenkin & James Alfred Ewing ( 1877 ) `` On Friction between Surfaces moving at Low Speeds '' , Philosophical Magazine Series 5 , volume 4 , pp 308 -- 10 ; link from Biodiversity Heritage Library Jump up ^ Air Brake Association ( 1921 ) . The Principles and Design of Foundation Brake Rigging . Air brake association . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friction Factors - Coefficients of Friction '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : http://mechanicalemax.blogspot.com/2016/03/tribology-introduction.html Jump up ^ `` Ultra-low friction coefficient in alumina -- silicon nitride pair lubricated with water '' . Wear. 296 : 656 -- 659 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wear. 2012.07. 030 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tian , Y. ; Bastawros , A.F. ; Lo , C.C.H. ; Constant , A.P. ; Russell , A.M. ; Cook , B.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Superhard self - lubricating AlMgB ( sub 14 ) films for microelectromechanical devices '' . Applied Physics Letters. 83 ( 14 ) : 2781 . Bibcode : 2003ApPhL ... 83.2781 T . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1615677 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Kurt ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Material slicker than Teflon discovered by accident '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Higdon , C. ; Cook , B. ; Harringa , J. ; Russell , A. ; Goldsmith , J. ; Qu , J. ; Blau , P. ( 2011 ) . `` Friction and wear mechanisms in AlMgB14 - TiB2 nanocoatings '' . Wear. 271 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 2111 -- 2115 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wear. 2010.11. 044 . ^ Jump up to : Coefficient of Friction Archived March 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... EngineersHandbook.com ^ Jump up to : `` Coefficients of Friction of Human Joints '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Engineering Toolbox : Friction and Coefficients of Friction '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dienwiebel , Martin ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Superlubricity of Graphite '' ( PDF ) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 ( 12 ) : 126101 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL ... 92l6101D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 92.126101 . Jump up ^ Greenwood J.A. and JB Williamson ( 1966 ) . `` Contact of nominally flat surfaces '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 295 ( 1442 ) . Jump up ^ Bhavikatti , S.S. ; K.G. Rajashekarappa ( 1994 ) . Engineering Mechanics . New Age International . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 0617 - 7 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Sheri ; Tongue , Benson H. ; Anagnos , Thalia ( 2005 ) . Statics : Analysis and Design of Systems in Equilibrium . Wiley and Sons . p. 618 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 37299 - 4 . In general , for given contacting surfaces , μ Jump up ^ Meriam , James L. ; Kraige , L. Glenn ; Palm , William John ( 2002 ) . Engineering Mechanics : Statics . Wiley and Sons . p. 330 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 40646 - 5 . Kinetic friction force is usually somewhat less than the maximum static friction force . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard P. ; Leighton , Robert B. ; Sands , Matthew ( 1964 ) . `` The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol . I , p. 12 - 5 '' . Addison - Wesley . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Persson , B.N. ; Volokitin , A. I ( 2002 ) . `` Theory of rubber friction : Nonstationary sliding '' . Physical Review B. 65 ( 13 ) : 134106 . Bibcode : 2002PhRvB ... 65m4106P . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 65.134106 . Jump up ^ Beatty , William J. `` Recurring science misconceptions in K - 6 textbooks '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Persson , B.N.J. ( 2000 ) . Sliding friction : physical principles and applications . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 67192 - 3 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Makkonen , L ( 2012 ) . `` A thermodynamic model of sliding friction '' . AIP Advances. 2 : 012179 . Bibcode : 2012AIPA ... 2a2179M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3699027 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Edward Leamington ; Franklin , William Suddards ( 1898 ) . The Elements of Physics. 1 . Macmillan . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Ternes , Markus ; Lutz , Christopher P. ; Hirjibehedin , Cyrus F. ; Giessibl , Franz J. ; Heinrich , Andreas J. ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) . `` The Force Needed to Move an Atom on a Surface '' . Science . 319 ( 5866 ) : 1066 -- 1069 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1066 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1150288 . PMID 18292336 . ^ Jump up to : Deng , Zhao ; et al. ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Adhesion - dependent negative friction coefficient on chemically modified graphite at the nanoscale '' . Nature . 11 : 1032 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2012NatMa ... 11.1032 D . doi : 10.1038 / nmat3452 . PMID 23064494 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Lay summary -- R&D Magazine ( October 17 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Haslinger , J. ; Nedlec , J.C. ( 1983 ) . `` Approximation of the Signorini problem with friction , obeying the Coulomb law '' . Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences . 5 : 422 -- 437 . Bibcode : 1983MMAS ... 5 ... 422H . doi : 10.1002 / mma. 1670050127 . Jump up ^ Alart , P. ; Curnier , A. ( 1991 ) . `` A mixed formulation for frictional contact problems prone to Newton like solution method '' . Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering . 92 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 375 . Bibcode : 1991CMAME ... 92 ... 353A . doi : 10.1016 / 0045 - 7825 ( 91 ) 90022 - X . Jump up ^ Acary , V. ; Cadoux , F. ; Lemaréchal , C. ; Malick , J. ( 2011 ) . `` A formulation of the linear discrete Coulomb friction problem via convex optimization '' . Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 91 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 175 . Bibcode : 2011ZaMM ... 91 ... 155A . doi : 10.1002 / zamm. 201000073 . Jump up ^ De Saxcé , G. ; Feng , Z. - Q. ( 1998 ) . `` The bipotential method : A constructive approach to design the complete contact law with friction and improved numerical algorithms '' . Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 28 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 245 . doi : 10.1016 / S0895 - 7177 ( 98 ) 00119 - 8 . Jump up ^ Simo , J.C. ; Laursen , T.A. ( 1992 ) . `` An augmented lagrangian treatment of contact problems involving friction '' . Computers and Structures. 42 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 116 . doi : 10.1016 / 0045 - 7949 ( 92 ) 90540 - G . Jump up ^ Acary , V. ; Brogliato , B. ( 2008 ) . Numerical Methods for Nonsmooth Dynamical Systems . Applications in Mechanics and Electronics . 35 . Springer Verlag Heidelberg . Jump up ^ Bigoni , D. Nonlinear Solid Mechanics : Bifurcation Theory and Material Instability . Cambridge University Press , 2012 . ISBN 9781107025417 . Jump up ^ Adams , G.G. ( 1995 ) . `` Self - excited oscillations of two elastic half - spaces sliding with a constant coefficient of friction '' . Journal of Applied Mechanics. 62 : 867 -- 872 . Bibcode : 1995JAM ... 62 ... 867A . doi : 10.1115 / 1.2896013 . Jump up ^ Martins , J.A. , Faria , L.O. & Guimarães , J. ( 1995 ) . `` Dynamic surface solutions in linear elasticity and viscoelasticity with frictional boundary conditions '' . Journal of Vibration and Acoustics. 117 : 445 -- 451 . doi : 10.1115 / 1.2874477 . Jump up ^ M , Nosonovsky , ; G. , Adams G. ( 2004 ) . `` Vibration and stability of frictional sliding of two elastic bodies with a wavy contact interface '' . Journal of Applied Mechanics. 71 : 154 -- 161 . Bibcode : 2004JAM ... 71 ... 154N . doi : 10.1115 / 1.1653684 . Jump up ^ J. , Flint , ; J. , Hultén , ( 2002 ) . `` Lining - deformation - induced modal coupling as squeal generator in a distributed parameter disk brake model '' . J. Sound and Vibration. 254 : 1 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2002JSV ... 254 ... 1F . doi : 10.1006 / jsvi. 2001.4052 . Jump up ^ M. , Kröger , ; M. , Neubauer , ; K. , Popp , ( 2008 ) . `` Experimental investigation on the avoidance of self - excited vibrations '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . A. 366 ( 1866 ) : 785 -- 810 . Bibcode : 2008RSPTA. 366 ... 785K . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2007.2127 . PMID 17947204 . Jump up ^ R. , Rice , J. ; L. , Ruina , A. ( 1983 ) . `` Stability of Steady Frictional Slipping '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Mechanics. 50 ( 2 ) : 343 -- 349 . Bibcode : 1983JAM ... 50 ... 343R . doi : 10.1115 / 1.3167042 . Jump up ^ Bigoni , D. ; Noselli , G. ( 2011 ) . `` Experimental evidence of flutter and divergence instabilities induced by dry friction '' . Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 59 ( 10 ) : 2208 -- 2226 . Bibcode : 2011JMPSo ... 59.2208 B . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmps. 2011.05. 007 . Jump up ^ Nosonovsky , Michael ( 2013 ) . Friction - Induced Vibrations and Self - Organization : Mechanics and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Sliding Contact . CRC Press . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 1466504011 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1909 ) . On the development of our views concerning the nature and constitution of radiation . Translated in : The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein , vol. 2 ( Princeton University Press , Princeton , 1989 ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 391 . Jump up ^ Silliman , Benjamin ( 1871 ) Principles of Physics , Or Natural Philosophy , Ivison , Blakeman , Taylor & company publishers Jump up ^ Butt , Hans - Jürgen ; Graf , Karlheinz and Kappl , Michael ( 2006 ) Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces , Wiley , ISBN 3 - 527 - 40413 - 9 Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 1973 ) . `` Analysis of highway noise '' . Water , Air , & Soil Pollution. 2 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 392 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00159677 . Jump up ^ Den Hartog , J.P. ( 1961 ) . Mechanics . Courier Dover Publications . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leonard , William J ( 2000 ) . Minds - on Physics . Kendall / Hunt . p. 603 . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 3932 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bayer , Raymond George ( 2004 ) . Mechanical wear . CRC Press . pp. 1 , 2 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 4620 - 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Iskander , R and Stevens , A. `` Effectiveness of the Application of High Friction Surfacing - Crash - Reduction. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links `` Friction '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Coefficients of Friction -- tables of coefficients , plus many links Physclips : Mechanics with animations and video clips from the University of New South Wales CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics -- Values for Coefficient of Friction Characteristic Phenomena in Conveyor Chain Atomic - scale Friction Research and Education Synergy Hub ( AFRESH ) an Engineering Virtual Organization for the atomic - scale friction community to share , archive , link , and discuss data , knowledge and tools related to atomic - scale friction . Coefficients of friction of various material pairs in atmosphere and vacuum . LCCN : sh85051971 NDL : 00567505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friction&oldid=827698267 '' Categories : Friction Classical mechanics Force Tribology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 05 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Friction types and characteristics 2. Laws of dry friction 3. Coefficient of friction 4. Normal force and its role in friction 5. Applications and importance of friction

who played will gardner on the good wife

Josh Charles - wikipedia Josh Charles Jump to : navigation , search For the footballer , see Josh Charles ( footballer ) . For other people , see Josh Charles ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Josh Charles <Td_colspan="2"> Charles at Toronto International Film Festival 2014 Joshua Aaron Charles ( 1971 - 09 - 15 ) September 15 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Baltimore , Maryland , United States Occupation Actor Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sophie Flack ( m . 2013 ) Children Joshua Aaron `` Josh '' Charles ( born September 15 , 1971 ) is an American stage , film and television actor . He is best known for the roles of Dan Rydell on Sports Night ; Will Gardner on The Good Wife , which earned him two Primetime Emmy Award nominations ; and his early work as Knox Overstreet in Dead Poets Society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Charles was born in Baltimore , Maryland , the son of Laura ( née Heckscher ) , a gossip columnist for The Baltimore Sun newspaper , and Allan Charles , an advertising executive . He began his career performing comedy at the age of nine . As a teenager , he spent several summers at Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Center in New York , and attended the Baltimore School for the Arts . Career ( edit ) Charles 's film debut was in fellow Baltimore native John Waters ' Hairspray in 1988 . The following year , he starred alongside Robin Williams and Ethan Hawke in the Oscar - winning Dead Poets Society . Subsequent film roles have included Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead , Threesome , Pie in the Sky , Muppets from Space , S.W.A.T , Four Brothers , After. Life , Crossing the Bridge , and Brief Interviews with Hideous Men . On television , Charles played sports anchor Dan Rydell in Aaron Sorkin 's Emmy Award - winning Sports Night , which ran for two years ( 1998 -- 2000 ) on ABC and earned Charles a Screen Actors Guild nomination . In 2008 , Charles played the role of Jake in Season 1 of HBO 's In Treatment . In 2009 , he returned to network television in the CBS drama The Good Wife . For his work on the series he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 and 2014 . In 1986 , Charles headlined a production of Jonathan Marc Sherman 's Confrontation . In 2004 , he appeared on stage in New York in a revival of Neil LaBute 's The Distance From Here , which received a Drama Desk Award for Best Ensemble Cast . In January 2006 he appeared in the world premiere of Richard Greenberg 's The Well - Appointed Room for the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago , and followed this with a run at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco , portraying the cloned brothers in Caryl Churchill 's A Number . In 2007 , he appeared in Adam Bock 's The Receptionist at the Manhattan Theatre Club . In 2011 , Charles was the narrator for NFL Network 's A Football Life 's debut episode on New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick . Personal Life ( edit ) In September 2013 , Charles married ballet dancer and author Sophie Flack . On December 9 , 2014 , Flack gave birth to the couple 's first child . Charles is of Jewish heritage on his father 's side , and has described himself as Jewish . He is a fan of the Baltimore Orioles and Baltimore Ravens . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hairspray Iggy Dead Poets Society Knox Overstreet 1991 Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead Bryan Crossing the Bridge Mort Golden Threesome Eddy 1995 Things to Do in Denver When You 're Dead Bruce Uncredited 1995 Coldblooded Randy The Grave Tyn Crossworlds Joe Talbot Pie in the Sky Charlie Dunlap 1997 Cyclops , Baby Brush Brody 1997 Little City Adam 1999 Muppets from Space Agent Barker 2000 Meeting Daddy Peter Silverblatt 2003 S.W.A.T. T.J. McCabe Seeing Other People Lou 2005 Four Brothers Detective Fowler 2006 The Darwin Awards Paramedic 2007 The Ex Forrest Mead 2009 After. Life Tom Peterson 2009 Brief Interviews with Hideous Men Subject No. 2 2014 Bird People Gary Newman 2014 Adult Beginners Phil 2015 I Smile Back Bruce 2015 Freeheld Bryan Kelder 2016 Whiskey Tango Foxtrot Chris 2016 Norman : The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer Taub 2017 The Drowning Tom Seymour Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Murder in Mississippi Andrew Goodman Television movie Cooperstown Jody Television movie Norma Jean & Marilyn Eddie Jordan Television movie 1997 The Underworld Ehrlich Television movie 1998 -- 2000 Sports Night Dan Rydell 45 episodes 2002 Our America Dave Isay Television movie 2005 Stella Jeremy Episode : `` Meeting Girls '' 2007 Six Degrees Ray Jones 4 episodes 2008 In Treatment Jake 8 episodes 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Sean Kelley Episode : `` Confession '' 2009 -- 2016 The Good Wife Will Gardner 107 episodes 2014 -- 2016 Inside Amy Schumer Various 4 episodes 2015 Masters of Sex Dan Logan 10 episodes 2015 Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Blake 6 episodes 2016 -- 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Duke Snyder 5 episodes 2016 Drunk History Jay Gould Episode : `` Scoundrels '' 2017 Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Blake 6 episodes 2017 Law & Order True Crime Dr. Jerome Oziel Upcoming series 2017 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Uncredited Episode : `` Forensic Science '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Sports Night Nominated 2000 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama The Good Wife Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2011 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2012 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Television Actor Won 2014 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Inside Amy Schumer Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sandler , Gilbert ( July 16 , 1996 ) . `` Baltimore Glimpses : the Hollywood trail '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Josh Charles is the son of Laura and Allen Charles Jump up ^ Josh Charles ( @ MrJoshCharles ) ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` My grandpa , Wilbur Heckscher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Desmon , Stephanie ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` Lillian ' Libby ' Charles '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . her son Allan Charles , founding partner of Trahan Burden Charles ... grandson is actor Josh Charles Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris . `` Belichick documentary set for NFL Network -- New England Patriots Blog -- ESPN Boston '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` A novel life : A former dancer 's new career takes shape -- Boston Globe '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Josh Charles Wedding : Good Wife Star Marries Girlfriend Sophie Flack ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Josh Charles ... married longtime girlfriend Sophie Flack on Friday , Sept. 6 Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Charles , Wife Sophie Flack Welcome Their First Child Together -- a Baby Boy ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : Josh Charles on Falling in Love with ' The Good Wife ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Gets Married '' . Jewz in the Newz . The American Israelite . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Josh Charles on Twitter Josh Charles on IMDb Josh Charles at the Internet Off - Broadway Database People Weekly 1989 interview Josh Charles on The Daily Show , April 13 , 1999 Rob Neyer interview 2003 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Dramatic TV Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Hugh Laurie ( 2010 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2011 ) Nathan Fillion ( 2012 ) Nathan Fillion ( 2013 ) Josh Charles ( 2014 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 2015 ) Taylor Kinney ( 2016 ) Justin Chambers ( 2017 ) VIAF : 61755760 LCCN : no99082521 ISNI : 0000 0001 1445 9179 GND : 1017832390 SUDOC : 169237966 BNF : cb141635785 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Charles&oldid=803642329 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Baltimore Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Josh Charles - American actor 2. Career in film, television, and stage 3. Best known for roles in Sports Night and The Good Wife 4. Personal life and family 5. Awards and nominations

who sang the female part of paradise by the dashboard lights

Paradise by the Dashboard Light - wikipedia Paradise by the Dashboard Light Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' <Td_colspan="2"> Side - A label of U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Meat Loaf <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Bat Out of Hell B - side `` Bat Overture '' Released 1977 Format 7 '' / 12 '' Recorded 1976 Genre Rock and roll , hard rock , glam rock Length 8 : 28 ( album version ) 5 : 32 ( single edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Todd Rundgren <Th_colspan="2"> Meat Loaf singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' ( 1977 ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( 1977 ) `` Bat Out of Hell '' ( 1979 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' ( 1977 ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( 1977 ) `` Bat Out of Hell '' ( 1979 ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' is a song written by Jim Steinman . It was first released in 1977 on the album Bat Out of Hell , with vocals by the American musician Meat Loaf alongside Ellen Foley . The song is most notable for its unique structure and length , and has become a staple of classic rock radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 7 Cover version 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background and recording ( edit ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' is one of the longest songs to be released uncut on one side of a 45 RPM record . The only difference is the song fades out almost immediately after the final line is sung . In some countries , a shorter 5 : 32 edit was released . The largest change is the complete removal of the `` baseball play - by - play '' section . According to Meat Loaf on VH1 Storytellers , the original length of the track was to be 27 minutes . Composition ( edit ) The song is divided into three parts : Part I. Paradise The song opens with the characters reminiscing about days as a young high school couple on a date . They are parking by a lake and having fun , experiencing `` paradise by the dashboard light '' , until the male character insists they 're `` gon na go all the way tonight '' ( the audio track suddenly cuts out , quickly pans through the left and right channels once before slowly returning to both channels ) . Baseball broadcast His pushing the matter is mirrored by New York Yankees announcer Phil Rizzuto broadcasting a portion of a baseball game that serves as a metaphor for his attempts to achieve his goal , accompanied by funk instrumentation and the two characters talking in the two individual left and right channels . Rizzuto 's baseball play - by - play call was recorded in 1976 at The Hit Factory in New York City by producer Todd Rundgren , Meat Loaf and Steinman . Rizzuto publicly maintained he was unaware that his contribution would be equated with sex in the finished song , but Meat Loaf asserts that Rizzuto only feigned ignorance to stifle some criticism from a priest and was fully aware of the context of what he was recording . In a nod to the Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry , some radio stations in Boston created a version where Rizzuto 's part was substituted with Red Sox announcer Dick Stockton describing the baseball play . Part II . Let Me Sleep on It Just as the boy is about to score ( via the suicide squeeze ) , the girl bursts out telling him to `` Stop right there ! '' She refuses to go any further unless the boy first promises to love her forever and marry her . Reluctant to make such a long - term commitment , the boy repeatedly asks her to continue on for the time being and promises to give his answer in the morning . However , as she is not giving in that easily , so that he finally cracks and gives his promise : `` I started swearing to my God and on my mother 's grave / That I would love you to the end of time '' . Part III . Praying for the End of Time Back in the present , the characters can no longer stand each other 's presence . However , the male character can not possibly break his vow and hence is now praying for the end of time to relieve him from his obligation . The song fades out on the situation , juxtaposing his gloomy `` It was long ago , it was far away , it was so much better than it is today ! '' in the left channel with her nostalgic `` It never felt so good , it never felt so right , we were glowing like the metal on the edge of a knife '' in the right channel . In early live performances of the song , this part ( and thus the conclusion of the song itself ) was followed by a spoken - word epilogue by Meat Loaf and Karla DeVito , where they , still in character as the two protagonists , argued about what to keep after the couple 's divorce ( having been presumably married for a number of years ) . The argument was cut short by DeVito shouting `` ... And I 'll keep the baby ! '' , which left Meat Loaf 's character speechless as he apparently ignored the existence of a baby ; immediately after , he ended the argument by screaming incoherently at her . The exchange was repeated with different female vocalists , in different versions and with different endings , in most of Meat Loaf 's subsequent live tours and remains in the set to the present day , when it is still occasionally performed by Meat Loaf and his current featured vocalist Patti Russo . Music video ( edit ) 35mm prints of a live - on - soundstage performance of `` Paradise '' were struck and initially sent to many theaters holding midnight screenings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show , as a short subject to play before the feature . Very few of these prints are still extant and / or in playable condition . The video also received healthy airplay in the first years of MTV , despite its relative age to the new artists the channel was showcasing . Although Ellen Foley is recorded on the album , another woman , Karla DeVito , was used for the music video and for live performances . This would also happen for Meat Loaf 's 1993 hit `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , where Dana Patrick mimed to Lorraine Crosby 's vocals . In the original video as released to television and in 35mm prints , the male / female `` Hot Summer Night '' prologue from `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' was spoken live by Jim Steinman and Karla DeVito before the song performance . On the Hits Out of Hell music video compilation , the prologue was removed and spliced in front of the video for `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' , ostensibly to properly replicate the album Bat Out of Hell , and the video for `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' goes right into the performance . Reception ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The single had modest success in the United States , peaking at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , the song is very well known and is a classic rock staple . In the United Kingdom , it did not chart at all . However , in the Netherlands , the single became Meat Loaf 's biggest all - time hit , reaching number one at the end of 1978 . `` Paradise '' became a hit again in 1988 . In various all time charts , such as the Radio 2 Top 2000 or Radio Veronica 's All Time Top 1000 , it consistently charts inside the top ten . In Belgium , the single stalled at number 2 where it stayed for 5 weeks , the whole time being held back from the Number 1 by Y.M.C.A. by the Village People . Personnel ( edit ) Meat Loaf - male lead vocals , backing vocals ( as Marvin Lee ) Ellen Foley - female lead vocals , backing vocals Todd Rundgren - guitar , backing vocals Kasim Sulton - bass guitar Roy Bittan - piano , keyboards Jim Steinman - keyboards , `` lascivious effects '' Roger Powell - synthesizer Edgar Winter - saxophone Max Weinberg - drums Phil Rizzuto - baseball play - by - play Rory Dodd - additional backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Dutch Top 40 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 39 Ultratop ( Belgium ) Cover version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 , four New York City Underground bands -- Elastic No - No Band , Huggabroomstik , Schwervon ! , and The Leader -- collaborated on an Exquisite corpse - style cover of the song , with each band covering a specific section of the song . The cover version was released as a 7 - inch single on red or pink vinyl . In popular culture ( edit ) An altered version of the song was used in a 2008 AT&T commercial for the Go - Phone , in which a father and mother ( Meat Loaf and singer Tiffany ) argue over buying their son a phone . This song is featured as downloadable content for Rock Band 3 . The song was featured in the twenty - first episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee . The studio and show version was cut down to 3 : 50 , with the removal of the baseball broadcast and some musical breaks between lines , and it was performed to joyous and raucous applause . It was met with critical acclaim from audiences and critics and went on to become a commercial success . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Jump up ^ New York Times Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf -- Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' . discogs.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jeff ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Phil and Meat Loaf will always have `` Paradise '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ The full argument is featured in the 2009 Eagle Vision Meat Loaf : Bat Out of Hell - The Original Tour DVD release of a 1978 concert in Offenbach am Main , Germany . Jump up ^ `` Karla DeVito 's biography '' . Karl Devito . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . songfacts.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/3394/Meat-Loaf-Paradise-By-The-Dashboard-Light Further reading ( edit ) James F. Harris ( 1993 ) . Philosophy at 33 ⁄ Rpm : Themes of Classic Rock Music . Open Court Publishing . pp. 116 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9241 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Bat Out of Hell <Td_colspan="2"> Meat Loaf Songs by Jim Steinman Produced by Todd Rundgren Side 1 `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` All Revved Up with No Place to Go '' Side 2 `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( duet with Ellen Foley ) `` For Crying Out Loud '' Related articles Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Cleveland International Records <Th_colspan="2"> Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradise_by_the_Dashboard_Light&oldid=803130759 '' Categories : 1977 singles Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Todd Rundgren 1977 songs Epic Records singles Rock operas Songs about sexuality Songs about automobiles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 17 : 04 . About Wikipedia

1. "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" - a song by Meat Loaf 2. Jim Steinman - the songwriter of the song 3. Bat Out of Hell - the album that the song is from 4. Structure and length of the song 5. Reception and chart performance of the song

what was the name of the bar in buffy the vampire slayer

Spike ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) - wikipedia Spike ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) <Th_colspan="2"> Spike <Td_colspan="2"> Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` School Hard '' ( 1997 ) Created by Joss Whedon Portrayed by James Marsters <Th_colspan="2"> Information Affiliation The Whirlwind Scooby Gang Wolfram & Hart Classification Vampire Notable powers Common powers of vampires , enhanced Spike , played by James Marsters , is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . Spike is a vampire and played various roles on the shows , including villain , anti-hero , trickster and romantic interest . For Marsters , the role as Spike began a career in science fiction television , becoming `` the obvious go - to guy for US cult ( television ) . '' For creator Whedon , Spike is the `` most fully developed '' of his characters . The character was intended to be a brief villain , with Whedon originally adamant to not have another major `` romantic vampire '' character like Angel . Marsters says `` Spike was supposed to be dirty and evil , punk rock , and then dead . '' However , the character ended up staying for the second season , and then returning in the fourth to replace Cordelia as `` the character who told Buffy she was stupid and about to die . '' Within the series ' narrative , William was an unsuccessful aspiring poet in the Victorian era who was mocked and called `` William the Bloody '' because of his `` bloody awful '' poetry . Sired by the vampire Drusilla ( Juliet Landau ) , William became an unusually passionate and romantic vampire , being very violent and ready to battle , but not as cruel as his companions . Alongside Drusilla , Darla ( Julie Benz ) and Angelus ( David Boreanaz ) , Giles thinks William acquired the nickname Spike for his preferred method of torturing people with railroad spikes , but it is revealed it is because his poetry was `` so bad you could stick a railroad spike through your head . '' He was noted for killing two vampire Slayers ; one in China at the end of the 1800s during the Boxer Rebellion , the other was Nicki Wood in 1977 New York , where Spike acquired his trademark leather duster . During the second season of the series , Spike comes to Sunnydale hoping to kill a third Slayer , Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , with whom he later forges an uneasy alliance . Over the course of Buffy , Spike falls in love with the Slayer , reacquires his soul to prove himself to Buffy and dies a hero in the show 's series finale . He is subsequently resurrected in the first episode of the fifth season of the spin - off series Angel . Considered a ' breakout character ' , Spike proved immensely popular with fans of Buffy . The character appears substantially in Expanded Universe materials such as comic books and tie - in novels . Following the cancellation of Angel in 2004 , Whedon considered creating a Spike film spin - off . Canonically , the character appears in issues of the comic books Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( 2007 -- 11 ) , Angel : After the Fall ( 2007 -- 09 ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine , Angel & Faith ( both 2011 -- 2013 ) and several Spike limited series , spinning off from both Buffy and Angel . Currently the character is in the canonical comic Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Television 1.1. 1 Early history 1.1. 2 Sunnydale 1.1. 3 Los Angeles 1.2 Literature 2 Characterization 2.1 Personality 2.2 Appearance 3 Powers and abilities 4 Unproduced spin - off movie 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Spike 's story before he appears in Sunnydale unfolds in flashbacks scattered , out of sequence , among numerous episodes of both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . The first flashback occurs in Buffy Season Five 's `` Fool for Love '' , and reveals William as in fact a meek , effete young man ( and an aspiring poet ) who lived in London with his mother , Anne . Anne would often sing the folksong `` Early One Morning '' to her son , right up until the time he was turned into a vampire . William 's surname is given as `` Pratt '' in the non-canon comic Old Times and is written on the label of his jar of blood in the comic Spike : Asylum # 002 . This surname became official with the publication of the canon comic Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 11 # 7 , in which Buffy calls him by it . The name William Pratt may allude to horror actor Boris Karloff , whose birth name was William Henry Pratt , and can also be understood as the British slang term `` prat '' , describing a person of arrogant stupidity . Spike is one of the youngest recurring vampires on the show , though the evidence of his age is contradictory , as the concept of the character evolved over time . When he was introduced in `` School Hard '' ( season 2 ) , Giles read that he was `` barely two hundred , '' implying that he was either born or sired in 1797 or slightly earlier . In `` The Initiative '' ( season 4 ) he said he was 126 , thus born or sired in 1874 . Flashbacks in `` Fool for Love '' ( season 5 ) show that Spike was sired as an adult in 1880 . Assuming he was in his early to mid 20s when he was sired , Spike would be in his 140s during the series . In the comic Spike : Asylum # 002 , Spike 's jar of blood has a label giving his assumed human birth date in 1853 , about 27 years before he was sired . William , before becoming a vampire In 1880 , William was a struggling poet , often mocked by his peers who called him `` William the Bloody '' behind his back because his poetry was so `` bloody awful . '' The true origins of this nickname were not revealed until three years after it was first mentioned in Season Two , when it was believed to have purely violent connotations . William showed a strong capacity for loyalty and devoted love , which remained after his siring . After his romantic overtures were rejected by the aristocratic Cecily , William wandered the streets despondently and bumped into Drusilla . She consoled him , drained him of blood and made him drink of her blood , thus transforming him into a vampire -- `` siring '' him , in the jargon of the series . Spike 's grand - sire Angelus became his mentor ( leading Spike occasionally to describe him loosely as his sire ) : `` Drusilla sired me , but you , you made me a monster . '' Whereas new vampires in the Buffyverse often delight in killing their families once they become evil , William was a notable exception . Having always been very close to his mother , he turned her into a vampire to save her from tuberculosis . But his mother , as a vampire , taunted William and insinuated he had always had a sexual fascination with her . William chose to stake her because he found he could not bear to see his mother behaving like the soulless vampire he had made of her . She , like most vampires , lacked his unusual capacity for some of the softer human emotions , like love and compassion . After staking his mother , William began a new life with Drusilla , to whom he was utterly devoted . Euphoric with his newfound vampiric abilities , he adopted the poses and trappings of a cultural rebel , affecting a working class East London accent and embracing impulsiveness and extreme violence . He adopted the nom de guerre `` Spike '' based on his habit of torturing people with railroad spikes -- possibly prompted by criticism of his poetry : `` I 'd rather have a railroad spike through my head than listen to that awful stuff . '' In `` The Weight of the World '' Spike mentions having spent `` the better part of a century '' in delinquency , suggesting criminal activities other than killing for blood . In the company of Drusilla , Angelus and Darla , Spike terrorized Europe and Asia for almost two decades . He had a strained relationship with Drusilla 's sire Angelus , who continued a sexual relationship with her despite Spike 's strong disapproval . Although Angelus did enjoy the company of another male vampire in their travels , he found Spike 's recklessness and lust for battle to be unnecessary risks . Angelus regarded killing as an art , not a sport , and killed for the sheer act of evil ; Spike did it for amusement and the rush . In 1894 , Spike and Angelus developed a rivalry with the enigmatic Immortal , who later had Spike sent to prison for tax evasion . In 1900 , Spike killed Xin_Rong , a Chinese Slayer while in China during the Boxer Rebellion . In 1943 , he was captured by Nazis for experimentation and taken aboard a submarine , where he was briefly reunited with Angel . By the 1950s , Spike had reunited with Drusilla , and they traveled to Italy . At some point , Spike also became rivals with the famous vampire Dracula . The enmity between Spike and Dracula was explored in the comic series Spike vs. Dracula , in which their mutual hatred is caused when Spike , along with Darla and Drusilla , slaughtered the Romani ( gypsy ) tribe who had cursed their patriarch , Angelus , with a soul , although it is unclear if either Spike or Drusilla knew precisely why Darla was so angry with the tribe . That clan ( unknown to Spike ) was favored by Dracula and he sought revenge for their deaths . Spike later mentions in a conversation with Riley Finn , `` Dracula ? Poncy bugger owes me £ 11 , for one thing , '' because Dracula tossed Spike 's signed copy of Bram Stoker 's Dracula in a fire in 1898 . Spike also notes that Dracula 's fame has done more damage to vampires than any Slayer , since it made their weaknesses more widely known . Spike attended Woodstock in 1969 , whereupon he accidentally became high after ingesting the blood of a hippie , he claims to have spent the next six hours following the incident `` watching my hand move '' . In 1977 he fought and killed a second Slayer , Nikki Wood , aboard a subway train in New York City , taking from her a black leather duster which he wears throughout his appearances on Buffy and Angel until it is destroyed in an explosion in Season Five of Angel , whereupon he gets a new one that looks exactly like the old one ( `` The Girl in Question '' ) . At some point post-1977 , Billy Idol allegedly `` stole '' Spike 's look and made it famous as his own ( as revealed in Season Seven 's `` Sleeper '' ; see `` Appearance '' below ) ; Spike 's thoughts on this are unrecorded . Inasmuch as Buffy knew of the `` theft '' as of `` Sleeper , '' Spike presumably shared the detail with her in an undepicted moment . Spike 's flashback appearances , in chronological order , include : Lies My Parents Told Me 2nd flashback : In 1880 England , William , pre-Spike , tends to his ailing mother Anne . Fool for Love 1st flashback / Darla 3rd flashback : In 1880 , William is rejected by Cecily and sired by Drusilla , with whom he immediately falls in love . Lies My Parents Told Me 3rd and 4th flashbacks : In 1880 , William sires his mother Anne , who , as a vampire , turns against him , forcing him to destroy her . Destiny series of flashbacks : In 1880 , Drusilla introduces William to her sire Angelus . Although the two become fast friends , they later clash when William discovers Angelus making love with Drusilla . Angelus , informing William that when one is a vampire `` you can take what you want , have what you want , but nothing is yours , '' fights William for the first time . `` Fool for Love '' 2nd flashback : Months after being sired , William , now called Spike , has through acts of public mayhem forced Angelus ' vampire group ( himself , Spike , Drusilla , and Angelus ' sire / paramour Darla ) to flee London ; Spike first learns of the existence of the Vampire Slayer . The Girl in Question 1st flashback : In 1894 , Spike and Angelus are imprisoned by the mysterious Immortal , who seduces Drusilla and Darla in their absence . Darla 4th flashback : In 1898 Romania , Spike and Drusilla , under Darla 's orders , attack the Kalderash tribe who ensouled Angelus , later called Angel . Following this incident , Angel parts company with the group , and the other three vampires resume their travels without him . `` Fool for Love '' 3rd flashback / Darla 5th flashback : In 1900 China , Spike kills the Chinese Vampire Slayer . Angel , still ensouled , briefly reunites with the group ; when Spike and Drusilla , neither of whom seem aware that Angel is ensouled , boast of Spike 's deed , Angel pretends to be impressed but is actually disgusted . Darla ultimately rejects Angel because he can no longer bring himself to kill innocents , and Angel again leaves the group . Precisely what Spike and Drusilla make of these developments between their `` elders '' is unrevealed . At some point over the next few decades , Spike and Drusilla part company with Darla , and Spike 's reputation for bloodshed and chaos eventually rivals even that of Angelus . Why We Fight series of flashbacks : In 1943 , Spike , temporarily adventuring without Drusilla , and two other vampires are abducted by Nazi agents onto a Nazi sub . Angel , working for the US government , helps Spike seize control of the sub , and the two escape and then part ways . As far as is known , this is Spike and Angel 's last meeting prior to the events of School Hard in 1998 . The Girl in Question 2nd flashback : Spike and Drusilla visit Italy . Lies My Parents Told Me 1st flashback : In 1977 New York , Spike fights Vampire Slayer Nikki Wood while her young son Robin watches from a hiding place . `` Fool for Love '' 4th flashback : In 1977 New York , Spike again fights Nikki Wood , killing her . These are Spike 's last depicted activities preceding his arrival in Sunnydale , California . Sunnydale ( edit ) Spike first arrives in Sunnydale in the second season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in the episode `` School Hard '' , accompanied by Drusilla . Spike and Dru were modeled on Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen ; punk , `` badass '' vampires to contrast sharply with the more ceremonial tradition of the Master and the Order of Aurelius from Season One . Spike is in fact a fan of Sid Vicious ' band The Sex Pistols and punk band The Ramones . In the final scene of the episode `` Lovers Walk '' , he can be seen singing to a cover of `` My Way '' by Gary Oldman , who portrayed Vicious in the film Sid and Nancy . Spike 's first act in Sunnydale is to attack Buffy and a large group of people at her school , making his first appearance the deadliest of any of Buffy 's `` Big Bads '' , as he very nearly kills Buffy , but Buffy 's mother distracts Spike long enough for Buffy to recover . Throughout Season Two , Spike and Dru are the canon 's most prominent example of affection between vampires , displaying the humanity and intricacies of vampire relationships . Spike was initially conceived as a disposable villain to be killed off , but proved so popular with fans that Joss Whedon decided to merely injure him instead , in the episode `` What 's My Line , Part Two '' , in which Spike is crushed by a collapsing pipe organ and left paralyzed . ( Later it is revealed that he has healed but chosen to stay in the wheelchair to deceive Angel whom he intended to betray . ) Spike 's first appearance in the episode `` School Hard '' ( 1997 ) . Spike and Drusilla are major enemies of Buffy for much of the second season . They arrive shortly after Drusilla is seriously weakened by an angry mob in Prague , as recounted in the canon comic book The Problem with Vampires . Spike is a devoted caretaker to Drusilla in her weakened condition , and initially hopes the Hellmouth 's energy can help restore her strength . He reunites with Angel and seems genuinely pleased to see him , but is disgusted to find that Angel has a soul ( whether or not Spike in fact knew that Angel 's acquisition of a soul is why he left the group nearly a century before has never been made clear ) and is in love with the current Slayer , Buffy Summers . When Angel loses his soul and rejoins Spike and Dru , Spike 's initial celebration soon turns to resentment when Angelus starts pursuing Drusilla as a lover and taunting him . Spike decides to ally himself with Buffy against Angelus ; as he explains to Buffy , in addition to wanting Drusilla back , he also wants to `` save the world '' : `` `` We like to talk big , vampires do . I 'm going to destroy the world . That 's just tough guy talk . Strutting around with your friends over a pint of blood . The truth is , I like this world . You 've got -- the dog racing , Manchester United , and you 've got people : billions of people walking around like Happy Meals with legs . It 's all right here . But then someone comes along with a vision , with a real passion for destruction . Angel could pull it off . Goodbye Piccadilly , farewell Leicester bloody Square . '' -- Spike ( `` Becoming , Part Two '' ) . '' Spike reappears in the Season Three episode `` Lovers Walk '' , in a drunken depression after Drusilla , offended by his alliance with Buffy , dumps him for a Chaos demon . He kidnaps Willow and Xander , and forces Willow to conduct a love spell for him to make Drusilla love him again , even coercing Buffy and Angel to help him in exchange for the safe return of their friends . The excitement of a brawl with the Mayor 's vampires helps him see that Drusilla left him because he had begun to go soft ; he resolves to win her back by torturing her until she likes him again , and tells Buffy where to find Willow and Xander . He also tells Buffy and Angel that they can never be friends because of their love for one another . This insight foreshadows Spike 's later role as the `` truth - seer '' of the group . Spike returns to Sunnydale alone in Season Four , in the episode `` The Harsh Light of Day '' , briefly living with Harmony Kendall , a shallow former classmate of Buffy , now a vampire . He is in Sunnydale to look for the Gem of Amarra , a ring which makes a vampire effectively invulnerable . He finds it and attacks Buffy in daylight , but she wrests the ring from his finger and sends it to Angel . Spike goes to Los Angeles , and hires a vampire named Marcus to torture Angel in order to get the ring , but Marcus takes the ring himself and Angel finally destroys it . After being captured by The Initiative and implanted with a cerebral microchip which punishes him with debilitating pain whenever he harms or attempts to harm any non-demon life forms , Spike turns to the Scooby Gang for protection , bartering his knowledge of the Initiative . ( Though he still spars with Buffy , provided he has no real intent on harming her ) His inability to bite is comically compared to impotence , much to Spike 's constant humiliation ; in `` Doomed '' , he attempts to commit suicide by staking himself at Xander 's house , but is stopped by Willow and Xander . Occasionally helping the Scooby Gang by providing them with information and / or combat assistance in exchange for cash or for the joy of fighting , but having no qualms about betraying them to such enemies as Faith and Adam . In Season Four , Spike was introduced to fill the antagonistic role that Cordelia had in seasons One to Three ; as Joss Whedon explains on the DVD featurette , `` All of our characters got to the point where they were loving and hugging , and it was sort of like , where 's Cordelia ? '' Spike appeared in every episode thereafter with the exception of `` The Body '' . In Season Five , after some erotic dreams , Spike becomes aware to his horror that he has fallen in love with Buffy . He becomes a more active participant in the Scooby Gang , jumping into several of Buffy 's fights to provide assistance , whether she wants it or not . When Buffy rejects his advances , Spike attempts to prove his love by kidnapping her so that she can witness him killing Drusilla for her , to little avail ; in her disgust , Buffy un-invites him from her house ( something she had not bothered to do in almost three years since their alliance against Angelus ) and alienates him from the group . Spike then has Warren Mears make a robot in Buffy 's likeness , programmed to love and obey him . Though Buffy is disgusted by this , her hostility towards him fades considerably when she learns that Spike refused , even under intense torture , to reveal the identity of The Key to Glory , nearly laying down his life to protect Buffy 's sister Dawn . Buffy is moved by this unexpected loyalty and kisses him , saying she will not forget what he has done . In the days and hours leading up to the final showdown with Glory , Spike fights by Buffy 's side , earning her trust and a re-invitation to her house . Spike displays unabashed grief after Buffy dies in the showdown with Glory , Spike honors her memory by remaining loyal to the Scoobies , fighting at their side and serving the role of baby - sitter / older brother / protector to Dawn , helping Willow and Tara to raise her in Buffy 's absence . After Buffy is resurrected at the beginning of Season Six , she is despondent and detached from her friends . During this time , her relationship to Spike deepens and she is able to talk to him about things she feels she can not share with the Scooby Gang . She gets drunk with Spike , and calls him `` a neutered vampire who cheats at kitten poker . '' After a demon 's spell makes them express their emotions in song , and Buffy sings `` I want the fire back '' , Buffy and Spike begin a physical relationship , consummated two episodes later . The relationship is frequently violent , with Buffy most often initiating both the violence and the sex between them ; the violence is made all the easier when Spike finds that ( as a side effect of Willow 's resurrection spell ) his chip now does not stop him from harming Buffy . Buffy threatens to kill Spike if he ever tells anyone about their relationship . Both are unsatisfied ; Buffy is ashamed of her dark desires , while Spike obsessively craves the love , trust , and affection that she is unwilling to give . In `` As You Were '' , Buffy tells Spike she is using him and ends their relationship . Believing he still has a chance with Buffy after seeing her reactions of jealousy and hurt when he has a drunk sexual encounter with Anya , Spike corners her and makes aggressive sexual advances . When she refuses him , he grows desperate and unsuccessfully tries to rape her . He is at once horrified by his own actions and intentions , while also somewhat remiss that he did not go through with the rape , since he is still essentially a demon and has had no problem committing such acts in the past . This is seen in his reactions to reliving the memory of the event while discussing his subsequent mood with Clem , who has come by with hot wings to hang out . Spike heads to a remote area of Africa , where he seeks out a legendary demon shaman and undergoes the Demon Trials , a series of grueling physical challenges . Proving his worthiness by surviving the trials , Spike earns his soul back . In Season Seven , a re-ensouled Spike must cope with the guilt of his past actions and try to win back Buffy 's trust . But under influence of the First Evil 's hypnotic trigger , Spike unknowingly starts killing again . Upon discovering what he has done , he begs Buffy to stake him , but she refuses and takes him into her house , telling him she has seen him change . Buffy guards and cares for Spike throughout his recovery , telling Spike she believes in him , a statement which later sustains him throughout his imprisonment and torture at the hands of the First . When Spike 's chip begins to malfunction , causing him intense pain and threatening to kill him , Buffy trusts him enough to order the Initiative operatives to remove it from his head . When Nikki Wood 's son Robin tries to kill Spike , he unwittingly frees Spike from his hypnotic trigger : the song `` Early One Morning '' , a favorite of his mother , which evokes Spike 's traumatic memories of his mother 's abusive behavior toward him after she turned ; after Spike is able to address these issues , he realizes his mother had always loved him , knowledge which frees him from the First 's control . Later in the season , Spike and Buffy achieve an emotional closeness ; he alone stays loyal to her when the Scoobies and Potentials mutiny against her , and his words and encouragement give a depressed Buffy the strength to continue fighting . They spend three nights together , one of which Spike describes as the best night of his life , just holding her . It is unclear whether they resume their sexual intimacy during the third night ; creator Joss Whedon says on the DVD commentary for `` Chosen '' that he intentionally left it to the viewers to decide how they felt the relationship progressed , though Whedon had earlier stated on the commentary he personally felt having them resume a sexual relationship would send the wrong message . In the final battle inside the Hellmouth , Spike , wearing a mystical amulet , sacrifices himself to destroy the Turok - Han and close the Hellmouth . He is slowly incinerated in the process , but not before Buffy tells him `` I love you . '' He replies , `` No , you do n't ; but thanks for saying it . '' Even as he burns and crumbles to dust , Spike laughs and revels in the destruction around him and the burning presence of his soul , glad to be able to see the fight to its end . In dying to save the world , he becomes a Champion . `` `` Now , you listen to me . I 've been alive a bit longer than you . And dead a lot longer than that . I 've seen things you could n't imagine -- done things I 'd prefer you did n't . I do n't exactly have a reputation for being a thinker . I follow my blood . Which does n't exactly rush in the direction of my brain . I 've made a lot of mistakes . A lot of wrong bloody calls . A hundred plus years and there 's only one thing I 've ever been sure of . You . '' -- Spike ( `` Touched '' ) . '' Los Angeles ( edit ) Spike had previously appeared in the season 1 episode of Angel `` In the Dark '' , Spike goes to Los Angeles at the same time as Oz arrives to give Angel the Gem of Amarra , Spike 's objective was to get the ring and kill Angel . Oz gives Angel the ring who then hides it in the sewer , just as he is about to leave for another case he is ambushed by Spike who hits him with a wooden plank , Angel defeats Spike but Spike warns him that he will get the ring one way or another . Angel takes precaution and goes on a manhunt for Spike , Angel finally finds him , chases him through the alley , and corners him only to fall into Spike 's trap . Spike captures Angel and hires a vampire named Marcus to torture Angel until he tells him where the ring is . After a while Spike gets bored of waiting so he goes to Angel 's apartment to find the ring and leaving Marcus to torture Angel , he gets to the apartment only to find Cordelia and Doyle aiming at him with weapons and demanding to know where Angel is . Spike reveals Angel 's location and tells them that the only way he will release Angel is if they find him the ring . Cordelia and Doyle find the ring in the sewer and head straight to Spike . When they arrive at the location they find out that Spike had lied about releasing Angel . Taking precautions however , they then throw the ring away and just as Spike was about to retrieve it , Oz bursts through the wall in his van and rescues Angel . Spike looks for the ring but finds out that Marcus took it . Spike begins smashing Marcus 's things and shouting about how he is going to work alone from now on until a hole that was in the ceiling lets sunlight in and sets the back of his hair on fire . Despite his apparent death at the end of Buffy 's final season , Spike returns in the fifth and final season of the spin - off series Angel . Resurrected by the amulet in the Los Angeles branch of supernatural law firm Wolfram & Hart , he spends seven episodes as an incorporeal being akin to a ghost ; he starts to understand being one when he battles `` the Reaper '' Matthias Pavayne . During this time he realizes he is being slowly pulled into hell . Later he becomes corporeal , due to a mysterious gift that arrives at the office of Wolfram and Hart . Soon afterward he is kidnapped by the psychotic Slayer Dana , who believes he was responsible for kidnapping and torturing her as a child . After this , Spike takes on Angel to prove which one of them is the Champion spoken of in the Shanshu Prophecy . Spike defeats Angel , but the prophecy remains ambiguous ( the Cup of Torment is revealed as a fake containing Mountain Dew ) . Manipulated by Lindsey McDonald into `` helping the helpless '' , Spike becomes a sort of rival to Angel ; resembling the heroic Champion Angel was in earlier seasons before becoming disillusioned and corrupted by the bureaucracy of Wolfram & Hart . Cordelia comments on this strange turn of events after coming out of her coma in `` You 're Welcome '' , exclaiming to Angel , `` Okay , Spike 's a hero , and you 're CEO of Hell , Incorporated . What freaking bizarro world did I wake up in ? '' When Fred is killed by Illyria , Spike mourns her death and decides to join Team Angel in her honor . Upon learning that Buffy is now dating The Immortal , Spike and Angel travel to Rome on the pretext of business but spend most of the time there trying to find Buffy . In the end , they fail to catch up with her . ( The blonde glimpsed in Rome is later revealed to be a decoy Buffy , set up by Andrew Wells , who had researched the history between Angel , Spike and The Immortal , and thought the idea would be `` hilarious '' . ) During the final episodes of Angel , Spike is the first to vote for Angel 's plan to wound the Senior Partners by massacring the Circle of the Black Thorn . He then spends what might be his last hours on Earth returning to his mortal roots as a frustrated poet , triumphantly knocking them dead ( figuratively ) in an open mic poetry slam at a bar . After single - handedly ( literally , he held the baby in one hand and a sword in the other ) rescuing an infant and destroying the Fell Brethren , Spike joins Angel , Illyria , and a badly wounded Charles Gunn in the alley behind the Hyperion as the series draws to an end , preparing to incur the apocalyptic wrath of the Senior Partners , as a way of going out in a blaze of glory that will probably cost their lives . Literature ( edit ) Spike appears significantly in a number of canonical Expanded Universe literature concurrent with and subsequent to the television series , including both Buffy and Angel comic books . Many of these novels and comic books concern Spike 's backstory in the periods between the events shown in flashbacks in the television series . From 2007 , both Dark Horse Comics and IDW Publishing began telling canonical continuations of Buffy and Angel , respectively . Marsters himself wrote for the miniseries Spike & Dru in 2000 . The collection also featured the Christopher Golden stories `` The Queen of Hearts '' , `` All 's Fair '' , `` Paint the Town Red '' and `` Who Made Who ? '' , set in or around episodes of Buffy in Seasons Two and Four ; `` Who Made Who '' is set during the Buffy episode `` Lovers Walk '' and depicts the disintegration of his relationship with Drusilla when they were together in Brazil . After Buffy finished in 2003 , Spike appeared in a comic story from the canonical Tales of the Vampires series . Written by series writer Drew Goddard , `` The Problem with Vampires '' establishes his adventures in Prague prior to his introduction Buffy episode `` School Hard '' . Christopher Golden 's 2000 novel Spike and Dru : Pretty Maids All in a Row depicts Spike killing a Slayer named Sophie in the 1940s , contradicting the two Slayers whom Spike is later established to have killed ; the second Slayer Spike killed was established as New Yorker Nikki Wood . The short story `` Voodoo Lounge '' from the collection Tales of the Slayer is a sequel to this novel . Golden 's 2006 novel , Blackout , is truer to the series ' chronology by depicting Spike 's fatal encounter with Slayer Nikki Wood in 1977 . Diana G. Gallagher 's 2005 novel Spark and Burn depicts the struggling early - Season Seven Spike remembering an account of his life , amounting to a chronological character history of Spike 's life from the 19th century to the time of the framing device . This promotional poster for Brian Lynch 's IDW Spike series was drawn by artist Franco Urru in response to the spoiler leak controversy for the Dark Horse Comics series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight . The image is reflective of Spike 's role in both franchises . Note that as the series ' central character , Spike receives his own stylised logo . Most Spike - centric stories , however , have been published subsequent to Angel 's finale episode . The 2005 IDW comic book Spike : Old Times , by Peter David , depicts Spike 's encounter with the vengeance demon Halfrek , explaining his recognition of her in Buffy episode `` Older and Far Away '' , and clarifying that she was in fact his beloved Cecily . Mutant Enemy approved the story , even though IDW did not have rights to a Buffy - only character like Halfrek , because of her importance to Spike 's backstory , on the condition that the story 's timing was deliberately ambiguous . Following Angel 's cancellation , Spike immediately appeared in the Angel miniseries Spike vs. Dracula by Peter David , a sequel to the Buffy episode `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' and expanding on the characters ' century - old rivalry established in that episode . Scott Tipton 's 2006 comic Spike : Old Wounds is detective fiction set during Season Five , and also features allusions to Spike 's activities in the late 1940s . Tipton 's Spike : Lost and Found in 2006 is a Season Five story that acts as a sequel to the 1999 Buffy / Angel crossover episodes `` The Harsh Light of Day '' and `` In the Dark '' , featuring the immortality - bestowing Gem of Amarra in 2005 Los Angeles . Lastly , writer Brian Lynch teamed up with Franco Urru to produce the story arc Spike : Asylum ( 2006 -- 07 ) , depicting Spike 's stay in a supernatural medical facility . Although originally of the same ambiguous relationship to canon , the characters it introduced would reappear in the canonical Angel comic books to come later . Whedon appreciated Lynch 's writing of Spike in Asylum so much that he commissioned him to co-write the canonical continuation of the series , Angel : After the Fall , in 2007 . Lynch and Urru also penned Spike : Shadow Puppets , featuring Spike and Lorne doing battle with the muppet demons of Angel episode `` Smile Time '' in Japan . In the explicitly canonical Whedon stories of 2007 , Spike and Angel first appear in a joint cameo in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( Dark Horse ) as part of Buffy 's sexual fantasies . In the Dark Horse Presents # 24 Season Eight tie - in , `` Always Darkest '' , Spike and Angel appear ( again in a dream sequence ) at Buffy 's side when she is fighting Caleb , but to her dismay the two start flirting with and kissing one another . Spike appears in Season Eight properly at the conclusion of the `` Twilight '' story arc . Lynch 's Spike series features some collaboration with Whedon to connect the IDW and Dark Horse series ' continuities . IDW had planned to launch the series as a bona fide ongoing series , and as such it establishes a support cast for Spike suited to his position headlining the title . The transfer of Angel rights from IDW to Dark Horse necessitated that it end instead as an 8 - issue miniseries . In IDW 's Angel : After the Fall , Spike does not appear until the second issue , written by Brian Lynch with art by Franco Urru ( the creative team of Spike : Asylum and Spike : Shadow Puppets ) with plotting and `` executive production '' by Whedon himself . In Angel : After the Fall , Spike has adjusted to Los Angeles ' new status as a literal hell on Earth ; he and Illyria both serve together as the Demon Lords of Beverly Hills , living in the Playboy Mansion after the death of Hugh Hefner and served by a harem of human and demon females known collectively as the `` Spikettes . '' How Spike and Illyria got to be Lords of Los Angeles is detailed in the Spike : After the Fall ( 2008 ) miniseries , which also introduces a human friend for Spike in Jeremy Johns . In their new capacity , Spike and Illyria secretly rescue humans and benevolent demons , evacuating them into the care of Connor , Nina Ash , and Gwen Raiden . Spike rallies alongside Angel against the other demon Lords . When vampire Gunn causes Illyria to revert to her monster form , memories of Fred from Spike and Wesley are transplanted into her to restore her humanity . After the Senior Partners revert time to before the Fall , Spike begins a loosely affiliated relationship with the reformed Angel Investigations company , collaborating with Angel and his associates while maintaining independence . Spike continues to appear in the ongoing Angel spin - off series by IDW , under the pens of Kelley Armstrong , Bill Willingham and others . As part of its After the Fall franchise , IDW also published Bill Williams ' miniseries , Spike : The Devil You Know ( 2010 ) , which follows Spike 's journey from Los Angeles to Las Vegas , where he acquires a spaceship and a crew of alien bugs after learning from Wolfram & Hart of a prophecy concerning the impending apocalypse ( featured in Buffy ) which has driven them to abandon this dimension . Spike 's IDW series feeds into the `` Twilight '' and `` Last Gleaming '' arcs of Buffy Season Eight , concluding that series in 2011 . In Season Eight , Spike and his crew come to Buffy 's aid to help prevent the end of the universe . Due to his own research into the prophecies concerning this apocalypse , Spike is able to lead Buffy and friends to the site of the final showdown with Twilight . When Buffy 's decision sees the world lose its magic , Spike is the only one to be emphatically supportive of the decision she had to make . In the follow - up series Season Nine ( 2011 -- 2013 ) , Spike bases his ship in San Francisco to be near Buffy , but eventually leaves due to the complicatedness of their relationship , setting up the miniseries Spike : A Dark Place ( 2012 ) , which follows Spike and his insectoid crew aboard his spaceship . Dark Horse also gives the Spike title a new stylised logo , distinct from the Angel - typeface logo used prior . The arc serves to divest Spike of the ship and crew , and sets up his 2013 crossover stint in Angel & Faith ahead of an eventual return to the main Buffy series . In issues of Angel & Faith , Spike helps Angel defeat a demon in possession of Giles ' soul , but leaves London where they are based without hesitation when he learns that Dawn is gravely unwell back in San Francisco . He returns to San Francisco to provide comfort to Dawn who is rapidly fading away without magic in the world to sustain her form . However , his memories of her start to quickly fade and recordings he makes of himself talking about her turn to static . Spike appears unconcerned he missed the chance to talk to Buffy who , along with Willow and Xander , has gone to find magic to save Dawn at the Deeper Well in England . When nobody can remember the name of Buffy 's sister , he phones her boyfriend Xander , and also warns him that the rogue Slayer Simone Doffler has been seeking a way to become the ultimate vampire . When the others return and Dawn is restored Buffy thanks him for staying with her sister , Spike says all that matters to him is that Dawn is safe again . Spike continues to appear in Season Ten , in which he and Buffy finally resume their relationship , tell each other they love each other and kiss . Characterization ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) Spike is seen as something of a paradox amongst vampires in the series , and frequently challenges vampire conventions and limitations . As a soulless vampire , he exhibits quite a few human traits such as love , loyalty , and aesthetic appreciation . As an ensouled vampire , Spike 's need for violence remains unapologetically intact . Spike 's actions are motivated by love in all of its incarnations ( love of objects , love of life , love of a specific person ) . Drusilla does , however , make it seem that all vampires are capable of exhibiting human emotions ( such as love ) when she says to Buffy , `` We can love quite well . Though not always wisely . '' Throughout the Buffy series , Spike 's character changes and develops the most out of them all . He begins as `` evil '' and obsessed with Drusilla , then becomes a depressed drunk after Drusilla leaves him for a Chaos demon because he is not `` demon enough '' for her anymore . He then heard about the `` Gem of Amara , '' a gemstone that is rumored to give vampires the ability to walk in the sun ; it was called a kind of holy grail for the vampires because it was only assumed to be real . Spike set his sights on finding it and ended up locating it in Sunnydale . It was taken away from him by an angry Buffy who subsequently gave it to Angel in Los Angeles . Spike was then captured by The Initiative and was going to be used as a government science experiment . His next character development and change was after he escaped the Initiative , realized he could not harm any human being because of the chip they put in his brain , and saw his only option as going to Buffy and the Scooby Gang for help . Their relationship then grew slowly from a hostile tolerance to a confusing romantic relationship to a mutual respect and understanding . Spike had setbacks along the way ; there were times when he reverted to his former `` evil '' self and tried to hurt Buffy or the Scoobies . But there were also times when he showed astounding amounts of human emotion and responsibility for a supposedly `` evil , '' soulless creature . Spike is also rare among vampires because he does not fear Slayers ; he seeks them out and has killed two by the time he arrives in Sunnydale . He is proud of this accomplishment despite the fact that his victories had more to do with the Slayers ' state of mind than a special prowess on his part ( or `` luck , '' as he reveals in Buffy episode Fool for Love ) . Spike admits this to an inquiring Buffy in the season 5 episode Fool for Love , and the impact of his revelation has probably not been completely felt as of the completion of season 8 . Spike is intelligent , insightful and a skilled analyst . His sense of humor is dry and sarcastic , and he carries himself with swagger . Spike has a habit of pithy remarks and glib insults , even toward the few he does not view as antagonists . Among his favorite targets are Angel , Xander , Giles , and ( to a lesser extent ) Buffy . Joss Whedon credits this antipathy as what convinced him in the episode `` Lovers Walk '' to bring Spike back as a cast regular . As James Marsters put it , `` I was supposed to be the one who stood at the side and said , ' Buffy , you 're stupid , and we 're all gon na die ' . '' Spike often nicknames people , both as insults and as terms of endearment ; for example , he calls Dawn `` Little Bit '' or `` the Niblet '' . Spike also retains something of his literary intellect from his human side , routinely referencing poetry , songs , and literature ; on occasion he even waxes poetic on the nature of love , life , and unlife as being driven by blood , reasoning that blood is more powerful than any supernatural force because it is what separates the living from the dead . Spike often treats his vulnerability to the sun as simply an annoying inconvenience . He drives in broad daylight in vehicles with blacked - out windows , and on several occasions travels outside during the day using a blanket for cover . Indeed , he has a remarkably stronger resistance to sunlight than most all other vampires seen in the series except Angel ; their elevated ability to endure the sun should not be confused with total immunity , however . Appearance ( edit ) The character 's look has been compared with rock musician Billy Idol ( pictured ) Spike has a punk look which strongly resembles English rock musician Billy Idol ; humorously , Buffy claims that Billy Idol in fact stole his look from Spike . His hair is peroxide blond for the duration of his time on Buffy and Angel , although in flashbacks it can be seen in its natural medium brown state as well as dyed black . His nails are often painted black . `` Bouncer : ( When asked if he has seen Spike ) `` Yeah , yeah , I know the guy . Billy Idol wannabe ? '' Buffy : `` Actually , Billy Idol stole his look from -- never mind . '' '' A Y - shaped scar on Marsters 's left eyebrow , received during a mugging , was worked into the show ; make - up artist Todd McIntosh decided to shave out his eyebrow in order to make it more prominent . He also included the scar on Spike 's `` vamp face '' prosthesis , albeit slightly altered as though the skin has stretched . In Spike 's first appearances the wound still looks fresh , but it gradually fades until , in Angel season 5 , it is barely visible . A flashback in `` Fool for Love '' reveals that Spike received the scar from the sword of the first Slayer he killed in 1900 . Spike usually wears long black leather coats , including one that he took from a Nazi officer and another that he took as a trophy from Nikki Wood , the second Slayer he killed . He wore the Slayer 's black duster for over twenty - five years . When the coat was destroyed by a bomb from the Immortal in Italy , Spike heartbrokenly declared it to be irreplaceable ; but the Italian branch of Wolfram & Hart quickly supplied him with a whole wardrobe of new ones , nearly identical , which he happily began wearing . His trademark look includes the leather duster , a black T - shirt or v - neck shirt and black denim pants , usually with heavy boots or Doc Martens . He also wore a red long - sleeved shirt fairly often , particularly during the earlier seasons of Buffy , and a bright blue shirt early in Season 6 & 7 . He explained that the shirt was supposed to show Buffy that he had changed and give him confidence ( because the First was messing with his head and he did not want Buffy to think he was still evil or crazy ) . But later , he returned to his trademark look , commenting that he was back . Powers and abilities ( edit ) In addition to possessing the common powers and weaknesses of vampires , Spike 's age and experience makes him a highly effective , skilled , and versatile fighter in both armed and unarmed combat . For example , he is able to briefly overcome Illyria during a testing of her abilities prior to her powers being greatly reduced by Wesley . Illyria criticizes his ( and others ' ) ability to adapt , calling it `` compromise . '' He is able to withstand excessive amounts of pain for extended periods of time , particularly when properly motivated , as seen in the episodes `` Intervention '' and `` Showtime '' . While not as skilled or as sadistic as Angelus , Spike also proves himself to be effective at torture , noting he had gained `` screams , various fluids , and a name '' from Doctor Sparrow . Much like Angel , he is highly proficient in various forms of martial arts , and his typical fighting style blends karate , kung fu , and others . Spike often displays insight and skills in perception and observation , especially with regard to relationships and personalities , so long as the relationship in question does not concern him personally . This ability allows him to wield powerful psychological weapons as easily and effectively as physical ones . For example , when he wants to create disharmony among the Scoobies , Spike divides - and - conquers with `` The Yoko Factor '' , exploiting tensions that exist under the surface to alienate Buffy and her friends against each other . Spike 's skills of analysis allowed him to realize Willow was barely holding it together after Oz 's departure even though Giles and Buffy thought she was doing better , to be the first to see through Tara 's abusive and controlling family , forced Buffy and Angel to admit that they were more than `` just friends '' and identify when and why some relationships , such as between Buffy and Riley , are not meant to last , masterfully feeding Riley 's insecurities in an effort to sabotage his relationship with Buffy , so Spike can pursue her . His analytical skills and intuitive insight also help him in battle from time to time , helping him to defeat , or hold his own against , very formidable adversaries . For example , he explains to Buffy he was able to defeat two Slayers because he sensed and exploited their secret desires to be free of their burden . In `` Time Bomb '' , he identifies Illyria 's fighting style as a Tae Kwon Do / Brazilian Capoeira / Ninjitsu hybrid . While many vampires cling to the mannerisms and speech patterns prevalent at the time they were sired , Spike has been shown to easily adjust to changing fashions and styles over the decades and displays an impressive knowledge of both British and American popular culture , demonstrating another aspect of his potential for analysis and adaptability . Although capable of developing sound battle strategies , Spike ( particularly in the days before receiving his chip and being re-ensouled ) often loses patience with anything more complicated than outright attack , as mentioned in the episode `` In the Dark '' . `` Spike : I had a plan . Angel : You , a plan ? Spike : Yeah , a good plan . Smart . Carefully laid out . But I got bored . '' He is also impatient to fight the Slayer upon his initial arrival in Sunnydale ; the attack is supposed to coincide with the Night of St. Vigeous ( when a vampire 's natural abilities are enhanced ) , but he `` could n't wait '' to go after the Slayer and recklessly leads a mass assault against Buffy at Sunnydale High , which fails and results in the deaths of many Aurelian vampires . However , Spike did exercise patience throughout the later half of Buffy Season Two , when he used a wheelchair for several months after a brutal battle with the Scoobies in the episode What 's My Line left him paraplegic . Feigning weakness , he endured torturous weeks watching Angelus sexually pursue Dru as he waited for the right time to strike against his enemy . Spike 's `` vampire constitution '' provides him with an extremely high tolerance for alcohol ( which he regularly consumes in copious quantities ) . His experience in crime gives him skill at picking locks , hotwiring cars and picking pockets . He is also capable of easily operating various vehicles , such as various cars , a Yamaha XJR400 motorcycle ( `` Bargaining '' ) , and a Winnebago ( `` Spiral '' ) . He has also been shown using video game systems and a computer , treating injuries , and playing poker and pool . Spike is also seen speaking / understanding Latin , Luganda ( a language of Uganda , where he meets the demon shaman ) , and the language of Fyarl demons , two of whom he once employed as muscle during his pre-Sunnydale days . He is also shown to be capable of recognizing literature ; in the last episode of season five , he paraphrases a line from the St. Crispin 's Day Speech while in conversation with Giles after Buffy tells them her plan of attack on Glory . When Spike was transformed into a ghost - like intangible state following the destruction of Sunnydale and the Hellmouth and his subsequent materialization at Wolfram & Hart , he was capable of walking through solid objects . He was initially unable to make contact with objects around him until he learned how to focus his abilities through desire , allowing him to make brief contact with people and things if he concentrated enough . This ability was relatively useless in a fight ; he was unable to pick up a wooden bar to hit the demon Tezcatcatl in `` The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco '' , and required a few moments to properly punch a cyborg strangling Gunn in `` Lineage '' . Naturally , he lost these capabilities when he was recorporealized by Lindsey . Unproduced spin - off Movie ( edit ) In 2004 , Joss Whedon set plans for a Spike movie . The film , if ever greenlit , would star James Marsters , Alyson Hannigan and Amy Acker . At a 2006 convention , Acker stated the film was not going ahead due to money issues . Reception ( edit ) Spike was placed first in SFX magazine 's `` Top 50 Vampires '' on television and movies list . The same list featured rival Angel in the third place . Spike was described as an `` antihero in the true sense of the word , Spike is morally ambiguous and ready to fight pretty much anyone , for fun . But underneath it all , he loves deeply and earnestly in a way that remains achingly human . Although , ironically , his personality remains pretty much the same , whether he has a soul or not -- in stark ( and more entertaining ) contrast to Angel . '' Other Buffyverse vampires to appear on the list included Drusilla ( at 10th place ) , Darla ( at 25th place ) , Vampire Willow ( at 32nd place ) , Harmony Kendall ( at 31st place ) , and the Master ( at 39th place ) . Spike is also featured in Forbes magazine 's `` Hollywood 's Most Powerful Vampires '' list along with Angel . For this role James Marsters won Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a TV Series ( in 2000 , 2003 ) and was nominated for this award in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 . In 1999 , Spike won a TV Guide Award for `` Scariest Villain '' . In 2017 Spike made into the list of `` 25 Villains We Love to Hate from the last 25 years '' for the 25th anniversary of Syfy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Torchwood : who should join the team ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Says Serenity Was Firefly Season 2 '' . SciFi.com.au . August 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 411mania Interviews : James Marsters ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel ) , March 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ August 3 , 2005 ; Movie File : Jon Heder , Ryan Reynolds , Alyson Hannigan , Mike Judge & More Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. ; MTV Movie News ; text refers to Spike as a breakout character . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , Nick Marck ( 2000 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Fool for Love '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 7 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Drew Goddard ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 17 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Greenwalt ( 1997 - 09 - 29 ) . `` School Hard '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 3 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Steven S. DeKnight , Skip Schoolnik , ( 2003 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Destiny '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 8 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard , David Greenwalt ( 2004 - 05 - 05 ) . `` The Girl in Question '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 20 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard , Terrence O'Hara ( 2004 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Why We Fight '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 13 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , David Solomon ( 2000 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 1 . WB . ^ Jump up to : `` A Buffy Bestiary '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 2 DVD featurette ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Dan Webber , David Semel ( 1998 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Lover 's Walk '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 3 . Episode 8 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , David Semel ( 1997 - 11 - 17 ) . `` What 's My Line '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 10 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Becoming '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 2 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , James A. Contner ( 1999 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The Harsh Light of Day '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 3 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , James A. Contner ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The Initiative '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 7 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , Michael Gershman ( 2000 - 01 - 25 ) . `` A New Man '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 12 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , Michael Gershman ( 2000 - 02 - 22 ) . `` This Year 's Girl '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 15 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie , David Grossman ( 2000 - 05 - 09 ) . `` The Yoko Factor '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 4 . Episode 20 . WB . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Spike '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 4 DVD featurette Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , David Grossman ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Out of My Mind '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 4 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Daniel Attias ( 2001 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Crush '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 14 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Jane Espenson , Michael Gershman ( 2001 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Intervention '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 18 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Gift '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2001 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Once More , with Feeling '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 7 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Z . Greenberg , Turi Meyer ( 2001 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Smashed '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 9 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Douglas Petrie ( 2002 - 02 - 26 ) . `` As You Were '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 15 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven DeKnight , Michael Gershman ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Seeing Red '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 19 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury , James A. Contner ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Grave '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 6 . Episode 22 . UPN . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , David Fury , Jane Espenson , Alan J. Levi ( 2002 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Sleeper '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 8 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Goddard , David Solomon ( 2002 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Never Leave Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 9 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Marti Noxon , Douglas Petrie , David Grossman ( 2002 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Bring on the Night '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 10 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Drew Z . Greenberg , David Solomon ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) . `` The Killer in Me '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 13 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Rebecca Rand Kirshner , David Solomon ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Touched '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 20 . UPN . Jump up ^ `` ENISY -- Spike / Buffy VIP Quotes ( Part 2 ) '' . Enisy.livejournal.com . May 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Chosen '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 22 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight ( 2003 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Hell Bound '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 4 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight , Drew Goddard ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Damage '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 11 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Brent Fletcher , Elizabeth Craft , David Boreanaz ( 2004 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Soul Purpose '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 10 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` You 're Welcome '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 12 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) . `` A Hole in the World '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 15 . WB . ^ Jump up to : Joss Whedon , Steven S. DeKnight ( 2004 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Shells '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 16 . WB . Jump up ^ Chris Ryall ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` RyallTime : He definitely is n't Twilight '' . Ryalltime.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ David , Peter ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` Spike , Old Times ( From Buffy / Angel ) PAD book '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Lynch Talks `` Angel : After the Fall '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight # 3 , `` The Long Way Home , Part Three '' Jump up ^ DiLullo , Tara , `` Pieces of Eight '' , from The Official Buffy & Angel Magazine # 93 ( UK , April / May 2007 ) , page 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Always Darkest '' Dark Horse Presents 24 : 2 -- 5 ( July 1 , 2009 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ) Brian Lynch talks about his upcoming Spike series '' . Whedonesque.com . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lynch Takes `` Spike '' to Sin City `` . Comic Book Resources . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Chris Ryall and Mariah Huehner Discuss Angel Leaving IDW '' . Buffyfest . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chambliss & Gage prepare the end of `` Buffy Season 9 '' `` . Comic Book Resources . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Official James Marsters Site FAQ '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beasts '' Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 2 DVD featurette Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , Ben Edlund , Vern Gillum ( 2004 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Time Bomb '' . Angel . Season 5 . Episode 19 . WB . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon , David Fury , Michael Grossman ( 2003 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Showtime '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 7 . Episode 11 . UPN . Jump up ^ Joss Whedon ( 2000 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Family '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Season 5 . Episode 6 . WB . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Wizard Universe ' ' -- Whedon says that `` money is standing in the way '' of the project `` . August 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leigh Christian Ashton . `` Syfyportal.com -- Amy Acker confirms that the project will not be going ahead '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Greatest TV and Film Vampires of All Time '' . SFX Special Edition ( 39 ) : 33 . 2009 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Streib , Lauren ( August 3 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood 's Most Powerful Vampires '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/25-villains-we-love-to-hate-from-the-last-25-years External links ( edit ) http://www.myths.com/pub/tv/buffy/quotes_Spike.html <Th_colspan="2"> Buffy the Vampire Slayer <Td_colspan="2"> Canon Index Joss Whedon Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Characters Main Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Angel Oz Spike Riley Anya Dawn Tara Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray Villains Main The Master Angelus The Mayor Adam Glory Dark Willow The First Twilight Severin D'Hoffryn Other Darla Anointed One Amy Spike Drusilla Bringers Walsh The Initiative Warren The Trio Turok - Han Caleb Simone Doffler Universe Big Bads Vengeance demons Hellmouth Monsters Old Ones Scooby Gang Slayers Locations Sunnydale Summers Residence Vampire Watcher Werewolf Witch Spin - offs Angel Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy : The Animated Series Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role - playing games Video games Related articles Academia In popular culture Fan productions Cast and crew Filming locations <Th_colspan="2"> Angel <Td_colspan="2"> Canon Index Awards Television series Episodes 5 `` Corrupt '' Characters Main Angel Cordelia Doyle Wesley Gunn Fred Connor Lorne Spike Harmony Illyria Recurring Kate Faith Groo Giles Villains Wolfram & Hart Lindsey Lilah Eve Other Angelus Darla Drusilla Holtz Jasmine Related Buffy the Vampire Slayer Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Expanded universe Comics Novels Undeveloped productions Auxiliary Academia Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music RPGs Universe Angel Investigations Characters Minor characters Monsters Vampires Powers That Be Hyperion Hotel Pylea United States portal Television portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=848902983 '' Categories : Angel ( TV series ) characters Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffyverse vampires Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional attempted suicides Fictional people from London Fictional poets Fictional vampires Fictional vampire hunters Fictional mass murderers Fictional gamblers Fictional immigrants to the United States Fictional English people Fictional matricides Fictional ghosts Fictional smokers Fictional stalkers Fictional tricksters Male characters in television Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Spike - Buffy the Vampire Slayer character 2. James Marsters - actor who portrayed Spike 3. Spike's role as a vampire and his various character arcs 4. Spike's relationships with other characters, including Buffy and Drusilla 5. Spike's popularity with fans and his appearances in expanded universe materials

what is the population of rio de janeiro 2017

Rio de Janeiro - wikipedia Rio de Janeiro Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city . For the state , see Rio de Janeiro ( state ) . For other uses , see Rio de Janeiro ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Rio de Janeiro <Td_colspan="2"> Municipality <Td_colspan="2"> Município do Rio de Janeiro Municipality of Rio de Janeiro <Td_colspan="2"> From the top , left to right : Christ the Redeemer , Botafogo 's cove , Rio Downtown , Rio -- Niterói bridge , Maracanã Stadium , and panoramic view of Barra da Tijuca from Pedra da Gávea <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Cidade Maravilhosa ( Marvelous City ) Princesa Maravilhosa ( Marvelous Princess ) Cidade dos Brasileiros ( City of Brazilians ) <Td_colspan="2"> Location in the state of Rio de Janeiro <Td_colspan="2"> Rio de Janeiro Location in Brazil <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 22 ° 54 ′ 30 '' S 43 ° 11 ′ 47 '' W  /  22.90833 ° S 43.19639 ° W  / - 22.90833 ; - 43.19639 Coordinates : 22 ° 54 ′ 30 '' S 43 ° 11 ′ 47 '' W  /  22.90833 ° S 43.19639 ° W  / - 22.90833 ; - 43.19639 Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Founded 1 March 1565 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Mayor - council Mayor Marcelo Crivella ( PRB ) Vice Mayor Fernando Mac Dowell ( PR ) <Th_colspan="2"> Area Municipality 1,221 km ( 486.5 sq mi ) Metro 4,539.8 km ( 1,759.6 sq mi ) Elevation from 0 to 1,020 m ( from 0 to 3,349 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2015 ) Municipality 6,453,682 Rank 2nd Urban 11,616,000 Metro 12,280,702 ( 2nd ) Metro density 2,705.1 / km ( 7,006 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Carioca and Guanabarino ( a ) ( by former city - state , obsolete ) Time zone BRT ( UTC − 3 ) Summer ( DST ) BRST ( UTC − 2 ) Postal Code 20000 - 000 Area code ( s ) + 55 21 Website prefeitura. rio <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria vi Designated 2012 ( 36th session ) Reference no . 1100 State Party Brazil <Td_colspan="2"> Latin America and Europe <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rio de Janeiro ( / ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ ʒə - , - də dʒ ə - / ; Portuguese pronunciation : ( ˈʁi. ud ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈnejɾu ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( IBGE , 2008 ) ( nearly US $201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations -- Petrobras and Vale -- and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second - largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17 % of national scientific output according to 2005 data . Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere and is known for its natural settings , Carnival , samba , bossa nova , and balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca , Copacabana , Ipanema , and Leblon . In addition to the beaches , some of the most famous landmarks include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado mountain , named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World ; Sugarloaf Mountain with its cable car ; the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) , a permanent grandstand - lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival ; and Maracanã Stadium , one of the world 's largest football stadiums . Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics , making the city the first South American and Portuguese - speaking city to ever host the events , and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city . The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , and the XV Pan American Games . It is considered the second most beautiful city in Brazil , after the city of Curitiba . Despite the high perception of crime , the city has a lower incidence of crime than Northeast Brazil , but it is far more criminalized than the south region of Brazil , which is considered the safest in the country . The city is divided into 33 administrative regions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial period 1.2 Portuguese court and imperial capital 1.3 Republican period 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 City districts 3.1 Central Zone 3.2 South Zone 3.3 North Zone 3.4 West Zone 3.4. 1 The first football match in Brazil 3.5 Barra da Tijuca region 4 Demographics 4.1 Population growth 4.2 Religion 4.3 Urban challenges 5 Economy 6 Education 6.1 Educational institutions 6.2 Educational system 7 Culture and contemporary life 7.1 Tourism and recreation 7.2 Literature 7.2. 1 Libraries 7.3 Music 7.4 Theatre 7.4. 1 Theatro Municipal 7.4. 2 Cidade da Música 7.5 Parks 7.5. 1 Environment 7.6 Cultural events 7.6. 1 New Year 's Eve 7.6. 2 Carnival 7.6. 3 Rock in Rio 8 Sports 8.1 Football 8.2 Olympics 8.3 Other sports 9 Transportation 9.1 Airports and ports 9.2 Public transportation 9.2. 1 Subway and Urban Trains 9.2. 2 Light Rail 9.2. 3 Bus 9.2. 4 Ferry 9.2. 5 Tram 9.2. 6 Rio de Janeiro Public Transportation Statistics 9.3 Road transport 9.3. 1 Highways 9.3. 2 Bicycles 9.3. 3 Water transport 10 Communications 11 International relations 11.1 Twin towns -- Sister cities 11.2 Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities 11.3 Partner cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Rio de Janeiro and Timeline of Rio de Janeiro Colonial period ( edit ) Historical affiliations Portuguese Empire 1565 -- 1815 United Kingdom of PBA 1815 -- 1822 Empire of Brazil 1822 -- 1889 Republic of Brazil 1889 -- present Founding of Rio de Janeiro in 1565 Rio de Janeiro , then de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire , as seen from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio ( Convent of St. Anthony ) , c. 1816 View of Rio de Janeiro from the church of the monastery of São Bento , c. 1820 Coronation ceremony of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro 's old Imperial See , 1st December 1822 Botafogo Bay in 1869 Panoramic view of the Botafogo Bay in 1889 Rio de Janeiro , ca. 1910s The Sugar Loaf cable car between the 1940s and 1950s A convoy of tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the military rule . At time , Rio de Janeiro was a city - state , capital of Guanabara Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 ( hence Rio de Janeiro , `` January River '' ) , by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral 's fleet , or under Gonçalo Coelho . Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition . The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi , Puri , Botocudo and Maxakalí peoples . In 1555 , one of the islands of Guanabara Bay , now called Villegagnon Island , was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon . Consequently , Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony . The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded by the Portuguese on 1 March 1565 and was named São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro , in honour of St. Sebastian , the saint who was the namesake and patron of the then Portuguese Monarch D. Sebastião . Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay . Until early in the 18th century , the city was threatened or invaded by several , mostly French , pirates and buccaneers , such as Jean - François Duclerc and René Duguay - Trouin . In the late 17th century , still during the Sugar Era , the Bandeirantes discovered gold and diamonds in the neighbouring captaincy of Minas Gerais , thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth ( gold , precious stones , besides the sugar ) than Salvador , Bahia , which is much farther to the northeast . On 27 January 1763 , the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro . The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808 , when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated Lisbon nobles , fleeing from Napoleon 's invasion of Portugal , moved to Rio de Janeiro . Portuguese court and Imperial capital ( edit ) The kingdom 's capital was transferred to the city , which , thus , became the only European capital outside of Europe . As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly , many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes . In the first decades , several educational establishments were created , such as the Military Academy , the Royal School of Sciences , Arts and Crafts and the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts , as well as the National Library of Brazil - with the largest collection in Latin America - and The Botanical Garden . The first printed newspaper in Brazil , the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro , came into circulation during this period . When Brazil was elevated to Kingdom in 1815 , it became the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves until the return of the Portuguese Royal Family to Lisbon in 1821 , but remained as capital of the Kingdom of Brazil . From the colonial period until the first independent decades , Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves . There was a large influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro : in 1819 , there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy . In 1840 , the number of slaves reached 220,000 people . The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America . When Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822 , he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire while the province was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and , especially , with the new coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley . In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire , the city was converted , in the year of 1834 , in Neutral Municipality , passing the province of Rio de Janeiro to have Niterói as capital . As a political center of the country , Rio concentrated the political - partisan life of the Empire . It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century . At that time the number of African slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed , with modern drains , animal trams , train stations crossing the city , gas and electric lighting , telephone and telegraph wiring , water and river plumbing . Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889 , when the monarchy was replaced by a republic . Republican period ( edit ) At the time Brazil 's Old Republic was established , the city lacked urban planning and sanitation , which helped spread several diseases , such as yellow fever , dysentery , variola , tuberculosis and even black death . Pereira Passos , who was named mayor in 1902 , imposed reforms to modernize the city , demolishing the cortiços where most of the poor population lived . These people , mostly descendants of slaves , then moved to live in the city 's hills , creating the first favelas . Inspired by the city of Paris , Passos built the Municipal Theatre , the National Museum of Fine Arts and the National Library in the city 's center ; brought electric power to Rio and created larger avenues to adapt the city to automobiles . Passos also named Dr. Oswaldo Cruz as Director General of Public Health . Cruz 's plans to clean the city of diseases included compulsory vaccination of the entire population and forced entry into houses to kill mosquitos and rats . The people of city rebelled against Cruz 's policy , in what would be known as the Vaccine Revolt . In 1910 , Rio saw the Revolt of the Lash , where Afro - Brazilian crew members in the Brazilian Navy mutinied against the heavy use of corporal punishment , which was similar to the punishment slaves received . The mutineers took control of the battleship Minas Geraes and threatened to fire on the city . Another military revolt occurred in 1922 , the 18 of the Copacabana Fort revolt , a march against the Old Republic 's coronelism and café com leite politics . This revolt marked the beginning of Tenentism , a movement that resulted in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that started the Vargas Era . Until the early years of the 20th century , the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre ( see below ) , on the mouth of Guanabara Bay . The city 's centre of gravity began to shift south and west to the so - called Zona Sul ( South Zone ) in the early part of the 20th century , when the first tunnel was built under the mountains between Botafogo and the neighbourhood that is now known as Copacabana . Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio 's streetcar transit system after 1905 . Botafogo 's natural beauty , combined with the fame of the Copacabana Palace Hotel , the luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s , helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town ( although this reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade ) . Plans for moving the nation 's capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the centre of Brazil had been occasionally discussed , and when Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president in 1955 , it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital . Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric , Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new Federal District built , at great cost , by 1960 . On 21 April of that year the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília . The territory of the former Federal District became its own state , Guanabara , after the bay that borders it to the east , encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro . After the 1964 coup d'état that installed a military dictatorship , the city - state was the only state left in Brazil to oppose the military . Then , in 1975 , a presidential decree known as `` The Fusion '' removed the city 's federative status and merged it with the State of Rio de Janeiro , with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing Niterói as the state 's capital , and establishing the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region . In 1992 , Rio hosted the Earth Summit , a United Nations conference to fight environmental degradation . Twenty years later , in 2012 , the city hosted another conference on sustainable development , named United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development . The city hosted the World Youth Day in 2013 , the second World Youth Day in South America and first in Brazil . In the sports field , Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . On 2 October 2009 , the International Olympic Committee announced that Rio de Janeiro would host the 2016 Olympic Games and the 2016 Paralympic Games , beating competitors Chicago , Tokyo , and Madrid . The city became the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city ( after Mexico City in 1968 ) to host the Games . Geography ( edit ) Pedra da Gávea sea view Rio de Janeiro is on the far western part of a strip of Brazil 's Atlantic coast ( between a strait east to Ilha Grande , on the Costa Verde , and the Cabo Frio ) , close to the Tropic of Capricorn , where the shoreline is oriented east -- west . Facing largely south , the city was founded on an inlet of this stretch of the coast , Guanabara Bay ( Baía de Guanabara ) , and its entrance is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf ( Pão de Açúcar ) -- a `` calling card '' of the city . The Centre ( Centro ) , the core of Rio , lies on the plains of the western shore of Guanabara Bay . The greater portion of the city , commonly referred to as the North Zone ( Zona Norte ) , extends to the northwest on plains composed of marine and continental sediments and on hills and several rocky mountains . The South Zone ( Zona Sul ) of the city , reaching the beaches fringing the open sea , is cut off from the Centre and from the North Zone by coastal mountains . These mountains and hills are offshoots of the Serra do Mar to the northwest , the ancient gneiss - granite mountain chain that forms the southern slopes of the Brazilian Highlands . The large West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) , long cut off by the mountainous terrain , had been made more easily accessible to those on the South Zone by new roads and tunnels by the end of the 20th century . The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro , occupying an area of 1,182.3 square kilometres ( 456.5 sq mi ) , is about 6,000,000 . The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11 -- 13.5 million . Residents of the city are known as cariocas . The official song of Rio is `` Cidade Maravilhosa '' , by composer André Filho . Panorama of the city of Rio de Janeiro highlighting the mountains of Corcovado ( left ) , Sugarloaf ( center , background ) and Two Brothers ( right ) , from the Chinese Belvedere Climate ( edit ) Sugarloaf Mountain Rio has a tropical savanna climate ( Aw ) that closely borders a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) according to the Köppen climate classification , and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain between December and March . In inland areas of the city , temperatures above 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) are common during the summer , though rarely for long periods , while maximum temperatures above 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) can occur on a monthly basis . Along the coast , the breeze , blowing onshore and offshore , moderates the temperature . Because of its geographic situation , the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica , especially during autumn and winter , causing frequent weather changes . In summer there can be strong rains , which have on some occasions provoked catastrophic floods and landslides . The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic . It is the Portuguese word for Flemish , and it was given to the nearby beach ( Praia do Flamengo , Beach of the Flemish ) because it was the place where the Dutch sailor Olivier van Noort tried to invade the city in 1599 . At that time , the Dutchmen were called `` Flemish '' by the Portuguese. ( 1 ) View of Rio de Janeiro from Niterói View of the Marina da Glória View of Flamengo , Rio de Janeiro The city reputedly has had rare frosts in the past , but this has never been decisively confirmed . Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets ( popularly called granizo , or `` hail '' , although it is in fact melted and refrozen snow falling in the form of hail , rather than just icy snow ) . These phenomena are definitely not rare or limited to a few regions , having already happened in the metropolitan area ( including western suburbs of the city itself ) several times in the 21st century . Drought is very rare , albeit bound to happen occasionally given the city 's strongly seasonal tropical climate . The Brazilian drought of 2014 -- 2015 , most severe in the Southeast Region and the worst in decades , affected the entire metropolitan region 's water supply ( a diversion from the Paraíba do Sul River to the Guandu River is a major source for the state 's most populous mesoregion ) . There were plans to divert the Paraíba do Sul to the Sistema Cantareira ( Cantareira system ) during the water crisis of 2014 in order to help the critically drought - stricken Greater São Paulo area . However , availability of sufficient rainfall to supply tap water to both metropolitan areas in the future is merely speculative . Roughly in the same suburbs ( Nova Iguaçu and surrounding areas , including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu ) that correspond to the location of the March 2012 , February -- March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail ( granizo ) falls , there was a tornado - like phenomenon in January 2011 , for the first time in the region 's recorded history , causing structural damage and long - lasting blackouts , but no fatalities . The World Meteorological Organization has advised that Brazil , especially its southeastern region , must be prepared for increasingly severe weather occurrences in the near future , since events such as the catastrophic January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides are not an isolated phenomenon . In early May 2013 , winds registering above 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities , and killed one person . Rio saw similarly high winds ( about 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) ) in January 2015 . The average annual minimum temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) , the average annual maximum temperature is 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) , and the average annual temperature is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . The average yearly precipitation is 1,069 mm ( 42.1 in ) . Leblon neighborhood Urca and Copacabana views from Sugarloaf Mountain Temperature also varies according to elevation , distance from the coast , and type of vegetation or land use . Winter , cold fronts and dawn / morning sea breezes bring mild temperatures ; cold fronts , the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( in the form of winds from the Amazon Forest ) , the strongest sea - borne winds ( often from an extratropical cyclone ) and summer evapotranspiration bring showers or storms . Thus the monsoon - like climate has dry and mild winters and springs , and very wet and warm summers and autumns . As a result , temperatures over 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , that may happen about year - round but are much more common during the summer , often mean the actual temperature feeling is over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , when there is little wind and the relative humidity percentage is high . Rio de Janeiro is second only to Cuiabá as the hottest Brazilian state capital outside Northern and Northeastern Brazil ; temperatures below 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) occur yearly , while those lower than 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) happen less often . The phrase , fazer frio ( `` making cold '' , i.e. `` the weather is getting cold '' ) , usually refers to temperatures going below 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) , which is possible year - round and is commonplace in mid-to - late autumn , winter and early spring nights . Between 1961 and 1990 , at the INMET ( Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ) conventional station in the neighborhood of Saúde , the lowest temperature recorded was 10.1 ° C ( 50.2 ° F ) in October 1977 , and the highest temperature recorded was 39 ° C ( 102.2 ° F ) in December 1963 . The highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours was 167.4 mm ( 6.6 in ) in January 1962 . However , the absolute minimum temperature ever recorded at the INMET Jacarepaguá station , 3.8 ° C ( 38.8 ° F ) in July 1974 , while the absolute maximum was 43.2 ° C ( 110 ° F ) 26 December 2012 , in the neighborhood of the Santa Cruz station , while the highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours , of 186.2 mm ( 7.3 in ) was recorded at the Santa Teresa station in April 1967 . The lowest temperature ever registered in the 21st century was 8.1 ° C ( 46.6 ° F ) in Vila Militar , July 2011 . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Rio de Janeiro Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.9 ( 105.6 ) 41.8 ( 107.2 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 39.3 ( 102.7 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 40.5 ( 104.9 ) 43.2 ( 109.8 ) 43.2 ( 109.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 26 ( 79 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 24 ( 75 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 21 ( 70 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 17.1 ( 62.8 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 137.1 ( 5.398 ) 130.4 ( 5.134 ) 135.8 ( 5.346 ) 94.9 ( 3.736 ) 69.8 ( 2.748 ) 42.7 ( 1.681 ) 41.9 ( 1.65 ) 44.5 ( 1.752 ) 53.6 ( 2.11 ) 86.5 ( 3.406 ) 97.8 ( 3.85 ) 134.2 ( 5.283 ) 1,069.4 ( 42.102 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 11 7 8 9 6 6 5 7 9 10 11 93 Average relative humidity ( % ) 79 79 80 80 80 79 77 77 79 80 79 80 79.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 211.9 201.3 206.4 181 186.3 175.1 188.6 184.8 146.2 152.1 168.5 179.6 2,181.8 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( INMET ) . Average annual temperature of the sea is 23 -- 24 ° C ( 73 -- 75 ° F ) , from 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in the period July -- October to 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February and March . The dominant ocean current is the warm Brazil Current ( as most of elsewhere in the Santos Bight between Santa Catarina and Cabo Frio ; the subsurface part of the cold subantarctic Malvinas Current only slightly resurfaces to affect the latter , giving the characteristic semi-arid climate in parts of Arraial do Cabo , the only occurrence of such in the whole state ) . The wettest and driest months tend to be January and August respectively . Average sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) City districts ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro at night . The city is commonly divided into the historic center ( Centro ) ; the tourist - friendly wealthier South Zone ( Zona Sul ) ; the residential less wealthy North Zone ( Zona Norte ) ; peripheries in the West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) , among them Santa Cruz , Campo Grande and the wealthy newer Barra da Tijuca district . Central Zone ( edit ) Main articles : Zona Central , Rio de Janeiro and Centro , Rio de Janeiro Aerial view of Downtown Rio Carioca Aqueduct , also called `` Arcos da Lapa '' ( Lapa Arches ) ( 22 ° 54 ′ 19.4112 '' S 43 ° 10 ′ 37.6608 '' W  /  22.905392000 ° S 43.177128000 ° W  / - 22.905392000 ; - 43.177128000  ( Downtown ) ) Centro or Downtown is the historic core of the city , as well as its financial centre . Sites of interest include the Paço Imperial , built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil ; many historic churches , such as the Candelária Church ( the former cathedral ) , São Jose , Santa Lucia , Nossa Senhora do Carmo , Santa Rita , São Francisco de Paula , and the monasteries of Santo Antônio and São Bento . The Centro also houses the modern concrete Rio de Janeiro Cathedral . Around the Cinelândia square , there are several landmarks of the Belle Époque of Rio , such as the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building . Among its several museums , the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes ( National Museum of Fine Arts ) and the Museu Histórico Nacional ( National Historical Museum ) are the most important . Other important historical attractions in central Rio include its Passeio Público , an 18th - century public garden . Major streets include Avenida Rio Branco and Avenida Vargas , both constructed , in 1906 and 1942 respectively , by destroying large swaths of the colonial city . A number of colonial streets , such as Rua do Ouvidor and Uruguaiana , have long been pedestrian spaces , and the popular Saara shopping district has been pedestrianized more recently . Also located in the center is the traditional neighbourhood called Lapa , an important bohemian area frequented by both townspeople and tourists . South Zone ( edit ) Main article : South Zone ( Rio de Janeiro ) ( 22 ° 58 ′ 27 '' S 43 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W  /  22.974199 ° S 43.199444 ° W  / - 22.974199 ; - 43.199444  ( South Zone ) ) The Fort Copacabana , with Ipanema in the background and Copacabana Beach on the right Cablecar arriving at Sugarloaf The South Zone of Rio de Janeiro ( Zona Sul ) is composed of several districts , among which are São Conrado , Leblon , Ipanema , Arpoador , Copacabana , and Leme , which compose Rio 's famous Atlantic beach coastline . Other districts in the South Zone are Glória , Catete , Flamengo , Botafogo , and Urca , which border Guanabara Bay , and Santa Teresa , Cosme Velho , Laranjeiras , Humaitá , Lagoa , Jardim Botânico , and Gávea . It is the wealthiest part of the city and the best known overseas ; the neighborhoods of Leblon and Ipanema , in particular , have the most expensive real estate in all of South America . The neighbourhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world 's most spectacular New Year 's Eve parties ( `` Reveillon '' ) , as more than two million revelers crowd onto the sands to watch the fireworks display . From 2001 , the fireworks have been launched from boats , to improve the safety of the event . To the north of Leme , and at the entrance to Guanabara Bay , is the district of Urca and the Sugarloaf Mountain ( ' Pão de Açúcar ' ) , whose name describes the famous mountain rising out of the sea . The summit can be reached via a two - stage cable car trip from Praia Vermelha , with the intermediate stop on Morro da Urca . It offers views of the city second only to Corcovado mountain . Hang gliding is a popular activity on the Pedra Bonita ( literally , `` Beautiful Rock '' ) . After a short flight , gliders land on the Praia do Pepino ( Pepino , or `` cucumber '' , Beach ) in São Conrado . Since 1961 , the Tijuca National Park ( Parque Nacional da Tijuca ) , the largest city - surrounded urban forest and the second largest urban forest in the world , has been a National Park . The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca ( White Rock Forest ) , which is also located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro . The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio ( Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro or PUC - Rio ) , Brazil 's top private university , is located at the edge of the forest , in the Gávea district . The 1984 film Blame It on Rio was filmed nearby , with the rental house used by the story 's characters sitting at the edge of the forest on a mountain overlooking the famous beaches . In 2012 , CNN elected Ipanema the best city beach in the world . Aerial panorama of Santa Teresa , a neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro , with the Christ the Redeemer , Tijuca Forest and Sugarloaf Mountain , in the background . North Zone ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tijuca Forest in the city The iconic Maracanã Stadium Palace of São Cristóvão , the former residence of the Emperors of Brazil , now National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , at Quinta da Boa Vista , located in São Cristóvão neighbourhood . The North Zone ( Zona Norte ) begins at Grande Tijuca ( the middle class residential and commercial bairro of Tijuca ) , just west of the city center , and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city 's Northwest . This region is home to the Maracanã stadium ( located in Grande Tijuca ) , once the world 's highest capacity football venue , able to hold nearly 199,000 people , as it did for the World Cup final of 1950 . More recently its capacity has been reduced to conform with modern safety regulations and the stadium has introduced seating for all fans . Currently undergoing reconstruction , it has now the capacity for 90,000 ; it will eventually hold around 80,000 people . Maracanã was the site for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and football competition of the 2007 Pan American Games ; hosted the final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and the football matches of the 2016 Summer Olympics . Besides Maracanã , the North Zone of Rio also has other tourist and historical attractions , such `` Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Church '' , the Christ the Redeemer ( statue ) with its stairway built into the rock bed , ' Manguinhos ' , the home of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , a centenarian biomedical research institution with a main building fashioned like a Moorish palace , and the beautiful Quinta da Boa Vista , the park where the historic Imperial Palace is located . Nowadays , the palace hosts the National Museum , specialising in Natural History , Archaeology , and Ethnology . The International Airport of Rio de Janeiro ( Galeão -- Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport , named after the famous Brazilian musician Antônio Carlos Jobim ) , the main campus of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro at the Fundão Island , and the State University of Rio de Janeiro , in Maracanã , are also located in the Northern part of Rio . This region is also home to most of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro such as Mangueira , Salgueiro , Império Serrano , Unidos da Tijuca , among others . Some of the main neighbourhoods of Rio 's North Zone are Alto da Boa Vista which shares the Tijuca Rainforest with the South and Southwest Zones ; Tijuca , Vila Isabel , Méier , São Cristovão , Madureira , Penha , Manguinhos , Fundão , Olaria among others . Many of Rio de Janeiro 's roughly 1000 Slums , or favelas , are located in the North Zone . The favelas resemble the slums of Paris , New York or other major cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Europe , or similar neighborhoods in present underdeveloped countries . West Zone ( edit ) Praia do Abricó is a Nude Beach located in Grumari neighborhood . Aqueduct built in the 18th century , as was the entire historic complex of the Colônia Juliano Moreira inside Pedra Branca State Park in Taquara West Zone ( Zona Oeste ) of Rio de Janeiro is a complicated place that makes up more than 50 % of the city area , including Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhoods . The West Side of Rio has many historic sites because of the old `` Royal Road of Santa Cruz '' that crossed the territory in the regions of Realengo , Bangu , and Campo Grande , finishing at the Royal Palace of Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz region . The highest peak of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the Pedra Branca Peak ( Pico da Pedra Branca ) inside the Pedra Branca State Park . It has an altitude of 1024m . The Pedra Branca State Park ( Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca ) is the biggest urban state park in the world comprising 17 neighborhoods in the west side , being a `` giant lung '' in the city with trails , waterfalls and historic constructions like an old aqueduct in the Colônia Juliano Moreira in the neighborhood of Taquara and a dam in Camorim . The park has three principal entrances : the main one is in Taquara called Pau da Fome Core , another entrance is the Piraquara Core in Realengo and the last one is the Camorim Core , considered the cultural heritage of the city . Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth , mainly in the Campo Grande neighborhood . Industrial enterprises are being built in lower and lower middle class residential Santa Cruz , one of the largest and most populous of Rio de Janeiro 's neighbourhoods , most notably Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico ( CSA ) , a new steel mill with its own private docks on Sepetiba Bay , which is planned to be South America 's largest steel works . A tunnel called Túnel da Grota Funda , opened in 2012 , creating a public transit facility between Barra da Tijuca and Santa Cruz , lessening travel time to the region from other areas of Rio de Janeiro . The first football match in Brazil ( edit ) Street in Bangu neighbourhood On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded , with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil ( Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil ) . The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893 , in a very beautiful architectural complex with styles like Italianate , Neo-Gothic and a tower in Mansard Roof style . After the opening in 1893 , workers from Great Britain arrived in Bangu to work in the textile factory . The old farms became worker villages with red bricks houses , and a neo-gothic church was created , which still exists as the Saint Sebastian and Saint Cecilia Parish Church . Street cinemas and cultural buildings also appeared . In May 1894 , Thomas Donohoe , a British worker from Busby , Scotland , arrived in Bangu . He was horrified to discover that there was no knowledge of football among Brazilians . So he wrote to his wife , Elizabeth , asking her to bring a football when she joined him . And shortly after her arrival , in September 1894 , the first football match in Brazil took place in the field beside the textile factory . It was a five - a-side match between British workers , and took place six months before the first game organized by Charles Miller in São Paulo . However , the Bangu Football Club was not formally created until 1904 . The Bangu Textile Factory closed in 2004 . In 2015 , in the Rio de Janeiro International Short Film Festival , a short film about Bangu and Thomas Donohoe called `` Pass to Mr. Danau '' ( Bola Para Seu Danau , in Portuguese ) won the `` Curta Rio Award '' together with 9 other Shorts about the city . Barra da Tijuca region ( edit ) Barra da Tijuca at night This is an elite area of the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro . It includes Barra da Tijuca , Recreio dos Bandeirantes , Vargem Grande , Vargem Pequena , Grumari , Itanhangá , Camorim and Joá . Westwards from the older zones of Rio , Barra da Tijuca is a flat complex of barrier islands of formerly undeveloped coastal land , which constantly experiences new constructions and developments . It remains an area of accelerated growth , attracting some of the richer sectors of the population as well as luxury companies . High rise flats and sprawling shopping centers give the area a far more modern feel than the crowded city centre . The urban planning of the area , completed in the late 1960s , mixes zones of single - family houses with residential skyscrapers . The beaches of Barra da Tijuca are also popular with the residents from other parts of the city . One of the most famous hills in the city is the 842 - metre - high ( 2,762 - foot ) Pedra da Gávea ( Crow 's nest Rock ) bordering the South Zone . On the top of its summit is a huge rock formation ( some , such as Erich von Däniken in his 1973 book , In Search of Ancient Gods , claim it to be a sculpture ) resembling a sphinx - like , bearded head that is visible for many kilometres around . Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cariocas , Demographics of Rio de Janeiro , and Demographics of Brazil <Th_colspan="5"> Race and ethnicity in Rio de Janeiro Ethnicity Percentage <Td_colspan="2"> White <Td_colspan="2"> 51.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Pardo ( Multiracial ) <Td_colspan="2"> 36.5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Black <Td_colspan="2"> 11.5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Asian <Td_colspan="2"> 0.7 % <Td_colspan="2"> Amerindian <Td_colspan="2"> 0.1 % Satellite view of Greater Rio de Janeiro Rio at night from ISS According to the 2010 IBGE Census , there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro . The census revealed the following numbers : 3,239,888 White people ( 51.2 % ) , 2,318,675 Pardo ( multiracial ) people ( 36.5 % ) , 708,148 Black people ( 11.5 % ) , 45,913 Asian people ( 0.7 % ) , 5,981 Amerindian people ( 0.1 % ) . The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2 % female and 46.8 % male . In 2010 , the city of Rio de Janeiro was the 2nd most populous city in Brazil , after São Paulo . Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro . Before European colonization , there were at least seven different indigenous peoples speaking 20 languages in the region . A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French . Those who joined the French were then exterminated by the Portuguese , while the other part was assimilated . Portuguese immigrant in the city . Rio de Janeiro is considered the largest `` Portuguese city '' outside Portugal . Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest Portuguese population outside of Lisbon in Portugal . After independence from Portugal , Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal , mainly in the early 20th century . The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders . The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city ( and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro ) , including architecture and language . Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect , fluminense , and other Brazilian dialects . People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state . The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.74 % of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro . Including all of the Rio de Janeiro , the proportion raised to 46.30 % of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil . The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high , accounting for 72 % of the foreigners who lived in the capital . Portuguese born people accounted for 20.36 % of the population of Rio , and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.84 % . In other words , native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.20 % of the inhabitants of Rio , or a total of 267,664 people in 1890 . Rio de Janeiro city ( 1890 ) Group Population Percentage Portuguese immigrants 106,461 20.36 % Brazilians with at least one Portuguese parent 161,203 30.84 % Portuguese immigrants and their descendants 267,664 51.2 % The black community was formed by residents whose ancestors had been brought as slaves , mostly from Angola and Mozambique , as well by people of Angolan , Mozambican and West African descent who moved to Rio from other parts of Brazil . The samba ( from Bahia with Angolan influence ) and the famous local version of the carnival ( from Europe ) first appeared under the influence of the black community in the city . Today , nearly half of the city 's population is by phenotype perceptibly black or part black , . A large majority has some recent Subsaharan ancestor . White in Brazil is defined more by having a European - looking phenotype rather than ancestry , and two full siblings can be of different `` racial '' categories in a skin color and phenotype continuum from pálido ( branco ) or fair - skinned , through branco moreno or swarthy Caucasian , mestiço claro or lighter skinned multiracial , pardo ( mixed race ) to negro or black . Pardo , for example , in popular usage includes those who are caboclos ( mestizos ) , mulatos ( mulattoes ) , cafuzos ( zambos ) , juçaras ( archaic term for tri-racials ) and westernized Amerindians ( which are called caboclos as well ) , being more of a skin color rather than a racial group in particular . As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century , also found in Rio de Janeiro and its metropolitan area are communities of Levantine Arabs who are mostly Christian or Irreligious , Spaniards , Italians , Germans , Japanese , Jews , and people from other parts of Brazil . The main waves of internal migration came from people of African , mixed or older Portuguese ( as descendants of early settlers ) descent from Minas Gerais and people of Eastern European , Swiss , Italian , German , Portuguese and older Portuguese - Brazilian heritage from Espírito Santo in the early and mid-20th century , together with people with origins in Northeastern Brazil , in the mid-to - late and late 20th century , as well some in the early 21st century ( the latter more directed to peripheries than the city 's core ) . <Th_colspan="5"> Genomic ancestry of non-related individuals in Rio de Janeiro Race or skin color Number of individuals Amerindian African European White 107 6.7 % 6.9 % 86.4 % Pardo ( Mixed race ) 119 8.3 % 23.6 % 68.1 % Black 109 7.3 % 50.9 % 41.8 % According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009 , conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro , the `` pardos '' there were found to be on average about 80 % European , and the `` whites '' ( who thought of themselves as `` very mixed '' ) were found to carry very little Amerindian and / or African admixtures . The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry . In general , the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be . The `` pardos '' for example thought of themselves as 1⁄3 European , 1⁄3 African and 1⁄3 Amerindian before the tests , and yet their ancestry on average reached 80 % European . Other studies showed similar results <Th_colspan="4"> Self - reported ancestry of people from Rio de Janeiro , by race or skin color ( 2000 survey ) Ancestry White Pardo Black European only 48 % 6 % -- African only -- 12 % 25 % Amerindian only -- 2 % -- African and European 23 % 34 % 31 % Amerindian and European 14 % 6 % -- African and Amerindian -- 4 % 9 % African , Amerindian and European 15 % 36 % 35 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % Population growth ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil ( after São Paulo ) and has a rapidly expanding population and rapidly growing area due to rapid urbanization . Changing demographics the city of Rio de Janeiro Candelária Church Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Brazil The Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area , according to 2009 research from Fundação Getúlio Vargas ( known as Novo Mapa das Religiões ) , ranks first in Brazil in the percentage of Catholics ( 51.09 % ) living there . Rio de Janeiro city also ranks fifth among Brazilian federal state capital cities in the percentage of its population that is irreligious ( 13.33 % ) , barely changing since 2000 ( the first - ranked , Boa Vista , has 21.16 % irreligious ) . It is also the Brazilian capital with the greatest percentage of Spiritists ( now about 4 -- 5 % ) , and with substantial numbers in Afro - Brazilian religions and Eastern religions . Religion Percentage Number Catholic 51.09 % 3,229,192 Protestant 23.37 % 1,477,021 Irreligious 13.59 % 858,704 Spiritist 5.90 % 372,851 Umbanda and Candomblé 1.29 % 72,946 Jewish 0.34 % 21,800 <Td_colspan="3"> Source : IBGE 2010 . Urban challenges ( edit ) Main articles : Social issues in Brazil and Social apartheid in Brazil Rocinha slum ( favela ) at night There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro , and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods . Although the city clearly ranks among the world 's major metropolises , large numbers live in slums known as favelas , where 95 % of the population are poor , compared to 40 % in the general population . There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem , from the removal of the population from favelas to housing projects such as Cidade de Deus to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city , as was the focus of the `` Favela Bairro '' program and deployment of Pacifying Police Units . Of all the cities in Brazil , Rio has more people living in slums than any other , according to the 2010 Census . There are more than 1,500,000 people living in its 763 favelas , representing 22 % of Rio 's population . São Paulo , the largest city in Brazil , has more favelas ( 1,020 ) in sheer numbers , but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio . At the same time , in 2000 , there were several Rio neighborhoods with Human Development Index scores higher than the most developed countries in the world . Leblon neighbourhood ( HDI : 0.967 ; at the same level of Norway , the world 's highest - ranked country HDI ) Bangu neighborhood ( HDI : 0.794 ; at the same level of Argentina ) The HDI of Brazil overall was 0.755 and Rio State was 0.778 . The city scores 0.800 . Further information : List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index Economy ( edit ) Main articles : Economy of Rio and Economy of Brazil Botafogo at night seen from the Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro has the second largest GDP of any city in Brazil , surpassed only by São Paulo . According to the IBGE , it was approximately US $201 billion in 2008 , equivalent to 5.1 % of the national total . The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP ( 65.52 % ) , followed by commerce ( 23.38 % ) , industrial activities ( 11.06 % ) and agriculture ( 0.04 % ) . Benefiting from the federal capital position it had for a long period ( 1763 -- 1960 ) , the city became a dynamic administrative , financial , commercial and cultural center . Greater Rio de Janeiro , as perceived by the IBGE , has a GDP of US $187.374. 116.000 , constituting the second largest hub of national wealth . Per capita GDP is US $11,786 . It concentrates 68 % of the state 's economic strength and 7.91 % of all goods and services produced in the country . Aterro do Flamengo at night with Downtown Rio in the background Barra da Tijuca Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban metropolis ( which covers 11.3 % of the population ) , this share in GDP rises to 14.4 % , according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE . For many years Rio depended on being the second largest industrial hub of Brazil , with oil refineries , shipbuilding industries , steel , metallurgy , petrochemicals , gas , and chemical , textile , printing , publishing , pharmaceutical , beverage , cement and furniture industries . However , recent decades have seen a sharp transformation in its economic profile , which is becoming more and more one of a major national hub of services and businesses . The Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange ( BVRJ ) , which currently trades only government securities , was the first stock exchange founded in Brazil in 1845 and is located in the Central region . Rio de Janeiro became an attractive place for companies to locate when it was the capital of Brazil , as important sectors of society and of the government were present in the city . The city was chosen as headquarters for state - owned companies such as Petrobras , Eletrobras , Caixa Econômica Federal and Vale ( which was privatized in the 1990s ) . After the transfer of the capital to Brasília , in 1960 , it kept attracting more companies , especially after the discovery of oil in the Campos Basin , which is responsible for most of the oil production of Brazil . This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro , such as the Brazilian branches of Shell , EBX and Esso . The headquarters of BNDES , an important state institution , is also in Rio de Janeiro . The city is also the headquarters of large telecom companies , such as Intelig , Oi and Embratel . Rio ranks second nationally in industrial production and second financial and service center , trailing only São Paulo . The city 's industries produce processed foods , chemicals , petroleum products , pharmaceuticals , metal products , ships , textiles , clothing , and furniture . The service sector dominates the economy , however , and includes banking and the second most active stock market in Brazil , the Bolsa da Valores do Brasil . Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city 's economic life and the city is the nation 's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners . Rio Branco Avenue , in the financial district of the city Because it was once the national capital , Rio de Janeiro was chosen as the site for the headquarters of many private , national , multinational , and state corporations , even when their factories were located in other cities or states . Despite the transfer of the capital to Brasília , many of these headquarters remained within the Rio metropolitan area , including those of Petrobrás , the state oil company , and the National Economic and Social Development Bank , a federal investment bank . A newer electronics and computer sector has been added to the more - established industries . Construction , also an important activity , provides a significant source of employment for large numbers of unskilled workers and is buoyed by the number of seasonal residents who build second homes in the Greater Rio de Janeiro area . To attract industry , the state government has designated certain areas on the outskirts of the city as industrial districts where infrastructure is provided and land sales are made under special conditions . Oil and natural gas from fields off the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro state are a major asset used for developing manufacturing activities in Rio 's metropolitan area , enabling it to compete with other major cities for new investment in industry . As with manufacturing , Rio is an important financial centre , second only to São Paulo in volume of business in financial markets and in banking . Its securities market , although declining in significance relative to São Paulo , is still of major importance . Owing to the proximity of Rio 's port facilities , many of Brazil 's export - import companies are headquartered in the city . In Greater Rio , which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil , retail trade is substantial . Many of the most important retail stores are located in the Centre , but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts , where shopping centres , supermarkets , and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade . Treemap showing the market share of exports , by product , for the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 generated by DataViva Rio de Janeiro is ( as of 2014 ) the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil . Annually , Rio exported a total of $7.49 B ( USD ) worth of goods . The top three goods exported by the municipality were crude petroleum ( 40 % ) , semi finished iron product ( 16 % ) , and semi finished steel products ( 11 % ) . Material categories of mineral products ( 42 % ) and metals ( 29 % ) make up 71 % of all exports from Rio . Major Brazilian entertainment and media organizations are based in Rio de Janeiro like Organizações Globo and also some of Brazil 's major newspapers : Jornal do Brasil , O Dia , and Business Rio . Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as : Merck , Roche , Arrow , Darrow , Baxter , Mayne , and Mappel . Compared to other cities , Rio de Janeiro 's economy is the 2nd largest in Brazil , behind São Paulo , and the 30th largest in the world with a GDP of R $ 201 , 9 billion in 2010 . The per capita income for the city was R $22,903 in 2007 ( around US $14,630 ) . Largely because of the strength of Brazil 's currency at the time , Mercer 's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees , reported that Rio de Janeiro ranked 12th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2011 , up from the 29th position in 2010 , just behind São Paulo ( ranked 10th ) , and ahead of London , Paris , Milan , and New York City . Rio also had the most expensive hotel rates in Brazil , and the daily rate of its five star hotels were the second most expensive in the world after only New York City . View of the city of Rio de Janeiro from Corcovado Education ( edit ) Main article : List of Rio de Janeiro schools , colleges , universities and research centers Federal University of Rio de Janeiro The Portuguese language is the official and national language , and thus the primary language taught in schools . English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum . There are also international schools , such as the American School of Rio de Janeiro , Our Lady of Mercy School , the Corcovado German School , the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro . Educational institutions ( edit ) Centre of Human Science of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro Military Institute of Engineering The city has several universities and research institutes . The Ministry of Education has certified approximately 99 upper - learning institutions in Rio . The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , the fifth best in Latin America , and the second best in Brazil , second only to the University of São Paulo , the best in Latin America , according to the QS World University Rankings . Some notable higher education institutions are : Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ( UFRJ ) ; Federal University of the Rio de Janeiro state ( UNIRIO ) ; Rio de Janeiro State University ( UERJ ) ; Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro ( UFRRJ , often nicknamed Rural ) ; Fluminense Federal University ( UFF ) ; Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( PUC - Rio ) ; Getúlio Vargas Foundation ( FGV ) ; Military Institute of Engineering ( IME ) ; Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro ( IST - Rio ) ; College of Publicity and Marketing ( ESPM ) ; National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics ( IMPA ) ; Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca ( CEFET / RJ ) . There are more than 137 upper - learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state . Pedro II School , the oldest among schools in the city , and the second oldest in Brazil Educational system ( edit ) Primary schools are largely under municipal administration , while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools . There are also a small number of schools under federal administration , as is the case of Pedro II School , Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro ( CEFET - RJ ) . In addition , Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels . Rio is home to many colleges and universities . The literacy rate for cariocas aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent , well above the national average . The Rio de Janeiro State University ( public ) , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ( public ) , Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets ( private ) and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( private ) are among the country 's top institutions of higher education . Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina , notable for having its own 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge funicular railway on its grounds . In Rio , there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995 . There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students . There are 53 University - preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students . The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning . Culture and contemporary life ( edit ) Museum of Modern Art Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil . Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries , blending with the world - renowned designs of the 20th century . Rio was home to the Portuguese Imperial family and capital of the country for many years , and was influenced by Portuguese , English , and French architecture . Exhibition room of the National Museum of Fine Arts Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past . In the late 19th century , there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then , several production cycles have spread out , eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema . The Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival has been held annually since 1999 . Rio currently brings together the main production centers of Brazilian television . Major international films set in Rio de Janeiro include Blame it on Rio ; the James Bond film Moonraker ; the Oscar award - winning , critically acclaimed Central Station by Walter Salles , who is also one of Brazil 's best - known directors ; and the Oscar award - winning historical drama , Black Orpheus , which depicted the early days of Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro . Internationally famous , Brazilian - made movies illustrating a darker side of Rio de Janeiro include Elite Squad and City of God . Rio has many important cultural landmarks , such as the Biblioteca Nacional ( National Library ) , one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items ; the Theatro Municipal ; the National Museum of Fine Arts ; the Carmen Miranda Museum ; the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden ; the Parque Lage ; the Quinta da Boa Vista ; the Imperial Square ; the Brazilian Academy of Letters ; the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro ; and the Natural History Museum . Tourism and recreation ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Brazil Aerial view of the Statue of Christ the Redeemer Museum of Tomorrow , designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava Rio de Janeiro is Brazil 's primary tourist attraction and resort . It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82 million international tourists a year . The city sports world - class hotels , approximately 80 kilometres of beaches and the famous Corcovado and Sugarloaf mountains . While the city had in past had a thriving tourism sector , the industry entered a decline in the last quarter of the 20th century . Annual international airport arrivals dropped from 621,000 to 378,000 and average hotel occupancy dropped to 50 % between 1985 and 1993 . The fact that Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian capital in 1960 and that São Paulo replaced Rio as the country 's commercial , financial and main cultural center during the mid-20th century , has also been cited as a leading cause of the decline . Rio de Janeiro 's government has since undertaken to modernise the city 's economy , reduce its chronic social inequalities , and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry . The city is an important global LGBT destination , 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year . The Rua Farme de Amoedo is located in Ipanema , a famous neighborhood in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro . The street and the nearby beach , famous tourist spots , are remarkable for their popularity in the LGBT community . Rio de Janeiro is the most awarded destination by World Travel Awards in the South American category of `` best destination '' . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Literature of Brazil Brazilian Academy of Letters After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822 , Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a European - style bourgeois cultural life , including numerous newspapers , in which most 19th - century novels were initially published in serial . Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 's A Moreninha ( 1884 ) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th - century theme : a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune . The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban lower - middle class is Manuel Antônio de Almeida 's Memórias de um sargento de milícias ( 1854 ) , which presents a series of picaresque but touching scenes , and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia . Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works . The most famous author of Rio de Janeiro , however , was Machado de Assis , who is also widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature and considered the founder of Realism in Brazil , with the publication of The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas ( 1881 ) . He commented on and criticized the political and social events of the city and country such as the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the transition from Empire to Republic with his numerous chronicles published in newspapers of the time . Many of his short stories and novels , like Quincas Borba ( 1891 ) and Dom Casmurro ( 1899 ) , are placed in Rio . The headquarters of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is based in Rio de Janeiro . It was satirized by the novelist Jorge Amado in Pen , Sword , Camisole . Amado , himself , went on to be one of the 40 members of the Academy . Libraries ( edit ) National Library of Brazil Royal Portuguese Reading Room . The Biblioteca Nacional ( National Library of Brazil ) ranks as one of the largest libraries in the world . It is also the largest library in all of Latin America . Located in Cinelândia , the National Library was originally created by the King of Portugal , in 1810 . As with many of Rio de Janeiro 's cultural monuments , the library was originally off - limits to the general public . The most valuable collections in the library include : 4,300 items donated by Barbosa Machado including a precious collection of rare brochures detailing the History of Portugal and Brazil ; 2,365 items from the 17th and 18th centuries that were previously owned by Antônio de Araújo de Azevedo , the `` Count of Barca '' , including the 125 volume set of prints `` Le Grand Théâtre de l'Univers ; '' a collection of documents regarding the Jesuítica Province of Paraguay and the `` Region of Prata ; '' and the Teresa Cristina Maria Collection , donated by Emperor Pedro II . The collection contains 48,236 items . Individual items of special interest include a rare first edition of Os Lusíadas by Luis de Camões , published in 1584 ; two copies of the Mogúncia Bible ; and a first edition of Handel 's Messiah . The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura ( Portuguese Royal Reading Library ) is located at Rua Luís de Camões , in the Centro ( Downtown ) . The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty - three Portuguese immigrants , political refugees , to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire . The history of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is linked to the Real Gabinete , since some of the early meetings of the Academy were held there . Music ( edit ) The official song of Rio de Janeiro is `` Cidade Maravilhosa '' , which means `` marvelous city '' . The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio , and is always the favourite song during Rio 's Carnival in February . Rio de Janeiro along with São Paulo , is considered the main centre of the urban music movement in Brazil . Rio was popularised by the hit song `` Garota de Ipanema '' ( The Girl from Ipanema ) , composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes and recorded by Astrud Gilberto and João Gilberto , Frank Sinatra , and Ella Fitzgerald . It is also the main key song of the bossa nova , a musical genre that was born in Rio . A genre unique to Rio and Brazil as a whole is Funk Carioca . While samba music continues to act as the national unifying agent in Rio , Funk Carioca found a strong community following in Brazil . With its genesis in the 1970s as the modern black pop music from the United States , it evolved in the 1990s to describe a variety of electronic music associated with the current US black music scene , including hip hop , modern soul , and house music . '' Atraente Choro `` Atraente '' , composed by Chiquinha Gonzaga , recorded by Pixinguinha ( saxophone ) and Benedito Lacerda ( flute ) . Choro is a genre of instrumental music that was born in Rio , and it led to a strong tradition that continues today . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Brazil 's return to democracy in 1985 after over 20 years of military authoritarian rule , and the subsequent end of rampant censorship , allowed for a new freedom of expression which promoted creativity and experimentation in expressive culture . Commercial and cultural imports from Europe and North America have often influenced Brazil 's own cultural output . For example , the hip hop that has stemmed from New York is localized into forms of musical production such as Funk Carioca and Brazilian hip hop . Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to - late development of the Punk in Brazil , and that of Brazilian thrash metal . Democratic renewal also allowed for the recognition and acceptance of this diversification of Brazilian culture . Rio de Janeiro is also the homeland of the biggest entertainment event in the world , the Rock in Rio Festival , which had editions in 1985 , 1991 , 2001 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 and 2017 . Theatre ( edit ) Municipal Theatre of Rio de Janeiro Theatro Municipal ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro 's Theatro Municipal is one of the most attractive buildings in the central area of the city . Home of one of the largest stages in Latin America and one of Brazil 's best known venues for opera , ballet , and classical music , the building was inspired by the Palais Garnier , home of the Paris Opera . Construction of the Theatro Municipal began in 1905 following designs of the architect Francisco Pereira Passos . The statues on the top , of two women representing Poetry and Music , are by Rodolfo Bernardelli , and the interior is rich with furnishings and fine paintings . Inaugurated in 1909 , the Teatro Municipal has close to 1,700 seats . Its interior includes turn of the century stained glass from France , ceilings of rose - colored marble and a 1,000 pound crystal bead chandelier surrounded by a painting of the `` Dance of the Hours '' . The exterior walls of the building are dotted with inscriptions bearing the names of famous Brazilians as well as many other international celebrities . City of Arts Cidade da Música ( edit ) Cidade das Artes ( City of Arts ) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro , which was originally planned to open in 2004 . Formally known as `` Cidade da Música '' ( City of Music ) , it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013 . The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America , with 1,780 seats . The complex spans approximately 90 thousand square metres ( 1 million square feet ) and also features a chamber music hall , three theaters , and 12 rehearsal rooms . From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone . The building was designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro . Parks ( edit ) Arches of the Botanical Garden Parque Lage Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon , currently in the process of depollution The city has parks and ecological reserves such as the Tijuca National Park , the world 's first urban forest and UNESCO Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve ; Pedra Branca State Park , which houses the highest point of Rio de Janeiro , the peak of Pedra Branca ; the Quinta da Boa Vista complex ; the Botanical Garden ; Rio 's Zoo ; Parque Lage ; and the Passeio Público , the first public park in the Americas . In addition the Flamengo Park is the largest landfill in the city , extending from the center to the south zone , and containing museums and monuments , in addition to much vegetation . Environment ( edit ) Due to the high concentration of industries in the metropolitan region , the city has faced serious problems of environmental pollution . The Guanabara Bay has lost mangrove areas and suffers from residues from domestic and industrial sewage , oils and heavy metals . Although its waters renew when they reach the sea , the bay is the final receiver of all the tributaries generated along its banks and in the basins of the many rivers and streams that flow into it . The levels of particulate matter in the air are twice as high as that recommended by the World Health Organization , in part because of the large numbers of vehicles in circulation . The waters of Sepetiba Bay are slowly following the path traced by Guanabara Bay , with sewage generated by a population of the order of 1.29 million inhabitants being released without treatment in streams or rivers . With regard to industrial pollution , highly toxic wastes , with high concentrations of heavy metals - mainly zinc and cadmium - have been dumped over the years by factories in the industrial districts of Santa Cruz , Itaguaí and Nova Iguaçu , constructed under the supervision of State policies . The Marapendi lagoon and the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon have suffered with the leniency of the authorities and the growth in the number of apartment buildings close by . The clandestine discharge of sewage and the consequent proliferation of algae diminish the oxygenation of the waters , causing fish mortality . There are , on the other hand , signs of decontamination in the lagoon made through a public - private partnership established in 2008 to ensure that the lagoon waters will eventually be suitable for bathing . The decontamination actions involve the transfer of sludge to large craters present in the lagoon itself , and the creation of a new direct and underground connection with the sea , which will contribute to increase the daily water exchange between the two environments . However , during the Olympics the lagoon hosted the rowing competitions and there were numerous concerns about potential infection resulting from human sewerage . Cultural events ( edit ) New year 's Eve ( edit ) New Year 's Eve Fireworks at Copacabana Beach Every 31 December , 2.5 million people gather at Copacabana Beach to celebrate New Year 's in Rio de Janeiro . The crowd , mostly dressed in white , celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach . It is the second largest celebration only next to the Carnival . People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne . It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight . Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities . Carnival ( edit ) Main articles : Rio Carnival and Brazilian Carnaval Banda de Ipanema , one of the largest carnival blocks of the city Carnaval , is an annual celebration in the Roman Catholic tradition that allows merry - making and red meat consumption before the more sober 40 days of Lent penance which culminates with Holy or Passion Week and Easter . The tradition of Carnaval parades was probably influenced by the French or German courts and the custom was brought by the Portuguese or Brazilian Imperial families who had Bourbon and Austrian ancestors . Up until the time of the marchinhas , the revelry was more of a high class and Caucasian - led event . The influence of the African - Brazilian drums and music became more noticeable from the first half of the 20th century . Rio de Janeiro has many Carnaval choices , including the famous samba school ( Escolas de Samba ) parades in the sambadrome exhibition center and the popular blocos de carnaval , street revelry , which parade in almost every corner of the city . The most famous ones are : Cordão do Bola Preta : Parades in the centre of the city . It is one of the most traditional carnavals . In 2008 , 500,000 people attended in one day . In 2011 , a record 2 million people attended the city covering three different metro stations ! Suvaco do Cristo : Band that parades in the Botanic Garden , directly below the Redeemer statue 's arm . The name translates to ' Christ 's armpit ' in English , and was chosen for that reason . Carmelitas : Band that was supposedly created by nuns , but in fact is just a theme chosen by the band . It parades in Santa Teresa , a bairro from where one can see beautiful panoramas . Simpatia é Quase Amor : One of the most popular parades in Ipanema . Translates as ' Friendliness is almost love ' . Banda de Ipanema : The most traditional in Ipanema . It attracts a wide range of revellers , including families and a wide spectrum of the LGBT / Queer population ( notably drag queens ) . In 1840 , the first Carnaval was celebrated with a masked ball . As years passed , adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants . Carnaval is known as a historic root of Brazilian music . Samba Parade at the Sambódromo ( Sambadrome ) during the Rio Carnival Rock in Rio ( edit ) Main article : Rock in Rio The World Stage at the `` Rock in Rio 4 '' in Rio de Janeiro `` Rock in Rio '' is a music festival conceived by entrepreneur Roberto Medina for the first time in 1985 , and since its creation , recognized as the largest music festival in the Latin world and the largest in the world , with 1.5 million people attending the first event , 700,000 attending the second and fourth , about 1.2 million attending the third , and about 350,000 people attending each of the 3 Lisbon events . It was originally organized in Rio de Janeiro , from where the name comes from , has become a world level event and , in 2004 , had its first edition abroad in Lisbon , Portugal , before Madrid , Spain and Las Vegas , United States . The festival is considered the eighth best in the world by the specialized site Fling Festival . Sports ( edit ) See also : Sport in Brazil Maracanã Stadium during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Maracanã Stadium during the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Nilton Santos Olympic Stadium during the 2007 Pan American Games Olympic Stadium during the 2016 Summer Olympics Football ( edit ) See also : Football in Brazil , Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , and Campeonato Carioca As in the rest of Brazil , football is the most popular sport . The city 's major teams are Botafogo , Flamengo , Fluminense and Vasco da Gama . Madureira , Bangu , Portuguesa , America and Bonsucesso are small clubs . Rio de Janeiro was one of the host cities of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups , for which on both occasions Brazil was the host nation . In 1950 , the Maracanã Stadium hosted 8 matches , including all but one of the host team 's matches . The Maracanã was also the location of the infamous tournament - deciding match between Uruguay and Brazil , where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament . Brazil ended up losing 2 -- 1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000 . In 2014 , the Maracanã hosted seven matches , including the final , where Germany beat Argentina 1 -- 0 . Football teams Club League Venue Established ( team ) Botafogo FR Série A Nilton Santos Stadium 46,931 ( 43,810 record ) 1894 CR Flamengo Série A Maracanã Stadium 78,838 ( 173,850 record ) 1895 Fluminense FC Série A Maracanã Stadium 78,838 ( 173,850 record ) 1902 CR Vasco Série A São Januário Stadium 19,717 ( 40,209 record ) 1898 Madureira Série D Estádio Aniceto Moscoso 5,400 ( 10,762 record ) 1914 Bangu Série D Estádio Moça Bonita 9,564 ( 17,000 record ) 1904 Portuguesa Série D Estádio Luso Brasileiro 15,000 ( 18,725 record ) 1924 Bonsucesso Campeonato Carioca Leônidas da Silva Stadium 13,000 ( 13,571 record ) 1913 America Campeonato Carioca Série B Edson Passos 13,544 ( 9,861 record ) 1904 Olympics ( edit ) See also : 2007 Pan American Games , 2016 Summer Olympics , and 2016 Summer Paralympics The opening ceremony of the XXXI 2016 Rio Olympics Barra Olympic Park , built for the Summer Olympic Games Rio 2016 On 2 October 2009 , the International Olympic Committee selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics . Rio made their first bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics , but lost to Berlin . They later made bids for the 2004 and 2012 Games , but failed to become a candidate city both times . Those games were awarded to Athens and London respectively . Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics . Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the southern hemisphere outside of Australia to host the games -- Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000 . In July 2007 , Rio successfully organized and hosted the XV Pan American Games . Rio de Janeiro also hosted the 2011 Military World Games from 15 -- 24 July 2011 . The 2011 Military World Games were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil , with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports . Children playing beach football Footvolley , one of the most popular sports in the beaches of the city Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics . The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016 . The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016 . Other sports ( edit ) The city has a history as host of major international sports events . The Ginásio do Maracanãzinho was the host arena for the official FIBA Basketball World Championship for its 1954 and 1963 editions . Later , the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro was the site for the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix from 1978 to 1989 . Rio de Janeiro also hosted the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix from 1995 to 2004 and the Champ Car event from 1996 to 1999 . WCT / WQS surfing championships were contested on the beaches from 1985 to 2001 . The Rio Champions Cup Tennis tournament is held in the spring . As part of its preparations to host the 2007 Pan American Games , Rio built a new stadium , Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , to hold 45,000 people . It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange . The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro , but it was rented to Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas for 20 years . Rio de Janeiro has also a multi-purpose arena , the HSBC Arena . The Brazilian Dance / Sport / Martial art Capoeira is very popular . Other popular sports are basketball , beach football , beach volleyball , Beach American Football , footvolley , surfing , kite surfing , hang gliding , motor racing , Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , sailing , and competitive rowing . Another sport that is highly popular in beaches of Rio is called `` Frescobol '' ( pronounced ( fɾe̞ɕko̞ˈbɔw ) ) , a type of beach tennis . Rio de Janeiro is also paradise for rock climbers , with hundreds of routes all over the city , ranging from easy boulders to highly technical big wall climbs , all inside the city . The most famous , Rio 's granite mountain , the Sugar Loaf ( Pão de Açúcar ) , is an example , with routes from the easy third grade ( American 5.4 , French 3 ) to the extremely difficult ninth grade ( 5.13 / 8b ) , up to 280 metres ( 919 feet ) . Horse racing events are held Thursday nights and weekend afternoons at the Jockey Club . An impressive place with excellent grass and dirt tracks , it runs the best horses in the nation . Hang gliding in Rio de Janeiro started in the mid-1970s and quickly proved to be well - suited for this town , because of its geography : steep mountains encounter the Atlantic Ocean , which provide excellent take - off locations and great landing zones on the beach . One of the most popular sea sports in the city is yachting . The main yacht clubs are in Botafogo area that extends halfway between Copacabana and the center of town . Though the most exclusive and interesting is probably the Rio Yacht club , where high society makes it a point to congregate . Most yacht clubs are open to members only and gate crashing is not easy . Copacabana is also a great place to do surfing as well as `` Arpoador of Ipanema '' beach and `` Praia dos Bandeirantes '' . The sea at these beaches is rough and dangerous , the best surfers from Brazil and other sites of the world come to these beaches to prove themselves . Transportation ( edit ) Airports and ports ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão International Airport Airplane and ferry near the Rio de Janeiro - Santos Dumont National Airport Airship hangar for Zeppelins at Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport in Santa Cruz 's neighbourhood The City of Rio de Janeiro is served by the following airports for use : Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport : used for all international and most of the domestic flights . Since August 2004 , with the transfer of many flights from Santos - Dumont Airport , Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to the city . Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights , Galeão has connections to 19 countries . It has a capacity to handle up to 30 million users a year in two passenger terminals . It is located 20 km ( 12 mi ) from downtown Rio . The airport complex also has Brazil 's longest runway at 4,000 m ( 13,123.36 ft ) , and one of South America 's largest cargo logistics terminals . The airport is connected to the express bus service . Santos Dumont Airport : used mainly by the services to São Paulo , some short and medium - haul domestic flights , and general aviation . Located on Guanabara Bay just a few blocks from the heart of downtown Rio , during the 1990s Santos - Dumont began to outgrow its capacity , besides diverging from its specialization on short - hop flights , offering routes to other destinations in Brazil . For this reason , in late 2004 Santos - Dumont returned to its original condition of operating only shuttle flights to and from Congonhas Airport in São Paulo , along with regional aviation . The passenger terminal has undergone extensive renovation and expansion , which increased its capacity to 9 , 9 million users a year . The airport is connected to the city light rail system ( Rio de Janeiro Light Rail ) , which connects several transport systems to downtown . Jacarepaguá - Roberto Marinho Airport : used by general aviation and home to the Aeroclube do Brasil ( Brasil Flying club ) . The airport is located in the district of Baixada de Jacarepaguá , within the municipality of Rio de Janeiro approximately 30 km ( 19 mi ) from the city center . Military airports include : Galeão Air Force Base : A Brazilian Air Force airbase , sharing some facilities with Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport ; Santa Cruz Air Force Base : A Brazilian Air Force airbase . Formerly called Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport , it was built by the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin . Today it is one of the most important Air Force Bases in Brazil ; Afonsos Air Force Base : One of the historical Brazilian Air Force airbases . It is also the location of the University of the Air Force ( Universidade da Força Aérea ) , the Museu Aeroespacial , and where air shows take place . The Port of Rio de Janeiro is Brazil 's third busiest port in terms of cargo volume , and it is the center for cruise vessels . Located on the west coast of the Guanabara Bay , it serves the States of Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Espírito Santo . The port is managed by Companhia Docas de Rio de Janeiro . The Port of Rio de Janeiro covers territory from the Mauá Pier in the east to the Wharf of the Cashew in the north . The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost seven thousand metres ( 23 thousand feet ) of continuous wharf and an 883 - metre ( 2,897 - foot ) pier . The Companhia Docas de Rio de Janeiro administers directly the Wharf of the Gamboa general cargo terminal ; the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains ; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over 20 thousand square metres ( 215 thousand square feet ) ; and the Wharves of Are Cristovao with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk . At the Wharf of Gamboa , leaseholders operate terminals for sugar , paper , iron and steel products . Leaseholders at the Wharf of the Cashew operate terminals for roll - on / roll - off cargoes , containers , and liquid bulk . In 2004 , the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over seven million tons of cargo on almost 1700 vessels . In 2004 , the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over two million tons of containerized cargo in almost 171 thousand TEUs . The port handled 852 thousand tons of wheat , more than 1.8 million tons of iron and steel , over a million tons of liquid bulk cargo , almost 830 thousand tons of dry bulk , over five thousand tons of paper goods , and over 78 thousand vehicles . In 2003 , over 91 thousand passengers moved through the Port of Rio Janeiro on 83 cruise vessels . Public transportation ( edit ) Public transport map In Rio de Janeiro , buses are the main form of public transportation . There are nearly 440 municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers every day , in addition to intercity lines . Although cheap and frequent , Rio 's transportation policy has been moving towards trains and subway in order to reduce surface congestion and increase carrier capacity . Rio 's public transportation service has been a target of many critics and the motive of the 2013 's protests and manifestations that started in São Paulo and spread through the entire country . According to the people , the raise in the bus and subway fares are invalid , seeing that the amount charged is too high for the low quality of the services . Subway and urban trains ( edit ) Main articles : Rio de Janeiro Metro and SuperVia New urban train from SuperVia Train of Rio de Janeiro Metro Rio de Janeiro has three subway lines ( Metrô Rio ) with 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) and 41 stations plus several commuter rail lines . Future plans include building a fourth subway line to Niterói and São Gonçalo , including an underwater tunnel beneath Guanabara Bay to supplement the ferry service currently there . The Metro is Rio 's safest and cleanest form of public transport . The three lines serve the city seven days a week . The first line runs from General Osório in Ipanema to Uruguai Station in Tijuca . The second line runs from Botafogo , sharing ten stations with the first line , terminating at Pavuna in northern Rio . The third connects General Osório to Jardim Oceânico Station , in the Barra da Tijuca neighborhood , where the 2016 Olympics Games were held . The Metro runs services from 05 : 00 am to 12 : 00 midnight , Monday to Saturday , and from 07 : 00 am to 11 : 00 pm Sundays and public holidays . People can buy tickets for the Metro at train stations and can either buy single tickets or rechargeable cards . People can also buy tickets for the Metro at buses that make connect places far from the Metro . Integration with buses are possible in several forms , an integrated Metro and bus ticket for a single journey is available for some lines paying an additional fee and is known as an Integração Expressa ( Express Integration ) and Expresso Barra , the other possibility is taking the Metro na Superfície ( Surface Metro ) with no additional fee . SuperVia connects the city of Rio with other locations in Greater Rio de Janeiro with surface trains . It has 8 lines and 270 kilometres ( 168 mi ) , with 102 stations . Light rail ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro Light Rail in Downtown Rio . In order to improve traffic in the central zone , the prefecture started the project `` Porto Maravilha '' ( Marvelous Port ) , which foresees a modern tramway system . Its lines will connect the central business district to Santos Dumont Airport , the ferry station at XV Square , the Novo Rio terminal bus station at Santo Cristo , and the future high - speed rail Leopoldina station between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo . In 2016 , for the Olympics Games , the light rail system was inaugurated , with 28 km , 42 stations , distributed in 3 lines . The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground - level power supply ( APS ) and on - board supercapacitor energy storage ( SRS ) , in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route . Bus ( edit ) Bus in the city . According to the city hall , around 80 % of the fleet of municipal buses is equipped with air conditioning . The project predicts 100 % by the end of 2017 . Hybrid bus with electric traction developed by the Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Post-Graduation and Research in Engineering ( COPPE ) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro . City buses cost about R $3.80 to ride . They come in both non-air conditioned ( R $3.80 ) and air conditioned versions ( R $3 -- R $5.40 ) . The system may be relatively safe by day but less so at night . Integration of bus lines has been recently implemented , allowing users to take two non-air conditioned bus rides in two hours paying just one ticket . It is necessary to have a registered electronic card ( the `` Bilhete Único Carioca ( BUC ) '' ) in order to benefit of this system . Another type of local bus is called the `` Frescão '' ( air - conditioned ) . These buses run several routes , the main being from Centro through Botafogo , Copacabana and Ipanema to Leblon ( and vice versa ) , and from the International Airport to Barra , through the beach road . They are air conditioned -- about 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) -- more upscale / comfortable and cost between R $6.00 -- R $12.00 . However , it is only available during weekdays . The buses also run more frequently during the rush hours in the morning and evening . Going in the direction of Centro ( city center ) , the bus can be flagged down on the beach road ( buses with plaques showing `` Castelo '' ) . Ferry ( edit ) The most geographically close sister city to Rio that is on the other side of Guanabara Bay is Niterói . Many people who live in Niterói , as well its neighbouring municipalities São Gonçalo and Maricá , commute to Rio de Janeiro to study and work . There are several ferry services that operate between the Rio Centro ( Praça XV ) and Niterói ( Centro and Charitas ) . There is a traditional boat as well as several `` fast cat '' hydrofoil boats . One of the city neighborhoods is Paquetá Island , which can only be accessed by ferryboats or hydrofoil boats . The ferryboat to Paquetá leaves every hour , from early in the morning until around midnight . There is also a ferry to Cocotá . Tram ( edit ) Santa Teresa Tram is the oldest operating tram system in South America . Rio de Janeiro has the oldest operating electric tramway in Brazil and South America , now mainly used by tourists and less by daily commuters . Santa Teresa Tram or bondinho , has been preserved both as a piece of history and as a quick , fun , cheap way of getting to one of the most quirky parts of the city . The tram station is near Cinelândia and the Municipal Theatre . Trams leave every half an hour between 6 : 00 am and 11 : 00 pm . A ticket is just R $ 0.60 ( US $0.35 ) , one way or return , and people pay as they pass through the barrier to the right of the entrance . The Santa Teresa Tram ( known locally as the `` bonde '' ) in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro commenced electric operation in 1891 , replacing horse - drawn trams and expanding the horse - drawn route . At this time the gauge was altered to 1,100 mm ( 43.31 in ) , which remains the case today . The tram cars which are currently in operation are Brazilian - built , are of the cross-bench open sided design , and are fitted with trolley poles . After a derail occurred on 28 August 2011 , which left seven dead , tram service was suspended to improve the system , and would be reopened in 2014 , just before the 2014 FIFA World Cup but after postponements it was finally reopened in July 2015 . While it is being improved , two lines costing R $ 0.60 carry passengers from Santa Teresa to Centro : SE014 and SE006 . Rio de Janeiro public transportation Statistics ( edit ) The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Rio de Janeiro , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 95 min . 32 % of public transit riders , ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 19 min , while 35 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 12.3 km , while 37 % travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Road transport ( edit ) TransOeste Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) Driving in Rio de Janeiro , as in most large cities of Brazil , might not be the best choice because of the large car fleet . The city is served by a number of expressways , like Linha Vermelha , Linha Amarela , Avenida Brasil , Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique ( Aterro do Flamengo ) ; in spite of this , traffic jams are very common . Because of the organization of the 2016 Olympics the city is installing four BRT systems to link Barra da Tijuca with other major neighbourhoods : TransOlimpica ( between Barra and Deodoro ) ; TransBrasil ( over the Avenida Brasil expressway ) ; TransCarioca ( between Barra and the Galeão International Airport ) ; and TransOeste ( between Barra and Santa Cruz , over Avenida das Américas ) . Highways ( edit ) Rio - Niterói Bridge In Brazil , most interstate transportation is done by road . A large terminal for long - distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro . There are also two port facilities for cargo and passenger ships ( Rio de Janeiro and Sepetiba port ) . Rio has roads to all neighbour States . Some roads ( like Via Dutra , to São Paulo , and a stretch of the BR - 101 which covers the Rio - Niterói bridge ) were chartered to private enterprises . The quality of the highways improved much , but was accompanied by a significant increase of the toll fees . From São Paulo : take the BR - 116 ( Presidente Dutra Federal Highway ) or the BR - 101 ( Rio - Santos Federal Highway ) . From Belo Horizonte : BR - 040 . From Salvador : BR - 101 or BR - 324 / BR - 116 / BR - 393 / BR - 040 . Bicycles ( edit ) Bike Rio rental station located in Mauá Square , in Rio de Janeiro city , Brazil The city has 160 km ( 99 mi ) of cycle paths that , wherever they exist , are very much preferable to riding in the city 's traffic . Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the Marina da Glória , Centro , through Flamengo , Copacabana and Ipanema , to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes . six kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) of cycle paths traverse the Tijuca National Park . The Bike Rio began operations in October 2011 . This bicycle sharing system is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú . The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city . Water transport ( edit ) Main article : Port of Rio de Janeiro Communications ( edit ) The dialing code for the city of Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) is 21 . International relations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in South America Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is twinned with : Adelaide , Australia Atlanta , United States Baku , Azerbaijan Cologne , Germany Guimarães , Portugal Istanbul , Turkey Jerusalem , Israel Kaohsiung , Taiwan Kiev , Ukraine Liverpool , United Kingdom Miami Beach , Florida , United States Montpellier , France Natal , Brazil Newark , New Jersey , United States Oklahoma City , United States Paola , Italy Warsaw , Poland Unión of Ibero - American capital cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro is part of the Union of Ibero - American Capital Cities from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities : Andorra la Vella , Andorra Asunción , Paraguay Bogotá , Colombia Buenos Aires , Argentina Caracas , Venezuela Guatemala City , Guatemala Havana , Cuba Quito , Ecuador La Paz , Bolivia Lima , Peru Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain Managua , Nicaragua Mexico City , Mexico Montevideo , Uruguay Panama City , Panama Rio de Janeiro , Brazil San Jose , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico San Salvador , El Salvador Santiago , Chile Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Tegucigalpa , Honduras São Paulo , Brazil Partner cities ( edit ) Rio de Janeiro has the following partner / friendship cities : Berlin , Germany Kansas City , United States Moscow , Russia New York City , United States Nice , France Paris , France Philadelphia , United States Tokyo , Japan See also ( edit ) Brazil portal Latin America portal Geography portal C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Largest cities in the Americas List of mayors of Rio de Janeiro List of people from Rio de Janeiro List of twin towns and sister cities in South America List of films set in Rio de Janeiro Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data from INMET station in the neighborhood of Saúde . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro Info ( ' History ' ) '' . paralumun.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 population estimates . Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) ( 1 July 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ It is pronounced ( ˈʁi. ud ( ʒi ) ʒaˈnejɾu ) in the variety of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in Rio de Janeiro according to Larousse Concise Dictionary : Portuguese - English , 2008 , p. 339 . Vowel reduction at / a ~ ɐ / was added as it is the most often used speech pattern in vernacular , colloquial and educated colloquial modes of speech . ( ˈʁi. u dʑi ʑəˈnejɾu ) is possibly the way most Brazilians , and particularly most cariocas , would actually pronounce it . The European Portuguese pronunciation is : ( ˈʁi. u ðɨ ʒɐˈnɐjɾu ) . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro : travel guide '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea '' . UNESCO . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Posição ocupada pelos 100 maiores municípios em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística ( IBGE ) . 16 December 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005 '' . City Mayors Statistics . 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assessoria de Comunicação e Imprensa '' . Universidade Estadual de Campinas ( Unicamp ) . 17 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro 's Beach Culture '' Tayfun King , Fast Track , BBC World News ( 11 September 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport , Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games '' . BBC News . 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curitiba é a única brasileira na lista da UNESCO com as 15 cidades mais bonitas do mundo '' . bonde.com.br . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As cidades mais pacíficas do Brasil , segundo o IPEA - EXAME '' . exame.abril.com.br . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jorge Couto , 1995 , A Construção do Brasil , Lisbon : Cosmos . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste : The Social Science of Garbage '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rio '' . Paralumun.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Alex Robinson ; Gardenia Robinson ( 2014 ) . Rio de Janeiro Footprint Focus Guide : Includes Maracana Stadium , Copacabana , Paraty , Ilha Grande , Ipanema . Footprint Travel Guides . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909268 - 88 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sobrinho , Wanderley Preite ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio '' ( Arrival of the Real Portuguese family changes Rio 's architecture ) . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil '' ( Presenting Brazil 's National Library ) ( in Portuguese ) . Fundação Biblioteca Nacional . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil '' ( 199 years of Brazil 's first printed newspaper ) . O Rebate ( in Portuguese ) . September 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Coaracy , Vivaldo ( 1955 ) . Livraria José Olympio Editora , ed . Memória da cidade do Rio de Janeiro . Rio de Janeiro . p. 584 . Jump up ^ `` A África civiliza '' ( in Portuguese ) . Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Suppia , Alfredo ; Scarabello , Marília ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` As reformas do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo . Jump up ^ `` Reforma Urbanística de Pereira Passos , o Rio com cara de Paris '' ( in Portuguese ) . Grupo Globo . Jump up ^ Cabral dos Santos , Marco ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Revolta da Vacina : Oswaldo Cruz e Pereira Passos tentam sanear Rio '' . UOL Educação ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ Boone , Christopher G ( 1995 ) . `` Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro : Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in Mass Transit Delivery , 1903 -- 1920 '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 27 ( 2 ) : 343 -- 365 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022216x00010786 . Jump up ^ `` Drugs and violence in Rio : The bottom line '' . The Economist. 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Juscelino Kubitschek and the city of Rio de Janeiro Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Em 15 de março de 1975 , Guanabara e Rio se transformaram num único estado '' . Acervo O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Rio de Janeiro ? '' . Riobrazilblog.com. 8 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rio de Janeiro -- History.com Articles , Video , Pictures and Facts Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Area Territorial Official '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Estimativas para 1 ° de Julho de 2006 '' ( in Portuguese ) . IBGE . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Alvares , Clayton Alcarde ; Stape , José Luiz ; Sentelhas , Paulo Cesar ; de Moraes Gonçalves , José Leonardo ; Sparovek , Gerd ( 2013 ) . `` Köppen 's climate classification map for Brazil '' . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 22 ( 6 ) : 711 -- 728 . Bibcode : 2013MetZe ... 22 ... 711A . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Weather -- Rio de Janeiro '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hail falls in Rio de Janeiro 's West Zone and Baixada Fluminense '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo News . 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk Little hail shower -- Nova Iguaçu , 18 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` As hail falls , Rio enters a warning interval '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions '' . The Guardian . 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's worst drought in history prompts protests and blackouts '' . The Guardian . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo 's Sistema Cantareira '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu , Rio de Janeiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu '' ( in Portuguese ) . Gazeta do Povo. 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Storm with winds above 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) kill one in Rio ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Bangu windstorm , inside the city of Rio , achieved near - cyclone speed '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Mínima ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Máxima ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Média Compensada ( ° C ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual ( mm ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. 1961 -- 1990 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Com sensação térmica de 48 ° C , cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias '' ( Feeling like 48 ° C , cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat ) ( in Portuguese ) . G1. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50 ° C nesta terça - feira '' ( Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50 ° C this Tuesday ) ( in Portuguese ) . Yahoo ! Notícias. 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus '' ( Rio de Janeiro 's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rede TV ! . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sensação térmica no Rio chega aos 51 graus , diz pesquisa do Inpe '' ( Feels like in Rio gets in 51 celsius mark , according to research ) ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo. 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Mínima Absoluta ( oC ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( Inmet ) . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temperatura Máxima Absoluta ( oC ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology ( Inmet ) . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Máximo Absoluto de Precipitação Acumulada ( mm ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico , diz Inmet '' ( in Portuguese ) . G1 Rio de Janeiro. 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record lowest temperature since 7.3 ° C ( 45.1 ° F ) in 2000 '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm ( dias ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Insolação Total ( horas ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada ( % ) '' . Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rio de Janeiro Climate Guide '' . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rio Reveillon Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Engelbrecht Ferreira , Daniel Ernesto ( April 2005 ) . `` Poluição afeta Pedra Branca '' ( in Portuguese ) . O Globo . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Forgan , Duncan ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` World 's best city beaches # 2 '' . CNNGo.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reinventing Rio '' ( 1 ) , Alan Riding , September 2010 , Smithsonian Jump up ^ `` Inea -- Portal '' . www.inea.rj.gov.br . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( PDF ) Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State '' . Jump up ^ `` Bispo do Rosário Museum , the contemporary museum of Colônia '' . Jump up ^ `` SIDERÚRGICA DO ATLÂNTICO VAI GERAR 18 MIL EMPREGOS NA ZONA OESTE '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topo do blog Quais serão os novos ares cariocas ? '' . Veja Rio ( in Portuguese ) . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the true father of football in Brazil ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangu Athletic Club History ( Portuguese ) '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ 2010 IGBE Census ( in Portuguese ) Archived 14 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : 2010 IGBE Census ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) The largest Brazilian cities -- 2010 IBGE Census Jump up ^ `` Tem índio no Rio '' . Paginas.terra.com.br . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Venâncio , R.P. , `` Presença portuguesa : de colonizadores a imigrantes '' , in Brasil 500 anos , 2000 , Rio de Janeiro , IBGE -- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Archived 23 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese descent in the city of Rio de janeiro and Brazil '' . Presidencia.pt . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil 500 anos '' ... ibge.gov.br . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Os lusíadas na aventura do Rio moderno , p. 107 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Rio de Janeiro , uma cidade ... Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil 500 anos '' ... ibge.gov.br . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Parra , FC ; Amado , RC ; Lambertucci , JR ; Rocha , J ; Antunes , CM ; Pena , SD ( January 2003 ) . `` Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 82 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100 ... 177P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0126614100 . PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516 . Jump up ^ Agencia Brasil ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Consulado do Japão no Rio disponibiliza telefone para prestar informações sobre o país Agencia Brasil '' . Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam , segundo estudo '' . Meionews.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , DF ; Bydlowski , SP ; Hutz , MH ; Suarez - Kurtz , G ; Magalhães , TR ; Pena , SD ( 2014 ) . `` Association of genetic variants with self - assessed color categories in Brazilians '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e83926 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 983926D . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0083926 . PMC 3885524 . PMID 24416183 . Jump up ^ Edward Eric Telles ( 2004 ) . `` Racial Classification '' . Race in Another America : the significance of skin color in Brazil . Princeton University Press . pp. 81 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11866 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Barsa Planeta Ltda '' . Brasil.planetasaber.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Roraima heads in Irreligion percentage ranking , Rio de Janeiro state is in # 2 Data from Fundação Getúlio Vargas. ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Piauí is the most Roman Catholic state in Brazil despite growth in Evangelicals , Pentecostals and other Protestants Data from FGV. ( in Portuguese ) Archived 8 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática -- SIDRA '' . Sidra.ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iko Poran '' . archive.org. 5 January 2004 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FGV : desigualdade entre favela e asfalto cai no Rio '' . Revistaepoca.globo.com. 31 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . 2011 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ HDI ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rio , Brazil : PNUD. 2000 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE -- Cidades -- Rio de Janeiro '' . ibge.gov.br . Jump up ^ `` IBGE -- Cidades -- Rio de Janeiro -- Rio de Janeiro '' . ibge.gov.br . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro % 28city % 29 '' . Gold.dreab.com . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCG -- About BCG -- Rio de Janeiro '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Economist ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Comparing Brazilian states with countries '' . Magazine . Economist . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cidade -- Protected Planet '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Economy Of Rio de Janeiro , need To Know Economy Of Rio de Janeiro , About Economy Of Rio de Janeiro '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of economy '' . Ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IBGE -- Economy of Rio de Janeiro '' . Sidra.ibge.gov.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Rio '' . Portalemfoco.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro será a capital do petróleo entre os dias 13 e 16 de setembro -- Agricultura RuralBR '' . Agricultura.ruralbr.com.br . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economy of Rio '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ DataViva. `` 2014 Brazilian Trade by Municipality '' , DataViva , Retrieved on 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ DataViva . `` Exports by Product for Rio de Janeiro ( 2014 ) '' Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , DataViva , Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ DataViva . `` International Trade by Section for Rio de Janeiro ( 2014 ) '' Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , DataViva , Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ per capita income ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rio de Janeiro , Brazil : IBGE. 2005 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 -- Top 50 cities : Cost of living ranking '' . Mercer . 12 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SP é a 10a cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros ; RJ é a 12a '' . UOL Noticias ( in Portuguese ) . 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro lidera lista de hotéis mais caros do País '' . UOL Noticias ( in Portuguese ) . 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ MEC -- Ministério da Educação . `` e-MEC '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pati , Camila . `` As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 - EXAME.com '' . abril.com.br . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` QS University Rankings : Latin America 2015 '' . topuniversities.com. 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ OnLine -- Hospedagens e Desenvolvimento de Web Sites . `` Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC , Vestibular , Apostilas , Universitário , Profissão , Professor '' . Ser Universitário . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Rio '' . Student.britannica.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trams of the World 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Blickpunkt Straßenbahn . January 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brasilien '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational system in Rio '' . City-data.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FBN Summit '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ festivaldorio.com.br Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon page '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro is the main tourist destination in the South Hemisphere '' . 29 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Flickr roger4336 . `` Rio de Janeiro '' . TouristLink . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Brian G. ; Cooper , Christopher P. ( 2005 ) . Worldwide destinations casebook : the geography of travel and tourism . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 233 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6440 - 1 . Jump up ^ Do G1 RJ ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` G1 -- Rio recebe quase 1 milhão de turistas homossexuais por ano , diz pesquisa -- notícias em Rio de Janeiro '' . G1.globo.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Travel Awards '' . 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Piers Armstrong . `` Rio 's novel history '' . Cco.cambridge.org . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Candido ; Antonio . ( 1970 ) Vários escritos . São Paulo : Duas Cidades . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Faraco , Carlos Emílio e Moura , Francisco Mato . Português Projetos . São Paulo : Editora Ática , 2009 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Gledson , John . J. Machado de Assis , ficção e história . Rio de Janeiro : Paz e Terra , 1986 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` National Library of Rio de Janeiro '' . Rio-de-janeiro.info . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official website -- National Library of Rio '' . Bn.br. 25 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Um pedaço de Portugal no Rio de Janeiro -- Opinião e Notícia '' . opiniaoenoticia.com.br. 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Behague , Gerard . `` Rap , Reggae , Rock , or Samba : The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music ( 1985 -- 1995 ) . '' Latin American Music Review 27 , no . 1 ( Spring / Summer 2006 ) : 79 -- 90 Jump up ^ Sansone , Livio . `` The Localization of Global Funk in Bahia and Rio . '' In Brazilian Popular Music & Globalization , 135 -- 60 . London : Routledge , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Music in the city '' . Georgemlima.blogspot.com. 24 February 2004 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Behague , Gerard ( 2006 ) . `` Globalization / Modernization : Rap , Reggae , Rock , or Samba : The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music ( 1985 -- 1995 ) '' . Latin American Music Review . 27 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` Teatro Municipal do Rio '' . Rio-de-janeiro.info . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cochicho da Mata '' recria floresta dentro da floresta '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro . October 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca ( PEPB ) '' . Governo do Rio de Janeiro ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional do Ambiente . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Afra Balazina ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais '' ( Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals ) . Folha Online ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba '' ( in Portuguese ) . Observatório Quilombola ( OQ ) . 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hélio Almeida ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` Lagoa de Marapendi sofre com poluição da água '' ( Marapendi Lagoon suffers with water pollution ) ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Agência Brasil ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014 , diz secretário '' ( Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014 , says secretary ) . O Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For rowers in Rio 's Olympic water , it 's all about avoiding the splash '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Year -- Rio '' . Copacabana.info . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cordão do Bola Preta in Rio '' . Carnaval.uol.com.br . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Music : Roots 3 '' . Maria-brazil.org . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Music Festivals in the World '' . Festival Fling . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , Vicki ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Rio de Janeiro to host 2016 Olympic Games '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro , Brazil '' . Bid city profile and Fact sheet . GamesBids.com . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Rio 2011 Military Games Presentation Archived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Rio 2011 Official Website . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Botafogo vai administrar estádio olímpico do Engenhão '' . Correio Web . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in the city of Rio '' . Studylanguages.org . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` International Airport of Rio de Janeiro '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Airport of Rio de Janeiro '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jacarepaguá Airport '' . Infraero . Archived from the original on 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNIFA - Página inicial '' . www.unifa.aer.mil.br . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUSEU AEROESPACIAL '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WPS -- Port of Rio de Janeiro contact information '' . Worldportsource.com . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Port of Rio de Janeiro '' . Worldportsource.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` O DIA Online -- Linha 3 do metrô vai receber R $35 milhões da União '' . odia.terra.com.br. 21 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Do G1 , no Rio , com informações da TV Globo . `` Metro Rio -- Transport '' . G1.globo.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Metro Rio '' . Metro Rio . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Rio Integrações '' . Metro Rio . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SuperVia '' . SuperVia . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Resultados , AM4 -- A Internet de . `` Porto Maravilha '' . portomaravilha.com.br . Jump up ^ `` Tarifa de ônibus no Rio aumenta de R $ 3 , 40 para R $ 3 , 80 neste sábado '' . G1. 2 January 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Novas tarifas de ônibus com ar condicionado e da integração ônibus - metrô '' . SMTR -- Secretaria Municipal de Transportes. 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bus -- Transportation in Rio '' . Tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nossas Linhas -- Premium '' . Real Auto Ônibus . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonde de Santa Teresa -- a set on Flickr '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Santa Tereza Tram הכטן7מריכטד7ג Jump up ^ G1 : Bombeiros confirmam cinco mortos em acidente com bonde no Rio Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rio de Janeiro Public Transportation Statistics '' . Global Public Transit Index by Moovit . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Material was copied from this source , which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Rio de Janeiro '' . Rioholiday.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getting around Rio de Janeiro '' . Worldtravelguide.net . Archived from the original on 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Louise Peres ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Prefeitura lança Bike Rio , novo sistema de aluguel de bicicletas da cidade '' ( City Hall launches Bike Rio , the city 's new bike sharing system ) . Veja Rio ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Louise Peres ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Itaú patrocina programa de aluguel de bicicletas no Rio '' ( Itau sponsors bike sharing program in Rio ) . Exame ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DDD Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Codigos DDD . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sister Cities Commission '' . City of Atlanta . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sister Cities International 2015 Membership Directory , pp. 53 -- 54 . Sister Cities International . Accessed 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Баку и Рио - де - Жанейро стали городами - побратимами -- 1NEWS.AZ Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cologne International : Rio de Janeiro is Cologne 's new twin city '' ( PDF ) . Cologne City Business News . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lei no 2.643 / 1998 . Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro . Página visitada em 26 de dezembro de 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sister cities '' . Radikal.com.tr . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Municipal do Rio de Janeiro 4917 de 2008 -- Wikisource '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pt.wikisource.org . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Waddington , Marc ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Liverpool 's twin cities '' . liverpoolecho.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Twin Cities : Liverpool & Rio de Janeiro -- The City Tribune '' . thecitytribune.net . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LEI No 5241 , DE 11 DE JANEIRO 2011 '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leis sancionadas e vetos ( 21 de janeiro de 2008 ) . Lei n. o 4.752 / 2008 . Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro . Página visitada em 26 de outubro de 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O Globo -- Dez cidades - irmãs do Rio '' . globo.com . Jump up ^ `` Miasta partnerskie Warszawy '' . um.warszawa.pl ( official Warsaw website ) . Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas : Rio de Janeiro , símbolo de Brasil '' . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hermandad con la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro -- Brasil '' ( in Spanish ) . Managua.gob.ni . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice '' ( in French ) . Ville de Nice . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mairie de Paris . `` Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei 1383 / 89 -- Lei no 1383 de 10 de maio de 1989 '' . JusBrasil . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lei Ordinária '' . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Rio de Janeiro ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rio de Janeiro . ' let 's go back to Rio ' , RGSSA blog post on Rio in 1904 Rio de Janeiro Photo Gallery -- Year of Brazil at Queens College , CUNY Images of Rio -- Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present Rio de Janeiro Places to Go and Tourist Attractions AboutBrasil / Rio de Janeiro -- The Marvellous City TheBrazilGuide / Rio de Janeiro -- Things to do Geographic data related to Rio de Janeiro at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Rio de Janeiro Culture Blocos Cidade Maravilhosa Cidade do Samba Banda de Ipanema Geography Zona Central , Rio de Janeiro South Zone Corcovado Ilha das Cobras Ilhas Cagarras Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon Pedra da Gávea Sugarloaf Mountain Tijuca Forest Villegagnon Island Places Avenida Brasil Avenida Rio Branco Rua Farme de Amoedo Category : Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arpoador Park Cinelândia Passeio Público Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Vista Chinesa History History of Rio de Janeiro Timeline Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil Vaccine Revolt Candelária massacre Infrastructure Category : Transport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Metro Afonsos Air Force Base Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport Christ the Redeemer Galeão Air Force Base Santa Cruz Air Force Base Santos Dumont Airport Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Jacarepaguá Airport Related Category : People from Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Carioca Demographics of Rio de Janeiro Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro Project Morrinho Category : Sport in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) <Th_colspan="2"> Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Portal <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in Brazil North Region Central Amazon Conservation Complex Northeast Region Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park Central - West Region Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area Southeast Region Atlantic Forest South - East Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble , Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site South Region Atlantic Forest South - East Reserves Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis Ruins of São Miguel das Missões <Td_colspan="3"> Shared with other region / s Shared with Argentina <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro <Td_colspan="3"> Capital : Rio de Janeiro Mesoregion Baixadas Bacia de São João Casimiro de Abreu Rio das Ostras Silva Jardim Lagos Araruama Armação dos Búzios Arraial do Cabo Cabo Frio Iguaba Grande São Pedro da Aldeia Saquarema Mesoregion Centro Fluminense Cantagalo - Cordeiro Cantagalo Carmo Cordeiro Macuco Nova Friburgo Bom Jardim Duas Barras Nova Friburgo Sumidouro Santa Maria Madalena Santa Maria Madalena São Sebastião do Alto Trajano de Morais Três Rios Areal Comendador Levy Gasparian Paraíba do Sul Sapucaia Três Rios Mesoregion Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro Itaguaí Itaguaí Mangaratiba Seropédica Macacu - Caceribu Cachoeiras de Macacu Rio Bonito Microregion Rio de Janeiro Belford Roxo Duque de Caxias Guapimirim Itaboraí Japeri Magé Maricá Nilópolis Niterói Mesquita Nova Iguaçu Queimados Rio de Janeiro São Gonçalo São João de Meriti Tanguá Serrana Petrópolis São José do Vale do Rio Preto Teresópolis Vassouras Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin Mendes Miguel Pereira Paracambi Paty do Alferes Vassouras Mesoregion Noroeste Fluminense Itaperuna Bom Jesus do Itabapoana Italva Itaperuna Laje do Muriaé Natividade Porciúncula Varre - Sai Santo Antônio de Pádua Aperibé Cambuci Itaocara Miracema Santo Antônio de Pádua São José de Ubá Mesoregion Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes Campos dos Goytacazes Cardoso Moreira São Fidélis São Francisco de Itabapoana São João da Barra Macaé Carapebus Conceição de Macabu Macaé Quissamã Mesoregion Sul Fluminense Baía da Ilha Grande Angra dos Reis Parati Barra do Piraí Barra do Piraí Rio das Flores Valença Vale do Paraíba Fluminense Barra Mansa Itatiaia Pinheiral Piraí Porto Real Quatis Resende Rio Claro Volta Redonda <Th_colspan="2"> Geographic locale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rio de Janeiro city neighbourhoods Central Zone Benfica Caju Catumbi Centro Cidade Nova Estácio Gamboa São Cristóvão Lapa Mangueira Paquetá Rio Comprido Santa Teresa Santo Cristo Saúde Vasco da Gama South Zone Botafogo Catete Copacabana Cosme Velho Flamengo Gávea Glória Humaitá Ipanema Jardim Botânico Lagoa Laranjeiras Leblon Leme Rocinha São Conrado Urca Vidigal North Zone Abolição Acari Água Santa Alto da Boa Vista Anchieta Andaraí Bancários Barros Filho Bento Ribeiro Bonsucesso Brás de Pina Cachambi Cacuia Cavalcanti Campinho Cascadura Cidade Universitária Cocotá Coelho Neto Colégio Complexo do Alemão Cordovil Costa Barros Del Castilho Encantado Engenheiro Leal Engenho da Rainha Engenho de Dentro Engenho Novo Freguesia ( Ilha do Governador ) Galeão Grajaú Guadalupe Higienópolis Honório Gurgel Irajá Inhaúma Jacaré Jacarezinho Jardim América Jardim Carioca Jardim Guanabara Lins de Vasconcelos Madureira Manguinhos Maracanã Maré Marechal Hermes Maria da Graça Méier Moneró Olaria Oswaldo Cruz Parada de Lucas Parque Anchieta Pavuna Penha Penha Circular Piedade Pilares Pitangueiras Praça da Bandeira Praia da Bandeira Portuguesa Quintino Bocaiuva Ramos Riachuelo Ribeira Ricardo de Albuquerque Rocha Rocha Miranda Sampaio São Francisco Xavier Tauá Tijuca Todos os Santos Tomás Coelho Turiaçu Vaz Lobo Vicente de Carvalho Vigário Geral Vila Cosmos Vila da Penha Vila Isabel Vila Kennedy Vista Alegre Zumbi West Zone Anil Bangu Barra da Tijuca Barra de Guaratiba Camorim Campo dos Afonsos Campo Grande Cidade de Deus Cosmos Curicica Deodoro Freguesia ( Jacarepaguá ) Gardênia Azul Gericinó Grumari Guaratiba Inhoaíba Itanhangá Jacarepaguá Jardim Sulacap Joá Magalhães Bastos Paciência Padre Miguel Pedra de Guaratiba Praça Seca Pechincha Realengo Recreio dos Bandeirantes Santa Cruz Santíssimo Senador Camará Senador Vasconcelos Sepetiba Tanque Taquara Vargem Grande Vargem Pequena Vila Militar Vila Valqueire Islands Ilha do Fundão Ilha do Governador Paquetá Villegaignon Favelas Cantagalo -- Pavão -- Pavãozinho Complexo do Alemão Morro da Babilônia Dona Marta Jacarezinho Mangueira Manguinhos Maré Rocinha Tavares Bastos Vidigal Vila Vintém Unofficial Aldeia Campista Arpoador Bairro Araújo Bairro Peixoto Boca do Mato Buraco do Padre Castelo Colônia Consolação Dadur Distrito Industrial Bairro de Fátima Fazenda Botafogo Fazenda da Bica Fonte da Saudade Horto Jabour Jardim Boiúna Jardim Oceânico Largo do Machado Manguariba Mallet Mariópolis Mato Alto Muda Parque Colúmbia Península Praça do Carmo Providência Rio das Pedras Rio Grande Silvestre Terreirão do Rio Bonito Triagem Usina Vila Aliança Village <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities of Rio de Janeiro <Td_colspan="3"> Capital : Rio de Janeiro Mesoregion Baixadas Bacia de São João Casimiro de Abreu Rio das Ostras Silva Jardim Lagos Araruama Armação dos Búzios Arraial do Cabo Cabo Frio Iguaba Grande São Pedro da Aldeia Saquarema Mesoregion Centro Fluminense Cantagalo - Cordeiro Cantagalo Carmo Cordeiro Macuco Nova Friburgo Bom Jardim Duas Barras Nova Friburgo Sumidouro Santa Maria Madalena Santa Maria Madalena São Sebastião do Alto Trajano de Morais Três Rios Areal Comendador Levy Gasparian Paraíba do Sul Sapucaia Três Rios Mesoregion Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro Itaguaí Itaguaí Mangaratiba Seropédica Macacu - Caceribu Cachoeiras de Macacu Rio Bonito Microregion Rio de Janeiro Belford Roxo Duque de Caxias Guapimirim Itaboraí Japeri Magé Maricá Nilópolis Niterói Mesquita Nova Iguaçu Queimados Rio de Janeiro São Gonçalo São João de Meriti Tanguá Serrana Petrópolis São José do Vale do Rio Preto Teresópolis Vassouras Engenheiro Paulo de Frontin Mendes Miguel Pereira Paracambi Paty do Alferes Vassouras Mesoregion Noroeste Fluminense Itaperuna Bom Jesus do Itabapoana Italva Itaperuna Laje do Muriaé Natividade Porciúncula Varre - Sai Santo Antônio de Pádua Aperibé Cambuci Itaocara Miracema Santo Antônio de Pádua São José de Ubá Mesoregion Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes Campos dos Goytacazes Cardoso Moreira São Fidélis São Francisco de Itabapoana São João da Barra Macaé Carapebus Conceição de Macabu Macaé Quissamã Mesoregion Sul Fluminense Baía da Ilha Grande Angra dos Reis Parati Barra do Piraí Barra do Piraí Rio das Flores Valença Vale do Paraíba Fluminense Barra Mansa Itatiaia Pinheiral Piraí Porto Real Quatis Resende Rio Claro Volta Redonda <Th_colspan="2"> Capitals of Brazilian states <Td_colspan="2"> Brasília ( DF ) Northern Belém ( PA ) Boa Vista ( RR ) Macapá ( AP ) Manaus ( AM ) Palmas ( TO ) Porto Velho ( RO ) Rio Branco ( AC ) Northeast Aracaju ( SE ) Fortaleza ( CE ) João Pessoa ( PB ) Maceió ( AL ) Natal ( RN ) Recife ( PE ) Salvador ( BA ) São Luís ( MA ) Teresina ( PI ) Center - West Campo Grande ( MS ) Cuiabá ( MT ) Goiânia ( GO ) Southeast Belo Horizonte ( MG ) Rio de Janeiro ( RJ ) São Paulo ( SP ) Vitória ( ES ) South Curitiba ( PR ) Florianópolis ( SC ) Porto Alegre ( RS ) <Th_colspan="2"> Summer Olympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II <Th_colspan="2"> Summer Paralympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Tel Aviv 1972 : Heidelberg 1976 : Toronto 1980 : Arnhem 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles <Th_colspan="2"> Pan American Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Buenos Aires 1955 : Mexico City 1959 : Chicago 1963 : São Paulo 1967 : Winnipeg 1971 : Santiago de Cali 1975 : Mexico City 1979 : San Juan 1983 : Caracas 1987 : Indianapolis 1991 : Havana 1995 : Mar del Plata 1999 : Winnipeg 2003 : Santo Domingo 2007 : Rio de Janeiro 2011 : Guadalajara 2015 : Toronto 2019 : Lima <Th_colspan="2"> World 's fifty most - populous urban areas <Td_colspan="2"> Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila ) Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bengaluru Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg -- East Rand Wuhan Taipei - Taoyuan Hangzhou Hong Kong Chongqing Ahmedabad Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) Quanzhou VIAF : 154512699 LCCN : n79060405 ISNI : 0000 0001 2195 627X GND : 4076741 - 3 SUDOC : 028076796 BNF : cb11998409v ( data ) NDL : 00629413 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_de_Janeiro&oldid=808721719 '' Categories : Rio de Janeiro Former national capitals Guanabara Bay Municipalities in Rio de Janeiro ( state ) Populated coastal places in Rio de Janeiro ( state ) Port cities in Brazil Populated places established in 1565 1565 establishments in Brazil 1565 establishments in the Portuguese Empire World Heritage Sites in Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing Portuguese - language text CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from February 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from August 2016 Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Rio de Janeiro - second-most populous municipality in Brazil 2. History of Rio de Janeiro - colonial period, Portuguese court, and imperial capital 3. Geography of Rio de Janeiro - climate, city districts, and landmarks 4. Economy of Rio de Janeiro - major corporations and GDP 5. Culture and contemporary life in Rio de Janeiro - tourism, music, and sports

when was for he's a jolly good fellow written

For he 's a jolly good fellow - wikipedia For he 's a jolly good fellow Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song Language English `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' is a popular song that is sung to congratulate a person on a significant event , such as a promotion , a birthday , a wedding ( or playing a major part in a wedding ) , a wedding anniversary , the birth of a child , or the winning of a championship sporting event . The melody originates from the French song `` Marlbrough s'en va - t - en guerre '' ( `` Marlborough Has Left for the War '' ) . The traditional children 's song `` The Bear Went Over the Mountain '' is sung to the same tune . According to the Guinness World Records , `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' is the second-most popular song in the English language , following `` Happy Birthday to You '' and followed by `` Auld Lang Syne '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 British version 2.2 American version 2.3 Danish version 2.4 French version 2.5 Italian version 2.6 Portuguese version 2.7 European Spanish version 2.8 Latin Spanish version 2.9 Swedish version 2.10 Croatian version 2.11 Catalan version 2.12 Hebrew version 2.13 Irish version 2.14 Russian version 3 Pause length 4 Variations 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The tune is of French origin and dates at least from the 18th century . Allegedly it was composed the night after the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709 . It became a French folk tune and was popularized by Marie Antoinette after she heard one of her maids singing it . The melody became so popular in France that it was used to represent the French defeat in Beethoven 's composition `` Wellington 's Victory '' Opus 91 written in 1813 . The melody also became widely popular in the United Kingdom . By the mid-19th century it was being sung with the words `` For he 's a jolly good fellow '' , often at all - male social gatherings . By 1862 , it was already familiar in America . The British and American versions of the lyrics differ . `` And so say all of us '' is typically British , while `` which nobody can deny '' is regarded as the American version , but `` which nobody can deny '' has been used by non-American writers , including Charles Dickens in Household Words , Hugh Stowell Brown in Lectures to the Men of Liverpool and James Joyce in Finnegans Wake . In addition , the 1935 American film Ruggles of Red Gap , set in rural Washington state , ends with repeated choruses of the song , with the two variations sung alternately . This may have been chosen by the writer or director because while the crowd singing it is almost completely American , the person they are singing it about is British . In the United States , the `` And so say all of us '' version is often found East of the Mississippi , while the `` which nobody can deny '' variation is far more common West of the Mississippi . In both regions , prior to the popularization of the `` Happy Birthday to You '' song , `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' was the most commonly sung birthday song . Lyrics ( edit ) As with many songs that use gender - specific pronouns , the song can be altered to agree with the sex of the intended recipient , `` he '' being replaced with `` she . '' If the song is being sung to two or more people ( e.g. twins or triplets ) it is altered to use plurals ( i.e. `` For They are Jolly Good Fellows . '' ) British version ( edit ) For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow For he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) , and so say all of us And so say all of us , and so say all of us For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow For he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) , and so say all of us ! American version ( edit ) For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow For he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) , which nobody can deny Which nobody can deny , which nobody can deny For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow For he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) , which nobody can deny ! Danish version ( edit ) For han / hun er en af vor egne , for han / hun er en af vor egne For han / hun er en af vor egne ( pause ) , en rigtig guttermand En rigtig guttermand , en rigtig guttermand For han / hun er en af vor egne , for han / hun er en af vor egne For han / hun er en af vor egne ( pause ) , en rigtig guttermand ! French version ( edit ) Car c'est un bon camarade , Car c'est un bon camarade Car c'est un bon camarade ( pause ) , Buvons à sa santé Buvons à sa santé , Buvons à sa santé Car c'est un bon camarade , Car c'est un bon camarade Car c'est un bon camarade ( pause ) , Buvons à sa santé ! Italian version ( edit ) Perché è un bravo ragazzo , perché è un bravo ragazzo perché è un bravo ragazzo ( pause ) , nessuno lo può negar Nessuno lo può negar , nessuno lo può negar Perché è un bravo ragazzo , perché è un bravo ragazzo perché è un bravo ragazzo ( pause ) , nessuno lo può negar ! Portuguese version ( edit ) Ele é um bom companheiro , ele é um bom companheiro Ele é um bom companheiro ( pause ) , ninguém pode negar ninguém pode negar , ninguém pode negar Ele é um bom companheiro , ele é um bom companheiro Ele é um bom companheiro ( pause ) , ninguém pode negar ! European Spanish version ( edit ) Porque es un chico excelente , porque es un chico excelente Porque es un chico excelente ... , y siempre lo será . Y siempre lo será , y siempre lo será . Porque es un chico excelente , porque es un chico excelente Porque es un chico excelente ... , y siempre lo será . Y siempre lo será , y siempre lo será ... Latin Spanish version ( edit ) Porque es un buen compañero , porque es un buen compañero Porque es un buen compañero ( pausa ) , y nadie lo puede negar Y nadie lo puede negar , y nadie lo puede negar Porque es un buen compañero , porque es un buen compañero Porque es un buen compañero ( pausa ) , y nadie lo puede negar ! Swedish version ( edit ) För han är en jättebra kompis , för han är en jättebra kompis För han är en jättebra kompis ... , fy fan vad han är bra ! Fy fan vad han är bra , fy fan vad han är bra För han är en jättebra kompis , för han är en jättebra kompis För han är en jättebra kompis ( paus ) , fy fan vad han är bra ! Croatian version ( edit ) Jer on je najbolji kompa , jer on je najbolji kompa , jer on je najbolji kompa , ( pauza ) i nitko to nemre poreč ' ! I nitko to nemre poreč ' i nitko to nemre poreč ' . Jer on je najbolji kompa , jer on je najbolji kompa , jer on je najbolji kompa , ( pauza ) i nitko to nemre poreč ' ! Catalan version ( edit ) És un xicot excel lent , és un xicot excel lent . És un xicot excel lent ... , això no es pot negar . Això no es pot negar , això no es pot negar . És un xicot excel lent , és un xicot excel lent . És un xicot excel lent ... , això no es pot negar . Això no es pot negar , això no es pot negar ... Hebrew version ( edit ) Ki hu bahur ka'erez , ki hu bahur ka'erez Ki hu bahur ke'e - e-e - rez Kulanu pe ehad YEEEEEH ! Irish version ( edit ) For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow For he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) And sunsé all of us , And sunsé all of us , and sunsé all of us For he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow , for he 's a jolly good fellow ( pause ) And sunsé all of us . Russian version ( edit ) Какой хороший парень , какой хороший парень , Какой хороший парень ... Приятно , что он среди нас , Приятно , что он среди нас , приятно , что он среди нас . Какой хороший парень , какой хороший парень , какой хороший парень ... Приятно , что он среди нас . Pause length ( edit ) The last syllable of the third iteration of `` For he 's a jolly good fellow '' is often sung with an exaggerated fermata or pause before going on , making it difficult for groups or crowds to sing the next line in unison . This is evident , for example , when sung as a crowd chant in a football stadium or at a birthday party . Typically the note is extended an additional half measure , though it 's acceptable to have no addition or extend the note for a full measure . Variations ( edit ) The British and American versions can be combined , normally with `` and so say all of us '' in the middle of the verse , and `` which nobody can deny '' at the end . In Australia , many people have traditionally replaced `` He 's a jolly good fellow '' with `` She 's a jolly good lassie '' when singing to a female . In Spain , it is sometimes sung at birthdays instead of Happy Birthday to You . This is also the case in America on television and in movies , because Warner / Chappell Music claimed copyright to `` Happy Birthday To You '' until 2016 , while `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' has long been in the public domain . `` Nobody '' is sometimes replaced by `` no one '' . In the Porridge episode Disturbing the Peace , all the prisoners greet Mr. Mackay to this song , having successfully eliminated Mr. Wainwright . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Music , 2nd . ed. ( revised ) . Ed . Michael Kennedy : ' 18th ‐ cent . Fr . nursery song ... It is usually stated that ' Malbrouck ' refers to the 1st Duke of Marlborough , but the name is found in medieval literature . ' Jump up ^ Catalogue of rare books of and relating to music . London : Ellis . p. 32 . Jump up ^ West , Nancy Shohet ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Mining nuggets of music history '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cryer , Max ( 2010 ) . Love Me Tender : The Stories Behind the World 's Favourite Songs ( Large Print ) . Exisle Publishing . pp. 26 ff . ISBN 1 - 4587 - 7956 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 March 1826 , p. 2 : ' The Power of Music ' . A visiting foreigner , trying to recall the address of his lodgings in Marlborough Street , hums the tune to a London cabman : he immediately recognises it as ' Malbrook ' . Jump up ^ The song may have featured in an `` extravaganza '' given at the Princess theatre in London at Easter 1846 , during which fairies hold a moonlight meeting : `` ... the meeting closes with a song of thanks to Robin Goodfellow ( Miss Marshall ) , who had occupied the chair , ... and who is assured that `` he 's a jolly good fellow . '' `` Princess 's . '' Times ( London , England ) 14 Apr. 1846 : 5 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 1 Oct. 2012 . Jump up ^ The Times reprinted an article from Punch describing a drunken speech given at a ( fictional ) public meeting . The speech ends : `` Zshenl'men , here 's all your vehgood healts ! I beggapard'n -- here 's my honangal'n fren 's shjolly goo ' health ! `` For he 's a jolly good fellow , &c ( Chorus by the whole of the company , amid which the right hon . orator tumbled down . ) '' `` The After Dinner Speech At The Improvement Club . '' Times ( London , England ) 23 Mar. 1854 : 10 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 1 Oct. 2012 . Jump up ^ Review of a piano recital : `` As a finale he performed for the first time , a burlesque on the French air , `` Marlbrook , '' better known to the American student of harmony as `` He 's a jolly good fellow . '' New York Times , 4 October 1862 Jump up ^ An 1859 version quoted in The Times however has some ' red - faced ' English officers at an Indian entertainment dancing before their host : ' ... declaring that he was `` a right good fellow ; he 's a jolly good fellow , which nobody dare deny hip , hip , hip , hoorah ! '' &c . ' The Times ( London , England ) , 24 March 1859 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ( 1857 ) . Household Words. 15 . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Brown , Hugh Stowell ( 1860 ) . Lectures to the Men of Liverpool . p. 73 . Jump up ^ Joyce , James . Finnegans Wake . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Originally the song was associated with after - dinner drinking by all - male groups and not used for females . In 1856 British officers in the Crimea mistakenly sang it after a toast had been made , in Russian , to the Empress of Russia : ' ... peals of laughter followed when they all learned the subject of the toast , which was afterwards drunk again with due honour and respect . ' Blackwood 's Magazine , Volume 80 , October 1856 Jump up ^ `` Preview For He 's A Jolly Good Fellow - For Easy Piano By Traditional ( S0. 107999 ) - Sheet Music Plus '' . www.choralsheetmusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Katz , Danny ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Modern guru '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ZEERUST NEWS - COMING OF AGE PARTY - Shepparton Advertiser ( Vic. : 1914 - 1953 ) - 10 Feb 1941 '' . Trove . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow , Lyrics and Sound Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For_He%27s_a_Jolly_Good_Fellow&oldid=805067404 '' Categories : Folk songs 1709 songs War of the Spanish Succession Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Português Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" song 2. Congratulating a person on a significant event 3. Origin and history of the song 4. Variations of the song in different languages 5. Differences between British and American versions of the lyrics

what is the longest expansion bridge in the united states

List of longest suspension Bridge spans - wikipedia List of longest suspension Bridge spans Jump to : navigation , search The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge has the longest central span of any suspension bridge . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The world 's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span ( i.e. the length of suspended roadway between the bridge 's towers ) . The length of main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges , often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge . If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore ( or from abutment to abutment ) . Suspension bridges have the longest spans of any type of bridge . Cable - stayed bridges , the next longest design , are practical for spans up to just over 1 kilometre . Therefore , the 17 longest bridges on this list are all currently the 17 longest spans of all types of vehicular bridges ( other than floating pontoon bridges ) . As of March 2017 , Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan holds the record with its span of 1,991 metres ( 6,532 ft ) . The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge , currently under construction in Turkey , is expected to surpass it with a span of 2,023 metres ( 6,637 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Completed suspension bridges 2 Bridges under construction 3 Planned and proposed bridges 4 History of longest suspension spans 4.1 Other record holding suspension bridges 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Completed suspension bridges ( edit ) This list includes only completed suspension bridges that carry automobiles or trains . It does not include cable - stayed bridges , footbridges , or pipeline bridges . Rank Name Main span metres Main span feet Year opened Location Country Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 1,991 6,532 1998 Kobe ( Hyōgo ) 34 ° 37 ′ 1.3 '' N 135 ° 1 ′ 18.9 '' E  /  34.617028 ° N 135.021917 ° E  / 34.617028 ; 135.021917  ( Akashi Kaikyō Bridge ) Japan Xihoumen Bridge 1,650 5,413 2009 Zhoushan ( Zhejiang ) 30 ° 3 ′ 42.4 '' N 121 ° 54 ′ 57.6 '' E  /  30.061778 ° N 121.916000 ° E  / 30.061778 ; 121.916000  ( Xihoumen Bridge ) China Great Belt Bridge 1,624 5,328 1998 Korsør -- Sprogø ( Region Zealand ) 55 ° 20 ′ 31 '' N 11 ° 2 ′ 9.3 '' E  /  55.34194 ° N 11.035917 ° E  / 55.34194 ; 11.035917  ( Great Belt Bridge ) Denmark Osman Gazi Bridge 1,550 5,090 2016 Dilovası -- Altınova ( Gulf of İzmit ) 40 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 29 ° 30 ′ 55 '' E  /  40.75417 ° N 29.51528 ° E  / 40.75417 ; 29.51528  ( İzmit Bay Bridge ) Turkey 5 Yi Sun - sin Bridge 1,545 5,069 2012 Gwangyang -- Yeosu ( South Jeolla Province ) 34 ° 54 ′ 21.4 '' N 127 ° 42 ′ 18.1 '' E  /  34.905944 ° N 127.705028 ° E  / 34.905944 ; 127.705028  ( Yi Sun - sin Bridge ) South Korea 6 Runyang Bridge 1,490 4,888 2005 Yangzhou -- Zhenjiang ( Jiangsu ) 32 ° 12 ′ 24.6 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 49.9 '' E  /  32.206833 ° N 119.363861 ° E  / 32.206833 ; 119.363861  ( Runyang Bridge ) China 7 Nanjing Fourth Yangtze Bridge 1,418 4,652 2012 Nanjing ( Jiangsu ) 32 ° 10 ′ 39.9 '' N 118 ° 56 ′ 24.5 '' E  /  32.177750 ° N 118.940139 ° E  / 32.177750 ; 118.940139  ( Nanjing Fourth Yangtze Bridge ) China 8 Humber Bridge 1,410 4,626 1981 Hessle -- Barton - upon - Humber ( Yorkshire and Lincolnshire ) 53 ° 42 ′ 28.7 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 0.3 '' W  /  53.707972 ° N 0.450083 ° W  / 53.707972 ; - 0.450083  ( Humber Bridge ) United Kingdom 9 Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 1,408 4,619 2016 İstanbul ( Bosphorus ) 41 ° 12 ′ 31 '' N 29 ° 7 ′ 5 '' E  /  41.20861 ° N 29.11806 ° E  / 41.20861 ; 29.11806  ( Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge ) Turkey 10 Jiangyin Bridge 1,385 4,544 1999 Jiangyin -- Jingjiang ( Jiangsu ) 31 ° 56 ′ 43.1 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 10 '' E  /  31.945306 ° N 120.26944 ° E  / 31.945306 ; 120.26944  ( Jiangyin Suspension Bridge ) China 11 Tsing Ma Bridge 1,377 4,518 1997 Tsing Yi -- Ma Wan 22 ° 21 ′ 4.8 '' N 114 ° 4 ′ 25.6 '' E  /  22.351333 ° N 114.073778 ° E  / 22.351333 ; 114.073778  ( Tsing Ma Bridge ) Hong Kong 12 Hardanger Bridge 1,310 4,298 2013 Ulvik -- Ullensvang ( Hordaland ) 60 ° 28 ′ 42.9 '' N 6 ° 49 ′ 47.2 '' E  /  60.478583 ° N 6.829778 ° E  / 60.478583 ; 6.829778  ( Hardanger Bridge ) Norway 13 Verrazano - Narrows Bridge 1,298 4,260 1964 New York City ( New York ) 40 ° 36 ′ 23 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 43.2 '' W  /  40.60639 ° N 74.045333 ° W  / 40.60639 ; - 74.045333  ( Verrazano - Narrows Bridge ) United States 14 Golden Gate Bridge 1,280 4,200 1937 San Francisco -- Marin County ( California ) 37 ° 49 ′ 9.5 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43.9 '' W  /  37.819306 ° N 122.478861 ° W  / 37.819306 ; - 122.478861  ( Golden Gate Bridge ) United States 15 Yangluo Bridge 1,280 4,200 2007 Wuhan ( Hubei ) 30 ° 38 ′ 12.9 '' N 114 ° 33 ′ 17.8 '' E  /  30.636917 ° N 114.554944 ° E  / 30.636917 ; 114.554944  ( Yangluo Bridge ) China 16 Höga Kusten Bridge 1,210 3,970 1997 Utansjö ( Västernorrland County ) 62 ° 47 ′ 53 '' N 17 ° 56 ′ 15 '' E  /  62.79806 ° N 17.93750 ° E  / 62.79806 ; 17.93750  ( Höga Kusten Bridge ) Sweden 17 Longjiang River Bridge 1,196 3,924 2016 Wuhexiang ( Yunnan ) 24 ° 50 ′ 19.7 '' N 98 ° 40 ′ 19.9 '' E  /  24.838806 ° N 98.672194 ° E  / 24.838806 ; 98.672194  ( Longjiang River Bridge ) China 18 Aizhai Bridge 1,176 3,858 2012 Jishou ( Hunan ) 28 ° 19 ′ 54.1 '' N 109 ° 35 ′ 53.2 '' E  /  28.331694 ° N 109.598111 ° E  / 28.331694 ; 109.598111  ( Aizhai Bridge ) China 19 Mackinac Bridge 1,158 3,800 1957 Mackinaw City -- St. Ignace ( Michigan ) 45 ° 48 ′ 56 '' N 84 ° 43 ′ 40.6 '' W  /  45.81556 ° N 84.727944 ° W  / 45.81556 ; - 84.727944  ( Mackinac Bridge ) United States External image 20 Ulsan Bridge ( ko ) 1,150 3,773 2015 Ulsan 35 ° 30 ′ 41 '' N 129 ° 23 ′ 28 '' E  /  35.51139 ° N 129.39111 ° E  / 35.51139 ; 129.39111  ( Ulsan Bridge ) South Korea 21 Qingshui River Bridge 1,130 3,707 2015 Kaiyang County , Guizhou 27 ° 1 ′ 49.5 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 21.6 '' E  /  27.030417 ° N 107.189333 ° E  / 27.030417 ; 107.189333  ( Qingshui River Bridge ) China 22 Huangpu Bridge 1,108 3,635 2008 Guangzhou ( Guangdong ) 23 ° 4 ′ 17.1 '' N 113 ° 28 ′ 33.9 '' E  /  23.071417 ° N 113.476083 ° E  / 23.071417 ; 113.476083  ( Huangpu Bridge ) China 23 Minami Bisan - Seto Bridge 1,100 3,609 Sakaide -- Shiwaku Islands ( Kagawa ) 34 ° 21 ′ 50 '' N 133 ° 49 ′ 30.7 '' E  /  34.36389 ° N 133.825194 ° E  / 34.36389 ; 133.825194  ( Minami Bisan - Seto Bridge ) Japan 24 Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 1,090 3,576 1988 İstanbul ( Bosphorus ) 41 ° 5 ′ 28 '' N 29 ° 3 ′ 40 '' E  /  41.09111 ° N 29.06111 ° E  / 41.09111 ; 29.06111  ( Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ) Turkey 25 Baling River Bridge 1,088 3,570 2009 Guanling Buyei and Miao Autonomous County ( Guizhou ) 25 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 105 ° 37 ′ 46 '' E  /  25.96111 ° N 105.62944 ° E  / 25.96111 ; 105.62944  ( Balinghe Bridge ) China 26 Taizhou Bridge 1,080 ( x2 ) 3,543 ( x2 ) 2012 Taizhou ( Jiangsu ) 32 ° 14 ′ 47.8 '' N 119 ° 52 ′ 36.1 '' E  /  32.246611 ° N 119.876694 ° E  / 32.246611 ; 119.876694  ( Taizhou Bridge ) China 27 Ma'anshan Bridge 1,080 ( x2 ) 3,543 ( x2 ) 2013 Ma'anshan ( Anhui ) 31 ° 36 ′ 36.4 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 31.4 '' E  /  31.610111 ° N 118.392056 ° E  / 31.610111 ; 118.392056  ( Ma'anshan Bridge ) China 28 Bosphorus Bridge 1,074 3,524 1973 İstanbul ( Bosphorus ) 41 ° 2 ′ 42 '' N 29 ° 2 ′ 2 '' E  /  41.04500 ° N 29.03389 ° E  / 41.04500 ; 29.03389  ( Bosphorus Bridge ) Turkey 29 George Washington Bridge 1,067 3,500 1931 New York City ( New York ) -- Fort Lee ( New Jersey ) 40 ° 51 ′ 6.2 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 9.8 '' W  /  40.851722 ° N 73.952722 ° W  / 40.851722 ; - 73.952722  ( George Washington Bridge ) United States 30 Third Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge 1,030 3,379 1999 Imabari -- Umashima Island ( Ehime ) 34 ° 6 ′ 54.9 '' N 132 ° 59 ′ 3.6 '' E  /  34.115250 ° N 132.984333 ° E  / 34.115250 ; 132.984333  ( Third Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridgeo ) Japan 31 Second Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge 1,020 3,346 1999 Umashima Island -- Ōshima ( Ehime ) 34 ° 7 ′ 16 '' N 133 ° 0 ′ 0.7 '' E  /  34.12111 ° N 133.000194 ° E  / 34.12111 ; 133.000194  ( Second Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge ) Japan 32 25 de Abril Bridge 1,013 3,323 1966 Lisbon -- Almada ( Lisboa Region ) 38 ° 41 ′ 23.5 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 37.8 '' W  /  38.689861 ° N 9.177167 ° W  / 38.689861 ; - 9.177167  ( 25 de Abril Bridge ) Portugal 33 Forth Road Bridge 1,006 3,301 1964 South Queensferry -- North Queensferry ( Fife ) 56 ° 0 ′ 5.4 '' N 3 ° 24 ′ 15.1 '' W  /  56.001500 ° N 3.404194 ° W  / 56.001500 ; - 3.404194  ( Forth Road Bridge ) United Kingdom 34 Kita Bisan - Seto Bridge 990 3,248 1988 Sakaide -- Shiwaku Islands ( Kagawa ) 34 ° 22 ′ 42.4 '' N 133 ° 49 ′ 13.2 '' E  /  34.378444 ° N 133.820333 ° E  / 34.378444 ; 133.820333  ( Kita Bisan - Seto Bridge ) Japan 35 Severn Bridge 988 3,241 1966 Bristol ( South Gloucestershire ) -- Chepstow ( Monmouthshire ) 51 ° 36 ′ 36.2 '' N 2 ° 38 ′ 26.4 '' W  /  51.610056 ° N 2.640667 ° W  / 51.610056 ; - 2.640667  ( Severn Bridge ) United Kingdom 36 Yichang Bridge 960 3,150 2001 Yichang ( Hubei ) 30 ° 34 ′ 10.5 '' N 111 ° 23 ′ 29.5 '' E  /  30.569583 ° N 111.391528 ° E  / 30.569583 ; 111.391528  ( Yichang Bridge ) China 37 Shimotsui - Seto Bridge 940 3,084 1988 Kojima -- Shiwaku Islands ( Okayama ) 34 ° 25 ′ 52.4 '' N 133 ° 48 ′ 23.2 '' E  /  34.431222 ° N 133.806444 ° E  / 34.431222 ; 133.806444  ( Shimotsui - Seto Bridge ) Japan 38 Xiling Bridge 900 2,953 Sandouping ( Hubei ) 30 ° 49 ′ 42.5 '' N 111 ° 2 ′ 48 '' E  /  30.828472 ° N 111.04667 ° E  / 30.828472 ; 111.04667  ( Xiling Bridge ) China 39 Si Du River Bridge 900 2,953 2009 Yesanguan ( Hubei ) 30 ° 37 ′ 16.1 '' N 110 ° 23 ′ 43.1 '' E  /  30.621139 ° N 110.395306 ° E  / 30.621139 ; 110.395306  ( Si Du River Bridge ) China 40 Humen Pearl River Bridge 888 2,913 1997 Dongguan ( Guangdong ) 22 ° 47 ′ 49.5 '' N 113 ° 36 ′ 57.2 '' E  /  22.797083 ° N 113.615889 ° E  / 22.797083 ; 113.615889  ( Humen Pearl River Bridge ) China 41 Ōnaruto Bridge 876 2,874 1985 Naruto ( Tokushima ) -- Awaji Island ( Hyōgo ) 34 ° 14 ′ 19.5 '' N 134 ° 39 ′ 1.1 '' E  /  34.238750 ° N 134.650306 ° E  / 34.238750 ; 134.650306  ( Ōnaruto Bridge ) Japan 42 Lishui River Bridge 856 2,808 2013 Zhangjiajie ( Hunan ) 29 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 110 ° 14 ′ 48 '' E  /  29.09861 ° N 110.24667 ° E  / 29.09861 ; 110.24667  ( Lishui River Bridge ) China 43 Second Tacoma Narrows Bridge ( westbound ) 853 2,799 1950 Tacoma ( Washington ) 47 ° 16 ′ 5.6 '' N 122 ° 33 ′ 0.7 '' W  /  47.268222 ° N 122.550194 ° W  / 47.268222 ; - 122.550194  ( Tacoma Narrows Bridge ( 1950 ) ) United States 44 Third Tacoma Narrows Bridge ( eastbound ) 853 2,799 2007 Tacoma ( Washington ) 47 ° 16 ′ 4.4 '' N 122 ° 33 ′ 2.8 '' W  /  47.267889 ° N 122.550778 ° W  / 47.267889 ; - 122.550778  ( Tacoma Narrows Bridge ( 2007 ) ) United States 45 Askøy Bridge 850 2,789 1992 Bergen -- Askøy ( Hordaland ) 60 ° 23 ′ 43.6 '' N 5 ° 12 ′ 54.8 '' E  /  60.395444 ° N 5.215222 ° E  / 60.395444 ; 5.215222  ( Askøy Bridge ) Norway 46 Yingwuzhou Bridge 850 ( x2 ) 2,790 ( x2 ) 2014 Wuhan ( Hubei ) 30 ° 32 ′ 2.6 '' N 114 ° 16 ′ 36.8 '' E  /  30.534056 ° N 114.276889 ° E  / 30.534056 ; 114.276889  ( Yingwuzhou Bridge ) China 47 Jeokgeum Bridge 850 2,790 2016 Ucheon -- Jeokgeum ( South Jeolla Province ) 34 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 127 ° 30 ′ 15 '' E  /  34.62861 ° N 127.50417 ° E  / 34.62861 ; 127.50417  ( Jeokgeum Bridge ) South Korea 48 Miaozui Bridge ( zh ) 庙 嘴 长江 大桥 838 2,749 2016 Yichang ( Hubei ) 30 ° 42 ′ 56.2 '' N 111 ° 15 ′ 45.2 '' E  /  30.715611 ° N 111.262556 ° E  / 30.715611 ; 111.262556  ( Miaozui Bridge ) China 49 Nanxi Bridge 820 2,690 2012 Nanxi District ( Sichuan ) 28 ° 47 ′ 1.3 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 44.5 '' E  /  28.783694 ° N 104.945694 ° E  / 28.783694 ; 104.945694  ( Nanxi Bridge ) China 50 Qincaobei Bridge 788 2,585 2013 Lidu ( Chongqing ) 29 ° 42 ′ 51.5 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 52.7 '' E  /  29.714306 ° N 107.281306 ° E  / 29.714306 ; 107.281306  ( Qincaobei Bridge ) China 51 Innoshima Bridge 770 2,526 Innoshima -- Mukaishima ( Hiroshima ) 34 ° 21 ′ 25.7 '' N 133 ° 10 ′ 49.5 '' E  /  34.357139 ° N 133.180417 ° E  / 34.357139 ; 133.180417  ( Innoshima Bridge ) Japan 52 Akinada Bridge 750 2,461 2000 Kure -- Shimokamagari ( Hiroshima ) 34 ° 12 ′ 22.4 '' N 132 ° 40 ′ 45.8 '' E  /  34.206222 ° N 132.679389 ° E  / 34.206222 ; 132.679389  ( Akinada Bridge ) Japan 53 Semey Bridge 750 2,461 2000 Semey ( East Kazakhstan Province ) 50 ° 24 ′ 35 '' N 80 ° 13 ′ 28 '' E  /  50.40972 ° N 80.22444 ° E  / 50.40972 ; 80.22444  ( Semipalatinsk Bridge ) Kazakhstan 54 New Carquinez Bridge 728 2,388 2003 Vallejo -- Crockett ( California ) 38 ° 3 ′ 39.7 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 35.5 '' W  /  38.061028 ° N 122.226528 ° W  / 38.061028 ; - 122.226528  ( New Carquinez Bridge ) United States 55 Hakuchō Bridge 720 2,362 1998 Muroran ( Hokkaido ) 42 ° 21 ′ 10.4 '' N 140 ° 57 ′ 1.2 '' E  /  42.352889 ° N 140.950333 ° E  / 42.352889 ; 140.950333  ( Hakucho Bridge ) Japan 56 Angostura Bridge 712 2,336 1967 Ciudad Bolívar ( Bolívar ) 8 ° 8 ′ 39.9 '' N 63 ° 35 ′ 53.2 '' W  /  8.144417 ° N 63.598111 ° W  / 8.144417 ; - 63.598111  ( Angostura Bridge ) Venezuela 57 Kanmon Bridge 712 2,336 1973 Kitakyushu ( Fukuoka ) -- Shimonoseki ( Yamaguchi ) 33 ° 57 ′ 42.2 '' N 130 ° 57 ′ 31.3 '' E  /  33.961722 ° N 130.958694 ° E  / 33.961722 ; 130.958694  ( Kanmonkyo Bridge ) Japan 58 San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( east half of west span ) 704 2,310 1936 San Francisco -- Yerba Buena Island ( California ) 37 ° 48 ′ 12.2 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 18.9 '' W  /  37.803389 ° N 122.371917 ° W  / 37.803389 ; - 122.371917  ( San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( east half of West span ) ) United States 59 San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( west half of west span ) 704 2,310 1936 San Francisco -- Yerba Buena Island ( California ) 37 ° 47 ′ 35.4 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 59 '' W  /  37.793167 ° N 122.38306 ° W  / 37.793167 ; - 122.38306  ( San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( west half of West span ) ) United States 60 Bronx -- Whitestone Bridge 701 2,300 1939 New York City ( New York ) 40 ° 48 ′ 6.7 '' N 73 ° 49 ′ 47.2 '' W  /  40.801861 ° N 73.829778 ° W  / 40.801861 ; - 73.829778  ( Bronx - Whitestone Bridge ) United States 60 Stord Bridge 677 2,221 2001 Stord -- Føyno ( Hordaland ) 59 ° 44 ′ 53 '' N 5 ° 24 ′ 10.6 '' E  /  59.74806 ° N 5.402944 ° E  / 59.74806 ; 5.402944  ( Stord Bridge ) Norway 61 Pierre Laporte Bridge 668 2,192 1970 Quebec City ( Quebec ) 46 ° 44 ′ 42.8 '' N 71 ° 17 ′ 25.7 '' W  /  46.745222 ° N 71.290472 ° W  / 46.745222 ; - 71.290472  ( Pierre Laporte Bridge ) Canada 62 Delaware Memorial Bridge ( northbound ) 656 2,152 1951 New Castle ( Delaware ) -- Deepwater ( New Jersey ) 39 ° 41 ′ 20.3 '' N 75 ° 31 ′ 5 '' W  /  39.688972 ° N 75.51806 ° W  / 39.688972 ; - 75.51806  ( Delaware Memorial Bridge ( northbound ) ) United States 63 Delaware Memorial Bridge ( southbound ) 656 2,152 1968 New Castle ( Delaware ) -- Deepwater ( New Jersey ) 39 ° 41 ′ 18.2 '' N 75 ° 31 ′ 6.2 '' W  /  39.688389 ° N 75.518389 ° W  / 39.688389 ; - 75.518389  ( Delaware Memorial Bridge ( southbound ) ) United States 64 Haicang Bridge 648 2,126 1999 Xiamen ( Fujian ) 24 ° 29 ′ 50.2 '' N 118 ° 4 ′ 7.2 '' E  /  24.497278 ° N 118.068667 ° E  / 24.497278 ; 118.068667  ( Haicang Bridge ) China 65 Beipan River Hukun Expressway Bridge 636 2,087 2009 Qinglong County ( Guizhou ) 25 ° 53 ′ 58.1 '' N 105 ° 19 ′ 25 '' E  /  25.899472 ° N 105.32361 ° E  / 25.899472 ; 105.32361  ( Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge ) China 66 Puli Bridge 628 2,060 2015 Pulixiang ( Yunnan ) 26 ° 19 ′ 20.6 '' N 104 ° 35 ′ 16 '' E  /  26.322389 ° N 104.58778 ° E  / 26.322389 ; 104.58778  ( Puli Bridge ) China 67 Gjemnessund Bridge 623 2,044 1992 Gjemnes -- Bergsøya ( Møre og Romsdal ) 62 ° 58 ′ 17 '' N 7 ° 46 ′ 47 '' E  /  62.97139 ° N 7.77972 ° E  / 62.97139 ; 7.77972  ( Gjemnessund Bridge ) Norway 68 Yuzui Yangtze Bridge 616 2,021 2009 Yuzuizhen ( Chongqing ) 29 ° 36 ′ 40.7 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 21.2 '' E  /  29.611306 ° N 106.772556 ° E  / 29.611306 ; 106.772556  ( Yuzui Yangtze Bridge ) China 69 Walt Whitman Bridge 610 2,001 1957 Philadelphia ( Pennsylvania ) -- Gloucester City ( New Jersey ) 39 ° 54 ′ 18.7 '' N 75 ° 7 ′ 46.1 '' W  /  39.905194 ° N 75.129472 ° W  / 39.905194 ; - 75.129472  ( Walt Whitman Bridge ) United States 70 Tancarville Bridge 608 1,995 1959 Tancarville ( Seine - Maritime ) -- Marais - Vernier ( Eure ) 49 ° 28 ′ 21.6 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 52.8 '' E  /  49.472667 ° N 0.464667 ° E  / 49.472667 ; 0.464667  ( Tancarville Bridge ) France 71 New Little Belt Bridge 600 1,969 1970 Middelfart -- Fredericia ( Region of Southern Denmark ) 55 ° 31 ′ 7.1 '' N 9 ° 44 ′ 56.9 '' E  /  55.518639 ° N 9.749139 ° E  / 55.518639 ; 9.749139  ( New Little Belt Bridge ) Denmark 72 First Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge 600 1,969 1999 Umashima Island -- Ōshima ( Ehime ) 34 ° 7 ′ 32.9 '' N 133 ° 0 ′ 45.1 '' E  /  34.125806 ° N 133.012528 ° E  / 34.125806 ; 133.012528  ( First Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge ) Japan 73 E'gongyan Bridge 600 1,969 2000 Chongqing 29 ° 31 ′ 23.9 '' N 106 ° 31 ′ 41.7 '' E  /  29.523306 ° N 106.528250 ° E  / 29.523306 ; 106.528250  ( E'gongyan Bridge ) China 74 Jijiang Yangtze Bridge 600 1,969 2016 Chongqing China 75 Osterøy Bridge 595 1,952 1997 Bergen -- Osterøy ( Hordaland ) 60 ° 25 ′ 33.4 '' N 5 ° 32 ′ 9.5 '' E  /  60.425944 ° N 5.535972 ° E  / 60.425944 ; 5.535972  ( Osterøy Bridge ) Norway 76 Second Wanxian Bridge 580 1,903 2003 Wanzhou District ( Chongqing ) 30 ° 49 ′ 33.2 '' N 108 ° 24 ′ 17.2 '' E  /  30.825889 ° N 108.404778 ° E  / 30.825889 ; 108.404778  ( Second Wanxian Bridge ) China 77 Bømla Bridge 577 1,893 2001 Nautøy -- Spissøy ( Hordaland ) 59 ° 44 ′ 13.5 '' N 5 ° 22 ′ 37.2 '' E  /  59.737083 ° N 5.377000 ° E  / 59.737083 ; 5.377000  ( Bømla Bridge ) Norway 78 Rainbow Bridge 570 1,870 Tokyo 35 ° 38 ′ 11.6 '' N 139 ° 45 ′ 47.4 '' E  /  35.636556 ° N 139.763167 ° E  / 35.636556 ; 139.763167  ( Rainbow Bridge ( Tokyo ) ) Japan 79 Ambassador Bridge 564 1,850 1929 Detroit ( Michigan ) -- Windsor ( Ontario ) 42 ° 18 ′ 43.2 '' N 83 ° 4 ′ 27.2 '' W  /  42.312000 ° N 83.074222 ° W  / 42.312000 ; - 83.074222  ( Ambassador Bridge ) United States Canada 80 Hakata -- Ōshima Bridge 560 1,837 1988 Ōshima -- Hakatajima ( Ehime ) 34 ° 11 ′ 32.2 '' N 133 ° 4 ′ 20.2 '' E  /  34.192278 ° N 133.072278 ° E  / 34.192278 ; 133.072278  ( Hakata - Ōshima Bridge ) Japan 81 Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge 560 1,837 2001 Zhong County ( Chongqing ) 30 ° 18 ′ 6.6 '' N 108 ° 2 ′ 56.8 '' E  /  30.301833 ° N 108.049111 ° E  / 30.301833 ; 108.049111  ( Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge ) China 82 Throgs Neck Bridge 549 1,801 1961 New York City ( New York ) 40 ° 48 ′ 0.9 '' N 73 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W  /  40.800250 ° N 73.79333 ° W  / 40.800250 ; - 73.79333  ( Throgs Neck Bridge ) United States 83 Toyoshima Bridge 540 1,772 2008 Teshima Island -- Kami - Kamagari Island ( Hiroshima ) 34 ° 10 ′ 35.1 '' N 132 ° 46 ′ 6.9 '' E  /  34.176417 ° N 132.768583 ° E  / 34.176417 ; 132.768583  ( Toyoshima Bridge ) Japan 84 Dimuhe River Bridge 538 1,765 2016 Liupanshui ( Guizhou ) 26 ° 39 ′ 15 '' N 105 ° 4 ′ 14.8 '' E  /  26.65417 ° N 105.070778 ° E  / 26.65417 ; 105.070778  ( Dimuhe River Bridge ) China 85 Liujiaxia Bridge 536 1,759 2012 Liujiaxiazhen ( Gansu ) 35 ° 50 ′ 42.47 '' N 103 ° 15 ′ 56.83 '' E  /  35.8451306 ° N 103.2657861 ° E  / 35.8451306 ; 103.2657861  ( Liujiaxia Bridge ) China 86 Benjamin Franklin Bridge 533.7 1,751 1926 Philadelphia ( Pennsylvania ) -- Camden ( New Jersey ) 39 ° 57 ′ 10.5 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 3.3 '' W  /  39.952917 ° N 75.134250 ° W  / 39.952917 ; - 75.134250  ( Benjamin Franklin Bridge ) United States 87 Skjomen Bridge 525 1,722 1972 Narvik ( Nordland ) 68 ° 22 ′ 15.4 '' N 17 ° 14 ′ 27.5 '' E  /  68.370944 ° N 17.240972 ° E  / 68.370944 ; 17.240972  ( Skjomen Bridge ) Norway 88 Kvalsund Bridge 525 1,722 1977 Kvalsund ( Finnmark ) 70 ° 30 ′ 45.3 '' N 23 ° 57 ′ 5.6 '' E  /  70.512583 ° N 23.951556 ° E  / 70.512583 ; 23.951556  ( Kvalsund Bridge ) Norway 89 Dalsfjord Bridge ( no ) 523 1,716 2013 Dale -- Askvoll ( Sogn og Fjordane ) 61 ° 22 ′ 26.4 '' N 5 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E  /  61.374000 ° N 5.39639 ° E  / 61.374000 ; 5.39639  ( Dalsfjorden Bridge ) Norway 90 Matadi Bridge 520 1,706 Matadi ( Bas - Congo ) 5 ° 49 ′ 31.4 '' S 13 ° 26 ′ 3.1 '' E  /  5.825389 ° S 13.434194 ° E  / - 5.825389 ; 13.434194  ( Matadi Bridge ) Democratic Republic of the Congo 91 Emmerich Rhine Bridge 500 1,640 1965 Emmerich am Rhein ( North Rhine - Westphalia ) 51 ° 49 ′ 44.8 '' N 6 ° 13 ′ 35 '' E  /  51.829111 ° N 6.22639 ° E  / 51.829111 ; 6.22639  ( Emmerich Rhine Bridge ) Germany 92 Dazi Bridge 500 1,640 1984 Dazi ( Tibet ) 29 ° 40 ′ 45.84 '' N 91 ° 22 ′ 32.16 '' E  /  29.6794000 ° N 91.3756000 ° E  / 29.6794000 ; 91.3756000  ( Dazi Bridge ) China 93 Gwangan Bridge 500 1,640 2002 Busan 35 ° 8 ′ 44.8 '' N 129 ° 7 ′ 41.8 '' E  /  35.145778 ° N 129.128278 ° E  / 35.145778 ; 129.128278  ( Gwangan Bridge ) South Korea Bridges under construction ( edit ) Most of the large suspension bridges built in recent years have been in the People 's Republic of China . As the following list shows , most of the bridges under construction are also in China . Name Main span metres Main span feet Year to open Location Country Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 2,023 6,637 2021 Gelibolu -- Lapseki ( Dardanelles ) 40 ° 20 ′ 18 '' N 26 ° 37 ′ 58 '' E  /  40.33833 ° N 26.63278 ° E  / 40.33833 ; 26.63278  ( Çanakkale 1915 Bridge ) Turkey Yangsigang Bridge 杨 泗 港 长江 大桥 1,700 5,577 2019 Wuhan ( Hubei ) 30 ° 30 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 15 ′ 24 '' E  /  30.50667 ° N 114.25667 ° E  / 30.50667 ; 114.25667  ( Yangsigang Yangtze River Bridge ) China Second Humen Bridge East 虎门 二 桥 坭 洲 水道 桥 1,688 5,538 2019 Dongguan ( Guangdong ) 22 ° 53 ′ 05.1 '' N 113 ° 33 ′ 56.4 '' E  /  22.884750 ° N 113.565667 ° E  / 22.884750 ; 113.565667  ( Second Humen Bridge East ) China Dongting Lake Bridge Hangrui 洞庭 湖 大桥 1,480 4,856 2017 Yueyang ( Hunan ) 29 ° 25 ′ 23 '' N 113 ° 07 ′ 31.1 '' E  /  29.42306 ° N 113.125306 ° E  / 29.42306 ; 113.125306  ( Dongting Lake Bridge Hangrui ) China Jin'an Bridge 1,386 4,547 2021 Lijiang , Yunnan 26 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 100 ° 26 ′ 30 '' E  /  26.82222 ° N 100.44167 ° E  / 26.82222 ; 100.44167  ( Jinsha River Jin'an Bridge ) ) China Second Humen Bridge West 虎门 二 桥 大 沙 水道 桥 1,200 3,937 2019 Dongguan ( Guangdong ) 22 ° 52 ′ 59.8 '' N 113 ° 31 ′ 08.0 '' E  /  22.883278 ° N 113.518889 ° E  / 22.883278 ; 113.518889  ( Second Humen Bridge West ) China Longmen Bridge 龙门 跨 海 大桥 1,160 3,806 2020 Fangchenggang -- Qinzhou ( Guangxi ) 21 ° 45 ′ 11.2 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 18.9 '' E  /  21.753111 ° N 108.555250 ° E  / 21.753111 ; 108.555250  ( Longmen Bridge ( Guangxi ) ) China Hålogaland Bridge 1,145 3,757 2017 Rombaken , Narvik 68 ° 27 ′ 32 '' N 17 ° 28 ′ 56 '' E  /  68.45889 ° N 17.48222 ° E  / 68.45889 ; 17.48222  ( Hålogaland Bridge ) Norway Luding Yaye Expressway Bridge 泸 定 大 渡河 特大 桥 1,100 3,609 2017 Luding County , Sichuan 29 ° 57 ′ 55.4 '' N 102 ° 12 ′ 53.6 '' E  /  29.965389 ° N 102.214889 ° E  / 29.965389 ; 102.214889  ( Luding Yaye Expressway Bridge ) China Fuma Bridge 驸马 长江 大桥 1,050 3,445 2017 Wanzhou ( Chongqing ) 30 ° 50 ′ 04.8 '' N 108 ° 28 ′ 09.4 '' E  /  30.834667 ° N 108.469278 ° E  / 30.834667 ; 108.469278  ( Fuma Bridge ) China Second Namhae Bridge 제 2 남해 대교 890 2,920 2020 Namhaedo ( South Gyeongsang Province ) 34 ° 56 ′ 34.4 '' N 127 ° 51 ′ 58.6 '' E  /  34.942889 ° N 127.866278 ° E  / 34.942889 ; 127.866278  ( Second Namhae Bridge ) South Korea Cuntan Bridge 寸 滩 长江 大桥 880 2,887 2017 Chongqing 29 ° 37 ′ 14.2 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 21.8 '' E  /  29.620611 ° N 106.606056 ° E  / 29.620611 ; 106.606056  ( Cuntan Bridge ) China Jinshajiang Bridge Hutiaoxia 766 2,513 2019 Hutiaoxiazhen ( Yunnan ) China Jindong Bridge 金东 大桥 730 2,395 2017 Huidong County ( Sichuan ) 26 ° 30 ′ 33.3 '' N 103 ° 02 ′ 24.7 '' E  /  26.509250 ° N 103.040194 ° E  / 26.509250 ; 103.040194  ( Jindong Bridge ) China Maputo -- Catembe Bridge 680 2,231 2018 Maputo -- Catembe 25 ° 58 ′ 23.4 '' S 32 ° 33 ′ 26.7 '' E  /  25.973167 ° S 32.557417 ° E  / - 25.973167 ; 32.557417  ( Maputo - Catembe Bridge ) Mozambique Sunxihe Bridge 笋 溪 河 特大 桥 660 2,165 2017 Bailinzhen ( Chongqing ) 28 ° 42 ′ 44.7 '' N 106 ° 27 ′ 44.4 '' E  /  28.712417 ° N 106.462333 ° E  / 28.712417 ; 106.462333  ( Sunxihe Bridge ) China Jinshajiang Railway Bridge Hutiaoxia 660 2,165 2020 Hutiaoxiazhen ( Yunnan ) China Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou 葫芦 口 大桥 656 2,152 2017 Hulukouzhen ( Sichuan ) 26 ° 58 ′ 16.4 '' N 102 ° 53 ′ 30.2 '' E  /  26.971222 ° N 102.891722 ° E  / 26.971222 ; 102.891722  ( Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou ) China Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge 새천년 대교 650 ( x2 ) 2,133 ( x2 ) 2018 Mokpo ( South Jeolla Province ) 34 ° 51 ′ 37.3 '' N 126 ° 12 ′ 19.8 '' E  /  34.860361 ° N 126.205500 ° E  / 34.860361 ; 126.205500  ( Second Saecheonnyeon Bridge ) South Korea Egongyan Metro Bridge 鹅 公 岩 大桥 600 1,969 2017 Chongqing 29 ° 31 ′ 19.9 '' N 106 ° 31 ′ 41.6 '' E  /  29.522194 ° N 106.528222 ° E  / 29.522194 ; 106.528222  ( Egongyan Metro Bridge ) China Planned and proposed bridges ( edit ) Name Location Main span Status Notes Gibraltar Bridge Spain to Morocco Very long Proposed Some designs have suspension spans of several miles . The suspension cables of a very long bridge might be suspended from the ends of cable - stayed struts extending diagonally from huge pylons . However , as of 2008 , the feasibility of a tunnel is being considered instead . HAFAST Sulafjorden , Norway 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) Bridge under planning Will replace the ferry connecting Hareid and Sula , as well as being part of the national `` Ferry - free E39 '' project . Expected start 2020 and finished 2024 ? Sognebrua Sognefjorden , Norway 3,700 m ( 12,100 ft ) Bridge under planning One of several proposals for crossing the 1,300 - metre - deep ( 4,300 ft ) fjord as part of making the E39 highway along Norway 's west coast ferry - free . The bridge would utilize two towers 450 m tall and have a maximum clearance above water of 70 m . Plans call for the highway project , including this crossing , to finish by 2025 . Strait of Messina Bridge Sicily to mainland Italy 3,300 m ( 10,800 ft ) Cancelled The project was canceled on 11 October 2006 by the Romano Prodi - led government amid controversy concerning the bridge 's cost . The new government from 2008 led by Silvio Berlusconi wanted to pick up the project again . Preliminary works were to begin in December 2009 . The main construction was expected to begin in 2012 . As of February 2013 , the project has again been cancelled . Sunda Strait Bridge Java to Sumatra , Indonesia about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) Cancelled This project has been approved by the Indonesian government . If completed , it will not only be the world 's longest suspension bridge ( 26 km ) , but will also have a main span of about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) -- roughly fifty percent longer than the current record . Malacca Strait Bridge Peninsular Malaysia , Malaysia to Sumatra , Indonesia 2,600 m ( 8,500 ft ) Preliminary work Joint project between the Malaysian and Indonesian governments for a 48 - kilometre - long ( 30 mi ) crossing . Included is a suspension span of 2,600 m and a cable - stayed span of 1,200 m , making both longer than any existing in their category . Storfjord Bridge Storfjorden , Norway 2,300 m ( 7,500 ft ) Plans under consideration Will replace the ferry connecting the municipalities of Sykkylven and Ålesund as well as being part of the `` ferry - free E39 '' project . Unusually , the proposed design will have the roadway split around single column towers . Edvard Grieg Bridge Halsafjord , Norway about 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) Proposed The bridge will replace a ferry , and reduce the driving time between Trondheim and Molde by 34 minutes . Mao Zedong Bridge Qiongzhou Strait , China about 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) Preliminary work A suspension bridge is being considered to cross the 22.5 - kilometre - wide ( 14.0 mi ) Qiongzhou Strait . One design consists of four bridges strung together with four main spans of 2,000 m , two main - spans of 1,800 m , five anchorages and 10 towers . If completed this bridge will assume six of the top seven longest spans . Chacao Channel bridge Chiloé to mainland Chile 1,100 m ( 3,600 ft ) Preliminary work This unusual design had two main spans of 1,055 m and 1,100 m without an anchorage between them . Construction was supposed to begin in 2007 and completed in 2012 , but because of cost overruns , the project is now on hold . History of longest suspension spans ( edit ) See also : Timeline of three longest spans Bridge Location length m ( ft ) Year became longest span Notes Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan Mexico 62 m ( 203 ft ) 600 Hemp - rope simple suspension footbridge . Existence unproven . No longer standing . Chakzam Bridge Tibet 137 m ( 449 ft ) 1430 Chain suspension footbridge south of Lhasa , built by Thangtong Gyalpo . Reported by British spies to still be in use in 1878 . Later ( before 1904 ) fell into disuse after river course changed , swamping the northern end . Dynamited by Chinese soldiers after the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950 . Union Bridge UK ( Scotland , England border ) 137 m ( 449 ft ) 1820 The oldest in the world still in use today . Menai Suspension Bridge Wales , UK 176 m ( 577 ft ) 1826 Great Suspension Bridge Fribourg , Switzerland 271 m ( 889 ft ) 1834 The bridge was replaced by the Zähringen Bridge in the 1920s . Wheeling Suspension Bridge West Virginia , US 308 m ( 1,010 ft ) 1849 The longest deck span from 1849 until 1866 , and the oldest vehicular suspension bridge in use in the United States . Queenston - Lewiston Bridge US and Canada 317 m ( 1,040 ft ) 1851 The longest cable span from 1851 until it was destroyed by wind in 1864 . However , the road deck span was only 258 meters long . John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge Kentucky - Ohio 322 m ( 1,056 ft ) 1866 Niagara Clifton Bridge US and Canada 384 m ( 1,260 ft ) 1869 Replaced in 1899 . Brooklyn Bridge New York City , US 486 m ( 1,594 ft ) 1883 Williamsburg Bridge New York City , US 488 m ( 1,601 ft ) 1903 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges . The Forth Railway Bridge with two spans of 521 m was longer . Bear Mountain Bridge New York , US 497 m ( 1,631 ft ) 1924 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges . The Quebec Bridge with a span of 549 m was longer . The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck . The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow . Benjamin Franklin Bridge Pennsylvania - New Jersey , US 533 m ( 1,749 ft ) 1926 It was the longest suspension span but not the longest span of all bridges . Ambassador Bridge US and Canada 564 m ( 1,850 ft ) 1929 Since this bridge was built , the record for longest bridge span has only been held by suspension bridges . George Washington Bridge New York - New Jersey , US 1,067 m ( 3,501 ft ) 1931 The first span longer than 1 km . Golden Gate Bridge California 1,280 m ( 4,200 ft ) 1937 Verrazano - Narrows Bridge New York City , US 1,298 m ( 4,259 ft ) 1964 Humber Bridge United Kingdom 1,410 m ( 4,630 ft ) 1981 Akashi - Kaikyo Bridge Japan 1,991 m ( 6,532 ft ) 1998 The longest span since 1998 . The first main span longer than 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) . Sources : Other record holding suspension bridges ( edit ) The Si Du River Bridge Si Du River Bridge ( People 's Republic of China ) 2009 The highest bridge in the world ( 472 m ) . San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( Eastern Span ) . The widest bridge in the world ( 78.74 m ) is also the most expensive bridge and the largest self - anchored suspension bridge ever constructed . Tacoma Narrows Bridges ( Washington State ) 853 m -- 1950 and 2007 . The pair of bridges with the longest spans in the world ( 853 m ) . Tsing Ma Bridge ( Hong Kong ) 1997 . The longest span carrying road and rail traffic , longest double deck span ( 1,377 m ) . George Washington Bridge ( New York -- New Jersey ) . Suspension bridge with the most lanes of traffic ( fourteen total on two levels ) . Kurushima - Kaikyō Bridge ( Japan ) : The world 's longest suspension bridge structure Great Seto Bridge ( Japan ) : World 's longest two - tiered bridge system ( not all of the spans that make up the bridge system are suspension bridges ) See also ( edit ) Bridges portal List of spans ( list of permanent wire spans ) Comparison of the side elevations of some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duan , Lian ( 2014 ) . `` Longest Bridges and Bridge Spans '' . In Chen , Wai - Fah ; Duan , Lian . Handbook of International Bridge Engineering . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 1307 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 1029 - 3 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 -- via google books . The total length often reflects a project size , while the span length commonly correlates with the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing of the bridge . Jump up ^ `` Akashi - Kaikyo Bridge '' . Honshu - Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Xihoumen Bridge ( 2008 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Storebælt The Bridge '' . Storebaelt.dk . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` World 's 4th longest suspension bridge opens in Turkey '' . TRT World . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New suspension bridge to break world mark for tower height '' . rki.kbs.co.kr . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Runyang Bridge '' ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Nanjing Fourth Yangtze Bridge ( 2010 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de. 2007 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Humber Bridge '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` official website '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge ( 1999 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Tsing Ma Bridge '' . Tsingma.com.hk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hardangerbrua ( norwegian ) and `` Longer than the Golden Gate - Aftenposten - News in English '' . Aftenposten.no . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Yangluo Bridge ( 2007 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Highcoastbridge '' . Hogakustenbron.nu . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` HighestBridges.com : Longjiang River Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Aizhai Bridge ( 2009 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de. 2007 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mckinac Bridge Authority '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai E&C connects the future of Ulsan '' . Hyundai Motor Group . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ulsan Harbor Bridge ( Ulsan , 2015 ) '' . Structurae . Jump up ^ http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/12/31/2743s910899.htm Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Seto - Chuo Expressway '' . Honshu - Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge ( 1988 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ VIROLA , Juhani ; Eur Ing - FEANI ( 2008 ) ( second quarter ) . `` The Balinghe Bridge in China -- World 's Highest Bridge '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia . ACEM : 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dorman Long Technology '' . Dorman Long Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Ma'anshan Bridge ( 2010 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de. 2007 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Bosphorus Bridge ( 1974 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - Bridges '' . Panynj.gov . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nishi - Seto Expressway '' . Honshu - Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lusoponte Jump up ^ `` Forth Bridges Visitor Centre Trust '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Severn River Crossing PLC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Another Yangtze River Bridge Built '' . English.peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Xiling Bridge ( 1996 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sakowski , Eric . `` Siduhe River Bridge '' ( Wiki ) . HighestBridges.com . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Humen Bridge ( 1997 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Honshu Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ 张 花 高速 澧 水 大桥 _ 在 建 桥梁 _ 中国 桥梁 网 Jump up ^ ÍøÒ × . `` 张 花 高速 成 武陵源 西南 客 源 市场 '' 快车 道 '' 三 省 市 自 驾车 获 厚礼 ( 组 图 ) `` . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` WSDOT - Tacoma Narrows Bridge : Extreme History '' . Wsdot.wa.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Askøy Bridge ( 1992 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de. 1994 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 主 跨 850 米 鹦鹉 洲 长江 大桥 模样 国内 罕见 - 武汉 晚报 - 汉 网 - 武汉 新闻 ┊ 武汉 论坛 ┊ 武汉 小吃 ┊ 武汉 逛街 ┊ 武汉 旅游 ┊ 武汉 休闲 ┊ 武汉 教育 培训 '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeokguem Bridge ( Jeollanam - do ) '' . Structurae . Jump up ^ Chinese Bridges and Health Monitoring Systems Jump up ^ `` 重庆 : 涪陵 青草 背 长江 大桥 进入 桥 面 扫尾 阶段 '' . 和讯 网 . Jump up ^ `` 南 涪 高速 公路 9 月 28 日 正式 通车 '' . 中华 人民 共和国 交通 运输 部 . Jump up ^ `` Nishi - Seto Expressway '' . Honshu - Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Akinada Bridge ( 1999 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Semipatalinsk Irtysh River Bridge ( 2002 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` District 4 The New Carquinez Bridge '' . Dot.ca.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Hakucho Bridge ( 1997 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Puente de Angostura ( 1967 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Kanmon Bridge ( 1973 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caltrans Toll Bridge - San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge '' . Dot.ca.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bronx Whitestone Bridge '' . mta.info . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trekantsambandet '' ( in Norwegian ) . Trekantsambandet.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Pierre Laporte Bridge ( 1970 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delaware Memorial Bridge '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Haicang Bridge ( 1999 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge '' . highestbridges.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 普 立 特大 桥 -- 已 建成 的 世界 第 一 高 桥 _ 旅游 _ 万 花镜 '' . 普 立 文化 旅游 网 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HighestBridges.com : Puli Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Gjemnessundbrua ( 1992 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Yuzui Yangtze Bridge halves connected_Local -- China Economic Net '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Whitman Bridge '' . Delaware River Port Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Tancarville Bridge ( 1959 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Little Belt Bridge ( 1970 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 E'gongyan - Chongqing , Sichuan Province , China '' . Bridgemeister . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ 雷 其 霖 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` 几 江 长江 大桥 今日 通车 开启 江津 `` 一 江 两岸 '' 发展 新 篇章 `` . 华龙 网 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Osterøy Bridge ( 1997 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de. 1997 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Second Wanxian Bridge ( 2004 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Rainbow Bridge ( 1993 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Bridge '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honshu Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jiangyin Bridge Engineering Co , Ltd '' . Jydqgs.com . Archived from the original on 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Throgs Neck Bridge '' . mta.info . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 15 . Toyoshima Bridge '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` HighestBridges.com : Dimuhe River Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liujiaxia Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sichuan Tianyuan mechanical engineering CO. , LTD. - Lijia Gorge Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Franklin Bridge '' . Delaware River Port Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Skjomen Bridge ( 1972 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Kvalsund Bridge ( 1977 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ style = `` background : # F99 ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` table - no '' No `` Dalsfjordbrua '' . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Matadi Suspension Bridge ( 1983 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Rheinbrücke Emmerich ( 1965 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Dazi Bridge '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Structurae ( en ) : Kwang Ahn Great Suspension Bridge ( 2002 ) '' ( in German ) . En.structurae.de . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 5 foreign bidders named in $5 B Çanakkale Bridge '' . Jump up ^ Xiaomeng , Li ( December 2014 ) . `` Construction for 2 Yangtze River bridges starts on same day '' ( PDF ) . Changjiang Weekly . p. 4 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 东莞 虎门 二 桥 有望 2019 年 通车 _ 中国 混凝土 行业 协会 '' . 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project of Humen Second Bridge is won by CCCC '' . CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Co. , Ltd. 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 广西 第 一 桥 -- -- 龙门 跨 海 大桥 开工 建设 _ 中国 防城港 '' ( in Chinese ) . 23 Aug 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://reaaa.vms.my/images/8/86/%2813-17%29The_Planning_and_Design_of_the_2nd_Namhae_Bridge.pdf Jump up ^ Second Namhae Bridge at Structurae Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jinshajiang_Bridge_Hutiaoxia Jump up ^ `` Africa 's longest suspension bridge '' . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HighestBridges.com : Sunxihe Bridge '' . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jinshajiang_Railway_Bridge_Hutiaoxia Jump up ^ `` HighestBridges.com : Jinshajiang Bridge Hulukou '' . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://envico.biz/e/portfolio-items/new-millennium-bridge-main-channel-route-bridge/?ckattempt=1 Jump up ^ http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Egongyan_Metro_Line_Bridge Jump up ^ `` Europe Italy drops Sicily bridge plans '' . BBC News . 2006 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` / Asia - Pacific - Indonesia plans world 's longest bridge '' . Ft.com. 2007 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese province considers 31km bridge or tunnel proposal '' . Bridgeweb. 2005 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Translated version of http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/hnlgdxxb/hnlg99/hnlg9911/991109.htm '' . Translate.google.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2016/03/680-671951-9-obras-del-puente-chacao-presentan-retrasos-y-dificultades-administrativas.shtml Jump up ^ `` Lhasa and Its Mysteries : Laurence Austine Waddell : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerner , Manfred . `` Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo '' ( PDF ) . Center for Bhutan Studies . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Virola , Juhani . `` World 's Longest Bridge Spans '' . Laboratory of Bridge Engineering ( LBE ) , Helsinki University of Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Denenberg , David . `` 1820 Union Bridge ( each bridge is linked to the span that eclipsed it in length ) '' . Bridgemeister.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most Expensive Bridge '' . Guinness Book of World Records . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Bridge '' . Guinness Book of World Records . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Note : Some of the information posted on the following sites may differ from that above . As of 21 February 2006 , the sites were out of date or inaccurate as noted in parenthesis Denenberg , David , Bridgemeister.com ( an extensive inventory of roughly 2,000 suspension bridges ) Janberg , Nicolas , Suspension bridges , Structurae.de ( an extensive database of structures including many suspension bridges ) Durkee , Jackson , `` World 's Longest Bridge Spans '' , National Steel Bridge Alliance , 24 May 1999 ( out of date ) The World 's Greatest Bridges , Archive.org copy of The Bridge over the Strait of Messina website ( out of date and other errors ) List of longest spans , Pub Quiz Help ( includes bridges that have not yet been completed ) Steel bridges in the world , and other bridge statistics , The Swedish Institute of Steel Construction , March 2003 ( out of date ) Virola , Eur Ing Juhani , Two Millennia - Two Long - Span Suspension Bridges , Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering , ATSE Focus No 124 , November / December 2002 ( revised information up to date as of 2005 ) Virola , Eur Ing Juhani , World 's Longest Bridge Spans Laboratory of Bridge Engineering ( LBE ) , Helsinki University of Technology ( includes bridges that have not yet been completed ) Further reading ( edit ) Podolny , Jr. , Walter ; Goodyear , David ( 2006 ) . `` Cable - suspended bridges '' . In Roger L. Brockenbrough . Structural steel designer 's handbook : AISC , AASHTO , AISI , ASTM , AREMA , and ASCE - 07 design standards ( 4 ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . pp. 15.13 -- 15.16 . ISBN 0071432183 . -- includes a list of major suspension bridges by length External links ( edit ) Progress of Center Span on Long - Span Bridges at the Honshū -- Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co . <Th_colspan="3"> Bridge - related articles Types Moveable bridge Beam bridge Box girder bridge Burr truss Cantilever bridge Covered bridge Arch bridge Suspension bridge Timber bridge Cable - stayed bridge Truss bridge Extradosed bridge Visual index to various types Lists List of bridges By length Suspension bridges Cable - stayed bridges Cantilever bridges Continuous truss bridges Arch bridges Masonry arch bridges Highest Tallest Bridge failures Bridge to nowhere <Td_colspan="3"> Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans&oldid=800370772 '' Categories : Lists of bridges Lists by length Suspension bridges Construction records Lists of largest buildings and structures Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Structurae ID not in Wikidata CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Longest suspension bridge spans 2. Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 3. Xihoumen Bridge 4. Great Belt Bridge 5. Osman Gazi Bridge

where was the first lord of the rings filmed

The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released in 2001 to 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . <Th_colspan="2"> The Lord of the Rings <Td_colspan="2"> The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( Theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281 million Box office $2.917 billion The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and a Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron ( Sala Baker ) . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character <Th_colspan="3"> Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 <Th_colspan="4"> The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins <Td_colspan="3"> Elijah Wood Aragorn <Td_colspan="3"> Viggo Mortensen Boromir <Td_colspan="3"> Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck <Td_colspan="3"> Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee <Td_colspan="3"> Sean Astin Gandalf <Td_colspan="3"> Ian McKellen Gimli <Td_colspan="3"> John Rhys - Davies Legolas <Td_colspan="3"> Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took <Td_colspan="3"> Billy Boyd <Th_colspan="4"> The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey <Td_colspan="2"> Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley <Td_colspan="2"> Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee <Td_colspan="2"> Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson <Td_colspan="2"> Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes <Td_colspan="2"> Old Noakes Bill Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards <Td_colspan="2"> Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan <Td_colspan="2"> Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen <Td_colspan="3"> Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond <Td_colspan="3"> Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel <Td_colspan="3"> Cate Blanchett Haldir <Td_colspan="2"> Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod <Td_colspan="2"> Alistair Browning Denethor <Td_colspan="2"> John Noble Éomer <Td_colspan="2"> Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn <Td_colspan="2"> Miranda Otto Faramir <Td_colspan="2"> David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling <Td_colspan="2"> Bruce Hopkins Grimbold <Td_colspan="2"> Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas <Td_colspan="2"> Ian Hughes King of the Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Norell Madril <Td_colspan="2"> John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden <Td_colspan="2"> Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard <Td_colspan="2"> John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) <Th_colspan="4"> Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum <Td_colspan="3"> Andy Serkis Gorbag <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Ure Gothmog <Td_colspan="2"> Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue <Td_colspan="2"> Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare <Td_colspan="2"> Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron <Td_colspan="2"> Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman <Td_colspan="3"> Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat <Td_colspan="2"> Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare <Th_colspan="4"> Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol <Td_colspan="2"> Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie <Td_colspan="2"> Gil - galad Mark Ferguson <Td_colspan="2"> Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing up Schindler 's list , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Each film was released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office revenue <Th_colspan="2"> Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 11 December 2001 $315.544. 750 $555.985. 574 $871.530. 324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93.000. 000 The Two Towers 12 December 2002 $342.551. 365 $583.495. 746 $926.047. 111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94.000. 000 The Return of the King 13 December 2003 $377.845. 905 $742.083. 616 $1.119. 929.521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94.000. 000 <Th_colspan="2"> Total $1.035. 942.020 $1.881. 564.936 $2.917. 506.956 <Th_colspan="2"> $281.000. 000 <Td_colspan="9"> List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 96 % , and 95 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 88 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 225 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 96 % ( 249 reviews ) 88 ( 38 reviews ) The Return of the King 95 % ( 264 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first and only fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award <Th_colspan="3"> Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , and Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Harry Potter work his magic on Oscar ? '' . The Hamilton Spectator . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson interview '' . Explorations ( the Barnes & Noble Science Fiction newsletter ) . October -- November 2001 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian Nathan ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Peter Jackson '' . Empire . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley ( 2001 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Cheats , Spooks , Hobbits and Apes '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 310 -- 328 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Tim ( 12 August 2001 ) . `` The ' Rings ' movies , a potted history '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Quest for the Ring '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 329 -- 87 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . Jump up ^ Sibley ( 2006 ) , pp. 388 -- 92 Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Know About The LOTR Movies ( That Are n't True ) '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( 13 December 2002 ) . `` An interview with Peter Jackson '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2003 . Jump up ^ Bob Anderson on IMDb Jump up ^ Reclaiming the Blade on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell , Gary ( 2003 ) . The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Braun , J.W. ( 2009 ) . The Lord of the Films . ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 890 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbiton is being built '' . The One Ring.net. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ French , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . Paul A. Woods , ed . Peter Jackson From Gore to Mordor -- Ray Harryhausen visits Middle - earth . Nexus . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85965 - 356 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 2002 ) . The Making of the Movie Trilogy. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 26022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S. 2002 . ' The Lord of the Rings and Vertical Limits Film Concessions and the Conservation Act 1987 ' , 4 Butterworths Resource Management Bulletin Vol. 11 : 125 -- 129 , Butterworths of NZ , Wellington , New Zealand . Jump up ^ Tongariro / Taupo Conservation Awards 2005 , Department of Conservation Regional Awards . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Archived 21 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis Lloyd ( 19 November 2003 ) . `` iPod helped to make Lord of the Rings '' . iLounge . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , what happened to Saruman ? '' . CNN . 17 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Elijah Wood and Sean Astin on The Two Towers Extended Edition commentary Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` There and Back Again : A Geek 's Adventures in Middle - earth , CHAPTER FOUR ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set '' . The Movie Blog.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings voted ' best movie soundtrack ' - BBC News '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings News LoTR movie internet trailer preview '' . Xenite.org . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` IGN : LOTR Footage Wows Journalists '' . Uk.movies.ign.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 25 January 2002 ) . `` A Longer Fellowship Ending ? '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Answer Man '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieWeb. com 's News for 23 September 2003 , last retrieved on 5 August 2006 '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Special Extended Edition ) '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Hits Blu - ray April 6 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lord of the Rings ' Extended Edition Heads To Blu - Ray '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dellamorte , Andre ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy : Extended Edition Blu - ray Review Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fellowship of the Ring DVD box Jump up ^ Demosthenes ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring coming soon in five - disc blu - ray steelbook format '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Michael ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring - Extended Edition '' . bluray.highdefdigest.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Moviesat the Box Office ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Successful Movie Trilogies Of All Time '' . therichest.com. 5 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Total Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Oscars won by a film '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . by Kenneth Turan . Retrieved 5 August 2006 Jump up ^ Ringing Hollow bot = Brojam fix - attempted = yes ) ) by Sean Burns . Retrieved 15 February 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Berardinelli 's All - Time Top 100 '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Hollywood highlights : 25 movies with real impact '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . 3 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 -- 03 ) -- Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies - 1 . The Lord of the Rings - Empire '' . empireonline.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' ever capture Oscar magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York film critics honor ' Rings ' '' . MSNBC. 15 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Leo Grin . `` Tolkien Purists Strike Back ! '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : the purist edition '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Akers - Jordan , Cathy ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Fairy Princess or Tragic Heroine ? The Metamorphosis of Arwen Undomiel in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Films '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Tolkien 's Women ( and Men ) : The Films and the Books '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gaydosik , Victoria ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Transformation of Tolkien 's Arwen and the Abandonment of the Psyche Archetype : The Lord of the Rings on the Page and on the Screen '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thum , Maureen ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The `` Sub-Subcreation '' of Galadriel , Arwen , and Éowyn : Tolkien 's Women and The Lord of the Rings `` . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Philip Irving . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Tolkien Criticism '' . Dallas Baptist University . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Select Bibliography of Works about John Ronald Reuel Tolkien ( 1892 -- 1973 ) '' . St. Bonaventure University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Croft , Janet Brennan . `` Anticipation and Flattening in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring '' . faculty-staff.ou.edu . University of Oklahoma . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean . `` Tolkien Scholar Stings `` Rings '' Films . '' Review of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard , 4 February 2003 . May be accessed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . in full , last retrieved 15 September 2006 Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Review '' . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Dan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Frodo on Film : Peter Jackson 's Problematic Portrayal '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Kayla McKinney ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Epic Hero and the Little Man '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Fleming ( 2004 ) . The Battle for Middle - Earth : Tolkien 's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 176 , note 39 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2497 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Anniversary of TTT release ( Archive ) - The Barrow - Downs Discussion Forum '' . Forum.barrowdowns.com. 18 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Croft , Jannet Brennan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Mithril Coats and Tin Ears : ' Anticipation ' and ' Flattening ' in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Trilogy '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Biography for Christopher Lee on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson . Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films <Th_colspan="2"> The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor <Th_colspan="2"> Middle - earth in film Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films <Td_colspan="2"> Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings <Td_colspan="2"> The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets <Th_colspan="2"> Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=806612451 '' Categories : 2001 films 2002 films 2003 films English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Lord of the Rings film series 2. Peter Jackson 3. J.R.R. Tolkien 4. Middle-earth 5. Fantasy adventure films

what is the purpose of a message to garcia

A Message to Garcia - wikipedia A Message to Garcia Jump to : navigation , search For the 1936 film , see A Message to Garcia ( 1936 film ) . A Message to Garcia <Td_colspan="2"> Author Elbert Hubbard Country United States Language English Genre Literature Publication date 1899 Media type Print ( Hardcover , Paperback , E-Book ) Pages 42 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61720 - 215 - 5 A Message to Garcia <Td_colspan="2"> Author Elbert Hubbard Genre Essay Publisher The Roycrofters Publication date 1899 `` A Message to Garcia '' is a widely distributed essay written by Elbert Hubbard in 1899 , expressing the value of individual initiative and conscientiousness in work . As its primary example , the essay uses a dramatized version of a daring escapade performed by an American soldier , 1st Lt. Andrew S. Rowan , just prior to the Spanish -- American War . The essay describes Rowan carrying a message from President William McKinley to `` Gen. Calixto García , a leader of the Cuban insurgents somewhere in the mountain fastness of Cuba -- no one knew where . '' The essay contrasts Rowan 's self - driven effort against `` the imbecility of the average man -- the inability or unwillingness to concentrate on a thing and do it . '' The point I wish to make is this : McKinley gave Rowan a letter to be delivered to Garcia ; Rowan took the letter and did not ask , `` Where is he at ? '' By the Eternal ! there is a man whose form should be cast in deathless bronze and the statue placed in every college of the land . It is not book - learning young men need , nor instruction about this and that , but a stiffening of the vertebrae which will cause them to be loyal to a trust , to act promptly , concentrate their energies : do the thing - `` Carry a message to Garcia ! '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Historical Accuracy 3 Exaggerated circulation claims 4 In popular culture 5 Further reading 6 References Publication History ( edit ) A Message to Garcia , New York central edition A Message to Garcia was originally published as filler without a title in the March 1899 issue of The Philistine , a periodical which , at that time , was written entirely by Elbert Hubbard . His complaints about lazy and incompetent workers struck a chord with many corporate executives . One of these was George H. Daniels , a promotion - minded executive with the New York Central Railroad . Daniels reprinted the essay hundreds of thousands of times as part of the railroad 's Four - Track Series of pamphlets . Hubbard 's Roycroft Press , the publishing arm of an arts and crafts community he founded in East Aurora , New York , reprinted and sold the essay in a variety of bindings -- suede , embossed , paperback , and so on -- and as paid promotional literature for organizations as disparate as Wanamaker 's department store , the Boy Scouts of America , and the United States Navy . It was also reprinted in many anthologies of inspirational literature . Modern editions are readily available today on the Internet . Historical accuracy ( edit ) In Hubbard 's version of Rowan 's journey , President McKinley needed to communicate with Gen. Calixto Garcia , a leader of the Cuban insurgents . ( S ) omeone said to the president there was ' a fellow by the name of Rowan will find Garcia for you if anybody can . ' Rowan was sent for and given a letter to be delivered to Garcia . How the ' fellow by the name of Rowan ' took the letter , sealed it up in an oilskin pouch , strapped it over his heart , in four days landed by night off the coast of Cuba from an open boat , disappeared into the jungle , and in three weeks came out on the other side of the Island , having traversed a hostile country on foot , and delivered his letter to Garcia -- are things I have no special desire now to tell in detail . In fact , the only true statement Hubbard wrote was that Rowan `` landed ... off the coast of Cuba from an open boat . '' All the rest , including McKinley 's need to communicate with Garcia and Rowan 's delivery of a letter to the general , was false . It was Maj . Arthur L. Wagner , head of the Military Information Division , who successfully petitioned Adj. Gen. Henry Clark Corbin for permission to send spies to Cuba and Puerto Rico to gather military information . Wagner selected forty - year - old 1st Lt. Andrew S. Rowan to join Gen. Calixto García , commander of the rebel forces in eastern Cuba . On April 9 , Rowan , posing as a civilian , boarded a steamer in New York bound for Kingston , Jamaica . With the help of the U.S. consul in Kingston , he connected with the Cuban Revolutionary Junta , some of whose members transported him by open boat during one of their trips to the southeastern coast of Cuba . They went ashore the morning of April 25 . Following an eight - day horseback journey with rebels through the Sierra Maestra Mountains , Rowan met with García in the city of Bayamo on May 1 . Rowan 's assignment was to keep the War Department informed as to `` the strength , efficiency , movements and general military situation . '' His orders were to stay in Cuba , to `` accompany the Insurgent Forces , and to send back dispatches . '' Disregarding his orders , Rowan said he was there to gather information regarding García 's needs in order to cooperate with the U.S. armed forces during a possible invasion . He added that he was eager to return to the U.S. García , seeing an opportunity , sent him back to the U.S. within hours of his arrival . Traveling with him were members of García 's staff to confer with U.S. officials . After a five - day horseback journey to Manatí Bay on Cuba 's north coast they `` drew a little cockle - shell of a boat from under a mangrove bush '' and set sail for Florida . A passing sponging steamer carried them to Nassau , and from there they eventually sailed to Tampa , arriving on May 13 . Rowan had no sooner landed in Cuba on April 25 than details of his secret mission were splashed across the pages of America 's newspapers . It was learned that , while in Jamaica , Rowan had revealed this information to an Associated Press correspondent named Elmer Roberts . This was not what Adj. Gen. Corbin anticipated . Had the news reports not made Rowan a popular hero , however falsely , Corbin might have had him court - martialed . Instead he was deemed as popular as Buffalo Bill , lauded by Maj. Gen Nelson A. Miles , commanding general of the army , and temporarily promoted to lieutenant - colonel in the 6th Regiment Volunteer Infantry . Exaggerated circulation claims ( edit ) In 1914 , Hubbard claimed the essay had been reprinted over forty million times . His son Bert later reported eighty million times , and in a 1926 bill to promote Andrew Summers Rowan to major general , retired , it had been stated there were 225 million copies printed . In their 1977 survey of best sellers , Alice Hackett and James H Burke estimated a circulation of four million . Since then there has been an uncounted -- and uncountable -- number of copies , particularly if every digital copy is included , but no one has yet been able to prove a circulation of forty million . In an oft - repeated story , Hubbard wrote that during the time `` Mr. Daniels ( of the NY Central ) was distributing the ' Message to Garcia , ' Prince Hilakoff ( Mikhail Khilkov ) , Director of Russian Railways , was in this country ... and made a tour of the country under the personal direction of Mr. Daniels ... When he got home he had the Message to Garcia translated into Russian , and a copy of the booklet given to every railroad employee in Russia , '' apparently unaware that at that time a large percentage of Russian railroad workers were illiterate . Hubbard further claimed that `` during the Russo - Japanese War , every soldier who went to the front was given a copy . '' The Japanese found the pamphlet on Russian prisoners of war , had it translated , and the `` Mikado '' ordered a copy given `` to every man in the employ of the Japanese government , soldier or civilian . '' The narrative is false : Khilkov was in the U.S. in October 1896 , long before the essay was written , and only occasionally was he in the company of Daniels . Not a single copy of either the Russian or the Japanese government - issued pamphlets has been found . When Hubbard was writing about the Russian and Japanese translations , he also declared that the pamphlet traveled from Russia to `` Germany , France , Spain , Turkey , Hindustan , and China , '' and claimed that the essay had been translated into `` all written languages . '' That has yet to be demonstrated ; however , it can today be found in many recent translations : Czech , German , Romanian , Chinese , Korean , and other languages . In popular culture ( edit ) The phrase `` to carry a message to Garcia '' was in common use for years to indicate taking initiative when carrying out a difficult assignment . Richard Nixon can be heard using it on the Watergate tapes during conversations with Henry Kissinger and John Ehrlichman. ; It has also been used as the title of children 's games and dramatized on radio shows , and it was tailor - made for the Boy Scouts of America . A passage in the 1917 Boy Scouts Yearbook emphasizes the connection : `` If you give ( a Boy Scout ) a ' Message to Garcia ' you know that message will be delivered , although the mountains , the wilderness , the desert , the torrents , the broad lagoons or the sea itself , separate him from ' Garcia . ' '' There have been two movies based on the essay , both entitled , `` A Message to Garcia '' . The first , a silent movie made in 1916 by Thomas A. Edison , Inc. , was directed by Richard Ridgely and featured Robert Conness , Mabel Trunnelle , and Charles Sutton . As noted on the Turner Classic Movie site , `` accuracy was not really a concern . '' The second film was produced in 1936 by Twentieth Century Fox and directed by George Marshall . It featured John Boles as Andrew Rowan , Wallace Beery , Barbara Stanwyck , Alan Hale , Herbert Mundin , Mona Barrie , and Enrique Acosta as Garcia -- an `` agreeable embroidery '' according to Leslie Halliwell . Further reading ( edit ) Hulme , Peter , Cuba 's Wild East : A Literary Geography of Oriente . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 2011 . Rice , Donald Tunnicliff . Cast in Deathless Bronze : Andrew Rowan , the Spanish -- American War , and the Origins of American Empire . Morgantown : West Virginia University Press , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Elbert Hubbard , A Message to Garcia . East Aurora , NY : The Roycrofters , 1914 Jump up ^ `` The Philistine '' . 1899 - 03 - 01 : 109 -- 116 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 -- via HathiTrust . Jump up ^ Marie Via and Marjorie Searl , Head , Heart and Hand : Elbert Hubbard , and the Roycrofters , ( Rochester , New York : U of Rochester P , 1994 ) 38 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Wagner , `` Memorandum , '' December 28 , 1897 , RG165 , File AWC 6831 - 1 , National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Andrew Summers Rowan , How I Carried the Message to Garcia ( San Francisco : William D. Harney , 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : Charles V. Kirchman , `` The Message to Garcia : The Anatomy of a Famous Mission , '' Mankind : The Magazine of Popular History 4 , no. 9 ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Wagner , `` Memorandum , '' February 26 , 1898 . RG165 . File AWC 6831 , NARA . Jump up ^ Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza , `` Calixto Garcia : Coopero con las Fuerzas Arfmadas de los EE . UU . En 1898 , Cumpliendo Ordenes de Goberno Cubana , '' ( Havana : Academia de la Historia Cubana , 1952 ) 15 , 21 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Rowan , `` My Ride Across Cuba , '' McClure 's 11 , No. 4 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , N.Y since Its Establishment in 1802 , v. 6A , 2 , ( Cambridge : Riverside Press , 1901 ) 324 ; `` Lieut . Rowan 's Promotion , '' Kansas Semi-Weekly Capital , May 22 , 1898 ; `` Praise for Lieut . Rowan , '' New York Times , May 26 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Robert Beisner , `` Commune in East Aurora , '' American Heritage 22 , No. 2 ( 1971 ) : 109 . Jump up ^ H.R. 12435 , 69th Congress , 1st Session , 2 . Jump up ^ Alice Payne Hackett and James Henry Burke , 80 Years of Best Sellers 1895 -- 1975 ( New York : Bowker , 1977 ) 12 . Jump up ^ B.N. Moronov , `` Literacy in Russia , 1797 - 1917 , '' Soviet Studies in History 25 no . 3 ( 1986 -- 87 ) : 100 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Hilkoff 's Adieu , '' New York Times , October 21 , 1896 . Jump up ^ Charles Earle Funk , A Hog on Ice & Other Curious Expressions , ( New York : Harper Colophon , 1985 ) 100 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Nixon Presidential Recordings : Nixon Conversation 033 - 101 '' . Jump up ^ `` Watergate - Press Coverage and Funding Part 2 - Wyzant Resources '' . www.wyzant.com . Jump up ^ Franklin K Mattyhews , ed. , The Boy Scouts Yearbook ( New York : Appleton , 1917 ) , 36 . Jump up ^ `` A Message to Garcia '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Leslie Halliwell , Halliwell 's Film Guide ( New York : Harper Perennial , 1996 ) 755 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Message_to_Garcia&oldid=840371700 '' Categories : 1916 films American films American black - and - white films 1936 films Spanish -- American War 1899 essays Works originally published in American magazines Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Books with missing cover Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Español Euskara Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 13 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. A Message to Garcia - essay by Elbert Hubbard 2. Individual initiative and conscientiousness in work 3. Story of 1st Lt. Andrew S. Rowan delivering a message to Gen. Calixto García 4. Importance of loyalty, prompt action, and concentration in completing tasks 5. Historical accuracy and exaggerated circulation claims of the essay

when did the new york giants go to the superbowl

New York Giants - wikipedia New York Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current American football team . For the baseball team , see San Francisco Giants and History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . `` New Jersey Giants '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jersey Giant . <Th_colspan="2"> New York Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Current season <Td_colspan="2"> Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo Wordmark <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Pat Shurmur <Th_colspan="2"> Team history <Td_colspan="2"> New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> Big Blue G - Men Jints Big Blue Wrecking Crew ( Linebackers , 1984 -- 1993 ) New York Football Giants <Th_colspan="2"> Championships <Td_colspan="2"> League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 <Td_colspan="2"> Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 32 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields <Td_colspan="2"> Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1. 2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win . But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers . Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 . They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards . The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup . Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the eventual Super Bowl champion Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2017 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson . The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 . The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms / Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' . The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner . During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree . With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 . On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins . They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs . Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once . Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs . Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell Bronx , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 <Td_colspan="4"> Total NFL championships won : <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 <Td_colspan="5"> Total Super Bowls won : <Td_colspan="2"> 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 <Td_colspan="5"> Total NFC Championships won : <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them . Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments . The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North . The team 's average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets . It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 99 -- 67 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 64 -- 45 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The overall series is tied 16 -- 16 , as is the postseason series , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 . The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster <Th_colspan="10"> New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 5 Davis Webb Running backs 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins -- Jalen Simmons 43 Shane Smith FB -- Jonathan Stewart -- Terrell Watson Wide receivers 13 Odell Beckham Jr . 86 Marquis Bundy 6 Amba Etta - Tawo 82 Keeon Johnson -- Cody Latimer 18 Roger Lewis 80 Darius Powe 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 8 Canaan Severin 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams -- Kyle Carter 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 81 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 62 Ethan Cooper G 74 Ereck Flowers T -- Laurence Gibson T 73 John Greco G 75 Jon Halapio C 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G -- Patrick Omameh G -- Nate Solder T 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 64 Josh Banks DE 98 Damon Harrison NT -- Josh Mauro DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 60 Kristjan Sokoli DE 99 Robert Thomas NT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DE 79 Jordan Williams DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers -- Thurston Armbrister ILB 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong ILB 93 B.J. Goodson ILB 44 Mark Herzlich ILB -- Kareem Martin OLB 39 Derrick Mathews ILB 91 Avery Moss OLB 46 Calvin Munson ILB 52 Alec Ogletree ILB 54 Olivier Vernon OLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams SS 24 Eli Apple CB 21 Landon Collins SS 38 Donte Deayon CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB -- William Gay CB 20 Janoris Jenkins CB 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 35 Curtis Riley CB 30 Tim Scott CB -- Michael Thomas FS 27 Darian Thompson FS 37 B.W. Webb CB -- Teddy Williams CB Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS -- Marshall Koehn K -- Austin Rehkow P 2 Aldrick Rosas K Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 19 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 76 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters <Td_colspan="10"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers <Td_colspan="4"> New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . <Th_colspan="10"> New York Giants Hall of Famers <Th_colspan="10"> Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 <Th_colspan="10"> Coaches and Contributors <Th_colspan="2"> Name Position Tenure Inducted <Th_colspan="2"> Name Position Tenure Inducted <Td_colspan="2"> Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 <Td_colspan="2"> Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . <Td_colspan="6"> New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 , 1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A. Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners <Td_colspan="4"> Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 . <Td_colspan="3"> Super Bowl MVP winners SB Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks <Td_colspan="4"> Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff <Th_colspan="7"> New York Giants staff <Td_colspan="7"> Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Matt Shauger Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Head Coach -- Pat Shurmur Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Mike Shula Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Lunda Wells Offensive Line -- Hal Hunter Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- James Bettcher Defensive Line -- Gary Emanuel Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Assistant Linebackers -- Rob Leonard Defensive Backs -- Lou Anarumo Assistant Defensive Backs -- Deshea Townsend Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Thomas McGaughey Assistant Special Teams -- Anthony Blevins Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Thomas Stallworth Director of Performance Nutrition -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs <Td_colspan="7"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices . Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch . Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW . WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' . delawareonline . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc. and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton Archived January 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Taylor Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie : ( 1 ) The New York Times , September 11 , 1982 - Scouting ; Crunch Bunch Jump up ^ `` HolidayCalendar '' . Giants.com. April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy . `` Redskins - The Fifth Down Blog '' . Fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship Games 1950 -- present '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 846 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 914 Jump up ^ Fucillo , David . `` 49ers ' Year - by - Year : 1990 '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 New York Giants Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . Sports of The Times ; Brown Hopes To Wear Out Giant Fans , The New York Times , October 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Peter . Renewed and revitalized at 28 , Collins finally comes clean , Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 New York Giants '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. Sports of The Times ; With Season at Crossroads , Fassel Dares His Team , The New York Times , November 27 , 2000 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV recap '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry . Nothing personal , San Diego ; Eli Manning just did n't want to be a Charger Archived October 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , U-T San Diego , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Coughlin coaching profile , ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Giants confirm Coughlin to remain coach , USA TODAY , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Strahan breaks Gastineau 's 17 - year - old record , ESPN , January 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Barber plans to stay busy after retirement '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . , National Football League , February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PAUL NEWBERRY ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Giants win their fourth in a row , routing hapless Falcons 31 -- 10 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Superbowl ( sic ) XLII preview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants End Pats Perfect Season ; Win Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Opinion : Eli makes sure MVP stays in the family , NBC Sports.com , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph . Improbable Super Bowl victory capped incredible Giant season , Daily News location = New York , February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` Manning and Giants Stopped Short in Bid to Repeat as Champs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` schedule_2009 '' . Giants.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . September 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Giants . Official website New York Giants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> New York Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 78 1979 -- 93 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Little Giants `` New York Groove '' `` We Fly High '' `` The Masseuse '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Wide Right 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Helmet Catch The Comeback Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Dave Gettleman Head Coach : Pat Shurmur Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush <Th_colspan="3"> Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers Lehigh Valley Phantoms NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL Bethlehem Steel FC New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. Euro Jersey Express S.C. Long Island Rough Riders New York Red Bulls U-23 Westchester Flames NPSL Brooklyn Italians New York Athletic Club S.C. New York Cosmos B Roller derby WFTDA Gotham Girls Roller Derby Jersey Shore Roller Girls Long Island Roller Rebels Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Team tennis WTT New York Empire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Army Columbia Fairfield Fairleigh Dickinson Fordham Hofstra Iona Lehigh LIU Brooklyn Manhattan NJIT Princeton Quinnipiac Rider Rutgers Sacred Heart St. Francis Brooklyn St. John 's Saint Peter 's Seton Hall Stony Brook Wagner Yale College athletics ( NCAA Division III ) Rutgers - Newark Ultimate AUDL New York Empire Gaelic games New York GAA : Gaelic football Hurling <Td_colspan="3"> Main article : Sports in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> Sports teams based in New Jersey Baseball EL Trenton Thunder SAL Lakewood BlueClaws ALPB Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Sussex County Miners Basketball ABA Jersey Express Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets AAL Jersey Flight ( beginning 2018 ) Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils NWHL Metropolitan Riveters NAHL New Jersey Junior Titans Roller derby WFTDA Garden State Rollergirls Jersey Shore Roller Girls Soccer MLS New York Red Bulls USL New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL Jersey Express S.C. New York Red Bulls U-23 Ocean City Nor'easters NPSL Jersey Blues FC TSF FC College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Monmouth Hawks NJIT Highlanders Princeton Tigers Rider Broncs Rutgers Scarlet Knights Saint Peter 's Peacocks and Peahens Seton Hall Pirates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Giants&oldid=836513032 '' Categories : New York Giants National Football League teams American football teams in Connecticut American football teams in New Jersey American football teams in New York City American football teams in the New York metropolitan area Sports in East Rutherford , New Jersey Sports clubs established in 1925 1925 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 07 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. New York Giants - American football team 2. MetLife Stadium - home stadium of the Giants 3. Championships - 8 NFL championships and 4 Super Bowl championships 4. Rivalries - Philadelphia Eagles, Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys 5. Bill Parcells era - success under head coach Bill Parcells